1000 Sentences With "bituminous" | Random Sentence Generator

Lubricants containing no petroleum or oils from bituminous minerals. 12.

It's bituminous-black and scaly, like alligator skin that's been singed.

Oil shale is sedimentary rock containing bituminous minerals that can be mined and processed to release petroleum products.

In 1990 a ban on the "the marketing, sale and distribution of bituminous fuel" — known as the "smoky coal ban" — was introduced to Dublin.

In 1950, the National Bituminous Coal Advisory Council complained to the Secretary of Interior about the "dumping" of cheap Venezuelan fuel oil on the U.S. market.

The machines would burrow into the surface to reach a sparkling, black seam of ultra-low sulfur sub-bituminous coal — 21980 million metric tons of it, to be exact.

Australian cargoes are also more expensive, with coking coal used in steel-making arriving in August at $93.92 a tonne, and bituminous coal, used in power plants, costing $52.76.

Where Russia has been less successful in China is in what customs terms non-coking bituminous coal, which is thermal coal of a higher quality than low-rank lignite.

The ICE Indonesia sub-bituminous contract is based upon coal with a calorific value of 223.4,2121.6 kcal/kg, and this has gained just 2124.2 percent so far this year.

However, imports of non-coking bituminous coal, mainly used in power plants, have dropped 15.7 percent, with purchases from Indonesia declining by 15.3 percent and Australia by 23.4 percent.

In 1950, the National Bituminous Coal Advisory Council complained Venezuelan residual fuel oil was being "dumped" in the U.S. market, harming national security ("Energy policy in America since 1945", Vietor, 1984).

There is far more energy in one kilogram of refined gasoline (46 megajoules) or gas (54 megajoules) than in a kilogram of bituminous coal (24-21973 megajoules), let alone wood (274 megajoules).

In Roadburn's vast landscape of brilliant artists, Dawn Ray'd stood bathed in a bituminous glow, their resolve burning bright as a signal flare, their black flags hoisted and axes at the ready.

Times were best when mining wide veins of high-sulfur, bituminous coal close to the surface was cheap and demand was high, and worst once miners had to dig deeper and demand dropped.

Kozemko said the Xcoal deal was likely to be only the beginning of Centrenergo's trade relations with the United States as it is currently holding talks on supplies of bituminous coal, a poorer quality variety.

According to an analysis by Kevin Book of ClearView Energy Partners, in the first 11 months of 2016, the U.S. exported over $85033 billion of energy products to Mexico, including bituminous coal, gasoline, diesel fuel, propane and natural gas.

Photograph by Jason Fulford for The New Yorker Also on display are two tubes of Mummy Brown, made from the rendered gunk of the Egyptian dead, thought to be rich in the bituminous asphalt used in embalming and as protection against fungal decay.

The process — which, as writer Amanda Fortini notes, leaves wood ''bituminous-black and scaly, like alligator skin that's been singed'' — is thought to have been developed to secure rice and grain storehouses, but has been recently discovered by American and European designers, who are entranced by its slightly spooky inkiness, and by the pleasing paradox of making something fire-retardant by setting it aflame.

Our experience covers all standard fuel types including bituminous and sub-bituminous coal, liquate, oil and natural gas.

The majority of the route is paved with partial design bituminous pavement except the portion within Mapleton which is full design bituminous pavement.

The majority of the route is paved with partial design bituminous pavement except for the segment within the Easton city limits, which is full design bituminous pavement.

The section of the route within the Hoyt city limits is paved with full design bituminous pavement and the remaining portions are paved with partial design bituminous pavement.

Sub-bituminous coal is a type of lower grade coal which contains 35%-45% carbon. The properties of this type are between those of lignite, the lowest grade coal, and those of bituminous coal the second highest grade of coal. Sub-bituminous coal is primarily used as a fuel for steam-electric power generation.

MD 2 was widened to and resurfaced with bituminous concrete through Prince Frederick in 1950. This improvement occurred contemporaneously with or shortly before the construction of the Prince Frederick bypass; MD 2 moved to the new wide bituminous stabilized gravel highway in the autumn of 1951. The bypass was resurfaced with bituminous concrete in 1954 and 1955.

The entire route is paved with partial design bituminous pavement.

This road was improved to class II bituminous surface before 2013.

Lignite was exploited at Prejmer, and bituminous coal at Vulcan and Cristian.

The Pine Point Formation is composed of bituminous limestone and calcareous shale.

The Three Forks Group is composed of Dolomite, mudstone and bituminous shale.

Until the mid 20th century, bituminous shale (Kupferschiefer) was mined in Nentershausen.

This road was upgraded to class II bituminous standard prior to 2008.

See Anthracite, Bituminous Coal, Lignite, Subbituminous Coal, Waste Coal, and Coal Synfuel.

The power plant uses 12 million tons of bituminous and 2.5 million tons of sub-bituminous coal a year. Taipower buys 70% of the plant coal supply through long-term contracts from Australia, United States, South Africa, Indonesia and other sources. Indonesia is the prime source for the sub-bituminous coal. The remaining 30% of its coal supply is purchased on the spot market.

Leitch Manufacturing Company also made and sold bituminous emulsion. Barber's method of exploiting the patent was to sell bituminous emulsion for road building use. It did not make road builders pay a royalty for employing the patented method. It does not grant to road builders a written license to use the process, nor require them to agree to use only Barber's bituminous emulsion when practicing the process.

K-239 does connect to the National Highway System at its western terminus at US-69. The first is paved with full design bituminous pavement and the remaining part of the route is paved with partial design bituminous pavement.

There are also deposits of bituminous coal and fire clay in the region.

The road was upgraded to class II bituminous standard between 2001 and 2003.

The usual coal deposits of the area of bituminous or semi-bituminous coal. These are largely worked at Lethbridge in southern Alberta and Edmonton in the centre of the province. Many other parts of the province have pits for private use.

Bituminous coal in the United States is between 100 and 300 million years old.

The Muskwa Formation is composed of bituminous shale. Pyrite is a common accessory mineral.

Some anthracite is as fully xyloid as are some lignites and semi-bituminous coals.

New Zealand Coal Production, 1878 - 2018. Coal is produced from 18 opencast mines. Over 80% of New Zealand's coal reserves are contained in Southland lignite deposits. Most coal production is of bituminous and sub-bituminous coals, and most of this is exported.

The northward extension to serve the bituminous coal mines at Thurber, Texas was never built.

Australian coal is either high-quality bituminous coal (black coal) or lower-quality lignite (brown coal). Bituminous coal is mined in Queensland and New South Wales, and is used for both domestic power generation and for export. It is mined underground or open-cut before being transported by rail to power stations or export shipping terminals. Bituminous coal was also once transported to other Australian states for power generation and industrial boilers.

Bituminous coal Bituminous coal or black coal is a relatively soft coal containing a tarlike substance called bitumen or asphalt. It is of higher quality than lignite and Sub-bituminous coal, but of poorer quality than anthracite. Formation is usually the result of high pressure being exerted on lignite. Its coloration can be black or sometimes dark brown; often there are well-defined bands of bright and dull material within the seams.

Overall, the Cambria Fuel Company produced about 13 million tons of bituminous coal worth $20 million.

The Horn River Formation is composed of dark siliceous and calcareous shale, and argillaceous bituminous limestone.

These distinctive sequences, which are classified according to either "dull, bright- banded" or "bright, dull-banded", is how bituminous coals are stratigraphically identified. Bituminous coal is an organic sedimentary rock formed by diagenetic and sub metamorphic compression of peat bog material. Its primary constituents are macerals: vitrinite, and liptinite. The carbon content of bituminous coal is around 45–86%; the rest is composed of water, air, hydrogen, and sulfur, which have not been driven off from the macerals.

Depending on the degree of carbon concentration and coalification, one differentiates between lignite, bituminous coal and anthracite.

The MD 2 reconstruction continued south a few miles to the northern end of Lusby in 1942, a stretch widened to and resurfaced with bituminous stabilized gravel. The highway through Lusby was relocated, reconstructed, and surfaced with bituminous stabilized gravel in 1944. The gravel portions of MD 2 from Port Republic to Lusby were bituminous stabilized in 1946. The reconstruction of MD 2 from Prince Frederick to Solomons concluded in 1949 when the highway from Solomons north to the southern end of Lusby was relocated, resurfaced, and surfaced with bituminous stabilized gravel. MD 765 northbound on Main Street in Prince Frederick MD 2 originally followed Armory Road through the northern part of Prince Frederick. By 1946, the highway had been relocated to its modern alignment and paved north of Armory Road. The bypassed portion of Armory Road was marked as MD 750 by 1950 but may have been removed from the state highway system by 1952. MD 2 was widened to and resurfaced with bituminous concrete through Prince Frederick in 1950. This improvement occurred contemporaneously with or shortly before the construction of the Prince Frederick bypass; MD 2 moved to the new wide bituminous stabilized gravel highway in the autumn of 1951. The bypass was resurfaced with bituminous concrete in 1954 and 1955.

The association was formed in the 1970s and was originally known as the BRCMA (Bituminous Roof Coating Manufacturers Association). The primary purpose of the association was to promote good practice in all areas of the UK bituminous roof coatings industry. The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the rise in popularity of non- bituminous products and in particular liquid roofing. Recognising this trend, the association reinvented itself as ELRA (European Liquid Roofing Association), now focusing solely on liquid roofing systems.

In the United States, Cretaceous bituminous coals occur in Wyoming, Colorado and New Mexico. In Canada, the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin of Alberta and British Columbia hosts major deposits of bituminous coal that formed in swamps along the western margin of the Western Interior Seaway. They range in age from latest Jurassic or earliest Cretaceous in the Mist Mountain Formation, to Late Cretaceous in the Gates Formation. The Intermontane and Insular Coalfields of British Columbia also contain deposits of Cretaceous bituminous coal.

The Kotcho Formation is composed of green-grey shale, locally bituminous, with thin argillaceous limestone beds or lenses.

A major source of sub-bituminous coal in the United States is the Powder River Basin in Wyoming.

We have strata consolidated with sulphureous and bituminous substances, which do not correspond to the solution of water.

Rossiter was formed in 1901 as a coal mining town, and was originally named after William Rossiter, the chief stockholder of the Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corporation. Many of the residents went through the infamous 1927 Indiana bituminous strike. Coal mining stopped in the late 1940s when the mines shut down.

Extraction of bituminous coal demands the highest safety procedures involving attentive gas monitoring, good ventilation and vigilant site management.

The Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Company operated its Natrona No. 1 and Natrona No. 2 bituminous coal mines at Natrona.

Arch Coal is an American coal mining and processing company. The company mines, processes, and markets bituminous and sub-bituminous coal with low sulfur content in the United States. Arch Coal is the second-largest supplier of coal in the United States, behind Peabody Energy. the company supplied 15% of the domestic market.

It was then abandoned and left to subside. Bind :A term used in various areas to refer to shale, mudstone, clay or sandstone overlying the seam. Bituminous coal :Bituminous coal is a type of coal found in the most coalfields. It is laid down in seams and varies in constituency and quality.

The entire route is paved with partial design bituminous pavement except the section concurrent with US-56, which is composite pavement.

It is a bituminous coal with a low mineral content. It burns longer than wood and has a bright, clear flame.

Temnodontosaurus fossils have been found in the Posidonia Shale near Holzmaden, Germany. The Posidonia Shale is composed of black bituminous shales with intercalated bituminous limestone. The environment is known to have been marine because fossils of marine animals such as plesiosaurs, crocodylians and especially ammonites have been found there in abundance.Bottjer, Etter, Hagadorn, Tang, editors (2001). “Exceptional Fossil Preservation”.

Guy Otto Farmer (September 13, 1912 - October 4, 1995) was an American lawyer and civil servant. He was Chairman of the United States National Labor Relations Board from July 1953 to August 1955. After leaving government service, he represented the Bituminous Coal Operators Association, the collective bargaining arm of the bituminous coal mining industry in the United States.

Chamalang and Bala Dhaka are two of the major villages of the area. The former is located about , while the latter is about north of Kohlu in the Kohlu District. Pakistan Army has constructed a road from Mekhtar to Chamalang. Chamalang coal mines contain coal ranging from high volatile C bituminous to high volatile A bituminous.

Iron ore, lead, bituminous coal, limestone, and gypsum are very abundant, and there are traces of silver found in the lead mines.

The airport resides at an elevation of above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 16/34 with a bituminous surface measuring .

Pocahontas bituminous coal at one time fueled half the world's navies and today stokes steel mills and power plants all over the globe.

It is also known for its agricultural products like banana, paddy, rice, wheat, and potato. Also famous for its coal (bituminous) and cement.

Gee also applied a coating of megilp to the painting. This bituminous varnish soon degraded and by 1873 the Doom was 'almost invisible'.

The airport resides at an elevation of above mean sea level. It has 1 runway designated 15/33 with a bituminous surface measuring .

In 2003, lignite production totaled 1,152,000 metric tons. Production of bituminous coal declined steadily after World War II, and in 1968 ceased altogether.

Perhaps the hydrothermal activity served as the impetus for the enhancement of coal rank from lignite or subbituminous to high volatile A bituminous.

Bituminous mixtures have an AC 16 S grain-size distribution with ophitic aggregate and a void percentage that depends on the filler used.

The first upgrades to MD 2 between Solomons and Prince Frederick occurred in 1937, when the highway was widened and resurfaced with bituminous stabilized gravel from Prince Frederick south to Port Republic. The highway was upgraded from Port Republic south through St. Leonard to beyond Quaker Swamp, with several relocations including a relocation at that creek, in 1939 and 1940. The MD 2 reconstruction continued south a few miles to the northern end of Lusby in 1942, a stretch widened to and resurfaced with bituminous stabilized gravel. The highway through Lusby was relocated, reconstructed, and surfaced with bituminous stabilized gravel in 1944.

Sub-bituminous coals may be dull, dark brown to black, soft and crumbly at the lower end of the range, to bright jet-black, hard, and relatively strong at the upper end. They contain 15-30% inherent moisture by weight and are non-coking (undergo little swelling upon heating). The heat content of sub-bituminous coals range from 8300 to 11,500 BTu/lb or 19.3 to 26.7 MJ/kg. Their relatively low density and high water content renders some types of sub-bituminous coals susceptible to spontaneous combustion if not packed densely during storage in order to exclude free air flow.

Coal includes anthracite, bituminous coal, lignite, and peat. Coal from fields differ in ash and moisture content, energy value, volatile elements, sulphur content, and other properties. Anthracite and bituminous coal are relatively high value compared to lignite and peat, which have lower energy and higher moisture contents. Coal is often used in the iron and steel industry, or to produce energy.

The power plant consists of ten coal-fired units with nominal capacity of 550 MW each. Four original units were commissioned in 1991 and 1992. In 1996–1997, four additional units were added. The eight older units have a total estimated coal requirement of around 12 million tonnes of bituminous and 2.5 million tonnes of sub-bituminous coal a year.

By 1953, MD 231 between MD 5 in Hughesville and MD 2 in Prince Frederick was marked as a "main highway" on the state highway map. Reconstruction of MD 231 between MD 5 and MD 2 began in 1954. In both counties, the road was resurfaced in two stages: a first stage of bituminous stabilized gravel and a second stage of bituminous concrete.

Mineral deposits are somewhat scarce in the surrounding area of the peak, but bituminous coal has been mined on the northern and eastern flanks.

Gold Bonds. With Information in Relation to the Bituminous and Anthracite Coals, Hematite, Specular and Magnetic Iron Ores… . Clemmitt & Jones, Book & Job Printers, 1877.

Coal Dust on the Fiddle: Songs and Stories of the Bituminous Industry. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press; rpt. Hatboro, PA: Folklore Associates, 1965. ———, ed. 1949.

The 143.1 foot, steel bridge was designed in the Parker Through truss style. The deck is made of cast-in-place concrete with bituminous surface.

2017 Annual average daily traffic (AADT) on K-103 was 775 near the eastern terminus. The entire route is paved with partial design bituminous pavement.

Extensive but low-value coals of Jurassic age extend through the Surat Basin in Australia, formed in an intracratonic sag basin, and contain evidence of dinosaur activity in the numerous ash plies. These coals are exploited in Queensland from the Walloon Coal Measures, which are up to 15 m thick of sub-bituminous to bituminous coals suited for coking, steam- raising and oil cracking.

The terms asphalt (or asphaltic) concrete, bituminous asphalt concrete, and bituminous mixture are typically used only in engineering and construction documents, which define concrete as any composite material composed of mineral aggregate adhered with a binder. The abbreviation, AC, is sometimes used for asphalt concrete but can also denote asphalt content or asphalt cement, referring to the liquid asphalt portion of the composite material.

First authorized in 1933–34, MN 7 ran between Appleton and the Twin Cities. At the time, the highway was under construction between Ortonville and Appleton. From its junction with MN 119, MN 7 was a gravel road southeasterly to Montevideo before turn east on a bituminous surface to Clara City. From there east to the Waconia area, the highway was gravel, and the remainder was bituminous.

The terms asphalt (or asphaltic) concrete, bituminous asphalt concrete, and bituminous mixture are typically used only in engineering and construction documents, which define concrete as any composite material composed of mineral aggregate adhered with a binder. The abbreviation, AC, is sometimes used for asphalt concrete but can also denote asphalt content or asphalt cement, referring to the liquid asphalt portion of the composite material.

On 31 December 2019, Unit 1 was converted to running off 50% sub-bituminous coal and 50% natural gas, running off the fuel mixture at 9% capacity. Unit 2, a 204 MW simple-cycle natural gas-fired unit, is due to be commissioned in April 2020. This will change the power station's overall fuel mixture to 79% natural gas and 21% sub-bituminous coal.

Bituminous Claystones are present in the Edge facies of the Sachrang Shale (="Unken Shales"), with green Clay march engagements. There is not clear separation between "Manganese Shale" and "Bituminous shale" in the main localities of the formation, because the Bituminous content fluctuates with the manganese contents, that is always high. The Unken Shales on the Bächental locality is layered on a major Silicate component of the 60% with a pronounced dominance of Illite, along with a significant amount of Montmorillonite. The presence of Quartz and Calcite is relative with other locations of the same region from also the Toarcian, while the Pyrite content is also consistently high.

MD 286 was resurfaced with bituminous concrete along its entire length in 1976, and the highway's bridge across Back Creek was replaced in 2002 and 2003.

Most power plants burning bituminous coal operate on imported material, therefore the plants are located not only near to the mining sites, but throughout the country.

The last segment — between U.S. Highway 218 east of Riverside to Iowa Highway 405 north of Lone Tree, was upgraded from bituminous to paved in 1988.

The other major mining was for bituminous coal. Due to air quality standards, this region's coal is in low demand due to its high sulfur content.

The Duvernay Formation is composed of laminated bituminous shale, calcareous shale and dense argillaceous limestone. Pyrite disseminations are common. Calcarenite and coral rich mudstone are also present.

Energy and Mines 1994, p. 32. In 1981 and 1982, Ontario Hydro built two new coal units on their Thunder Bay Generating Station that burned primarily Saskatchewan Lignite, with some sub-bituminous coal mixed in from either Alberta or Wyoming. In 1985, Ontario Hydro built their Atikokan Generating Station, which also burned mainly Saskatchewan Lignite plus a small amount of Alberta or Wyoming sub-bituminous coal.Energy and Mines 1994, p. 29.

When Pennsylvania first legislated routes in 1911, present-day PA 863 was not legislated as part of a route. The present route of PA 863 existed as an unpaved road by 1915. By 1941, the road was a low-type bituminous road between US 222 and Kistler Valley Road and a high-type bituminous road between Kistler Valley Road and PA 143. By 1950, this roadway was paved.

The portion of the highway from Still Pond to Betterton was widened in 1948. MD 292 was resurfaced with bituminous concrete from MD 298 to the town limit of Betterton in 1968. This work included the relocation at Bessicks Corner Road, bypassing what is now MD 864. Main Street in Betterton was resurfaced with bituminous concrete in 1976 and reconstructed in a streetscape project in 2002 and 2003.

Morris (2001) pp 271–272 In 1899, the United Mine Workers (UMW) had expanded its influence from bituminous coal mines to anthracite coal mines. The UMW organized an anthracite coal strike in May 1902, seeking an eight-hour day and pay increases. Hoping to reach a negotiated solution with the help of Mark Hanna's National Civic Federation, UMW president John Mitchell prevented bituminous coal miners from launching a sympathy strike.

The road was originally unpaved, being improved to a bituminous road by the 1940s and a paved road by 1950. PA 863 was designated on March 8, 1962.

The roots of CarboTech AC GmbH connect to the early 1938 when the foundation of the bituminous coal mining society (Steinkohlenbergbauvereins) has taken place. After World War II, the Bergwerksverband GmbH began setting up experimental facilities for the production and development of activated carbons from bituminous coal. In 1956, a large-scale pilot plant was commissioned on the site of the former Queen Elisabeth coal mine (Zeche Königin Elisabeth) in Essen and in 1958, foundation for the Bergbau-Forschung GmbH Archive NRW as the research institute of bituminous coal mining was established. Later in the 1970s, the development of Carbon Molecular Sieves took place and this enabled the production of 99.999% pure nitrogen and hydrogen by Bergbau-Forschung GmbH.

MD 447 was resurfaced with bituminous concrete in 1984. Three years later, MD 447 was transferred from state to county maintenance through a December 1, 1987, road transfer agreement.

The rocks forming the Eramosa are mostly dolomites, but the composition varies from almost pure, grey-weathering, fine grained dolomite (at Ancaster) to shaley, bituminous, brown-weathering, bioturbated dolomites. Fossils are common at some localities, scarce at others, and chert is generally a minor component. The most characteristic feature is bituminous shaley interbeds. Probably the Eramosa was deposited in several related environments, most likely including shallow, restricted (and poorly oxygenated) marine waters.

The 1927 strike was one of the longest and most bitter strikes in Pennsylvania coal-industry history. The walk-out effectively closed down all mining activity in the bituminous fields of western Pennsylvania. As time passed, other miners joined the strike, particularly those who worked for the Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corporation, in Rossiter, Pennsylvania, which became the focal point for the entire strike. From the outset the striking miners endured intense hardships.

Within a year, the segment from Medora to the route's northern terminus had been paved with a bituminous surface. Between 1933 and 1936, a stretch of the route in Reno County was also given a bituminous surface. In 1940, the route was extended north from its northern terminus along the route of US-81 to an intersection with K-4 in Saline County. By this time, all segments of the route had been paved.

The Road Materials of Kentucky: A Preliminary Report Covering Field and Laboratory Investigations of Rock, Gravel and Bituminous Sandstone Deposits Occurring Within the Commonwealth. Vol. 22. Kentucky Geological survey, 1924.

MD 520 was constructed as a gravel road in 1933. The state highway was widened and resurfaced with bituminous concrete in 1956. MD 520 has changed very little since then.

In the northern sector the mine of Lirquén, which provided coal to the cement plant of "Melón" was once the most important one. The northern sector contains sub-bituminous coal.

Korson, George, ed. 1947. Songs and Ballads of the Anthracite Miners. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Division of Music, Recording Laboratory, AFS L16. ———. 1965. Songs and Ballads of the Bituminous Miners.

Bituminous coal In 1885, several small mining companies representing about of bituminous coal reserves grouped together to form the coalfields' largest landowner, the Philadelphia-based Flat-Top Coal Land Association.The N&W; bought the association and reorganized it as the Pocahontas Coal and Coke Company (PCCC). The PCCC was later renamed the Pocahontas Land Corporation (PLC) and is now a subsidiary of NS. Aerial view of Lambert Point Coal Pier showing part of storage yard, Norfolk, VA As the availability and fame of high-quality Pocahontas bituminous coal increased, economic forces took over. Coal operators and their employees settled dozens of towns in southern West Virginia, and in the next few years, as coal demand swelled, some of them amassed fortunes.

The most important producer is K+S AG (formerly Kali und Salz AG). Germany's bituminous coal deposits were created more than 300 million years ago from swamps which extended from the present-day South England, over the Ruhr area to Poland. Lignite deposits developed in a similar way, but during a later period, about 66 million years ago. Because the wood is not yet completely transformed into coal, brown coal contains less energy than bituminous coal.

The bituminous coal miners' strike was an unsuccessful national eight-week strike by miners of bituminous coal in the United States, which began on April 21, 1894.Gigantic Miners' Strike Ordered.; Over 200,000 Men in Eleven States May Quit Work April 21, New York Times, Wednesday, April 12, 1894; page 8. The panic of 1893 hit the coal mining industry particularly hard. Wage cuts in the industry began immediately, and wages were slashed again in early 1894.

The second highest was 15800 vehicles per day at the end of the freeway section in El Dorado. The entire length of K-254 is included in the National Highway System. The National Highway System is a system of highways important to the nation's defense, economy, and mobility. The first of the route is paved with full design bituminous pavement, the next is paved with composite pavement, and the remaining to the eastern terminus is full design bituminous pavement.

There had been a history of costly failure of gas engines in the UK linked to the problem of breakdowns caused by the impurities in bituminous coal. Apparently no one had checked before starting on the scheme whether the bituminous coal to be used in the gas producers was suitable for the installation. Within months the engines ran into serious problems. New engines and producer plant proved unreliable and expensive to operate and there were heavy maintenance costs.

Yantai derives most of its energy from a large coal power plant using bituminous coal, and fitted with coal gasification technology to minimize pollution. The plant is located close to Yantai port.

Ebrey, 158. By this time however, the Chinese had learned to use bituminous coke to replace charcoal, and with this switch in resources many acres of prime timberland in China were spared.

The remaining two units use sub-bituminous coal mined from the Powder River Basin shipped via rail. Close to it, there is Welsh HVDC Converter Station, a back- to-back HVDC station.

The airport resides at an elevation of above mean sea level. It has one paved runway designated 08/26 with a bituminous surface measuring . It also has a parallel grass runway which measures .

The result is reduced cracking and stronger concrete.See Concrete#Curing. Barber made and sold bituminous emulsion. The product was long known and not patented, and it has many uses besides the patented process.

The formations consists of mudstone and siltstone, partly laminated and bituminous, medium to dark grey in colour, with rare fine grained calcareous sandstone beds. Limestone and phosphatic nodules are present at some levels.

The presence of altered Celadonite, suggest volcanogenic solutions as the most probable source, where the high amounts of dissolved manganese of continental origin was translated to the epicontinental margins of the Tethys. On the Bächental bituminous marls had a bulk mineralogy where the Calcite is the most abundant fraction (49%), followed by Phyllosilicates (35%), Quartz (11%) and Pyrite (5%).Gesteine, B., Schichten, B., Schichten, S., Schichten, H., & Gosau, K. (1988) An Organic Geochemical Study of Austrian Bituminous Rocks.Jb. Geol. B.-A.

Bituminous coals are graded according to vitrinite reflectance, moisture content, volatile content, plasticity and ash content. Generally, the highest value bituminous coals have a specific grade of plasticity, volatility and low ash content, especially with low carbonate, phosphorus, and sulfur. Plasticity is vital for coking as it represents its ability to gradually form specific plasticity phases during the coking process, measured by coal dilatation tests. Low phosphorus content is vital for these coals, as phosphorus is a highly damaging element in steel making.

When used for many industrial processes, bituminous coal must first be "coked" to remove volatile components. Coking is achieved by heating the coal in the absence of oxygen, which drives off volatile hydrocarbons such as propane, benzene and other aromatic hydrocarbons, and some sulfur gases. This also drives off a considerable amount of the contained water of the bituminous coal. Coking coal (metallurgical coal) is used in the manufacture of steel, where carbon must be as volatile-free and ash-free as possible.

US‑160/US‑183 continues north to Coldwater and west to Protection. The entire route of K-1 is paved with partial design bituminous pavement, a type of bituminous pavement which is not designed or constructed to carry the highway's expected traffic. Annual average daily traffic values for the highway rise slowly from 600 over the southernmost of the route to 645 over the northernmost of the route. K-1 highway is not a part of the United States National Highway System.

A study was also undertaken to assess the suitability of this material for use in bituminous mixes. The laboratory studies indicate that kimberlite tailings can be used in subbase and base course layers in a road pavement. They can also be used in bituminous macadam as the base course and in premix carpet as a wearing course. A 1-km- long road was constructed near the diamond mine using kimberlite tailings, and its performance was monitored during a period of 1 full year.

Additionally, they discovered at the site formations of travertine, a form of calcite created when water flows through limestone and dissolves calcium carbonate, which is later redeposited. Further investigation revealed that deep beneath the Delphi region lies bituminous deposit, rich in hydrocarbons and full of pitch, that has a petrochemical content as high as 20%. Friction created by earthquakes heat the bituminous layers resulting in vaporization of the hydrocarbons which rise to the surface through small fissures in the rock.

By 1955, SR 4 is being shown as a bituminous road with its start at the intersection with SR 97 west of Century, traveling east, then sharing a concurrency with US 29 heading north through Century, and then heading southeast on today's routing into and through Santa Rosa County. This path west of Century corresponds to today's County Road 4. By 1960, the Okaloosa portion of SR 4 was also bituminous, and the routing of SR 4 extended on what is today known as County Road 4, or Antioch Road, south from Milligan to its terminus on SR 85 south of Crestview. Only about half of this extension was bituminous, to just north of what became I-10, while the southeastern portion of the road was gradeed and drained, but not surfaced.

With reserves of 2,856 billion tons Maritsa Iztok, situated in the Upper Thracian Plain, is by far the largest coal basin in the country which powers Maritsa Iztok Complex, the largest energy complex in South-Eastern Europe. Other lignite basins include Sofia valley (reserves of 870 million tons), Elhovo (656 million tons), Lom (277 million tons), Maritsa Zapad (170 million tons). The reserves of sub-bituminous coal are 300 million tons, situated mainly near Bobov Dol, Pernik and Burgas. The recoverable reserves of bituminous coal and anthracite are insignificant – only 10 and 2,5 million tons respectively. However, there is a huge basin of bituminous coal in Southern Dobruja with estimated reserves of over 1 billion tons but its large depth (1370–1950 m) is an obstacle for its commercial exploitation.

In the Triassic Basin, pressure to convert organic plant material into coal came from just the weight of overlying sediments, without tectonics. That is why the local coal is bituminous, rather than semi- anthracite.

It paved the way for an important wage settlement.James P. Johnson, "Drafting the NRA Code of Fair Competition for the Bituminous Coal Industry," Journal of American History, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Dec., 1966), pp.

The most common activated carbon used for remediation is derived from bituminous coal. Activated carbon adsorbs volatile organic compounds from ground water; the compounds attach to the graphite-like surface of the activated carbon.

31-32 Thuvakudi, historically had a lot of stone quarries.Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, p. 9 The Thuvakudi municipality maintains of road. The town has concrete road, bituminous road, of WBM roads and of gravel roads.

The highway was resurfaced with bituminous concrete from MD 213 in Kennedyville to its northern terminus in 1973. MD 448 was transferred from state to county maintenance through a December 1, 1987, road transfer agreement.

Sub-bituminous coals, in the United States, typically have a sulfur content less than 1% by weight, which makes them an attractive choice for power plants to reduce SO2 emissions under the Acid Rain Program.

Coalification starts with dead plant matter decaying into peat. Then over millions of years the heat and pressure of deep burial causes the loss of water, methane and carbon dioxide and an increase in the proportion of carbon. Thus first lignite (also called "brown coal"), then sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal, and lastly anthracite (also called "hard coal" or "black coal") may be formed. The wide, shallow seas of the Carboniferous Period provided ideal conditions for coal formation, although coal is known from most geological periods.

The Appalachian Mountains contain major deposits of anthracite coal as well as bituminous coal. In the folded mountains the coal is in metamorphosed form as anthracite, represented by the Coal Region of northeastern Pennsylvania. The bituminous coal fields of western Pennsylvania, western Maryland, southeastern Ohio, eastern Kentucky, southwestern Virginia, and West Virginia contain the sedimentary form of coal. The mountain top removal method of coal mining, in which entire mountain tops are removed, is currently threatening vast areas and ecosystems of the Appalachian Mountain region.

That highway was first paved with bituminous stabilized gravel and later a second stage of bituminous concrete. The segment of Old Solomons Island Road immediately to the north of MD 423 remained in the state highway system until 1963. That same year, work on expanding and relocating the highway from Lothian south to MD 258 was completed. The portion of the old highway immediately to the south of Nutwell Road, now named Old Ridge Path Road, remained in the state highway system until 1987.

The more organic-rich black shales can be bituminous, but are too old to contain bituminous coal formed from land plants. In petroleum geology, these black shales are an important source rock that filled conventional petroleum reservoirs in overlying formations, are an unconventional shale gas reservoir, and are an impermeable seal that traps underlying conventional natural gas reservoirs. To the west the formation may produce liquid petroleum; further north heating during deeper burial more than 240 million years ago cracked this oil into gas.

Callide mine: is a leading Queensland domestic coal producer providing low-sulphur, sub-bituminous thermal coal primarily for domestic power generation. The coalfields cover an area of 180 square kilometres and contain seams up to 26 metres thick. Annual production is 7 million tonnes per annum (Mtpa) of sub-bituminous thermal coal. At December 2014, estimates for ROM reserves are approximately 202 Mt of domestic and export thermal quality, with an additional 262 Mt of mineable in-situ resources outside the current mine layout.

At , K-143 turns northwest and follows a gently curving path in that direction for the remainder of the route, ending at an interchange with US-81. K-143 has an AADT of 4,133 vehicles in the southernmost of the route, with an AADT of 1,580–1,595 vehicles in the remainder of the route. The route is paved with a combination of full-design bituminous pavement, composite pavement, and partial-design bituminous pavement. K-143 is not a part of the National Highway System.

City of Tiburon, 447 U.S. 255 (1980); San Diego Gas & Electric Co. v. City of San Diego, 450 U.S. 621 (1981); Loretto v. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp., 458 U.S. 419 (1982); Keystone Bituminous Coal Association v.

Certain Australian coals are the best in the world for these purposes, requiring little to no blending. Some bituminous coals from the Permian and Triassic in Australia are also the most suitable for cracking into oil.

The anthracite mines of Pennsylvania were owned by large railroads, and managed by bureaucrats. Scranton was at the center.Margo L. Azzarelli and Marnie Azzarelli, Labor Unrest in Scranton (Arcadia Publishing, 2016). Bituminous mines were locally owned.

Lane suggested that the mastic might have protective properties. Terrell agreed and immediately made an appointment to see the manufacturers, Durastic Bituminous Products Ltd. By 17 August 1940, he had samples for testing.Terrell, 1958, p45-56.

MD 288 was constructed as a concrete road from Coleman's Corner on the Rock Hall-Chestertown road to Crouch's Wharf on Piney Neck in 1925 and 1926. MD 288 was resurfaced with bituminous concrete in 1965.

Saxena, N., Mavko, G., Dvorkin, J., Young, P., Richards, S., Mukerji, T., 2013. Digital Simulations and Rock Physics Modeling of Bituminous Sand. In: Stanford Rock Physics & Borehole Geophysics Annual Meeting, 19–21 June 2013 Menlo Park.

K-149 is not included in the National Highway System. The National Highway System is a system of highways important to the nation's defense, economy, and mobility. The entire route is paved with partial design bituminous pavement.

The entire route is paved with partial design bituminous pavement. K-161 is not included in the National Highway System. The National Highway System is a system of highways important to the nation's defense, economy, and mobility.

Some 65 years later, the Court considered similar Pennsylvania legislation which required that some underground coal be left in place to provide surface support. In the Bituminous Coal case, the State's legislation received a more sympathetic hearing from the Court in Keystone Bituminous Coal Assn. v. DeBenedictis, 480 U.S. 470 (1987). The Court wrote: > ... [T]he character of the governmental action involved here leans heavily > against finding a taking; the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania has acted to > arrest what it perceives to be a significant threat to the common welfare.

According to the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences in 2011 the economically demonstrated reserves to production ratios for bituminous coal and lignite in Australia are 111 years and 539 years respectively. However, these figures do not account for growth in production. Bituminous coal exports from Australia have been growing at a rate of 5% (on average during the last 20 years). If this rate of growth would-be maintained to extinction all current economically demonstrated black coal in the country would be depleted in under 40 years.

A postcard of the Wyodak Mine, circa 1930-1945 The operation is an open pit mine that utilizes a truck and shovel mining method to produce a low-sulfur, sub- bituminous coal that is used for domestic energy generation. The mine ships its coal to the adjacent Wyodak power plant and to other customers via railroad. The mine is operated by Wyodak Resources Development, a subsidiary of the Black Hills Corporation. As of 2009, Wyodak had reserves of 294mm tons of sub-bituminous coal and a maximum permitted production capacity of 10mm tons per year.

Hazel Kirk is an unincorporated community and coal town located in Washington County, in the southwestern corner of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. Hazel Kirk was part of Carroll Township and was the location of four bituminous coal mines, known as "Hazel Kirk Mine," "Hazel Kirk No. 1," "Hazel Kirk No. 2," and "Hazel Kirk No. 3."Raymond A. Washlaski (ed.), "Washington County Pennsylvania Coal Mines: Index H to the Bituminous Coal Mines of Washington County, Pennsylvania, USA," Virtual Museum of Coal Mining in Western Pennsylvania, www.patheoldminer.rootsweb.ancestry.com/ Last updated Sept.

The Bituminous coal strike of 1977–1978 was a 110-day national coal strike in the United States led by the United Mine Workers of America, AFL-CIO. It began December 6, 1977, and ended on March 19, 1978. It is generally considered a successful union strike, although the contract was not beneficial to union members. Since the 1940s, the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) had negotiated a nationwide National Coal Wage Agreement with the Bituminous Coal Operators Association (BCOA), a group of large coal mine operators.

The Bituminous coal strike of 1974 was a 28-day national coal strike in the United States led by the United Mine Workers of America, AFL-CIO. It is generally considered a successful strike by the union. Since the 1940s, the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) had negotiated a nationwide National Coal Wage Agreement with the Bituminous Coal Operators Association (BCOA), a group of large coal mine operators. The three-year agreements covered national bargaining issues such as wages, health and pension benefits, workplace health and safety, and work rules.

At the same time steam engines were phased out in railways and factories, and bituminous coal was used primarily for the generation of electricity. Employment in bituminous peaked at 705,000 men in 1923, falling to 140,000 by 1970 and 70,000 in 2003. During World War II, the Solid Fuels Administration for War operated government-seized coal mines, either directly or through cooperation with successive Coal Mines Administrations. In the 1960s a series of mergers saw coal production shift from small, independent coal companies to large, more diversified firms.

The state resurfaced VT 44 with bituminous concrete on most of the highway's short Reading stretch in 1964 and through Brownsville in 1965. The Vermont Department of Highways applied a chipseal surface along the remaining surface-treated gravel stretches in 1972. The state resurfaced the chipseal sections with bituminous concrete in 1983. The town of Windsor regained maintenance duties on VT 44 from the VT 44A intersection to the town center boundary in February 1987 at the same time the state took over maintenance of Back Mountain Road, which became VT 44A.

The highway from Edgewater south to Harwood (then known as Butlers) was widened and resurfaced with bituminous stabilized gravel in 1950 and 1951. MD 2 from Harwood south to Lothian was widened and resurfaced with bituminous stabilized gravel in 1952 and 1953. Old Solomons Island Road between Harwood Road and Polling House Road in Harwood remained part of the state highway system until 1987. MD 2/MD 4 southbound in Calvert County past the north end of the concurrency In 1960, MD 416 was designated concurrent with MD 2 between Solomons and Sunderland.

Engineer Mission Modules (EMM) components are flatrack-based and designed to be used on M1075 PLS trucks fitted with the Universal Power Interface Kit (UPIK). Three EMMs were procured under the initial FHTV contract, the M4 Bituminous Distributor (EMM-BD), the M5 Concrete Mobile Mixer (EMM-CMM), and the M6 Dump Body (EMM-DB). The M4 EMM- BD provides the capability to spread measured amounts of bituminous material for road preparation, repair, and other engineer applications. The M5 EMM CMM transports raw concrete materials, mixes concrete as needed, and emplaces the mixed concrete.

Sarah Rush is an American actress, best known in television for her work in the original Battlestar Galactica. She narrated and starred in the 2005 documentary The Bituminous Coal Queens of Pennsylvania produced by Patricia Heaton and directed by David Hunt, which won the 2006 Heartland Film Festival Award. Rush was herself crowned Coal Queen in 1972.Bituminous Coal Queens Production - Sarah Rush She is a member of the Actor's Studio, an acting student of Uta Hagen and Milton Katselas, and is a BFA in Theatre summa cum laude graduate from the Pennsylvania State University.

Mummy brown, also called Egyptian brown and caput mortum ("dead man's head"), is a rich brown bituminous pigment, intermediate in tint between burnt umber and raw umber, and was one of the favourite colours of the Pre-Raphaelites.

The Virginian Railway was a Class I railroad located in Virginia and West Virginia in the United States. The VGN was created to transport high quality "smokeless" bituminous coal from southern West Virginia to port at Hampton Roads.

The coal reserves at Nordegg had not been exhausted, but mining never resumed. Total production had been about 9.6 million tonnes of low- to medium-volatile bituminous coal.ERCB, 1985. Coal Mine Atlas: operating and abandoned coal mines in Alberta.

The company specialised in bituminous and anthracite coals, hematite, specular and magnetic iron ores, copper, asbestos, marl, manganese and other minerals, building stones, and the agricultural, mechanical, timber, and other resources of the country tributary to its railway lines.

Rock formations consisting of shale and sandstone are found in the vicinity of Towanda Creek. Deposits of bituminous coal are found in these rock formations. Gravel and boulders are also present near the creek. The channel of Towanda Creek is sinuous.

The highway was resurfaced with bituminous concrete in 1970. Melitota Road was transferred from county to state maintenance through a December 1, 1987, road transfer agreement, and the road was confirmed as an extension of MD 514 in July 1988.

Fossil fuels were used exclusively. Consumption of electricity totaled 1.989 TWh. Coal production in 2002 consisted entirely of the bituminous type and totaled 992,000 tons. Coal is mined solely at Morupule Colliery by Debswana, mostly for the generation of electricity.

Coal has been mined from the Obed coal zone in the Paskapoo Formation near Hinton. It is of high-volatile bituminous rank with a low sulphur content, and it was shipped to markets in eastern Canada and the Pacific Rim.

The exploitation of bituminous rocks and natural seep deposits dates back to paleolithic times. The earliest known use of bitumen (natural asphalt) was by Neanderthals some 70,000 years ago, with bitumen adhered to ancient tools found at Neanderthal sites in Syria.

To protect against swaying, a round iron rod runs diagonally from one truss to the other. I-floor beams carry the span's deck. Sets of stringers carry the timber running surface. The timbers were covered in 1927 by a bituminous coating.

During the Renaissance, scholars proved that translating bituminous mummia as mummy was a mistake, and physicians stopped prescribing the ineffective drug. Lastly, artists in the 17–19th centuries used ground up mummies to tint a popular oil- paint called mummy brown.

The coals of the Alacaagzi, Kozlu, and Karadon formations are of bituminous rank.Yürüm, Y., Bozkurt, D., and Yalçin, M.N. (2001). Change of the structure of coals from the Kozlu K20 G borehole of Zonguldak Basin with Burial Depth: 1. chemical structure.

Researchers have also suggested the presence of Permian period fossil in this region and the species mark the transition of the Permian level into the Lower Triassic. Coal from this region is usually subbituminous A to high volatile A bituminous rank.

MD 545 was paved as a concrete road from MD 280 (now MD 213) to Little Elk Creek near Childs in 1933. This work included the construction of a steel pony truss bridge over Little Elk Creek that was completed in 1932. MD 545 was extended to Pleasant Hill after the state reconstructed Blue Ball Road from there to Childs as a gravel road between 1947 and 1949 and resurfaced soon after with bituminous concrete. The highway was resurfaced with bituminous concrete from MD 280 to Dogwood Road in 1969 and from Dogwood Road to Pleasant Hill in 1972.

Chabrouh dam is located on Wadi Chabrouh river in Faraya, about 40 km north-east of Beirut. This project will provide potable water during the summer for Kesrouan region (around 250,000 inhabitants). The dam is a bituminous face rockfill dam (BFRD), with maximum height of 65m, crest length of 470m at 1618m above sea level and a volume of rockfill of 1,500,000 m3. The upstream and downstream slopes are 1V:1.7H. The upstream bituminous slab has a total area of 37,000 m2 and total thickness of 22 cm (2 layers of 6 cm and a base of 10 cm).

In 1946, following the end of World War II, the airfield was turned over to the Army Corps of Engineers, and the buildings were auctioned off to the public. It was listed as "Desert Center CAA Site 17" in the "Aerodromes" table on the 1955 San Diego Sectional Aeronautical Chart. It described the field as having two 5,000' bituminous runways. The airfield was listed among active airports in the 1962 AOPA Airport Directory, under the name of "FAA Site 17". It was described as having two 5,000 ft bituminous runways: 13/31 & 4/22, and the operator was listed as the FAA.

The company was originally chartered as the Susquehanna and South Western Railroad on August 12, 1882. That company's charter called for a line from Williamsport, Pennsylvania to the southern line of Clearfield County. The proposed line was initiated with the backing of the New York Central Railroad, as part of a far-reaching strategy to ensure access to bituminous coal reserves. The New York Central did not itself extend into the bituminous coalfields, making it vulnerable to action both by the coal operators who mined the coal and rivals like the Pennsylvania Railroad, who carried it.

Metasequoia occidentalis, upper Scollard Formation, central Alberta The coal seams of the Ardley coal zone attain thicknesses in excess of in some areas. The zone is present at shallow depths and, in places, exposed at surface, along a trend between Red Deer and Edmonton. The coal is typically of sub-bituminous B to C rank, although more deeply buried Scollard coals farther to the west reach high-volatile bituminous rank. The Ardley coal has been mined in the Red Deer area, and is currently being mined west of Edmonton to fuel mine-mouth electric power generating stations.

Bituminous coal Building the Virginian Railway began as a project to create an -long short line railroad to provide access for shipping of untapped bituminous coal reserves in southern West Virginia early in the 20th century. After facing a refusal of the big railroads (who had their own coal lands) to negotiate equitable rates to interchange and forward the coal for shipping, the owners and their investors expanded their scheme and built a U.S. Class I railroad which extended from some of the most rugged terrain of West Virginia over to reach port at Hampton Roads near Norfolk, Virginia.

Northeast view of the mile wide Decker coal mine and the Tongue River in the Powder River Basin, southeastern Montana. Coal stratigraphy of the Powder River Basin (USGS) More coal is produced in the Powder River Basin than any other area in the US Powder River Basin (PRB) coal is classified as "sub-bituminous" and contains an average of approximately 8,500 btu/lb, with low sulfur. Contrast this with eastern, Appalachian bituminous coal containing an average of 12,500 btu/lb and high sulfur. PRB coal was essentially worthless until air pollution emissions from power plants (primarily sulfur dioxide, or "SO2") became a concern.

Smokeless fuels generally have a high calorific value, with that of anthracite being greater than dry wood for example, and many smokeless briquettes are made from this type of coal. Thus anthracite has a calorific value of 32.50 MJ/kg compared with that of dry wood of about 21 MJ/kg. Lignite or brown coal is even worse with a heat of combustion of only 15.00 MJ/kg owing to the presence of non-combustible impurities. Bituminous coal has a value lower than anthracite, but neither lignite nor bituminous coal are smokeless owing to volatile content.

MD 245 was constructed as a gravel road from MD 5 in Leonardtown north to McIntosh Road around 1923. The state highway was extended northeast to Hollywood in 1924 and 1925 and to its present northern terminus near Sotterley in 1925 and 1926. MD 245 was reconstructed and widened as a bituminous stabilized gravel road from Leonardtown to St. Johns Road in 1948. The state highway was rebuilt with a bituminous concrete surface from St. Johns Road to MD 235 in Hollywood in 1950 and 1951; this project included the relocation of the state highway around what is now Old Hollywood Road.

Work on the remainder of the highway from Lyons Creek to Owings began in 1952 and the new bituminous stabilized gravel highway was completed in 1954. The new highway was repaved with bituminous concrete in 1956. The new Chesapeake Beach Road was designated MD 751 by 1955 but was changed to a rerouting of MD 260 to its present course in 1956, at which time Mount Harmony Road was removed from the state highway system. MD 260 was expanded to a four-lane divided highway from Mount Harmony Road east to G Street in Chesapeake Beach in 1960.

The Chuckanut Mountains were formed by the folding of the Chuckanut Formation (which is predominantly made up of layers of 55-million-year-old sandstone, conglomerate, shale, and bituminous and sub-bituminous coal) and the later Huntingdon Formation (predominantly shale and sandstone) on top, as well as an exposed section of pre-Jurassic-age phyllite. The Chuckanuts are well known for their Tertiary Period leaf fossils. In 1988, an outcrop of metamorphic phyllite, green chert, and milk quartz on Blanchard Mountain was exposed by a construction crew. The outcrop is unique for its unusually large chunks of stilpnomelane.

In 1946, under President John L. Lewis, the union created The Welfare and Retirement Fund. This was an entirely new method for benefits and pensions because it introduced health care for the union workers and their families. In May 1946, the National Bituminous Coal Wage Agreement established a health, welfare, and retirement fund backed up by a five-cents-per-ton levy on all coal produced by bituminous coal companies. From the 1950s to the 1970s, there were various updates to the agreement with the goal to completely satisfy miners enough to end random wildcat strikes throughout coal mines across the country.

The Svea Nord longwall mine has an annual output of 2 million tonnes of bituminous coal. A third of it is sold for metallurgical purposes. The managing director of Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani was Per Andersson. The Sveagruva mine closed in 2017.

Columbia Energy Center is a base load, sub-bituminous coal-fired, electrical power station located south of Portage in the Town of Pacific, Columbia County, Wisconsin.Lyn Jerde. "Groundbreaking marks air quality project at Columbia Energy Center". Portage Daily Register, October 10, 2016.

In the 18th century, its lower valley became a significant industrial heartland of Pennsylvania. In the 20th century, the upper reaches of the West Branch turned a yellow/orange color due to sulfurous drainage from nearby and abandoned deep bituminous coal mines.

The channel of the creek is sinuous and rock formations made of shale and sandstone are found in its vicinity. Semi-bituminous coal is also found in the watershed. The annual rate of precipitation in the watershed of Schrader Creek is between and .

This formation is not fossiliferous. The Mangahewa Formation (45-34 Ma) consists mostly of sandstone, siltstone, mudstone and bituminous coal. This formation has good reservoir sandstones. The McKee Formation (38-33 Ma) is easily recognizable by its coarse-grained, well sorted sandstones.

The surface is bituminous paving topped with colored sealer. Also built as part of the original construction of the park was a marina. The marina is located along the eastern shore of Moon Lake. It included a marina building, bulkhead, and floating docks.

Bluewaters Power Station was the first privately owned, coal-fired power station in Western Australia. It was built by Griffin Energy in 2009. The site is northeast of Collie. The plant consists of two 208 megawatts units, running on sub-bituminous coal.

Bituminous coal was found in Tian Shan Foredeep. It was deposited in the lake or swamp environment in the Early to Middle Jurassic periods. For example, Badaowan, Sangonghe, and Xishanyao Formation. About 18 gigatonnes of coal can be recovered in Tian Shan Foredeep.

There was bituminous shale mining in Sontra beginning no later than 1499, and it continued right through to the 1950s. In the centre of Donnershag, which is part of Sontra, the settlement society known as Freiland-Freigeld was resident in the 1920s.

At first coke was burned in the firebox, later bituminous coal was used.Peter Heigl: Adler – Stationen einer Lokomotive im Laufe dreier Jahrhunderte. Buch & Kunstverlag Oberpfalz, Amberg 2009, , p. 25–26.Georg Rebenstein: Stephenson's Locomotive auf der Ludwigs-Eisenbahn von Nuernberg nach Fuerth.

Carbochemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies the transformation of coals (bituminous coal, anthracite, lignite, graphite, and charcoal) into useful products and raw materials. The processes that are used in carbochemistry include degasification processes such as carbonization and coking, gasification processes, and liquefaction processes.

There are main roads leading north, Ondangwa through to Oshakati and Angola, north-east a new constructed Bituminous Road to Tsintsabis leading to Katwitwi Border Post and Angola, east, Grootfontein through to Rundu and Katima Mulilo, and south, Otavi through to Otjiwarongo and Windhoek.

Transport comprises Downer's road services, infrastructure projects, and rollingstock services businesses. It conducts transport infrastructure services that include earthworks, civil construction, asset management, maintenance, surfacing and stabilisation, supply of bituminous products and logistics, open space and facilities management and rail track signalling and electrification works.

King Coal, p.6. Charleston, W. Va.: Pictoral Histories, 1984 anthracite from Berkeley County and bituminous coal from Mineral County were the sources of coal supplying the government's Harpers Ferry Armory. Berkeley County was also a source of coal during the American Civil War.Cohen, p.

The chief local crops are rice, corn, and soybeans. Bituminous coal is also mined. Railroads passing through Kyongwon include the Hambuk and Kogonwon Lines. It is also connected by Shatuozi Border Road bridge to the Chinese city of Hunchun in the Yanbian autonomous prefecture.

Known mineral deposits in Lesotho include base metals, clay, diamond, dimension stone, sand, gravel, and uranium. Artisanal mining concerns of agate, clay, sand, gravel, and stone have occurred to a limited extent for internal consumption. Reserves of bituminous shale and coal have also been identified.

These were called the "Hayes Ten-Wheelers". The B&O; examples burned conventional bituminous coal. The large fireboxes of these locomotives were made obsolete by better boiler design. The B&O; Railroad Museum has recently restored their Camel Locomotive and returned it to display.

The state of Queensland. Bowen Basin is in Central Queensland. Digging overburden at Dawson Mine near Moura, 2008 The Bowen Basin Coalfields contains the largest coal reserves in Australia. This major coal-producing region contains one of the world's largest deposits of bituminous coal.

James Harden Hays was a pioneer of bituminous coal mining in Western Pennsylvania. His first mine was opened in 1828, at the mouth of Street's Run, where it empties into the Monongahela River. He died on March 30, 1876, at his home near Beck's Run.

791 (W.D. Va. 1989). He enjoined the members of the Bituminous Coal Operators Association to pay more for the health care of 100,000 retired and disabled miners, in a case that led to the passage of the Coal Act, 26 U.S.C. 9701, et seq.McGlothlin v.

The road, whose total length is , is presently made of unsealed gravel surface. In 2014, the government of Uganda obtained a US$109 million loan to upgrade this and other roads to bituminous surface. As of November 2014, procurement for a contractor was ongoing.

After inserting the backer rod, the sealant is placed into the joint. There are various materials to choose for this method including hot pour bituminous liquid, silicone and preformed compression seals. IGGAHow States Preserve Concrete Pavements: CPR pays off in extra pavement life. Better Roads.

The Karur municipality maintains of roads. The city has concrete roads, WBM roads, gravel roads and bituminous road. A total of of state highways is maintained by the State Highways Department and of national highways by the national highways department.Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, pp.

The idea gained strength in the 1920s among a wide variety of progressive organizations, including church-related groups such as the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) which was the social services arm of the Quakers. During the 1920s, the AFSC had become deeply concerned with the violence that resulted from labor strife, particularly in the bituminous coal fields of Appalachia. So AFSC volunteers traveled to the bituminous-coal regions in West Virginia and Pennsylvania to help the families of striking and unemployed coal miners. The AFSC also believed in the necessity of economic and social justice as a means of insuring lasting peace in this section of the United States.

The gravel portions of MD 2 from Port Republic to Lusby were bituminous stabilized in 1946. The reconstruction of MD 2 from Prince Frederick to Solomons concluded in 1949 when the highway from Solomons north to the southern end of Lusby was relocated, resurfaced, and surfaced with bituminous stabilized gravel. MD 2 originally followed Armory Road through the northern part of Prince Frederick. By 1946, the highway had been relocated to its modern alignment and paved north of Armory Road to Sunderland. The bypassed portion of Armory Road was marked as MD 750 by 1950 but may have been removed from the state highway system by 1952.

CPP and CPR techniques include slab stabilization, full- and partial-depth repair, dowel bar retrofit, cross stitching longitudinal cracks or joints, diamond grinding and joint and crack resealing. CPP and CPR methods, developed over the last 40 years, are used in lieu of asphalt overlays and bituminous patches to repair roads when longer lasting solutions are desired. When installing pavers over top of an existing asphalt of concrete pad, there are three installation options: sand set, bituminous set, and mortar set. Due to rising oil prices, these methods are often less expensive than an asphalt overlay and last three times longer in addition to providing a greener, more sustainable solution.

MD 205 was widened with a pair of bituminous shoulders along its entire length in 1940. The highway was relocated and given two new bridges across Brier Ditch in 1949 and 1950. MD 205 originally followed Edmonston Road, including all of MD 769B, from Bladensburg to Greenbelt.

5 August 2005. Ontario Teachers’ and AIG Highstar Capital II buy InterGen for C$2.1 billion Retrieved 2008-05-18 The plant takes advantage of the abundant deposits of bituminous coal from the Surat Basin. Fuel is transported via conveyor belt from the open-cut Commodore Mine.

On asphalt road surfaces, skid marks are usually the result of bituminous oils in the asphalt that are heated because of the friction of braking or accelerating and rise to the surface, leaving dark marks.Carty, G. Collision Reconstruction. Nov 3, 2016. Mississauga, ON : University of Toronto Mississauga.

Blumer, M. (1950). Porphyrinfarbstoffe und Porphyrin‐Metallkomplexe in schweizerischen Bitumina. Geochemische Untersuchungen V. Helvetica Chimica Acta, 33(6), 1627-1637. The Posidonienschiefer was studied after the 60s focusing on some points bituminous shales, and the nature of them, due to the finds on the 30s-50s.

Zinc coatings are generally not employed in the U.S. In order to protect ductile iron pipe prior to installation, pipe is instead supplied with a temporary 1 mil or 25 μm thick bituminous coating. This coating is not intended to provide protection once the pipe is installed.

The Carbosulcis Coal Mine is a coal mine located in Sardinia. The mine has coal reserves amounting to 2.5 billion tonnes of sub-bituminous coal, one of the largest coal reserves in Europe and the world and has an annual production capacity of 1.5 million tonnes.

In the 1970s, Farmer became chief negotiator for the BCOA. He helped quell a wildcat strike in 1971,Lardner, Jr., George. "Coal Operators' Assail Boyle as Strike Widens." Washington Post. June 16, 1971. and was deeply involved in negotiations for the Bituminous Coal Strike of 1974.

TVA, the National Industrial Recovery Act in Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States, the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 in United States v. Butler, the Bituminous Coal Conservation Act of 1935 in Carter v. Carter Coal Co., and the Social Security Act 42 U.S.C.A. § 301 et seq.

50 Additionally, mine owners had recently ceased payment and expected miners to do for no pay "dead work", which was the removal of non-bituminous soils, slate and rubbish from the mines."Worse Than Slaves Says Berwind Mine Committee's Report." The New York Times. January 2, 1923.

K-53 is connected to the National Highway System at its intersection with I-35 and at its eastern terminus at K-15. The entire route is paved with partial design bituminous pavement. The entire section of K-53 within Mulvane is maintained by the city.

Belleville became known as "The Stove Capital of the World." The first brewery in Illinois was established in Belleville. In 1868, Gustav Goelitz founded the candy company that is known today as "Jelly Belly." An immense deposit () of bituminous coal was found in St. Clair County.

Oskaloosa is a city in, and the county seat of, Mahaska County, Iowa, United States. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, Oskaloosa was a national center of bituminous coal mining. The population was 11,463 in the 2010 U.S. Census, an increase from 10,938 in 2000.

The Chidambaram municipality maintains of road. The town has concrete roads and bituminous road. A total of of state highways is maintained by the State Highways Department and by the National Highways Department. It is located at a distance of from Chennai, from Madurai, from Rameswaram, from Bengaluru.

The Coalspur Formation includes seven major seams that range up to in thickness. The coal is of sub-bituminous B to C rank, with a low sulphur content. It is mined in the Alberta Coal Branch area and shipped to electric power generating stations in Canada and abroad.

Coal comes in four main types or ranks: lignite or brown coal, bituminous coal or black coal, anthracite and graphite. Each type of coal has a certain set of physical parameters which are mostly controlled by moisture, volatile content (in terms of aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons) and carbon content.

Washington had to send troops to squelch the protest and enforce the tax laws.” During the 18th century, large coal deposits were discovered throughout Pittsburgh. Mount Washington, originally called "Coal Hill", the “most valuable deposit of bituminous coal in the entire United States, was discovered there in 1760”.

The route was designated as a scenic byway both for the natural beauty of the area and unique towns located each end of the highway. Annual average daily traffic on the highway ranges from 238 to 340, and the entire route is paved with partial design bituminous pavement.

Ebensburg is a borough and the county seat of Cambria County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It is located west of Altoona and surrounded by Cambria Township. It is situated in the Allegheny Mountains at about above sea level. Ebensburg is located in a rich bituminous coal region.

Coal burner in Thailand , Thailand had proved reserves of 1,063 million tonnes of sub- bituminous coal and lignite. In 2018, it produced 3.8 Mtoe, down 8.5% from 2017. It consumed 18.5 Mtoe in 2018, meaning it imported approximately 15 Mtoe. Its reserves-to-production ratio is 72 (years).

The airport resides at an elevation of above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 03/21 with a bituminous surface measuring . Airport apron is 105 m x 22 m. Short take-off and landing aircraft whose maximum weight does not exceed 5700 kg can be accommodated.

The National Routes of Uruguay (officially in Spanish, Rutas nacionales de Uruguay) are the most important transport routes in the country, linking all locations. It has a network of 8,698 km of which 303 km are with concrete, asphalt 3,164 km, 4,220 km bituminous and 1,009 km rough.

250px The Sivakasi municipality maintains of the road. The town has concrete road and bituminous road. A total of of state highways is maintained by the State Highways Department. Four major roads connect the town with Sattur, Virudhunagar, Srivilliputhur and Vembakottai; there are no bypass roads around the town.

K-260 is not included in the National Highway System. The National Highway System is a system of highways important to the nation's defense, economy, and mobility. K-260 does connect to the National Highway System at each terminus. The entire route is paved with full design bituminous pavement.

The coal found in the South Yorkshire Coalfield was a bituminous coal that was generally used for the production of coal gas and coke.Hill, South Yorkshire Coalfield, p. 20 The coke was then used for iron and steel manufacture. Some seams produced coal suitable for raising steam, i.e.

The Pottsville Formation consists of a gray conglomerate, fine to coarse grained sandstone, and is known to contain limestone, siltstone and shale, as well as anthracite and bituminous coal. It is considered a classic orogenic molasse. The formation was first described from a railroad cut south of Pottsville, Pennsylvania.

The railroad links to Erie, Louisville, Lafayette and Marshall coal mines nurtured the industrialization of coal mining. The coal under Lafayette and most of the area northwest of Denver known as the Northern Coal Field or Northern Field is sub-bituminous coal, a soft, friable coal that was highly suited for household heating stoves and for firing steam boilers. Sub- bituminous coal, also called lignite, could sometimes spontaneously combust when it came in contact with air. A significant factor in Lafayette's coal mining history were the three successive Denver-based coal conglomerates — United Coal Company, Northern Coal Co. and Rocky Mountain Fuel Company — that controlled coal production and employed thousands of local coal miners.

In 1958, the three towns petitioned the State Highway Board to accept the portion of the highway outside the Windsor town center into the state highway system, a request the state approved. The state took over maintenance of the highway from VT 106 to the Windsor village boundary and established VT 44 through separate agreements that went into effect in December 1958 and January 1959. The first hard- surfaced stretch of what was to become VT 44 was created at an unknown time before 1950 along Ascutney Street in the Windsor town center. The town resurfaced Ascutney Street with bituminous concrete in 1950 and replaced the surface-treated gravel surface of Union Street with bituminous concrete in 1969.

US 1 and MD 24 northbound on the Bel Air Bypass The first post- war project on MD 24 was the reconstruction of the highway from Norris Corner to Van Bibber starting in 1950. By the time the project to resurface the highway in bituminous concrete ended in 1952, MD 24 was extended south through Edgewood, replacing MD 408 from MD 7 to Aberdeen Proving Ground. MD 24 was widened and resurfaced with bituminous concrete from Norris Corner to Bel Air starting in 1954 and from Bel Air to Forest Hill beginning in 1956. The Norris Corner - Bel Air project included the highway's first relocation at Emmorton, leaving behind Old Emmorton Road.

The Big Vein refers to a thick seam of bituminous coal discovered in the Georges Creek Valley of Western Maryland in the early 19th century. This coal vein became famous for its clean-burning low sulfur content that made it ideal for powering ocean steamers, river boats, locomotives, steam mills, and machine shops. By 1850, almost 30 coal companies were mining the valley, extracting more than 60 million tons of coal between 1854 and 1891. The Consolidation Coal Company, established in 1864 and headquartered in Cumberland, Maryland became one of the largest bituminous coal companies in the eastern United States and Cumberland had financial connections that reached beyond Washington, D.C. and Baltimore to New York and London.

Prudhoe Bay on Alaska's North Slope is still the second highest-yielding oil field in the United States, typically producing about , although by early 2014 North Dakota's Bakken Formation was producing over . Prudhoe Bay was the largest conventional oil field ever discovered in North America, but was much smaller than Canada's enormous Athabasca oil sands field, which by 2014 was producing about of unconventional oil, and had hundreds of years of producible reserves at that rate. The Trans-Alaska Pipeline can transport and pump up to of crude oil per day, more than any other crude oil pipeline in the United States. Additionally, substantial coal deposits are found in Alaska's bituminous, sub- bituminous, and lignite coal basins.

Bituminous coal extraction has also been declining since 1990. The gap has been taken up by large increases in subbituminous coal extraction. Comprehensive analysis of historical trends in US coal extraction and reserve estimates, along with a possible future outlook, was published in scientific journals on coal geology in 2009.

The Perdrix Formation was deposited in a marine basin and consists primarily of black, bituminous shales. The upper portion includes nodules and thin nodular beds of argillaceous limestone that increase in frequency upwards and laterally toward the reefs of the Cairn Formation.Glass, D.J. (editor) 1997. Lexicon of Canadian Stratigraphy, vol.

1.5 billion (EUR. 14.2 million). Main exports from Kenya to Oman include: oils obtained from bituminous minerals, metallic salts, tea and mate, meat, vegetable materials, coffee and coffee substitutes, medicaments, fruits and nuts. Main exports from Oman to Kenya include: petroleum, stones, machine tools, crude minerals, aluminium, pumps, ships and boats.

The latter have been removed with the exception of the first floor west balcony. This floor is badly weathered and the outer edge has traces of a bituminous coating. Ceilings: All ceilings to the accommodation wing are of Wunderlich pressed metal. Each room and section of hallway has a different pattern.

Cardiff is located at (33.645384, −86.932965). on Five Mile Creek, a tributary of the Locust Fork of the Black Warrior River. It is immediately downstream of Brookside. The region is part of the Cumberland Plateau, with shallow but deeply incised stream valleys dissecting sedimentary rock, including significant seams of bituminous coal.

Deeper burial and the passage of time result in further expulsion of moisture and volatile matter, eventually transforming the material into higher-rank coals such as bituminous and anthracite coal. Lignite deposits are typically younger than higher-ranked coals, with the majority of them having formed during the Tertiary period.

K-284 has a total length of . The entire route is paved with partial design bituminous pavement. The highway has annual average daily traffic values of 70 during the first of the route and 120 during the remaining . K-284 is not a part of the United States National Highway System.

The Vermejo Formation is an historically important coal- bearing formation. Mining began in 1870 in the rich Raton coal bed near the base of the Vermejo Formation. The bed contained bituminous coals of coking quality. These were being extensively exploited by 1924 but the beds were largely exhausted by 1965.

The National Highway System is a system of highways important to the nation's defense, economy, and mobility. K-204 does connect to the National Highway System at its western terminus at US-56 and at its eastern terminus at US-160. The entire route is paved with partial design bituminous pavement.

In 1998, he married Andrea Patrick, a former Bituminous Coal Queen and Miss Pennsylvania USA. He and Andrea were later sued by the resort where they were married for unpaid bills.How Fabian found peace (but not exactly quiet) in Fayette County, Old.post-gazette.com (1998-09-19); retrieved 2015-05-29.

The Navajo Mine opened in 1963 near Fruitland, New Mexico, and employs about 350 people. It supplies sub-bituminous coal to the 2 GW Four Corners Power Plant via the isolated 13-mile Navajo Mine Railroad. Parts of the Navajo Nation acquired the mine and three mines in Montana and Wyoming.

In 1913 a launch linked with Mercer via the Maramarua River. The Kōpako sub-bituminous open cast coal mine was sold by Solid Energy to Bathurst Resources and Talleys in 2016. The 1948 mine restarted production in 2017. It was once linked to Meremere Power Station by an aerial ropeway.

Montour No. 4 Mine in Washington County, Pennsylvania. Empty shuttle coal cars, Westland Mine, Washington County, Pennsylvania. The Pittsburgh Coal Company was a bituminous coal mining company based in Pittsburgh and controlled by the Mellon family. It operated mines in the Pittsburgh Coalfield, including mines in Becks Run and Horning, Pennsylvania.

The Zaza Formation is a geological formation located in Buryatia (Russia). It dates to the Lower Cretaceous period. It is Aptian in age and consists of sandstones, siltstones, marls and bituminous shales, deposited in a stratified lake. It is situated on a large granite plateau in the NE of Buryatia.

The highway was resurfaced with bituminous concrete from MD 7 to Big Elk Creek in 1968 and from the creek to Delaware in 1973. In 2017, construction took place on a $3.1 million project to build a roundabout at Muddy Lane/Kemp Lane; this roundabout opened to traffic in October of that year.

The Kwataboahegan Formation is a geologic formation in the Moose River and Hudson Bay basins in northern Ontario, containing fossils from the Lower to Middle Devonian period. It is characterized by brown bituminous stromatoporoid-coral floatstone to bindstone and stromatoporoid-coral-crinoid wackestone-packstone-rudstones, interbedded with light grey, bioclastic wackestone-packstone.

K-111 is not included in the National Highway System. The National Highway System is a system of highways important to the nation's defense, economy, and mobility. K-111 does connect to the National Highway System at its northern terminus at K-156. The entire route is paved with partial design bituminous pavement.

Baxter is an unincorporated community in Marion County, West Virginia, United States. Baxter lies to the northwest of Rivesville along Paw Paw Creek. The town was once the site of the Stafford Mine, one of the largest bituminous coal mines in Marion County, owned by the New Central Coal Company of New York.

K-268 is not included in the National Highway System. The National Highway System is a system of highways important to the nation's defense, economy, and mobility. K-268 does connect to the National Highway System at its terminus with US-75. The entire route is paved with full design bituminous pavement.

The asphalt is dumped into one of six stills and boiled or heated for 24 hours to produce the dried asphalt for export. In this way, water and gas are removed. This leaves it free from moisture, which accounts for 30% of the weight. Asphalt cement is made by adding bituminous oil.

Bank density is approximately . Bulk density typically runs to . The heat content of bituminous coal ranges from on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. Within the coal mining industry, this type of coal is known for releasing the largest amounts of firedamp, a dangerous mixture of gases that can cause underground explosions.

The road existed as a gravel road as early as 1958. By 1964, the gravel road became two disconnected state highway segments, both with the AR 333 designation. By 1983, the two AR 333 segments were connected, and the area east of London was also added. It became a bituminous surface road.

Within the clay are bands of bituminous shale. St Alban's Head can be viewed to the southeast. Forming the cliffs above the Kimmeridge Ledges are (west to east) Hen Cliff, Cuddle, Clavell's Hard, and Rope Lake Head. To the north is Smedmore House and to the northeast is imposing hill Swyre Head.

It played a significant role in demonstrating that both coke and raw bituminous coal could be used as fuels in the manufacture of iron. It is known as "the first coke furnace, whose operation was successful, erected in this country." Lonaconing Furnace was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

The litigation lasted for 38 years, during which thirty-two others eventually asserted that they owned a portion of the land. Thirty-five years later, in 1886, Castro's successors finally obtained clear title, forcing all other claimants out. In 1874, a seam of low grade bituminous coal was found in upper Malpaso Canyon.

Menilite Menilite Menilite is a greyish-brown form of the mineraloid opal.Menilite on Mindat.org It is also known as liver opal or leberopal (German), due to its color. It is called menilite because it was first described from Ménilmontant (Paris), France, where it occurs as concretions within bituminous Early Oligocene Menilite Shales.

UtahAmerican Energy, Inc. (formerly Andalex Resources), is a bituminous coal underground coal mine and lignite surface mining company, headquartered in Sandy, Utah. UtahAmerican is a subsidiary of Cleveland, Ohio based Murray Energy Corporation. UtahAmerican is a company with approximately $65.1 million (USD) in annual sales, and 428 employees and was started in 1996.

Elevations increase to the south, and Mt. Davis resides only from the Maryland border. A few of the ridge tops contain some low-volatile bituminous coal fields including the Broad Top field. This region is also home to two national stories: the Quecreek Mine Rescue and the crash of United Airlines Flight 93.

Coonagh Aerodrome lies at an elevation of above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 10/28 with a bituminous pavement measuring . Extreme care must be taken when operating into Coonagh as the narrow runway may give the impression of a long runway. Coonagh lies very close to the Shannon CTR, just .

Midlothian is located in the Piedmont geologic region of the state, and is made up of mainly a hilled, fertile land (it is somewhat of a plain.) It is located on the Richmond Basin, which is one of the Eastern North America Rift Basins. It contains some sedimentary rock and bituminous coal.

Venezuela has recoverable coal reserves of approximately 528 million short tons (Mmst), most of which is bituminous. Coal production was at 9.254 million short tons as of 2007.US Energy Information Administration, “Country Analysis Briefs: Venezuela,” US Energy Information Administration, . Most coal exports go to Latin American countries, the United States and Europe.

A Cairo and Vincennes Railroad boomtown, the city was one of the leading bituminous coal mining distribution hubs of the American Midwest between 1900 and 1937. At its peak, Harrisburg had a population that reached 16,000 by the early 1930s. The city had one of the largest downtown districts in Southern Illinois.

In 1810, 350 tons of anthracite was mined in Pennsylvania. The use of anthracite coal was restricted due to the difficulties in transporting it efficiently, and the industry was still small and undeveloped (Latzko, 3). The War of 1812 against Great Britain increased the usage of anthracite coal. Prior to the war, citizens of the nation's urban centers such as New York and Philadelphia received most of their coal fuel needs from Britain and Virginia's bituminous coal supplies (Dublin, Licht, 12). During the war the British blockade of American ports severely limited the supply of British bituminous fuel reaching the US, and there was also a shortage in Virginia's supply resulting in a fuel crisis (Adams, “Warming the Poor,” 76).

The 1927 Indiana bituminous strike was a strike by members of the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) against local bituminous coal companies. Although the struggle raged throughout most of the nation's coal fields, its most serious impact was in western Pennsylvania, including Indiana County. The strike began on April 1, 1927, when almost 200,000 coal miners struck the coal mining companies operating in the Central Competitive Field, after the two sides (management and labor) could not reach an agreement on pay rates. The UMWA was attempting to retain pay raises gained in the contracts it had negotiated in 1922 and 1924, while management, stating that it was under economic pressure from competition with the West Virginia coal mines, was seeking wage reductions.

Bituminous coal A knowledgeable man with the training and experience as a civil engineer and the spirit of an entrepreneur, Page was well-prepared to help develop West Virginia's hidden wealth: huge deposits of "smokeless" bituminous coal, a product exceptionally well-suited for making steel. Former West Virginia Governor William A. MacCorkle described him as a man who knew the land "as a farmer knows a field." Page became a protégé of Dr. David T. Ansted, a noted British geologist with large land holdings in southern West Virginia. As his career developed, Page busied himself with many enterprises to develop the natural resources which lay all around him, primarily working with iron and coal operations, often as the manager for absentee owners.

It was recognized as some use aiding other fuels, and pack animal loads occasionally reached the city, which had mills and foundries desperately needing to circumvent the British Naval Blockade, so Bituminous Coal coastal shipments up from Virginia might resume. These experiments established a bottom draught and closed doors (reflection or reverberatory furnace techniques) were the key. Before the war, Baltimore, New York, Newark, New Haven, Boston, and Philadelphia industrialists were importing Bituminous via shipload from Virginia and Great Britain, and these supplies became difficult to obtain or blocked politically by the war and its preceding embargoes on British goods. After the war, the sanctions continued until various boundary disputes were resolved as far away as The Oregon Country and the Columbia River basin.

In the early 19th century a thick seam of bituminous coal referred to historically as "The Big Vein" was discovered in the Georges Creek Valley. This coal region became famous for its clean-burning low sulfur content that made it ideal for powering ocean steamers, river boats, locomotives, and steam mills, and machines shops. By 1850, almost 30 coal companies were mining the Georges Creek Valley, producing over 60 million tons of coal between 1854 and 1891. The Consolidation Coal Company, established in 1864 and headquartered in Cumberland, Maryland became one of the largest bituminous coal companies in the eastern United States and Cumberland had financial connections that reached beyond Washington, DC and Baltimore to New York City and London.

Native American crucibles have been discovered along the Creek. Minerals in the watershed are mostly bituminous coal, fireclay, sandstone and slate. The daily loads of aluminum and manganese are both many times higher than the creek's total maximum daily load. The conductance of the creek ranges from 93.7 to 549 micro-siemens per centimeter.

Coke is a fuel with few impurities and a high carbon content, usually made from coal. It is the solid carbonaceous material derived from destructive distillation of low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal. Cokes made from coal are grey, hard, and porous. While coke can be formed naturally, the commonly used form is man-made.

Huainan Coal Mining Group () is a coal mining company based in Huainan, Anhui, China, and is involved in bituminous and anthracite coal mining, washing, and sales, as well as other industries such as real estate and civil engineering. Previously known as the Huainan Mining Bureau, the company changed to its current name in 1998.

The peak Polish production was in 1979 (3.88 million tons that year). Currently, the Wujek mine produces sub-bituminous coal with a typical energy content of 30000-35000 kJ/kg, volatile content of 30-31%, ash content of less than 5%, and sulfur content of less than 0.6%. The name "Wujek" means "Uncle" in Polish.

Alexander François Selligue (1784-1845) was a French engineer. In 1832, he together with David Blum patented an application of shale oil for direct illumination. In 1838, he patented "the employment of mineral oils for lighting". His process of distilling bituminous shales (oil shale) was first described in the Journal des Connaissances Usuelles in 1834.

Firedamp is flammable gas found in coal mines. It is the name given to a number of flammable gases, especially coalbed methane. It is particularly found in areas where the coal is bituminous. The gas accumulates in pockets in the coal and adjacent strata, and when they are penetrated, the release can trigger explosions.

There were also 4000 chickens in 22 buildings. There is some tourism in Kénadsa; attractions include sand dunes, palm groves, the old ksar and forts, and the dam across the Oued Meswar. Visitors to Kénadsa typically stay in Béchar since there are no hotels in Kénadsa. There are also bituminous coal fields near Kénadsa.

The Formation is composed of crystalline and dolomitized limestone (Cooking Lake Formation) in off-reef areas, bituminous shale and argillaceous limestone, detrital limestone (reef fallout), stromatoporoid calcarenite (Duvernay Formation), gray shale, argillaceous limestone, argillaceous dolomite, crystalline dolomite (Ireton Formation). In reef build-ups, it consists of massive limestone and dolomite with porosity (Leduc Formation).

Capitalists from Boston financed the furnace's construction starting in 1836. John Thomas likely supervised construction and John P. Salmon was the master mason. It was equipped with Scottish machinery installed by Scot James Ralston, and produced fifty tons of pig iron per week. Bituminous coal was mined at nearby Minersville and transported by inclined plane.

The El Maghara mine is an underground coal mine in Egypt's Sinai peninsula. Opened in 1964, the mine produces low-rank bituminous coal. Located about 250 km northeast of Cairo, it is the only coal mine in Egypt. Operations were approved to resume in 2014, with reserves estimated at 21 million tons of coal.

Stock certificate from Maryland Mining Company issued in 1841 The Maryland Mining Company is a historic coal mining, iron producer and railroad company that operated in Allegany County, Maryland. The company was based in Eckhart Mines, Maryland; the location in Braddock Run was among the first bituminous coal mines developed in the Georges Creek Valley.

By the 1850s, improvements in coal technology had produced anthracite coal, which burned hotter than bituminous coal. New furnaces burned hotter and were much more efficient, and the industry was moving west to places like Pittsburgh. As a result, many of the furnaces and forges closed. Speedwell closed in 1854; Cornwall held out until 1883.

This Dutch Reformed church was named the "Church Of Rome." Somewhat later the town was renamed Wurtsborough, which evolved to Wurtsboro. During the early industrial revolution, much of the nation’s bituminous coal needs were supplied by England. During the War Of 1812, a fuel shortage arose when a British blockade cut off America’s coal supply.

Located in the southwest corner of the state, the Waynesburg hills are another major coal-producing area for the state. Much of the 64.4 billion tons of bituminous coal that is remaining in the state resides under these hills in near horizontal beds. The hills are narrow and steep-sided, with some deeper valleys.

On 12 December 2010 the company was placed in receivership. Pike River Mine is a coal mine located 46 km east of Greymouth in the West Coast Region of New Zealand's South Island. The operation was set up to mine the Brunner seam, a bituminous coal deposit with lower ash and varying sulphur content.

The Fredericktown-Millsboro CDP was located at (39.995095, -79.999370). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of , all of it land. Both Fredericktown and Millsboro are located along the Monongahela River in the river valley. The communities and the surrounding areas are the former homes of bituminous coal mines.

Other failure modes include aging and surface abrasion. As years go by, the binder in a bituminous wearing course gets stiffer and less flexible. When it gets "old" enough, the surface will start losing aggregates, and macrotexture depth increases dramatically. If no maintenance action is done quickly on the wearing course, potholes will form.

A microscopic picture of a fluid inclusion (non- permeable enhydro) showing a dark vapor bubble trapped in quartz. The term three phase relates to the three phases of matter, solid, liquid, and gas. This is a three phase inclusion in rock crystal quartz. The solid is a black material that is of bituminous origin.

The coals of the Zonguldak basin follow the mean evolution of type III kerogens. The coals of the Zonguldak basin show vitrinite reflectances (Ro) of 0.45–1.70%. Hoşgörmez et al. (2002) determined that the coals of the Kozlu formation exhibit Ro of 1.0–1.2%, which gives them a coal rank of high volatile A bituminous.

Before 2019, the road was gravel surfaced, in various stages of disrepair. In November 2019, Yoweri Museveni of Uganda and Félix Tshisekedi of the Democratic Republic of the Congo signed agreements in Entebbe, Uganda, to upgrade this road to bituminous surface, within twenty-four months, after the relevant ministers have agreed on implementation details.

Semi-anthracite and anthracite are often created by such tectonic squeezing when continents push together. The Richmond Basin has Bituminous coal, created by the sedimentary weight only. The coal deposits were on a thin shale and sandstone layer over the granite bedrock. Oolite or small round grains of calcium carbonate was over the coal.

Major coal reserves in Malaysia are mostly located in Sabah and Sarawak with smaller reserves in Perak, Perlis and Selangor. The Labuan coal field produced coal starting 1848 until 1912. As of 1986, coal reserve in Malaysia was 965 million tons in which mostly are bituminous coal. The total known coal area is 5,823 km2.

MD 449 was resurfaced with bituminous concrete in 1984. Three years later, MD 449 was transferred from state to county maintenance through a December 1, 1987, road transfer agreement. However, the portion of MD 449 between MD 213 and MD 444 was returned to state control to be destroyed, but the highway remained in use.

The Gething Formation contains coal seams that range from thin laminae to as much as thick. Coal rank ranges from low- to high-volatile bituminous, and the coal has good coking properties except where oxidized. It has been mined by underground methods near the Peace River west of Hudson's Hope and near the Sukunka River.

Pageton is a census-designated place (CDP) in McDowell County, West Virginia. As of the 2010 census, its population was 187. Pageton is located on the Tug Fork Branch of the Norfolk and Western Railway, along the Pocahontas seam of rich bituminous coal. Pageton is located on State Route 161 between Thorpe and Anawalt.

Once the new northbound bridge was completed, another crossover was created, detouring southbound traffic onto the northbound side of the highway. On April 21, 2004, a depression formed under the new northbound bridge, and the highway was shut down once again to fill the area with bituminous material. The bridge re-opened within twenty minutes.

St. Augustine Road was paved as a macadam road from George Street to the right-angle turn by 1910. The remainder of the road to St. Augustine and MD 310 east of St. Augustine were constructed as a macadam road by Cecil County with state aid by 1915. MD 342 was resurfaced with bituminous concrete in 1988.

This section was originally a 2-lane carriageway constructed with bituminous concrete. It was later widened to 2x3-lane divided carriageway with a central median. A flexible pavement was built for this section of carriageway. The eastern section passes through almost flat terrain except for the elevated embankment of the ROB over the central railway tracks.

The Meadow Branch Coalfield is a coalfield located in the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia along the Berkeley and Morgan county lines. It is the only anthracite coalfield in West Virginia, unlike the bituminous coal found in the rest of the state. It has not seen any active mining in many decades. However, as early as 1798Cohen, Stan.

MD 3 was widened and rebuilt with a bituminous concrete surface from Newburg to Tompkinsville in 1950 and from there to Rock Point in 1951. MD 3 was renumbered as MD 257 in 1959. MD 257 achieved its current length when the highway between MD 254 and Rock Point was transferred to Charles County around 1989.

Pyrobitumen is formed by thermal decomposition and molecular cross-linking of bitumen. Pyrobitumen is distinguished from other solid bitumens extruded from early-mature kerogen- rich source rocks (e.g., gilsonite) and semi-solid bitumens in high viscosity oil sands formed by water washing and biodegradation of conventional oil (e.g., Athabasca bituminous sands), all of which are soluble in carbon disulfide.

Its geographic range is restricted to the Messel pit. There it unconformably overlies crystalline Variscan basement and its Permian cover (Rotliegend) as well as Eocene volcanic breccias derived from the basement rocks. The formation mainly comprises lacustrine laminated bituminous shale (‘oil shale’) renowned for its content of fossils in exceptional preservation, particularly plants, arthropods and vertebrates (e.g. Darwinius masillae).

Large deposits of Permian thermal coal (Betts Creek Beds & Colinlea Sandstone) outcrop on the eastern margin of the Galilee Basin. The coals are classified as high-volatile sub-bituminous to bituminous.Saul, G., Spargo, S., Skinner, M., Biggs, N., Hansen, H. and Coulls, R. 2015. The geology of the Hyde Park Coal Project, Bowen Basin Symposium 2015, p. 244.

By the late spring of 1894, the United Mine Workers, which had a mere $2,600 in its treasury and a paid membership of 13,000, called a general strike in the bituminous coal mining industry. The demand was for wages to return to the level they were at on May 1, 1893. Initially, the strike was a major success.

Self-heating in coal has been extensively studied. The tendency to self-heat decreases with the increasing rank of the coal. Lignite coals are more active than bituminous coals, which are more active than anthracite coals. Freshly mined coal consumes oxygen more rapidly than weathered coal, and freshly mined coal self-heats to a greater extent than weathered coal.

AHI Roofing was created when Lou Fisher produced the world's first steel tile. Today AHI Roofing does business in over eighty countries worldwide in steel roof tiles. It was a world shortage of oil-based paint that began the coated steel tile story. In 1947, many large ironclad buildings in Britain were coated with a bituminous emulsion.

Under the leadership of Williams Carter Wickham and Collis P. Huntington, it opened to through traffic in 1873. In the early 21st century, the tracks form a vital portion of the rail network for CSX Transportation as part of a pathway from the bituminous coal mines of West Virginia to the coal piers at Newport News, Virginia.

The > United Mine Workers (UMWA) had won a sweeping victory in an 1897 strike by > the soft-coal (bituminous coal) miners in the Midwest, winning significant > wage increases and growing from 10,000 to 115,000 members.Victor R. Greene, > "A Study in Slavs, Strikes and Unions: The Anthracite Strike of 1897." > Pennsylvania History. (1964) 31#2 199-215.

Rock would need to be transported from further away to provide protective riprap, filters, and aggregate in concrete and bituminous membrane. This would be transported by rail from away. The South Australian Railways were engaged to transport the rock that was required. A railway line was built, branching from the Barmera line eight kilometres north of Yamba.

The beet sugar factory in Uelzen The largest sugarbeet refinery in the Nordzucker group is in Uelzen. It processes approximately 20,000 tons of sugarbeet per day. Further big employers in the town are Nestlé Schöller or the dairy Uelzena. Bituminous roofing felts and insulation material is being manufactured by C. Hasse & Sohn, a leading producer with experience since 1872.

Coal was discovered on Callide Creek in 1891 and is now mined at the nearby Callide and Boundary Hill mines which supply the power station. The third largest abattoir in Queensland is situated in the town. Callide is an open-cut mining operation providing low sulphur, sub-bituminous thermal coal primarily for Queensland's domestic power generation.

Friedrich Bergius The Bergius process is a method of production of liquid hydrocarbons for use as synthetic fuel by hydrogenation of high-volatile bituminous coal at high temperature and pressure. It was first developed by Friedrich Bergius in 1913. In 1931 Bergius was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his development of high pressure chemistry.

Pausanias found at Methone a temple of Athena Anemotis, the 'storm-stiller,' and one of Artemis. He also mentions a well of bituminous water, similar both in smell and colour to the ointment of Cyzicus. It is also mentioned by Pomponius Mela, Pliny the Elder, Ptolemy, and Hierocles. Its site is located near the modern Methoni.

This is very high quality bituminous coal rated at approximately . The New River coalfield is named after the north flowing New River. Over 60 coal towns were once located there, supported by independent commercial districts at Beckley, Oak Hill, Mount Hope, and Fayetteville. By the 21st century many coal camps had partially or completely returned to nature.

MD 242 was constructed as a gravel road from Morganza to Avenue by 1921 and completed to Coltons Point in 1923. The state highway was reconstructed with curve modifications and a bituminous-stabilized gravel surface in the 1950s, beginning with the Morganza-Clements section in 1949 and 1950. MD 242 was rebuilt from Clements to Bushwood by 1959.

In 2012, Benin relied on raw commodities for most of its export revenue. Its three main export products were cotton (19% of exports), petroleum oils or bituminous minerals (14%) and gold (13%). Agriculture accounted for 37% of GDP, the services sector for 50% of GDP and industry for 14%. Within industry, manufacturing contributed 8% of GDP.

By 1927, a ferry connected Tolchester Beach with the Inner Harbor of Baltimore. This ferry service continued until between 1940 and 1946. MD 21 was resurfaced with bituminous concrete in 1975. The highway's westernmost , measured from the high-water mark of the Chesapeake Bay, was transferred from state to county maintenance through an August 16, 1990, road transfer agreement.

From 1943 to 1945, he was associate general counsel at the NLRB's national headquarters. In 1945, Farmer left the NLRB and joined the D.C. firm of Steptoe & Johnson. Among his many clients at the firm was the Bituminous Coal Operators Association, a group of coal mining companies which bargained as a group with the United Mine Workers of America.

The Kootenay Group, originally called the Kootenay Formation, is a geologic unit of latest Jurassic to earliest Cretaceous age in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin that is present in the southern and central Canadian Rockies and foothills. It includes economically important deposits of high-rank bituminous and semi-anthracite coal, as well as plant fossils and dinosaur trackways.

By 1946, MD 209 was replaced with an eastward extension of MD 410. This portion of Hamilton Street was widened and resurfaced with bituminous concrete in 1949. MD 208 itself was widened and resurfaced along its entire length in 1954. MD 208's modern bridge across the B&O; Railroad (now CSX) was built in 1954 and 1955.

Coal-upgrading technology refers to a class of technologies developed to remove moisture and certain pollutants from low rank coals such as sub-Bituminous coal and lignite (brown coal) and raise their calorific values. Companies located in Australia, Germany and the United States are the principal drivers of the research, development and commercialisation of these technologies.

Monroe County is a county located in the south central part of the U.S. state of Iowa. In the early 20th century, it was a center of bituminous coal mining and in 1910 had a population of more than 25,000. As mining declined, people moved elsewhere for work. In the 2010 census, the population was 7,970.

Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy, "Historical coal data: coal production, availability and consumption 1853 to 2015" (2016) online Almost all onshore coal resources in the UK occur in rocks of the Carboniferous age, some of which extend under the North Sea. Bituminous coal is present in most of Britain's coalfields and is 86% to 88% carbon.

During the Bituminous Coal Miners' Strike of 1894, the National Guard was called up to protect the region's coal mines, and on June 13, there was a violent clash between strikers and national guard troops just west of town.Coal Strike may Continue – But Few Miners Willing to Accept Lower Wages, New York Times, Thursday June 14, 1894; page 4.

The English word mummy is derived from medieval Latin mumia, a borrowing of the medieval Arabic word mūmiya (مومياء) and from a Persian word mūm (wax), which meant an embalmed corpse, and as well as the bituminous embalming substance, and also meant "bitumen". Also "mummy" in New English Dictionary on Historical Principles. Also "momie" in CNRTL.fr (in French).

The Clover Hill Pitts had several mining sites, the Brighthope Pit, the Halls pit and Racoon Pit. The company spread outside of Virginia. In 1876, Bituminous Coal from the Clover Hill Railroad Company was advertised in the Coal and Coal Trade Journal from a sales Office in New York. In 1877 the Brighthope Railway replaced the Clover Hill Railroad.

The north part of the commune sits on a formation of schist, sandstone, and volcanic rock (Upper Devonian-Ordovician). Further south, about wide, there is another formation consisting of schist, psammite, greywacke, and conglomerates (Serpukhovian, early Bashkirian). In that area there are bituminous coal deposits. Even further south in the natural region of Mauges there is a sandstone horst.

The Crandall Canyon Mine, formerly Genwal Mine, was an underground bituminous coal mine in northwestern Emery County, Utah. The mine made headline news when six miners were trapped by a collapse in August 2007. Ten days later, three rescue workers were killed by a subsequent collapse. The six miners were later declared dead and their bodies were never recovered.

The wooden beams in the vestibule were given a horizontal ceiling made of planed boards. The interior was warmed by heaters. The roof was made of boards covered with bituminous waterproofing. As the wooden structures did not provide the minimum clearances as a result of the limits set by the regulations, a special permit was required.

The hot exhaust would be mixed with cooler bypass air to improve thermodynamic efficiency, before being expelled through the rear nozzle. Other fuels considered promising, due to their ability to generate flammable vapours, included bituminous coal, or pine wood heat-soaked in oil or paraffin. A burner and drum were built and tested successfully in Vienna.

The first road to be built along the abandoned Chesapeake Beach Railway was a county highway constructed by the Maryland State Roads Commission in 1946 from Owings to MD 260 at Paris that included a timber bridge over Hall Creek. This segment of highway was reconstructed as a wide road surfaced with bituminous stabilized gravel in 1951.

North Dakota has the second largest lignite coal production in the U.S. However, lignite coal is the lowest grade coal. There are larger and higher grade coal reserves (anthracite, bituminous coal and subbituminous coal) in other U.S. states. Oil was discovered near Tioga in 1951, generating of oil a year by 1984. Recoverable oil reserves have jumped dramatically recently.

It took two years for production at Kailuan to return to the 1975 level. In 1987 coal was the country's most important source of primary energy, meeting over 70 percent of total energy demand. The 1984 production level was 789 million tons. More than two-thirds of deposits were bituminous, and a large part of the remainder was anthracite.

Research is ongoing in various places to locate natural gas. West Bengal is the third largest state for coal production, accounting for about half of India's total. Coal is extracted from about 228 mines in the Raniganj and Asansol region of Bardhaman district. High grade bituminous coal is mined at Raniganj, Dishergarh, Santaldih, Kulti, Barakar, Ghushik, Kajora.

Also, the headwaters of the Raystown Branch of the Juniata River are to the east of the town of Somerset. Both the Potomac and Juniata rivers are part of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed. Coal fields exist within Somerset County. The coal is entirely bituminous, and much of it has been mined or is being mined by Strip mining.

The Morris bed averaged about 16 inches in thickness, while the Henryetta coal bed averaged about 25 to 36 inches in thickness. The coal in both beds was of high volatile A and B bituminous ranks. Remaining coal reserves were estimated to be 275 million tons, 271 million tons of which was in the Henryetta bed.

These are classified into national, provincial, municipal and barangay roads with lengths of , , , and , respectively. The most common road type is gravel road accounting for 86% of the total length of road network. Bituminous road come second (12%), followed by concrete. The road network of the municipality is found extensively at the Poblacion and radiated to some peripheral barangays.

By 1956, the entire length of the highway had been graded and resurfaced with crushed rock, as well as being minorly straightened. Between then and 1961, the route was listed as being a Federal Aid Secondary Road, its surface was improved to bituminous, the bridge over the Frio River was replaced, and the road's course was minorly straightened.

People's Republic of China Pharmacopoeia, 2010 edition. As a result, its chemical basis is totally different from the one of Ichthammol USP/Ph.Eur./CAS# 8029-68-3. The characteristic bitumen-like odor (originating from the bituminous source material) is missing with Chinese material and, thereby, the original qualities according to common standards cannot be identified without doubt. Noncomparable.

When Iowa 23 was designated in 1969, it had a bituminous surface. It was upgraded to portland cement in 1975. Iowa 23 ceased to exist on July 16, 1997; it was replaced by a relocated US 63 between Ottumwa and Oskaloosa. A four-lane road connecting Des Moines and Burlington was first proposed in the 1980s.

Ein Überblick. Geologie, 16, 550-569. Is is a boundary composed by bituminous shale, that represents an ancient seashore environment, probably lagoonal, and it is contemporaneous of the Posidonia Shale of Southern Germany. Fossil wood has been found on the same location, including driftwood and other related to the Araucariaceae, present in other European environments of Toarcian age.

Most of Central City has a sandstone bedrock with #9 bituminous coal underlying the bedrock. Central City has a number of old underground coal mine shafts that still crisscross the city. Most of these old shafts date back to the early 1900s. The majority of terrain around the city limits is reclaimed land where surface mining has taken place.

A seam was thickened to in the core of an anticline at Grassy Mountain near Blairmore, Alberta, and extreme thickening to occurred in a faulted syncline at Corbin, British Columbia. Mist Mountain coal generally has a low sulphur content and coal rank typically ranges from high- to medium- volatile bituminous in the south, and from low-volatile bituminous to semi- anthracite in the north. As of 2019, it is being produced from large open-pit mines near Sparwood and Elkford, British Columbia, and the majority of it is exported to international markets for use as coking coal. Mist Mountain coal was formerly mined in British Columbia near Fernie, Hosmer, and Corbin; at several locations in the Crowsnest Pass area of Alberta; and at Canmore, Alberta, in many cases by underground mining methods.

The new bridge, which had a concrete road surface, opened July 15, 1939, and was dedicated to James Rumsey, an 18th-century pioneer of the steamboat, who demonstrated his invention on the Potomac River at Shepherdstown in 1787. Also in 1939, the West Virginia State Road Commission extended WV 48 north from German Street along Duke Street and a northern extension of the street to the new bridge as a bituminous concrete road. The following year, the road commission widened the portion of WV 48 between the Kearneysville concrete section and the town of Shepherdstown to and resurfaced the highway with bituminous concrete. The state renumbered WV 48 as WV 480 between 1975 and 1977 after US 48 was assigned to the fMorgantown–Cumberland freeway that later became part of Interstate 68.

Mummy was first recorded meaning "a medicinal preparation of the substance of mummies; hence, an unctuous liquid or gum used medicinally" (c. 1400), which Shakespeare used jocularly for "dead flesh; body in which life is extinct" (1598), and later "a pulpy substance or mass" (1601). Second, it was semantically extended to mean "a sovereign remedy" (1598), "a medicinal bituminous drug obtained from Arabia and the East" (1601), "a kind of wax used in the transplanting and grafting of trees" (1721), and "a rich brown bituminous pigment" (1854). The third mummy meaning was "the body of a human being or animal embalmed (according to the ancient Egyptian or some analogous method) as a preparation for burial" (1615), and "a human or animal body desiccated by exposure to sun or air" (1727).

The community was founded by Dairyman Edgar Steele who purchased 58,000 acres and built a town to house his employees. In 1883 Lynford Maxwell subdivided the area and called it Maxwellton. The citizens later renamed it Edna. There was coal tar mining of bituminous rock in the 1880s and 1890s and more recently wine grape growing has become the prominent industry.

A flat roof, as detailed in Australian Gypsum Products Pty Ltd technical brochures, was constructed. The roof had waterproofing problems, and was resealed several times throughout the 1940s. Since that time, bituminous material has been applied to the roof several times. The exterior treatment of the building was also altered with Art Deco styling emphasising vertical elements and a stepped parapet.

This segment was transferred from state to county maintenance through a June 29, 1964, road transfer agreement. The southern terminus of MD 316 was moved to its present location after MD 279 was moved to its present course from Big Elk Creek to Belle Hill Road in 1962. MD 316 was resurfaced with bituminous concrete in two segments in 1972 and 1973.

U.S. reserves are approximately 45% bituminous and anthracite. The energy value of all the world's known recoverable coal is 27 zettajoules, which is expected to last 164 years. (See "Coal") Of that, U.S. reserves alone comprise 7.02 zettajoules. The U.S. DOE estimates coal reserves at 1,081,279 million short tons (9.81 × 1014 kg), or about 4,786 billion (4.7 trillion) barrels of oil equivalent.

In 2018, trade between both nations totaled US$354 million.Chilean Sub-secretary of International Trade: Lebanon (in Spanish) Chile's main exports to Lebanon include: walnuts; salmon; grapes, including raisins; other fruits; lupins; and leather products. Lebanon's main export products to Chile include: crude petroleum or bituminous mineral oils; gold; diamonds; motor vehicles; scrap metal; electric transformers; and phosphatic mineral or chemical fertilizers.

The proposed BR&P; route in 1907. Share of the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway Company, issued 15. October 1887 By the middle of the 19th century, American industry had found the means of both utilizing the bituminous coal of western Pennsylvania and transporting it economically from the mines to those who needed it.That is to say, the technology had been proved.

The town was established by the Jamison Coal and Coke Company to provide housing for employees of its nearby coal mining complex. Jamison's underground bituminous coal mine, known as Luxor or No. 1 Mine, began operations in the 1890s. Served by the Alexandria branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, it employed 179 persons by 1897. By 1910 the complex included over 400 coking ovens.

Annual trade is considered to be worth US$1 million- US$1.5 million. Main goods that Kenya exports to Liberia are Iron products/non-alloy steel, household equipment, data processing machines and electric power machinery.. KENYA AND LIBERIA. Retrieved on 12 January 2015. Kenya's main imports from Liberia include; Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals other than crude.

In 1913, Dr. S.C. Ells, an engineer with the federal department of mines, began investigating the economic possibilities of the oils sands. It was then that the idea of using the sands as road paving material was born. In 1915, Dr. Ells laid three road surfaces on sections of 82nd Street in Edmonton. Materials used included bitulithic, bituminous concrete and sheet asphalt mixtures.

Vedaranyam municipality accommodates of roads: of cement roads, of bituminous roads, of WBM roads and of earthen roads. The municipality maintains a bus stand that accommodates local as well as long-distance buses. Bus is the primary mode of public transport from the town. There was a railway branch line connecting Vedaranyam to Mayiladuthurai via Thiruthuriapoondi and ending at Agastiyampalli.

The Srivilliputhur municipality maintains a total of of roads. The town has concrete roads, bituminous roads and earthen roads. The national highway NH 208 that connects Madurai and Kollam passes through the town and connects surrounding urban centers like Rajapalayam and Tenkasi. Srivilliputhur bus station Srivilliputhur is served by town bus service, which provides connectivity within the town and the suburbs.

Kimmeridge Bay forms part of the Jurassic Coast, a World Heritage Site. The coast is also part of a Site of Special Scientific Interest, and the whole area is part of the Dorset Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Kimmeridge is the type locality for Kimmeridge clay, the geological formation that covers most of the area. Within the clay are bands of bituminous shale.

Urban Infrastructure Report 2007, p. 15 The Cuddalore municipality maintains a total of of roads: of concrete roads, of bituminous roads, of water bound macadam (WBM) roads and of earthen roads. The National Highways, NH-45A Viluppuram—Pondicherry—Cuddalore—Chidambaram—Nagapattinam Highway passes through Cuddalore. Cuddalore is served by a town bus service, which provides connectivity within the town and the suburbs.

Saskatchewan is Canada's second-largest oil-producing province after Alberta, producing about 13.5% of Canada's petroleum in 2015. This included light crude oil, heavy crude oil, and natural-gas condensate. Most of its production is heavy oil but, unlike Alberta, none of Saskatchewan's heavy oil deposits are officially classified as bituminous sands. In 2015 Saskatchewan produced an average of oil and equivalent production.

The Bowen Basin contains the largest coal reserves in Australia. This major coal-producing region contains one of the world's largest deposits of bituminous coal. The Basin contains much of the known Permian coal resources in Queensland including virtually all of the known mineable prime coking coal. It was named for the Bowen River, itself named after Queensland's first Governor, Sir George Bowen.

To equalize the wage rate, Czechoslovaks had to turn in their old money for new at a decreased value. This lowered the real value of wages by about 11%. The banks also confiscated savings and bank deposits to control the amount of money in circulation. The economy continued to suffer as production achievements of bituminous coal was less than anticipated.

The airfield was acquired by the War Department in August 1942 for use as an auxiliary air field for Douglas Army Airfield. A total of were acquired by the War Department. Improvements included the addition of three bituminous taxiways, a concrete parking apron, 38 buildings, and 18 miscellaneous structures. Four ordnance-related structures were also identified, as well as two ammunition storage facilities.

Bitterli, P. (1960). Bituminous Posidonienschiefer (Lias epsilon) of Mont Terri, Jura Mountains. Bull. Ver. schweiz. Petroleum-Geol. u.-Ing, 26(71), 41–48. The study of the Shales led to recover data and compare to similar settings to the objective of find similar sedimentation settings, being found that the Pelagic depostits where influenced by changes on the Oxygen composition,Fischer, W. (1961).

Mayiladuthurai Junction Mayiladuthurai Bus Station The nearest international airport is the Puducherry Airport, located & Tiruchirappalli Airport, located from Mayiladuthurai while the nearest seaport is the Karaikal located away. As of 2007, Mayiladuthurai municipality accommodated of roads: of cement roads, of bituminous roads, of WBM roads and of earthen roads. Additionally, there were of highways in the town.Urban Infrastructure Report 2007, p.

The Sukhodilska–Skhidna coal mine () is a large underground coal mine located in Southeast Ukraine in Luhansk Oblast. Sukhodilska–Skhidna coal mine represents one of the largest coal reserves in Ukraine having estimated reserves of 157.4 million tonnes. The annual coal production is around 712,000 tonnes. Bituminous coal is mined using longwall mining at depths between 785 and 1,028 m.

The entire route is paved with partial design bituminous pavement. Annual average daily traffic (AADT) in Ellsworth County ranges from 307 from Interstate 70 to the Ellsworth/Lincoln county line to 333 closer to the city of Wilson. In Lincoln County, AADT values are 308 for the first , 315 for the next , and 340 for the final before entering Russell County.

The East Bloomsburg Bridge was severely damaged during a flood in 1904, with parts of the bridge being swept away entirely. The East Bloomsburg Bridge was heavily used from its construction until 1914. In 1914, it was redecked. The floor of the bridge was converted to laminated wood that was 4 inches (10 centimeters) thick and covered in a bituminous layer.

The Pudukkottai municipality maintains of roads. The city has concrete roads, WBM roads, gravel roads, footpaths and bituminous road. A total of of state highways is maintained by the State Highways Department and national highways by the National Highways Department. There are two national highways namely the NH 336 Trichy - Ramanathapuram road and NH 36 Vikravandi - Manamadurai road that pass via Pudukkottai.

The stations burned a mix of bituminous and anthracite coal. They consumed of coal per week and had a peak consumption of per week during the winter. They were well positioned to use coal from the Northumberland and County Durham coal fields. All of the coal used in the stations was brought to them via rail transport from UK coal stocks.

UMWA president Arnold Miller had negotiated the previous collective bargaining agreement during the Bituminous Coal Strike of 1974. The right of local unions to strike—not wages—was the primary issue in the negotiations. Low coal prices in the 1930s drove coal operators to cut wages. During the Franklin Roosevelt administration, UMWA and other unions established industry-wide national collective bargaining agreements.

On the contrary, we > seem to have only that type of contract which "may well be of economic > advantage to buyers, as well as to sellers." [Citing Standard Stations] . . > . In weighing the various factors, we have decided that, in the competitive > bituminous coal marketing area involved here, the contract sued upon does > not tend to foreclose a substantial volume of competition.

As of 2010, Massey Energy produced, processed, and sold bituminous coal of steam and metallurgical grades, primarily of low sulfur content, through its 22 processing and shipping centers, called "resource groups," many of which received coal from multiple coal mines. On Dec. 31, 2010, longtime CEO Don Blankenship stepped down, and was replaced as CEO by Massey President Baxter F. Phillips Jr.

Pitchford is a small village in the English county of Shropshire. It is located between Cantlop and Acton Burnell and stands on an affluent of the River Severn. Pitchford takes its name from a bituminous spring/pitch in the village, located near The Row Brook. It is also home to one of the most notable Elizabethan houses in Britain- Pitchford Hall.

Turkey's energy policy encourages mining lignite for coal-fired power stations in order to reduce gas imports; and coal supplies over 40% of domestic energy production. Mining peaked in 2018, at over 100 million tonnes, and declined considerably in 2019. In contrast to local lignite production, Turkey imports almost all of the bituminous coal it uses. The largest coalfield in Turkey is Elbistan.

The firm continues to mine and ship bituminous coal and is engaged in several other lines of business. At this date, the President and Chief Executive Officer is Darrell G. Spencer. His brother Ray L. Spencer died in 2005; Robert G. Spencer died in 2012. Shad B. Spencer serves as Vice President and Tim N. Morgan as Secretary and Treasurer of the company.

The failure to pass meconium is a symptom of several diseases including Hirschsprung's disease and cystic fibrosis. The meconium sometimes becomes thickened and congested in the intestines, a condition known as meconium ileus. Meconium ileus is often the first sign of cystic fibrosis. In cystic fibrosis, the meconium can form a bituminous black-green mechanical obstruction in a segment of the ileum.

It was one of the largest bituminous coal producers (3,500,000 tons yearly). It had smelters and rolling mills, factories and agricultural and forests properties. Its largest zinc mine was the White Sharley/Bleischarley Its biggest zinc mills were Giesche (later known as Szopienice) and Wilhelmina. The largest coal mines were Giesche (later known as Janow and thereafter Wieczorek) and Kleofas.

The mining of coal in the Winding Gulf Coalfield began in the first decade of the 20th century and continues into the 21st century. The coal in this field is a low volatile coal, and the seams of coal that have been mined include Beckley, Pocahontas No. 3, Pocahontas No. 4, and Sewell. This is very high quality bituminous coal rated at approximately .

The oldest sedimentary rocks that outcrop in the Siljan area are of Ordovician age. The sequence is dominated by limestone formations with one prominent black shale, the Fjäcka Shale, which is bituminous and has generated petroleum, sourcing the oil found in limestone cavities in the same area. The Ordovician sequence is overlain by rocks of the Llandovery Series (Lower Silurian).

Irwin is a borough in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, southeast of Pittsburgh. Some of the most extensive bituminous coal deposits in the State are located here. In the past, iron foundries, flour mills, car shops, facing and planing mills, electricals goods, and mirror factories provided employment to the residents. In 1900, the population numbered 2,452; it increased to 2,886 in 1910.

Replacing the roofing felt on a Scout hall in Wales. Bituminous waterproofing systems are designed to protect residential and commercial buildings. Bitumen (asphalt or coal-tar pitch) is a mixed substance made up of organic liquids that are highly sticky, viscous, and waterproof. These systems are sometimes used to construct roofs, in the form of roofing felt or roll roofing products.

Spanning the southern border of Chatham County, the Deep River Coal Field contains the only known potentially economic bituminous coal deposits in the state. Coal was mined here on an artisan scale in colonial times. It was commercially produced beginning from the early 1850s. The communities of Carbonton and Cumnock (formerly called Egypt in Lee County) developed with the coal mining industry.

Electricity trading. Natural gas transportation. Environmental permit for the activity with spotting in the environments in the oil fields in Kuçovë Patos-Marinez (Drize + Goran) Ballesh Hekal, Amonicë Gorisht areas, in gas fields in Divjak - Lushnje, Frakull-Fier, Povelç - Fier, Finiq Sarand area, transmission network of oil and gas products, bituminous sand field Kasnice-Fier, Kuçovë and Patos Mechanical Plants.

The coals of the southern sector, i.e. those of Arauco Basin, are chiefly of bituminous nature. Industrialist Matías Cousiño begun mining operations in Lota in 1852. Coal mining transformed rapidly Lota, from being a sparsely populated frontier zone in the mid-19th century, into a large industrial hub that attracted immigrants from all over Chile well into the 20th century.

Chemically, it is a sulfonated shale oil that is incompatible with acids, alkali carbonates or hydrates and alkaloidal salts. It is a thick reddish brown liquid, possessing a bituminous odor and taste. It is soluble in water and miscible with glycerin, but is nearly insoluble in strong alcohol or concentrated ether. It contains a large percentage of organically combined sulfur.

Glassphalt (also spelled "glasphalt") is a variety of asphalt that uses crushed glass. It has been used as an alternative to conventional bituminous asphalt pavement since the early 1970s. Glassphalt must be properly mixed and placed if it is to meet roadway pavement standards, requiring some modifications to generally accepted asphalt procedures. Generally, there is about 10–20% glass by weight in glassphalt.

The foundation of the runway was constructed to a depth of of a flexible bituminous-concrete pavement. This was all done on a runway that was in length and wide. The month of June 1950 began 44 years of constant activity at Limestone. On the 10th, the 7 officers and 78 airmen of the Limestone Detachment arrived, as the tenant unit during construction.

The branch was built for transporting coal from mines to the harbour at Westport. Unlike most other railways of the era, there was no expectation that it would open up country for settlement and farming, as the terrain was mountainous and not suited to settlement of significant size. Coalfield surveys had identified significant deposits of bituminous coal on the Mount Rochfort and Stockton plateaus high above the coastal plain and outcrops of sub-bituminous coal had been located at low level close to the rivers at Waimangaroa and Ngakawau. However, none of this coal could be accessed because of a lack of transport along the plain to the Buller River at Westport, which was large enough for ships to access. Surveying of the line began on 3 March 1874 and construction began on 13 July 1874.Prebble, B. (2012) p. 13.

In 1861 he and a friend went to the mountains of Pennsylvania, and helped develop oil and natural gas resources there during the U.S. Civil War, eventually becoming one of the key men with John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Trust and a multi-millionaire. One of the wealthiest men in the US, Rogers was an energetic entrepreneur, much like the younger Page, and was also involved in many rail and mineral development projects. Bituminous coal Rogers became acquainted with Page while the latter was president of Gauley Mountain Coal Company, among many other ventures. Page knew of rich untapped bituminous coal fields lying between the New River Valley and the lower Guyandotte River in southern West Virginia in an area not yet reached by C&O; and its major competitor, the Norfolk & Western Railway (N&W;).

Back in the UK, Hunt was in the 1991 award- winning period drama, The Black Velvet Gown, as well as being a regular cast member of the series Beck for the BBC. Movie Review: The Black Velvet Gown Variety: Masterpiece Theatre the Black Velvet Gown Parts I & II In 2005, Hunt directed the documentary The Bituminous Coal Queens of Pennsylvania, which won a Crystal Heart Award at the Heartland Film Festival. Other film appearances include The Deal with William H. Macy, Meg Ryan and Jason Ritter and Moms' Night Out. 14th Annual Heartland Film Festival 2005 Movie documents Bituminous Coal Queens Amongst Hunt's productions are the romantic comedy The Engagement Ring, a two-hour movie for TNT in which he also starred; Amazing Grace, a motion picture directed by Michael Apted and starring Albert Finney; and the television comedy Versailles, which he directed.

All definitions are from the OED (2016). Bitumen (from Latin bitūmen) originally meant "a kind of mineral pitch found in Palestine and Babylon, used as mortar, etc. The same as asphalt, mineral pitch, Jew's pitch, Bitumen judaicum", and in modern scientific use means "the generic name of certain mineral inflammable substances, native hydrocarbons more or less oxygenated, liquid, semi-solid, and solid, including naphtha, petroleum, asphalt, etc." Asphalt (from Ancient Greek ásphaltos "asphalt, bitumen”) first meant "A bituminous substance, found in many parts of the world, a smooth, hard, brittle, black or brownish-black resinous mineral, consisting of a mixture of different hydrocarbons; called also mineral pitch, Jews' pitch, and in the [Old Testament] 'slime'", and presently means "A composition made by mixing bitumen, pitch, and sand, or manufactured from natural bituminous limestones, used to pave streets and walks, to line cisterns, etc.

Adam Wilson found work in the bituminous coal region of Pennsylvania, settling in the little town of Arnot, located in Tioga County. After finding a job, he sent for his wife and family. Together with his father-in-law, they departed Glasgow for the United States in August 1870. Immediately after arriving in the United States, the boy William Wilson was enrolled in public school in Arnot.

The Air Pollution Act (Marketing, Sale, Distribution and Burning of Specified Fuels) Regulations, 2012 (S.I. No. 326 of 2012), consolidated all previous applicable/associated regulations made under the Air Pollution Act, e.g. Air Pollution (Marketing, Sale and Distribution of Fuel) Regulations 1990. Under Section 6 it is an offence in these regulations for the home owner/occupier of any private dwelling to burn bituminous (smoky) coal.

MD 310's western terminus was originally at the intersection of MD 310 and what is now Cayots Corner Road Spur, where US 213 had a right-angle turn. After US 213 was relocated at Cayots to eliminate the turn in 1951, MD 310 was extended west to its present terminus. The highway was surfaced with bituminous concrete from Cayots to St. Augustine in 1979.

Fly ash produced from the burning of younger lignite or sub-bituminous coal, in addition to having pozzolanic properties, also has some self-cementing properties. In the presence of water, Class C fly ash hardens and gets stronger over time. Class C fly ash generally contains more than 20% lime (CaO). Unlike Class F, self-cementing Class C fly ash does not require an activator.

It is notable for its reserves of hydrocarbons in the form of bituminous schist. These are reported by the USGSGeology and Resources of Some World Oil-Shale Deposits, Scientific Investigations Report 2005–5294 categorised as oil shale and estimated at of shale oil. They are currently under appraisal by Avana Petroleum, a company founded by Sam Malin and that is now a subsidiary of Vanoil Energy.

The overburden is then removed by draglines or by shovel and truck. Once the coal seam is exposed, it is drilled, fractured and thoroughly mined in strips. The coal is then loaded onto large trucks or conveyors for transport to either the coal preparation plant or directly to where it will be used. Most open cast mines in the United States extract bituminous coal.

The eaves are broad and they overhang. The soffit of the eaves of the roof is covered with timber paneling. They are made of readily available timber (economical materials) that could be sourced locally and have enough tensile strength to carry lateral loads. Waterproofing usually includes the use of bituminous asphalt, galvanized iron flashing, copings and a layer of corrugated metal roofing under the tiles.

MD 533 was widened to and resurfaced with bituminous stabilized gravel in 1951. MD 533 was renumbered MD 254 in 1958. MD 254 had originally been assigned to Davidsonville Road between Davidsonville and Edgewater in central Anne Arundel County; that highway was renumbered as an eastward extension of MD 214 (Central Avenue) by 1939. The modern two-lane steel girder Cobb Island Bridge was built in 1963.

Lignite is extracted in the extreme western and eastern parts of the country, mainly in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Sachsen and Brandenburg. Considerable amounts are burned in coal plants near to the mining areas, to produce electricity. Transporting lignite over far distances is not economically feasible, therefore the plants are located practically next to the extraction sites. Bituminous coal is mined in Nordrhein-Westfalen and Saarland.

Roadways Racing’s origins can be traced back to 1976 when Tasmanian bituminous surfacing company Roadways became the title sponsor of the Gown-Hindhaugh team that raced Holden Toranas and Commodores in Australian Touring Car racing. In 1981 Roadways’ proprietor Ian Harrington bought the team. With the end of Group C in 1984 and son Steve moving to Europe to compete in Formula 3, Harrington closed the team.

Neuropteris It is a fairly common fossil in bituminous coal with Alethopteris and similar ferns, especially in the Carboniferous Alleghany Mountains of Pennsylvania, they can be found near St. Clair, Pennsylvania . One common leaf fossil found during the Carboniferous was once called Neuropteris scheuchzeri. In 1989, it was reclassified as Macroneuropteris scheuchzeri. It is the most abundant leaf fossils at Mazon Creek fossil beds in Illinois.

Robert H. Wiebe, "The Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902: A Record of > Confusion." Mississippi Valley Historical Review (1961) 48#2 , pp. 229–51. > in JSTOR Between 1898 and 1908 the wages of coal miners, both in the > bituminous and anthracite districts had doubled. Business leaders, led by > the National Civic Federation, and political leaders such as Mark Hanna > worked with the miners union on favorable terms.

Despite the changes, in the early 21st century, the rails of the Peninsula Subdivision continue to form an important link for Amtrak service from Williamsburg and Newport News. High quality bituminous coal was the motivation for originally building the line, and current owner CSX Transportation continues day and night to deliver massive amounts of it to be loaded onto ships destined for points worldwide.

The Old US 64, Scotia Segment is a section of historic roadway in the unincorporated community of Scotia. It extends eastward from Country Lane, south of the current alignment of US 64\. It is about in length, following an arced route, and is covered in a bituminous that has in places deteriorated into gravel. It is believed to be the longest-surviving element of the c.

These hydrocarbons gave the gas flame its characteristic bright yellow color. Gas works would typically use oily bituminous coals as feedstock. These coals would give off large amounts of volatile hydrocarbons into the coal gas, but would leave behind a crumbly, low-quality coke not suitable for metallurgical processes. Coal or coke oven gas typically had a calorific value between ; with values around being typical.

A mine at Cobham produced a small quantity of brown lignite, although some bituminous coal had been found. It had been mined open-cast, the coal being used by Lord Darnley to heat Cobham Hall. Two drifts were dug into the hillside in 1947; at one point the mine was producing 80 tons per week. The mine closed in 1953 and the site cleared.

Owen, George. The Description of Pembrokeshire. Dillwyn Miles, ed. Llandysul, West Wales, UK: Gomer Press, 1994, Shortly after the start of the 19th century, experiments in the United States showed that if anthracite coal lumps were more uniform in size and air flowed more evenly around the fuel, anthracite would burn hotter, more cleanly, and for a longer period of time than bituminous coal.

There are bituminous coal reserves near Béchar, but they are not exploited to their greatest potential because of transportation costs are too high relative to that from the oil and gas fields of eastern Algeria. The city was once the site of a French Foreign Legion post. The Kenadsa longwave transmitter, whose masts are the tallest structures in Algeria at , is found near Béchar.

The Upper Kittanning coal is a bituminous coal vein that is found in the highest-elevation parts of the lower reaches of the watershed. It is typically thick. The Lower Kittanning Coal is found about to under the Upper Kittanning Coal. It forms outcrops in the western part of the lower Kettle Creek watershed at to above sea level, where the creek is at above sea level.

Pennsylvanian of NE Ohio Cannel coal or candle coal is a type of bituminous coal, also classified as terrestrial type oil shale.Hutton(1987)Dyni (2006), pp. 3–4Speight (2012), pp. 6–7 Due to its physical morphology and low mineral content cannel coal is considered to be coal but by its texture and composition of the organic matter it is considered to be oil shale.

Thurber is an unincorporated community in Erath County, Texas, United States (near the Palo Pinto county line), located 75 miles west of Fort Worth. It was, between 1888 and 1921, one of the largest producers of bituminous coal in Texas and the largest company town in the state, with a population of over 10,000. The population of the community is 48 per the 2010 United States Census.

1H DNP-NMR enhancement curve for cellulose char heated for several hours at 350 °C. PH \- 1 is the relative polarization or intensity of the 1H signal. Many types of solid materials can exhibit more than one mechanism for DNP. Some examples are carbonaceous materials such bituminous coal and charcoal (wood or cellulose heated at high temperatures above their decomposition point which leaves a residual solid char).

Leonardite was first described from North Dakota and is found associated with virtually all the lignite deposits in the state. Leonardite has also been described worldwide from deposits of lignite or sub-bituminous coals e.g. in Alberta, Canada, in Achlada and Zeli, Greece, in Turkey and in Bacchus Marsh, Australia.Victorian Competition & Efficiency Commission, Inquiry into Regulatory Barries to Regional Economic Development, 15 November 2004.

Seventy percent of sub- bituminous coal used by the plant was delivered by truck from the nearby Centralia Coal Mine, which was a strip mine and the largest coal mine in the state of Washington, until it closed down on November 27, 2006."Centralia mine to close, putting 600 out of work," Puget Sound Business Journal, Nov. 28, 2006. Retrieved on 30 January 2009.

K-152 is not included in the National Highway System. The National Highway System is a system of highways important to the nation's defense, economy, and mobility. K-152 does connect to the National Highway System at its eastern terminus at US-69. From the western terminus, the first is paved with partial design bituminous pavement and the remainder is paved with composite pavement.

The original Highway 143 was created in 1931 from Highway 18 in Black Oak south to US 63 southeast of Tyronza Township. This route became part of Highway 135 in 1955. The current Highway 143 was created by the Arkansas State Highway Commission on June 23, 1965. The route was paved from US 62 to Grandview in 1974, with the remainder being bituminous surface/gravel.

Coulter served at the bank's president until his death in 1908. His son, Richard Coulter Jr. (1870–1955) took over as president and held that position for more than 40 years. Greensburg was located on a large vein of bituminous coal about 30 miles east of Pittsburgh. Coal and coke were needed for steel mills that were built in and near Pittsburgh in the 1860s and 1870s.

The majority of the route had a bituminous surface, but some segments had a hard surface. Between 1941 and 1945, the whole route was paved with a hard surface. In 1957, the portion of K-17 from its intersection with K-61 to its northern terminus was redesignated as an extension of K-61. This realignment removed K-17 from McPherson and Saline counties.

Furthermore, a RoRo-facility and since 1991 a combined transport terminal. On the water side 7.64 million tons of goods were turned over in 2010.Hafen Mannheim Wasserseitiger Güterumschlag The largest stakes have bituminous coal 2.2 million t, food- and fodder with 0.92 million t and chemical goods with 1.59 million t. At the container terminal on the water side 120.568 units were turned over.

MD 2 from Harwood south to Lothian was widened and resurfaced with bituminous stabilized gravel in 1952 and 1953. Old Solomons Island Road between Harwood Road and Polling House Road in Harwood remained part of the state highway system until 1987. Improvements to MD 2 from MD 423 north of Friendship to MD 258 north of Tracys Landing began in 1957 and were completed by 1960.

The United Kingdom's onshore coal resources occur in rocks of the Carboniferous age, some of which extend under the North Sea. The carbon content of the bituminous coal present in most of the coalfields is 86% to 88%. Britain's coalfields are associated with Northumberland and Durham, North and South Wales, Yorkshire, the Scottish Central Belt, Lancashire, Cumbria, the East and West Midlands and Kent.

The area has further been subdivided into areas: Eastern, Agnes, Eastern Center, Western Center, Western and Lagoon. Only three have seen production, the Agnes, Eastern Center and Western Center.Hanoa: 57 The coal layers are part of a Tertiary formation created 65 million years ago. It is classified as bituminous coal and cannel coal, with a high petroleum content (16–25 percent) and high sulphuric contents (2 percent).

Maryland Route 492 was the designation for Maryland Park Drive from the District of Columbia boundary at 63rd Street and Southern Avenue east to MD 214 near Capitol Heights in central Prince George's County. The highway was constructed as a concrete road in 1933. MD 492 was widened with a pair of bituminous shoulders in 1948. The route was removed from the state highway system in 1954.

The Stockton coal field dips to the Northeast with approximately the same dip as the Denniston Coal Field, 15 km to the south. Both fields contain Bituminous Hard Coking Coal. The extracted coal is transported from the mine to an aerial ropeway near Stockton. The coal is transported to Ngakawau using this ropeway, doing away with the dangerous railway operation that plagued the Millerton and Denniston Inclines.

McKeesport, then part of Versailles Township, began to grow in 1830 when mining of the large deposits of bituminous coal in the region began. The first schoolhouse was built in 1832, with James E. Huey as its schoolmaster. Bird's-eye view of the National Tube Works in 1888. McKeesport was incorporated as a borough in 1842, and the city's first steel mill was established in 1851.

Since the strike Dr. Anderson has cut off all funds for cleaning of this office. Kingston Pocahontas Coal Company, Exeter Mine, Welch, McDowell County, West Virginia, 10 August 1946 ;1946 (United States) :Bituminous Coal Strike of 1946 occurred. ;1946 (United States) :Electrical Manufacturing Strike occurred. ;1946 (United States) :General Motors Strike occurred. ;1946 (United States) :Pittsburgh Power Strike occurred. ;1946 (United States) :Railroad Strike occurred.

Enoco Coal Mine, also known as the Knox County Coal Company, is a historic bituminous coal mine located in Washington Township, Knox County, Indiana. The facility was built in 1941 by the Knox Consolidated Coal Company and remained in use until 1962. The property includes five original brick buildings, underground coal tunnels, evidence of tailing piles, railbeds, and other features. Note: This includes and Accompanying photographs.

The Lingan Generating Station consists of four 150 MW units commissioned between 1979 and 1984. The station burns bituminous coal and small amounts of petroleum coke in a variety of blends at each unit. The turbines and electric generators were manufactured by Toshiba Energy Systems & Solutions Corporation. Unit 1 was commissioned in 1979, Unit 2 in 1980, Unit 3 in 1983, and Unit 4 in 1984.

Sontra is a small town in the Werra-Meißner-Kreis in northeastern Hesse, Germany. The air spa of Sontra is known as Berg- und Hänselstadt, with Bergstadt referring to the time when there was bituminous shale mining (“mining” is Bergbau in German) in town, and Hänselstadt to the town's former membership in the Hanse. In the town, whose area covers 111.29 km², live 8,568 inhabitants.

As domestic demand for bituminous coal has grown, exceeding 70 million tons in 2005, the company has reduced its Korean operations and begun to invest in overseas mines. The company was initially formed in 1950, under the First Republic of South Korea. It was the successor to a Japanese government corporation set up under Japanese rule, when large-scale coal- mining in Korea began.

Maryland Route 664 was the designation for Wilkins Lane, which ran from MD 289 near Chestertown to a dead end near the Chester River in central Kent County. Wilkins Lane was improved with a bituminous surface by the Maryland State Roads Commission and brought into the state system in 1940. MD 664 was transferred from state to county maintenance through a November 18, 1994, road transfer agreement.

Romania's mineral production is adequate to supply its manufacturing output. Energy needs are also met by importing bituminous and anthracite coal and crude petroleum. In 2007 approximately 34 million tons of coal, approximately 4,000 tons of tungsten, 565,000 tons of iron ore, and 47,000 tons of zinc ore were mined. Lesser amounts of copper, lead, molybdenum, gold, silver, kaolin, and fluorite also were mined.

Most of the coal is within the Main Bituminous Field, which stretched north and west to adjacent counties and southward into Maryland and West Virginia. The rest is within the Georges Creek Field. There are many abandoned mines in the county, and acid mine drainage is an environmental problem in many areas. Fishless streams exist as a result of the discharge from the abandoned mines.

The first financial figures were from 1830, which provided funding for 1836 tons of Bituminous coal. In 1835 the mine was then able to develop 2514 tons of coal. In 1840, this amount increased to 3216 tons. The first workforce survey was in 1845, where between 9 and 16 miners were counted, and funding was provided for the extraction of 36,024 bushels of coal.

The entire route travels through mostly rural fields. The total length of the route is . K-171 is not a part of the United States National Highway System. The first of the route is paved with composite pavement and has annual average daily traffic values of 2600, while the remaining is paved with full design bituminous pavement and has annual average daily traffic values of 3271.

Faying surfaces in riveted work shall be painted before putting them together. All surfaces of steel or iron work inaccessible after erection shall be protected as far as possible either by coating them with ` Smith's ' or other approved bituminous composition, or by filling the spaces which they enclose with lime concrete. Repainting Old Work. Before beginning to repaint work of any description it must be thoroughly cleaned.

Heaton was the producer for the 2005 documentary The Bituminous Coal Queens of Pennsylvania, which was directed by her husband, David Hunt. She was also one of the producers of the William Wilberforce drama Amazing Grace (2006). In January 2007, Heaton returned to the stage to co-star with Tony Shalhoub in the off-Broadway play The Scene at Second Stage Theatre in New York City.

The area had been a site of coal mining since the 13th century. In 1835 and 1836, Micklefield Colliery was sunk. A second colliery, Peckfield, was sunk between 1872 and 1875, producing high volatile bituminous coal in the Westphalian Coal Measures.. Peckfield was still open at the time of nationalisation. After the financial year 1965–66, plans began to close the colliery, which was nearing exhaustion.

The walls are single skin timber with exposed cross bracing used to decorative purpose, painted in shades of aqua. The floor is covered with a black, bituminous sheet material. Four doorways lead off the verandah, including the entrance door into the central hall. Panelled timber doors with operable glass fanlights are located at each end of the verandah and lead to the former nurses' rooms.

From 1757 his office was in Vingårfsstræde. In 1759, John and his brother David established a trading house, John & David Brown, which mainly traded in wine, bituminous coal and materials for the clothing industry. Their ships mainly traded in the Danish West Indies and the Mediterranean, but later also in Danish India. In 1787, John & David Brown had a fleet of 17 merchant ships.

American Patents Development Corporation. One judge dissented: "The appellant seeks to restrain the sale of an unpatented ingredient used by it in its process. No patent could have been obtained for bituminous emulsion, a staple article of commerce, and the fact that it is used in the patented process does not entitled the appellant to a monopoly therein. Carbice."Barber Asphalt Co., 89 F.2d at 965.

African coal production increased by 9% from 2000 to 2005; most of the increase was attributable to South Africa. The Goedgevonden mine, the Mafube, and the Isibonelo Mines opened in 2003, 2004, and 2005, respectively, and production increased at a number of other mines. Output also increased in Botswana, Egypt, Malawi, Niger, Swaziland, and Zambia and decreased in Morocco and Zimbabwe. South Africa, which was the dominant coal producer in Africa, accounted for 98% of regional coal output; Zimbabwe, 1%; and others, less than 1%. More than 99% of South Africa's coal production was bituminous coal. Africa accounted for about 5% of total world anthracite and bituminous coal production in 2005. Africa accounted for about 3% of world coal consumption in 2005. Within the region, South Africa accounted for 92% of African coal consumption. Nearly 71% of South Africa's coal production was consumed domestically.

The old alignment of US 222 east of its I-95 interchange became MD 824. The highway was resurfaced with bituminous concrete from MD 7 to US 40 and reconstructed and widened from US 40 to the southern MD 824 intersection in 1968 and 1969. The widening work included widening US 222's bridge across the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, which was removed and replaced between 1987 and 1989.

The Coal House in Williamson, West Virginia is a unique building built of coal masonry. The bituminous coal was quarried as blocks and dressed as stone using 65 tons of coal from the nearby Winifrede Seam. At the time of its construction it was the only coal building in West Virginia. The house was designed by architect Hassel T. Hicks of Welch, West Virginia and supervised by David M. Goode.

Lignite-tar creosote is produced from lignite rather than bituminous coal, and varies considerably from coal-tar creosote. Also called "lignite oil", it has a very high content of tar acids, and has been used to increase the tar acids in normal creosote when necessary. When it has been produced, its generally been applied in mixtures with coal-tar creosote or petroleum. Its effectiveness when used alone has not been established.

MD 299 was paved as a concrete road from Massey to Sassafras in two sections in 1929 and 1930. The highway from Sassafras to MD 282 in Warwick was completed as a concrete road in 1933. The portion of MD 299 north of US 301 was transferred from state to county maintenance through a May 8, 1958, road transfer agreement. The highway was widened and resurfaced with bituminous concrete in 1976.

The Cerrejón Formation is a geologic formation in Colombia dating back to the Middle-Late Paleocene. It is found in the El Cerrejón sub-basin of the Cesar- Ranchería Basin of La Guajira and Cesar. The formation consists of bituminous coal fields that are an important economic resource. Coal from the Cerrejón Formation is mined extensively from the Cerrejón open-pit coal mine, one of the largest in the world.

Brown sandstone from the surface to down, blue slate from about to down, and fireclay from to down are also found in the rocks on the creek. Two to three feet of coal are below the fireclay and 4 to 5.5 feet are below the brown sandstone. Additionally, a graphite deposit was discovered on the creek by James David. The coal in the creek's watershed is bituminous coal.

J. P. Pulliam Generating Station was an electrical power station powered by sub-bituminous coal, which could also be substituted by natural gas. It was located in Green Bay, Wisconsin in Brown County. The plant was named after the former Wisconsin Public Service Corporation president John Page Pulliam (-June 15, 1951). The plant units were connected to the power grid via 138 kV and 69 kV transmission lines.

The quality of asphalt decreased as oil companies were pressed to extract as much oil from crude as possible. The price of asphalt increased, thus resulting in higher roofing prices. Concerned about the quality of bituminous materials used in built-up tar and asphalt roofs, Northern Chemical Company began marketing and installing single-ply rubber (EPDM) roof systems. The newly developed EPDM polymer was both durable and waterproof.

The Gnishik Formation was first formally described by Arakelyan in 1964, based on a section in the Gnishik River valley, after which the formation was named. The formation is mostly represented by thin-bedded, occasionally shaly, dark grey and black bituminous foraminiferal-algal biodetrital limestones. The occasional admixture of clayey and terrigenous material colors the limestones light grey and yellowish. The thin-bedded layers alternate with coarser-bedded compact varieties.

This gives information on the carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen composition of the coal, and determines the type of coal: lignite, brown coal, bituminous coal, anthracite or graphite. Macerals found in kerogen source rocks are often observed under the microscope to determine the kerogen maturity of the sedimentary formations. This is a vital component of oil and gas exploration. Macerals are observed under the petrographic microscope under reflected light.

Major employment in Barbour County is provided by health care and social service sectors, retail, education, accommodation and food services, logging and wood product manufacturing, trucking and construction. The largest employers are Alderson Broaddus University and Broaddus Hospital. Bituminous coal mining has been significant in Barbour; seven times as much tonnage has been produced from underground as by surface mining. Natural gas and oil wells provide a modest amount of employment.

The second largest deposits of the world's bituminous coal are contained within Permian strata in Russia. Australian deposits in the Bowen Basin in Queensland, the Sydney Basin and Perth Basin are Permian coal, where thicknesses in excess of 300 m are known. Current reserves and resources are projected to last for over 200 years. Australia exports the vast majority of its coal for coking and steel making in Japan.

In some locations, such as Gaissau, the Saubach Formation is dominated by red condensed limestones with only minor marl intercalations. In 1997 the name Saubach Formation was suggested, representing originally a series of Green Bituminous Marls on the Unken Sincline, identical to the strata of the Saubach Member of the Adnet Group.Krainer, K., & Mostler, H. (1997). Die Lias- beckenentwicklung der Unkener synklinale (nördliche Kalkalpen, salzburg) unter besonderer berücksichtigung der scheibelberg Formation.

The Leyden Coal Mine was operated by the Leyden Coal Company. Between 1903 and 1950 it produced about 6 Mt of sub- bituminous coal. The mine consisted of four shafts providing the access to two flat-lying coal seams from 240 to 260 m (790 to 855 ft) below the surface in the Late Cretaceous Laramie Formation. It was a room and pillar operation with an estimated recovery of about 35%.

This limits the sustained output that is possible. The grate and ashpan are also limited in size, the grate being a set of bars part-way across the furnace tube and the ashpan the restricted space beneath this. These features limit the boiler's ability to burn hard bituminous coal and they require a supply of Welsh steam coal, or similar, instead. Firing with wood or biomass fuels was difficult.

15 She left Philadelphia on May 5 after loading 2,712 tonnes of bituminous coal, arrived in New York City on May 7New York Tribune, May 08, 1920, p.17, and from there proceeded to St. Nazaire and reached it on June 23, 1920.New York Tribune, June 23, 1920, p.20 Continuing on her voyage, West Cajoot left France on June 29, and reached New York City on July 15.

There are several listed buildings in Halsall including the Grade I listed church including Halsall Hall and a number of listed canal bridges amongst other structures. Halsall Hall still stands, but it has been subdivided into a number of dwellings. In 2011, the parish had a population of 2,057 and covered an area of . A natural curiosity of the district was the bituminous turf which was found in the Halsall moss.

Coal being sorted by size and impurities removed on a "dry" screen at the Saint Nicholas breaker near Gilberton, Pennsylvania, in 1938. Prior to 1830, bituminous and anthracite coal received little processing. The individual miner would use a sledgehammer to break up large lumps of coal, then use a rake whose teeth were set two inches apart to collect the larger pieces of coal for transport to the surface.Korson, George Gershon.

Anthraconite (also spelled as anthraxonite) or stinkstone is a form of black to grey, bituminous bearing marble, calcite or limestone which produces an unpleasant odour when struck or rubbed. It is thought to have been formed when limestone is deposited under anaerobic conditions. Some anthraconite releases enough petroleum when struck, that it may be lit. At least one locality where it is found is in the vicinity of Traverse City, Michigan.

The Virginian Railway (VGN) was conceived early in the 20th century by two men. One was a civil engineer, coal mining manager, and entrepreneur, William Nelson Page. His partner was millionaire industrialist, Henry Huttleston Rogers. Together, they built a well-engineered railroad that was virtually a "conveyor belt on rails" to transport high quality "smokeless" bituminous coal from southern West Virginia to port on Hampton Roads, near Norfolk, Virginia.

The Danish king later granted him the exploitation rights for the bituminous sands, which produced from 1858 bitumen, axle grease and petroleum. In the years 1875−76 he was lead geologist for the exploratory mudflat silt drilling for the construction of the Hindenburgdamm. Planned to start as early as 1913 on the basis of Meyn's positive findings, construction on the project was delayed though war and other setbacks until 1923.

Germany is also a major producer of coal. Lignite is extracted in the extreme western and eastern parts of the country, mainly in Nordrhein- Westfalen, Sachsen and Brandenburg. Considerable amounts are burned in coal plants near the mining areas to produce electricity and transporting lignite over far distances is not economically feasible; therefore, the plants are located near the extraction sites. Bituminous coal is mined in Nordrhein- Westfalen and Saarland.

A passage in Athenaeus seems to indicate the affinity of their language with Mysian. They drank barley beer and various decoctions made from plants and herbs. The country was rich in gold and a bituminous kind of wood (or stone, which burst into a blaze when in contact with water) called tanrivoc (or tsarivos). The scanty remains of the Paeonian language do not allow a firm judgement to be made.

Coke ovens at Cokedale, west of Trinidad Bituminous coal mines opened in the Raton Basin in 1873. Walsenburg, Colorado, Trinidad, Colorado and Raton, New Mexico became coal-mining towns. The coal deposits are in the Vermejo Formation (Cretaceous) and overlying Raton Formation (Cretaceous and Paleocene).Ross B. Johnson (1961) Coal Resources of the Trinidad Coal Field in Huerfano and Las Animas Counties, Colorado, US Geological Survey, Bulletin 1112-E.

Bituminous outcrop of the Puy de la Poix, Clermont-Ferrand, France The majority of asphalt used commercially is obtained from petroleum. Nonetheless, large amounts of asphalt occur in concentrated form in nature. Naturally occurring deposits of bitumen are formed from the remains of ancient, microscopic algae (diatoms) and other once-living things. These remains were deposited in the mud on the bottom of the ocean or lake where the organisms lived.

Asphalt was used also to seal the planks on ocean- going canoes. Asphalt was first used to pave streets in the 1870s. At first naturally occurring "bituminous rock" was used, such as at Ritchie Mines in Macfarlan in Ritchie County, West Virginia from 1852 to 1873. In 1876, asphalt-based paving was used to pave Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington DC, in time for the celebration of the national centennial.

Through these purchases, Westmoreland Coal had a near-monopoly on the gas coal market, and was the largest bituminous coal company in Pennsylvania."Westmoreland Coal Company Historical Timeline", Westmoreland Coal Company, No date. In 1892, Robert Jamison and his sons founded the Jamison Coal and Coke Company (originally the Jamison Coal Company).Jamison Coal was sold to the Consolidation Coal Company in 1947, and is now Consol Energy.

There, with his brother-in-law D.W. Emmons, he established the planned city of Huntington, West Virginia. He became active in developing the emerging southern West Virginia bituminous coal business for the C&O.; Beginning in 1865, Huntington had been acquiring land in Virginia's eastern Tidewater region, an area not served by extant railroads. In 1880, he formed the Old Dominion Land Company and turned these holdings over to it.

Historically a sawmill known as Osterhout and Jenkins Sawmill existed on Mill Run. A vein of semi-bituminous coal was discovered near the stream in 1877. Two concrete tee beam bridges carrying Pennsylvania Route 307 over Mill Run were constructed in Tunkhannock Township in 1925 and are long. A concrete frame bridge carrying the same highway over the stream was built in Tunkhannock Township in 1992 and is long.

Mount Union is a borough in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania, approximately southeast of Altoona and southeast of Huntingdon, on the Juniata River. In the vicinity are found bituminous coal, ganister rock, fire clay, and some timber. A major Easter grass factory is located in the northern quadrant of the borough limits; until May 2007, the facility was owned by Bleyer Industries. The population was 2,447 at the 2010 census.

Access to the coalfields of Southwest Virginia made N&W; prosperous, transporting the world-famous Pocahontas bituminous coal which fueled half the world's navies. N&W; became famous for manufacturing steam locomotives in the Roanoke Shops. C&O; Railway was eventually obtained by CSX Transportation, merging the railways of Clifton Forge with the larger system that exists today. Interstate highways also have made a significant impact on the region.

Tennessee has very little petroleum and natural gas reserves, but is home to one oil refinery, in Memphis. Bituminous coal is mined in small quantities in the Cumberland Plateau and Cumberland Mountains. There are sizable reserves of lignite coal in West Tennessee that remain untapped. Coal production in Tennessee peaked in 1972, and today less than 0.1% of coal production in the United States comes from Tennessee mines.

Tarmacadam is a road surfacing material made by combining macadam surfaces, tar, and sand, patented by Welsh inventor Edgar Purnell Hooley in 1902. The terms "tarmacadam" and tarmac are also used for a variety of other materials, including tar-grouted macadam, bituminous surface treatments, and modern asphalt concrete. The term is also often colloquially used to describe airport aprons (also referred to as "ramps"), taxiways, and runways regardless of the surface.

According to Alberta Energy's 2018 ' Review, there was an increase in bituminous coal mining activity following a decrease for several years. In 2018, mining operations have restarted, new greenfield operations began, and new mining projects were proposed. According to the Review two major factors contributed to the increase in coal mining activity−an increase in global coal prices and recent improvements in thermal coal. By 2019, the Grande Cache mine reopened.

Appleton, p. 140. From there more than of lumber in solid sheets was used to form the framing. Coal was veneered onto the walls and fused with black mortar, effectively giving the building the look of a medieval stone-clad castle. For the second floor, lighter and smaller forms of bituminous coal—nut and pea—were used, and the roof was coated with highly reflective vitric coal and red mortar.

Following his second term, McAlister retired to his home in Nashville, and continued to practice law. He was appointed field counsel for the Bituminous Coal Commission in Washington, D.C., in 1936. In 1940, he was appointed Referee in Bankruptcy for Nashville's federal district court, and remained in this position for the rest of his life. He died on October 30, 1959, and was buried in Nashville's Mount Olivet Cemetery.

Many who before had helped fund similar projects pulled out. The railroad's president and C. V.'s business partner sold his interest in the business within two years to Chandler. A year after service began the railroad's engine house burned down, destroying its gas- electric locomotive. The local Illinois bituminous coal hauled from mines near Littleton had a sulfur content that rendered it unmarketable for most industrial and domestic uses.

MD 263 was constructed as a wide gravel road from MD 2 east to MD 261 in Parran between 1924 and 1927. The state highway was constructed to Plum Point in 1929 and 1930. MD 263 was widened and paved with bituminous concrete from MD 2 to MD 261 around 1959. The directional crossover intersection at the state highway's western terminus with MD 2/MD 4 was installed in 2007.

The surrounding hills, once containing profitable amounts of bituminous coal, have been subjected to strip mining throughout the early and mid 1900s. Currently, there are no mining operations in the area. Acid mine drainage has been found seeping out some of the abandoned mines and has negatively impacted water quality in the Little Leading Creek watershed. Rutland is the only Meigs County village not located along the Ohio River.

The designation was made official on October 1, 1955. By 1956, the surface of RM 2134 had been upgraded to stone, and the northern portion had been additionally straightened. On December 1, 1957, FM 2134 was extended northeastward across the Colorado River to the community of Voss. By 1961, the portion designated as RM 2134 had been upgraded to a bituminous surface, made of asphalt and crushed rock.

MD 402 was removed from Armory Road the same year when the road was transferred to county control. The state highway was reconstructed with a wider bituminous concrete surface starting in 1957 from the Prince Frederick end. The reconstruction was completed in 1959, the same year the highway was extended to its present western terminus at MD 2. MD 402 was rerouted to its present eastern terminus in 1960.

Benoît Rouquayrol was born on June 13, 1826, at Espalion, in the Aveyron department of Southern France. He became an engineer at the Saint- Étienne School of Mines. He became employed at a company involved in bituminous coal mining and foundries in Aveyron, and became the director of accounting by 1865. In 1860, Rouquayrol became concerned with mine safety problems related to firedamp (flammable natural gases in coal mines).

Solid-bowl centrifuge is used for dewatering the coal waste slurry along with plate-and-frame filter press in coal manufacturing to dewater the slurry before being disposed of. The slurry feed was attained from the underflow of a functioning bituminous coal-cleaning thickener device. As for the waste stream, it is usually disposed of into slurry cells or deserted underground mine site if available, or more commonly in slurry impoundments.

Important industries included glass manufacturing, brewing, textiles, and iron and steel works. The B&O; Railroad's rolling mill, located off Williams Street and Maryland Avenue, was a major employer in Cumberland from 1870 into the 20th century. Coal mining quickly became the most important industry in the Cumberland area. Some of the richest beds of soft, bituminous coal in the country lay within the hills and mountains of this region.

James Otis Watson is considered the father of the bituminous coal industry in north central West Virginia. He and Pierpont owned the first coal mine to be commercially viable following the completion of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad linking Fairmont with the eastern seaboard markets. One of his daughters married Aretas B. Fleming. His sons, James Edwin Watson, Sylvanus Lamb Watson and Clarence Wayland Watson are also buried here.

Avila designed tanks for transformers applying a zinc spray of bituminous coating to prevent their deterioration when salt water was present. He devised slots in unfastened manhole covers to prevent them from flying up. He was a pioneer in the use of neoprene-jacketed cables to eliminate stray currents and corrosion by electrolysis. He engineered the installation of the first high voltage aluminum conductor cable in this country.

The Messel Pit () is a disused quarry near the village of Messel, (Landkreis Darmstadt-Dieburg, Hesse) about southeast of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Bituminous shale was mined there. Because of its abundance of fossils, it has significant geological and scientific importance. After almost becoming a landfill, strong local resistance eventually stopped these plans and the Messel Pit was declared a UNESCO World Heritage site on 9 December 1995.

It was acquired by other U.S. interests based in Philadelphia who outbid Mahone. They were already building Shenandoah Valley Railroad and had a new commodity in mind: bituminous coal. The AM&O; was renamed to Norfolk and Western Railway (N&W;). Norfolk & Western Railway was expanded west into the coalfields, and later into a much large system, eventually tapping the Ohio Valley and Mississippi Valley commerce as earlier promised Virginia.

Before the war citizens did not like to use anthracite coal because it was difficult to ignite and maintain, but the wartime shortage forced them to start using anthracite. Jacob Cist of Wilkes-Barre promoted the use of anthracite during and after the War of 1812. Jacob Cist's father was a major investor in the Lehigh Coal Mine Company, so Cist began to transport the company's coal to Philadelphia by the Lehigh and Delaware Rivers (Dublin, Licht, 12). Once in Philadelphia, he used testimonials and public demonstrations to negate the stereotype of anthracite and convince Philadelphia society that the hard coal could be used as a replacement for bituminous coal (Adams, “Warming the Poor,” 81). Cist and other advocates including the Pennsylvania state legislature and government officials continued to promote the anthracite, and the War of 1812 was able to open the way for Pennsylvania anthracite coal to outdo Virginia's bituminous’ share of the market (Day, 371).

North Street in Elkton was paved as a concrete road by 1921. The North Street bridge across the Pennsylvania Railroad (now Amtrak's Northeast Corridor) was constructed between 1930 and 1934. The split segments of North Street leading to the former grade crossing of the railroad were later designated sections of MD 727. North Street was resurfaced with bituminous concrete as part of a 1950 project to resurface Elkton streets that were part of state highways.

A natural surface oil seep above the Burgan field was known to humankind since neolithic time, bituminous material from a reed boat discovered in As-Sabiyah/North Kuwait and dated 5000 BC have been traced back to this seep.(Connan et al., 2005) The subsurface reservoirs of the Burgan oil field were discovered in February, 1938. The US and UK-owned Kuwait Oil Company began commercial oil production at Burgan in 1946.

The fuel used in the gas producers was bituminous coal, coke or charcoal, made locally in the retorts. The reduction plant consisted of two water-jacket furnaces, and , with dust chambers and a high steel stack. There were two electrically driven converter vessels, each . The molten product ran into a diameter forehearth, while the slag was drawn off into double ton slag pots, run to the dump over gauge, steel rail tracks.

The most characteristic features of the coastline are the Ceraunian Mountains, which extend nearly along the Albanian Riviera roughly in a southeast–northwest direction. The region is particular fertile and known for its citrus fruits and viticulture, that has a long and special tradition in the region. The coastline is abundant in dolomite from the triassic period, the carbonate rocks follows with limestone from the jurassic period and bituminous schists, cretaceous porcelain and phosphate limestone.

"a dark brown or black bituminous usually odorous viscous liquid obtained by destructive distillation of organic material (such as wood, coal, or peat)". "tar and pitch, viscous, dark-brown to black substances obtained by the destructive distillation of coal, wood, petroleum, peat, and certain other organic materials. " Mineral products resembling tar can be produced from fossil hydrocarbons, such as petroleum. Coal tar is produced from coal as a byproduct of coke production.

The Tereñes Formation or Tereñes Marl is a Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) geologic formation in Asturias, Spain. The grey marls of the formation were deposited in a lagoonal environment at a muddy coast along a temporary inland sea. The lower section of the formation comprises silty and chalky sandstones with desiccation cracks and ripple marks, then becomes a bituminous, prominently ostracod-bearing, pelecypod shell chalk, lime chalk marl and marl.Tereñes Formation at Fossilworks.

He is said to have been the first to demonstrate the superiority of the Lehigh anthracite coal in Northampton County, Pennsylvania, over the bituminous coals of Virginia for intensity and regularity of heating power. He also studied potassium, nitrous oxide, identification of basalt, starch and bread making. He was a member of the American Philosophical Society, and contributed to its transactions, to Samuel L. Mitchell's Medical Repository, and to John R. Coxe's Medical Museum.

Recreation facilities included tennis courts, a skating rink, a baseball diamond, and a pool hall, and the town had hockey and baseball teams.Anonymous. Historical information poster at the townsite (pictured, left above)). The mine had steam boilers and electrical generating facilities, and all buildings in the town had electric lighting and water. The coal in the Saunders Creek area is of high-volatile bituminous "C" rank and is part of the early Paleocene Coalspur Formation.

Substantial deposits of bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite coal are found in the state. Uranium mining in Colorado goes back to 1872, when pitchblende ore was taken from gold mines near Central City, Colorado. The Colorado uranium industry has seen booms and busts, but continues to this day. Not counting byproduct uranium from phosphate, Colorado is considered to have the third-largest uranium reserves of any U.S. state, behind Wyoming and New Mexico.

The 2009 Wujek-Śląsk mine blast occurred at the Wujek-Śląsk bituminous coal mine in Ruda Śląska, Poland on 18 September 2009. At least 20 miners were killed (12 died in coal mine, 8 in hospitals) and at least 37 more were hospitalised. It is the country's deadliest mining accident since the deaths of 23 miners from methane at the Silesia's Halemba mine in November 2006. The death toll is expected to increase.

The Prithvi Highway, because of the terrain it follows, the loading on the roads and amount of traffic it carries, has varied road conditions from Kathmandu Valley to Pokhara. The highway is a two-lane single carriageway road with at-grade intersections, sealed with Double Bituminous Surface Treatment in almost all areas except where regular maintenance is done with asphalt. There are no major intersections and no traffic lights. No passing lanes are being provided.

In the Invasion of Poland, Łęczna was briefly captured by the Red Army (late September 1939), and then handed over by them to Nazi Germany (see Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact). In the 1960s, rich deposits of Bituminous coal were discovered here. Construction of first coal mine (Bogdanka Coal Mine) began in the nearby village of Bogdanka in 1975. In January 1999, for the first time in history, Łęczna became the seat of a county.

The softening point is the temperature at which a material softens beyond some arbitrary softness. It can be determined, for example, by the Vicat method (ASTM-D1525 or ISO 306), Heat Deflection Test (ASTM-D648) or a ring and ball method (ISO 4625 or ASTM E28-67/E28-99 or ASTM D36 or ASTM D6493 - 11). A ring and ball apparatus can also be used for the determination of softening point of bituminous materials.

Murray Energy Corporation produces approximately 30 million tons of bituminous coal each year and employs approximately 3,000 people in the United States. In 2013 the company acquired Consol Energy Inc, consisting of five mines and a fleet of more than 600 barges and other ships. According to the company's website, as of 2019, they employed some 7,000 workers in the US and South America. The company is headquartered in St. Clairsville, Ohio.

George Korson made field recordings of miners' songs in 1940 for The Library of Congress."Songs and Ballads of the Bituminous Miners," Music Division Recording Laboratory, AFS L60. The most commercially successful Appalachian mining song is Merle Travis' "Sixteen Tons," which has been recorded by Tennessee Ernie Ford, Johnny Cash, and dozens of other artists.Archie Green, Only a Miner: Studies in Recorded Coal-Mining Songs (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972), pp. 279–327.

After politics, Gandy took up agricultural pursuits and returned to his Wasta ranch. In 1923, Gandy moved to Washington, DC after he was hired as a lobbyist as the executive secretary of the National Coal Association (NCA), a position he held until 1930. Between 1930 and 1937, Gandy worked for NCA member of the Pittston Company. He left Pittson to become chairman of the Bituminous Coal Producers Board in Cincinnati, Ohio between 1937 and 1940.

The fourth section was started in 1930 and completed to the Delaware state line by 1933. MD 300 was widened to and resurfaced with bituminous concrete in two concurrent projects, from US 213 in Church Hill through Sudlersville and from Sudlersville to the state line, in 1950 and 1951. The highway was extended west to its current terminus as part of the project to build the Church Hill bypass in 1969 and 1970.

A large part of the resource is low grade bituminous, suitable for local power generation but not for export. Other drawbacks to the Waterberg Coalfield include its distance from industrial centers in South Africa, lack of infrastructure in the area and lack of water supplies. Large amounts of water are needed for both the mines and the power stations. However, the reserve is very large and could potentially be mined for the next 200 years.

The plant deploys circulating fluidized bed boiler technology (CFB) to use a variety of fuel sources including bituminous coal, coal gob (a waste product from abandoned coal mines), and bio-fuels. Using coal gob as a fuel source not only re-purposes waste material for electricity, but also keeps toxins from seeping out while sitting in waste piles. VCHEC is placed under stringent environmental regulations by the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, DEQ.

The "Coal Mine" re-creates a working deep-shaft, bituminous coal mine inside the museum's Central Pavilion, using original equipment from Old Ben #17, circa 1933. It is one of the oldest exhibits at the museum. In this unique exhibit, visitors go underground and ride a mine train to different parts of the mine and learn the basics of its operation. The experience takes around 30 minutes and requires an additional fee.

In order to remove traffic from Iowa 12 and Iowa 29 from the residential neighborhoods along Nebraska Street north of downtown Sioux City, the two highways were rerouted to the west. The highways zigzagged along city streets while following Perry Creek. The new routing joined the former routing at Stone Park Boulevard in the northern part of town. By mid-1932, the Plymouth County portion of Iowa 29 had been paved with a bituminous surface.

The Point Aconi Generating Station has one 165 MW unit (name plate capacity 186 MW). Its boiler was supplied by Finland’s Ahlstrom Pyropower. The plant burns bituminous coal and petroleum coke in a variety of blends, which is transported to the facility using semi-trailer trucks from a bulk ship unloading pier in Sydney Harbour near the community of Whitney Pier. The unit is a fluidized bed combustor built for NOx and SO2, control.

March 2003. The Chosen Synthetic Oil Company (Korean: 조선인조석유주식회사 Chosŏn Injosŏgyu Chusikhoesa, Japanese: 朝鮮人造石油株式会社 Chōsen Jinzōsekiyu Kabushiki Kaisha) opened the complex in 1937, originally to produce synthetic oil from the high-quality bituminous coal mined in the area. After the establishment of North Korea, the company was nationalised. The facility is served by the Korean State Railway via Hoeam station on the Hoeam Line.

The presence of the West Branch of the Susquehanna River allowed loggers to move their harvest downstream. Small farms developed, but the area changed in the 1890s when mining of the extensive bituminous coal fields in the area became the dominant industry. The mining companies required skilled workers, and many came from Great Britain and Eastern Europe. Railroads were built to transport the coal out, and the town flourished with the influx of money.

In another 1936 case, Carter v. Carter Coal Co., the Supreme Court struck down the Guffey Coal Act, which regulated the bituminous coal industry. Hughes wrote a concurring opinion in Carter in which he agreed with the majority's holding that Congress could not use its Commerce Clause powers to "regulate activities and relations within the states which affect interstate commerce only indirectly." In the final case of the 1936 term, Morehead v.

The mines were the Empire, Central, Star, Corcoran, Pittsburg, Manhattan, Eureka, Independent, Union, Black Diamond, Mt. Hope, and Cumberland. The coal produced was of a low grade (sub-bituminous or lignite), but for a time in the 19th century, was the only readily accessible and economic source in California. Therefore, it was a very valuable resource and powering the railroads, ships and heavy industry of California. The mineral was often called 'black diamond.

The region being rich in bituminous coal, a railroad was soon built to export the commodity. Saxton was the hub of the Huntingdon and Broad Top Railroad (H&BT;) and for almost 100 years it shipped coal from Saxton to places like Bedford, Huntingdon and Everett. From there it went on to industrial centers, such as Pittsburgh or Baltimore. The thriving railroad attracted thousands of workers and their families to the town and surrounding area.

The wearing course is the upper layer in roadway, airfield, and dockyard construction. The term 'surface course' is sometimes used, however this term is slightly different as it can be used to describe very thin surface layers such as chip seal. In rigid pavements the upper layer is a portland cement concrete slab. In flexible pavements, the upper layer consists of asphalt concrete, that is a construction aggregate with a bituminous binder.

Rostock Power Station is a bituminous coal-fired combined heat and power plant operated by Kraftwerks- und Netzgesellschaft mbH (KNG), located in Rostock, Germany. Construction on the plant began in June 1991, and test firing and Grid connection were carried out from March to September, 1994. In October of that year it entered normal service. In addition to a generating capacity of 553 MWe, the station also feeds the Rostock district heating net.

The Eckhart Mines' location here was the first bituminous coal mine developed in the Georges Creek Valley coalfield, because this is where the National Road (now U.S. Route 40 Alternate) crossed the coal outcrop. The Eckhart operation was known as the Maryland Mining Company, which eventually combined with other companies to form the Consolidation Coal Company (now Consol Energy). The Eckhart operation was the first commercial coal company in the United States.

Eldev Coal Mine () is in Dalanjargalan sum (district) of Dornogovi Province in South-Eastern Mongolia. This mine is 21 km N from sum center (Olon Ovoo railway station of the Trans-Mongolian Railway) and 300 km SE of Mongolian capital Ulan Bator. Eldev mine is operated by Mongolyn Alt Corporation (MAK) LLC, a mining and processing company of Mongolia. Annual production rate is of bituminous coal marketed domestically and abroad to China via railroad.

These are fitted with clamshell buckets and in operation loaded a hopper, which in turn fed a conveyor system leading to the power station's coal bunkers. The modern equivalent can be seen at the Tyne Coal Terminal, unloading bulk carriers. Gas Light and Coke Company had similar facilities at its large gasworks, also alongside the Thames, for handling the large quantity of bituminous coal which was needed to supply the capital with town gas.

The county was connected to the outside world by railroad, mainly because of the booming coal mining industries being started on Bon Air Mountain. The mountain was rich in bituminous coal, and enterprising local businessmen were quick to realize the profit potential that represented. Several mining towns sprang up on the plateau part of the county, including Bon Air, Eastland, and Ravenscroft.Tennessee Mining Department, Annual Report (Tennessee Mining Department, 1922), p. 68.

Although Iowa is most known for its rich soil and subsequent agriculture industry, Iowa had a thriving coal mining industry throughout the last half of the nineteenth century. Bituminous coal deposits, formed during the Pennsylvanian subperiod, are found throughout much of south-central Iowa, and demand for coal in Iowa grew steadily as railroad construction moved westward. By 1870, several railroad lines stretched across the state, each requiring a constant supply of coal.Schwieder, p. xi.

MD 6 was extended east through Huntersville to Lock Swamp Creek in 1930. The state highway was extended to Persimmon Creek in 1933 and to Delabrooke Road north of Oraville in 1934. The final section of MD 6 was completed from Delabrooke Road south to MD 235 in Oraville in 1940. The first improvement project on MD 6 was between Doncaster and Hilltop when the gravel road was rebuilt and received a wide bituminous surface.

The Dindigul city corporation maintains of roads. The town has concrete roads, bituminous roads, earthen roads and cut stone pavements. There are three national highways, NH 44 (largest highway in India) connecting Dindigul to Madurai and NH 45A connecting Chennai to Kanyakumari, and NH 83 Coimbatore to Nagapattinam via Oddanchatram, Palani, Dindigul, Tiruchirapalli, Thiruvarur via the city. Natham road and Bathalagundu road are the two state highways that pass via the city.

The coal bed belongs to either or Cheuquemó Formation or Estratos de Pupunahue. ENAP geologists have instead named "Osorno Formation" the coal- bearing formation and estimated a Serravallian age for the marine strata that overlie the coal beds. Mining is facilitated by the lack of any significant fault displacement of the coal beds. The coal of Catamutún are sub-bituminous, low in sulfur and of heat contents of 5,800–6,150 Kcal/kg.

In the Atoka Formation, the first reef structures that formed in the Delaware Basin are visible. The Strawn Formation formed after the Atoka, also during the Pennsylvanian Period, and reached a max thickness of . In this formation, there was a significant increase in reef mounds. The Strawn Formation is primarily made up of massive limestone, along with "fine to medium-grained sandstone, dark to light-grey shale, and occasional reddish-brown, greenish- gray, bituminous shale".

This caused concretions containing plant material to form and preserve as rounded lumps of stone. Coalification was thus prevented, and the peat was preserved and eventually became a coal ball. The majority of coal balls are found in bituminous and anthracite coal seams, in locations where the peat was not compressed sufficiently to render the material into coal. Marie Stopes and David Watson analysed coal ball samples and decided that coal balls formed in situ.

Scotts Run is part of the Fairmont Coal Field, which is on the Pittsburgh coal seam. The large Pittsburgh seam was known as "the most valuable mineral deposit in the world". From the years of 1917 and 1932, between World War I and the Great Depression, the Scotts Run area faced rapid industrialization and intense development of the bituminous coal industry. Despite geographic limitations, the area's development was one of the fastest in the nation.

The formation is a nonmarine coal-bearing formation composed mostly of sandstone and shale with minor siltstone. The shales are brownish gray in color, and the sandstones are discontinuous beds of very pale orange to light brown poorly sorted grains that usually show steep crossbedding. The sandstones are interpreted as channel or splay deposits in a fluvial environment. The shales include thin lenses of bituminous coal, including tonsteins (distinctive thin ash beds).

It continues north through more rural farmlands and after another roughly it has an at-grade crossing with a Union Pacific Railroad track. From here it continues north and ends at US-36 west of Seneca. The Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) tracks the traffic levels on its highways, and in 2017, they determined that on average the traffic was 915 vehicles per day. The entire route is paved with partial design bituminous pavement.

In 1909 the Maple Leaf Coal Company commenced operations at the Mohawk Bituminous Mine and constructed the settlement of Maple Leaf adjacent to Bellevue. In 1913 WCC transferred many workers to Bellevue from its closed Lille operations. WCC displayed a five-ton coal boulder at the 1910 Dominion Exhibition in Calgary. This period of growth was not without setbacks. An explosion in the Bellevue Mine during a partial afternoon shift on December 9, 1910 killed 30 miners.

These roads included all of MD 537A, most of MD 537D, and much of MD 537B. The portion of MD 537B from US 213 to the north town limit was returned to state maintenance through an August 22, 1961, road transfer agreement. All three segments of MD 537 were resurfaced with bituminous concrete in 1976. The intersection of MD 537B and MD 284 was transformed from a tangent intersection to the present orthogonal intersection in 1982.

The AFSC's work supplied the prototype for the federal program. In the years that followed, AFSC lent its support to the federal program and later sponsored its own cooperative community, Penn-Craft in Fayette County. Although the government opened its program to broad segments of the unemployed, the division was especially keen on it reaching bituminous coal miners. Geographically isolated and dominated by a single employer, the residents of most patch towns were especially vulnerable once employment evaporated.

Energy needs are also met by importing bituminous and anthracite coal and crude petroleum. In 2007 approximately 13.4 million tons of anthracite coal, approximately 4,000 tons of tungsten, 565,000 tons of iron ore, and 47,000 tons of zinc ore were mined. Lesser amounts of copper, lead, molybdenum, gold, silver, kaolin, and fluorite also were mined. In 2016, Gabriel Resources launched arbitration and disclosed it sought $4.4 billion worth of damages from Romania at the World Bank.

Activated carbon is a highly porous, amorphous solid consisting of microcrystallites with a graphite lattice, usually prepared in small pellets or a powder. It is non-polar and cheap. One of its main drawbacks is that it reacts with oxygen at moderate temperatures (over 300 °C).Activated carbon nitrogen isotherm showing a marked microporous type I behavior Activated carbon can be manufactured from carbonaceous material, including coal (bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite), peat, wood, or nutshells (e.g.

The Unken Member of the Formation Recovers Deep Basinal Deposits, while the Salzburg member is related with Epicontinental to Shallow Nearshore Waters. On the After the Pliensbachian-Toarcian locally is observed a significant decrease in the Crinoid skeleton elements, also that of the Ophiurida; the Echinoids take their place, where really blossomed at that time. Pedicellaria are observed very often. On the Bächental bituminous marls there is a great abundance of saturated Hydrocarbons in the hexanesoluble fraction.

Methyl and Methylene where found along long-chain paraffinic molecules (n-alkanes). Benzenemethanol resins are especially strong for the Benzene-Methanol fraction. While the occurrence of charred Organic Matter is commonly connected to Wildfire activity, the presence of Alginite as the dominant maceral group in Bächental bituminous marls suggests a mainly marine algal source. The main maceral found is Lamalginite, which may derive from thin-walled planktonic and benthic organisms, including Green Algae, Cyanobacteria, and Bacterial mats.

In September 1873 ownership of the No 1 Coal Company Mine passed to a Mr McLaren., Bruce Herald, Volume VI, Issue 532, 26 September 1873, Page 6 Later the same year Messrs Findlay and Watson opened their mine.Kaitangata, Bruce Herald, Volume VI, Issue 582, 24 March 1874, Page 6 The underground mines produced sub-bituminous coal of a high quality, which was used primarily as fuel for the steam locomotives, in use in NZ until the 1960s.

The bituminous mine was located in Fort Pitt near the top of Coal Hill, which is now downtown Pittsburgh (Edmunds, 2). Anthracite coal was first found in 1762, and then was used for the first time around 1769 by Obadiah Gore and his brother in their blacksmith shop in Wilkes-Barre. However, coal usage was generally restricted to local consumption need until the industry began to expand at the turn of the 19th century (Latzko, 3).

James Harvey Insole JP (30 April 1821 – 20 January 1901) was an English businessman who consolidated and developed the extensive South Wales coal mining and shipping business begun by his father George Insole. Insole became a partner in his father's business in 1842. They leased and revived the Cymmer (lower Rhondda Valley) bituminous coal pits in 1844 and developed their coastal and international markets together. When his father died in 1851, Insole took sole control of the company.

Harney went on to become a founder member of the Progressive Democrats with Desmond O'Malley and Bobby Molloy in December 1985. Following the 1989 general election the Progressive Democrats entered into a coalition government with Fianna Fáil, led at the time by Charles Haughey. Harney was appointed Minister of State with responsibility for Environmental Protection. As Minister of State she legislated to ban the sale of bituminous coal in Dublin, thereby eliminating smog from the city.

Other members would be China, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Kyrgyzstan is a partner country of the EU INOGATE energy programme, which has four key topics: enhancing energy security, convergence of member state energy markets on the basis of EU internal energy market principles, supporting sustainable energy development, and attracting investment for energy projects of common and regional interest.INOGATE website The South Korean style manufactured bituminous coal called yeontan (йонтан) is gaining popularity in Kyrgyzstan's energy industrial scene.

About half of the coal mine discharges in Pennsylvania have pH under 5.USGS > Pennsylvania Water Science Center > Coal-Mine-Drainage Projects in Pennsylvania Accessed 17 April 2012. However, a portion of mine drainage in both the bituminous and anthracite regions of Pennsylvania is alkaline, because limestone in the overburden neutralizes acid before the drainage emanates. Acid rock drainage has recently been a hindrance to the completion of the construction of Interstate 99 near State College, Pennsylvania.

This road is one of the busiest in the country, with an average daily traffic count of 20,908 vehicles in 2008. In 2009, the government of Uganda (GOU), began to upgrade the previously bitumen-surfaced road in poor state, to grade II bituminous surface with drainage channels, culverts and shoulders. The first phase of improvements began in 2009 and ended in 2011, fully funded by the GOU. The first phase cost US$44.8 million (about Sh103 billion).

This gave the railroad the route structure it was to use for more than 60 years. In 1885, several small mining companies representing about (1,600 km²) of bituminous coal reserves grouped together to form the coalfields' largest landowner, the Philadelphia-based Flat-Top Coal Land Association. Norfolk and Western Railway bought the Association and reorganized it as the Pocahontas Coal and Coke Co., which it later renamed Pocahontas Land Corp., now a subsidiary of Norfolk Southern.

Bedrock geology of the Golden Quadrangle, Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey, Map GQ-103. It is estimated that about 130 million short tons of sub-bituminous coal were mined from the Laramie Formation between 1884 and 1979, mostly from seams in the lower part of the formation. Where the seams are relatively flat lying or gently dipping most of the mines were underground room and pillar operations, and where the seams are steeply inclined to vertical, stope mining was used.

Jharia Coal mine The coal field lies in the Damodar River Valley, and covers about 110 square miles (280 square km), and produces bituminous coal suitable for coke. Most of India's coal comes from Jharia. Jharia coal mines are India's most important storehouse of prime coke coal used in blast furnaces, it consists of 23 large underground and nine large open cast mines. The mining activities in these coalfields started in 1894 and had really intensified in 1925.

Bituminous coal powered 85% of Czechoslovakia's economy. Because of low production, coal was utilized in industry only. Pre-war years, consumers used both coal and lignite for fuel, however due to low production, coal was for industrial use only which meant the consumer was only able to utilize lignite. In 1929, a typical family of four consumed approximately 2.34 tons of lignite, but by 1953 it was allowed to use only 1.6–1.8 tons per year.

The mine is currently owned and operated by Peabody Energy. As of 2009, Rawhide had reserves of 388,000,000 tons (352,000,000 tonnes) of sub-bituminous coal and a maximum permitted production capacity of 24,000,000 tons per year. Typical annual production has been in 12–18 mm ton range for the last several years though. In 2010, the mine produced just over 11,225,000 million short tons of coal, making it the 13th-largest producer of coal in the United States.

McConnell's Mill is a rustic early American grist mill and central attraction at neighboring McConnell's Mill State Park. Farmers cleared the land of trees and drained the swamps, but farming was difficult due to the glacial till beneath the shallow soil. Other settlers turned to the natural resources left by the glaciers and mined sand and gravel deposits. Limestone and clay mines were opened in the area; shale was discovered and was mined, as well as bituminous coal.

Upgrading shale oil into transport fuels requires adjusting hydrogen–carbon ratios by adding hydrogen (hydrocracking) or removing carbon (coking). Shale oil produced by some technologies, such as the Kiviter process, can be used without further upgrading as an oil constituent and as a source of phenolic compounds. Distillate oils from the Kiviter process can also be used as diluents for petroleum-originated heavy oils and as an adhesive-enhancing additive in bituminous materials such as asphalt.

Generally speaking, a coal tipple was typically used at a bituminous coal mine, where removing impurities was important but sorting by size was only a secondary, minor concern. Coal breakers were always used (with or without a tipple) at anthracite mines. While tipples were used around the world, coal breakers were used primarily in the United States in the state of Pennsylvania (where, between 1800 and the mid-20th century, many of the world's known anthracite reserves were located).

Muyombe is interconnected to Isoka and Chama districts by M14 gravel road currently being upgraded to bituminous standard. Muyombe is well-positioned in Muchinga Province and provides linkage between Eastern and Northern provinces. Thus, the area is now being utilized as a transit route between Eastern Province and Nakonde, a border town in Muchinga Province with Tanzania through the Kanyala- Nakonde road. Muyombe is also a gateway to the famous Nyika Plateau National Park, and Malawi through Rumphi.

The water content in coke is practically zero at the end of the coking process, but it is often water quenched so that it can be transported to the blast furnaces. The porous structure of coke absorbs some water, usually 3–6% of its mass. In more modern coke plants an advanced method of coke cooling uses air quenching. Bituminous coal must meet a set of criteria for use as coking coal, determined by particular coal assay techniques.

The Topfmine A had a flattened dome-shaped case with a raised flat circular pressure plate on the top surface surrounded by a circular shear groove. The case was normally made from pulped wood and cardboard mixed with tar for waterproofing. However, sometimes the case was made from bituminous coal waste. The SF 1 fuze was inserted into the underside of the mine and was placed inside a large glass plug which sealed the bottom of the mine.

The governments of Kenya and Uganda though the Kenya National Highways Authority and the Uganda National Roads Authority are seeking funds from the African Development Bank to improve the road along with the Kapchorwa–Suam Road on the Ugandan side, to grade II bituminous surface with shoulders and culverts. Some parts of this road are already tarmacked. However a new bypass around the town of Eldoret is part of the planned upgrade. The contract distance on this road is .

Gold mines in the Free State also supply a substantial portion of the total silver produced in the country, while considerable concentrations of uranium occurring in the gold-bearing conglomerates of the goldfields are extracted as a byproduct. Bituminous coal is also mined, and converted to petrochemicals at Sasolburg. The Free State also produces high-quality diamonds from its kimberlite pipes and fissures, and the country's largest deposit of bentonite is found in the Koppies district.

428 Thus cannel coal seams are shallow and often found above other deposits, while the coal itself, being rich in oils, burns long, with a bright yellow flame and little ash. The modern Lycopodiopsida relatives of these lycopsids (scale trees), with their similar high oil content, high surface area spores, are the source of highly flammable lycopodium powder. Cannel coal is also lower in fixed carbon than typical bituminous coal. It includes various amounts of vitrinite and inertinite.

Bituminous coal is present in Pennsylvanian rocks in the basin, deposited in freshwater swamp environments. Over the years, the Illinois Basin has produced more than eight billion tons of coal in Southern Illinois, particularly in the Harrisburg Coal Field, and the Western Coal Fields of Kentucky.US Geological Survey, A rebirth of the Illinois Basin, retrieved 29 October 2009. Coal production was 99 million short tons in 2008, roughly equally divided between Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky.

H.R. Milner's was first commissioned in 1972 as a coal-fired power station consisting of a single 150 MW unit fuelled by sub-bituminous coal from a nearby coal mine. The plant was constructed and initially owned by Canadian Utilities, then owned by ATCO Power from 2000–2004. The plant is named after H. R. Milner a former executive with Canadian Utilities. In March 2016, the station was temporarily shutdown by Maxim Power due to low demand.

MD 20 was removed from Main Street after the portion of Rock Hall Avenue between MD 445 and MD 674 was constructed in 1959 and 1960. MD 445 was reconstructed from Rock Hall to Swan Creek in 1966 and from Swan Creek to MD 21 in 1974 and 1975. The highway from Eastern Neck Island to Sharp Street was resurfaced with bituminous concrete in 1972, and Main Street in Rock Hall was reconstructed in a streetscape project in 2003.

The portion of MD 297 from US 213 to MD 298 was reconstructed in 1973. As part of that project, the highway was relocated at the MD 298 end to remove the staggered intersections between MD 297 and MD 298 in Butlertown, leaving behind MD 297A. The Butlertown-Newtown portion of MD 297 was resurfaced with bituminous concrete in 1982; that section was transferred from state to county maintenance through a June 1, 1993, road transfer agreement.

The bay exposes good sections of Upper Kimmeridge shale and mudstone, with some bituminous shale and some small calcareous nodules. Egmont Point, seen from St Aldhelm's Head On foot the stony beach is only accessible at low tide by walking west around Egmont Point from the beach at Chapman's Pool. There is no safe route down from the clifftop coast path, across Houns-tout cliff, nor around the Freshwater Steps promontory at the beach's western end.

Diluted bitumen (diluted with naphtha to make it flow in pipelines) is known as "dilbit" in the Canadian petroleum industry, while bitumen "upgraded" to synthetic crude oil is known as "syncrude", and syncrude blended with bitumen is called "synbit". "Bitumen" is still the preferred geological term for naturally occurring deposits of the solid or semi-solid form of petroleum. "Bituminous rock" is a form of sandstone impregnated with bitumen. The oil sands of Alberta, Canada are a similar material.

He was an Attorney for the Office of the Solicitor General of the United States from 1937 to 1938 and from 1938 to 1939. He was a Chief of Litigation for the Bituminous Coal Division of the United States Department of the Interior from 1939 to 1940. He was assistant general counsel for the Office of Price Administration from 1940 to 1943. He was a United States Coast Guard Reserve Lieutenant Commander from 1943 to 1946.

On the top of Jagora, a hill about two miles to the north of Matano Madh in a small cave entered by a narrow opening, is a rough red coloured stone. This, the Jagora Ashapura, is visited by Vanias who come and stay three nights. A bituminous earth found in the hill is burnt before the goddess. The smell is unsavoury, but it pleases the goddess, as it is produced from the body of a Daitya whom she slew.

The workers felt that if they could win recognition of the union, their other demands would come easily.Report on the Miners' Strike in the Bituminous Coal Field in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania in 1910–1911, U.S. House of Representatives, 1912. When the miners struck on March 9, the coal companies evicted thousands of families from their company-owned homes. UMWA spent $25,000 purchasing tents and constructing shanties, and set up 25 tent cities to accommodate the homeless.

The West Coast contains some of New Zealand's best bituminous coal. The largest coal deposits occur in Southland. Gold has been mined in the Coromandel and Kaimai Ranges (especially the Martha Mine at Waihi), Westland, Central Otago, and Eastern Otago (especially Macraes Mine), and on the west coast of the South Island. The only area in New Zealand with significant known oil and gas deposits is the Taranaki area, but many other offshore areas have the potential for deposits.

The initial patent for a closed-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) was issued in 1935 and they were first used commercially in 1939. Seven CCGT units were built in Switzerland and Germany by 1978. Historically, CCGTs found most use as external combustion engines "with fuels such as bituminous coal, brown coal and blast furnace gas" but were superseded by open cycle gas turbines using clean-burning fuels (e.g. "gas or light oil"), especially in highly efficient combined cycle systems.

Additions to the West Branch Canal included the Bald Eagle Crosscut Canal, which ran through Lock Haven and Flemington along Bald Eagle Creek.Shank, pp. 52–53 It linked the West Branch Canal to a privately financed addition, the Bald Eagle and Spring Creek Navigation, that extended the canal system another to Bellefonte along Bald Eagle and Spring creeks. Beginning in 1837, large quantities of pig iron and bituminous coal traveled to distant markets via these canals.

From 1926-38 the first section of a third pipeline was laid using bituminous-coated steel. in 1946, a fourth pipeline was added south of Oswestry to increase capacity to 227 million litres per day. In 1978-81, the pipe crossings beneath the Mersey and the Manchester Ship Canal were reorganised. After privatisation of the water companies, responsibility for the Vyrnwy Dam and associated structures fell to Severn Trent Water, and since 2018 to its subsidiary company Hafren Dyfrdwy.

The Virudhunagar municipality maintains a total of of roads: of concrete roads, of bituminous roads, of water bound macadam (WBM) roads, of earthen roads and of other roads. The major roads include National Highway 7 and three district roads that connect Virudhunagar with neighbouring towns like Sivakasi, Madurai, Rajapalayam, Aruppukkottai and Sattur. There is a bypass road located west of the town connecting Virudhunagar to Kallupatti, that reduces traffic inside the town.Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, p.

The sub-bituminous coal from the Drumheller mining district was mainly used for home heating, cooking and electrical generation. It was also used to power the steam locomotives of the Canadian National and Canadian Pacific Railways on the prairies. The flat-lying seams were easier to mine than those found in more mountainous areas, with lower levels of methane gas. The coal-mining era lasted from 1911 to 1984, when the Atlas No. 3 and 4 mines closed.

The Bituminous Coal Conservation Act was passed in 1935 and replaced the previous codes set forth by the National Industry Recovery Act (NIRA). The new law established a commission, made up of coal miners, coal producers, and the public, to establish fair competition standards, production standards, wages, hours, and labor relations. All mines were required to pay a 15% tax on coal produced. Mines that complied with the Act would be refunded 90% of the 15% tax.

South Renovo is a borough in Clinton County, Pennsylvania, United States, located on the West Branch Susquehanna River, directly across from Renovo. The population was 439 at the 2010 census, down from 557 at the 2000 census. Historically, the economy of the area was based on lumbering, but when the mountains of the region had been stripped of their first-growth forest, the industry collapsed. There are also deposits of bituminous coal and fire clay in the region.

Prior to this lease, most of the Flying Posse members had constructed hangars on the leased premises. During the Flying Posse’s lease of the airpark, runway 15/33 was constructed. This runway was paved with a bituminous asphalt material, at a length of 3,000 feet and a width of 50 feet. At the same time, a parallel taxiway, connectors, the FBO ramp, and most other paved areas on the airpark were also constructed at a cost of $3,000.

Commodore was founded in 1919 by the Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corporation, a subsidiary of the New York Central Railroad. It was named in honor of Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt, founder of that railroad. (Vanderbilt was known by the nickname or unofficial rank of Commodore due to his background as a riverboat owner.) The town was created as a "model town", with a higher caliber of worker housing than other coal mining communities. Houses were constructed of concrete block, not wood.

Toxic copper, iron, and zinc oxide pigments are mixed with rosin derivative binders to produce both water-soluble matrix paints, which are adhered to surfaces with bituminous-based primers. These have many disadvantages though, such as poor mechanical strength and sensitivity to oxidation. Thus, soluble matrix paints can only remain functional for a 12–15 month period, and are unsuitable for slow vessels. In contrast, insoluble matrix paints must use higher molecular weight binders: acrylics, vinyls, chlorinated rubbers, etc.

The freeze-thaw cycle in cold climates will dramatically accelerate pavement deterioration, once water can penetrate the surface. Clay and fumed silica nanoparticles may potentially be used as efficient UV-anti aging coatings in asphalt pavements. If the road is still structurally sound, a bituminous surface treatment, such as a chipseal or surface dressing can prolong the life of the road at low cost. In areas with cold climate, studded tires may be allowed on passenger cars.

In the mid-1860s the company expanded into iron ore mining in the area around Lake Superior.Ohio History Central: Marcus Alonzo Hanna Incorporation took place in 1922 and was named as the M.A. Hanna Company. In 1929 the Hanna Company transferred its blast furnaces, coke ovens, and other materials to National Steel Corporation for stock in NSC. Hanna's bituminous coal properties were put into the newly formed Consolidation Coal Company in 1945 in return for CCC stock.

Its civic address is 2599 Hinchey Avenue, Lingan, NS. A thermal generating station, Lingan was opened by then-provincial Crown corporation Nova Scotia Power Corporation on November 1, 1979 at the height of the 1970s oil crisis. It was designed to burn bituminous coal mined by the Cape Breton Development Corporation (DEVCO) at the nearby Lingan Colliery and the adjacent Phalen Colliery as a means of reducing Nova Scotia's reliance of foreign oil for electrical generation.

Most of the Elk Formation coals are of high-volatile bituminous rank and most seams are less than thick. An unusual type of coal, referred to as "needle coal" occurs in very thin beds in the upper third of the formation. It consists of compacted masses of rod-like "needles" and has been shown to be of algal origin. "Needles" of vitreous coal are also found in some of the siltstones associated with the needle coals.

", used as an abbreviation for asphalt concrete. Until the 20th century, the Latinate term asphaltum was also used. Pissasphalt (from Greek pissasphaltus "pitch" and "asphalt") names "A semi-liquid variety of bitumen, mentioned by ancient writers". The medicinal use of bituminous mummia has a parallel in Ayurveda: shilajit or silajit (from Sanskrit shilajatu "rock- conqueror") or mumijo (from Persian mūmiyā "wax") is "A name given to various solid or viscous substances found on rock in India and Nepal … esp.

The port is a popular loading port for coal, nickel ore and iron ore and has a depth of 14 metres. Operations continue around the clock with a loading rate of 8000-10,000 tonnes per day. The coal loaded at the anchorage is sometimes referred to as "Satui coal" is a variety of bituminous coal (coking coal) and originates in the Satui mines and WBM mines. The mines contain deposits of Karuh, Kintap, Satui and Bukit Baru.

Public attention was attracted to "oil-gas" by the display of the patent apparatus at Apothecary's Hall, by Taylor & Martineau. In 1891 the gas mantle was invented by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach. This eliminated the need for special illuminating gas (a synthetic mixture of hydrogen and hydrocarbon gases produced by destructive distillation of bituminous coal or peat) to get bright shining flames. Acetylene was also used from about 1898 for gas lighting on a smaller scale.

The Cumberland Plateau section of Campbell County is part of the massive Appalachian coalfield that dominates much of Central Appalachia, and thus the Jellico section of the county has more in common economically with southeastern Kentucky and West Virginia, whereas the southern parts of the county economically resemble East Tennessee. The coal seams near Jellico produced a slow-burning bituminous coal that helped make Campbell County Tennessee's largest coal-producing county in the early 20th century.

Amber is heterogeneous in composition, but consists of several resinous bodies more or less soluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform, associated with an insoluble bituminous substance. Amber is a macromolecule by free radical polymerization of several precursors in the labdane family, e.g. communic acid, cummunol, and biformene.Manuel Villanueva-García, Antonio Martínez-Richa, and Juvencio Robles Assignment of vibrational spectra of labdatriene derivatives and ambers: A combined experimental and density functional theoretical study Arkivoc (EJ-1567C) pp.

Elephant Fountain in Catania Rocks erupted in 1669 have been quarried, especially after the 1693 earthquake when they were used during the reconstruction of the city. Lava was used to pave roads, for constructions, and later for architectural elements, the production of bituminous conglomerate, concrete, and statues such as the Fountain of the Elephant in Catania. The present-day port of Catania is attached to the 1669 lava flow. Elsewhere in Catania, the lava flow is mostly hidden.

Although Kazakhstan is a substantial producer of oil and gas, coal has dominated both energy production and consumption.Caspian Oil and Gas , International Energy Agency, 1998, It contains Central Asia's largest recoverable coal reserves, with 34.5 billion short tons of mostly anthracitic and bituminous coal.Kazakhstan energy data, statistics and analysis - coal, US Energy Information Agency Major coal fields are Bogatyr and Severny. In 2005, Kazakhstan was the 9th biggest producer of coal in the world, and the 10th global exporter.

Company store in Grant Town, 1946 Grant Town is a town in Marion County, West Virginia, in the eastern United States. The population was 613 at the 2010 census. The town was formed in 1901 with the opening of the Federal Coal and Coke Company bituminous coal mine, and was named for Robert Grant, vice president of the coal company. The "Federal No. 1" mine remained open for the next 84 years until its closure in 1985.

Coal House in Williamson, West Virginia The Coal House, whose walls are constructed from 65 tons of bituminous coal from the nearby Winifrede Seam, serves as the headquarters of the Tug Valley Chamber of Commerce. It was built in 1933 and is on the National Register of Historic Places. In October 2010, the interior of the Coal House was destroyed in a fire. The Coal House interior has since been restored while preserving the historical integrity of the building.

The species was described from a single full-leaf specimen found in the Chickaloon Formation, which underlies the Kenai Group formations. Sediments of the formation are mainly claystone through sandstone, and conglomerates with interbedded deposits of bituminous coal. Based on the surrounding formations and the floral composition of fossils in the formation itself, the Chickaloon dates to the Paleocene with Acer alaskense known only from the latest Paleocene section exposed in the Even Jones coal mine.

Bituminous coal seam in southwestern West Virginia One of the major resources in West Virginia's economy is coal. According to the Energy Information Administration, West Virginia is a top coal-producer in the United States, second only to Wyoming. West Virginia is located in the heart of the Marcellus Shale Natural Gas Bed, which stretches from Tennessee north to New York in the middle of Appalachia. As of 2017, the coal industry accounted for 2% of state employment.

The Rice Airport was evidently abandoned (for reasons unknown) at some point between 1955–58. Today no standing structures remain of Rice Army Air Field and little but deteriorating concrete and bituminous runways remain in the desert. Two runways, one oriented NW/SE; the other NE/SW are faintly visible in aerial photography along with numerous fighter dispersal pads. A concrete parking area still exists about south of California Highway 62, which runs east/west north of the airfield.

The road starts at Iganga, goes through Kaliro, and ends at Pallisa, a distance of about . The Iganga–Kaliro section of the road, measuring about , is bitumen-surfaced, in varying stages of disrepair. In February 2014, the president of Uganda indicated that government had plans to upgrade this road section to class 2 bituminous surface. In December 2014, this road section appeared on the list of upcoming national road projects released by the Uganda National Roads Authority (UNRA).

Early-Mid Jurassic (170 Ma) They are part of the Perth Basin, and are a sequence of non-marine, probably fluvial sandstones, shales and silts including bituminous coal, and are up to 300 m thick. The Cattamarra Coal Measures conformably overly the Eneabba Formation. \- the summary to this thesis in Trove is a detailed overview The Cattamarra Coal Measures are a tight gas reservoir. There are well preserved fossil insects from the Jurassic age in the deposit.

The first-floor centre verandah is painted brown and cream and has a bituminous-coated floor, timber balustrade painted to imitate masonry and board and batten soffit. The ground-floor open arcade runs the entire length of the facade and comprises arched bays and a central colonnaded porch. This verandah has a pebblecrete floor, concrete steps, board and batten ceiling, black wrought iron balustrading and large pendant lights. The masonry arches have decoratively moulded architraves and prominent keystones.

Cretaceous fossils have also been found. A collection of karst, from the over-100-million-year-old Brje limestone formation to the shallow-water rocks of the Povir formation and Komen limestone (with fossils of fish and reptiles) is in the Sežana botanical garden. There is typical rudist limestone, flat limestone with well-preserved fossils and abundant chert, an essential soil ingredient for terrano cultivation. The sedimentation environment was favourable for the creation of thin layers of bituminous coal.

The remainder of this level is lined with linoleum sheet. The balcony floor is in good condition, lined with well sealed, lapped bituminous felt. Ceilings to the first floor are predominantly plaster with an elaborately moulded cornice around the stairwell, along the corridor and in the centre room (the former drawing room). There are square set plaster ceilings that appear recently altered in the southwestern corner room, northwestern corner room, southeastern corner room and the northeastern corner room.

James H. Lees, History of Coal Mining in Iowa, Iowa Geologic Survey, Vol XIX (1908 Annual Report), Des Moines, 1909; page 558. By 1894, the mine face was 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from the foot of the slope, and the mine was producing 1000 tons of coal a day from a coal seam 6 feet (1.8m) thick. This was one of the very few mines where the miners did not join the Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894.

The N&W; was combined with the Southern Railway, another profitable carrier, to form Norfolk Southern Corporation (NS) in 1982. Today, much of the former Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad remains in service for Norfolk Southern. The Fortune 500 company, headquartered in Norfolk, transports bituminous coal, intermodal shipping containers, automobile parts and completed vehicles, and other commodities in the 21st century global transportation markets. Most of the former AM&O; lines are still part of the NS rail network.

The burning of harder, older anthracite and bituminous coal typically produces Class F fly ash. This fly ash is pozzolanic in nature, and contains less than 7% lime (CaO). Possessing pozzolanic properties, the glassy silica and alumina of Class F fly ash requires a cementing agent, such as Portland cement, quicklime, or hydrated lime—mixed with water to react and produce cementitious compounds. Alternatively, adding a chemical activator such as sodium silicate (water glass) to a Class F ash can form a geopolymer.

The most popular aqueous phase carbons are bituminous based because of their hardness, abrasion resistance, pore size distribution, and low cost, but their effectiveness needs to be tested in each application to determine the optimal product. Activated carbon is used for adsorption of organic substances and non-polar adsorbates and it is also usually used for waste gas (and waste water) treatment. It is the most widely used adsorbent since most of its chemical (e.g. surface groups) and physical properties (e.g.

During the Second World War, coal supplies became critically low. The state government sought to establish a reliable long-term source of coal for the state and the sub-bituminous coal from the Telford Cut at Leigh Creek, South Australia, though of poorer quality, was considered the most viable source. The deposits seemed extensive and extracting the coal by open cut methods was considered feasible. Exploratory boring started in 1941 and plans were made to develop the first open cut mine.

Anthracite and bituminous coal were formed in the eastern and western regions of Pennsylvania respectively during the Pennsylvanian time in the Carboniferous Geological Period (“History of Anthracite Coal Mining”). The Pennsylvania Anthracite Region is in the Valley and Ridge Province of the Appalachian Mountains, with the coal located in the folded and faulted terrain of the Province. The anthracite fields are maintained in synclinal basins that are surrounded by sandstone ridges, which help to “protect” the anthracite (Hornberger et al., 20-2).

The coast is also part of a Site of Special Scientific Interest, and the whole parish is part of the Dorset Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Kimmeridge is the type locality for Kimmeridge clay, the geological formation that covers most of the parish. Within the clay are bands of bituminous shale, which in the history of the village have been the focus of several attempts to create an industrial centre. An oil well has operated on the shore of Kimmeridge Bay since 1959.

Much North American coal was created in subsiding areas adjacent to the Appalachian Mountains during the Pennsylvanian subperiod. A vast network of swamps covered large parts of North America at this time and much of the organic material created in these wetlands accumulated to form thick layers of peat (the precursor to coal) that were buried faster than they could decay. Bituminous coal is mined in the Appalachian region, primarily for power generation. Mining is done via both surface and underground mines.

During mesodiagenesis, dehydration of clay minerals occurs, the main development of oil genesis occurs and high to low volatile bituminous coals are formed. During telodiagenesis, organic matter undergoes cracking and dry gas is produced; semi-anthracite coals develop. Early diagenesis in newly formed aquatic sediments is mediated by microorganisms using different electron acceptors as part of their metabolism. Organic matter is mineralized, liberating gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2) in the porewater, which, depending on the conditions, can diffuse into the water column.

Demand comes mainly from generators of electricity. Arch Coal operates 32 active mines and controls approximately 5.5 billion tons of proven and probable coal reserves, located in Central Appalachia, the Powder River Basin, Illinois basin and the Western Bituminous regions. The company operates mines in Colorado, Illinois, Kentucky, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia and Wyoming, and is headquartered in St. Louis, Missouri. The company sells a substantial amount of its coal to producers of electric power, steel producers and industrial facilities.

Bayswater Power Station Bayswater Power Station is a bituminous (black) coal- powered thermal power station with four Tokyo Shibaura Electric (Japan) steam driven turbo alternators for a combined capacity of . Commissioned between 1985 and 1986, the station is located from Muswellbrook, and from Singleton in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia. Prior to September 2014 Bayswater Power Station was part of NSW Government power producer, Macquarie Generation."Macgen Website" Macquarie Generation was acquired by AGL Energy in September 2014.

Together with many other compounds, m-cresol is traditionally extracted from coal tar, the volatile materials obtained in the production of coke from (bituminous) coal. This residue contains a few percent by weight of phenol and isomeric cresols. In the cymene-cresol process, toluene is alkylated with propene to give isomers of cymene, which can be oxidatively dealkylated analogous to the cumene process. Another method, involves carbonylation of a mixture of methallyl chloride and acetylene in the presence of nickel carbonyl.

A layer of molten slag coats the burner and flows through traps at the bottom of the burners, reducing the amount of slag that would otherwise form on the boiler tubes. Cyclone Furnaces can handle a wide range of fuels. Low volatile bituminous coals, lignite coal, mineral rich anthracitic coal, wood chips, petroleum coke, and old tires can and have all been used in cyclones. The crushed coal is fed into the cyclone burner and fired with high rates of heat release.

The majority of Illinois surface bedrock belongs to the Pennsylvanian period, particularly the downstate region. About 68% of the state has coal-bearing strata of this geologic period. According to the Illinois State Geological Survey, 211 billion tons of bituminous coal are estimated to lie under the surface, having a total heating value greater than the estimated oil deposits in the Arabian Peninsula. However, this coal has a high sulfur content and as such requires special equipment to reduce air pollution.

McBride had led the Bituminous Coal Miners' Strike—an unsuccessful eight-week national coal miners' strike—the year before Penna's presidency, which encouraged hundreds of non-union mines to flood the market for coal. During Penna's presidency, membership in the Mine Workers fell from 13,000 to 9,700, and the union's treasury dropped from $2,600 to $600. Penna suspended union operations, stopped publishing the union newsletter and ceased paying per capita dues to the AFL. Penna did not run for re-election.

From the top of White Nothe, to the east, the chalk headland of Bat's Head can be viewed. It is possible to walk east along a clifftop path below the summit of Chaldon Hill to Durdle Door and Lulworth Cove. The Isle of Portland can be seen to the southwest across the sea. Immediately to the northwest of White Nothe is the Burning Cliff, which from 1826 smouldered with an underground fire for several years due to the bituminous shale.

Smokeless fuels also have some downsides, typically they can be harder to ignite owing to the lack of volatiles present in anthracite for example. There are fewer flames, due to reduced volatiles but a generally higher ash content. Fines and dust can be produced by abrasion from mechanical movement but the amount is minimal compared with that produced by bituminous coal. It is sometimes supplied wet, even in sealed plastic bags, but is easily dried since the moisture is superficial.

The coalfield has been a large source of high-quality, high-volatile bituminous coal since the field was opened by the construction of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway (C&O;) in 1905. The C&O; maintained a rail yard in the district at Peach Creek. Later the Virginian Railway built the "Gilbert Extension" which allowed the shipment of coal from western Wyoming County. Both steam coal and metallurgical coal have been extracted from such seams as the Cedar Grove, Eagle, Alma, and Winifrede.

Sealing small cracks with bituminous crack sealer prevents water from enlarging cracks through frost weathering, or percolating down to the subbase and softening it. For somewhat more distressed roads, a chip seal or similar surface treatment may be applied. As the number, width and length of cracks increases, more intensive repairs are needed. In order of generally increasing expense, these include thin asphalt overlays, multicourse overlays, grinding off the top course and overlaying, in-place recycling, or full-depth reconstruction of the roadway.

A timber bulkhead was constructed along the portion of the state highway adjacent to the Potomac River in 1938 and 1939. The St. George Island Bridge was raised on request of the U.S. Navy in 1942. MD 249 was reconstructed and widened in the 1950s, starting with the highway from Callaway to Valley Lee being paved in bituminous stabilized gravel in 1950 and 1951. The remainder of the state highway to St. George Island was paved and widened in 1958 and 1959.

Due to the great heat required to melt the charge the grate had to be cooled, lest it melt with the charge. This was done by running a constant flow of cool air on it, or by throwing water on the bottom of the grate. The fireplace, where the fuel is burned, used a cast iron grate which varied in size depending on the fuel used. If bituminous coal is used then an average grate size is and is loaded with of coal.

From 1924 to 1932, Changsha government decided to build the riverside road. In 1929, the first bituminous road was built with the name of “Zhongshan Road” (), named after Sun Yat-sen. In 1932, He Yuanwen (), the first mayor of Changsha, presided over the preparation of the “Plan of Changsha New Urban Area”, and Yuanjialing () was planned as the central part of the urban area. In 1933, Changsha was officially set as a city and become the capital of Hunan province.

Each of the boilers had an evaporation rating of 550 kL/h, a steam pressure of 950 psi and a steam temperature of 925 °F. Each boiler was equipped with two forced and two induced Howden fans, twenty-two electrically operated Clyde soot blowers, an automatic control system made by Bailey and Sturtevant electrostatic precipitators. Each station was designed to burn 2,000 tonnes of bituminous coal a day. Each boiler powered a turbo generator, made by Parsons, Newcastle upon Tyne.

MD 298 was extended east to US 213 along part of MD 566 in 1963 to form a continuous route between MD 20 at Fairlee and US 213 at Harmony Corner. That extension was resurfaced with bituminous concrete in 1970. MD 298 was extension south from MD 213 over Browntown Road, Old Morgnec Road, and Cherry Lane to MD 291 in 1988 after those highways were transferred from county to state maintenance in a December 1, 1987, road transfer agreement.

In 1948, Kent County requested that the Maryland State Roads Commission make improvement of Flatland Road its highest priority project in the county during the post-World War II road building effort. The highway from MD 20 to Hanesville Road was constructed in two sections. The first section was built as a gravel road in 1949, and the gravel road was improved with bituminous stabilization the following year. MD 514 was extended to Hanesville Road as a gravel road in 1954.

Forte claimed they settled out of court, where he and his wife received apologies and Marcucci's 7.5% ownership of the film passed to Forte. He appeared in a 1982 television commercial for The Idols of Rock n' Roll and in the documentary film The Bituminous Coal Queens of Pennsylvania (2005). In the 1980s, he developed some sitcoms for television. Forte hosted and headlined in the hit show The Original Stars of Bandstand at The Dick Clark Theater in Branson, Missouri.

Businesses included a hotel, a general store, a bakery, a butcher shop, barber shops, and a liquor store. Bituminous coal was produced from seams in the Mist Mountain Formation at three mines near Lille by underground room-and-pillar mining methods. Total production over the town's 11-year history was some . A rail spur called the Frank and Grassy Mountain Railway was built by the company to transport coal and coke from Lille to the Canadian Pacific Railway mainline at Frank, Alberta.

Cerrejón is a large open-pit coal mine in Colombia. It is located in the southeast of the department of La Guajira, close to the border with Venezuela. The coal mine is situated in the northeastern part of the Cesar-Ranchería Basin, the basin of the Ranchería River, between the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in the west and the Serranía del Perijá to the southeast. At Cerrejón, low-ash, low-sulphur bituminous coal from the Cerrejón Formation is excavated.

Cerrejón is the tenth largest coal mine in the world and the biggest in Latin America.The 10 biggest coal mines in the world Production started in 1985, when the mine was operated by Carbocol, a Colombian state company and Intercor, a subsidiary of ExxonMobil. The proven reserves in 2009 were and the probable reserves . The coal is low-ash, low-sulphur bituminous coal, mined from the Paleocene Cerrejón Formation in the northeastern part (Cerrejón Sub-basin) of the Cesar- Ranchería Basin.

Electricity is fed from the power station to the smelter by a 24 kilovolt connection The boiler house and turbine hall have a steel frame with aluminium cladding. Other structures include a single tall chimney of reinforced concrete, and coal delivery and sorting plant. The station's boiler house houses three 380 MWth International Combustion boilers, which were fuelled by pulverised bituminous coal. Each of these provide steam a 140 megawatt (MW) Parsons turbo-alternators, situated in the station's turbine hall.

As of 2005, B.L. England's annual budget was around $30 million, of which around half was related to maintenance. The facility burned 600,000-700,000 tons of coal per year, of which 30% came from the Powder River Basin, while the remaining is eastern bituminous coal. As a by-product, the facility produced 60,000-70,000 tons of slag per year. Twice per year - for four weeks in the spring and two weeks in the fall - the plant is shut down to transport the slag.

Fossil Palaeochiropteryx tupaiodon in Musee d'Histoire Naturelle, Brussels Fossil in Vienna Messel Pit (known in German as Grube Messel) is one of the most famous and richest fossil sites of the world. The site is renowned for the quality of preservation in the fossils found. Preserved in very fragile bituminous shale, they often retain exquisite details of the soft parts of animals and plants. As its name suggests, the pit is a dry depression about deep; the surface is around above sea level.

The skeleton however remained because the bark was preserved due to coal that was bituminous. In 1998 came the first skeleton of Dendrerpeton acadianum that was nearly completely articulated again from the Joggins of Nova Scotia. It was essentially undisturbed, and in this case was not associated with a tree but instead with a boulder found at a beach. This specimen provided the opportunity for a deeper understanding of the skeleton of this taxa because of its three dimensionality and the detail preserved.

The employer, Jewell Ridge, sought declaratory judgment against its employee's union to determine whether the time spent traveling underground by the coal miners between the portals of the employer's two bituminous coal mines and the working faces was included in the compensable workweek under § 7 of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, 29 U.S.C. § 207(a).Note: The Fair Labor Standards Act is now Chapter 8 of Title 29 of the United States Code, abbreviated as Ch. 8 of 29 U.S.C.

Many of the town's original buildings and homes were funded and or donated by Mr. DuBois's lumber mill. In 1938, his nephew, John E. DuBois, donated the family mansion and estate as a permanent home for the DuBois Campus of Penn State University. While DuBois was founded as a lumber town, the mining of bituminous coal quickly became the chief industry in DuBois. Over the years there have been numerous unsuccessful attempts to combine the city with the surrounding Sandy Township.

At the beginning of the Cenozoic, through the Paleocene and Eocene, similar deposition to the Cretaceous took place, including bituminous limestone and marl. Rifting began in the Oligocene, forming the Jordan Rift Valley. The resulting depression was probably occupied by a sequence of lakes or shallow marine environments. From the Miocene through the Pliocene, a marine environment that may have been a branch of the Mediterranean reached the Red Sea through the Rift Valley, reaching basalt flows in Djebel ed Drouz.

The ground level of the saddle dam is at an elevation of about above sea level. The surface of the saddle dam has a bituminous finish, to keep the interior of the dam dry. The saddle dam will be just away from the border with Sudan, it is much closer to the border than the main dam. The reservoir behind both dams will have a storage capacity of and a surface area of when at full supply level of above sea level.

Whyte classification is indirectly connected to locomotive performance. Given adequate proportions of the rest of the locomotive, power output is determined by the size of the fire, and for a bituminous coal-fuelled locomotive, this is determined by the grate area. Modern non-compound locomotives are typically able to produce about 40 drawbar horsepower per square foot of grate. Tractive force, as noted earlier, is largely determined by the boiler pressure, the cylinder proportions and the size of the driving wheels.

The company operates the Crandall Canyon Mine, a bituminous coal, underground coal mine in northwestern Emery County, Utah, about 15 miles (24 km) west north-west of Huntington. On Monday, August 6, 2007, at 2:48 A.M., the mine collapsed, trapping 6 workers inside. The workers are approximately 3.4 miles (5.5 km) from the mine entrance and 1500 feet (457 m) underground. The collapse registered recorded seismic waves in magnitude 3.9 to 4.0, by seismograph stations of the University of Utah.

This is by far the largest province in the state, and most of the rocks in this region are not folded and faulted and sit relatively flat. However, parts of the Appalachian Plateau appear to be mountainous due to erosion caused by streams and glaciers. In western Pennsylvania, large bituminous coal fields exist in rocks with a similar age as the rocks in the anthracite region. Many of the folds in the province are high amplitude and stretch for miles.

Since January 1978 East Germans had been working in the Bituminous coal mine at Moatize, following a firedamp explosion that had taken the lives of more than 100 Mozambican miners.Neues Deutschland, 25 April 1978, page 2. As head of the East German side in the joint East German/Mozambique Economic Committee, Siebold visited Mozambique two more times in 1978, and was on each occasion received by President Samora Machel.Neues Deutschland, 11 July 1978, page 1 & Neues Deutschland, 19 December 1978, page 2.

Bituminous coal has been mined by underground methods in the Denver Basin, at Superior and Louisville, Colorado and other locations along the western edge of the basin.Paul E. Soister (1978) Geologic setting of coal in the Denver Basin, in Energy Resources of the Denver Basin, Denver: Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, p.153-159. The coal comes from the Cretaceous Laramie Formation.D. Keith Murray (1980) Coal in Colorado, in Colorado Geology, Denver: Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, p.210-211.

In the end its right-of-way was bought and the canal was largely dismantled by the new Richmond and Allegheny Railroad, which laid tracks on the former towpath. The R&A; became part of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway in the 1890s, which developed much of the former canal route into an important line for West Virginia bituminous coal headed eastbound for the Peninsula Extension to reach the Hampton Roads coal piers at Newport News for worldwide export aboard large colliers.

Additionally, ponding water on a roof can freeze. Often, water finds its way into a flashing seam and freezes, weakening the seam. For bitumen-based roof coverings maintenance also includes keeping the tar paper covered with gravel, an older method, currently being replaced with bituminous roofing membranes and the like, which must be 'glued' in place so wind and waves do not move it causing scouring and more bare spots. The glue can be any exterior grade glue like driveway coating.

The commonwealth supplied all of this "smokeless" coal for the military's purposes, as well as the majority of bituminous coal also used in the war effort. Nearly 80% of all the iron for the government came from Pennsylvania foundries, as well as significant quantities of flour, meat, foodstuffs, textiles and uniforms. The Cumberland Valley was among the fertile farming regions that supplied vast amounts of food and grain to the army. The railroads became critical in transporting materiel and troops.

Interstate 70 follows the river through the canyon. Geologically the canyon walls are stairstep cliffs of Mesaverde Group, shoreline sands deposited during the Cretaceous. The sedimentary rock layers contain several low-sulfur coal seams that thicken to as much as 50 feet (15 m) at the Cameo Mine near Mile 46 on Interstate 70. The coal is typically soft bituminous coal, since it has never been compressed by overlying rocks to the degree that would be required to form harder coal.

The second segment, from Chestnut Avenue to Sligo Avenue, was a concrete road built on a new alignment. Both segments were constructed in 1931 and 1932 and were designated MD 513. MD 513 was widened with a pair of bituminous shoulders from MD 410 toward Sligo Avenue in 1942. MD 320 was expanded to a width of and resurfaced over its entire length in 1947 and 1948. MD 320's bridge across Long Branch was widened in 1953 and 1954.

Pocahontas Exhibition Coal Mine, also known as Pocahontas Mine No. 1, or Baby Mine, is an inactive coal mine in the Pocahontas Coalfield, near Pocahontas in western Virginia. The mine was the first in the sub-bituminous coal of the Pocahontas Coalfield, opening in 1882. In 1938 it became the first exhibition coal mine in the United States. Uniquely, it was possible to drive one's automobile through the mine, entering through the fan opening and exiting through the original entry.

The Sahara Woods State Fish and Wildlife Area is a state park owned and operated by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR). It is located in Saline County, five miles west of the small city of Harrisburg. The fish and wildlife area is made up of former bituminous coal properties strip-mined by the Sahara Coal Company. The park currently consists of approximately 2,300 acres of open space, 1,500 acres of timber and brush, and 275 acres of lakes, ponds, and wetlands.

The Coal strike of 1902 (also known as the anthracite coal strike) was a strike by the United Mine Workers of America in the anthracite coalfields of eastern Pennsylvania. Miners striked for higher wages, shorter workdays, and the recognition of their union. The strike threatened to shut down the winter fuel supply to major American cities. At that time, residences were typically heated with anthracite or "hard" coal, which produces higher heat value and less smoke than "soft" or bituminous coal.

The United States has 26% of Earth's known coal reserves. This is sufficient to last hundreds of years by the lowest estimates and accounts for 90% of U.S. energy reserves. Coal is a fossil fuel and as such is therefore subject to possible depletion within a few hundred years. In terms of energy obtained, coal peaked in 1998 and though production volumes have increased, the net energy has not, which could be explained by decreasing production of high quality coal, such as bituminous and anthracite.

It continued to grow slowly as a small town specializing in textiles and ceramics. As coal was discovered in 1873, the village became a mining town from then on, leading to a sudden growth in the population. The apex of the economic importance of coal mining took place during World War I as the imports of British coal were not available, and the local economy based on the extraction of bituminous coal thrived in the national market. In 1920 the population had reached 20,083.

The roofs of the earlier sections are hipped corrugated iron, easily distinguished from the roof of the third stage which is a flat reinforced concrete slab protected by a bituminous membrane. The building has several entrances. The main entry is located centrally on the Queen Street facade where a wide flight of stairs leading to three sets of timber-framed glass double doors in arched doorways gives access to a foyer on the ground floor level. The foyer has a coffered plaster ceiling and strongly patterned floor.

Out of six lanes, four central lanes have been constructed with flexible bituminous concrete and outermost lanes on either side have been asphalted. In the middle section, the terrain is slightly rolling, but the road alignment passes over almost level ground from L&T; factory to lITB campus. Beyond lITB campus, the alignment runs down over a steep hill further to meet LBS Marg. The middle section is aligned along the south bank of the Powai Lake, and the section is also known as Adi Shankaracharya Marg.

Wabamun Generating Station was a coal-fired power station owned by TransAlta, located next to the village of Wabamun, Alberta. The station's primary source of fuel was sub bituminous from the Whitewood mine.GENERAL FACILITY INFORMATION REPORT Unit 3 was retired in 2002; Units 1 and 2 on December 31, 2004 and Unit 4 on March 31, 2010.Transalta Press Release TransAlta fully retires all the units of its Wabamun power plant On August 11, 2011, the main building was leveled by a controlled implosion.

Check-in hall Control tower and hangars The airport has one terminal building: Terminal 1 is used for all the flights. The airport has a single runway (orientation: 06/24 – – resistance: PCN90/F/B/W/T – assistance: PAPI, ILS) in bituminous conglomerate and concrete, with one taxiway. There is one apron with 29 stands, 9 of which self-maneuvering and the remaining Push Back. The airport is class 4D ICAO and has the classification of military airport opened to commercial air traffic 24 hours/day.

Finely ground bituminous coal, known in this application as sea coal, is a constituent of foundry sand. While the molten metal is in the mould, the coal burns slowly, releasing reducing gases at pressure, and so preventing the metal from penetrating the pores of the sand. It is also contained in 'mould wash', a paste or liquid with the same function applied to the mould before casting. Sea coal can be mixed with the clay lining (the "bod") used for the bottom of a cupola furnace.

Refined coal is the product of a coal-upgrading technology that removes moisture and certain pollutants from lower-rank coals such as sub- bituminous and lignite (brown) coals. It is one form of several precombustion treatments and processes for coal that alter coal's characteristics before it is burned. Thermal efficiency improvements are achievable by improved pre- drying (especially relevant with high-moisture fuel such as lignite or biomass). The goals of precombustion coal technologies are to increase efficiency and reduce emissions when the coal is burned.

The entire station box is covered with 3 mm thick bituminous membrane, a waterproofing agent, to prevent surface water from leaking into the station. After the station box was constructed, it was covered with up to 4 metres of good quality red soil. The rest of the excavated site was then refilled. After construction completed, the area was restored to its previous state by re-opening the 2-lane Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Road and the lawns in front of the Vidhana Soudha and Karnataka High Court.

The term was first used for a stratigraphic unit by Williams (1915) who named the Eramosa Member (of the Lockport Formation) for the bituminous dolomites exposed below the Guelph Formation along the Eramosa River, northeast of Guelph, Ontario. No detailed description of the type section has ever been published, and the status of the unit has been subject to many different interpretations. Until recently, the Eramosa in Ontario was regarded as the highest Member of the Lockport Formation,Geology of Ontario, v.2, p.

Led by Chief Al Lameman, the Beaver Lake Cree Nation is asserting a treaty right to hunt and fish throughout lands where tar sands activity is destroying the forest. This court action seeks an injunction against new developments. The Beaver Lake Cree’s Statement of Claim cites more than 17,000 infringements on their treaty rights and in the course of doing so names every major oil company in the world. Investment in the bituminous sands in northern Alberta – the world's last great oil field – totals approximately $200 billion.

Cimmeria is a fictional country in the novel. The country is described as having existed as an independent state between World War I and World War II. The capital is Örkko, and its principal resources are peat and by-products, bituminous compounds. Cimmeria seems to have been located somewhere on the Gulf of Bothnia, a body of water between Sweden to the west and Finland to the east. The country has since been absorbed, and its people and language, of the 'Bothno-Ugaric' group, have both disappeared.

Mahon, 260 U.S. 393 (1922), was decided by the Supreme Court at a time when the Court actively intervened broadly against state and local regulation in a variety of contexts. The case arose from a challenge to state legislation designed to deal with coal mine subsidence. As the Court later explained in Keystone Bituminous Coal Assn. v. Debenedictis, 480 U.S. 470 (1987): > Coal mine subsidence is the lowering of strata overlying a coal mine, > including the land surface, caused by the extraction of underground coal.

A kinetic model based on experimental data can capture most of the essential transformation in diagenesis, and a mathematical model in a compacting porous medium to model the dissolution-precipitation mechanism. These models have been intensively studied and applied in real geological applications. Diagenesis has been divided, based on hydrocarbon and coal genesis into: eodiagenesis (early), mesodiagenesis (middle) and telodiagenesis (late). During the early or eodiagenesis stage shales lose pore water, little to no hydrocarbons are formed and coal varies between lignite and sub-bituminous.

In Canada, BP is involved in the extraction of oil sands, also known as tar sands or bituminous sands. The company uses in-situ drilling technologies such as Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage to extract the bitumen. Members of US and Canadian oil companies say that using recycled groundwater makes in situ drilling an environmentally friendlier option when compared with oil sands mining. Members of Canada's First Nations have criticized BP's involvement in the Canadian project for the impacts tar sands extraction has on the environment.

The combined continents of Africa and the Americas split apart from the combined continent of Pangea during the Triassic Period. A small rift was opened in the Farmville area into which water flowed and allowed for wetland life. The wetland life was later covered with sediment forming clay, and the pressure formed soft, Bituminous coal over hundreds of millions of years. Coal beds in the Triassic Basin near Richmond and Farmville were formed 205 to 245 million years ago, when Pangaea was splitting up rather than colliding.

Masawaih al-Mardini was a Nestorian Christian. He is known due to his books on purgatives and emetics (De medicins laxativis) and on the complete pharmacopoeia in 12 parts called the Antidotarium sive Grabadin medicamentorum, which remained for centuries the standard textbook of pharmacy in the West. He also described methods of distillation of empyreumatic oils. A method of extracting oil from "some kind of bituminous shale", one of the first descriptions of extraction of shale oil was described by him in the 10th century.

A common palette of materials including reinforced concrete, steel and exposed brickwork was used. The steel work was all prefabricated at the Northgate workshops. Graceville Station was the first of these station fit-outs to be completed within the quadruplication project between Corinda and Roma Street. The main building at Graceville had a butterfly roof formed with a reinforced concrete slab lined with bituminous felt and supported on ten pre-cast, reinforced concrete beams that cantilevered off a continuous lintel resting on ten brick piers.

The sedimentary rocks that compose both plateaus are of Mississippian and Pennsylvanian geological age, composed of near-shore sediments washed westward from the old Appalachian Mountains. Some rock layers were laid down in shallow coastal waters, some, including bituminous coal seams were laid onshore in swampy environments. These are interlaced with delta formations of cross-bedded sandstones and occasionally conglomerate. There are numerous discontinuities in the beds, where they were raised high enough to be eroded, then lowered to have more sediments added on top.

Old and bypassed sections of US 70 exist, and at least one such road section has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is located in Lonoke County, Arkansas, between Young Road and point east of the present US 70's junction with Arkansas Highway 15. About long, it runs mostly parallel to, and just north of, the present alignment, jogging a bit farther around the AR 15 junction. It was built about 1913, and some of its original bituminous pavement survives.

The presence of an excellent quality Upper Jurassic source rock in the Jeanne d'Arc Basin was first identified in well cuttings from the Egret K-36 exploration well. This Kimmeridgian package of organic-rich, thinly interbedded and finely laminated marlstones and calcareous shales was formally defined as the Egret Member of the Rankin Formation. These economically important beds have been demonstrated to be present across the Jeanne d'Arc Basin. Microscopic analyses identified abundant bituminous/liptinitic detrital material and a lack of terrestrial organic matter.

K-284 is a short east-west spur highway in northern Lincoln County, Kansas, connecting the town of Barnard to K-14 approximately north of Lincoln. The highway runs for from K-14 to Barnard, at which point the road continues east as a county-maintained paved road toward Ada and Minneapolis. K-284 is paved with partial design bituminous pavement and has annual average daily traffic values between 70 and 120\. The route is not a part of the United States National Highway System.

The upgrading of M14 road to bituminous level is envisaged to greatly improve accessibility to the area. There is an airstrip at Chidulika which is being managed by the Fly Doctors Service in airlifting patients for referral medical cases from the local clinic to Ndola. The Zambia Postal Services operates a post office which has been operating since its establishment in the 1970s. The area has not lagged behind as it has already tapped into the benefits presented by Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) through Mobile Telecommunication services.

Mixosaurus panxianensis was discovered in the Middle Triassic of the Guizhou Province, China. The specimens have been found in the Guanling Formation, which consists of thinly bedded bituminous limestones and marls. The specimens found have important Mixosaurid characteristics such as a long sagittal crest along the top of the skull but is seen as a different species because there is no external contact between the jugal and the quadratojugal. Articulated skeletons have been found and the centra of the vertebrae are higher than they are long.

The plant uses fluidized bed combustion (FBC) technology, in which bituminous coal and finely ground limestone are injected, using air, into the boiler. Air keeps the limestone and coal suspended in a fluid-like condition. The limestone reacts with sulfur dioxide, released during combustion of the coal, removing this pollutant from the plant's emissions. With the enhanced sulfur dioxide removal due to the FBC technology, Warrior Run can burn approximately of coal from Maryland each year, which tends to be of a higher sulfur content.

Coal from the Northern Coalfield was sub-bituminous (low grade) and could not be transported long distances because of problems with self-combustion. Mining generally took place in winter months since that was the period that demanded fuel for heating. During the summers the miners played in local baseball leagues, with the home field named "Miners Field". A great deal of mythology has arisen around the stories of tunnels that connected saloons throughout the city, but these have proven to be unfounded and undocumented.

An important unit is the Paleocene Cerrejón Formation, hosting major coal reserves, excavated in several open-pit mines of which Cerrejón in the northeast of the basin is the most striking. Cerrejón is the tenth biggest coal mine worldwide and the largest of Latin America.The 10 biggest coal mines in the world The formation provides low-ash, low-sulphur bituminous coal with a total production in 2016 of almost 33 Megatons.Cerrejón Other coal mines include La Francia, in the western Cesar portion of the basin.

The Fruitland Formation contains beds of bituminous coal that are mined in places along the outcrop. Since the 1980s, the coal beds of the Fruitland Formation have yielded large quantities of coalbed methane. The productive area for coalbed methane straddles the Colorado-New Mexico state line, and is one of the most productive areas for coalbed methane in the United States. The methane released from the Fruitland Formation, through oil and gas production and a bit of natural seepage, contributes to the Four Corners Methane Hot Spot.

One is the Broad Top Field in the northeastern corner of the county, and the other is the Georges Creek Field along the southwestern border. Both fields contain bituminous coal. There are abandoned mines in both areas and acid mine drainage is an environmental problem in the Broad Top area, where several fishless streams exist as a result of the discharge from the abandoned mines.Acid Mine Drainage Natural gas fields and storage areas exist in southeastern Bedford County, primarily within folded Devonian rocks south of Breezewood.

The first segments of road in the location of what would become FM 1528 existed by the year of 1936. On September 26, 1939, a portion of road traveling from SH 24 to the community of Klondike was designated as Spur Highway 39 (Spur 39). and on September 28, 1949, through the order of the Texas Transportation Board, FM 1528 was designated, and Spur 39 was redesignated as part of the highway. In 1961, the highway had a bituminous surface, a combination of gravel and asphalt.

The highway from Knoxville to the Potomac River opposite Harpers Ferry was completed as a concrete road in 1919. The Frederick-Knoxville highway was widened to in width around 1926 and became part of US 340 in 1927. US 340 was widened again, this time to between Frederick and Knoxville, by 1934. US 340 approaching its northern terminus at US 15/US 40 in Frederick US 340 was widened and resurfaced with bituminous concrete from Knoxville to the approach to new bridge at Sandy Hook in 1948.

MD 446 was constructed as a concrete road from MD 20 to south of Langford in 1929 and 1930. The highway's construction was partially funded by a $900,000 Kent County bond issue used to construct concrete roads throughout the county. MD 446 was resurfaced with bituminous concrete in 1971. The resurfacing contract included the resurfacing of the portion of county-maintained Broad Neck Road that was brought into the state highway system as an extension of MD 446 through a December 1, 1987, road transfer agreement.

It was discovered in 1865 as a gallery was being driven during prospecting work for kupferschiefer, a copper-bearing shale or bituminous marl. By 1866 it had been developed and opened as a show cave under the name of Falkenburg Cave (Falkenburger Höhle). It has a floor area of about 25,000 m². Of interest to visitors are the underground lakes whose gypsum content gives them an iridescent green colour, and a human made stone construction, known as Barbarossa's Table and Chair (Tisch und Stuhl von Barbarossa).

An earth-movement here has created a line of fault clearly visible for seventy or eighty miles along the river-bank, out of which oil oozes at frequent intervals. ... Tar there is ... in plenty. ... It oozes from every fissure, and into some bituminous tar well we can poke a twenty-foot pole and find no resistance. cited in In 1926, Karl Clark of the University of Alberta received a patent for a hot water separation process which was the forerunner of today's thermal extraction processes.

Coal tar is produced through thermal destruction (pyrolysis) of coal. Its composition varies with the process and type of coal used - lignite, bituminous or anthracite. Coal tar contains approximately 10,000 chemicals, of which only about 50% have been identified. Components include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (4-rings: chrysene, fluoranthene, pyrene, triphenylene, naphthacene, benzanthracene, 5-rings: picene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[e]pyrene, benzofluoranthenes, perylene, 6-rings: dibenzopyrenes, dibenzofluoranthenes, benzoperylenes, 7-rings: coronene), as well as methylated and polymethylated derivatives, mono- and polyhydroxylated derivatives, and heterocyclic compounds.

Manaung Airport is an airport in Manaung, Rakhine State, Myanmar. Manaung Airport was constructed in 1969 for Douglas C-47 Skytrain airplanes as a grass landing airstrip. In the 1983-1984 fiscal year, it was upgraded to be all- weather accessible with a 2,000 ft long bituminous airstrip for Twin Otter type aircraft. In 2015, The length of the airstrip was then expanded to 4,000 ft for F-27 Fokker aircraft, with only 3,700 ft of the airstrip being upgraded to asphalt concrete surface.

Fingerboard Road is likely named for a finger-shaped sign pointing toward a cannery in Monrovia, a sign that would have been at the highway's western intersection with MD 75. The MD 75 concurrency next to the fingerboard was the first segment of Fingerboard Road paved around 1921. MD 80's old concurrency with U.S. Route 240 (US 240, later MD 355) was paved as a concrete road in 1923. US 240 through Urbana was widened to by 1930 and resurfaced with bituminous concrete in 1938.

The machines were operated using hydro-power from a fast flowing stream running into the Sarre on one side of the site. For the ovens used for firing the product, the government imposed the condition that Boch would have to use the soft bituminous coal which was available in abundance locally. This was of technical significance because up to that time no pottery factory in Europe had used this soft coal for its firing ovens. The ovens created at Mettlach were accordingly the first of their kind.

In 1990, the work, consisting of some conservation and careful adaptation work, undertaken for the Story of Sydney, was in general benign. The exteriors were improved, and a terrace was added which improved the West Circular Quay facade. The church was architecturally styled in 1856 in the Victorian Free Classical; in 1909 in the Federation Free Classical; and in 1927 in the Inter-War Mediterranean or Romanesque. The church has three storeys, a galvanised iron roof; and flooring that comprises terracotta tiles, concrete and bituminous felt.

The National Hard Coal Company () was set up as a commercial society by the Government of Romania in 1998. The main headquarters of the company is placed in Petroşani, the principal city in the coal mining region of Hunedoara County's Jiu Valley. The company has its material base in Gorj, Hunedoara and Mehedinţi counties with total reserves of 350 million tonnes of coal.Company document The annual production is around 3 million tonnes of bituminous coal and the total number of employees is around 12,000.

The Ploiești National Coal Company () was set up as a commercial endeavor by the Government of Romania in 1957. The main headquarters of the company is placed in Ploiești, Prahova County. The company has its material base in eight counties Argeș County, Covasna County, Bihor County, Sălaj County, Bacău County, Prahova County, Dâmbovița County and Harghita County with total reserves of 59 million tonnes of coal. The annual production is around 2 million tonnes of bituminous coal and the total number of employees is around 100.

By 1930, the highway was the most heavily traveled highway in Charles County, so the road was widened to with concrete shoulders and resurfaced with bituminous concrete. Around 1948, the route, now part of US 301, was widened to . The expanded highway still was unable to handle the traffic burden, so in 1952 a divided highway bypass of Old Washington Road was started from the Prince George's County end. The new US 301 divided highway reached Waldorf by 1954 and was completed to White Plains in 1956.

She returned to Japan in June 1916 and continued researching coal at Tokyo Imperial University (now the University of Tokyo) until 1927. She taught genetics there from 1918 to 1939, and was made a professor at the Women's Higher Normal School in Tokyo in 1919. She completed her doctoral thesis, "Studies on the structure of lignite, brown coal, and bituminous coal in Japan", in 1927, becoming the first woman in Japan to complete a doctorate in science. In 1929, Yasui founded the cytology journal Cytologia.

On May 9, 1820, by order of the county commissioners the present boundaries were established, as Sugar Creek Township was cut off from Wabash Township, which at that time included all that part of Vigo County lying west of the Wabash River. The first settlers found it wholly covered in timber of large growth. Its general surface is rolling and in places broken. It has an area of about 27,000 acres (110 km), most of which is arable, and abounds in bituminous coal and limestone.

The activity of Albpetrol JSC Society is: #Conduct of the Petroleum Operations in accordance with Law No. 7746, dated 28.08.1993 for the research, development, production, handling (treatment), transportation, storage and sale of the crude oil, gas and bituminous sands inside and outside of the Albanian Republic. #Conduct of any other commercial or services operation that serves Society activity. Society within the space provided by the legislation in force shall carry out any planner - preventive operation, commercial and financial, directly or indirectly associated with its object.

Copper craftsman at work in Lahij Copper work is the most important of the skills developed by Lahij craftsmen. Lahij is renowned for its production of arms and copper items, decorated with carved ornaments. The development of copper production triggered the formation of such professions in Lahij as tinsmith, blacksmith and others, together with the creation of bituminous coal. The structure and supplies of copper workshops, as well as its traditional external look and its production processes remain preserved today, as they were in previous centuries.

The artist cuts the patterns out of precious metal and prepares it to be hammered into the brass. The artist then begins working hammers the precious materials, silver and gold, into the copper, and then engraves the details. The final step is coating the bowl with bituminous black material, which enhances the engravings, highlights the contours, and creates contrasts.Rice 1951, p. 12. This technique appears in Islamic lands in the 12th century, probably in eastern Iran, before spreading quickly to the Syrian world.Ward 1993, p. 71.

Maryland Route 698 was the designation for Mill Street, which ran from High Street west to the east side of the railroad (now the Chestertown Rail Trail) in the town of Chestertown in central Kent County. Mill Street was surfaced with bituminous concrete in 1940 to better connect the state highway system with the Maryland State Roads Commission garage in Chestertown. MD 698 was resurfaced in 1975. The highway was transferred from state to municipal maintenance through an August 27, 1985, road transfer agreement.

The Zona Sur coal district spans the regions of Los Ríos and Los Lagos, roughly from the area of Valdivia to Chiloé Archipelago. The coals of the Zona Sur district are sub-bituminous coal. The geological context of the coals of Zona Sur is not fully understood as there are divergent views on the stratigraphy and the ages the coals. Hampering the study the coals is the fact that there are few coal outcrops and attempted correlation between different localities has not been fully satisfactory.

K-38 began at a wye intersection with K-15, which headed west toward Winfield and south toward Dexter, in central Cowley County. The highway headed east as a low-grade bituminous surface road with crossings of Grouse Creek, a tributary of the Arkansas River, and Bullington Creek. K-38 veered away from the east–west section line around its crossing of Otter Creek and returned before the route reached the Cowley–Chautauqua county line. The highway became a gravel road on entering Chautauqua County.

Gothic monastery church (north wing of the cloister) with the adjoining west wing The outlying centres of Rockensüß and Königswald had their first documentary mentions in 1274 and 1351 respectively. The village of Cornberg was founded only in 1938 as a mining settlement for Electoral-Hessian bituminous shale (Kupferschiefer) mining in the Richelsdorfer Gebirge. It is the only new settlement in the old Rotenburg an der Fulda district to arise since the Thirty Years' War. There was however, from 1296, a Benedictine monastery here.

Beneath the land of the Davidsons and Baileys lay the largest and richest deposit of bituminous coal in the world. The first seam was discovered in nearby Pocahontas, Virginia in the backyard of Jordan Nelson. President Frederick Kimball of the Norfolk and Western Railway described this as the "most spectacular find on the continent and indeed perhaps of the entire planet." The coal seam had been mentioned much earlier in Thomas Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia, but it was not mined until 1890.

In 1904, the Tidewater Railway was formed by the industrialist financier Henry Huttleston Rogers, to transport bituminous coal from southern West Virginia to coal piers on the ice-free harbor of Hampton Roads. Planned by William Nelson Page of Campbell County, the right-of-way selected for favorable grades passed along the north bank of the river, crossing the L&D; track. In 1907, the Tidewater Railway was combined with the Deepwater Railway (initially a West Virginia short line railroad) to form the new Virginian Railway.

In years following, more sophisticated mining methods would restore West Virginia's role as a major producer of salt. However, in the second half of the 19th century, there was an even greater treasure not yet developed: bituminous coal. It would fuel much of the Industrial Revolution in the U.S. and the steamships of many of the world's navies. The residents (both Native Americans and early European settlers) had long known of the underlying coal, and that it could be used for heating and fuel.

NS's export of West Virginia bituminous coal begins transport on portions of the well-engineered former Virginian Railway and the former N&W; double-tracked line in Eastern Virginia to its Lambert's Point coal pier on Hampton Roads at Norfolk. Coal transported by NS is thus exported to steel mills and power plants around the world. The company is also a major transporter of auto parts and completed vehicles. It operates intermodal container and TOFC (trailer on flat car) trains, some in conjunction with other railways.

James P. Johnson. A "New Deal" for soft coal: the attempted revitalization of the bituminous coal industry under the New Deal (1979) Thanks to the 1935 National Labor Relations Act, union membership grew rapidly, especially in the UMWA. Lewis and the UMW were major financial backers of Roosevelt's reelection in 1936 and were firmly committed to the New Deal. At the AFL's annual convention in 1934, Lewis gained an endorsement from them of the principle of industrial unionism, as opposed to limitations to skilled workers.

The Chuitna Coal Project is a proposal of PacRim LP, a Delaware-based corporation owned by the Texas-based energy company Petro-Hunt LLC. PacRim holds a state lease to of Alaska Mental Health Trust property where an estimated 1 billion metric tons of low-sulfur, sub-bituminous coal is thought to exist.Chuitna Coal Project SEIS Site Proven reserves are reported to be 771 million tons.Alaska Mineral Industry 2007 Summary , page 11 The company is in the advanced stages of state and federal mine-permitting processes.

Assine, 1992, p.290 The basin has provided a variety of unique fossils in the Crato and Santana Formations and includes the Araripe Geopark, a member of the UNESCO Global Geoparks since 2006. Chapada do Araripe vira parque geológico The pterosaurs Araripesaurus and Araripedactylus (now considered a nomen dubium), crocodylian Araripesuchus, the turtle Araripemys, amphibian Arariphrynus, the fish Araripelepidotes and the insect Araripenymphes were named after the basin. The bituminous shales of the Ipubi Formation in the Araripe Basin have potential for shale gas development.

CREG specializes as a construction supplier in road constructing and public works. The group is also qualified for transportation, bridges and tunnels, roadbeds, pavements, ports, residence buildings, express way, municipal projects, post-disaster reconstruction, industrial parks, etc. It is the only construction group in Chongqing that has obtained the certificate of contracting oversea projects and dispatching labor to other countries. The Group consists of several exclusive-owned or shareholding subsidiaries as follows: infrastructure investment, bituminous concrete, pavement materials, central laboratory, real estate development and tourism.

The United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) had won a sweeping victory in the 1897 strike by the soft-coal (bituminous coal) miners in the Midwest, winning significant wage increases. It grew from 10,000 to 115,000 members. A number of small strikes took place in the anthracite district from 1899 to 1901, by which the labor union gained experience and unionized more workers. The 1899 strike in Nanticoke, Pennsylvania, demonstrated that the unions could win a strike directed against a subsidiary of one of the large railroads.

The soffit of the upper floor slab is exposed and now painted off-form concrete, bearing the lines of the boards employed in its formwork. The floor surfaces are variously covered with cement and bituminous or granolithic toppings and painted. Sloping floors at each level to the central courts where edge drains and sumps collected the water to convey it away deal with the problem of incoming stormwater caused by the central light courts in the change areas. The condition of the building is poor.

The southern range of the eastern facade features two recently modified bays of timber- framed and pivoting glazed doors with banks of louvre glass at each end. These are full height opening to modified base of two continuous steps of plain concrete. The concealed roof of the building is partly modern metal decking and partly a fibreglass-reinforced membrane covered concrete slab over the two storey areas. The single storey areas are trafficable roof decks covered by gravelled bituminous membranes and surrounded by parapet walls.

Heavy oil sands and bituminous sands occur worldwide. The two most important deposits are the Athabasca Oil Sands in Alberta, Canada and the Orinoco heavy oil belt in Venezuela. The hydrocarbon content of these deposits is either crude bitumen or extra-heavy crude oil, the former of which is often upgraded to synthetic crude (syncrude) and the latter of which the Venezuelan fuel Orimulsion is based. The Venezuelan extra heavy oil deposits differ from the Canadian bituminous sands in that they flow more readily at Venezuela's higher reservoir temperatures and could be produced by conventional techniques, but the recovery rates would be less than the unconventional Canadian techniques (about 8% versus up to 90% for surface mining and 60% for steam assisted gravity drainage). In 2011, Alberta's total proven oil reserves were 170.2 billion barrels representing 11 percent of the total global oil reserves (1,523 billion barrels) and 99% of Canada's oil reserves. By 2011 Alberta was supplying 15% of the United States crude oil imports, exporting about of crude oil. The 2006 projections for 2015, were about . At that rate, the Athabasca oil sands reserves would last less than 160 years.

However, the portion of MD 537B from US 213 to the north town limit was returned to state maintenance through an August 22, 1961, road transfer agreement. MD 285 and MD 537B were resurfaced with bituminous concrete in 1971 and 1976, respectively. The intersection of MD 537B and MD 284 was transformed from a tangent intersection to the present orthogonal intersection in 1982. The following year, the portion of MD 537B between MD 213 and the intersection of Biddle and Lock streets was renumbered as an extension of MD 285.

Between 2008 and 2012, significant new coal deposits were discovered north of Hudson Bay, Saskatchewan wrapping around the Pasquia Hills. These deposits are thought to be part of a larger coal trend called the Durango Trend that potentially stretches from Pine River, Manitoba to La Ronge, Saskatchewan. The coal in this area has a much higher energy density than the lignite in Southern Saskatchewan, and the seams are much thicker. The classification is sub-bituminous, which makes the coal similar to that found in Alberta and the Powder River Basin.

Kay Moor, also known as Kaymoor, is the site of an abandoned coal mine, coal processing plant and coal town near Fayetteville, West Virginia. The town site is located in the New River Gorge at Kaymoor Bottom (). It is linked to the mine portal above on Sewell Bench () in the wall of the Gorge by conveyors. The mine exploited the New River Coalfield's Sewell Seam of "smokeless" low- volatile bituminous coal, while the town site was accessible only by the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad's mainline in the Gorge.

The creek is one of the most downstream tributaries of the West Branch Susquehanna River contributing acid mine drainage to it. Pocono sandstone can also be found in the watershed, and bituminous coal formations known as the Clarion Formation, the Lower Kittanning Formation and the Eagleton Coal field also exist in the creek's watershed. The valley of Tangascootack Creek is the only place in Bald Eagle Township where there are significant deposits of minerals. The middle and upper reaches of Tangascootack Creek are nearly devoid of life due to acid mine drainage.

The first segment of MD 201, which was then known as River Road, was constructed as a concrete road from the District of Columbia boundary to Tuxedo Road (now MD 459) in Cheverly in 1926 and 1927. The highway was extended north to US 50 (now MD 450) in Bladensburg in 1929. MD 201 was widened with a pair of bituminous shoulders along its entire length in 1941. The state highway originally followed what is now MD 965 north from Eastern Avenue along the northbound side of the modern highway.

Labor Notes was launched as an attempt to help further those linkages, following the Bituminous Coal Strike of 1977-1978 and the wide-scale cross-union solidarity and energy it produced. The hope was that these reform efforts would strengthen and consolidate the more widespread waves of union militancy found earlier in the decade. Headlines in the first year of Labor Notes had themes like, "Teamster Steelhaulers Show Muscle in Three Week Wildcat Strike." The Reagan-era rollbacks on labor law protections put the labor movement on the defensive.

The cliff's carboniferous limestone is underlain by a seam about a foot thick of impure coal and a narrow stratum of bituminous shale. This bears impressions of fossil plants including Lepidodendron, Poacites resembling leaves, and Encrinite. Another stratum lower down the cliff is of pebbles of a greenish sandstone, and this contains fossils of bivalve molluscs as well as more sections of Encrinites. Nearby is Llanddulas quarry, which produces a particularly porcelain-like limestone that has been used architecturally for such buildings as St Margaret's Church, Bodelwyddan, commonly known as the "marble church".

After 1000 CE, construction at Angkor Wat and other southeast Asian sites changed to rectangular temple enclosures made of laterite, brick, and stone. Since the mid-1970s, some trial sections of bituminous-surfaced, low-volume roads have used laterite in place of stone as a base course. Thick laterite layers are porous and slightly permeable, so the layers can function as aquifers in rural areas. Locally available laterites have been used in an acid solution, followed by precipitation to remove phosphorus and heavy metals at sewage- treatment facilities.

When described, Pseudectatomma was known from four fossil insects which are compression-impression fossils preserved in layers of soft sedimentary rock. Along with other well preserved insect fossils, the Pseudectatomma specimens were collected from layers of the Lutetian Messel pit World Heritage Site. The formation is composed of brown coals, oil shales, and bituminous shale, which preserved numerous insects, fish, birds, reptiles, and terrestrial mammals as a notable lagerstätten. The area is a preserved maar lake which initially formed approximately 47 million years ago as the result of volcanic explosions.

The Betts Creek Beds are located at the far end of the study area and are quite a small unit. The lower section is primarily interbedded siltstone and mudstone with coal seams formed within these layers. The coal itself is sub-bituminous and has well defined cleats with an overall waxy texture. Above these are larger mudstone beds which have well preserved fossil leaves of Glossopteris fauna, this is a clear Permian indicator and gives a good indication of the source of organic matter needed for coal formation.

Among the downsides to rapid industrialization was pollution, of which St. Louis generated a great deal. Brick firing produced particulate air pollution and paint making created lead dust, while beer and liquor brewing produced grain swill. However, the worst pollution was coal dust and smoke, for which St. Louis was infamous by the 1890s. Nearly every factory relied on coal to fire steam boilers, the region's homes used a relatively more polluting form of bituminous coal, and railroad traffic created large, dense clouds of coal smoke around depots and railyards.

The State lottery to funds the canal construction is "... one of the best-known lotteries in the history of this country." The largest cities on the East Coast were experiencing an energy crisis--large stands of forest were no longer available near enough to the cities to practically bring in wood for fuel and charcoal production. Cities were beginning to import smoky, sooty Bituminous Coal from England and Virginia and a new source of energy was needed. The project was given a new push by industrialists in New Jersey and Philadelphia.

The mountain range is served by the Bulgarian State Railways via railway line No. 5 along the Struma Valley in the west and the Septemvri–Dobrinishte narrow-gauge line with terminus at the latter town in the northern foothills. The economy is based on agriculture, industry, services and tourism. There are small deposits of sub-bituminous coal as well as significant quantities of high-quality marble that is processed in Sandanski and part of the production is exported. A number of small hydro power plants have been constructed, mainly along Sandanska Bistritsa River.

Five ports in Washington and Oregon are considering building export terminals to ship coal to Asia, the coal would come from Wyoming and Montana and be shipped to the Northwest via train. Wyoming has 42 billion tons of reserve recoverable coal, and 1.4 trillion tons total that could become a reserve in the future. Most of the coal from Wyoming is sub-bituminous coal which burns at around 8400–8800 BTUs per pound. The sulphur content of Wyoming coal is quite low, which is important since sulphur dioxide emissions cause acid rain.

Alexey Kontorovich (RUS) – Awarded for research on the implementation of new methods of surveying, prospecting and exploiting of hydrocarbon-bearing deposits. Nikolai Laverov (RUS) – Awarded for fundamental research and large- scale implementation of new methods for the exploration and production of oil, gas and uranium deposits. 2008 Eduard Volkov (RUS) – Awarded for the creation and implementation of synthetic oil production technologies. Clement Bowman (CA) and Oleg Favorsky (RUS) – Awarded for the theoretical justification, creation and implementation of efficient technologies for synthetic fuel production from bituminous schist and oil sands.

However, as of the late 1990s, the entire Hereford site was privately owned. The site has been used for a ranching operation that included the removal of almost all military structures, and the planting of grasses. The only evidence of the USAAF construction remaining was the deteriorating concrete parking apron, deteriorating bituminous runways and taxiway, and a pile of concrete tower bases. The north/south runway has been graded and reused as Airstrip Road, and one home uses the old 500' x 500' concrete apron as its driveway.

Three West Lothian shale mounds, evidence of the early paraffin oil industry in the 19th century Scotland Oil shale was one of the first sources of mineral oil used by humans. In the 10th century, the Arabic physician Masawaih al-Mardini (Mesue the Younger) first described a method of extracting oil from "some kind of bituminous shale". It was also reported to have been used in Switzerland and Austria in the early 14th century. In 1596, the personal physician of Frederick I, Duke of Württemberg wrote of its healing properties.

During the OPEC 1973 oil crisis, Reed and Lerner (1973) proposed methanol from coal as a proven fuel with well-established manufacturing technology and sufficient resources to replace gasoline. Hagen (1976) reviewed prospects for synthesizing methanol from fossil and renewable resources, its use as a fuel, economics, and hazards. Then in 1986, the Swedish Motor Fuel Technology Co. (SBAD) extensively reviewed the use of alcohols and alcohol blends as motor fuels. It reviewed the potential for methanol production from natural gas, very heavy oils, bituminous shales, coals, peat and biomass.

The Rawhide Mine is a coal mine located 10 miles (16.1 km) north of Gillette, Wyoming in the United States in the coal-rich Powder River Basin. The mine is an open pit mine that utilizes a combination of cast blast/dozer push and truck/shovel mining methods to strip an average of 165 feet (50.3m) of overburden off of approximately 105 (32.0m) feet of coal. Rawhide produces a low-sulfur, sub-bituminous coal from the Roland and Smith seams. This coal is used for domestic energy generation and shipped to customers via railroad.

As of 2009, Dry Fork had reserves of 330 mm tons of sub- bituminous coal and a maximum permitted production capacity of 15mm tons per year. Typical annual production has been in 5.2mm ton range for the last several years though. In 2008, the mine produced just over 5.2 million short tons of coal, making it the 37th-largest producer of coal in the United States. The average quality of the coal shipped from Dry Fork is 8,050-8,200 BTU/lb, 0.20-0.42% Sulfur, 3.8-5.1% Ash, and 1.50% Sodium (of the ash).

The Messel formation is composed of brown coals, oil shales, and bituminous shale, which preserved numerous insects, fish, birds, reptiles, and terrestrial mammals as a notable lagerstätten. The area is a preserved maar lake which initially formed approximately 47 million years ago as the result of volcanic explosions. At the time of description, the holotype specimens for the six Messel species were preserved in the Senckenberg Research Station Messel fossil collections. The fossils were first described by Gennady Dlussky and Sonja Wedmann in a paper on the poneromorph ants of Messel.

A Maryland coal mine from 1850 Room and pillar mining is one of the oldest mining methods. Early room and pillar mines were developed more or less at random, with pillar sizes determined empirically and headings driven in whichever direction was convenient.C. M. Young, Percentage of Extraction on of Bituminous Coal with Special Reference to Illinois Conditions, Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin No. 100, University of Illinois, page 130. Room and pillar mining was in use throughout Europe as early as the 13th century, and the United States since the late 18th century.

Lumps of coal were placed on plates of perforated cast iron and men known as "breakers" would hammer on the coal until it was in lumps small enough to fall through the holes. The coal fell into a second screen, where it was shaken (by hand, animal, steam, or water power) and the smaller lumps sorted. This "broken and screened" coal was worth much more than lump coal. Although bituminous coal had been widely burned as fuel since ancient times, anthracite coal did not come into widespread use until the 1820s.

The highway was relocated straight through Jennings and to a path with fewer turns through Oronoque in 1938; that same year, the highway was paved with a bituminous surface along the US-36 concurrency. US-83 was paved from the US-36 split to the Nebraska state line in 1940. The highway was paved from Selden to Dresden by 1945, and from Dresden to US-36 west of Norton in 1948. US-383 was assigned to the entire length of the K-383 corridor and beyond in both directions by 1945.

Kentucky's two major coal fields are separated by around 180 miles. The Western Coal Fields are part of the Illinois Basin, which extends into Illinois and Indiana, while the Eastern Mountain Coal Fields is part of the Appalachian coal basin which extends from Pennsylvania to Alabama. Bituminous coal deposits in the eastern coal field are lower in sulfur content, averaging between 1 and 2 percent by weight. Coal deposits from the western part of the state are slightly lower in heat content but higher in sulfur, averaging between 3 and 4 percent sulfur.

By 1956, the route's surface was improved to stone, and on December 1, 1957, RM 2134 was extended. By 1961, the portion designated as RM 2134 had been upgraded to a bituminous surface and other road segment had been upgraded to a metal surface. The RM 2134 designation was removed from the roadway by 1990, due to the construction of the O.H. Ivie Reservoir over portions of the roadway. Recreational Road 11 was designated on December 20, 1996, in its current location, traveling from FM 1929 northward to the Concho Recreation Area.

Ogatan, charcoal briquettes made from sawdust Hexamine fuel tablets Smokeless fuels can have several benefits over other solid fuels such as bituminous coal or anthracite. They are usually more expensive than coal, and often consist of briquettes of standard size (ca 3 inches long and wide by 1 inch thick) aiding transport, handling and fire-making. Coal however, may often be supplied in a large variety of sizes from fines to large lumps. Slack such as stone and shale or even coal dust can choke a fire and usually produces a great deal of smoke.

US 222 in Maryland was widened and resurfaced between what is now the MD 222-MD 275--MD 824 intersection and Port Deposit in 1959 and 1960. US 222 was relocated as part of the construction of its original diamond interchange with I-95 in 1962 and 1963. The old alignment of US 222 east of its I-95 interchange became MD 824. The highway was resurfaced with bituminous concrete from MD 7 to US 40 and reconstructed and widened from US 40 to the southern MD 824 intersection in 1968 and 1969.

Karugutu lies along the Fort Portal–Ntoroko Road, where it meets the Fort Portal–Bundibugyo Road, immediately west of the Semliki Wildlife Reserve. The Uganda National Roads Authority (UNRA), has plans to upgrade the Karugutu–Ntoroko Road, one of 11 "oil roads" to class II bituminous surface, with culverts and drainage channels. The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the upgrade of this road was completed in 2017. The town is the location of Karugutu Training School, an alpine warfare training school, owned, maintained and operated by the Uganda People's Defence Forces (UPDF).

"Keeping Warm": the Los Angeles Times, a conservative newspaper, demands federal action to stop the coal strike, November 22, 1919. The United Mine Workers under John L. Lewis called a strike for November 1, 1919 in all soft (bituminous) coal fields. They had agreed to a wage agreement to run until the end of World War I and now sought to make permanent their wartime gains. U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer invoked the Lever Act, a wartime measure that made it a crime to interfere with the production or transportation of necessities.

The segments were 20 inches wide; a pair of them formed an arch 7 feet high and transverse struts were provided to ensure rigidity. These fitted into longitudinal bearers which were grooved to receive the foot of each segment. Each pair of segments was bolted together at the apex of the arch and each segment was also bolted to its neighbour, the joints being sealed with a bituminous compound. The convenient handling of these segments enabled them to be transported onto sites where close access by motor lorry was not possible.

The highway is undergoing major rehabilitation after being neglected for years. The Ghanaian Government is rehabilitating part of the Half Assini - New Town road network to give the area a facelift and facilitate socio-economic activities. Dior Merkano, Jomoro District Feeder Road Engineer, told the Ghana News Agency in an interview at Half Assini on Thursday that the rehabilitation involves earthworks, concrete works and bituminous surfacing. The project started in 2008 and was scheduled to be done but a gravel shortage in the cause only 1.9 km has been completed.

Geothermal waters on Dominica in the Lesser Antilles also contain concentrations of As >50 μg/L. In general, because arsenic is an incompatible element, it accumulates in differentiated magmas, and in other western mineralized areas. Weathering of pegmatite veins in Connecticut, USA, was thought to contribute As to groundwater. In Pennsylvania, As concentrations in water discharging from abandoned anthracite mines ranged from <0.03 to 15 μg/L and from abandoned bituminous mines, from 0.10 to 64 μg/L, with 10% of samples exceeding the United States Environmental Protection Agency MLC of 10 μg/L.

The roads on which MD 246 was formerly assigned still exist within the military property, while MD 248 was mostly obliterated by the construction of runways. The remainder of MD 246 from the naval air station to Great Mills was reconstructed with a bituminous concrete surface in 1944 to better connect the military base with Leonardtown. The state highway was reconstructed again from Great Mills to Lexington Park in 1954 and 1955. MD 246 was expanded to a five- lane road between Forest Run Drive and MD 235 by 1993.

Samuel Dixon (November 14, 1856 - July 6, 1934) was an industrialist and politician in West Virginia. Dixon was among the powerful and wealthy men who helped develop southern West Virginia's bituminous coal bearing-region during the late 19th and early 20th century. A native of Kelton, Yorkshire, England, he was the son on an ironstone miner. In 1877, came to the United States, the 21-year-old was employed working for his uncle, Fred Faulkner, a mine owner in the rapidly emerging New River Coalfield in Fayette County, West Virginia.

When the national bituminous coal contract expired in 1977, UMWA struck on December 6. The right of local unions to strike was the primary issue in the negotiations. During his re-election campaign, Miller had been forced to accept as a collective bargaining goal the right to strike over local issues. But the owners rejected Miller's demand because they saw he was unable to bring wildcat strikers back to the bargaining table.Krohe, "The UMW Battlefield Moves Beyond the Coal Field", Illinois Issues, April 1980"Striking out of Weakness?" Time, October 24, 1977.

Tom Hardison, vice-president of the Portland Pipe Line Corp., characterized it as a "biased process" and a "vote against jobs, energy and the waterfront". The Bangor Daily News had reported that "while several cities and towns along the pipeline have adopted nonbinding resolutions protesting the movement of the bituminous oil through their communities, the South Portland ordinance is viewed as the only measure that could actually prevent it." Danielle Droitsch, of the Natural Resources Defense Council, said the Clear Skies Ordinance would be "very significant" in the fight against oil sands bitumen.

He accused Trbovich of keeping a public relations consultant on the payroll for six weeks longer than necessary, forcing Miller to fire her. The board's meeting turned into a shouting match between Miller and Trbovich. By that time, Trbovich had the support of 16 of the members on the board and an opposition slate was forming to challenge Miller in the 1977 presidential election. During the Bituminous Coal Strike of 1974, Trbovich continued to snipe at Miller from the bargaining council, where he criticized Miller's proposals and tentative agreements.

In 1983, Harless withdrew from Bituminous Coal Operators Association, following disagreements with a contract that had been negotiated by UMW chairman Richard Trumka and the chairman of Consolidation Coal Company. He regarded the contract as giving too much power to unions, and believed it to have been designed in order to put smaller unionized coal operations like his own out of business. Harless had previously been a member of UMW in his youth, and had agreed to contracts negotiated by UMW and BCOA since he first entered the mining industry in 1966.

The public baths were built for Chester City Council between 1898 and 1901 and were designed by the local architect John Douglas on whose land they were constructed. It was an unusual commission for Douglas, as most of his previous designs had been for churches and houses. Designing the baths involved "technical complexity and specialist engineering work". During the design process Douglas advised that because of possible leakage through the concrete linings of the baths, it should be replaced by a bituminous lining at an additional cost of £150 (); the council agreed to this.

From US-36 it continues north for roughly through more farmlands and crosses Mission Creek, a tributary of the Missouri River. Roughly north of Mission Creek, it ends at the Highland city limits and continues as Kansas Street. The Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) tracks the traffic levels on its highways, and in 2017, they determined that on average the traffic varied from 450 vehicles per day near the southern terminus to 1380 vehicles per day between US-36 and the northern terminus. The entire route is paved with partial design bituminous pavement.

When described, Cephalopone was known from three fossil insects which are compression-impression fossils preserved in layers of soft sedimentary rock. Along with other well preserved insect fossils, the Cephalopone specimens were collected from layers of the Lutetian Messel pit World Heritage Site. The formation is composed of brown coals, oil shales, and bituminous shale, which preserved numerous insects, fish, birds, reptiles, and terrestrial mammals as a notable lagerstätten. The area is a preserved maar lake which initially formed approximately 47 million years ago as the result of volcanic explosions.

By 1870, he controlled all three, renamed jointly as the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad (AM&O;). There is ample evidence that Mahone had become aware of the potential wealth represented by untapped bituminous coal reserves in southern West Virginia, and had planned a fourth railroad and acquired land to capitalize upon them. However, the Financial Panic of 1873 forced the AM&O; into defaulting on its bonds and delaying any thoughts of expansion. After several years of receivership, the bondholders lost confidence in Mahone and he lost control of the AM&O.

The geology of the coalfield consists of the coal seams of the Upper, Middle and Lower Coal Measures, layers of sandstones, shales and coal of varying thickness, which were laid down in the Carboniferous period over 300 million years ago. The coal seams were formed from the vegetation of tropical swampy forests. The coal in Lancashire is bituminous, with 30–40% volatile matter varying in hardness from seam to seam. The coal measures were subsequently subjected to folding; this accounts for the dip towards the south and west; faulting occurred at that time.

When described Gesomyrmex germanicus was known from a group of four insects which are compression- impression fossils preserved in a layer of soft sedimentary rock. Along with other well preserved insect fossils, the G. germanicus specimens were collected from layers of the Lutetian Eckfeld maar. The formation is composed of Brown coals, oil shales, and Bituminous shale which preserved numerous insects, fish, birds, reptiles, and terrestrial mammals as a notable lagerstätten. The area is a preserved maar lake which initially formed approximately 47 million years ago as the result of volcanic explosions.

When described, Gesomyrmex pulcher was known from a solitary fossil insect which is a compression-impression fossil preserved in a layer of soft sedimentary rock. Along with other well preserved insect fossils, the G. pulcher specimen was collected from layers of the Lutetian Messel pit World Heritage Site. The formation is composed of brown coals, oil shales, and bituminous shale, which preserved numerous insects, fish, birds, reptiles, and terrestrial mammals as a notable lagerstätten. The area is a preserved maar lake which initially formed approximately 47 million years ago as the result of volcanic explosions.

Turkey was 11th in the list of countries by coal production, and mined 1.3% of the world's coal, with lignite and sub-bituminous deposits widespread throughout the country. Due to the country's geology, there is no hard coal, which has a higher energy density (over 7,250 kcal/kg), within 1000 m of the surface. All coal deposits are owned by the state but over half of mining is private sector. In 2017 almost half of Turkey's coal production was mined by the state-owned mines, but the government is seeking an expansion of privatization.

When described, Pachycondyla eocenica was known from two fossil insects which are compression- impression fossils preserved in layers of soft sedimentary rock. Along with other well-preserved insect fossils, the P. eocenica specimens were collected from layers of the Lutetian Messel pit World Heritage Site. The formation is composed of brown coals, oil shales, and bituminous shale, which preserved numerous insects, fish, birds, reptiles, and terrestrial mammals as a notable lagerstätten. The area is a preserved maar lake which initially formed approximately 47 million years ago as the result of volcanic explosions.

These bituminous sands contain of commercially established oil reserves, giving Canada the third largest oil reserves in the world. Although historically it was used without refining to pave roads, nearly all of the output is now used as raw material for oil refineries in Canada and the United States. The world's largest deposit of natural bitumen, known as the Athabasca oil sands, is located in the McMurray Formation of Northern Alberta. This formation is from the early Cretaceous, and is composed of numerous lenses of oil-bearing sand with up to 20% oil.

The highway's gravel surface was widened as a first layer and surface treated in autumn 1943 to help heavy traffic during the winter. In spring 1944 the first layer was scarified and the top were mixed with asphalt to form a base. This base was covered with a wearing surface of bituminous concrete. MD 235 was also reconstructed in this manner from Jarboesville to Hermanville in 1944 and 1945; included in that project was the construction of MD 712 to provide a modern highway to the naval air station's South Gate.

William Nelson Page (January 6, 1854 - March 7, 1932) was an American civil engineer and industrialist. He was active in the Virginias following the U.S. Civil War. Page was widely known as a metallurgical expert by other industry leaders and investors as well as state and federal authorities. William Page became one of the leading managers and developers of West Virginia's rich bituminous coalfields in the late-19th and early-20th century, as well as being deeply involved in building the railroads and other infrastructure necessary to process and transport the mined coal.

There were eight homes, seven barns, and some other buildings to be razed. The airfield consisted of three concrete runways with bituminous shoulders, 6230x148(NE/SW), 6300x148(NW/SE), 6000x175(N/S) including three large parking ramps, several hangars, a control tower and other auxiliary support aircraft buildings. The ground station, located to the north of the airfield, consisted of more than one hundred buildings, all intended to be temporary. Station buildings and streets were also constructed, the buildings consisting primarily of wood, tar paper, and non-masonry siding.

Beginning in 1917, the former Jamestown Exposition grounds adjacent to the VGN coal pier became an important facility for the United States Navy. The VGN transported the high quality "smokeless" West Virginia bituminous coal favored by the US Navy for its ships and submarines, providing a reliable supply during both World Wars. Today, the former VGN property at Sewell's Point is part of the Norfolk Navy Base, the largest naval facility in the world. USS William N. Page 1918–19 After Page retired in 1917, a ship was named in his honor.

When described Pachycondyla lutzi was known from ten fossil insects which are compression- impression fossils preserved in layers of soft sedimentary rock. Along with other well preserved insect fossils, the P. lutzi specimens were collected from layers of the Lutetian Messel pit World Heritage Site. The formation is composed of brown coals, oil shales, and bituminous shale, which preserved numerous insects, fish, birds, reptiles, and terrestrial mammals as a notable lagerstätten. The area is a preserved maar lake which initially formed approximately 47 million years ago as the result of volcanic explosions.

The formation is composed of brown coals, oil shales, and bituminous shale, which preserved numerous insects, fish, birds, reptiles, and terrestrial mammals as a notable lagerstätten. The area is a preserved maar lake which initially formed approximately 47 million years ago as the result of volcanic explosions. At the time of description, the holotype specimen, number SMF MeI 4744, was preserved in the Senckenberg Research Station Messel fossil collections. The fossil was described by Gennady Dlussky and Sonja Wedmann in a 2012 paper on the poneromorph ants of Messel.

Deck Sitting on the cross beams, the current deck consists of longitudinal timber stringers supporting transverse decking of timbers topped by longitudinal timber sheeting, with a bituminous seal. The stringers are of varying depth to provide a camber to the deck. As part of that work and to compensate for the loss of lateral and torsional stiffness of the new deck, a steel undertruss was installed. This connected to the abutment at each end and, by so doing, changed the manner in which the bridge was designed to articulate.

HAER, p.4 Heavy traffic at the Mass Ave and Memorial Drive intersection on the Cambridge end of the bridge led to the construction of an underpass in 1931.HAER, p. 5 The bridge was formerly referred to as the "Xylophone Bridge" because of the sound its wooden decking made when traffic traveled over it. This decking was replaced in 1949 with concrete-filled "I-beam lok" grating topped with a thick bituminous wearing surface. At this time, all bearings were replaced, and the trolley car tracks were removed, as were granite blocks.

Norfolk & Western Railway (N&W;) was expanded west into the coalfields and eventually into a much larger system. One hundred years later, the N&W; was combined with the Southern Railway, another profitable carrier, to form Norfolk Southern Corporation (NS) in 1982. Today, much of the former Virginia and Tennessee Railroad remains in service for Norfolk Southern (NS). The Fortune 500 company, headquartered in Norfolk, transports bituminous coal, intermodal freight transport/shipping containers, automobile parts and completed vehicles, and other commodities in the 21st century global transportation markets.

As of 2005, bituminous coal was delivered to the Homer City Generating Station by truck. Units 1 and 2 burned local Pennsylvania coal (that is cleaned on site in a coal cleaning plant) or Western Pennsylvania Pittsburgh seam coal. But now with diminishing local coal and mines to support it, the train track that runs through Indiana University of Pennsylvania has reopened and now supplies are brought in by train. A flue- gas desulfurization unit (scrubber) was added to Unit 3 which allows the unit to burn local coal.

A by-product of coal mining was the production of coke. The production of coke was usually regarded as a somewhat unimportant side industry to the actual mining of coal. Unlike coal mining, it was not regulated by legislation and as such no systematic records were kept of the early coke production industry in Queensland. Coke is used as both a fuel and as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore and is produced from baking bituminous coal in ovens at temperatures as high as 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit.

Vermejo Park ranch has large hydrocarbon resources estimated to consist of a 300-year reserve of bituminous coal, trillions of cubic feet of natural gas and unknown quantities of oil. Coal mining on land later belonging to Vermejo Park Ranch began by 1880. Seven coal mining settlements and mines were established on the ranch: Blossburg, Brilliant, Tin Pan Canyon, and Swastiks in Dillon Canyon and Gardiner, Koehler, and Waldron canyon nearby. All were located at the lower elevations on the ranch between 6,460 and 7,220 feet elevation. The coal mines employed 3,563 miners in 1911.

The construction consortium was made up of the Eiffage TP company for the concrete part, the Eiffel company for the steel roadway (Gustave Eiffel built the Garabit viaduct in 1884, a railway bridge in the neighbouring Cantal département), and the Enerpac company for the roadway's hydraulic supports. The engineering group Setec has authority in the project, with SNCF engineering having partial control. was responsible for the job of the bituminous road surface on the bridge deck, and Forclum (fr) for electrical installations. Management was handled by Eiffage Concessions.

Maryland Route 661 was the designation for Quaker Neck Landing Road, which ran from MD 289 near Pomona to a dead end at the Chester River in central Kent County. Quaker Neck Landing Road was improved by the Maryland State Roads Commission in 1936 and 1938, and the highway was brought into the state system as MD 661 by a motion of the commission on April 28, 1939. The highway was resurfaced with bituminous concrete in 1973. MD 661 was transferred from state to county maintenance through a November 18, 1994, road transfer agreement.

In the smelting process of using huge bellows driven by hydraulics (i.e. large waterwheels), massive amounts of charcoal were used in the production process, leading to a wide range of deforestation in northern China.Ebrey, Cambridge Illustrated History of China, 144. However, by the end of the 11th century the Chinese discovered that using bituminous coke could replace the role of charcoal, hence many acres of forested land and prime timber in northern China were spared by the steel and iron industry with this switch of resources to coal.

Beginning with the 2011/2012 national budget, road became one of those planned to be upgraded from gravel to bituminous surface. With political pressure from the Karamoja parliamentary caucus, the road was prioritized in the 2013/2014 financial year. On 12 November 2013, President Yoweri Museveni commissioned the start of construction. The China Road and Bridge Construction Corporation, a subsidiary of the China Communications Construction Company, was awarded the contract for the road at a cost of US$80 million (USh:184 billion at that time), fully funded by the Ugandan government.

In 1949, the state highway was relocated and a new bridge was constructed near Port Tobacco, replacing a dangerous curve and one-way bridge. MD 6 was widened and resurfaced with bituminous concrete through downtown La Plata in 1951. In 1955 and 1956, MD 6 from US 301 west to McConchie was reconstructed as the westbound direction of an ultimate divided highway that was proposed. Aside from minor improvements, there have been no significant changes in MD 6, such as the construction of a divided highway west of La Plata, since the 1950s.

The cab controls of No. 4017 at the National Railroad Museum in Green Bay, Wisconsin The Big Boy locomotives had large grates to burn the low-quality bituminous coal supplied by Union Pacific-owned mines in Wyoming. Coal was carried from the tender to the firebox by a stoker motor: a steam engine driving an auger. As an experiment, No. 4005 was converted to burn oil in 1946. Unlike a similar effort with the Challengers, the conversion failed due to uneven heating in the Big Boy's large, single- burner firebox.

His second wife, Angie, renamed their family home "Contentment" because she and her family spent many happy hours there. Contentment had been built about 1830 on the James River and Kanawha Turnpike in the west end of what is now Ansted, and they acquired it in 1872. Another of the town's more well-known residents was William Nelson Page, (1854–1932). A civil engineer, protégé of Dr. Ansted, and mining manager, Page helped develop West Virginia's rich bituminous coal fields in the late 19th and early 20th century.

In southern West Virginia, in the late 19th century, coal mining and transportation by the emerging technology of the railroads combined to form a new industry. Much of the region's bituminous coal was sent northwest to the Great Lakes, or northeast to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's coal piers at Baltimore, or to the world's greatest ice-free port of Hampton Roads in eastern Virginia. The Chesapeake and Ohio Railway's coal piers were located at Newport News. Across the harbor, the Norfolk and Western Railway's coal piers were located on the Elizabeth River in Norfolk.

Repairs and some strengthening works were carried out in conjunction with the construction of the tramway.Main Roads Journal, August 1937, p.152. The Department of Main Roads (DMR) assumed control of the bridge in 1935 and inspections soon revealed serious corrosion in the steelwork and cables, partly attributable to defects in the design of the bridge. Water had been allowed to accumulate around the suspension rods as they passed through the cross girder ends in small, undrained reserves that had originally been filled with a bituminous mixture, which had not stood the test of time.

When described, Cyrtopone was known from four fossil insects which are compression-impression fossils preserved in layers of soft sedimentary rock. Along with other well preserved insect fossils, the Cyrtopone specimens were collected from layers of the Lutetian Messel pit World Heritage Site. The formation is composed of brown coals, oil shales, and bituminous shale, which preserved numerous insects, fish, birds, reptiles, and terrestrial mammals as a notable lagerstätten. The area is a preserved maar lake which initially formed approximately 47 million years ago as the result of volcanic explosions.

The station is cooled using water from Morgan Lake, which is man-made and is replenished by about 28 million gallons of water each day from the San Juan River. The plant burns sub-bituminous coal delivered from the nearby Navajo Coal Mine by the Navajo Mine Railroad. The Navajo Transitional Energy Company (NTEC) bought the mine from BHP, three mines in Montana and Wyoming, and 7% of Four Corners Generating Station. In 2020, Arizona Public Service announced plans to decommission the Four Corners Generating Station, leaving no prospect for the mine and the railroad.

When described, Messelepone was known from two fossil insects which are compression-impression fossils preserved in layers of soft sedimentary rock. Along with other well preserved insect fossils, the Messelepone specimens were collected from layers of the Lutetian Messel pit World Heritage Site. The formation is composed of brown coals, oil shales, and bituminous shale, which preserved numerous insects, fish, birds, reptiles, and terrestrial mammals as a notable lagerstätten. The area is a preserved maar lake which initially formed approximately 47 million years ago as the result of volcanic explosions.

The town of Scofield lies in the bituminous coal field of Carbon County, Utah, about from the main line of the Rio Grande Western Railroad, and is nestled among the hills that surround the upper part of Pleasant Valley. The town is situated along Mud Creek, just south (upstream) of the Scofield Reservoir. The outlet of the reservoir is the Price River, which flows southeast to the Green River and is thus part of the Colorado River basin. According to the United States Census Bureau, Scofield has a total area of , all of it land.

Depending on the type of coal that was burned, the chemical composition found in coal ash can vary. Coal ash obtained from the combustion of bituminous coal is constituted principally of aluminum oxide (Al2O3), calcium oxide (CaO) and silicon dioxide (SiO2). In the composition of coal, there are many potentially hazardous substances that, if found at elevated concentration in inhaled particles, can cause major health problems in humans. Such constituents that are found at various concentrations in coal ash are arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, lithium, mercury, molybdenum, selenium, thallium and uranium.

It is overlain by the Battle, Whitemud, and Scollard formations. The Drumheller Coal Zone, located in the lower part of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, was mined for sub-bituminous coal in the Drumheller area from 1911 to 1979, and the Atlas Coal Mine in Drumheller has been preserved as a National Historic Site. In more recent times, the Horseshoe Canyon Formation has become a major target for coalbed methane (CBM) production. Contact (red arrow) between the underlying marine shales of the Bearpaw Formation and the coastal Horseshoe Canyon Formation.

View from Leithen of the Zirler Berg (centre: wooded) The dominant rocks of the Seefeld Plateaus are Wetterstein limestone and main dolomite with scattered occurrences of bituminous slate. A branch of the ice age Inn Glacier scoured out several basins and left lakes behind such as the Wildsee, the Möserer See and the Wildmoossee as well as numerous raised bogs like the Reither Moor that were formed by the silting up of lakes. The plateau lies in the montane altitude zone. On its slopes are fir and beech mixed woods interspersed with spruce.

Asphalt Release Agents are chemical products developed and manufactured as alternatives to diesel and solvents commonly used for cleaning equipment associated with Hot Mix Asphaltic Concrete (HMAC) production and placement on government and private facilities. The United States Oil Pollution Act of 1980 was used as the foundation to build the current program. The intent of asphalt release agents is to eliminate harmful stripping products that come into contact with bituminous products and strip the asphalt (binding agent) from the aggregates causing potholes, raveling, and other detrimental pavement failures.

Calumet was founded by the Calumet Coke Company in 1888 as a housing site for its workers. The community, as originally laid out, consisted of twenty double houses, twelve single-family houses, and a few commercial and industrial buildings. The workers were employed in a coal mine and also tended ovens that produced coke (fuel). During the Bituminous Coal Miners' Strike of 1894, Calumet was the site of a bitter confrontation between the strikers and the H. C. Frick Coke Company, which at that time was part-owner of Calumet Coke Company.

There is scroll detailing below the leadlight oculus to the eastern facade and downpipes have been chased into the sandstone to the southern facade. Some segments of the pediment to the south facade have been replaced. The roofline, with shaped rafter ends continues over the first-floor balcony, which is partially enclosed at the western end of the south side. The balcony roof is supported by squat brick and sandstone pillars, the walls have been rough cast rendered and painted cream and it has a bituminous floor covering.

The Jack House has a flat roof of bituminous membrane. The Jacks originally intended to construct a steel framed house along the western boundary but abandoned the idea due to the high cost involved. This change of approach, with the Jacks opting instead for brick and timber construction, led to a design that harmonised as much as possible with the existing site, even to the extent of accommodating the small creek. As well as the final design being driven by the challenging site, the Jacks also had a commitment to produce economical but human buildings.

On the contrary, we > seem to have only that type of contract which "may well be of economic > advantage to buyers, as well as to sellers." [Citing Standard Stations]365 > U.S. at 329-334. The Court rejected the view of Standard Stations that 6.7 percent of the market was enough to make a contract illegal and concluded: > In weighing the various factors, we have decided that, in the competitive > bituminous coal marketing area involved here, the contract sued upon does > not tend to foreclose a substantial volume of competition.365 U.S. at 335.

Map indicating location of Black Diamond, Washington The coal being mined from the mines in Nortonville was low quality. Needing a higher grade of coal to compete in the market, the company sent men north in 1880 to search for better sources. They discovered high-quality coal outcroppings in Washington territory, and sent samples to California for testing. The coal they had found was bituminous, higher quality than the lignite coal being mined in the California mines, and the company quickly began clearing trails, building houses, and opening the mine.

To counter this loss, the United Mine Workers Association, or the UMWA, and the Bituminous Coal Operators' Association, or the BCOA, negotiated an industry-wide deal that raised the wages of each miner from $1.90 per shift to $2.00 per shift in 1952. This wage could not be supported by smaller nor non-union coal mines, so many went bankrupt, which created a further increase in the power of the UMWA. Many workers lost their jobs, which overall increased the wealth of the UMWA. In addition, and increase in mechanization also lead to a decrease of miners.

Following the publication of Gesner's geological surveys, local entrepreneurs opened coal and iron mines in Queens County and were quickly disappointed by the extent and quality of the ore. Unhappy investors questioned the validity of Gesner's surveys and the provincial government terminated his employment in 1843. During the first summer of his geological surveys, Gesner found a bituminous substance on the Petitcodiac River in Albert County, which he named albertite to differentiate it from coal or asphalt. While in St. John, Gesner amassed an extensive collection of minerals and wildlife specimens, which he assembled into a museum in 1842.

In addition, the first segment of the state highway was extended as a macadam road from the county line to the western Old Columbia Pike intersection in Burtonsville; the macadam road continued south along Old Columbia Pike, which was then designated MD 196. MD 198 was widened with a pair of bituminous shoulders from the county line east to Laurel between 1938 and 1940. There remained a gap in MD 198 between Spencerville and Burtonsville until the intervening county road was brought into state maintenance in 1956. The original route connecting Laurel and Fort Meade was MD 216.

Perry, p.64 In the next decade, Jordan's health began to decline, and he sold his half of the company to Henry Cowell in 1865. With the firm renamed Davis and Cowell, Henry Cowell and his family moved to Santa Cruz, where he took over Jordan's former duties. After Davis died in 1888, Cowell acquired full ownership of the company, and it became Henry Cowell and Co. Operations and land acquisitions continued to expand over the next twenty years; encompassing expanded lime production, cattle and milk cows, bituminous rock mining, tan oak bark (used in leather tanning), grain and fruit.

It was in 1943 that the industrial group known today as the Pechiney created the Industrial Company Bituminous Shale Aveyronnais whose main site was located in the municipality of Lapanouse. The schists were exploited by open pit over a front of more than 10 m high. They were then crushed and taken to the ovens. Hot gases passing through the raw material, the vapor collected at the outlet was condensed and ran after a close heavy oil fuel. The yield was 42 kg of oil per ton of shale and he treated 1,000 tonnes per day.

The stand's wooden roof, covered with layers of highly flammable bituminous roofing felt, offered no resistance to the flames. Burning timbers and molten materials fell from the roof onto the crowd and seating below, and dense black smoke enveloped a passageway behind the stand, where many spectators were trying to escape. It took less than four minutes for the entire stand to be engulfed in flames. There were no extinguishers in the stand's passageway for fear of vandalism, and one spectator ran to the clubhouse to find one, but was overcome by smoke and impeded by others trying to escape.

MD 225 originally extended west along Strauss Avenue through Indian Head to the entrance to U.S. Naval Proving Ground. The state highway was supplanted by Indian Head Highway as the main access to the military base when that highway was constructed from Washington to Indian Head during World War II. MD 225 was relocated from Strauss Avenue to its present terminus western terminus in Potomac Heights in 1950. The state highway was widened to a road with a bituminous-stabilized gravel surface from La Plata to Ripley in 1949 and 1950 and from Ripley to Potomac Heights in 1951.

Under the management of Pierre B. Cornwall, the mine operated profitably until its closure in 1878. By this time, Black Diamond had acquired a considerable amount of land around Bellingham Bay, and throughout the next 19 years, Cornwall focused the company's efforts on the sale of its real estate.BBIC Company Records The Blue Canyon mine, at the south end of Lake Whatcom, opened in 1891 with solid investment, and supplied lower-grade bituminous coal for the United States Pacific Fleet. Twenty-three workers died in huge explosion on April 8, 1895, Washington's worst industrial accident to date.

In 1863 John Brogden and Son leased extensive coal bearing areas in the Ogmore Valley, to the north-west of Llantrisant; the intention was to export the bituminous coal through Porthcawl Harbour. However the harbour there was seriously deficient in its capacity, notwithstanding improvement works costing £250,000 in 1867. In any case the principal market for the mineral output was at the ironworks at Merthyr, Dowlais and nearby. The Ogmore Valley Railway was opened in 1865 to convey the minerals to Tondu, joining there the Llynvi Valley Railway; the two railways combined to form the Llynvi and Ogmore Railway in 1866.

Laterite road near Kounkane, Upper Casamance, Senegal The French surfaced roads in the Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam area with crushed laterite, stone or gravel. Kenya, during the mid-1970s, and Malawi, during the mid-1980s, constructed trial sections of bituminous-surfaced low-volume roads using laterite in place of stone as a base course. The laterite did not conform with any accepted specifications but performed equally well when compared with adjoining sections of road using stone or other stabilized material as a base. In 1984 US$40,000 per was saved in Malawi by using laterite in this way.

Anderson studied at the University of Edinburgh. Fellow Aberdonian William Forsyth briefly employed him at the Chelsea Physic Garden in London, prior to Anderson's emigration to New York in 1774, where he stayed with his brother John, a printer. He was appointed in 1785 superintendent of the government botanic garden at St. Vincent, where he showed much activity. He was a correspondent of Sir Joseph Banks, through whom he contributed to the Royal Society in 1789 an account of a bituminous lake on St. Vincent, which was afterwards published in the Philosophical Transactions for that year.

Coke oven at a smokeless fuel plant in Wales, United Kingdom Coke is a solid carbonaceous residue derived from coking coal (a low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal, also known as metallurgical coal), which is used in manufacturing steel and other iron products. Coke is made from coking coal by baking in an oven without oxygen at temperatures as high as 1,000 °C, driving off the volatile constituents and fusing together the fixed carbon and residual ash. Metallurgical coke is used as a fuel and as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore in a blast furnace.Blast furnace steelmaking cost model . Steelonthenet.com.

Opened in 1962, the Whitewood mine operated on a "strip" model, harvesting approximately 2.8 megatonnes of sub-bituminous coal per annum. Most of this thermal coal was used for steam-driven power generation at the Wabamun, Sundance, and Keephills power plants, but a small amount of coal was sold to the residents of Parkland County for personal uses. The Whitewood mine covered approximately 4700 hectares of slightly hilly prairie, with locales of forest and wetland interspersed throughout. The 2,800,000 tonnes of coal mined there each year was enough fuel to fulfil approximately 13% of Alberta's electrical energy requirements.

1934 - Holder of the Australian Letters Patent 19231/34 for the process of manufacturing of bituminous substances by the concentration of Tasmanite Oil Shale. 1924-1937 - Referee Analyst for Government on commercial interests on liquors, foods, oils, bitumen, alloys, soils, fish product and other items and was a member of the State Development Advisory Board. 1935 - His investigation into the Smithton Dolomite Deposits resulted in the formation of the Magnesium Products Ltd company. 1940 - Applied for Patent for an improved, continuously working charcoal kiln to produce consistent quality charcoal as a motor fuel substitute for petrol.

The Welsh were especially numerous and politically active in colonial Pennsylvania, where they elected 9% of the legislature. In the 19th century, thousands of Welsh coal miners emigrated to the anthracite and bituminous mines of Pennsylvania, many becoming mine managers and executives. The miners brought organizational skills, exemplified in the United Mine Workers labour union, and its most famous leader John L. Lewis, who was born in a Welsh settlement in Iowa. Pennsylvania has the largest number of Welsh-Americans, approximately 200,000; they are primarily concentrated in the Western and Northeastern (Coal Region) regions of the state.

Used tires being fed mid-kiln to a pair of long kilns Fuels that have been used for primary firing include coal, petroleum coke, heavy fuel oil, natural gas, landfill off-gas and oil refinery flare gas.Peray op cit Chapter 4 Because the clinker is brought to its peak temperature mainly by radiant heat transfer, and a bright (i.e. high emissivity) and hot flame is essential for this, high carbon fuels such as coal which produces a luminous flame are preferred for kiln firing. In favorable circumstances, high-rank bituminous coal can produce a flame at 2050 °C.

Within the Kimmeridge clay are bands of bituminous shale and dolomite, which form flat ledges within Kimmeridge Bay that are exposed at low tide. Kimmeridge gives its name to the Kimmeridgian, the division of the Jurassic period in which the beds were laid down, because of the quality of the cliffs and the fossils they yield. Kimmeridge is also the type locality for the Jurassic age Kimmeridge Clay formation, which is well represented in southern England, and provides one of the source rocks for hydrocarbons found in the Wessex and North Sea Basins. The Kimmeridge Oil Field is northwest of Kimmeridge Bay.

Developed in Scotland in 1828, the hot blast preheats air before it is pumped through molten iron, substantially lowering fuel needs. The Scrantons also intended to experiment with using anthracite coal to make steel, rather than existing methods which used charcoal or bituminous coal.Lewis, "The Early History of the Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company: A Study in Technological Adaptation", Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, October 1972. The most likely successful first use of the hot-blast technique in the U.S. was carried out in 1835 at Oxford Furnace in Warren County, New Jersey, by William Henry, Seldon Scranton's father-in-law.

The mined coal was supplied exclusively to the adjacent coal-fired Centralia Power Plant, which is operated by TransAlta Centralia Generation LLC and the coal mine was operated by TransAlta Centralia Mining. Prior to May 2000, the mine was owned and operated by PacifiCorp. The Centralia Mine completed its 31st year of production in 2001, producing of sub-bituminous coal, 354,481 short tons more than it produced in 2000. The mine's average annual production over 1997–2001 was 4.4 million short tons per year; average annual production over the life of the mine was 4.3 million short tons per year.

The > strike threatened to shut down the winter fuel supply to all major cities > (homes and apartments were heated with anthracite or "hard" coal because it > had higher heat value and less smoke than "soft" or bituminous coal). > President Theodore Roosevelt became involved and set up a fact-finding > commission that suspended the strike. The strike never resumed, as the > miners received more pay for fewer hours; the owners got a higher price for > coal, and did not recognize the union as a bargaining agent. It was the > first labor episode in which the federal government intervened as a neutral > arbitrator.

54 but already the use of lower-cost coke made from more widely available bituminous coal, together with expanding markets in the Midwest and West, was driving the center of the iron industry (and soon, steelmaking) to Pittsburgh. Already the importance of anthracite as an indispensable industrial fuel was slipping. Even Gowen's anthracite combination, successful at maintaining profitable market prices even as depression set in, was not able to continue long in unity. Internecine squabbles and continued deteriorating business conditions all around undermined the effectiveness of this pooling effort, and coal prices and revenues fluctuated year by year.

Around this time, it increased the stock issue to $5,000,000 and issued an additional $5,000,000 in fifty-year bonds. The Clearfield Bituminous Coal Company signed a contract to ship exclusively over the new railroad, and George Magee was appointed general contractor for construction. The new line was built to high standards in anticipation of heavy coal traffic. It eschewed severe grades, at the cost of extensive curvature and bridges as it followed Beech Creek, and the Hogback tunnel, which cut across a loop of the creek, about halfway up the climb out of the watershed at Hurxthal's Summit.

Virginia's long dream for the C&O; had been trade with the west, and Huntington's work accomplished that by 1873. However, he and others also realized that the new railroads for the first time offered a practical way to ship coal. The region's high quality bituminous coal had been known to be among West Virginia's vast natural resources, but until now, there had been no way to transport it to markets. The new C&O; railroad provided a method of transporting this valuable product out of the mountains and east to Richmond, where ocean-going shipping called.

Verlag von Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871 Precious stones and salt were not part of the upper Bergregal in all countries, however. The lower Bergregal covered the mining of base metals, like iron, tin, copper, cobalt, lead and bismuth, as well as the minerals arsenic, sulphur, saltpetre and antimony. In many cases these rights were awarded to a third party or granted to landowners under the mining regulations (Bergordnung). The mining of bituminous coal, brown coal and peat did not initially come under the Bergregal; instead ownership remained with the landowners because these resources were classed as fossil fuels.

The highway from the contemporary northern city limit of Baltimore near 42nd Street to Washington Avenue just north of the center of Towson was surfaced with bituminous concrete in 1914. York Road from Texas to Glencoe was resurfaced in 1914 and from there to the hamlet of Verona south of Hereford in 1915. The improved macadam road was extended to Parkton by 1919. York Road from Parkton to the Pennsylvania state line was paved in concrete in two sections completed in 1921 and 1923. Greenmount Avenue was reconstructed from 42nd Street to its southern end by 1924.

The Dry Fork mine is a coal mine located 8 miles north of Gillette, Wyoming in the United States in the coal-rich Powder River Basin. The mine is an open pit mine that utilizes truck and shovel mining method to mine a low-sulfur, sub- bituminous coal that is used for domestic energy generation and shipped to customers via railroad. In 2011, the mine is expected to begin supplying coal to the newly constructed Dry Fork power station that has been constructed adjacent to the mine. The mine is currently owned and operated by Western Fuels Association.

Muhlenberg County, once the largest coal-producing county in the nation, benefits greatly from access to the river, as does the aluminium industry in Henderson County. In 2002, more than 10 million short tons were shipped on the river, primarily sub-bituminous coal, petroleum coke, and aluminium ore. The river rises from Kings Mountain, Kentucky, and follows a meandering path, collecting several smaller streams along its way to its impoundment by a dam at Green River Lake near Campbellsville. It then continues in a westerly direction and is joined by the Little Barren River before entering the Mammoth Cave National Park.

Iowa Highway 22 was designated in 1926, and followed what is now U.S. Highway 61 between Muscatine and Davenport, passing through Blue Grass; U.S. 61 followed the Mississippi River route at the time. The highway was extended to Thornburg in 1931. For years, several sections of Iowa Highway 22 was either gravel or had a bituminous surface. One of these sections — the section between Muscatine and Blue Grass — was paved in 1957, the same year U.S. 61 and Iowa Highway 22 switched routes; U.S. 61 now went through Blue Grass, while Iowa Highway 22 now followed the Mississippi River through Buffalo.

The original roofs were constructed of flat concrete slabs with a membrane waterproofing and finished with a bituminous coating which was designed to be walked on. At the roofline, on either side of the main entrance, are large painted reliefs of the Royal and Commonwealth coats of arms. The railings on the front steps were installed after the federal parliament had left the building and were not present during its active lifetime. The interior continues the stripped-classicism of the exterior, with the use of common motifs and simple lines, in both the decor and furnishings.

The Zonguldak Eren Termik Santrali (ZETES) power stations in Zonguldak are 3 coal-fired power stations in Turkey totaling 2790 MW owned by Eren Holding via Eren Enerji. Built between 2010 and 2016 Zetes-1 is 160MW, Zetes-2 is 1230MW and Zetes-3 is 1400MW. Together they are the largest installed capacity coal- fired power stations in Turkey and are estimated to emit 10.25 Mt CO2 per year, over 2% of Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions. Located within about a kilometer of each other and the Black Sea the plants burn bituminous coal imported via the nearby Eren Port.

The facility opened in the early 1950s and consists of two Babcock & Wilcox cyclone boilers each with one steam turbine. Originally designed to burn Illinois Basin bituminous coal supplied by rail car or barge, the site switched to natural gas or lower sulfur Powder River Basin coal. Additionally, a 30 MW combustion turbine was added in 1967 and two 50 MW combustion turbines were added between 1972 and 1977. As of 2000, the boilers were capable of operating on a variety of fuel sources, including natural gas, Powder River Basin coal, #2 fuel oil and tire-derived fuel.

Raw coke Coke is a grey, hard, and porous fuel with a high carbon content and few impurities, made by heating coal or oil in the absence of air—a destructive distillation process. It is an important industrial product, used mainly in iron ore smelting, but also as a fuel in stoves and forges when air pollution is a concern. The unqualified term "coke" usually refers to the product derived from low-ash and low-sulphur bituminous coal by a process called coking. A similar product called petroleum coke, or pet coke, is obtained from crude oil in oil refineries.

When described Pachycondyla petrosa was known from a single fossil insect which is a compression-impression fossil preserved in layers of soft sedimentary rock. Along with other well preserved insect fossils, the P. petrosa specimen was collected from layers of Lutetian Messel Formation rock in the Messel pit World Heritage Site. The Messel formation is composed of brown coals, oil shales, and bituminous shale, which preserved numerous insects, fish, birds, reptiles, and terrestrial mammals as a notable lagerstätten. The area is a preserved maar lake which initially formed approximately 47 million years ago as the result of volcanic explosions.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt was impressed with the scenery of the mountains and established the first CCC camps along Skyline Drive. These camps were the first to be placed in a national park. The CCC graded the slopes on both sides of the roadway, built guardrails and stone walls, constructed overlooks, and planted thousands of trees and shrubs along the parkway. Three different companies were awarded contracts for bituminous surfacing of the road. The section of Skyline Drive between Thornton Gap and Swift Run Gap opened in the middle part of 1934 and cost $1,570,479 (equivalent to $ in ,).

MD 261 was widened from and resurfaced with bituminous stabilized gravel from south of Fishing Creek to the Naval Research Lab in 1950. The first portion of MD 613 was built from MD 2 (now MD 778) at Friendship east to Boyds Turn Road in 1934. The highway was extended east to Rose Haven, including its U-shape around Rose Haven Harbor, in 1948 and 1949. In 1956, MD 261 was extended south along Willows Road to its present terminus at MD 263 and north through North Beach into Anne Arundel County, where the North Beach-Rose Haven road was paved.

Adolf von Menzel) With the discovery of bituminous coal deposits at the end of the 18th century by the Polish local priest Ludwik Bojarski, new industrial sectors developed in the Chorzów area. In the years 1791–1797 the Prussian state-owned Royal Coal Mine was constructed (Kopalnia Król, Königsgrube, later renamed several times with the changing political winds). In 1799, first pig iron was made in the Royal Iron Works (Królewska Huta, Königshütte). At the time, it was a pioneering industrial establishment of its kind in continental Europe. In 1819 the ironworks consisted of 4 blast furnaces, producing 1,400 tons of pig-iron.

In 1873, the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O;) line led by Collis P. Huntington had connected Richmond with the Ohio River Valley at Huntington, West Virginia. This had long been a dream of Virginians. By this time, bituminous coal, abundant in southern West Virginia and western Virginia, was emerging as a major natural resource to fuel the growing Industrial Revolution. In 1881, the Peninsula Extension of the C&O; brought the line east to the new city of Newport News in a rural area of adjacent Warwick County and the deep sea port of Hampton Roads where new coal piers were built.

The wayside rest area near Blue Earth, Minnesota is where Minnesota's east-building and west- building I-90 teams linked up in 1978, thus completing the final mile of the Minnesota section and symbolically joining the of the Interstate. Since being overlaid with bituminous paving in 2006, the original gold colored cement concert line marking the completion of I-90 has been replaced with gold paint on just the shoulder portions of the roadway at the same location; plaques dedicating and describing this special segment of I-90 pavement can be found at the Blue Earth rest areas.

When described Pachycondyla parvula was known from six fossil insects which are compression- impression fossils preserved in layers of soft sedimentary rock. Along with other well preserved insect fossils, the P. parvula specimens were collected from layers of Lutetian Messel Formation rock in the Messel pit World Heritage Site. The Messel formation is composed of brown coals, oil shales, and bituminous shale, which preserved numerous insects, fish, birds, reptiles, and terrestrial mammals as a notable lagerstätten. The area is a preserved maar lake which initially formed approximately 47 million years ago as the result of volcanic explosions.

From 1846 he studied the production of indigenous raw materials such as gypsum and lime in the Segeberger Kalkberg and Lieth. Meyn simultaneously collected over 1500 rock samples from all over Schleswig-Holstein as specimens, these still form the foundation of the Geological Collection of the state university. In the spring of 1856, Meyn began with simple hand tools, the first drilling for oil in Dithmarschen, three years before Edwin L. Drake, tapped the first oil well in Pennsylvania. It was the first ever drilling for oil, but without much success: Meyn found only bituminous sands and oil pastels.

Most power plants burning bituminous coal operate on imported material, therefore, the plants are located not only near to the mining sites, but throughout the country. German coal-fired power plants are being designed and modified so they can be increasingly flexible to support the fluctuations resulting from increased renewable energy. Existing power plants in Germany are designed to operate flexibly. Load following is achieved by German natural gas combined cycle plants and coal-fired power plants. New coal-fired power plants have a minimum load capability of approximately 40%, with further potential to reduce this to 20–25%.

By 1863, indications of coal fields, though not of consequence, were noted on the Great Tenasserim above Tanintharyi, while a bed of crop coal above the Falls of the Great Tenasserim was determined to be of inferior quality and abandoned. Balfour, in 1871, described a principal mine worked about from the river's mouth and said of the river valley coal that its best parts were considered an improvement over ordinary lignite while equal to bituminous coal's inferior portions. Extensive coal deposits have been found on the river banks. They are concentrated in the river valley about upstream from the Mergu River mouth.

When described Pachycondyla petiolosa was known from two fossil insects which are compression-impression fossils preserved in layers of soft sedimentary rock. Along with other well preserved insect fossils, the P. petiolosa specimens were collected from layers of Lutetian Messel Formation rock in the Messel pit World Heritage Site. The Messel formation is composed of brown coals, oil shales, and bituminous shale, which preserved numerous insects, fish, birds, reptiles, and terrestrial mammals as a notable lagerstätten. The area is a preserved maar lake which initially formed approximately 47 million years ago as the result of volcanic explosions.

In the eastern United States the term coal measures has been applied to the Pennsylvanian coal fields. Generally, the Pittsburgh coal seam is considered the base of the upper coal measures, exposed along the Monongahela River, while the lower coal measures are exposed along the Allegheny River.Stratigraphy of the Bituminous Coal Field in Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia, Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey No. 65, Washington, Government Printing Office, 1891. See Chapter III and V. The term coal measures has also historically been used in other parts of the world for coal-bearing successions of various ages, e.g.

He had 3 patents while at Southport. He had a patent for "Dehydration of Molasses", dated March 1, 1955, also "Synthetic Bitumen Compositions", dated February 5, 1957 and "Bituminous Emulsions and the process for making them", dated April 16, 1957. In July 1962, he lived in Miami, Florida and wrote an article in the Professional Engineering Magazine about his invention of "Plasmofalt" as a stabilizing agent in adobe construction. On June 21, 1963, he wrote a letter to Dr. Bainbridge Bunting, Associate Professor of Art & Architecture at the University of New Mexico about how he got the idea to invent "Plasmofalt".

During World War I, labor unions had increased their power—the government had a great need for goods and services, and with so many young men in the military, there was a tight labor market. Following the war, however, there was a period of turmoil for labor unions, as they lost their bargaining power. In 1919, 4 million workers went on strike at some point, significantly more than the 1.2 million in the preceding years. Major strikes included an iron and steel workers strike in September 1919, a bituminous coal miners strike in November 1919, and a major railroad strike in 1920.

Examples of materials that cannot be cut with a water jet are tempered glass and diamonds. Water jets are capable of cutting up to of metals and of most materials,, though in specialized coal mining applications, water jets are capable of cutting up to using a nozzle. Specially designed water jet cutters are commonly used to remove excess bitumen from road surfaces that have become the subject of binder flushing. Flushing is a natural occurrence caused during hot weather where the aggregate becomes level with the bituminous binder layer creating a hazardously smooth road surface during wet weather.

The settlement occupied a strategic position on the border between the two historic provinces of Moravia and Silesia and on the ancient trade route from the Baltic Sea to the Adriatic Sea known as the Amber Road. Its location helped the town to grow and flourish. However, Ostrava began to decline in importance after the Thirty Years' War, and it was occupied by Swedish forces from 1621 to 1645. Marian Column (1702) at Masaryk square A turning point in Ostrava's history came in 1763 with the discovery of extensive deposits of high-quality bituminous coal on the Silesian bank of the Ostravice River.

Synthetic crude oil, also known as syncrude, is the output from a bitumen upgrader facility used in connection with oil sand production in Canada. Bituminous sands are mined using enormous (100 ton capacity) power shovels and loaded into even larger (400 ton capacity) dump trucks for movement to an upgrading facility. The process used to extract the bitumen from the sand is a hot water process originally developed by Dr. Karl Clark of the University of Alberta during the 1920s. After extraction from the sand, the bitumen is fed into a bitumen upgrader which converts it into a light crude oil equivalent.

The coal that is mined comes from the Wepo formation, the uppermost coal-bearing formation on the Mesa, and is removed from multiple seams that are typically 3 to 15 feet thick and lie within about 130 feet of the surface. It is classified as low-sulfur, high volatile C bituminous, having a heat content of 10,820 Btu/ lb, ash content of 10.4%, and sulfur content of 0.63%. Average mercury content is 0.04 ppm, or about 4 lb/ trillion Btu, a concentration that is about 1/10th that of average shale rock and among the lowest concentrations in US coals.

In 1874, a seam of low grade bituminous coal was found in upper Malpaso Canyon, southeast of Pt Lobos. On September 6, 1888, shortly after the patent for Rancho San Jose y Sur Chiquito was approved, almost all of the owners banded together to form the Carmelo Land and Coal Company. In exchange for shares in the company, they sold their interest in the land for $1. A mine was dug into the mountain near Malpaso Creek, and the coal was transported on ore carts via a tramway to Coal Chute Point, opposite the Chinese settlement at Whaler's Cove.

The section of highway between Tysonville and Tuskegee through Milstead was undergoing paving as was the route between Uniontown and Browns The route from Livingston to the Mississippi state line had already been paved. Much of the previously unimproved road was being improved with gravel or other secondary types of bituminous surfacing, leaving only a section between Tuskegee and Society Hill untouched by the State Highway Department. By 1929, a new section of US 80/SR 8 was constructed between Tuskegee and Tysonville bypassing the older route through Milstead. By 1930, paving was complete on US 80 between Uniontown and Browns.

Limestone of Khattak Formation is another dominant lithology which is crushed by crushing plants for obtaining cheap, easily accessible and durable construction aggregates. Slates are broken down naturally into pencil structures to form another type of construction aggregate "locally known as Shengal" which is mostly used for filling purposes and is being fluently transported to nearby cities. Recently the PMDC " Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation" has made a commercial discovery of graphite, sulphur and red oxide in the Manki Slates at Western border of the village's territory. Coal mining has also been started in the area, however, this coal is of sub- bituminous grade.

New materials used on the library were detailed in the May/June 1961 issue of Building Materials, which featured the building. Such materials included Rotary Red Cedar Exterior plywood panelling, also featured in the Plywood and Plywood Products journal of September 1961. The roof membrane of the library was formed with thick laminated fibre board clad with bituminous felt and finished with white grain render and a copper fascia. When completed, the centre point of the roof of the building was finished with an amber acrylic light dome, apparently the largest acrylic dome produced in Australia at the time.

The plant consumes about 8 million tons of low sulfur bituminous coal each year, supplied by Peabody Energy's Kayenta mine near Kayenta, Arizona. The coal is hauled 75 miles from mine silos to the plant by the BM&LP; electric railroad that is owned and operated by the plant. Characteristics of the coal in 2011 included a sulfur content of 0.64%, an ash content of 10.6%, and higher heating value (HHV) of 10,774 Btu/lb.Plant ID 4941 The plant has three 775 ft (236 meter) tall flue gas stacks, listed among the tallest structures in Arizona.

Coal trestles or chutes were built for the New York Central's locomotives at Lyons, and in August 1879, of coal per day were shipped over the Geneva and Lyons to the trestles there. About were used to fuel locomotives at Lyons and the remainder shipped elsewhere on the New York Central system. By 1886, this amount had increased to in a month, both bituminous coal from the Fall Brook's mines and anthracite from connections southward. At the time, it was reported that the Lehigh Valley Railroad, was also running over the Geneva and Lyons to deliver coal.

It is commonly referred to as "Di-clo." It is used in the garment printing industry for removal of heat-sealed garment transfers, and its volatility is exploited in novelty items: bubble lights and jukebox displays. DCM is used in the material testing field of civil engineering; specifically it is used during the testing of bituminous materials as a solvent to separate the binder from the aggregate of an asphalt or macadam to allow the testing of the materials. Dichloromethane extract of Asparagopsis taxiformis, a seaweed fodder for cattle, has been found to reduce their methane emissions by 79%.

The coal piers and storage yards of the Virginian Railway (VGN), built by William N. Page and Henry H. Rogers, and completed in 1909, was immediately adjacent to the Exposition site. The well-engineered VGN was a valuable link directly to the bituminous coal of southern West Virginia, which the Navy strongly preferred for its steam-powered ships. On June 28, 1917, President Woodrow Wilson set aside $2.8 million for land purchase and the erection of storehouses and piers for what was to become the Navy Base. Of the 474 acres (1.9 km²) originally acquired, 367 had been the old Jamestown Exposition grounds.

Orangeburg Pipe Orangeburg pipe (also known as "fiber conduit", "bituminous fiber pipe" or "Bermico") is bitumenized fiber pipe made from layers of wood pulp and pitch pressed together.Risks and Problems: Orangeburg Pipe It was used from the 1860s through the 1970s, when it was replaced by PVC pipe for water delivery and ABS pipe for drain-waste-vent (DWV) applications. The name comes from Orangeburg, New York, the town in which most Orangeburg pipe was manufactured. It was manufactured largely by the Fiber Conduit Company, which changed its name to the Orangeburg Manufacturing Company in 1948.

Aerial photo of oilfield roads and drill sites in the Pembina Oil Field, 2008. Alberta's economy is the sum of all economic activity in Alberta, Canada's fourth largest province by population. Alberta's GDP in 2018 was CDN$338.2 billion. Although Alberta has a presence in many industries such as agriculture, forestry, education, tourism, finance, and manufacturing, the politics and culture of the province have been closely tied to the production of fossil energy since the 1940s. Alberta—with an estimated 1.4 billion cubic metres of unconventional oil resource in the bituminous oil sands—leads Canada as an oil producer.

The A. B. Brown Generating Station is a four-unit, 700 megawatt (MW) power plant, located on the northern bank of Ohio River, east of Mount Vernon, Indiana and southwest of Evansville, Indiana just west of the Posey- Vanderburgh County Line. Each of the two coal-fired units has a name-plate capacity of 265.2 MW. Bituminous coal is used as a primary fuel type, which can be substituted for natural gas. There are also two gas turbine units, 88.2 MW of nameplate capacity each. The facility is owned by Vectren (formerly Southern Indiana Gas and Electric Company).

When the roads commission assigned numbers to state highways in 1927, Solomons Island Road was designated MD 2. By 1934, the Maryland State Roads Commission proposed Solomons Island Road be widened from to from Owings to MD 509. The first upgrades to MD 2 between Solomons and Prince Frederick occurred in 1937, when the highway was widened and resurfaced with bituminous stabilized gravel from Prince Frederick south to Port Republic. The highway was upgraded from Port Republic south through St. Leonard to beyond Quaker Swamp, with several relocations including a relocation at that creek, in 1939 and 1940.

The semi-bituminous coal bed at Jerome, part of the Upper Kittanning formation, was approximately six feet thick, capped by shale and limestone, with a smooth, hard sandstone floor. In 1911, the mine had a capacity of 1,700 tons a day, with an average daily output of 1,020 tons.United States. Bureau of Mines. 1914. Bulletin. Issues 83-85. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 307-308. The tipple had four loading tracks with a capacity of 80 cars. Within the tipple, coal was cleaned first by machine through shaker screens, then by hand, along a conveyor and at loading.

Bituminite is an autochthonous maceral that is a part of the liptinite group in lignite, that occurs in petroleum source rocks originating from organic matter such as algae which has undergone alteration or degradation from natural processes such as burial . It occurs as fine-grained groundmass, laminae or elongated structures that appear as veinlets within horizontal sections of lignite and bituminous coals, and also occurs in sedimentary rocks. Its occurrence in sedimentary rocks is typically found surrounding alginite, and parallel along bedding planes. Bituminite is not considered to be bitumen because its properties are different from most bitumens.

Town gas is a flammable gaseous fuel made by the destructive distillation of coal. It contains a variety of calorific gases including hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, and other volatile hydrocarbons, together with small quantities of non-calorific gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen, and is used in a similar way to natural gas. This is a historical technology and is not usually economically competitive with other sources of fuel gas today. Most town "gashouses" located in the eastern US in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were simple by-product coke ovens that heated bituminous coal in air-tight chambers.

Now completely paved (mostly with bituminous surface treatment), as late as the mid-1980s, it included sections of winding dusty road sandwiched between high quality reconstructed paved segments. The Milepost, an extensive guide book to the Alaska Highway and other highways in Alaska and Northwest Canada, was first published in 1949 and continues to be published annually as the foremost guide to travelling the highway. The settlement of Destruction Bay was originally a work camp for the highway. The British Columbia government owns the first of the highway, the only portion paved during the late 1960s and 1970s.

Only starting in the Late Ordovician and continuing into the Silurian did the gradual regional subsidence of this part of the Canadian Shield form the Hudson Bay basin. The formation of this basin resulted in the accumulation of black bituminous oil shale and evaporite deposits within its centre, thick basin-margin limestone and dolomite, and the development of extensive reefs that ringed the basin margins that were tectonically uplifted as the basin subsided. During Middle Silurian times, subsidence ceased and this basin was uplifted. It generated an emergent arch, on which reefs grew, that divided the basin into eastern and western sub-basins.

The hardness is 4.5 and the specific gravity is 4.36. Light which has traversed a crystal of parisite exhibits a characteristic absorption spectrum. At first, the only known occurrence of this mineral was in the famous emerald mine at Muzo in Colombia, South America, where it was found by J.J. Paris, who rediscovered and worked the mine in the early part of the 19th century; here it is associated with emerald in a bituminous limestone of Cretaceous age. Closely allied to parisite, and indeed first described as such, is a mineral from the nepheline- syenite district of Julianehaab in south Greenland.

The Mancos Shale at the base of Crested Butte can be an unstable substrate for building and result in geologic hazards such as landslides and earthflows. Crested Butte is one of over a dozen laccoliths in the Elk and adjacent West Elk Mountains. The magma intrusions associated with these laccoliths resulted in contact metamorphism of the surrounding sedimentary rock and mineralization. The metamorphism also altered the bituminous coal present in the sedimentary rock into a higher quality coal, including anthracite, which was mined extensively in the Crested Butte area during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The Virginian Railway and its terminal location at Sewells Point played an important role in 20th-century US naval history. Located immediately adjacent to the former Exposition grounds (which became an important Navy facility beginning in 1917) the VGN transported the high quality smokeless bituminous coal favored by the US Navy for its ships. When the VGN was merged with the Norfolk & Western in 1959, civilian coal loading was shifted to Lambert's Point, and the Navy purchased the site a few years later. The former VGN Sewells Point site is now part of the United States' Naval Station Norfolk.

Sandsend Ness Sandsend Ness is an old alum quarrying site close to Whitby in North Yorkshire, England. Beneath extensive deposits of grey pyritic shale a thin band of sideritic mudstone is present at this site and there is a further 6 metres of almost non-bituminous shale beneath it. This geological configuration, along with its proximity to the port of Whitby, offered Sandsend near-ideal conditions for the rapidly expanding alum industry from the early 17th century onwards. So wide-scale and prolonged were these activities, that significant areas of the Yorkshire coast were permanently altered.

Before 2019, the road was gravel surfaced, in various stages of disrepair. In November 2019, Yoweri Museveni of Uganda and Félix Tshisekedi of the Democratic Republic of the Congo signed agreements in Entebbe, Uganda, to upgrade this road to bituminous surface, within twenty-four months, after the relevant ministers have agreed on implementation details. In October 2020, the Cabinet of Uganda resolved to participate in the upgrading and paving up to of roads in the DRC to the tune of 20 percent of the cost. The government of the DRC would be responsible for the remaining 80 percent of the cost.

After its new president Frederick J. Kimball and a small party journeyed by horseback and saw firsthand the rich bituminous coal seam, which Kimball's wife named Pocahontas, the N&W; redirected its planned westward expansion to reach it. Soon, the N&W; was also shipping from new coal piers at Hampton Roads. In 1889, in the southern part of the state, along the Norfolk and Western rail lines, the important coal center of Bluefield, West Virginia was founded. The "capital" of the Pocahontas coalfield, this city would remain the largest city in the southern portion of the state for several decades.

He quickly asserted himself as a dominant figure in what was then the largest and most influential trade union in the country. Coal miners worldwide were sympathetic to socialism, and in the 1920s, Communists systematically tried to seize control of UMWA locals. William Z. Foster, the Communist leader, opposed dual unions in favor of organizing within the UMWA. The radicals were most successful in the bituminous (soft) coal regions of the Midwest, where they used local organizing drives to gain control of locals, sought a national labor political party, and demanded federal nationalization of the industry.

Shacklock 'Orion' Coal Range In 1873, following requests from his clients and dissatisfaction with his own imported range, Shacklock designed and manufactured a prototype cast iron coal range. He built a "self setting" stove, with specially designed grates and flues, that burned lignite coal, unlike the British and American kitset imports which were designed to run on bituminous coal. That design was continually improved and modified, becoming an appliance that warmed kitchens, heated water, baked scones and cooked porridge throughout thousands of New Zealand homes. Shacklock named his design the "Orion" due to his interest in astronomy.

The road crossed the Frio River on a concrete bridge, and had a single cattle guard located on its course. By 1951, the road's first block from its southern terminus was improved to a graded, bituminous surface, made up of crushed rock and asphalt. On October 28, 1952, FM 2153 was designated along the course of the highway, for a length of approximately . On October 13, 1954, the Texas Transportation Commission (TTC) cancelled FM 2153, and extended FM 99 over its course. The designation was officially passed by the Texas State Highway Department's Administration Circle on December 1, 1954.

Fossil wing bones When Buffarini first discovered Preondactylus, the thin slab of bituminous, dolomitic limestone containing the fossil was accidentally broken into pieces while being extracted. After reassembly the rock was cleaned with water by him and his wife and the marl and in it the bone was washed away and lost. All that was left was a negative imprint on the stone, of which a silicon rubber cast was made to allow for subsequent study of the otherwise lost remains. Most of the skeleton is known, but the posterior portions of the skull have not been preserved.

The second species in the genus, C. eocenica, is of Lutetian age, and was recovered as a solitary compression-impression fossil preserved in a layer of soft sedimentary rock. Along with other well preserved insect fossils, the C. eocenica specimen was collected from layers of the Lutetian Messel pit World Heritage Site. The formation is composed of brown coals, oil shales, and bituminous shale, which preserved numerous insects, fish, birds, reptiles, and terrestrial mammals as a notable lagerstätten. The area is a preserved maar lake which initially formed approximately 47 million years ago as the result of volcanic explosions.

A tube of medicinal ammonium bituminosulfonate (ichthyol) Ammonium bituminosulfonate or ammonium bituminosulphonate (synonyms of ichthammol, CAS# brand name: Ichthyol) is a product of natural origin obtained in the first step by dry distillation of sulfur-rich oil shale (bituminous schists). By sulfonation of the resulting oil (or purified fractions thereof), and subsequent neutralization with ammonia, Ichthammol results as a viscous, water-soluble substance with a characteristic bitumen-like odor. It is used in medicine (sometimes in combination with zinc oxide) as a treatment for different skin diseases, including eczema and psoriasis (see below). Ointments containing 10% or 20% Ichthammol are most common.

Materials made in China (Pinyin transcription: yushizhi and yushizhi ruangao) and offered outside China as Ichthammol or Ammonium Bituminosulfonate do not meet the requirements for this substance in the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) or European Pharmacopoeia (Ph.Eur). Also, there is no conformity with the definition as connected to CAS# 8029-68-3. The Chinese material is derived from vegetable oils (e.g., soybean oil) instead of bituminous schists as required (Chinese definition according to ChP 10: "Ichthammol is a mixture obtained by sulfuration of vegetable oils (soybean oil, tung oil, corn oil, etc.), sulfonation, and neutralization with ammonia").

During World War II, Bakke was co-chair of the National War Labor Board's appeals committee. At times during his career he also served as a consultant to the U.S. Department of State and the U.S. Department of Labor regarding foreign programs for management retraining. In 1948 during the Truman administration he was appointed to the presidential Bituminous Coal Emergency Board, invoked under the Taft-Hartley Labor Act, which within a week reported that the threat of a coal strike harmful to the public interest had been avoided. In terms of politics, Bakke characterized himself as an independent.

Barber Co.,. found patent misuse in an attempt to exploit a process patent for the curing of cement through tying to the use of the process the purchase of bituminous emulsion, an unpatented staple article of commerce used in the process. The Leitch Court refused to limit the rule of Carbice and Motion Picture Patents to cases involving explicit tie-in agreements extending the patent monopoly, and it stated the broad proposition that "every use of a patent as a means of obtaining a limited monopoly of unpatented material is prohibited."Leitch,Leitch, 302 U.S. at 463.

According to the Illinois State Geological Survey, 211 billion tons of bituminous coal are estimated to lie under the surface, having a total heating value greater than the estimated oil deposits in the Arabian Peninsula. However, this coal has a high sulfur content, which causes acid rain. Streator's coal mining history closely parallels Illinois', with a great push in coal production from 1866 until the 1920s, when many of the mines closed. The low-sulfur coal of the Powder River Basin and the growing demands for oil caused a decline in demand for Streator's high-sulfur coal.

On January 6, 1882, most of the buildings in the north half of Oskaloosa were severely damaged and most of the plate glass windows in the area were broken by an explosion. Three boys were killed in the explosion. The boys had been seen shooting at the A. L. Spencer gunpowder magazine half a mile north of the town center."The Explosion at Oskaloosa", New York Times, 7 January 1882 The first bituminous coal mine in the area was opened shortly after 1853 by Robert Seevers, who drove a drift into a 4-foot coalbed in an exposed creek bank east of town.

100 years later after its name was changed from AM&O;, the N&W; was combined with the Southern Railway, another profitable carrier, to form Norfolk Southern Corporation (NS) in 1982. Today, much of the former Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad remains in service for Norfolk Southern, a Fortune 500 company headquartered in Norfolk, Virginia. The modern railroad transports bituminous coal, intermodal shipping containers, automobile parts and completed vehicles, and other commodities in the 21st century global transportation markets. Mahone's trackbed through the Great Dismal Swamp, the tangent, and much of the rest of the AM&O; route are still in service.

The coal industry of Illinois has its origins in the middle 19th century, when entrepreneurs such as Jacob Loose discovered coal in locations such as Sangamon County. Jacob Bunn contributed to the development of the Illinois coal industry, and was a founder and owner of the Western Coal & Mining Company of Illinois. About 68% of Illinois has coal-bearing strata of the Pennsylvanian geologic period. According to the Illinois State Geological Survey, 211 billion tons of bituminous coal are estimated to lie under the surface, having a total heating value greater than the estimated oil deposits in the Arabian Peninsula.

By 1955, SR 4 is being shown as a bituminous road, with its start at the intersection with US 29/SR 95 (now CR 95A) west of Molino, and traveling its current routing to Atmore. The road intersected what were then SR 99 and SR 380 (now both CR 99) around Walnut Hill, and SR 4 (now CR 4) south of the Alabama state line. On maps from 1978, the entire road had been paved in hard surface. The state roads it had intersected in 1955 had all been re-signed as county roads, bringing SR 97 to its current form.

MD 279 was entirely reconstructed starting in the late 1950s. The highway's concrete arch bridge across Big Elk Creek was replaced with a prestressed concrete box girder bridge in 1958 and 1959. MD 279's present course between Big Elk Creek and Belle Hill Road was constructed and in 1959 and 1960 and surfaced with bituminous concrete in 1962. The old portion of MD 279 was replaced with a southern extension of MD 316 on Appleton Road and by MD 823 on Belle Hill Road. The highway from Belle Hill Road to the Delaware state line was reconstructed concurrent with the construction of I-95 in 1962 and 1963.

Advance was commanded by Capt. Tom Crossan when captured by on 10 September 1864 when she attempted to put to sea from Wilmington, North Carolina. Gov. Vance attributed her capture to use of low grade North Carolina bituminous coal and denounced Confederate Secretary of the Navy Stephen Mallory for giving the stockpile of smokeless anthracite to (a raiding cruiser) so that none was left for Advance to run out of Wilmington safely. Writing on 3 January 1865, Vance complained: > Why a State struggling for the common good, to clothe and provide for its > troops in the public service, should meet with no more favor than a blockade > gambler passes my comprehension.

However, the highway from MD 316 to MD 279 was later proposed to be paved by the state but remain a county highway, and the highway west to MD 280 disappeared from improvement plans. MD 277's old bridge across Big Elk Creek was replaced with a steel beam bridge in 1968, and the highway was paved with bituminous concrete in 1973. Almost 40 years after it was proposed, MD 277 was extended east to MD 279 when Fletchwood Road was transferred from county maintenance in a May 16, 1984, road transfer agreement. The Fletchwood Road portion of the highway was reconstructed between 1990 and 1992.

Lignite mining takes place at around below the surface, whilst mining for more valuable anthracite and bituminous coal takes place at depths of around . Prior to the start of the region's war in April 2014, Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts together produced about 30 percent of Ukraine's exports. Other industries in Donetsk which may overlap Donbass include blast-furnace and steel-making equipment, railway freight cars, metal- cutting machine-tools, tunneling machines, agricultural harvesters and ploughing systems, railway tracks, mining cars, electric locomotives, military vehicles, tractors and excavators. The region also produces consumer goods like household washing-machines, refrigerators, freezers, TV sets, leather footwear, and toilet soap.

Gesner likely began experimenting with hydrocarbons in the 1840s. Utilizing a sample of bitumen from Trinidad's Pitch Lake that he collected while shipping horses across the Atlantic, Gesner developed a method of extracting oils and gas from bituminous substances. Gesner found that the first product was not satisfactory, as it had an offensive odour, the raw material was expensive to obtain, and his experiments suggested that one ton of Trinidad bitumen would produce only 42 gallons of oil. Switching his experiments from Trinidad's bitumen to albertite, Gesner found that the burning oil extracted from the substance produced a brighter and cleaner flame compared to lamps using whale oil or coal oil.

Unken, where Strata of the member of the same name appears on the Background The Sachrang Formation is composed mostly by marine depositional components, where the black shales are the main part of the strata present, with a major composition of bacterial origin (as is present on the Marne di Monte Serrone). The Sachrang Shale represent blackish gray to dark brown bituminous, fine-leaved, somewhat sandy marl slate, that lies on the profile of the strata, alternated with storage light brown (max. 4 mm) and darker layers (rarely over 2 mm) characteristic. The ligther layers present the rock gets darker while keeps its fine-plate character.

Despite its distinctive nature, the Kupferschiefer is not ranked as a formation but is officially declared a sub-unit of the Werra Formation, the lowest formation of the Zechstein Group, overlying the Rotliegend Group. The unit has been dated to 257.3 ± 1.6 Ma, placing it in the Wuchiapingian stage of the Late Permian. The Kupferschiefer comprises black shales, bituminous marls, mudstones and limestones deposited mostly in an open marine setting, with the borders of its extension deposited in a shallow marine environment. At time of deposition, the area what is now northern Europe was covered by an enclosed sea; the Zechstein sea, characterized by anoxic conditions.

In 1842 Insole's father brought him into partnership as George Insole & Son, colliery proprietors and coal shippers. At that time they were working the steam coal seam at the Maesmawr pit (Llantwit Fardre), but the seam was reaching exhaustion. They then leased and revived bituminous coal pits at Cymmer (Lower Rhondda Valley) in 1844, and in 1848 opened 36 coking ovens to supply the Taff Vale Railway Company. Bute Dock (West), Cardiff, in 1853, where Insole had his commercial offices Insole had also suggested that the Taff Vale Railway Company negotiate with Lord Bute to erect coal staiths on the Cardiff Bute Dock (West).

In 1618, at the age of 20, Dud left Balliol College, Oxford, to take charge of his father's furnace and forges on Pensnett Chase. Later he referred to 'wood and charcoal growing then scant and pit-coles ... abounding', and so began to use the latter. He turned the coal into coke, a hard, foam-like mass of almost pure carbon made from bituminous coal, and later claimed to have perfected the use of coal instead of charcoal for iron production. Dudley probably modified his furnace to accommodate the new process, but the quantity of iron initially produced was reduced to about three tons a week from a furnace.

Without policy or tax incentives, the production of electricity from such plants is not competitive with other energy sources.NETL, "Cost and Performance Baseline for Fossil Energy Plants" Volume 1: Bituminous Coal and Natural Gas to Electricity The largest operating cost for power plants with carbon capture is the reduction in the amount of electricity produced,H. Herzog, J. Meldon, A. Hatton, "Advanced Post- combustion CO2 Capture" because energy in the form of steam is diverted from making electricity in the turbines to regenerating the sorbent. Thus, minimizing the amount of energy required for sorbent regeneration is the primary goal behind much carbon capture research.

While not an officer, Gephart was understood to be the principal figure behind this railroad, and its officers included his brother-in-law, Lorenzo Terbal Munson, and John P. Harris, who was a stockholder of the Central Railroad and Gephart's successor at Valentine Iron. This line would have connected the Central Railroad, at Bellefonte, with the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway at Clearfield, Pennsylvania. By passing through the Clearfield Coalfield, the proposed railroad could have brought bituminous coal and coke down to the furnaces at Bellefonte. However, the projected expense of construction up the Allegheny Front meant that the Bellefonte & Clearfield remained a paper railroad.

Landslip deposits from the Portland stone cover most of the steep southwest- facing slopes of the hills. Within the Kimmeridge clay are bands of bituminous shale and dolomite, which form flat ledges within Kimmeridge Bay that are exposed at low tide. Kimmeridge gives its name to the Kimmeridgian, the division of the Jurassic period in which the beds were laid down, because of the quality of the cliffs and the fossils they yield. Kimmeridge is also the type locality for the Jurassic age Kimmeridge Clay formation, which is well represented in southern England, and provides one of the source rocks for hydrocarbons found in the Wessex and North Sea Basins.

During World War II, the airport was used as an auxiliary training airfield for the Army pilot training school at Napier Army Airfield, and was known as Napier Army Airfield Auxiliary #2. It was one of four auxiliary fields for Napier AAF, and was used by advanced single engine aircraft, including P-40 Warhawk fighters. The Army expanded the facilities at Dothan with three bituminous runways, the longest being the 4,000' northeast/southwest and NNW/SSE strips. The airfield was said to have a single 80' x 60' steel hangar, to be owned by Houston County and the City of Dothan, and to be operated by the Army Air Forces.

Retrieved 23 January 2013. In 2010–11, Australia was the fifth largest producer of coal, and by proportion exported, and was the second largest exporter of coal in the world, with most of the exports going to Japan. Total production of bituminous coal in Australia was 405 million tonnes (Mt.), down from 471 Mt. in 2009–10. The drop was largely as a result of the Queensland floods of January 2011 where production declined from an expected 200 Mt. to 163 Mt. In 2013/14, 430.9 million tonnes of coal was mined, of which 375.1 million tonnes was exported. Coal provides fuel for about 69% of electricity production in Australia.

Nigeria still holds large coal reserves, estimated to be at least 2 billion metric tons. The discovery of bituminous coal suitable for use in coke production for the iron and steel industries opens up potential new domestic markets. With the loss of its largest domestic consumers, the NCC began exporting coal to Italy and the United Kingdom, as its low sulphur content is desirable. In 1999, the NCC lost its monopoly over the Nigerian coal industry as the Obasanjo government allowed private companies to begin operating coal fields in joint ventures with the NCC, with an eventual goal of completely selling off the NCC's assets to private investors.

RSA is rich in Bituminous coal and Anthracite and was able to arrange the use of the well known high pressure "Lurgi" gasification process developed in Germany in the first half of 20th century. "Reversed blowing" (as compared to the previous type described which was invented first) assumes the coal and the oxidizer being supplied from the same side of the reactor. In this case there is no chemical interaction between coal and oxidizer before the reaction zone. The gas produced in the reaction zone passes solid products of gasification (coke and ashes), and CO2 and H2O contained in the gas are additionally chemically restored to CO and H2.

This is also confirmed by the occurrence of unstable biomolecules in the coal samples, including Labdanoic Acid, Ferruginol, Sugiol, Oxototarol, Sitosterol and Cholesterol. These coals are generally dominated by Vitrain macerals, with exceptions where there is a great percentage of Inertinite. This led to interpretation as a result of wildfire or peat fire activity, confirmed by the co-occurrence of charcoal fragments. Sesquiterpenoids and Diterpenoids were also recovered from the coal, common in Conifers as well as in other plants such as angiosperms and bryophytes.RYBICKI, M., MARYNOWSKI, L., & SIMONEIT, B. R. (2015): Sesquiterpenoids and diterpenoids from Lower Jurassic sub-bituminous coal from the “Blanowice Formation”, southern Poland.

Open pit strip mining with shovels at Colstrip's Rosebud Mine Colstrip was established by the Northern Pacific Railway in 1924 as a company town to provide coal for their steam locomotives. The mining at Rosebud Mine two miles south of the town is open pit strip mining, where draglines remove soil above the layer of bituminous coal from the Fort Union Formation. During World War II, the Colstrip mine was identified as strategically important because it supplied coal for the Northern Pacific Railway steam locomotives hauling military equipment for the war effort. The mine was guarded from sabotage, and the employees were not allowed to quit their jobs.

The Posidonia Shale () is an Early Jurassic (Toarcian) geological formation of southwestern Germany, northern Switzerland, western Czech Republic, northwestern Austria, southeast Luxembourg and the Netherlands, including exceptionally well-preserved complete skeletons of fossil marine fish and reptiles. The Posidonienschiefer, as German paleontologists call it, takes its name from the ubiquitous fossils of the oyster-related bivalve Posidonia bronni that characterize the mollusk faunal component of the formation. The formation comprises finely laminated layers of oil shales formed of fine- grained sediments intercalated with bituminous limestones and crops out in a number of locations in southwestern Germany, although most remains are from near the village of Holzmaden.Schramedei, R. (1991).

In 1881, fifteen years of rapid development began under the leadership of Collis P. Huntington, whose new Peninsula Extension of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway from Richmond opened up means of transportation along the Peninsula and provided a new pathway for the railroad to bring West Virginia bituminous coal to port for coastal shipping and worldwide export. With the new railroad came a terminal and coal piers where the colliers were loaded. Within a few years, Huntington and his associates also built a large shipyard. In 1896, the new incorporated town of Newport News, which had briefly replaced Denbigh as the seat of Warwick County, had a population of 9,000.

About 80 percent of Alberta's bituminous deposits can be extracted using in-situ methods such as steam assisted gravity drainage and 20 percent by surface mining methods. The Northern Alberta oil sands in Athabasca, Cold Lake and Peace River areas contain an estimated 2 trillion barrels (initial volume in place) of crude bitumen and extra-heavy oil of which 9 percent was considered recoverable using technology available in 2013. It is estimated by oil companies that the Athabasca and Orinoco sites (both of similar size) have as much as two-thirds of total global oil deposits. They have only recently been considered proven reserves of oil.

The narrow road and small curve radius were considered major factors in the accidents, and there was roughness in the road surface between the original and widened sections. A reinforced concrete overlay was installed on the bridge in 1978, initially with a single coat surface, but then upgraded to a bituminous concrete surface in 1987. The 1980s saw the closure and removal of the Perth–Northam railway line, as well a number of major and sometimes fatal accidents involving prime movers. There were also several car accidents, and the "screaming brakes of cars and hiss of airbrakes" were often heard at night in Clackline.

Anthracite (or "hard" coal), clean and smokeless, became the preferred fuel in cities, replacing wood by about 1850. Bituminous (or "soft coal") mining came later. In the mid-century Pittsburgh was the principal market. After 1850 soft coal, which is cheaper but dirtier, came into demand for railway locomotives and stationary steam engines, and was used to make coke for steel after 1870.Binder (1974) Total coal output soared until 1918; before 1890, it doubled every ten years, going from 8.4 million short tons in 1850 to 40 million in 1870, 270 million in 1900, and peaking at 680 million short tons in 1918.

Venezuela is a major producer and exporter of minerals, notably bauxite, coal, gold, iron ore, and oil, and the state controls most of the country’s vast mineral reserves. In 2003 estimated reserves of bauxite totaled 5.2 million tons. The third largest producer of coal in Latin America, after Colombia and Brazil, Venezuela produced 5.8 million short tons (1 short ton=2,000 pounds) in 2002, as compared with 9.3 million short tons in 2000, and exported most of it to other countries in the region, the eastern United States, and Europe. Known reserves for coal total 10.2 billion tons, of which approximately 528 million short tons are recoverable bituminous coal.

MD 218, which has also been known as Cedar Hill Cemetery Road and River Road, was constructed as a concrete road from the District of Columbia boundary to the east end of the Cedar Hill Cemetery grounds in 1926. The concrete highway was extended to the center of Suitland at MD 458 by 1930. By 1934, the highway was proposed to be widened to for its whole length. The first round of widening of MD 218 took place when a pair of bituminous shoulders were added from the District to the east end of the cemetery grounds between 1938 and 1940 and from there to Suitland between 1940 and 1942.

Furnaces and forges were built in the Appalachians of North Central Alabama as early as 1818 and by 1871 would give rise to Birmingham later known as the Pittsburgh of the South as it became the leading industrial and transportation hub of the south. Some of these early furnaces and forges were fueled with nearby deposits of bituminous coal. Similar examples of early urban-industrial areas include Embree's Iron Works in East Tennessee (1808), the Red River iron region of Estill County, Kentucky (1806–8), and the Jackson Iron Works near Morgantown, West Virginia (1830). Wheeling, West Virginia was known as "Nail City" in the 1840s and 1850s.

Chinese metallurgy was widely practiced during the Middle Ages; during the 11th century, the growth of the iron industry caused vast deforestation due to the use of charcoal in the smelting process.Wagner, Donald B. "The Administration of the Iron Industry in Eleventh-Century China," Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient (Volume 44 2001): 175–197.Patricia B. Ebrey, Anne Walthall, and James B. Palais, East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006, ), pp. 158. To remedy the problem of deforestation, the Song Chinese discovered how to produce coke from bituminous coal as a substitute for charcoal.

Mine entrance At the beginning of the 20th century, the Riutort asphalt mine () was exploited by the Riutort Mining Company, which was owned by the Frenchmen Jules Claviez and Philipp Petit. They extracted bituminous loam and transported this on mules to the distillation factory, where petrol was extracted from the asphalt. A few years after being set-up, the mine closed because of insufficient production. It is open to the public in guided groups, which descend approximately 340 metres into its depths, to see its extensive galleries, which still drip petroleum from the rock walls and experience the strong smell associated with fossil fuels.

By 1930, a highway in the location of NC 2A was added to the Moore County Highway System as a class C road, a county highway of the lowest importance. The entire length of the route was graded with an earthen surface, as was much of the highway system. During the mid-1930s, the route was designated as a primary county highway. The route was shifted slightly northerly and had been extended to approximately in length, as well as being improved to an asphalt surface. Between then and 1938, the route's southern terminus was shifted southward and the entire length of the highway was resurfaced as bituminous.

What is now NY 22A was first designated as NY 286 as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York. It began at NY 22 in Middle Granville and went north to the Vermont state line, where it continued as VT 30A. The alignment of NY 22A was constructed in 1933 with bituminous macadam pavement. The road was wide in its lanes and contained shoulders. An alternate route of NY 286 along modern CR 20 and Greenfield Lane in Hampton and Granville, College, and York streets in Poultney, Vermont, was designated as NY 286A in New York and VT 286A in that state .

The treatment plant was one of 16 abandoned mine drainage treatment plants constructed by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, and the Department of Mines & Mineral Industries in the Anthracite and Bituminous Regions between 1967 and 1992. It is designed to treat up to per day, though the creek's flow sometimes exceeds this during heavy rainstorms. By the early 2000s, plans were underway to increase the capacity of the treatment plant on Rausch Creek to per day, while improving its efficiency. As of 2001, there are eight active mining permits in the watershed of Rausch Creek.

They may appear as pinnacles on a cross section with an exaggerated vertical scale (see cross sections A-A′ and B-B′ above), but in reality they have almost exactly the same height/width aspect ratio as a fried chicken egg sunny side up. The reef core, of course, is represented by the egg yolk, and the reef flank debris are represented by the egg white. The inter-reef facies is represented by a black, calcareous, bituminous shale. Where it occurs in Jack County it is typically 30 to 40 feet (9 to 12 meters) thick, and it is synonymous with the calcareous basal shale member of the Barnett.

The work consists of constructing a new central plant, adding to the office and media center, adding a new drafting lab and mechanical spaces to the annex building, converting the breezeway to interior space, and enclosing the space between the main building and the annex building. The existing classrooms and support spaces in the main building will be renovated and modified to include new finishes (floor coverings, ceilings, interior wall finishes/systems, skylights), new mechanical/HVAC, electrical, plumbing, and fire sprinkler systems. The existing bituminous roof will be removed and replaced. The teachers' parking lot on the east wing of the building and service entrance behind the building will be paved.

It seems that, to run the trial of this coal, the blast furnace was lit again during 1874 but was not able to be bought into successful production. In 1874, the company acquired 80 acres of land near Berrima—and with it access to thick seams of bituminous coking coal—and commenced work on an adit. This new adit mine lay on the opposite side of the gorge to an earlier mine. Smith and others in the Berrima district then agitated for the Government to fund and construct a tramway from their Berrima mine to Main Southern Line, offering as an inducement cheaper coal for the Government Railways.

1937.41, The Darlington Collection, Special Collections Department, University of Pittsburgh Originally planned to run as far south as the Cheat River, the system was extended to Fairmont, and bituminous coal from West Virginia was the chief product transported downstream. After a canal tunnel through Grant's Hill in Pittsburgh was completed in 1832, boats could travel between the Monongahela River and the Western Division Canal of Pennsylvania's principal east-west canal and railroad system, the Main Line of Public Works. In 1897, the federal government took possession of the Monongahela Navigation through condemnation proceedings. Later, the dam-lock combinations were increased in size and reduced in number.

Having displayed great technological skills by creating the world's first iron wire suspension bridge, which spanned the Schuylkill River at their wire works, White and Hazard schemed with other industrialists to secure a reliable source of anthracite. To move the coal to market, they entered political negotiations to acquire rights to tame the turbulent and rapids-ridden Lehigh River for navigation. By 1817-18, they had organized the separate Lehigh Navigation Company and had written stock flyers announcing plans to deliver barge loads of coal regularly to Philadelphia by 1824. The LCMC had trouble delivering Anthracite to Philadelphia at costs cheaper than imported Bituminous Coal from Britain or Virginia.

The National Coal Heritage Area (NCHA) is a federally designated region of thirteen counties in West Virginia that were the source of "smokeless" bituminous coal through much of the 20th century. The National Heritage Area recognizes the area's cultural and historic qualities and serves to promote tourism, historic preservation and economic development in the region. The idea of the NCHA was first proposed in the early 1990s by Congressman Nick Rahall, and was established on November 12, 1996 by the 1996 Omnibus Parks and Public Lands Management Act. The designated area includes Boone, Cabell, Fayette, Logan, Lincoln, McDowell, Mercer, Mingo, Raleigh, Summers, and Wayne counties.

Uniontown's role in the Underground Railroad in the antebellum years is commemorated by a marker on the corner of East Main Street and Baker Alley."Underground Railroad", Historic Markers Database Residents helped slaves escaping from the South to freedom. In the late nineteenth century, the town grew based on the development of coal mines and the steel industry. Uniontown was the site of violent clashes between striking coal miners and guards at the local coke works during the bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894. Fifteen guards armed with carbines and machine guns held off an attack by 1,500 strikers, killing five and wounding eight.

According to the researchers, "the use of liquid nitrogen in large scale coating removal was somewhat innovative." The Linde division of the Union Carbide Corporation of Danbury, Connecticut, which at the time was almost the "largest producer of liquid atmospheric gases in the United States", donated the liquid nitrogen for the restoration efforts. The company's researchers also worked with the NPS in fabricating special tools for controlling the application of the liquid nitrogen. The cryogenic method was inadequate for the removal of the two final layers of bituminous coating that were below the surface of the seven layers of lead and vinyl based paints.

The name "Jellico" is a local alteration of "angelica", the name of an herb that grows in abundance in the surrounding mountains. The name was first applied to the mountains to the west and to the mountains' main drainage, Jellico Creek, which passes west of the city of Jellico and empties into the Cumberland River near Williamsburg, Kentucky. A child laborer at Proctor Coal near Jellico, 1910. Photo by Lewis Hine. In the early 1880s, a high quality bituminous coal was discovered in the Jellico Mountains, and with the completion of railroad tracks to the area in 1883, coal mines quickly sprang up throughout the area.

The Huntingdon and Broad Top Mountain Railroad and Coal Company was chartered on May 6, 1852, and organized on January 10, 1853. The purpose of the line was to provide a rail link from Huntingdon to Bedford, and to provide a competitive alternate route to local coal producers to break the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's monopoly on coal that was being shipped from the Cumberland, Maryland, area. The existence of high quality semi-bituminous coal in the Broad Top Mountain region was known since colonial times. Before the railroad, wagon or pole barge was the only practical method of bringing the coal from the remote region to market.

The railroad had been built primarily as a transportation line to enable shipping of bituminous coal from the rich coalfields of southwestern Virginia and southern West Virginia. But it also connected Williamsburg, as well as James City and Warwick counties, with the expanding transcontinental railroads of the country. Passenger and freight services were provided, and stations were built along the line, including one at Grove Station, a few miles north and east of Kingsmill near the adjacent Carter's Grove Plantation at Grove, Virginia. Carter's Grove Plantation and Carter's Grove Wharf were the next major feature immediately east of Kinsgmill along the north bank of the James River.

During the Devonian Period, this basin filled with terrestrial red beds that interfinger with marine limestone and dolomites. Before deposition was terminated by marine regression, Upper Devonian black bituminous shale accumulated in the south-east of the basin. The remaining history of the Hudson Bay basin is largely unknown as a major unconformity separates Upper Devonian strata from glacial deposits of the Pleistocene. Except for poorly known terrestrial Cretaceous fluvial sands and gravels that are preserved as the fills of a ring of sinkholes around the centre of this basin, strata representing this period of time are absent from the Hudson Bay basin and the surrounding Canadian Shield.

China and Coal Apart from these northern provinces, significant quantities of coal are present in Sichuan, and there are some deposits of importance in Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou. A large part of the country's reserves consists of good bituminous coal, but there are also large deposits of lignite. Anthracite is present in several places (especially Liaoning, Guizhou, and Henan), but overall it is not very significant. To ensure a more even distribution of coal supplies and to reduce the strain on the less than adequate transportation network, the authorities pressed for the development of a large number of small, locally run mines throughout the country.

Reed Moyer, Competition in the Midwestern Coal Industry, Harvard University Press, 1964 , page 56, pages 85-86 Raw coke The original blast furnaces at Blists Hill, Madeley Metallurgical coal is low in ash, moisture, sulfur and phosphorus content, and its rank is usually bituminous. Some grades of anthracite coal are used for sintering, pulverized coal injection, direct blast furnace charge, pelletizing, and in production of ferro-alloys, silicon- manganese, calcium-carbide and silicon-carbide. Metallurgical coal produces strong, low-density coke when it is heated in a low-oxygen environment. On heating, the coal softens, and volatile components evaporate and escape through pores in the mass.

In the mid-1890s, William N. Page, a civil engineer who had previously worked building the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O;) had a dream. He knew of rich untapped bituminous coal fields lying between the New River Valley and the lower Guyandotte River in southern West Virginia in an area not yet reached by the C&O; and its major competitor, the Norfolk and Western Railway (N&W;). While the bigger railroads which were busy developing nearby areas and shipping coal via rail to Hampton Roads, he formed a plan. To take advantage of the undeveloped coal lands, Page enlisted several friends as investors to help purchase the land.

This one includes also the opening of the activity and the establishment of other companies within and outside the country, as well as any other possible and lawful activity consistent with its interests. The realization of the object of company activity shall be achieved through: #The Exploitation and development of the existing oil-bearing zones and gas-bearing of the country, #New research and development of the blocks in administration #Exploitation of bituminous sands. Attributes of ex-APC (Albania Petroleum Corporation) in Tirana, dealing with the research-producing hydrocarbons passes Albpetrol JSC society, starting from 01/04/2003. The power supply of qualified customers.

At Oneonta Bluff, the highway passed through the first of five tunnels, as the land to the north was taken by the rail line. With the completion of the Oneonta Tunnel and a number of bridges, the road was open to traffic west of Warrendale, near Horsetail Falls, by October 1914. In April 1915, Multnomah County voters approved the cost of covering the initial macadam with a patented long-lasting bituminous mixture known as Warrenite, which was completed to the county line by the end of the summer. For the section west of the Chanticleer Inn, Multnomah County generally made improvements to existing roads.

The Kleine Kinzig Dam ( or Kleine-Kinzig-Talsperre) is a dam which was commissioned in 1984 in Reinerzau near Freudenstadt in Germany's Black Forest. It lies within the state of Baden-Württemberg and supplies drinking water, provides flood protection, drought protection and power generation using hydropower. It impounds the Kleine Kinzig river; the dam belongs to the Kleine Kinzig Special Purpose Association (Zweckverband Kleine Kinzig) The reservoir seen from the north The road across the dam The barrier is a rockfill dam with asphalt concrete interior sealing (bituminous core). The dam is made of granite and bunter sandstone and was constructed from May 1981 to October 1982.

In terms of geology, the major structural characteristic of the coastline is the presence of numerous carbonate anticlines for example in Karaburun and Sarandë. The core of these structures, which are mostly not visible at the surface, are constructed of Permian–Triassic evaporates, that were formed about 252 million years ago. The coastline is abundant in dolomites from the triassic period, the carbonate rocks follows with limestone from the jurassic period and bituminous schists, cretaceous porcelain and phosphate limestone. The coastline is dominated by several long straight and rocky beaches, the most famous of which is the inaccurately named 5 kilometre long stretch of Borsh Beach in the Albanian Riviera's center.

As part of their work, the agency constructed a vertical lift bridge across the canal. Between 1924 and 1926, the Maryland State Roads Commission constructed approaches to the new bridge on both sides of the expanded canal, eliminating two narrow and dangerous bridges and four right-angle turns in Chesapeake City. The new route along George Street and Lock Street, which became part of US 213 in 1927 and is now MD 285 and MD 537, entirely bypassed what is now MD 284. MD 284 was resurfaced with bituminous concrete in 1976, and its junction with MD 285 was changed from a tangent to the present orthogonal intersection in 1982.

Jaczewski is noted as one of the first researchers in the world to discover the relationship of the thickness of snow cover to the depth of a layer of permafrost. He also clarified the location of the southern boundary of the permafrost in Siberia. Until 1890 he took part in the classification of deposits (bituminous coals, for example) in the Semipalatinsk area, the Urals, and Kazakhstan, then moved to the Yenisei, where he was hired by Jenisejskim District Operation Gold. From 1893 to 1894 Jaczewski worked in a group of geologists and engineers alongside Charles Bohdanowcza, on the Achinsk - Baikal stretch of the Trans-Siberian railway.

Following the undoing of the National Recovery Administration by the Schechter decision, Congress attempted to salvage the coal industry code promulgated under the National Industrial Recovery Act in the Bituminous Coal Conservation Act of 1935.Urofsky, at 683–84. The act, closely following the criteria of the Schechter ruling, declared a public interest in coal production and found it so integrated into interstate commerce as to warrant federal regulation. The code subjected the coal industry to labor, price, and practice regulations, levying a 15 percent tax on all producers with a provision to refund a significant portion of the tax for those adhering to the legislation's dictates.

However, by this time the Chinese had figured out how to use bituminous coke to replace the use of charcoal, and with this switch in resources many acres of prime timberland in China were spared. This switch in resources from charcoal to coal was later used in Europe by the 17th century. The economy of the Song dynasty was one of the most prosperous and advanced economies in the medieval world. Song Chinese invested their funds in joint stock companies and in multiple sailing vessels at a time when monetary gain was assured from the vigorous overseas trade and indigenous trade along the Grand Canal and Yangzi River.

Barber Asphalt Co. acquired Hayden U.S. Patent No. 1,684,671, covering a "Method of preventing evaporation from concrete during curing." The patent describes a process for improving the curing of concrete by retarding the evaporation of water from poured concrete, as in a roadway. The process involves preparing a mixture of bitumen, soap, and water, which forms bituminous emulsion, and spraying this on freshly laid concrete. This forms an insoluble film on the surface of the concrete and by keeping the water in the concrete mixture from evaporating, facilitates a chemical reaction in which water molecules react with calcium hydroxide and other ingredients to form calcium-silicate hydrate.

Under U.S. patent law, when a patent owner sells supplies to customers with the understanding that they will use the supplies to practice the patent, the customers get an implied license to use the patent. " On the other hand, the Barber Company sues as a contributory infringer a competing manufacturer of this unpatented material who sells it to a road builder for such use."302 U.S. at 460-61. Leitch used Stulz-Sickles Company as a jobber to sell bituminous emulsion to the Standard Bitulithic Company, which used the patented process in road construction, and Barber and Stulz-Sickles knew that Standard would so use it.

"Arnall Is Reported Set to Resign Today", New York Times, August 6, 1952; Belair, "Woods Appointed Price Stabilizer", New York Times, August 27, 1952 A second labor wage dispute crisis hit in October 1952. Bituminous coal miners organized by the United Mine Workers of America had negotiated a wage increase of $1.90 per hour but no increase in fringe benefits (as other unions had). Without union knowledge, the coal operators submitted the agreement for approval to the reconstituted Wage Stabilization Board. Mine union president John L. Lewis, angered by the lack of respect, refused to participate in the WSB's hearings despite Cox's pleas for union input.

When the Air Pollution (Marketing, Sale and Distribution of Fuel) Regulations were enacted in 1990, this banned the sale of bituminous fuels in the Greater Dublin area. This led to an immediate reduction in smoke levels, thus offering the potential for better health. According to the Dublin Regional Air Quality Management Plan 2009 – 2012 (Dublin City Council, 2009): "these levels subsequently reduced from being close to or exceeding legal limit values to a point that is almost one tenth of the legal standard of 250 μg/m3." As a result, air pollution from the burning of solid fuel can be of a greater concern in smaller towns in Ireland (Dublin City Council, 2009).

The usage of anthracite coal in the iron industry increased demand for hard coal. Since the late 18th century coke (bituminous coal with the impurities burned away) was used as fuel to make iron in Britain. With the spread of popularity of anthracite in the early 19th century, iron makers began experimenting with using anthracite as fuel in iron production. It wasn't until 1840 when David Thomas introduced Welsh hot blast technology to the Lehigh Crane Iron Company that anthracite was successfully used to smelt iron. It was indicated that using anthracite saved up to 25% in the production of iron, and that the quality of the iron was also superior (Adams, “US Coal Industry”).

There are four different anthracite coalfields in Pennsylvania, all located on the eastern side of the state. The Northern field is located predominantly in the Luzerne, Lackawanna, Susquehanna and Wayne Counties; the Western Middle field in Northumberland, Columbia, and Schuylkill Counties; Eastern Middle field mainly in Luzerne County but extending into Schuylkill, Carbon, and Columbia Counties; the Southern field in Carbon, Schuylkill, Lebanon, and Dauphin Counties (Latzko, 8). Anthracite differs from bituminous in usage in that it has better heat quality and fewer disadvantageous by-products, but it has higher carbon content and is therefore harder to ignite and requires a grate to separate the ashes from the burning coal (Day, 371).

Retrieved 13 April 2007 The conservative coalition under Chancellor Merkel reversed this decision in January 2010, electing to keep plants open. The nuclear disaster of the Japanese nuclear plant Fukushima in March 2011 however, changed the political climate fundamentally: Older nuclear plants have been shut down and a general phase-out until 2020 or 2022 is now probable. Renewable energy yet still plays a more modest role in energy consumption, though German solar and windpower industries play a leading role worldwide. In 2009, Germany's total energy consumption (not just electricity) came from the following sources: Oil 34.6%, Natural gas 21.7%, Lignite 11.4%, Bituminous coal 11.1%, Nuclear power 11.0%, Hydro and wind power 1.5%, Others 9.0%.

Solid Energy closed this last Huntly mine on 22 October 2015, saying it was losing $500,000 a month. It opened in 1978, produced a peak of 465,000 tonnes in 2004 and was digging about 450,000 tonnes a year until production was cut to 100,000 tonnes in September 2013. The mine entrance was in Huntly East, but by 2012 all mining was west of the Waikato, with roadways 150 metres below the river, the two 8 to 20 metre thick sub-bituminous seams being 150 to 400 metres deep. In 2012 it was estimated that 7 million tonnes of recoverable coal remained in the consented mining areas, with a further 12 million available for future expansion.

At the time coconut shells were typically used as the raw material to produce granular activated carbon (GAC) for mask filters, and Pittsburgh Coke and Chemical instead began producing a GAC product with bituminous coal. The 1952 steel strike led to the company coming under the auspices of Harry Truman's controversial and short-lived Executive Order 10340, which ordered that steel industry facilities could be seized by the government to support the Korean War effort. Over a dozen other companies in Pittsburgh were affected by the order as well. Pittsburgh Coke and Chemical introduced their "Pittsburgh pulse bed" system in 1955, which was one of the first activated carbon systems to decolorize sugar.

SHR listing # 00084 The Fishwick house was then rented by Nancy and Rawson Deans who later purchased the house in 1945 for 1,450 pounds. In 1976, Andrew and Susan Kirk, the present owners, purchased the Fishwick house for $98,000. During the 1970s and 1980s, a major works program was undertaken to restore the fabric of the property, including the rebuilding of the kitchen, replacement of the bituminous and pebble roof membrane, underpinning of the north-east corner, repair of concrete spalling to internal walls, and upgrading of water, gas, sewage, stormwater and electrical services. A further restoration program was completed in 1998 under the supervision of conservation architects, including restoration of interior finishes, interior conservation and repair work.

As of February 2019, the Northern Corridor Transit and Transport Coordination Authority, is working directly with the governments of Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo do devise ways to improve this road. The work would involve paving the of dirt roads in DRC and repairing and improving the of bituminous roads in Uganda. It is estimated that the cost of the pre-requisite feasibility study, will cost about US$11.2 million. In November 2019, Yoweri Museveni the president of Uganda and Félix Tshisekedi, the president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, at a meeting at Uganda State House in Entebbe, signed agreements to work on key road networks connecting the two countries to ease business.

War Eagle Field is a former airfield located in the Mojave Desert, about west of central Lancaster. Polaris Flight Academy, which opened on the field's grounds on July 15, 1941, trained cadets for the Royal Air Force and the Royal Canadian Air Force. (The school also used two auxiliary fields, Liberty Field and Victory Field.) The airfield had two hard- surfaced bituminous runways, one of 3,100' aligned NE/SW (05/23) the other of 2,950' aligned E/W (09/27). After the Japanese attack of Pearl Harbor, the flight school began training cadets for the United States Army Air Force on 28 July 1942, being operated by the Polaris Flight Academy as a contract basic flying school (phase 1).

The facility was originally constructed during World War II by the United States Army Air Forces and named Aiken Army Air Field. The airfield was constructed with three 5'000 foot bituminous runways in an "A" pattern. No known auxiliary airfields were constructed. The airfield and station opened on 24 December 1942AFHRA Document 00169020 as a satellite airfield of Morris Army Airfield, North Carolina. On 23 June 1943 the airfield was formally activated and the 66th Tactical Reconnaissance Group arrived.AFHRA Document 00169021, and Maurer, Maurer (ed.), ‘’Air Force Combat Units of World War II’’, Office of Air Force History, Washington, DC, 1961 (reprint 1983) Two subordinate units, the 97th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron and 19th Liaison Squadron arrived the previous day.

In 1902, Page enlisted the support of millionaire industrialist Henry Huttleston Rogers as a silent partner to finance the expansion of the Deepwater Railway much further, about 80 miles through Mullens to reach the Norfolk and Western Railway (N&W;) at Matoaka to open up new territory with untapped deposits of high volatile bituminous coal. As construction of the expanded line got underway, Page was unsuccessful in negotiating fair rates with either major railroad, Thus, he and Rogers quietly expanded their plans again to build all the way to the sea, forming what became the Virginian Railway in 1907, completed all the way from Deepwater to Sewell's Point on Hampton Roads in 1909.

The lasting economic boom brought by the railroad to the region saw the bustling Upper Falls StationUnited States Geological Survey "Upper Falls Station (historical)" offer daily service for both passengers and freight. Timber extraction ended in the 1920s, but the rail lineUnited States Geological Survey "Upper Falls Siding" through Upper Falls, now owned by CSX Transportation, still transports massive amounts of bituminous coal to global markets. There was a rapid influx of people to the area during and soon after World War II, and many came to live in Tornado. They found employment in the defense and chemical manufacturing industries in the Kanawha Valley and benefited from economic prosperity as a result.

Nagapattinam municipality accommodates of roads; of cement roads, of bituminous roads, of WBM roads and of earthen roads. Nagapattinam is connected by two national highways, NH 45A to Villupuram and NH 67 to Coimbatore and Gundlupete in Karnataka state. Nagapattinam is connected with Chennai, Vellore, Coimbatore, Tiruchirapalli, Karaikal and other major towns of Tamil Nadu through the state highways SH 22 from Grand Anaicut to Kaveripoompattinam, SH 23 from Mayiladuthurai to Thiruthuraipoondi, SH 64 from Kumbakonam to Sirkazhi, SH 67 from Nagore to Nachiyar Koil, SH 147 from Kumbakonam to Karaikkal, SH 148 from Nagore to Vettar. SH 149 from Sembanarkoil to Nalladai, SH 150 from Vaitheeswarankoil to Lower Anaicut and SH 151 from Kilvelur to Kachanam.

Coal-mining facility at Thurber, Texas, around 1900 Coal- mining operations began in Thurber in 1886 and reached a peak around 1920, when the town had a population of approximately 8,000 to 10,000, from more than a dozen nationalities, though Italians, Poles, and Mexicans predominated. At the peak, Thurber was one of the largest bituminous coal-mining towns in Texas. Established as a company town, the mining operations in Thurber were unionized in 1903 and Thurber became the first totally closed shop town in the country. The Texas and Pacific Coal Company was not owned by the Texas and Pacific Railway, but it lay near its line and provided the trains of that company with much fuel.

Coal miners and the United Mine Workers faced an extended crisis as coal operators sought cost reductions and pressured unionized miners to accept wage cutbacks to below the previously agreed upon rate of $7.50 per day, and even to abandon the union. In 1921, miners had struck against the Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corporation in Rossiter, Pennsylvania. The strike arose when the company began to require their employees to punch a time clock. The miners refused to comply, and were backed up by the UMWA, stating that the union's permission was required to enforce the time-clock requirement, in addition to the fact that no other mine in the district employed the use of a time clock.

Two plants in the area, Blechhammer North (south of Sławięcice) and Blechhammer South at Azoty ( from the labor camp) were nicknamed "Black Hammer" by Allied bomber aircrews. The facilities were approximately apart with each occupying a 3,000 × 5,000 ft (914 × 1524 m) area in open country. Similar to the Gelsenberg plant, the Blechhammer plants used bituminous coal in the Bergius process to synthesize Ersatz oil. In June 1944, the United States Army Air Forces considered Blechhammer one of the four "principal synthetic oil plants in Germany", and after the Fifteenth Air Force had dropped 7,082 tons (14,164,000 lbs; 6,424 tonnes)of bombs on Blechhammer, the Blechhammer plants were dismantled post-war by the Soviets.

Nordstern and Pölitz/Stettin used bituminous coal, as did the new Blechhammer plants. Heydebreck synthesized food oil, which was tested on concentration camp prisoners. The Geilenberg Special Staff was using 350,000 mostly foreign forced laborers to reconstruct the bombed synthetic oil plants, and, in an emergency decentralization program, to build 7 underground hydrogenation plants for bombing protection (none were completed). (Planners had rejected an earlier such proposal because the war was to be won before the bunkers would be completed.) In July 1944, the 'Cuckoo' project underground synthetic oil plant (800,000 m2) was being "carved out of the Himmelsburg" North of the Mittelwerk, but the plant was unfinished at the end of WWII.

The first part of modern MD 445 to be built was Main Street between Sharp Street and Rock Hall Avenue, which was constructed as a concrete street as part of MD 20 in 1920. The remainder of MD 445 was one of several state highways whose construction as concrete roads was partially funded by a $900,000 Kent County bond issue in 1929. The highway was built from north of the Eastern Neck Island bridge to MD 21 in 1929 and 1930. The remainder of the highway to the north end of the bridge to the island was started in 1930 and completed by 1933. Main Street was widened and resurfaced with bituminous concrete in 1947 and 1948.

Refined coal is the product of the application of a coal-upgrading technology that removes moisture and certain pollutants from lower-rank coals such as sub-bituminous and lignite (brown) coals and raising their calorific values. NextGen Energy Council Breakthrough Paper Coal refining or upgrading technologies are typically pre-combustion treatments and/or processes that alter the characteristics of a coal before it is burned. The goals of pre- combustion coal-upgrading technologies are to increase efficiency and reduce emissions when coal is burned. Depending on the situation, pre-combustion technology can be used in place of or as a supplement to post-combustion technologies to control emissions from coal-fueled boilers.

It later becomes the leading centre for the Arts and Crafts movement. 1885: The world's first professional football league is founded at a meeting in Aston under the auspices of William McGregor, a director of Aston Villa. 1889: Charles Pinkney of Tangyes perfects a gas engine, this comes about through his experimentation with a hydrocarbon gas producer and a bituminous coal gas generator. The engine proves to be more economical that an earlier Four-stroke Otto cycle engine. 1891: The Dunlop Rubber Company co- founded by John Boyd Dunlop established its Birmingham factory Fort Dunlop, later to become the focus of Dunlop as one of the largest multinational manufacturers of automotive and aeronautical tyres.

Their last expedition had been sent out in 1813 during the war & blockade caused bituminous shortages, and by the time five arks were sent down river, three sank, leaving the directors of LCMC disgusted and unwilling to fund more losses. The company began to prepare plans and surveyed sites, and when the state legislature approved the river work in 1818, immediately hired teams of men and began to install locks, dams, and weirs, including water management gates of their own novel design.Brenckman, p. 627 A brief history of the navigations beginnings as Brenckman related in 1884: The canal head end needed a location where barges could be built and timber and coal could be brought into slack water.

A high-grade bituminous soft coal was mined in the surrounding region. Shortly after 1850, mining was being supplanted by factories which included brickworks, glassworks, tanneries, foundries, ironworks, machine shops, and wood planing, flour, feed, and silk mills. By the 1930s these were mostly gone, and townspeople were dependent largely on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad repair shops north of town, and a meat packing plant, in addition to the remaining coal mining and batteries of beehive coke ovens. In 1900, 6,746 people lived in Punxsutawney before the consolidation with Claysville. After consolidation, the population in 1910 was 9,058; in 1920, 10,311; in 1930, 9,266; prewar in 1940, 9,482; and postwar in 1950, 8,969 people lived there.

The branch cost $40 million to construct because the site had to undergo pollution remediation, since it was previously used by a factory that processed asphalt and other bituminous products. The Hunters Point Library includes over 50,000 books with Spanish and Chinese language collections, as well as an environmental education center, a section for young children, and a teenagers' space equipped with a video game area. Though the building is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, its stepped terraces and single elevator have been criticized for being inaccessible to the disabled. The fourth floor where the cyber center is has a curved wooden element in the design of the interior atrium.

As petroleum production increased, the by-product bitumen became available in greater quantities and largely supplanted coal tar. The Macadam construction process quickly became obsolete because of its onerous and impractical manual labour requirement; however, the somewhat similar tar and chip method, also known as (bituminous) surface treatment (BST) or "chip-seal", remains popular. While the specific tarmac pavement is not common in some countries today, many people use the word to refer to generic paved areas at airports, especially the apron near airport terminals, although these areas are often made of concrete. Similarly in the UK, the word tarmac is much more commonly used by the public when referring to asphalt concrete.

In the smelting process of using huge bellows driven by waterwheels, massive amounts of charcoal were used in the production process, leading to a wide range of deforestation in northern China. However, by the end of the 11th century the Chinese discovered that using bituminous coke could replace the role of charcoal, hence many acres of forested land in northern China were spared from the steel and iron industry with this switch of resources. Iron and steel of this period were used to mass-produce ploughs, hammers, needles, pins, nails for ships, musical cymbals, chains for suspension bridges, Buddhist statues, and other routine items for an indigenous mass market.Ebrey, Cambridge Illustrated History of China, 144.

On 31 May 1851 Murray conducted fieldwork in Enniskillen Township following Thomas Sterry Hunt's analysis of a 100-pound sample of bitumen taken from the region. In his report, Murray confirmed that the region contained various bituminous deposits, noted the presence of oil seeps and declared the material suitable for the production of lamp fuel, paints, varnishes and asphalt. Although Murray was cautious in calculating the economic benefits of the gum beds, his work attracted the attention of Charles and Henry Tripp, who acquired a lot in Enniskillen in 1852 and established the world's first incorporated oil company in 1854. In 1858, at an oil seep located by Murray, James Miller Williams established North America's first commercial oil well.

The petroleum industry, both production and refining, began in 1848 with the first oil works in Scotland. The chemist James Young set up a tiny business refining the crude oil in 1848. Young found that by slow distillation he could obtain a number of useful liquids from it, one of which he named "paraffine oil" because at low temperatures it congealed into a substance resembling paraffin wax. In 1850 Young built the first truly commercial oil-works and oil refinery in the world at Bathgate, using oil extracted from locally mined torbanite, shale, and bituminous coal to manufacture naphtha and lubricating oils; paraffin for fuel use and solid paraffin were not sold till 1856.

The West Virginia official state rock is bituminous coal, and the official state gemstone is silicified Mississippian fossil Lithostrotionella coral. The limestone also produced a useful quarry industry, usually small, and softer, high-calcium seams were burned to produce industrial lime. This lime was used for agricultural and construction purposes; for many years a specific portion of the C & O Railroad carried limestone rock to Clifton Forge, Virginia as an industrial flux. Salt mining had been underway since the 18th century, though it had largely played out by the time of the American Civil War, when the red salt of Kanawha County was a valued commodity of first Confederate, and later Union, forces.

MD 769 forms parts of the old alignment of MD 201 and MD 205. The latter highway followed much of what is today MD 201 from U.S. Route 50 (now MD 450) in Bladensburg to MD 430 (now MD 193) in Greenbelt. The portion of MD 205 from Bladensburg to Riverdale Park was constructed as a concrete road between 1924 and 1926. The section of MD 201, then known as River Road, from Tuxedo Road (now MD 459) in Cheverly north to US 50 in Bladensburg was constructed as a concrete road in 1929. MD 205 and MD 201 were widened with a pair of bituminous shoulders in 1940 and 1941, respectively.

The granite was used to build the Old Monterey Jail, San Francisco Mint, portions of Fort Point, and buildings on the Navy's installation at Mare Island Naval Shipyard. Headstock of the Carmelo Land and Coal Company mine in upper Malpaso Canyon, south of Carmel, California, in 1895. In 1874, a seam of low grade bituminous coal was found in upper Malpaso Canyon, southeast of Pt Lobos. On September 6, 1888, shortly after the patent for Rancho San Jose y Sur Chiquito was approved, all those excepting Gregg and the squatters banded together to form the Carmelo Land and Coal Company. In exchange for shares in the company, they sold their interest in the land for $1.

By 1974, the coal industry led the country for the rate of work stoppages in a year, ten times the rate in other industries. On December 6, 1974, a new National Bituminous Coal Wage Agreement resulted in the development of four separate trust funds, replacing the single Welfare and Retirement Funds. The 1950 Benefit Pension Trust was created for workers retiring before 1976; the 1974 Pension Trust, for workers retiring after 1975; the 1950 Benefit Trust, provides medical and death benefits for workers retiring after 1975 and their dependents; and the 1974 Benefit Trust, providing medical and death benefits for workers retiring after 1975 and their dependents. These four funds operate collectively under the title Health and Retirement Funds.

The outcome of the 1922 referendum had moved the Polish frontier close to Beuthen, and in 1926 Laby went to work for the Polish mining administration. After the Annexation of Western Poland by the German army Laby was transferred to Germany's national head office of the Combustible Fuels Industry, taking a senior management position in the Bituminous coal department based in Berlin. It was here that he met the jurist Karl Laurenz in 1945, while Laby was working as a safety expert with the "Mining Technical Inspectorate". Between 1946 and 1949 Laby was also working as personal assistant to the President of the National Administration (for what had become, in May 1945, the Soviet occupation zone).

The Geological Survey of Bangladesh, an autonomous body, discovered the presence of a coalmine at Barapukuria area of the Parbatipur upazila of Dinajpur district. The government then invited UK based M/S Wardell Armstrong and China-based China National Machinery Import and Export Corporation to conduct a detailed study on the feasibility of mining in the area. Both organizations confirmed the presence of high-quality bituminous coal in the mine. As a result, to extract coal from the mine, Petrobangla undertook Barapukuria Coal Mine Development project and to ensure proper implementation of the project and smooth functioning of the mine operation, Barapukuria Coal Mining Company Limited was formed and registered as a company on August 4, 1998.

The applications of these devices fall into two general categories, metallurgical melting furnaces, and lower temperature processing furnaces typically used for metallic ores and other minerals. A reverberatory furnace is at a disadvantage from the standpoint of efficiency compared to a blast furnace due to the spatial separation of the burning fuel and the subject material, and it is necessary to effectively utilize both reflected radiant heat and direct contact with the exhaust gases (convection) to maximize heat transfer. Historically these furnaces have used solid fuel, and bituminous coal has proven to be the best choice. The brightly visible flames (due to the substantial volatile component) give more radiant heat transfer than anthracite coal or charcoal.

The physical presence of these dynamic works is compelling in itself, but there are also forms reminiscent of both natural and urban environments:linear elements may refer to tree trunks, horizons, rocks, rivers, cliffs, shorelines. And it has been noted that the gritty, rusted- industrial or bituminous looking surfaces of the paintings echo Edward's experiences of twice renovating filthy, former commercial loft spaces in the SoHo and TriBeCa areas of New York. In 1985, Edwards' black paint began to merge into deep colors: ochres, earthy reds and deep blues. These paintings, writes curator Jeanne Wilkinson, "portrayed darkness as a universal constant; not empty but filled with some mysterious presence; an origin, not a lack of light".

The Pittston Coal Company had worked with the Bituminous Coal Operators (BCOA), which regulated health and retirement benefits offered to Pittston workers. The Pittston mines continued to lose money, though, and in 1987 the Pittston Coal Company terminated its contract with the BCOA to establish its own health and retirement benefit contract with the UMWA. Through collective bargaining, the UMWA and the Pittston Coal Company established two different retirement plans for the miners: one for those who retired before 1974 and one for those who retired after 1974, in the hopes that this would help the company gain a profit. In 1988, Pittston still felt the strain of providing benefits, with the cost per miner increasing by $3,746 from the 1979 amount.

Avella's early history included American frontiersmen, grist mills and refuge forts during the 18th century, when the area was part of the western frontier. It remains the site of a significant farming community. However, it began to grow after the arrival of the railroad in the early 20th century (the last railroad tunnel was completed in 1903 and served the Wabash Railroad.) Completion of the railroad enabled coal mining companies to open numerous mines, making the Avella/Burgettstown area one of the world's most important bituminous coal mining regions. The mining and railroad opportunities attracted many immigrants in the early 20th century, principally southern and eastern Europeans, and the area grew greatly in size and importance in the first third of the 20th century.

By 1930, MD 237 was complete from Clements to Leonardtown. The gap between Chaptico and Clements was under construction in 1930 and completed in 1932. Westbound MD 234 approaching US 301 in Allens Fresh The first upgrade of MD 234 was a relocation at Allens Fresh Run, which included replacing a dangerous one-way bridge over the stream, that was completed in 1933. MD 237 was reconstructed with a bituminous stabilized gravel surface between Clements and Leonardtown in 1950 and 1951, a project that included new bridges over Clements Creek at a spot known as Head-of-the- Bay and over Nelson Run near Leonardtown. Reconstruction of MD 234 from Allens Fresh to Chaptico and MD 237 from there to Clements occurred between 1959 and 1961.

Enhanced coal bed methane recovery is a method of producing additional coalbed methane from a source rock, similar to enhanced oil recovery applied to oil fields. Carbon dioxide (CO2) injected into a bituminous coal bed would occupy pore space and also adsorb onto the carbon in the coal at approximately twice the rate of methane (CH4), allowing for potential enhanced gas recovery. This technique may be used in conjunction with carbon capture and storage in mitigation of global warming where the carbon dioxide that is sequestered is captured from the output of fossil fuel power plants. A research project at ETH Zurich is studying the process of pumping carbon dioxide into unminable coal seams and recovering the methane that is subsequently displaced.

The hospital was carved out of solid rock during the construction of the tunnel system in 1872, and was originally designed to provide a storage room for the black powder charge used when firing the 68-pounder and 80-pounder guns of the battery. The floor was originally covered in a bituminous substance, the walls were tiled with ceramic tiles not unlike those seen on the wall pictured, and the tunnel ceiling leading to the room was lined with cork. The purpose of these measures was to reduce the possibility of sparks and the potential for a powder explosion. The zigzag tunnel at the far end of the room was designed to act as a blast wall to contain any blast within the immediate area.

This theory was more recently applied by the U S Court of Appeals in Whitney Benefits v. United States, holding that a federal regulation forbidding strip mining of large coal deposits in Wyoming, took the owners' property, requiring payment of compensation which, with interest and attorneys' fees, came to $200 million In his dissent to Pennsylvania Coal, Justice Brandeis argued that inasmuch as the police power regulation promoted public safety, the state statute forbidding mining under inhabited land trumped the coal company's property right to its coal. That theory has gained acceptance in the Supreme Court case of Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis (480 U.S. 470) but only to the extent that the prohibition of mining was partial, not total.

However, the assassination attempt on President Garfield in July 1881 and the ensuing illness before Garfield's death in September upset Walker's transition and delayed his formal introduction to the faculty of MIT until November 5, 1881. On May 30, 1882, during Walker's first Commencement exercises, Rogers died mid-speech where his last words were famously "bituminous coal". A 1905 map of MIT's Boston campus MIT's inability to secure a more stable financial footing during this era can largely be attributed to the existence of the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard. Given the choice between funding technological research at the oldest university in the nation, or at an independent and adolescent institution, potential benefactors were indifferent or even hostile to funding MIT's competing mission.

Nash notes that the coal > operators saw that it was to the advantage to support the union policy of > uniform wage rates, for it prevented cutthroat competition and falling > prices. The UMW limited the propensity of miners to go on wildcat > strikes.Michael Nash, Conflict and Accommodation: Coal Miners, Steel > Workers, and Socialism, 1890-1920 (1982) "Keeping Warm" The Los Angeles > Times, a conservative newspaper, demands federal action to stop the coal > strike, November 22, 1919 The UMW under its new young leader John L. Lewis > called a strike for November 1, 1919 in all soft (bituminous) coal fields. > They had agreed to a wage agreement to run until the end of World War I and > now sought to capture some of their industry's wartime gains.

Lignite mining, western North Dakota, US (c. 1945) Lignite is brownish-black in color and has a carbon content from as low as 20–25 percent up to 60–70 percent, a high inherent moisture content sometimes as high as 75 percent,Kopp, Otto C. "Lignite" in Encyclopædia Britannica and an ash content ranging from 6–19 percent, compared with 6–12 percent for bituminous coal. Strip mining lignite at Tagebau Garzweiler in Germany The energy content of lignite ranges from 10 to 20 MJ/kg (9–17 million BTU per short ton) on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The energy content of lignite consumed in the United States averages (13 million BTU/ton), on the as-received basis (i.e.

The canal quickly became a major shipper of bituminous coal and pig iron to downstream consumers, as well as a carrier of local agricultural traffic. However, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania was experiencing increasing difficulties in funding the maintenance of its over-extended canal network. The Commonwealth was already involved in the financing of the Bald Eagle & Spring Creek, as guarantor of the annual interest on its stock, and it, together with the Bald Eagle Cross- Cut, the West Branch Canal, and the Susquehanna Division of the Pennsylvania Canal was divested in 1857. These waterways were initially given to the Sunbury and Erie Railroad, to help fund its completion, which in turn sold them to be organized as the West Branch and Susquehanna Canal.

Delagua developed around the Delagua bituminous coal mine, opened in 1903 and operated by the Victor American Fuel Company."Dead and Living Taken From Ill-Fated Colorado Mine", Los Angeles Times, November 10, 1910"Mine Dead Forty-Seven: Fourteen More Men Rescued Alive in Colorado Explosion", Washington Post, November 10, 1910 It was located in Canon Del Agua, situated approximately three miles west of the Hastings Mine, the site of a mine explosion in 1917, and 8 miles west of the site of the Ludlow Massacre, which occurred in 1914. As of 1922, it was the largest mine in Colorado,"Middle West News in Brief", Los Angeles Times, April 14, 1922 and at its peak employed at least 900 men.

In 1881, the new Philadelphia-based owners of William Mahone's former Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad (AM&O;) which stretched across Virginia's southern tier from Norfolk, had sights clearly set on the Mountain State, where the owners had large land holdings. Their railroad was renamed Norfolk and Western (N&W;), and a new railroad city was developed at Roanoke to handle planned expansion. After its new President Frederick J. Kimball and a small party journeyed by horseback and saw firsthand the rich bituminous coal seam (which Kimball's wife named "Pocahontas," the N&W; redirected its planned westward expansion to reach it. Soon, the N&W; was also shipping from its own new coal piers on Hampton Roads at Lamberts Point outside Norfolk.

I-27 in Tulia The roadway between Lubbock and Amarillo was part of the Puget Sound to Gulf Highway (State Highway 9), one of the original state highways defined in 1917.Commerce Journal, Highway Commission Adopts 25 Highways, July 6, 1917 In 1926, it became part of U.S. Highway 385, which was absorbed into U.S. Highway 87 in 1935. The SH 9 overlap was dropped in the 1939 renumbering.H.M. Gousha Company, Official Road Map: Texas (Conoco), 1938 Paving began in 1929 near Plainview, and was almost complete by 1940, with only about 8 miles (13 km) south of Canyon still bituminous surfacedTexas State Highway Department, General Highway Maps: Lubbock, Hale, Swisher, Randall, and Potter Counties, partially revised to February 1, 1940 until later that decade.

Coffin faced four major problems while prospecting for coal in lower Rhondda: there was little known of the geology of the area, there were few skilled miners in the locality, there were no transport links for three miles and there was no proven outside market. Coffin opened at least five levels in the area, his first at the Graig Vein (the Rhondda No. 1 seam) was of poor quality and thickness, but his second, also in 1809 reached the Rhondda No.2 Seam which was of a good quality. This prompted Coffin to extend his mineral lease and sink a vertical shaft. At a depth of 40 yards a good seam of bituminous coal was struck at the Dinas Lower Colliery.