The card said that it was a remnant of the Thanksgiving Day "bolide" from 383.
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Between 2500 and 2000, NASA measured 503 bolide (bright explosion caused by an asteroid impact) events.
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The meteor that created the fireball, known as a bolide, was probably small enough to fit in a human hand, he judged.
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In the single "Bolide," singer Chloe Kaul's swoony voice tantalizes with clipped and abstract lyrics as it glides over her cousin Simon Lam's jaunty beats.
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It's a hot track that crackles and snaps before coming to an abrupt end, bringing to mind the lifespan of an actual bolide — a shooting star.
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The flash it made is called a "super bolide," a term given to fireballs that are brighter than the moon but dimmer than the sun, Cooke said.
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"The odds of someone, somewhere, sometime in history, having been killed by a meteorite or bolide explosion is not out of the question," he told Gizmodo in an email.
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"We believe this coincidence is not fortuitous but is consistent with a key prediction ... whereby major extinction-diversification evolutionary boundaries coincide with virus-bearing cometary-bolide bombardment events," the study's abstract reads.
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Analysis of the 2010 impact estimated the size of the bolide at between 8 and 13 meters (26-43 feet) in diameter, which released around 0003 quadrillion Joules of energy, or roughly 1 megaton of TNT.
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A few days later, the phenomenon was explained to have been a bolide.
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Tony Huber supplied their engines as original equipment for : Alliance, Bolide, Crypto, C.V.R., Medici and Morisse.
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His main rivals appeared to be Lyphard's Wish (winner of the Solario Stakes), Warmington (third in the Dewhurst Stakes) and Bolide (runner-up in the Critérium de Maisons-Laffitte). Bolide took the lead from the start and set a very strong pace, whilst Sandy Creek was settled behind the leaders and turned into the straight in fourth place. Sandy Creek overtook Bolide a furlong and a half from the finish and held off several challengers to win by three quarters of a length from Warmington, with Lyphard's Wish, Laska Floko and Bolide close behind. The winning time of 1:38.32 was a track record for two-year-olds.
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These deposits and the associated fossils have been dated to significantly earlier periods than the times the bolide hypothesis proposed. In case of the Champlain Sea, its sediments started to accumulate around 13,000 BP, almost 3,400 years before the oldest of the hypothesized Holocene bolide impacts.
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In 2003 the "BOLIDE" upgrade system was introduced to the RBS 70. The BOLIDE missile is an RBS 70 Mk 2 upgrade that is faster (Mach 2 vs Mach 1.6), with a range up to and can reach an altitude of 6 km. Deliveries were initiated in 2005.
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A bolide (Italian via Latin from the Greek βολίς bolís, "missile") is an extremely bright meteor, especially one that explodes in the atmosphere. In astronomy, it refers to a fireball about as bright as the full moon, and it is generally considered a synonym for a fireball. In geology, a bolide is a very large impactor. One definition describes a bolide as a fireball reaching an apparent magnitude of −14 or brighter -- more than twice as bright as the full moon.
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Large igneous provinces have been connected to five mass extinction events, and may be associated with bolide impacts.
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During the 2012 Lyrids meteor shower, a bolide and sonic boom rattled buildings in California and Nevada in daylight conditions in the early morning at 07:51 PDT on 22 April 2012. The bolide air burst was caused by a random meteoroid, not a member of the Lyrids shower. The bolide was so bright that witnesses were seeing spots afterward. The falling meteorites were detected by weather radar over an area centered on the Sutter's Mill site in Coloma, between Auburn, California, and Placerville, California.
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All My Movies is a movie collection organizer software for establishing a personal database of media collections (Blu-ray Discs, DVDs, VHS tapes, etc.) developed by Bolide Software. Initially developed by Max Smirnoff (now Bolide Software CEO) for his personal usage, the program was published on Bolide Software web site as a shareware. All My Movies uses Amazon Web Services and a dozen of other APIs provided by the online movie databases for automatical movie details retrieval. It supports almost any Barcode reader including the cheap CueCat for a fast movie lookup.
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On his final racecourse appearance he finished sixth behind Bel Bolide in the Carleton F. Burke Handicap at Santa Anita in October.
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The date of c. 7640 BC has been theorised for the impact of Tollmann's hypothetical bolide with Earth and the resultant global cataclysm.
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The Guerraz was a French automobile manufactured only in 1901. A voiturette, it featured C-spring rear suspension and a 1357 cc Bolide engine.
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The Vitim event occurred on September 25, 2002 near the town. It was believed to be caused by a bolide or a comet nucleus impact.
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Vitim bolide impact site The 2002 Vitim event or Bodaybo event is believed to be an impact by a bolide (fireball) in the Vitim River basin. It occurred near the town of Bodaybo in the Mamsko-Chuisky district of Irkutsk Oblast, Siberia, Russia on September 25, 2002 at approximately 22:00 (local time, UTC/GMT +9 hours: ISO 8601 format 2002-09-25T13:00Z). The event was detected by a US military missile-defense satellite.
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Geologists use the term bolide in a somewhat different context than astronomers do. In geology, it indicates a very large impactor. For example, the Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center of the USGS uses bolide for any large crater-forming impacting body whose origin and composition is unknown, as, for example, whether it was a stony or metallic asteroid, or a less dense, icy comet made of volatiles, such as water, ammonia and methane.
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Franco on left, with Nuccio Bertone in an Arnolt-Bristol in 1953/54 An Arnolt- Bristol Bolide Franco Scaglione (26 September 1916 - 19 June 1993) was an automobile coachwork designer.
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After a sustained struggle in the closing stages, Mattaboy drew ahead in the final strides and won by half a length from Bel Bolide, with Poldhu two lengths back in third.
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However, the currently accepted models support regional formation. Multiple models have been put forward to explain the formation of tessera terrain. Models of formation by mantle downwelling and pulsating continents are the most currently accepted models. A model of formation due to a lava pond via bolide impact was put forth, although it has not currently gained much traction in the scientific community due to skepticism of the ability of a bolide impact to generate sufficient melt.
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Researchers have also criticized the conclusions of various studies for incorrect age-dating of the sediments, contamination by modern carbon, inconsistent hypothesis that made it difficult to predict the type and size of bolide, lack of proper identification of lonsdaleite, confusing an extraterrestrial impact with other causes such as fire, and for inconsistent use of the carbon spherule "proxy". Naturally occurring lonsdaleite has also been identified in non-bolide diamond placer deposits in the Sakha Republic.
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Animation of a bolide's atmospheric entry and air- burst The IAU has no official definition of "bolide", and generally considers the term synonymous with fireball, a brighter-than-usual meteor; however, the term generally applies to fireballs reaching an apparent magnitude −14 or brighter. Astronomers tend to use bolide to identify an exceptionally bright fireball, particularly one that explodes (sometimes called a detonating fireball). It may also be used to mean a fireball that is audible.
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An event called the Vitim event on September 25, 2002, occurred in the Vitim River basin near Bodaybo. The event was probably caused by a bolide. The event was similar to Tagish Lake.
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Correspondingly, platinum is found in slightly higher abundances at sites of bolide impact on Earth that are associated with resulting post-impact volcanism, and can be mined economically; the Sudbury Basin is one such example.
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Based on its incoming velocity of and energy, the original asteroid was likely between across, slightly smaller than the 2015 Thailand bolide, which fell about 2 years previously, several hundred miles to the south. This is the largest recorded meteor to fall over China since the 2000 bolide, which radiated about of energy compared to the 2017 event's . While it was only the 5th most energetic impact event of 2017, it was the largest one to occur over land, and a populated area no less.
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The fall was preceded by a bright bolide seen throughout what was then western Czechoslovakia. The light extended to . At an altitude of about , the meteor broke up. One loud and several quieter explosions were heard.
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Bel Bolide raced in Britain as a two- year-old in 1980, winning three of his six races including the Group Two Gimcrack Stakes. He also finished second in the Middle Park Stakes and the Richmond Stakes and third in the Coventry Stakes. Bel Bolide failed to win in five races in 1981, but finished third to To-Agori-Mou in both the 2000 Guineas and the St James's Palace Stakes. After failing to win in four races in 1982 he was sent to race in the United States.
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A theory was posited in 1997 by Michael Davis, an American amateur geologist, that a bolide exploded near the airplane. A bolide is a large meteoroid, explosively torn apart as it hits the atmosphere. Davis proposed that the mysterious streak observed just before the explosion was the meteoroid's entry path, moments before it blew apart. At least one of the resulting pieces of the exploding meteoroid could have penetrated the fuselage and ripped through the almost empty central wing tank, destroying the wing's structural integrity before exiting the other side.
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Vredefort is a small farming town in the Free State province of South Africa that used to farm with cattle, peanuts, sorghum, sunflowers and maize. It is home to at least 50,000 residents. The town was established in 1876 on a farm called Visgat, on the Vredefort crater, the largest and oldest visible bolide impact crater in the world (with a diameter of ). It was this approximately wide bolide that led to the preservation of the gold-bearing reefs of the Free State some 2.02 billion years ago.
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The institute has mountain observatories at Skalnaté Pleso, Lomnický štít and a theoretical department in Bratislava (founded in 1955), which is a statewide coordinating body for research of interplanetary matter. Moreover, it runs several full-sky photographic chambers (bolide cameras) which are part of European bolide network. The astronomical observatory at Skalnaté Pleso (1783 m) was founded in 1943. It is equipped with a 61 cm astrometrical and photometric reflector with a CCD camera and a 60 cm photometric reflector. The astronomical station on Lomnický štít (2632 m) has been active since 1960.
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The Managua explosion on 6 September 2014 may or may not have been created by a bolide that was missed by millions of people, but either way it was not caused by the close approach of 2014 RC.
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Mjølnir is a meteorite crater on the floor of Barents Sea off the coast of Norway. It is in diameter and the age is estimated to be 142.0 ± 2.6 million years (Early Cretaceous). The bolide was an estimated wide.
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The suevite was formed from mesozoic sediments shocked by the bolide impact.Johannes Baier: Die Auswurfprodukte des Ries-Impakts, Deutschland, in Documenta Naturae, Vol. 162, München, 2007. ; Johannes Baier: Zur Herkunft der Suevit-Grundmasse des Ries-Impakt Kraters, in Documenta Naturae, Vol.
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Oxford University Press. but has since been eroded away. Its present size is believed to be a smaller portion of a round crater that the bolide originally created. Subsequent geological processes have deformed the crater into the current smaller oval shape.
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"Fiery serpents" - a flying bolide A Fiery Serpent (also known as a snake- Lubac, Letun, Letuchy, Litavets, Maniac, nalyot, ognyanny and prelestnik) (Russian: Огненный змей) is an evil entity common to Slavic mythology, which presents itself as an anthropomorphic snake demon.
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Terra Nova. v. 6, no. 2, pp. 209-217. Their work proposes a series of meteors hitting the earth over the last 10,000 years, especially circa 7640 BC. Their evidence and counter-evidence is discussed in the article Tollmann's hypothetical bolide.
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Finland placed the first order in August 2002. The Finnish systems are mounted on Sisu Nasus (four units) and Mercedes-Benz Unimog 5000 L/38 4x4s (12 units). Each battery also has four RBS 70 MANPADS launchers with Bolide missiles.
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As of September 8, 2015 no strewn field has been found. The impact energy was the largest of 2015 at 3.9 kiloton.Fireball and Bolide Reports (JPL) The last impact this large was on 23 August 2014 over the Southern Ocean.
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At least one open car was subsequently fitted with a removable hardtop by S.H. Arnolt. Prices as per a 1956 factory letter were $3995 for the competition model, $4245 for the bolide, $4995 for the deluxe and $5995 for the coupe.
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A hypothesized Younger Dryas impact event, presumed to have occurred in North America about 12,900 years ago, has been proposed as the mechanism that initiated the Younger Dryas cooling. Among other things, findings of melt-glass material in sediments in Pennsylvania, South Carolina and Syria have been reported. The researchers argue that the material, which dates back nearly 13,000 years, was formed at temperatures of as the result of a bolide impact. They argue that these findings support the controversial Younger Dryas Boundary (YDB) hypothesis that the bolide impact occurred at the onset of the Younger Dryas.
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He was a political activist working to free Austria from nuclear energy and a founder of the Austrian Green Party (Vereinten Grünen Österreichs or VGÖ). In 1993, with his wife, paleontologist Edith Kristan-Tollmann, he published a monograph, Und die Sintflut gab es doch. Vom Mythos zur historischen Wahrheit, which claimed that Noah's flood was the consequence of a bolide impact about 9500 years ago, and supported the claim through geology (impact craters, iridium, shatter cones, stress lamination of minerals, radiocarbon dating, dendrochronology, a peak of acid in the Greenland ice) and legends and folk traditions. See Tollmann's hypothetical bolide.
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The Belgian automobile club originally indicated they would also enter the maximum complement of three cars, however in the end only Camille Jenatzy was entered for the race. His car was listed as a Snoeck-Bolide, and was effectively a French-designed Lefebvre-Bolide car built under licence in Belgium by Etablissements Mathias Snoeck, in order to meet the requirement that all parts of the car be produced in the country that it represents.Beaulieu (1963), pp. 13-15 Germany were also due to compete in the race; Eugen Benz was entered in a car manufactured by his father Karl Benz.
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Canadian paleontologist Digby McLaren suggested in 1969, that the Devonian extinction events were caused by an asteroid impact. However, while there were Late Devonian collision events (see the Alamo bolide impact), little evidence supports the existence of a large enough Devonian crater.
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The North American tektite strewn field is a large area, known as a strewn field, in North America defined by the presence of tektites consistent with having come from the same bolide. The field is believed to be associated with the Chesapeake Bay impact crater.
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In 2013, analysis of fragments from the Tunguska site by a joint US-European team was consistent with an iron meteorite. The February 2013 Chelyabinsk bolide event provided ample data for scientists to create new models for the Tunguska event. Researchers used data from both Tunguska and Chelyabinsk to perform a statistical study of over 50 million combinations of bolide and entry properties that could produce Tunguska-scale damage when breaking apart or exploding at similar altitudes. Some models focused on combinations of properties which created scenarios with similar effects to the tree-fall pattern as well as the atmospheric and seismic pressure waves of Tunguska.
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"1957 Sebring 12 Hours" Team DAN World Sports Car Championship. Retrieved on April 12, 2008. 1960 brought a final class win, finishing 1st, 2nd and 3rd in class, and placing 14th, 22d and 39th overall."Sebring 12 Hours 1960" Racing Sports Cars . Retrieved on April 12, 2008. Arnolt Bristol deluxe (1958) The cars were available in four body styles: competition—a stripped road racer; bolide—a slightly better-appointed road racer; deluxe—a better-appointed version of the bolide (side windows and convertible top, instruments mounted in a housing in front of the driver, glove box set in the dash); and coupé, with pop-up headlights.
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Bel Bolide was an American-bred Thoroughbred racehorse. He campaigned in Europe for three years, winning the Gimcrack Stakes in 1980. He had his greatest success when he returned to the United States, winning the Del Mar Handicap, Tanforan Handicap, Carleton F. Burke Handicap and American Handicap.
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During his racing career in North America, Bel Bolide was trained by John Gosden. In 1983 he won five of his seven races including the Del Mar Handicap, Tanforan Handicap and Carleton F. Burke Handicap. In the following year he ran six times and won the American Handicap.
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During the warm late Eocene, sea levels were high, and the Tidewater region of Virginia lay in the coastal shallows. The shore of eastern North America, about where Richmond, Virginia is today, was covered with thick tropical rainforest, and the waters of the gently sloping continental shelf were rich with marine life that was depositing dense layers of lime from their microscopic shells. Boundaries of the crater The bolide made impact at a speed of nearly 60 kilometers per second, punching a deep hole through the sediments and into the granite continental basement rock. The bolide itself was completely vaporized, with the basement rock being fractured to depths of , and a peak ring being raised around it.
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Marker horizons of tephra are used as a dating tool in archaeology, since the dates of eruptions are generally well-established. One particular bolide impact 66 million years ago, Chicxulub, controversially held to have led to a major extinction event, produced an iridium anomaly that occurs in a thin, global layer of clay marking the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. Iridium layers are associated with bolide impacts and are not unique, but when occurring in conjunction with the extinction of specialised tropical planktic foraminifera and the appearance of the first Danian species, signal a reliable marker horizon for the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. Fossil faunal and floral assemblages, both marine and terrestrial, make for distinctive marker horizons.
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This proves consistent with the fireball report. The bolide was also detected by infrasound at station I47 in South Africa and registered about 0.4 kt. The asteroid was several meters in diameter and impacted the atmosphere going about . Based on its velocity and energy, the asteroid was likely 2.6-3.8 meters in diameter.
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On 4 May 2014 around 4:17pm (EDT) a daylight bolide occurred near Ontario. The meteoroid was estimated to be roughly in diameter. The air burst was estimated to be equivalent to approximately 10–20 tons of TNT. The meteor was first seen in Peterborough and traveled on a southwest-to-northeast trajectory.
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On the morning of 14 July 2006, a bolide exploded above the nearby town of Rygge - moments later, several stony meteorites fell over Moss. A number of meteorites were recovered by local residents and visiting meteorite hunters, which after analysis and classification, were found to be a rare type of carbonaceous chondrite.
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Once it settles on the larger body's surface, the meteor becomes a meteorite. Meteorites vary greatly in size. For geologists, a bolide is a meteorite large enough to create an impact crater. Meteorites that are recovered after being observed as they transit the atmosphere and impact the Earth are called meteorite falls.
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In October, Mattaboy was moved up to Group One class for the first time in the Middle Park Stakes over six furlongs at Newmarket Racecourse. Ridden by Robert Armstrong's brother-in-law Lester Piggott he started the 7/1 fifth choice in the betting behind Bel Bolide (winner of the Gimcrack Stakes), Cooliney Prince (Windsor Castle Stakes), Goodbye Starter and Band Practice (runner-up in the Phoenix Stakes). The other four runners were Parkdale and Poldhu who had finished second and third in the Gimcrack, and the outsiders New Year's Day and Von Erlach. He raced towards the rear of the field as Bel Bolide set the pace before moving up rapidly on the rail to challenge the leader a quarter of a mile from the finish.
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The 1783 Great Meteor was an unusually bright bolide observed on 18 August 1783, from the British Isles at a time when such phenomena were not well understood. The meteor was the subject of much discussion in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society and was the subject of a detailed study by Charles Blagden.
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This was thought to be caused by an asteroid approximately in diameter. The fireball contained an estimated energy of 50 kilotons of TNT, or about twice the Nagasaki atomic bomb. No injuries were reported. ; 2009—Southwestern US : A large bolide was reported on 18 November 2009 over southeastern California, northern Arizona, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho and Colorado.
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The Chesapeake Bay impact crater was formed by a bolide that impacted the eastern shore of North America about 35.5 ± 0.3 million years ago, in the late Eocene epoch. It is one of the best-preserved "wet-target" impact craters in the world. Continued slumping of sediments over the rubble of the crater has helped shape the Chesapeake Bay.
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A rapid transition to subtropical climate was very noticeable – on October 8 the temperature increased to 14 °R (17,5 °C). On October 10 the crews observed a significant bolide in the constellation of Sagittarius. Because the sea was calm on October 13, Horner and Langsdorf carried out oceanographic measurements and lowered the bathometer to 95 fathoms.
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Other objects have also been suspected to have once been temporarily captured, including the small near-Eath asteroid 1991 VG and the bolide DN160822 03. Objects that get temporarily captured by Earth are thought to be common, though larger objects over in diameter are believed to be less likely to be captured by Earth and detected by modern telescopes.
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Lairg is prospectively the site of the fifteenth largest impact crater on Earth, the Lairg Gravity Low which dates from 1.2 billion years ago and is across. Evidence for a bolide impact centered on Ullapool was published by a combined team of scientists from the University of Oxford and the University of Aberdeen, in March 2008.
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Quaternary geologists, paleoclimatologists, and planetary geologists specializing in meteorite and comet impacts have rejected Tollmann's bolide hypothesis.Deutsch, A., C. Koeberl, J.D. Blum, B.M. French, B.P. Glass, R. Grieve, P. Horn, E.K. Jessberger, G. Kurat, W.U. Reimold, J. Smit, D. Stöffler, and S.R. Taylor, 1994, The impact-flood connection: Does it exist? Terra Nova. v. 6, pp. 644–650.
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Thus, the change from freshwater to salty water and eventually salt flats started over 2,400 to 6,400 years before the oldest of the impacts hypothesized by the Tollmann bolide hypothesis occurred. As a result, it is impossible that the formation of these salt lakes could have been associated with the impact hypothesized by Kristan-Tollmann and Tollmann.
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This bolide was a probable meteorite fall into waters 4.8 km deep. NEXRAD weather radar detected falling meteorites at 21:26:15 UT at 10.6 km above sea level. Signatures consistent with falling meteorites appear in a total of four radar sweeps. Meteorite falls with enough mass to generate green pixels on weather radar are very rare.
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Many of the minerals that our modern lives depend on are associated with impacts in the past. The Vredeford Dome in the center of the Witwatersrand Basin is the largest goldfield in the world which has supplied about 40% of all the gold ever mined in an impact structure (though the gold did not come from the bolide).Daly, R. 1947.
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The slump blocks were then covered with the rubble or breccia. The entire bolide event, from initial impact to the termination of breccia deposition, lasted only a few hours or days. In the perspective of geological time, the breccia is an instantaneous deposit. The crater was then buried by additional sedimentary beds that have accumulated during the 35 million years following the impact.
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Witnessed bolide A meteorite fall, also called an observed fall, is a meteorite collected after its fall from outer space was observed by people or automated devices. Any other meteorite is called a "find". There are more than 1,100 documented falls listed in widely used databases, most of which have specimens in modern collections. , the Meteoritical Bulletin Database had 1,180 confirmed falls.
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According to the director of Şamaxı Astrophysical Observatory Eyub Guliyev, the Yardymli meteorite may originate from the shower of Perseids.В Азербайджане будут наблюдать за потоками Персеид Echo The eyewitnesses saw the bright bolide flying through clouds from southwest to northeast. The falling was accompanied by a bright, blinding flare brighter than solar illumination and a noise similar to rolling thunder. The illumination embraced the area of ca. .
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Some eyewitnesses also felt intense heat from the fireball. The event began at 09:20:21 Yekaterinburg time, several minutes after sunrise in Chelyabinsk, and minutes before sunrise in Yekaterinburg. According to eyewitnesses, the bolide appeared brighter than the sun, as was later confirmed by NASA. An image of the object was also taken shortly after it entered the atmosphere by the weather satellite Meteosat 9.
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Members of the Holocene Impact Working Group have published papers advocating the occurrence of mega-tsunamis created by extraterrestrial impacts at various times during the Holocene and Late Pleistocene.Blakeslee, S., 2006, Ancient Crash, Epic Wave. New York Times, November 14, 2006. However, none of these proposed impacts match either the cataclysmic scale or timing proposed by Kristan- Tollmann and Tollmann for their hypothesized bolide.
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Hou et al. "Discovery of iridium and other element anomalies near the 1908 Tunguska explosion site", Planetary and Space Science, Volume 46, Issues 2–3, February–March 1998, pp. 179–188.Kolesnikov et al. "Isotopic anomaly in peat nitrogen is a probable trace of acid rains caused by 1908 Tunguska bolide", Planetary and Space Science, Volume 46, Issues 2–3, February–March 1998, pp. 163–167.
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A 5.8 magnitude earthquake struck central Virginia on August 23, 2011, near Mineral, and was the state's largest in at least a century. Due to the area's geologic properties, the earthquake was felt from Northern Florida to Southern Ontario. 35million years ago, a bolide impacted what is now eastern Virginia. The resulting Chesapeake Bay impact crater may explain what earthquakes and subsidence the region does experience.
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A bolide undergoing atmospheric entry Small objects frequently collide with Earth. There is an inverse relationship between the size of the object and the frequency of such events. The lunar cratering record shows that the frequency of impacts decreases as approximately the cube of the resulting crater's diameter, which is on average proportional to the diameter of the impactor. Asteroids with a diameter strike Earth every 500,000 years on average.
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Extremely bright fireballs traveling across the sky are often witnessed from a distance, such as the 1947 Sikhote-Alin meteor and the 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor, both in Russia. If the bolide is large enough, fragments may survive such as the Chelyabinsk meteorite. Modern developments in infrasound detection by the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization and infrared Defense Support Program satellite technology have increased the likelihood of detecting airbursts.
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Hildebrand interview. Hildebrand's team tested the samples, which clearly showed shock-metamorphic materials. A team of California researchers including Kevin Pope, Adriana Ocampo, and Charles Duller, surveying regional satellite images in 1996, found a cenote (sinkhole) ring centered on Chicxulub that matched the one Penfield saw earlier; the cenotes were thought to be caused by subsidence of bolide-weakened lithostratigraphy around the impact crater wall.Pope, Baines, et al.
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In the lava pond via giant impact model, melt due to a bolide impact on a thin lithosphere rises to the surface to form a lava pond. Convection throughout the lava pond resulted in surface deformation that created tessera terrain. Isostatic rebound of the solidified pond creates a crustal plateau structure. This model does not currently explain how convection could transmit enough force to deform several kilometers of brittle material.
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The Quaternary Period in the United States – Developments in Quaternary Science, Amsterdam, Elsevier. provides detailed records of paleoenvironmental changes that have occurred throughout the last 10,000 to 15,000 years as reconstructed from pollen and other paleoenvironmental data from over a thousand sites throughout North America. These records do not recognize indications of either a resulting catastrophic environmental devastation or layers of tsunami deposits, which the mega-tsunamis postulated by Tollmann's bolide hypothesis would have created.
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Bel Bolide was a chestnut horse with a white blaze and four white stockings bred in Kentucky by George A. Bolas. He was sired by Bold Bidder, who won 13 races and also sired the Kentucky Derby winners Spectacular Bid and Cannonade. As a yearling he was offered for sale and bought for $310,000 by representatives of the Saudi Prince Khalid Abdullah. The colt was sent to Britain to be trained by Jeremy Tree at Beckhampton in Wiltshire.
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This minor planet was named by the discoverers after Australian geologist Victor Gostin (born 1940) of the University of Adelaide, who in the 1980s discovered the ejecta layer from the Acraman bolide impact at a distance of 300 kilometers from the impact site, within Ediacaran sedimentary rocks of the Flinders Ranges, South Australia, which enabled the impact to be dated at ~580 Ma. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 2 February 1988 ().
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The 10th anniversary stamp. It reproduces a painting by P. J. Medvedev. At around 10:30 on 12 February 1947, eyewitnesses in the Sikhote-Alin Mountains, Primorye, Soviet Union, observed a large bolide brighter than the sun that came out of the north and descended at an angle of about 41 degrees. The bright flash and the deafening sound of the fall were observed for around the point of impact not far from Luchegorsk and approximately northeast of Vladivostok.
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35, 79). The first of these red box cars were called the "bolide" (meteor or fireball) series, and gave the Solido models new excitement, and new masculinity (Gardiner and O'Neill 1996, pp. 36–37). Most boxes in the 1970s and 1980s were some variation on red, yellow or orange, and then plastic 'display cases' were implemented with light cardboard coverings in various glossy colors. Some 1960s Solidos were licensed to the Spanish company Dalia and made in Spain.
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Popigai crater in April 1967 The Popigai crater (or astrobleme) in Siberia, Russia, is tied with the Manicouagan Crater as the fourth largest verified impact crater on Earth. A large bolide impact created the diameter crater approximately 35 million years ago during the late Eocene epoch (Priabonian stage). It might be linked to the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event. The crater is east from the outpost of Khatanga and northeast of the city of Norilsk, NNE of the Anabar Plateau.
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His second album, Blues for the Flying Dutchman, was originally released by a small German label before being picked up by Dutch East India. His third album, Moon Going Down, was released on the Marilyn label, which has been described as "slightly higher profile" than the labels he released his previous albums on. In 1998, he released Bolide, a seven-track mini-album, on Red River Records. In 2003, Anderson released another album, Norman, Oklahoma, also on Red River Records.
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The construction of the life-table for Breslau, which followed more primitive work by John Graunt, is now seen as a major event in the history of demography. The Royal Society censured Halley for suggesting in 1694 that the story of Noah's flood might be an account of a cometary impact.V. Clube and B. Napier, The Cosmic Serpent London: Faber and Faber, 1982. This theory was independently suggested by modern researchers as Tollmann's bolide hypothesis (1992), but is generally rejected by geologists.
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The first observation of a transiting extrasolar planet in Slovakia was performed at the observatory. The solar physics researchers perform solar prominence and chromosphere features observations in the H-alpha line. The observatory is also a member of the European bolide network and it has been developing its own TV meteor detection grid. Besides photographic all-sky cameras, fish-eye all-sky semi-automated meteor detection devices are located at Modra observatory, near Tesárske Mlyňany and in Kysucké Nové Mesto.
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These include Bolide, Volumes 1 and 2 and Talents Fachés 2. In 2011, he launched the mixtape Desperadoss followed by a series of mixtapes titled Summer Crack in three volumes (2011, 2012, 2015) and took part in the rap compilation We Made It in 2012. In 2013, he launched his film Karma, where he included a number of French rappers. In 2014, he was signed to the label Def Jam France giving him a wider promotion allowing him to appear in features with Gradur and Joke.
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Profile view of the crater Until 1983 there was no evidence of a large impact crater buried beneath the lower part of the Chesapeake Bay and its surrounding peninsulas. The first hint was a layer of ejecta found in a drilling core taken off Atlantic City, New Jersey, about 170 miles to the north. The layer contained the fused glass beads called tektites and shocked quartz grains that are unmistakable signs of a bolide impact. In 1993, data from oil exploration revealed the extent of the crater.
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He is famous for his singles "Boogie Dance", "My Sexy Lady" and "Bolide". In 2013, he released "Sexy Bam Bam" as a duo with Luis Guisao. Soldat Jahman is featured on many of DJ Mam's tracks, most notably in the original version of "Zumba He Zumba Ha", but also in "Hella décalé", "Tonight" and the title track "Fiesta Buena" of DJ Mam's album of the same name. In 2012, he was also featured in Mika V. single "Danza en la Playa" alongside Luis Guisao.
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2019 MO, temporarily designated A10eoM1, was a small, harmless 3-meter near- Earth asteroid discovered by ATLAS–MLO that impacted Earth's atmosphere on 22 June 2019 at 21:25 UT. The impact of the bolide was detected by infrasound and generated a 5-kiloton-equivalent explosion off the south coast of Puerto Rico. The strewn field would be spread over the Caribbean Sea. The Apollo asteroid was inbound approaching a late July perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) when it impacted Earth at 14.9 km/s.
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When the Caribbean bolide report came in from the GOES-16 weather satellite it was possible to link the ATLAS astrometry to it. Three additional precovery observations by Pan-STARRS 2 were then located and extended the observation arc to 2.3 hours. Using all seven observations, Scout then obtained a significantly better orbit determination with an impact rating of "elevated". The updated orbit shows that the asteroid was about 1.3 LD (500,000 km) from Earth when ATLAS-MLO observed it, 12 hours before impact.
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Like Bates Motel, Royal Heroine also won the Eclipse Award. Over the next few years, Gosden won the Hollywood Turf Cup three times, the Yellow Ribbon Stakes twice, the Ramona Handicap twice and the San Antonio Handicap again with Hatim. He also won both the Matriarch Stakes and the Vanity Handicap twice, the San Luis Rey Handicap with Zoffany, the Carleton F. Burke Handicap with Bel Bolide, the Clement L. Hirsch Turf Championship Stakes with Allez Milord and the Gamely Stakes for a second time.
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A possible configuration of South Pole–Aitken basin sample return spacecraft. On the image, it is on the near side of the Moon. Simulations of near vertical impacts show that the bolide ought to have excavated vast amounts of mantle materials from depths as great as 200 km below the surface. However, observations thus far do not favor a mantle composition for this basin and crustal thickness maps seem to indicate the presence of about 10 kilometers of crustal materials beneath this basin's floor.
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The 2009 Sulawesi superbolide was an atmospheric fireball blast over Indonesia on October 8, 2009, at approximately 03:00 UTC, near the coastal city of Watampone (colloquially named Bone) in South Sulawesi, island of Sulawesi. The meteoritic impactor broke up at an estimated height of 15–20 km. The impact energy of the bolide was estimated in the 10 to 50 kiloton TNT equivalent range with the higher end of this range being more likely. The likely size of the impactor was 5–10 m diameter.
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At Goodwood Racecourse in July, On The House was matched against colts and older horses for the first time in the Sussex Stakes. Sandhurst Prince, Tender King and The Wonder were made co-favourites at 4/1 with on the House relatively unfancied at odds of 14/1. She turned in to the straight in fourth place and was then moved to the outside to make her challenge. She overtook Achieved and Bel Bolide inside the final furlong and held off the late run of Sandhurst Prince to win by half a length.
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Lonsdaleite occurs as microscopic crystals associated with diamond in several meteorites: Canyon Diablo, Kenna, and Allan Hills 77283. It is also naturally occurring in non-bolide diamond placer deposits in the Sakha Republic. Material with d-spacings consistent with Lonsdaleite has been found in sediments with highly uncertain dates at Lake Cuitzeo, in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico, by proponents of the controversial Younger Dryas impact hypothesis. Its presence in local peat deposits is claimed as evidence for the Tunguska event being caused by a meteor rather than by a cometary fragment.
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Doricles was a "beautiful" brown horse bred in the United Kingdom. During his racing career he was owned by his breeder Leopold de Rothschild and trained by Alfred Hayhoe at the Palace House stable in Newmarket, Suffolk. Doricles was one of the first crop of foals sired by Florizel II, a high class racehorse and a brother to the Derby winners Persimmon and Diamond Jubilee. Doricles' dam Rosalie also produced St Rosalia, an influential broodmare whose descendants have included Kelso, Alysheba, Farma Way, Bel Bolide and Quiet Reflection.
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Since then, rupturing fault length, rupture velocity, moment-magnitude and moment energy are routinely calculable from spectra of recorded seismic waves-forms. In 1975, Ben-Menahem used seismic and barometric recording of the Tunguska event of June 30, 1908, to derive the height and energy of the explosion, demonstrating for the first time a feasible non- cometary mechanism of this extraterrestrial bolide encounter with earth. Ben- Menahem is the sole author of a 6-volume, 6000 pages treatise: Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences published in 2009 by Springer Verlag.
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Interest in the Sirente crater began in the late 1990s after Swedish geologist Jens Ormö, an impact crater specialist, noticed ridges near the site that indicated a bolide collision. A research team named "The Sirente Crater Group" along with two scientists from the International Research School of Planetary Science of Pescara (IRSPS) began a detailed examination of the area. The team concluded the meteorite struck the Earth with the force of a small nuclear bomb; approximately one kiloton in yield. The blast would have created a mushroom cloud and shockwaves similar to a nuclear explosion.
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The November 2020 Earth approach will be hidden by the glare of the Sun due to the asteroid's low solar elongation in that time. Since the asteroid is only about in diameter it is too small to do more than create a bolide and common strewn field similar to the Sutter's Mill meteorite or 2014 AA. It is not categorized as a potentially hazardous object given the estimated size is smaller than the threshold for potentially hazardous objects which are estimated at more than 140 meters in diameter.
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Tollmann's bolide hypothesis is a hypothesis presented by Austrian paleontologist Edith Kristan-Tollmann and geologist Alexander Tollmann in 1994. The hypothesis postulates that one or several bolides (asteroids or comets) struck the Earth around 7640 ± 200 years BCE, with a much smaller one approximately 3150 ± 200 BCE. The hypothesis tries to explain early Holocene extinctions and possibly legends of the Universal Deluge. The claimed evidence for the event includes stratigraphic studies of tektites,Glass, B.P., 1978, Australasian Microtektites and the Stratigraphic Age of the Australites Bulletin of the Geological Society of America. v.
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It has been proposed that sudden climate changes and catastrophic events around 2200 BCE (including the collapse of the Sumerian civilisation) could be linked to a comet or asteroid impact. Master has conjectured that the alleged Umm al Binni impact could be responsible for this catastrophe, producing the energy equivalent to thousands of Hiroshima-sized bombs. Using equations describing impact effects based on work from Collins et al., Shoemaker, Glasstone & Dolan and others, Hamacher determined that an impacting bolide would have produced energy in the range of 190 to 750 megatons of TNT (for an asteroid and comet impact, respectively).
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Vicina al movimento Immaginista, la casa editrice "La Ruota dentata" pubblica un numero unico di una rivista con questo stesso titolo e numerosi testi futuristi With Anton Giulio Bragaglia he founded the Teatro degli Indipendenti in Rome.Per il Teatro degli Indipendenti scrive testi, poi rappresentati, tra i quali Il bolide, scalari e vettori, Ancorato al nome di Maria e, insieme a Bonaventura Grassi, L'inferno. He knew Russian and German and translated the works of Heinrich von Kleist, Mikhail Bulgakov and Frank Wedekind into Italian. Barbaro was a journalist, essayist, novelist and his writings appear in several magazines of the time.
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Onaping Fallback Breccia, polished slab, The Sudbury basin formed as a result of an impact into the Nuna supercontinent from a bolide approximately in diameter that occurred 1.849 billion years ago in the Paleoproterozoic era. Debris from the impact was scattered over an area of thrown more than ; rock fragments ejected by the impact have been found as far away as Minnesota.Associated Press: "Ontario crater debris found in Minn.", Star Tribune, July 15, 2007 Models suggest that for such a large impact, debris was most likely scattered globally,Melosh, J. (1989)Impact Cratering: A Geologic Process.
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Tim Schadla-Hall, archaeologist and editor of the journal Public Archaeology, has cited the book as an example of pseudoscience, in which the authors "quote established academics in such a way as to make it seem as though they support their arguments". The geology in the book is based on Tollmann's hypothetical bolide which has been rejected by specialists in meteorite and comet impacts.Deutsch, A., C. Koeberl, J.D. Blum, B.M. French, B.P. Glass, R. Grieve, P. Horn, E.K. Jessberger, G. Kurat, W.U. Reimold, J. Smit, D. stoffler, and S.R. Taylor, 1994, The impact-flood connection: Does it exist? Terra Nova. v.
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A well- known example of a key bed is the global layer of iridium-rich impact ejecta that marks the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–T boundary). Palynology, the study of fossil pollens and spores, routinely works out the stratigraphy of rocks by comparing pollen and spore assemblages with those of well-known layers—a tool frequently used by petroleum exploration companies in the search for new fields. The fossilised teeth or elements of conodonts are an equally useful tool. The ejecta from volcanoes and bolide impacts create useful markers, as different volcanic eruptions and impacts produce beds with distinctive compositions.
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However, thanks to the systems modularity, it can also be delivered in a split configuration with one vehicle carrying the main sensor and several other vehicles carrying the missiles. The main sensor is Saab's (formerly Ericsson Microwave System) HARD AESA air search 3D radar with an instrumented range of 20 km or an Infra-red search and track, depending upon the customer's specifications. The effector is the latest version of the Saab Bofors Dynamics RBS 70 surface-to-air missile, called Bolide. The missile is a laser guidance beam riding short range missile equipped with a highly effective proximity fuze.
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The evidence given by proponents of a bolide or meteorite impact event includes "black mats", or strata of organic-rich soil that have been identified at dozens of Clovis culture archaeological sites in North America. Proponents have reported materials including nanodiamonds, metallic microspherules, carbon spherules, magnetic spherules, iridium, platinum, platinum/palladium ratios, charcoal, soot, and fullerenes enriched with helium-3 that they interpret as evidence for an impact event that marks the beginning of the Younger Dryas. Proponents of the hypothesis claim that these data cannot be adequately explained by volcanic, anthropogenic, or other natural processes.
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Other crater-like topographic features have also been proposed as impact craters formed in connection with Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction. This suggests the possibility of near-simultaneous multiple impacts, perhaps from a fragmented asteroidal object similar to the Shoemaker–Levy 9 impact with Jupiter. In addition to the Chicxulub crater, there is the Boltysh crater in Ukraine (), the Silverpit crater in the North Sea () possibly formed by bolide impact, and the controversial and much larger Shiva crater. Any other craters that might have formed in the Tethys Ocean would have been obscured by the northward tectonic drift of Africa and India.
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Edith Kristan-Tollmann nee Edith Kristan (born April 14, 1934 in Vienna, died August 25, 1995) was an Austrian geologist and paleontologist. A prolific scientist with an interest in micropalaeontology and especially the foraminifera of the Triassic (in the then Tethys Ocean) and the Jurassic eras, Kristan-Tollmann published widely in her field. She is also known for originating with her husband Alexander Tollmann a thoroughly documented theory of the evolution of human legend and social structures as a result of a massive impact event which struck multiple points on earth. The latter has become known as Tollmann's hypothetical bolide.
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Bolides that disintegrated in the Earth's atmosphere worldwide, 1994–2013 On September 7, 2015, at about 08:40 local time a bolide meteor appeared over Thailand and burned up approximately 100 km (62 mi) above the ground. The meteor briefly flared up producing a green and orange glow before disappearing without a sound of explosion and leaving a white smoke trail. The meteor was recorded by several dashcams during the morning rush hour in Bangkok, and sightings were also reported in Thai towns of Kanchanaburi and Nakhon Ratchasima. The meteor was visible for about four seconds before fading out.
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Rather, reasons for extinction are stochastic abiotic events such as bolide impacts, climate changes, mass volcanic eruptions etc. Alternatively, species may have gone extinct due to evolutionary displacement by successor or competitor taxa – it is notable for example that in the early Neogene, seabird biodiversity was much higher than today; this is probably due to competition by the radiation of marine mammals after that time. The relationships of these ancient birds are often hard to determine, as many are known only from very fragmentary remains and complete fossilization precludes analysis of information from DNA, RNA or protein sequencing.
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Mega tsunami of the world oceans: Chevron dune formation, micro-ejecta, and rapid climate change as the evidence of recent oceanic bolide impacts: T. Beer (ed.), Geophysical Hazards, p. 197-227; Springer Publ. Part of the evidence they cite for this hypothesis is that the sediments contain tiny marine fossils; however, such fossils can be moved by the wind, just like sand. The impact idea is controversial not only because chevrons are similar to wind-blown landforms found far from the ocean, but also because it is unlikely that there have been enough large impacts and landslides to explain the observed chevrons.
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In January Velocite accused Cicli Pinarello of taking the patented and copyrighted original research performed by Velocite dealing with integration of a round water bottle into the airflow through use of a concave downtube. Velocite developed the aerodynamic solution during 2014 and launched the Velocite Syn aero road bike featuring the concave downtube at the 2015 Taipei Cycle Show. Pinarello released the Bolide TT bicycle featuring the concave downtube over a year later in May 2016 and a Dogma F10 bicycle in January 2017. The Dogma F10 marketing information also makes use of the Velocite Syn wind tunnel data.
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Starkey restrained the colt at the rear of the nineteen runner field before moving forward with three furlongs left to run. He looked likely to win easily, but had to be driven out by Starkey to win by a neck from the 50/1 outsider Mattaboy, with Bel Bolide in third. On 16 May, To-Agori-Mou was sent to Ireland and started 9/10 favourite for the Irish 2000 Guineas at the Curragh. The race was the most controversial of the year and saw the beginning of a four-race rivalry between To-Agori-Mou and the Vincent O'Brien-trained colt Kings Lake.
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A model depicting the alleged crashed object, originally created for the show Unsolved Mysteries, and put on display near the Kecksburg fire station. The Kecksburg UFO incident occurred on December 9, 1965, at Kecksburg, Pennsylvania, United States in North America, when a fireball was reported by citizens of six U.S. states and Canada over Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Canada. Astronomers said it was likely a meteor bolide burning up in the atmosphere and descending at a steep angle. NASA released a statement in 2005 reporting that experts had examined fragments from the area and determined they were from a Soviet satellite, but records of their findings were lost in the 1990s.
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The Santa Fe impact structure is an eroded remnant of a bolide impact crater in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains northeast of Santa Fe, New Mexico. The discovery was made in 2005 by a geologist who noticed shatter cones in the rocks in a decades-old road cut on New Mexico State Road 475 between Santa Fe and Hyde Memorial State Park. Shatter cones are a definitive indicator that the rocks had been exposed to a shock of pressures only possible in a meteor impact or a nuclear explosion. It is called an "impact structure" and not a crater because it is so deeply eroded.
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DN160822 03 was a quasi-satellite of Earth that entered the atmosphere and exploded over eastern South Australia as a fireball (bolide) on 22 August 2016. The size of the object was thought to be two to three metres in diameter. The fireball was detected by the cameras of Desert Fireball Network of Australia, an automated network of cameras which watches for fireballs over the continent. The Russian website Russia Pulse reported in Russian as follows, translated into English: > Scientists of University of Kertin in Australia have found out that on 22 > August 2016, the atmosphere of the Earth above Australia included natural > Earth satellite.
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"The damage to the CWT seems to start at the center and work its way forward along a discernible path. A fuel explosion would radiate damage in all directions." The vapor in the fuel tank could have ignited due to the searing heat produced by the bolide's high velocity. Other data appear to fit the hypothesis; the sequence of multiple sonic booms heard by witnesses onshore could be explained by the explosion and subsequent scattering of the heavier bolide remnants; the estimated 200 holes in the fuselage (cited in FBI report) could be indicative of metal cut by objects traveling at extremely high speed.
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In November 2018, Harvard astronomers Amir Siraj and Avi Loeb reported that there should be hundreds of 'Oumuamua-size interstellar objects in the Solar System, based on calculated orbital characteristics, and presented several centaur candidates such as and . These are all orbiting the Sun, but may have been captured in the distant past. On 8 January 2014, a bolide which has been identified by Loeb and Siraj as a potentially interstellar object originating from an unbound hyperbolic orbit exploded in the atmosphere over northern Papua New Guinea. It had an eccentricity of 2.4, an inclination of 10°, and a speed of 43.8 km/s when outside of the Solar System.
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Additionally, some extant megafaunal species such as bison and brown bear seem to have been little affected by the extinction event, while the environmental devastation caused by a bolide impact would not be expected to discriminate. Also, it appears that there was collapse in North American megafaunal population from 14,800 to 13,700 BP, well before the date of the hypothetical extraterrestrial impact, possibly from anthropogenic activities, including hunting. Other research has shown no support for the impact hypothesis. One group examined carbon-14 dates for charcoal particles that showed wildfires occurred well after the proposed impact date, and the glass-like carbon was produced by wildfires and no lonsdaleite was found.
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The hypothesis has been questioned in research that concluded that most of the results cannot be confirmed by other scientists and that the authors misinterpreted the data. After a review of the sediments found at the sites, new research has found that the sediments claimed by hypothesis proponents to be deposits resulting from a bolide impact date from much later or much earlier times than the proposed date of the cosmic impact. The researchers examined 29 sites commonly referenced to support the impact theory to determine if they can be geologically dated to around 13,000 years ago. Crucially, only three of those sites actually date from then.
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The crater is not exposed at the surface and therefore its size is uncertain. The original discovery team stated in 2000 that it may be up to in diameter, but others argue it may be much smaller, with one 2003 study suggesting a diameter closer to . Abstract and full PDF The larger estimate of 120 km, if correct, would make this crater tied for the fourth largest confirmed impact structure in the world, and imply a bolide (asteroid or comet) about in diameter. PDF A more recent study in 2010 suggests the crater could be between or more, and was produced by a comet or asteroid wide.
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Animal and plant life have not evolved much during the relatively short Holocene, but there have been major shifts in the distributions of plants and animals. A number of large animals including mammoths and mastodons, saber-toothed cats like Smilodon and Homotherium, and giant sloths disappeared in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene—especially in North America, where animals that survived elsewhere (including horses and camels) became extinct. This extinction of American megafauna has been blamed by some on the Clovis people, who vanished at the same time, though climatic change or a bolide impact are favored by others. Throughout the world, ecosystems in cooler climates that were previously regional have been isolated in higher altitude ecological "islands".
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In the Irish 2,000 Guineas two weeks later he was partnered by George McGrath as Pat Eddery opted to ride Raconteur, the O'Brien stable's more fancied runner. Achieved finished sixth again, six and a half lengths behind the winner Dara Monarch but two lengths in front of Raconteur. After four races in six weeks, Achieved was rested until 28 July when he was matched against older horses in the Sussex Stakes at Goodwood Racecourse. Wearing blinkers for the first time he produced probably his best effort of the season as he finished third to On The House and Sandhurst Prince, beaten just over a length by the winner with Bel Bolide in fourth and The Wonder in sixth.
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Paleotologists compared the taxonomic diversity and patterns of morphological disparity in mosasaurs with sea level, sea surface temperature, and stable carbon isotope curves for the Upper Cretaceous to explore factors that may have influenced their evolution. No single factor unambiguously accounts for all radiations, diversification, and extinctions; however, the broader patterns of taxonomic diversification and morphological disparity point to niche differentiation in a "fishing up" scenario under the influence of "bottom-up" selective pressures. The most likely driving force in mosasaur evolution was high productivity in the Late Cretaceous, driven by tectonically controlled sea levels and climatically controlled ocean stratification and nutrient delivery. When productivity collapsed at the end of the Cretaceous, coincident with bolide impact, mosasaurs became extinct.
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Scientists have asserted that the carbon spherules originated as fungal structures and/or insect fecal pellets, and contained modern contaminants and that the claimed nanodiamonds are actually misidentified graphene and graphene/graphane oxide aggregates. An analysis of a similar Younger Dryas boundary layer in Belgium yielded carbon crystalline structures such as nanodiamonds, but the authors concluded that they also did not show unique evidence for a bolide impact. Researchers have also found no extraterrestrial platinum group metals in the boundary layer, which is inconsistent with the hypothesized impact event. Further independent analysis was unable to confirm prior claims of magnetic particles and microspherules, concluding that there was no evidence for a Younger Dryas impact event.
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An interesting aspect of the kratt is that it was necessary for it to constantly keep working, otherwise it would turn dangerous to its owner. Once the kratt became unnecessary, the master of the kratt would ask the creature to do impossible things such as build a ladder from bread, as portrayed in Andrus Kivirähk's Rehepapp (The Old Barny). Impossible tasks took so long to complete that it caused the kratt, which was made of hay, to catch fire and burn to pieces, thus solving the issue of how to get rid of the problematic creature. In folk astronomy a bolide was thought to be a kratt that had been given an impossible job.
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The large rivers entering the Bay from the west have broad mouths and are extensions of the main ria for miles up the course of each river. The Bay's geology, its present form, and its very location were created by a bolide impact event at the end of the Eocene (about 35.5 million years ago), forming the Chesapeake Bay impact crater and much later the Susquehanna River valley. The Bay was formed starting about 10,000 years ago when rising sea levels at the end of the last ice age flooded the Susquehanna River valley. Parts of the Bay, especially the Calvert County, Maryland, coastline, are lined by cliffs composed of deposits from receding waters millions of years ago.
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The waterfall is located in the village of Boda, 20 kilometres to the north of Rättvik. It lies at the eastern edge of the Siljan Ring, a prehistoric impact crater which was formed 377 million years ago during the Devonian period when a meteorite struck the Earth's surface. The bolide was estimated to be about 4 kilometres in diameter and was travelling at around 100,000 kilometres per hour, causing a vertical realignment of the horizontal rock strata and a depression of the bedrock upon collision. This had a profound effect upon the local environment, creating many of the geological features which exist to this day such as Lake Siljan to the south-west and Styggforsen.
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Human civilization, as well as nearly all life on Earth is obliterated. US President Julia Bliss Flaherty manages to get herself up to the Cloud Ark despite provisions that members of government would not be launched into space. Julia persuades the majority of the Arklets to abandon the ISS and to move to higher orbit in a decentralized swarm, in the process causing ISS to be struck by a bolide and suffer catastrophic damage that kills 300. Meanwhile, leader Markus Leuker and robotics engineer Dinah MacQuarie take a small crew to an ice comet fragment that billionaire Sean Probst has gotten into Earth's orbit for the purpose of providing propellant for the space station.
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From 1998 to 2003 he was chair and coordinator of the European Science Foundation "Impact" program. He is also on the science team of the Midas experiment on board the Rosetta comet probe. Köberl has written or edited 15 books and is the author of over 450 peer-reviewed research publications. He has organized several international research conferences, including the Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society in 1989 in Vienna, Austria; the meeting on Catastrophic Events & Mass Extinctions: Impacts and Beyond, in 2000 in Vienna, Austria; Geological Society of America Field Forum on "Bolide Impacts on Wet Targets" in Nevada and Utah, USA; and the Geological Society of America Penrose Conference on "Hothouse, Icehouse, and Impacts: The Late Eocene Earth" at Monte Conero in Italy.
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Lake Bonneville and other ice age pluvial lakes (17,500 years BP), and modern remnants A significant amount of the physical evidence used by Kristan-Tollmann and Tollmann, as supporting their hypothesis, is either too old or too young to have been created by this hypothesized impact. In many cases, it is hundreds to thousands, and in one case hundreds of thousands, of years too old to be credible evidence of a Holocene impact. The research that dates the tektites, which Tollmann's bolide hypothesis regards as indicative for the timing of the impact, is outdated. Later research,Schneider, D.A., D.V. Kent, G.A. Mello, 1992, A detailed chronology of the Australasian impact event, the Brunhes–Matuyama geomagnetic polarity reversal, and global climatic change.
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The forests and associated ecosystems of these areas would have been flooded and completely destroyed by the mega-tsunamis proposed by Kristan-Tollmann and Tollmann. Despite its location, both the core and the pollen record recovered from Lake Tulane lacks any indication of an abrupt, catastrophic environmental disruption, which the mega-tsunamis proposed by Tollmann's bolide hypothesis would have caused. Sedimentary cores obtained from Florida and other locations also lack sedimentary layers that have the characteristics of sediments deposited by either tsunamis or mega-tsunamis. The cataclysmic scale of physical and ecological destruction that a megatsunami, like the one proposed by Kristan-Tollmann and Tollmann, would have caused, has not been recognized within the majority of long-term environmental records.
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The crater was reported and named by Dallas Abbott and her colleagues from the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University.Abbott, D.H., A. Matzen, E.A. Bryant, and S.F. Pekar (2003) Did a bolide impact cause catastrophic tsunamis in Australia and New Zealand? Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. 35:168. Based on elemental anomalies, fossils, and minerals, which are interpreted to be derived from the impact, found in an ice core from the Siple Dome in Antarctica, it is argued that the impact which created the Mahuika crater occurred around 1443 AD,Abbott, D.H., P. Biscaye, J. Cole-Dai, and D. Breger, 2005, Evidence from an Ice Core of a Large Impact Circa 1443 A.D. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2005, abstract #PP31C-05.
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Rather, reasons for the extinctions listed here are stochastic abiotic events such as bolide impacts, climate changes due to orbital shifts, mass volcanic eruptions etc. Alternatively, species may have gone extinct due to evolutionary displacement by successor or competitor taxa – it is notable that an extremely large number of seabirds have gone extinct during the mid-Tertiary; this seems at least partly due to competition by the contemporary radiation of marine mammals. The relationships of these taxa are often hard to determine, as many are known only from very fragmentary remains and due to the complete fossilization precluding analysis of information from DNA, RNA or protein sequencing. The taxa listed in this article should be classified with the Wikipedia conservation status category "Fossil".
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It has been proposed that the abundant charcoal, which is found in the Usselo Soil, and contemporaneous Lateglacial paleosols and organic sediments across Europe, may have been created by wildfires caused by a large bolide impact. This conclusion is based upon the reported occurrence of alleged extraterrestrial impact indicators and hypothetical correlations with Clovis- age organic beds in North America.Kloosterman, J.B. (2007) Correlation of the Late Pleistocene Usselo Horizon (Europe) and the Clovis Layer (North America). American Geophysical Union, Spring Meeting 2007, abstract no. PP43A-02 However, many geologists and geomorphologists wholly dispute the contemporaneous nature of the Usselo Soil with Clovis-age organic beds in North America, the presence of impact indicators within it, and the impact origin of the charcoal.
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In the second half of the race he made rapid progress to dispute the lead and got the better of a struggle with Bel Bolide but was caught in the final strides and beaten a neck by the favourite To-Agori-Mou. Two weeks after his run at Newmarket, Mattaboy was sent to the Curragh and started third favourite for the Irish 2,000 Guineas. Ridden by Tony Murray he finished fourth of the thirteen runners in a controversial race won by Kings Lake. Mattaboy was scheduled to face To-Agori- Mou and Kings Lake in the St James's Palace Stakes at Royal Ascot but was withdrawn after being found to be running an abnormally high temperature on the morning of the race.
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One reason given for their demise is the Cretaceous ammonites, being closely related to coleoids, had a similar reproductive strategy in which huge numbers of eggs were laid in a single batch at the end of the lifespan. These, along with juvenile ammonites, are thought to have been part of the plankton at the surface of the ocean, where they were killed off by the effects of an impact. Nautiloids, exemplified by modern nautiluses, are conversely thought to have had a reproductive strategy in which eggs were laid in smaller batches many times during the lifespan, and on the sea floor well away from any direct effects of such a bolide strike, and thus survived. Many ammonite species were filter-feeders, so they might have been particularly susceptible to marine faunal turnovers and climatic change.
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Boeing have proposed that the Avenger PMS turret could be mounted on other vehicles such as Unimog truck, BV-206 all-terrain vehicles, M113 APC, and M548 tracked cargo carrier as well as being used as a stationary ground mount on a pallet for defense of static targets. The Avenger PMS has been demonstrated with a mock- up of two 70 mm helicopter-type rocket pods carrying a total of 36 rockets to give the system greater multi-mission utility. Other missiles such as the Bofors RBS 70/Bolide have been proposed for use on the Avenger PMS. In March 2017, Boeing revealed a modernized Avenger system fitted with AIM-9X Sidewinder and Longbow Hellfire missiles on the sides and a directed energy weapon affixed to the top.
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The Chicxulub Crater lends support to the theory postulated by the late physicist Luis Alvarez and his son, geologist Walter Alvarez, that the extinction of numerous animal and plant groups, including non-avian dinosaurs, may have resulted from a bolide impact (the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event). Luis and Walter Alvarez, at the time both faculty members at the University of California, Berkeley, postulated that this enormous extinction event, which was roughly contemporaneous with the postulated date of formation for the Chicxulub crater, could have been caused by just such a large impact.Alvarez, W. interview. The age of the rocks marked by the impact shows that this impact structure dates from roughly 66 million years ago, the end of the Cretaceous period, and the start of the Paleogene period.
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McDonald, Science in Default Ground personnel at Lakenheath made visual sightings of several luminous objects, including two which arrived, made a sharp change in course, and appeared to merge before moving off. The angular size of these objects was compared to that of a golf ball at arm's length, and they were stated to dwindle to pinpoint size as they moved away, an observation which seemed to rule out a bolide or bright meteor.McDonald, Science in Default The final phase of the incident was described in some detail by Technical Sergeant Forrest Perkins, who was the Watch Supervisor in the Lakenheath Radar Air Traffic Control centre, and who wrote directly to the Condon Committee in 1968. Perkins claimed that two RAF De Havilland Venom interceptors were scrambled and directed towards a radar target near Lakenheath.
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After finishing third over five furlongs on his racecourse debut, Recitation won a maiden race over the same distance at Newbury Racecourse, beating I'll See You by half a length. The colt was then moved up sharply in class for the Group Three Coventry Stakes over six furlongs at Royal Ascot in June in which he was ridden by Greville Starkey and started at odds of 11/1. In a performance which Timeform described as "a revelation", Recitation took the lead a quarter mile from the finish and drew clear of the field to win easily by five lengths from Motavato, Bel Bolide and Another Realm. The form of the race was subsequently boosted when the third and fourth placed horses won the Gimcrack Stakes and the Richmond Stakes respectively.
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An asteroid impact would have left a large crater, perhaps across, none of which was found. Alternatively, a bolide, or air burst, caused by a stony asteroid of up to some tens of meters in diameter, would not have reached the surface but likely would have exploded in the atmosphere, creating a large shock wave but not an impact crater. This option, the possibility of which was driven home by the widely observed February 2013 Russian meteor event, would have led to measurements and observations that are entirely consistent with data and eyewitness reports, far more so than a seismic disturbance, which would be difficult to reconcile with fireball sightings. A mine explosion was unlikely, as it was 170 times more powerful than the largest mining explosion known in Australia up to that time.
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"Purdue University - Study on Hertzian cone crack" This is the physical principle that explains the form and characteristics of the flakes removed from a core of tool stone during the process of lithic reduction. This phenomenon is named after the German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, who first described this type of wave-front propagation through various media. Although it might not be agreed by all, natural phenomena which have been grouped with the Hertzian cone phenomena include the crescentic "chatter marks" made on smoothed bedrock by glacial ice dragging along boulders at its base, the numerous crescentic impact marks sometimes seen on pebbles and cobbles, and the shatter cones found at bolide impact sites. James Byous, working independently (at privately funded Dowd Research, Savannah, Georgia USA) has made a protracted study of Hertzian cones.
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The extinctions in South America appear to have occurred at least 400 years after the extinctions in North America. The extinction of woolly mammoths in Siberia also appears to have occurred later than in North America. A greater disparity in extinction timings is apparent in island megafaunal extinctions that lagged nearby continental extinctions by thousands of years; examples include the survival of woolly mammoths on Wrangel Island, Russia, until 3700 BP, and the survival of ground sloths in the Antilles, the Caribbean, until 4700 cal BP. The Australian megafaunal extinctions occurred approximately 30,000 years earlier than the hypothetical Younger Dryas event. The megafaunal extinction pattern observed in North America poses a problem for the bolide impact scenario, since it raises the question why large mammals should be preferentially exterminated over small mammals or other vertebrates.
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Analysis of fluvial sediments on Santa Rosa Island by another group also found no evidence of lonsdaleite, impact-induced fires, or extraterrestrial impact. Research published in 2012 has shown that the so-called "black mats" are easily explained by typical earth processes in wetland environments. The study of black mats, that are common in prehistorical wetland deposits which represent shallow marshlands, that were from 6000 to 40,000 years ago in the southwestern USA and Atacama Desert in Chile, showed elevated concentrations of iridium and magnetic sediments, magnetic spherules and titanomagnetite grains. It was suggested that because these markers are found within or at the base of black mats, irrespective of age or location, suggests that these markers arise from processes common to wetland systems, and probably not as a result of catastrophic bolide impacts.
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The book attributes to this disaster, with has become known as Tollmann's hypothetical bolide, the origin of priesthood (as a person who facilitates sacrifices to the gods), world religions, the Christian Genesis flood narrative, the myth of Atlantis and many other things. The authors credited the meteorite impact theory of Luis Walter Alvarez as influencing their own theories of a geological catastrophe that so influenced human history. They also postulated that such impact events were recurrent on about a 10,000 year cycle, citing dust bands in the Antarctic ice core around 17,000 to 18,000 years old as an indication that a previous impact had contributed to warming at the end of the last ice age. The theories reported in both the article and the book were the subject of fierce criticism.
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Meteosat 8/EUMETSAT infrared image of the explosion Animation of 2008 TC3's orbit The meteor entered Earth's atmosphere above northern Sudan at 02:46 UTC (05:46 local time) on October 7, 2008, with a velocity of at an azimuth of 281 degrees and an altitude angle of 19 degrees to the local horizon. It exploded tens of kilometers above the ground with the energy of 0.9 to 2.1 kilotons of TNT over a remote area of the Nubian Desert, causing a large fireball or bolide. The Times reported that the meteor's "light was so intense that it lit up the sky like a full moon and an airliner away reported seeing the bright flash." A webcam captured the flash lighting up El-Gouna beach 725 kilometres north of the explosion (see this webcam frame).
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Onaping Fallback Breccia, polished slab, The Sudbury Basin formed as a result of an impact into the Nuna supercontinent from a bolide approximately in diameter that occurred 1,849 million years ago Sudbury Basin is the third-largest crater on Earth, after the Vredefort crater in South Africa, and the Chicxulub crater under Yucatán, Mexico. The Sudbury Igneous Complex is an impact melt that formed from this impact and the high pressures and temperatures melted the surrounding rock. NASA used the site to geologically train the Apollo Astronauts in recognizing rocks formed as the result of a very large impact, such as breccias. Astronauts who would use this training on the Moon included Apollo 15's David Scott and James Irwin, Apollo 16's John Young and Charlie Duke, and Apollo 17's Gene Cernan and Jack Schmitt.
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Oceans may have appeared first in the Hadean Eon, as soon as 200 My after the Earth formed, in a hot, 100 C, reducing environment, and the pH of about 5.8 rose rapidly towards neutral. This scenario has found support from the dating of 4.404 Gyo zircon crystals from metamorphosed quartzite of Mount Narryer in the Western Australia Jack Hills of the Pilbara, which provide evidence that oceans and continental crust existed within 150 Ma of Earth's formation. Despite the likely increased volcanism and existence of many smaller tectonic "platelets," it has been suggested that between 4.4-4.3 Gyo, the Earth was a water world, with little if any continental crust, an extremely turbulent atmosphere and a hydrosphere subject to intense ultraviolet (UV) light, from a T Tauri stage Sun, cosmic radiation and continued bolide impacts.
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Some have claimed that Landslip Hill is an impact crater; but reliable sources categorically deny this. Duncan Steel, of the Anglo-Australian Observatory and the University of Adelaide, has suggested that the feature is the remnant of a bolide (asteroid or comet) impact that occurred about 1200 CE. Steel supports his hypothesis with a Māori lament that, he claims, centers on raging fires from the sky, accompanied by tempestuous winds and upheavals in the earth. Others have described the feature as "600 by 900 meters wide and 130 meters deep, and surrounded by a zone of fallen trees, 40 to 80 kilometers wide, dating from eight centuries ago". However, James Goff, Keri Hulme and Bruce McFadgen, after considering the arguments put forward by Steel and others, find 'no evidence, either Maori or geological, for a 15th-century meteor impact in New Zealand'.
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Verneshots have been proposed as a causal mechanism explaining the statistically unlikely contemporaneous occurrence of continental flood basalts, mass extinctions, and "impact signals" (such as planar deformation features, shocked quartz, and iridium anomalies) traditionally considered definitive evidence of hypervelocity impact events. (First submitted 17 April 2003). For an informal introduction see Professor Jason Phipps Morgan's faculty biography at Cornell University from May 2004: I became interested in the causes of mass-extinctions, in particular worrying about the 'too-many-coincidences' problem that these periods appear to be associated (if we believe what's published in the mainstream literature) with BOTH extremely rare continental flood basalts and continental rifting, and even rarer 'impact signals' commonly presumed to come from large extraterrestrial bolide impacts. Our recently published Verneshot hypothesis is our best guess on how to explain these coincidences in a self-consistent causal manner.
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Alamo bolide impact breccia (Late Devonian, Frasnian) near Hancock Summit, Pahranagat Range, Nevada Impact breccias are thought to be diagnostic of an impact event such as an asteroid or comet striking the Earth and are normally found at impact craters. Impact breccia, a type of impactite, forms during the process of impact cratering when large meteorites or comets impact with the Earth or other rocky planets or asteroids. Breccia of this type may be present on or beneath the floor of the crater, in the rim, or in the ejecta expelled beyond the crater. Impact breccia may be identified by its occurrence in or around a known impact crater, and/or an association with other products of impact cratering such as shatter cones, impact glass, shocked minerals, and chemical and isotopic evidence of contamination with extraterrestrial material (e.g.
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While most of the press were of the opinion that the final decision was unjust, some independent observers, including Timeform, supported the Turf Club, pointing out that Starkey was at least as culpable as Eddery for the bumping which occurred and that King Lake had appeared to win on merit. The much-anticipated rematch between King Lake and To-Agori-Mou took place in the St James's Palace Stakes at Royal Ascot in June. On this occasion, To-Agori- Mou took the lead early in the straight with Kings Lake moving up to challenge on the outside. After a "thrilling battle" Kings Lake finished second by a neck to To-Agori-Mou, six lengths clear of Bel Bolide in third place. On 29 July, Kings Lake and To-Agori-Mou met for the third time in the Group One Sussex Stakes over one mile at Goodwood Racecourse.
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They reject this hypothesis because: # The evidence offered to support the hypothesis can more readily be explained by more mundane and less dramatic geologic processes # Many of the events alleged to be associated with this impact occurred at the wrong time (i.e., many of the events occurred hundreds to thousands of years before or after the hypothesized impacts); and # There is a lack of any credible physical evidence for the cataclysmic environmental devastation and characteristic deposits that kilometer-high tsunamis would have created had they actually occurred. Global sea level curve for the Late Pleistocene and Holocene Evidence used by proponents of the Tollmann's bolide hypothesis to argue for catastrophic Holocene extinctions have alternative explanations by more frequently occurring geological processes. The chemical composition and presence of volcanic ash with the specific acidity spikes in the Greenland ice cores shows evidence that they result from volcanic instead of impact origins.
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For example, during the book's progression the time viewer technology shows that Jesus was the illegitimate son of a Roman centurion (although the apocryphal story of his visiting Great Britain is proven to be true), and that Moses was based on a collection of stories rather than the actions of a real person. A time hole is opened to the beginning of life on Earth and it is discovered that all existing life is descended from a biological sample placed by intelligent beings (labeled Sisyphans) who inhabited the Earth over three billion years ago, trying to preserve genetic samples when geological and climatic changes and a large bolide threatened an extinction level event. By combining past viewing with neural sensing wormholes, scientists also find ways to copy the dead from the past and upload them to the present, achieving Nikolai Fedorov's vision of technological resurrection of the dead, bringing back to life all the dead from the past.
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PBS American Experience "Mike" Test At the moment of a large enough meteor or comet impact, bolide detonation, a nuclear fission, thermonuclear fusion, or theoretical antimatter weapon detonation, a flux of so many gamma ray, x-ray, ultraviolet, visual light and heat photons strikes matter in a such brief amount of time (a great number of high-energy photons, many overlapping in the same physical space) that all molecules lose their atomic bonds and "fly apart". All atoms lose their electron shells and become positively charged ions, in turn emitting photons of a slightly lower energy than they had absorbed. All such matter becomes a gas of nuclei and electrons which rise into the air due to the extremely high temperature or bond to each other as they cool. The matter vaporized this way is immediately a plasma in a state of maximum entropy and this state steadily reduces via the factor of passing time due to natural processes in the biosphere and the effects of physics at normal temperatures and pressures.
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Those who think that intelligent extraterrestrial life is (nearly) impossible argue that the conditions needed for the evolution of life—or at least the evolution of biological complexity—are rare or even unique to Earth. Under this assumption, called the rare Earth hypothesis, a rejection of the mediocrity principle, complex multicellular life is regarded as exceedingly unusual. The Rare Earth hypothesis argues that the evolution of biological complexity requires a host of fortuitous circumstances, such as a galactic habitable zone, a star and planet(s) having the requisite conditions, such as enough of a continuous habitable zone, the advantage of a giant guardian like Jupiter and a large moon, conditions needed to ensure the planet has a magnetosphere and plate tectonics, the chemistry of the lithosphere, atmosphere, and oceans, the role of "evolutionary pumps" such as massive glaciation and rare bolide impacts. And perhaps most importantly, advanced life needs whatever it was that led to the transition of (some) prokaryotic cells to eukaryotic cells, sexual reproduction and the Cambrian explosion.
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The Rare Earth hypothesis argues that the evolution of biological complexity requires a host of fortuitous circumstances, such as a galactic habitable zone, a central star and planetary system having the requisite character, the circumstellar habitable zone, a right-sized terrestrial planet, the advantage of a gas giant guardian like Jupiter and a large natural satellite, conditions needed to ensure the planet has a magnetosphere and plate tectonics, the chemistry of the lithosphere, atmosphere, and oceans, the role of "evolutionary pumps" such as massive glaciation and rare bolide impacts, and whatever led to the appearance of the eukaryote cell, sexual reproduction and the Cambrian explosion of animal, plant, and fungi phyla. The evolution of human intelligence may have required yet further events, which are extremely unlikely to have happened were it not for the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago removing dinosaurs as the dominant terrestrial vertebrates. In order for a small rocky planet to support complex life, Ward and Brownlee argue, the values of several variables must fall within narrow ranges. The universe is so vast that it could contain many Earth-like planets.
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