90 Sentences With "Bos taurus" | Random Sentence Generator

Dinner runs about $20 to $30 without drinks at Pine Tavern or Zydeco, and about $30 to $50 at Bos Taurus.

But cows — or more formally, members of the species Bos taurus — actually are as carefully designed as the iPhone, except that Jony Ive didn't need to capture and tame a herd of wild BlackBerrys to make one.

For example, it's unclear how modern Middle Eastern cattle herds (derived from Bos taurus cattle of European origin) contain so much DNA from the South Asian subspecies of zebu cattle, which are "as different as humans and Neanderthals," explained study author Daniel Bradley from Trinity College.

If you want something a bit less old school, try Bos Taurus, an upscale steakhouse that features premium meats from around the world, or Zydeco Kitchen & Cocktails, a busy, stylish spot where you can feast on grilled redfish ($203) while sitting at a sidewalk table enjoying the parade of people strolling by.

Taurine cattle (Bos taurus taurus), also called European cattle, are a subspecies of domesticated cattle originating in the Near East. Both taurine cattle and indicine cattle (zebus) are descended from the aurochs. Taurine cattle were originally considered a distinct species, but are now typically grouped with zebus and aurochs into one species, Bos taurus. Most modern breeds of cattle are taurine cattle.

An Adaptaur cow The Adaptaur is a tropically-adapted Bos taurus beef cattle breed which was developed in Australia in the 1950s from crosses between Herefords and Shorthorns.

Over 1000 breeds of cattle are recognized worldwide, some of which adapted to the local climate, others which were bred by humans for specialized uses. Cattle breeds fall into two main types, which are regarded as either two closely related species, or two subspecies of one species. Bos indicus (or Bos taurus indicus) cattle, commonly called zebu, are adapted to hot climates and originated in the tropical parts of the world such as India, Sub-saharan Africa, China, and Southeast Asia. Bos taurus (or Bos taurus taurus), typically referred to as "taurine" cattle, are generally adapted to cooler climates and include almost all cattle breeds originating from Europe, the Mediterranean region, and northern Asia.

LSDV mainly affects cattle and zebus, but has also been seen in giraffes, water buffalo, and impalas. Fine- skinned Bos taurus cattle breeds such as Holstein-Friesian and Jersey are the most susceptible to the disease. Thick-skinned Bos indicus breeds including the Afrikaner and Afrikaner cross-breeds show less severe signs of the disease. This is probably due to the decreased susceptibility to ectoparasites that Bos indicus breeds exhibit relative to Bos taurus breeds.

Thjere are many orthologous KIF3B genes that are expressed in Drosophila, the sea urchin, Bos taurus, Canis familiaris, Equus caballus, Felis catus, Macaca mulatta, Mus musculus, Pan troglodytes, and Rattus norvegicus.

MIP family channels consist of homotetramers (e.g., GlpF of E. coli; TC #1.A.8.1.1, AqpZ of E. coli; TC #1.A.8.3.1, and MIP or Aqp0 of Bos taurus; TC #1.A.8.8.1).

The Indian aurochs is sometimes regarded as a distinct species.MacHugh et al., 1997: "Microsatellite DNA Variation and the Evolution, Domestication and Phylogeography of Taurine and Zebu Cattle (Bos taurus and Bos indicus)". Genetics, Vol.

Archaeological evidence shows that domestication occurred independently in the Near East and the Indian subcontinent between 10,000 and 8,000 years ago, giving rise to the two major domestic subspecies observed today: the humpless taurine cattle (European cattle, Bos taurus taurus) and the humped indicine cattle (Zebu, Bos taurus indicus), respectively. This is confirmed by genetic analyses of matrilineal mitochondrial DNA sequences, which reveal a marked differentiation between modern B. t. taurus and B. t. indicus haplotypes, demonstrating their derivation from two genetically divergent wild populations.

WD repeat domain 57 (U5 snRNP specific), also known as WDR57, is a gene found in many organisms, including, but not limited to Homo sapiens, Gallus gallus, Pan troglodytes, Canus familiaris, Bos taurus, Mus musculus, and Rattus norvegicus.

Microsatellite mapping of a gene affecting horn development in Bos taurus. Nat. Genet. 3: 206-210. Not all polled animals lack the scur gene. Since horned is recessive to polled,Long, C. R. and K. E. Gregory. 1978.

Eimeria ahsata - goat (Capra hircus), sheep (Ovis aries) Eimeria alabamensis - cattle (Bos taurus) Eimeria alijevi - goat (C. hircus) Eimeria aspheronica - goat (C. hircus) Eimeria arloingi - goat (C. hircus) Eimeria arundeli - common wombat (Vombatus ursinus) Eimeria bakuensis - sheep (O.

Yakutian cattle belong to the East Asian Turano-Mongolian group of taurine cattle.Juha Kantanen, et al. (2009): "Maternal and paternal genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle (Bos taurus)." Heredity (2009) 103, pp. 404–415; published online 15 July 2009. Pdf-version.

Campbell Island cattle were a feral breed of domestic cattle (Bos taurus) found on Campbell Island, New Zealand. From photographs taken in 1976 it appeared that the cattle were at least partly of shorthorn origin. This breed is now extinct.

Eimeria bovis is a paraiste belonging to the genus Eimeria and is found globally. The pathogen can cause a diarrheic disease in cattle (Bos taurus) referred to as either eimeriosis or coccidiosis. The infection predominantly cause disease in younger animals.

Adaptaurs have similar resistance to ticks and worms as Brahmans. They are at least 10% more efficient than Brahmans and have the favorable carcass qualities of the Bos taurus cattle. Adaptaur cattle are mainly found in the tropical areas of northern Australia.

Brucellosis was originally imported to North America with non-native domestic cattle (Bos taurus), which transmitted the disease to wild bison (Bison bison) and elk (Cervus canadensis). No records exist of brucellosis in ungulates native to America until the early 19th century.

Eimeria zuernii is a species of the parasite Eimeria that causes diarrheic disease known as eimeriosis in cattle (Bos taurus), and mainly affects younger animals. The disease is also commonly referred to as coccidiosis. The parasite can be found in cattle around the globe.

The eland have 31 male chromosomes and 32 female chromosomes. In a 2008 phylogenomic study of spiral-horned antelopes, chromosomal similarities were observed between cattle (Bos taurus) and eight species of spiral-horned antelopes, namely: nyala (Tragelaphus angasii), lesser kudu (T. imberbis), bongo (T. eurycerus), bushbuck (T.

The giant eland has 31 male chromosomes and 32 female chromosomes. In a 2008 phylogenomic study of spiral-horned antelopes, chromosomal similarities were observed between cattle (Bos taurus) and eight species of spiral-horned antelopes, namely: nyala (Tragelaphus angasii), lesser kudu (T. imberbis), bongo (T. eurycerus), bushbuck (T.

The trypanosomes are transmitted by tsetse flies. An interesting feature is the remarkable tolerance to nagana pathology shown by some breeds of cattle, notably the N'Dama – a West African Bos taurus breed. This contrasts with the susceptibility shown by East African Bos indicus cattle such as the zebu.

Amsterdam Island Amsterdam Island cattle were a rare feral breed of cattle (Bos taurus) that were introduced in 1871 and existed in isolation on Amsterdam Island, a small French territory in the southern Indian Ocean. The population was eradicated in 2010 in the course of an environmental restoration program.

The zebu, now called Bos taurus indicus, is the common domestic cow in much of Asia. They have been interbred with other domestic cattle over thousands of years. Some zebu breeds are derived from hybrids between zebu and yak, gaur and banteng. Zebu breeds have been widely crossed with European cattle.

A cow's gestation period is approximately nine months.Dewey, T. and J. Ng., "Bos taurus," Animal Diversity Web, 2001. Retrieved 13 January 2011. Newborn calves are separated from their mothers quickly, usually within three days, as the mother/calf bond intensifies over time and delayed separation can cause extreme stress on both cow and calf.

Simply placing European beef cattle (Bos Taurus), highly productive in temperate climates, in Central Brazil, would not produce good results, due to their inability to adapt to a tropical environment. Besides the climate, other factors such as the high occurrence of parasites, diseases and the very low nutritional value of the native forage were problems.

On 8 January 2001, the first cloned gaur was born at Trans Ova Genetics in Sioux Center, Iowa. The calf was carried and brought successfully to term by a surrogate mother, a domestic cow (Bos taurus). While healthy at birth, the calf died within 48 hours of a common dysentery, most likely unrelated to cloning.

The Junqueira cow is a cattle breed from Brazil that is the result of crosses between Caracu and other Brazilian varieties. It is of the subspecies Bos taurus ibericus. The breed has been raised since the 18th century, but only about 100 remained in 2005. However, it has been cloned in the laboratory by the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation.

In 1992, a group of scientists went on an expedition to search for the almas in the Caucasus Mountains. A 2014 study concluded that hair samples attributed to the almas were in fact from species including Ursus arctos, Equus caballus, and Bos taurus. Gutiérrez and Pine concluded that several of these samples were from the brown bear.

The scientific name of zebu cattle was originally Bos indicus, but they are now more commonly classified within the species Bos taurus as B. t. indicus, together with taurine cattle (B. t. taurus) and the extinct ancestor of both of them, the aurochs (B. t. primigenius). Taurine ("European") cattle are descended from the Eurasian aurochs, while zebu are descended from the Indian aurochs.

Charolais bull A bull is an intact (i.e., not castrated) adult male of the species Bos taurus. More muscular and aggressive than the females of the species, the cows, bulls have long been an important symbol in many cultures, and play a significant role in beef ranching, dairy farming, and a variety of other cultural activities, including bull fighting and bull riding.

Prior to European settlement there were no cattle in Australia. The present herd consists principally of British and European breeds (Bos taurus), in the southern regions with Aberdeen Angus and Herefords being the most common. In northern Australia Bos indicus breeds predominate along with their crosses. They were introduced to combine the resistance to cattle ticks and greater tolerance of hot weather.

The last recorded aurochs (Bos taurus primigenius), a female, died in 1627 in the Jaktorów Forest, Poland. Also called the urus (in Polish tur), aurochs were the ancestors of domestic cattle, inhabiting Europe, Asia, and North Africa. The skull of the last recorded specimen was later stolen by the Swedish Army during the Swedish invasion of Poland (1655–1660) and is now in Livrustkammaren in Stockholm.

People have eaten the flesh of bovines from prehistoric times; some of the earliest known cave paintings, such as those of Lascaux, show aurochs in hunting scenes. People domesticated cattle to provide ready access to beef, milk, and leather. Cattle have been domesticated at least twice over the course of evolutionary history. The first domestication event occurred around 10,500 years ago with the evolution of Bos taurus.

Fragmented into almost ten thousand pieces, the bible was slated for conservation. The ultrathin sheets of parchment, barely 80 microns thick, were suspected to be made from the skin of lamb fetuses. A team led by Lucia Toniolo examined a fragment from the manuscript, microwaving it, dissolving it with trypsin, and purifying it. They identified eight proteins from the genus Bos taurus indicative of calf tissue.

The main SCO-spondin isoform consists of multiple domains. This multidomain organization is a special feature of the Chordate Phylum, and there is a high degree of conservation in the amino acids composition in mammals. The complete sequence and modular organization of SCO- spondin was first characterized in Bos taurus. The structure of this protein is unique as it presents a mosaic arrangement of these domains along the backbone.

Phylogenesis suggest that DOPEY2 can be traced back to a common ancestor of animals and fungi due to its highly conserved C-terminal domain DOPEY2 has 84 known orthologs and 158 speciation nodes in the gene tree. The most similar orthologs being in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), dog (Canis familiaris), cow (Bos Taurus), as well as the rat and mouse (Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus). The only known paralog is DOPEY1.

Calculus bovis,Ingredients, AN KUNG NIU HUANG WAN (Bezoar Chest Functioning Pills), Beijing Tong Ren Tang, Peking, China. 1980. PPRC 2015 entry niu-huang (牛黃) or ox bezoars are dried gallstones of cattle used in Chinese herbology. In Asian countries calculus bovis are sometimes harvested when steers (Bos taurus domesticus Gmelin) are slaughtered. Their gall bladders are taken out, the bile is filtered, and the stones are cleaned and dried.

The breed is currently used for crosses, mainly on zebu cows in the areas of extensive production. Being a Bos Taurus (European) it breeds a mestizo with a high degree of heterosis with Zebu cattle (Bos indicus). The results have been encouraging as competing on equal terms with specialized breeds in quality and productivity of its mestizos. It takes advantage especially in areas where the system is pasture based.

In 1965, Jim Burnett of Montana produced a hybrid bull that was fertile. Soon after, Cory Skowronek of California formed the World Beefalo Association and began marketing the hybrids as a new breed. The new name, Beefalo, was meant to separate this hybrid from the problems associated with the old cattalo hybrids. The breed was eventually set at being genetically at least five- eighths Bos taurus and at most three-eighths Bison bison.

There are differences in amino acid sequences: 8 in Homo sapiens, 6 in Mus musculus, 6 in Capra hircus, 10 in Bos taurus and 20 in Sus scrofa. This variation may indicate functional differences between different types of lactoferrin. In humans, lactoferrin gene LTF is located on the third chromosome in the locus 3q21-q23. In oxen, the coding sequence consists of 17 exons and has a length of about 34,500 nucleotide pairs.

In 2000, Robert Lanza was able to produce a cloned fetus of a gaur, Bos gaurus, combining it successfully with a domestic cow, Bos taurus. Interspecies nuclear transfer provides evidence of the universality of the triggering mechanism of the cell nucleus reprogramming. For example, Gupta et al., explored the possibility of producing transgenic cloned embryos by interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iSCNT) of cattle, mice, and chicken donor cells into enucleated pig oocytes.

Emily was a cow (Bos taurus) who escaped from a slaughterhouse in Hopkinton, Massachusetts, by jumping a gate and wandered for 40 days eluding capture. She found lasting refuge at "Peace Abbey" in Sherborn, Massachusetts, until her death in 2003. During her 8 years' stay in the abbey, the cow became a figurehead of animal rights and a meat-free diet. The "Sacred Cow Animal Rights Memorial" was built on her grave with a life-sized statue of her.

The origins of the Maremmana breed are entirely obscure. Some sources maintain that the Maremmana descends from the Bos taurus macrocerus of which archeological evidence is preserved in the Etruscan remains of Caere and Vetulonia, with a later admixture of Podolic cattle brought into the Italian peninsula by the Huns and other invaders from the East. Others suggest that the Maremmana is a direct descendant of those Asiatic grey cattle,La Maremmana (in Italian). Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Bovini Italiani da Carne.

DNA analyses have shown that they are a combination of Zebu (Bos indicus) and Bos taurus, the European and some other breeds of local cattle bred from Zebu.Nguni Cattle at Embryoplus They are characterised by low cervicothoracic humps, in front of the front legs, instead of the high thoracic humps of pure Zebu. Besides the various colour patterns, these animals present a variety of horn shapes. All different combinations were catalogued in the beginning of the century by a South African herdmaster.

The artifacts that are excavated from Ngamuriak vary from stone tools which contained obsidian blades or fragments, pottery sherds, and numerous faunal and charcoal remains. Of the 62,000 faunal specimens that were studied only 4,656 were fully identified. A large amount of the identifiable bones came from domesticated animals, with 2,228 being identified as cattle and 2,404 belonging to sheep and goats. The cattle from the site have been identified as Bos indicus (zebu) or Bos indicus/Bos taurus crossbreeds.

Hybrid individuals and even breeds exist, not only between taurine cattle and zebu (such as the sanga cattle, Bos taurus africanus), but also between one or both of these and some other members of the genus Bosyaks (the dzo or yattle"Yattle What?" , The Washington Post, 11 August 2007), banteng, and gaur. Hybrids such as the beefalo breed can even occur between taurine cattle and either species of bison, leading some authors to consider them part of the genus Bos, as well.Groves, C. P., 1981.

Brahma bull at a livestock show The American Brahman was first bred in the early 1900s as a cross of four different Indian cattle breeds: Gujarat, Ongole, Gir and Krishna Valley. The original American Brahman cattle originated from a nucleus of approximately 266 bulls and 22 females of several Bos indicus (cattle of India) varieties imported into the United States between 1854 and 1926. The Brahman is used for the meat industry. It has been crossbred extensively with Bos taurus taurus (European) beef breeds of cattle.

The origins of the Podolica breed are not known. As with other European grey cattle, it has been suggested that it derives from cattle of the Podolian steppes of eastern Europe, possibly brought to Italy by invading Goths in the fifth century AD or by the Lombard king Agilulf in the sixth century. This hypothesis is based on the zoological theories of the nineteenth century, going back to the Bos taurus podolicus of Johann Andreas Wagner. It is not supported by modern genetic, zoological or archaeological research.

It played a valuable role in the development of the two Australian tropical dairy breeds, the Australian milking zebu and the Australian Friesian Sahiwal. Sahiwal breeds are now used in Australia for beef production, as crossing high-grade Sahiwal sires with Bos taurus animals produced a carcass of lean quality with desirable fat cover. The Sahiwal breed is the heaviest milker of all zebu breeds and displays a well-developed udder. It sires small, fast-growing calves and is noted for its hardiness under unfavourable climatic conditions.

Cattle, or cows (female) and bulls (male), are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae, are the most widespread species of the genus Bos, and are most commonly classified collectively as Bos taurus. Cattle are commonly raised as livestock for meat (beef or veal, see beef cattle), for milk (see dairy cattle), and for hides, which are used to make leather. They are used as riding animals and draft animals (oxen or bullocks, which pull carts, plows and other implements).

Holstein cow with prominent udder and less muscle than is typical of beef breeds Dairy cattle (also called dairy cows) are cattle cows bred for the ability to produce large quantities of milk, from which dairy products are made. Dairy cows generally are of the species Bos taurus. Historically, there was little distinction between dairy cattle and beef cattle, with the same stock often being used for both meat and milk production. Today, the bovine industry is more specialized and most dairy cattle have been bred to produce large volumes of milk.

The LRRIQ1 gene has been shown to be highly conserved. The gene has true orthologs throughout the taxa mammal and is found in all Metazoans. The time of divergence versus the corrected % divergence (m) was plotted with samples from human, gorilla, domesticate cat, bison, orca whale, Arabian camel, domestic horse, African Bush Elephant, Bald Eagle, Adelie Penguin, Japanese Gecko, Carolina Anole, and Western Clawed Frog. To make slopes for Fibrinogen (considered a comparatively rapidly evolving protein) and Cytochrome C (comparatively slower), Xenopus tropical, Xenopus laevis, Takifugu rubripes, and Bos Taurus were utilized for comparison.

Retrieved 30 June 2013. This group of cattle may represent a fourth Aurochs domestication event (and a third event among Bos taurus–type aurochs) and may have diverged from the Near East group some 35,000 years ago. Yakutian cattle are the last remaining native Turano-Mongolian cattle breed in Siberia, and one of only a few pure Turano-Mongolian breeds remaining worldwide. Of the five mtDNA haplogroups (T, T1, T2, T3, T4) found in existing taurine cattle breeds, T2, T3 and T4 appear in Yakutian cattle, as in the Turano-Mongolian group in general.

Beefalo, are 3/8 Bison and 5/8 Bovine, a fertile hybrid offspring of domestic cattle (Bos taurus), usually a male in managed breeding programs, and the American bison (Bison bison), usually a female in managed breeding programs. The breed was created to combine the characteristics of both animals for beef production. Beefalo are primarily cattle in genetics and appearance, with the breed association defining a full Beefalo as one with three-eighths (37.5%) bison genetics, while animals with higher percentages of bison genetics are called "bison hybrids".

The only part of the island the cattle did not unoccupy was the Plateau des Tourbières, over 550 m above sea level. Although the cattle posed a threat to the island's environment, they formed one of the very few herds of feral Bos taurus anywhere in the world. In 1987 a fence was built across the island in order to mitigate the damage the cattle were imposing on the flora and fauna of Amsterdam, as well as to preserve the breed because of scientific interest in its isolation-derived genetic character.

With the birth of Monkey and a decision to line-breed came a very uniform and very hearty breed of beef cattle. These cattle are red in color, display a blend of Bos indicus and Bos taurus attributes, and may be polled or horned. Other characteristics include good milking ability, good beef production, excellent mothering ability, ease of calving, high heat tolerance and parasite resistance, and an ability to market or harvest a steer at just about any age. The steers also show good weights for their age, as well as good weight gains whether on pasture or in a feedlot.

Angus weaners approximately 6-9 months old just taken off their mothers in Northern NSW Clarence Valley Cattle drenching is the process of administrating chemicals solutions (anthelmintics) to Cattle or Bos taurus with the purpose of protecting livestock from various parasites including worms, fluke, cattle ticks, lice and flies. Parasites hinder the production of cattle through living off their host and carrying diseases that can be transmitted to cattle. Cattle drenches can be applied through a solution poured on the back, throat or an injection. Cattle drenches are predominately necessary for young cattle with weaker immune systems that are susceptible to parasite infestation.

Australian Friesian Sahiwal cow The Australian Friesian Sahiwal, is an Australian breed of dairy cattle whose development commenced in the 1960s by the Queensland Government. It is a combination of the Sahiwal, a dairy breed of Bos indicus from Pakistan and Holstein (Bos taurus) breeds, designed for the tropical regions of Australia. Cows produce approximately 3,000 litres of milk per lactationAustralian Friesian Sahiwal under tropical pasture conditions with a high resistance to heat, humidity, ticks and other parasites. The AFS breed has now been successfully exported to many tropical countries of South East Asia, Central and South America and the Indian sub- continent.

Finnish Zoological Publishing Board, formed by the Finnish Academy of Sciences, Societas Scientiarum Fennica, Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica and Societas Biologica Fennica Vanamo. On the other end of the size scale from rodents, more than a dozen ungulate species have been found in the foods of white-tailed eagles, but a very large proportion of this is likely from carrion found already dead. Very large food sources such as horses (Equus ferus caballus), moose (Alces alces), cattle (Bos taurus) and European bison (Bison bosanus) are certainly visited as carrion always.Selva, N., Jedrzejewska, B., Jedrzejewski, W., & Wajrak, A. (2003).

Their findings were presented at a conference in Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, and their sequences were published in GenBank. Following their successes, another group of students continued their project, submitting additional sequences for the calcitonin and vitamin D receptors in Bos taurus and presenting their findings at the Annual Conference sponsored by American Society of Human Genetics in New Orleans, Louisiana. SHAppenings Additional groups of students have presented in Washington, D.C. These accomplishments helped make Sacred Heart the recipient of a grant from the John G. Martin Foundation of Farmington for a molecular science research laboratory.

Princeton University Press. All domesticated ungulates and pet animals will on occasion be hunted by Nile crocodiles, up to the size of dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) and cattle (Bos taurus) In Tanzania, up to 54 head of cattle may be lost to crocodiles annually, increasing the human-crocodile conflict level. Goats (Capra aegagrus hircus), donkeys (Equus africanus asinus) and dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) may also rank among the most regularly recorded domesticated animals to be taken by Nile crocodiles. Particularly large adults, on occasion, take on even larger prey, such as giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer), and young African bush elephants (Loxodonta africana).

Figure V. CXorf66 Nuclear Localization Signals Across Homologs Using PSORT II, there is a nuclear localization signal of PYKKKHL at 268aa. This signal can be seen to be conserved in fellow primate species; however, is not present in other mammals. In addition to this, following SDSC's Biology Workbench's SAPS kNN-Prediction, the CXorf66 protein for humans and the mouse homolog have a 47.8% likelihood to end up in the nuclear region of a cell. For more distant homologs, like Bos taurus, that do not have nuclear localization signals however, CXorf66 has a 34.8% likelihood to end up in the extracellular, including cell wall region, or plasma membrane regions.

Pando's long term survival is uncertain due to a combination of factors including drought, human development, grazing, and fire suppression. The Western Aspen Alliance is studying the tree in an effort to save it in collaboration with the United States Forest Service. In areas of Pando lacking adequate protective fencing, grazing animals have prevented Pando from developing enough young stems to fully replace existing older stems as they die. This decline in recruitment of young stems began in the 1980s and has been attributed primarily to mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), though Pando also undergoes restricted grazing by domestic cattle (Bos taurus) and is potentially browsed by elk (Cervus elaphus).

An earlier study using amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting showed a close association of wisent and American bison and probably with yak, but noted that the interbreeding of Bovini species made determining relationships problematic. It is shown, however, the wisent may have emerged by species divergence initiated by the introgression of bison bulls in a separate ancestral species, the aurochs. Last of the Canadian Buffaloes, 1902, photograph: Steele and Company left The steppe bison (Bison priscus) diverged from the lineage that led to cattle (Bos taurus) about 2 to 5 million years ago. The bison genus is clearly in the fossil record by 2 million years ago.

A zebu (; Bos primigenius indicus or Bos indicus or Bos taurus indicus), sometimes known as indicine cattle or humped cattle, is a species or subspecies of domestic cattle originating in South Asia. Zebu are characterised by a fatty hump on their shoulders, a large dewlap, and sometimes drooping ears. They are well adapted to withstanding high temperatures, and are farmed throughout the tropical countries, both as pure zebu and as hybrids with taurine cattle, the other main type of domestic cattle. Zebu are used as draught and riding animals, dairy cattle, and beef cattle, as well as for byproducts such as hides and dung for fuel and manure.

The organisms with entries in the database include: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila melanogaster, Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Caenorhabditis elegans, Helicobacter pylori, Bos taurus, HIV-1, Gallus gallus, Arabidopsis thaliana, as well as others. In total, 901 taxa were included by September 2004 and BIND has been split up into BIND-Metazoa, BIND-Fungi, and BIND-Taxroot. Not only is the information contained within the database continually updated, the software itself has gone through several revisions. Version 1.0 of BIND was released in 1999 and based on user feedback it was modified to include additional detail on experimental conditions required for binding and a hierarchical description of cellular location of the interaction.

A Belmont Red bull Belmont Red is a breed of beef cattle developed by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) during 1954 in response to the need in the Australian Tropics for cattle which would improve the fertility of Bos indicus cattle. The breed was conceived at Belmont Research Station as a composite from several Bos taurus breeds: Africander (African Sanga), Hereford and Shorthorn. The breed was released to Australian breeders by the CSIRO in 1969. Selected traits were higher fertility, high resistance to ticks, superior heat tolerance, good growth, better meat quality, a placid temperament, and feed efficiency on grass or in the feedlot.

The protest is aimed at revival of the native humped bull, called the zebu. The Tamil Nadu breed of zebu is unique to India and has several advantages compared to European varieties of cattle such as the Holstein cow. The native breeds are rich in the A2 variety of beta casein protein which aides easy digestion whereas milk from European Bos taurus contain the A1 variant of the beta casein protein which is related to allergies and some serious health conditions. The Holstein breeds found their way into India as a result of Operation Flood of late 1960s through cross breeding to increase the low milk yield of native breeds.

The Waguli have shown superior meat tenderness in studies conducted at the University of Arizona when compared to purebred Brahman steers. Because the Sanga cattle breeds have been developed over thousands of years from Bos indicus and Bos taurus in the Sub-Saharan regions of Africa, the Tuli are known to be well suited to arid environments. Wagyu cattle are known for their superior marbling traits as they are genetically predisposed to intense marbling. Other hopes for this composite breed are that it will mature at a more rapid rate than its Brangus counterparts, which are known to be slower maturing when compared to traditional European cattle breeds as well as having very poor marbling characteristics in comparison.

The sanga cattle (Bos taurus africanus), a zebu- like cattle breed with no back hump, is commonly believed to originate from crosses between humped zebus and taurine cattle breeds. A 1991 study of the bone morphology of domestic taurine cattle from Egypt from the third millennium theorised that sanga cattle were independently domesticated in Africa and that bloodlines of taurine and zebu cattle were introduced only within the last few hundred years. However, a 1996 study of mitochondrial genetics indicates this is highly unlikely. A number of mitochondrial DNA studies, most recently from the 2010s, suggest that all domesticated taurine cattle originated from about 80 wild female aurochs in the Near East.

As with other European grey cattle, it has been suggested that the Romagnola breed derives from Podolian cattle from the steppes of eastern Europe, possibly brought to Italy by invading Goths in the fourth century AD or by the Lombard king Agilulf. This hypothesis is based on the zoological theories of the nineteenth century, going back to the Bos taurus podolicus of Johann Andreas Wagner. It is not supported by modern genetic, zoological or archaeological research. There were in the past a number of local sub-types of Romagnola cattle, including the Bolognese in the area of Bologna, the Ferrarese in the area of Ferrara, a mountain type ("di monte") and a lowland type ("gentile di pianura").

The biological subfamily Bovinae includes a diverse group of genera of medium to large-sized ungulates, of which those found in China historically include domestic cattle of the genus Bos (with Bos taurus predominating in the north of China), the water buffalo (genus Bubalus, mostly in the south), the yak (mostly in west, in the Himalayan mountains and other elevated terrain), and various antelopes (some now extinct). The taxonomy of the members of the group is somewhat uncertain, and they may be classified into loose tribes rather than formal subgroups. However, general characteristics include cloven hoofs and that most species have true horns, at least in the case of males. The largest extant bovine is the gaur, now found only in the extreme southern fringes of China.

In 2003, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature resolved a long-standing dispute about the naming of those species (or pairs of species) of Bos that contain both wild and domesticated forms. The commission "conserved the usage of 17 specific names based on wild species, which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic forms", confirming Bos primigenius for the aurochs and Bos gaurus for the gaur. If domesticated cattle and gayal are considered separate species, they are to be named Bos taurus and Bos frontalis; however, if they are considered part of the same species as their wild relatives, the common species are to be named Bos primigenius and Bos gaurus.International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 2003.

Sahiwal cattle are now predominantly used in Australia for beef production, as crossing high-grade Sahiwal sires with European breeds produced a carcass of lean quality with desirable fat cover. Sahiwal bulls have demonstrated the ability to sire small, fast-growing calves, noted for their hardiness under unfavorable climatic conditions. The contribution of the Sahiwal breed to adaptability is well documented in Kenya, Jamaica, Guyana, Burundi, Somalia, Sierra Leone, Nigeria and several ecological zones of Africa where Sahiwals have been crossed with exotic Bos taurus breeds that have a high response capability for milk and beef production but lack adaptability to local conditions. The present Sahiwal cattle in Kenya are descendants of some 60 bulls and 12 cows imported between 1939 and 1963.

MicroRNA are ubiquitous in higher eukaryotes, and show varying patterns of expression in specific cell types. MiR-19 has been identified in a diverse range of vertebrate animals including green anole (Anolis carolinensis), primates (gorilla, human, ...), cattle (Bos taurus), dog (Canis familiaris), Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus), zebrafish (Danio rerio), horse (Equus caballus), Takifugu rubripes,Tetraodon nigroviridis, chicken (Gallus gallus), gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica), platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii), pig (Sus scrofa) and zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). In some of these species the presence of miR-19 microRNAs have been directly measured, in other species genes have been identified with sequences that are predicted to encode miR-19.

Venezuelan Criollo or Criollo Limonero, are a landrace breed of Bos taurus that have adapted over the past 400 years to the tropical dry forests of Zulia, Venezuela (and which gain their name from the Limón River, there, and also likely due to their limón color). Criollo Limonero, like other Criollo cattle bio-types, have descended from Andalusian breeds of cattle brought to the Americas by early explorers to the New World. Criollo Limonero are prized for having good milk yields, high fertility, and a docile temperament. Criollo Limonero are considered national patrimony to Venezuela; some studies show a high genetic diversity among the breed which researchers view as a resource for conserving the sustainable, locally adapted dairy breed.Villasmil- Ontiveros, Y., Bravo, R.R., Yáñez-Cuéllar, L., Contreras, G., Jordana, J. and Aranguren-Méndez, J., 2008.

The presence of miR-138 has been detected experimentally in humans (Homo sapiens) and in different animals including house mouse (Mus musculus), brown rat (Rattus norvegicus), platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), Carolina anole(Anolis carolinensis), cattle (Bos taurus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), dog (Canis familiaris), Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus), zebrafish (Danio rerio), red junglefowl (Gallus gallus), western gorilla (Gorilla gorilla), gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica), Oryzias latipes, sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii), wild boar (Sus scrofa) and zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). It is also predicted computationally that the miR-138 gene exists in the genome of other animals including horse (Equus caballus), rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), takifugu rubripes (Fugu rubripes), Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus), common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), Tetraodon nigroviridis and western clawed frog (Xenopus tropicalis).

Illustration from Sigismund von Herberstein's book published in 1556 captioned : "I am 'urus', ' in Polish, ' in German (dunces call me bison) lit. (the) ignorant (ones) had given me the name (of) Bison"; Latin original: '''' The aurochs was variously classified as Bos primigenius, Bos taurus, or, in old sources, Bos urus. However, in 2003, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature "conserved the usage of 17 specific names based on wild species, which are predated by or contemporary with those based on domestic forms", confirming Bos primigenius for the aurochs. Taxonomists who consider domesticated cattle a subspecies of the wild aurochs should use B. primigenius taurus; those who consider domesticated cattle to be a separate species may use the name B. taurus, which the Commission has kept available for that purpose.

Plant breeding can contribute to global food security as it is a cost-effective tool for increasing nutritional value of forage and crops. Improvements in nutritional value for forage crops from the use of analytical chemistry and rumen fermentation technology have been recorded since 1960; this science and technology gave breeders the ability to screen thousands of samples within a small amount of time, meaning breeders could identify a high performing hybrid quicker. The genetic improvement was mainly in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) resulting in 0.7-2.5% increase, at just 1% increase in IVDMD a single Bos Taurus also known as beef cattle reported 3.2% increase in daily gains. This improvement indicates plant breeding is an essential tool in gearing future agriculture to perform at a more advanced level.

The zooarchaeological data indicated the inhabitants were hunters of wild animals in open terrain and scrub hillsides with the exception of Kobus kob which are more commonly found at lower elevations such as in valleys and riverine grasslands. The locals also kept domesticated animals such cattle (Bos taurus/indicus), goat (Capra hircus), sheep, and transport livestock such as donkey, horse and camel. The excavations also uncovered significant evidence for manufacturing and participation in regional and international Red Sea and western Indian Ocean trade networks. The study concluded the inhabitants use of heavy knives and carcass dismemberment showed they had cultural commonalities with the Islamic world of Arabia, Anatolia, Mesopotamia, Levant, and Iberia despite the lack of butchery discussions in zooarchaeological literature from the Islamic world and their non-observance of Islamic dietary laws.

"DNA from domestic cattle (Bos taurus) has been detected in nearly all bison herds examined to date." Significant public bison herds that do not appear to have hybridized domestic cattle genes are the Yellowstone Park bison herd, the Henry Mountains bison herd which was started with bison taken from Yellowstone Park, the Wind Cave bison herd and the Wood Buffalo National Park bison herd and subsidiary herds started from it, in Canada. A landmark study of bison genetics that was performed by James Derr of the Texas A&M; University corroborated this. The Derr study was undertaken in an attempt to determine what genetic problems bison might face as they repopulate former areas, and it noted that bison seem to be doing quite well, despite their apparent genetic bottleneck.

Sacred Heart Academy has received a great deal of media attention for the scientific accomplishments of its students. Each year since 1998, students enrolled in biotechnology classes have worked on advanced research projects and have presented their findings at a national conference. Early projects caught the attention of Applied Biosystems, which led to their donation of an automated DNA sequencer (an ABI Prism 310 Genetic Analyzer) to the school, making Sacred Heart the first high school in the country to have such technology. SHA Science in the News John G. Martin Molecular Science Research Laboratory In 2005, using funding from a three-year grant from the Vernal W. and Florence H. Bates Foundation, a group of students identified genes implicated in osteoporosis and sequenced the calcitonin and collagen 1 alpha1 receptor genes in Bos taurus.

Because the owner had just disked the field in preparation for planting corn, many artifacts had recently been brought to the surface and were readily apparent to the surveyors, such as lithic flakes, bits of human bone, and sherds of pottery. By intensively examining the surface of the field, the surveyors collected forty-three pottery sherds (including thirty-six that were shell- tempered), a projectile point, seven scrapers, four other stone tools, and a phalanx bone originating from a bovine species, either Bos taurus or Bison bison. Having found this significant collection of artifacts, the surveyors sought and obtained the owner's permission to excavate any human burials they discovered. Having found a cluster of three skeletons during one day's research, they covered them as evening approached, planning to remove them and to continue their excavations on the following day.

Amidorphin is an endogenous, C-terminally amidated, opioid peptide generated as a cleavage product of proenkephalin A in some mammalian species; in humans and most other species, the peptide is 1 residue longer and is not amidated. Amidorphin is widely distributed in the mammalian brain, with particularly high concentrations found in the striatum, and outside of the brain in adrenal medulla and posterior pituitary. The 26-residue peptide named amidorphin is found in several species including bovine (Bos taurus), sheep (Ovis aries), and pig (Sus scrofa). Humans and commonly studied lab animals (mice, rats) produce a 27-residue peptide that does not have an amidated C-terminal residue; this is due to the absence of a Gly in the precursor sequence and replacement with Ala, which is not a substrate for the amidating enzyme (Peptidyl-glycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase).

Despite being among the largest species of antelope, they are actually more closely related to cattle (Bos taurus), and together along with a few apparent Asiatic species belong to the subfamily Bovinae. While the group's evolutionary history occurred in Africa, there have been fossil species that have been found in Eurasia (which may also be the place of origin for this group). The number of genera and species is debated as some consider there to be one or two genera with nine species, while others consider there to be five genera and 25 species. In general, spiral-horned antelopes can be roughly divided into two groups: robust forms (which only consists of the two eland species, Taurotragus) and gracile forms (the rest of them, in the genus Tragelaphus, although this taxon is an unnatural grouping, and might warrant additional genera).

Cows, specifically Bos taurus, show a variation on the general mammalian theme in which the heavy chain CDR H3 region has adapted to produce a divergent repertoire of antibodies which present a "stalk and knob" antigen interaction surface instead of the more familiar bivalent tip surface. The bovine CDR is unusually long and contains unique sequence attributes which support the production of paired cysteine residues during somatic hypermutation. Thus, where in humans the somatic hypermutation step targets the V(D)J recombination process, the target in cows is on the creation of diverse disulfide bonds and the generation of unique sets of loops which interact with antigen. A speculated evolutionary driver for this variation is the presence of a vastly more diverse microbial environment in the digestive system of the cow as a consequence of their being ruminants.

The BCM-HGSC also completed the second species of fruit fly (Drosophila pseudoobscura), the honeybee (Apis mellifera), and led an international consortium to sequence the brown Norway rat. The Human Genome Sequencing Center subsequently sequenced and annotated the genome of the cow (Bos taurus), the sea urchin, rhesus macaque, tammar wallaby, Dictyostelium discoideum, and a number of bacteria that cause serious infections (Rickettsia typhi, Enterococcus faecium, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Fusobacterium nucleatum). The BCM-HGSC was a major contributor to the Mammalian Gene Collection program, to sequence all human cDNAs, as well as the International Haplotype Mapping Project (HapMap). Other research within the BCM-HGSC includes new molecular technologies for mapping and sequencing, exploration of novel chemistries for DNA tagging, development of instrumentation for DNA manipulation, building new computer programs for genomic data analysis, and studying the genes expressed in childhood leukemias, the genomic differences that lead to evolutionary changes, the role of host genetic variation in the course of infectious disease, and the molecular basis of specific genetic diseases.