Labs below ground level without flood mitigation structures were destroyed.
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In other words, it thought the lander was below ground level. Ouch.
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Some of the most important parts of the building are below ground level.
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Located roughly a kilometer below ground level, it did not generate a tsunami, according to the USGS.
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And, as an added plus, the storefront was discreet, located below ground level and behind another building.
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Nevertheless the "Cultivator" did demonstrate the technical feasibility of a military vehicle capable of moving just below ground level.
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On the other side, houses are at or below ground level, with barred windows to deter thieves and drug dealers.
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"The erroneous information generated an estimated altitude that was negative -- that is, below ground level," the ESA said in a statement.
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A V-shaped glass moat reflected the original building, whose Gothic tower could be seen from 21992 feet below ground level.
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Following the change, car parking spaces need to be placed below ground level in order to get full exemption from gross floor area calculations.
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On another below-ground level is a tennis court built into a 15,000-square-foot space that was designed to convert into a subterranean ballroom.
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And if you know where to find it, there's a secret passageway that leads to a mind-blowing subterranean lair more than 20 feet below ground-level.
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In an update today, the agency said that information collected by one of the lander's instruments made the vehicle think it was below ground level — while it was still falling.
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In 250, when Van Heerden and her husband cleared out the hollow center of the tree, they removed compost buildup to uncover the floor about a meter below ground level.
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The floor just below ground level takes the visitor from 1968 to today through objects like banners from President Obama's 2008 campaign and posters from the Black Lives Matter movement.
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Possibly inspired by Austrian rail-mounted trench-digging machines from that war, Winston Churchill directed the development of machines that would advance just below ground level, excavating its own trench.
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Since space below ground level is not counted in the overall square footage, burrowing down is a way to get more house for the money — or if you're selling, to help justify the price.
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It's three floors below ground level so we were thinking they were going to turn it into some mega mansion because everyone in London wants digging underground for cars or cinemas or swimming pools.
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They returned it to a single residence, investing about $6.5 million more over 21 months in a top-to-bottom renovation that included numerous updates and an addition on the below-ground level, Mr. Kaliner said.
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To ensure that the addition did not overwhelm or upstage the original Havens House building — which over time has served as a home, tavern, school and boardinghouse — Mr. Pedersen decided to locate half of the center below ground level.
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It features attenuation areas, five feet below ground level, which allow water to drain away, perforated brick facades to deal with heat and humidity and shaded paths and verandahs which allows the use of air-conditioning to be limited to classrooms.
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It's this very separation that makes this church so dramatic: The church, which suddenly plunges dozens of feet below ground level has a tawny exterior mottled with green and yellow moss, and, from above, forms the shape of a cross.
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Libya evaded surveillance by building "hardened and buried" bunkers at least 40 feet below ground level.
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The station consists of two side platforms serving two tracks, located in a cutting below ground level.
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Various facilities will be created below ground level and on the main floor. Among the new facilities is a 250-seat auditorium and of multipurpose space at ground level, and below ground level, sport and cultural facilities, including a recording studio. The capacity of the renovated building will be 2800 persons.
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The seeds are dispersed by wind. The plant has several fleshy roots branching just below ground level that become tuberous.
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This article lists the six underground stations and five below ground level stations of the Merseyrail network which is centred on Liverpool, England.
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In 1886 Birkenhead and Liverpool were linked by an underground railway system, which today is part of the Merseyrail network. The major underground station in Birkenhead is Hamilton Square, the nearest station to the ferry terminal. Hamilton Square station is linked to the "Liverpool Loop" of the Wirral Line, which includes James Street, Moorfields, Liverpool Lime Street and Liverpool Central stations, all of which are underground. Other stations located in Birkenhead include Birkenhead Central which is open but below ground level, Green Lane which is below ground level, Rock Ferry, Conway Park which is below ground level, Birkenhead Park, Birkenhead North and Bidston.
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This station consists of two opposed side platforms serving two tracks, located in a cutting below ground level, with the station building at ground level above.
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This station consists of two opposing side platforms serving two tracks, located in a cutting below ground level, with the station building at ground level above.
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Underground laboratories exist at depths ranging from just below ground level to approximately 6000 m.w.e. at SNOLAB and 6700 m.w.e. at the Jinping Underground Laboratory in China.
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Sprouts that originate at or below ground level and from small stumps are less likely to develop heartwood decay. Pignut hickory is difficult to reproduce from cuttings.
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"Architectural Homage." Teachinghistory.org. Accessed July 12, 2011. During the excavations for the eastern pier, human remains, a coffin, and a gravestone dated 1803 were uncovered below ground level.
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The Church of Saint Porphyrius has a rectangular shape, ending with a half-domed roofed temple.Travel in Gaza MidEastTravelling. Its pavement below ground level in its southern part, and below ground level at the northern end, suggesting that the present building was built atop of an earlier church structure. The church consists of a single aisle made up of two groin-vaulted bays, with a projecting semi-circular apse preceded by a barrel-vaulted presbytery.
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Whereas, the floor just below ground level will host a delicatessen operated by merchants of the Supersam Grocers Cooperative, after years, making their come-back to the Lublin Union Square.
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The road of the Lagusnilad vehicular underpass is below ground level. If the underpass is flooded, the water could be as deep . Above the vehicular underpass' tunnel is a bridge.
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Similarly to the main pyramid, the substructure was constructed in a shallow open pit dug into the ground before the pyramid construction started and is therefore located just below ground-level.
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It may occasionally nest up to 6 m high in a tree, but is usually much lower, often at or below ground level. It lays two white eggs between March and June.
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The gun is believed to have been retained within the below-ground level emplacement, although its existence has not been confirmed. The Ben Buckler gun site survives as a buried archaeological feature.
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View from Sunway Pyramid showing its low elevation compared to surrounding buildings The park is built below ground level on a tin mining wasteland and currently has 90 attractions spread across six parks.
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Due to pipes running underneath the 4-way road intersection at which this station is located, it is built deep underground. For example, the Bundang Line platform is 6 floors below ground level.
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The shikhara is circled by a number of minaret inspired angashikharas of Bengal type charchala. The Shikhara, angashikharas and other chambers were built in the 16th century and after. The inner sanctum within the vimana, the garbhagriha, is below ground level and consists of no image but a rock fissure in the shape of a yoni (female genital): The garbhaghrihas of the other temples in the Kamakhya complex follow the same structure--a yoni-shaped stone, filled with water and below ground level.
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Derrick Cave is open year around. The mouth of the cave is at an elevation of above sea level. The cave is between and below ground level. The total length of the cave is .
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The new stadium would be reorientated 90° and closer to Gyáli út, with a pitch 10 cm below ground level. Corporate hospitality, a restaurant, shop and museum were all planned, along with expanded changing facilities.
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The grandstand is constructed of metal bleachers and is largely covered by a roof. The first few rows of seats between the dugouts are situated below ground level, giving fans the rare perspective seen from dugout level.
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This is due to rainwater erosion that has whitened the stones and left them a light grey colour. Below ground level, where the rocks have been protected from erosion, they acquire an orange colour from iron oxide.
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The composting chamber can be constructed above or below ground level. It can be inside a structure or include a separate superstructure. A drainage system removes leachate. Otherwise, excess moisture can cause anaerobic conditions and impede decomposition.
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A quartic equation has four solutions, and only one solution for this equation matches the problem as presented. Another solution is for a case where one ladder (and wall) is below ground level and the other above ground level.
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The ingenious three-section hydraulic boom design of these vehicles means that the rescue cage can be positioned below ground level, and can therefore be utilised in water rescues, or rescues off a bridge parapet or into a shallow ravine.
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The Line also connects with the Airport Express Line at New Delhi station. Chawri Bazar metro station is the second deepest station of the Delhi Metro network and is situated about 30 metres (98 ft) below ground level and has 18 escalators.
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Vesterport Station () is a S-train station in the city centre of Copenhagen, Denmark. The station is situated below ground level on the Boulevard Line, just before the tunnel connecting Copenhagen Central Station and Østerport Station. It opened on 15 May 1934.
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The four-platform HS1 station is built within "Stratford Box", a concrete-sided cutting, meaning the station is located below ground level. It is located near the centre of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, adjacent to the Westfield Stratford City shopping centre.
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Saxifraga aizoides branches at or below ground level, and grows to . It spreads by short rhizomes, forming mats of small colonies. The flowers, with five sepals and petals, are yellow—green. Saxifraga aizoides is a listed threatened species in New York state.
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3D tactics is defined "as tactics in the third dimension which is the space above and below ground level in land and urban operations".Flaherty, C. (2010) Command, Influence and Information in 3D Tactics. Journal of Information Warfare. (9)1: 18-31.
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Activities, effects and impacts of the coal fuel cycle for a 1,000-MWe electric power generating plant. Washington, DC: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. However, there are open pit mining operations working on coal seams up to below ground level, for instance Tagebau Hambach in Germany.
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Basement waterproofing involves techniques and materials used to prevent water from penetrating the basement of a house or a building. Waterproofing a basement that is below ground level can require the application of sealant materials, the installation of drains and sump pumps, and more.
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Singeumho Station is a station on Seoul Subway Line 5, Seoul, South Korea. Prior to its opening, it was originally planned to be called Musumak Station (무수막역). Because of the relatively high altitude of this neighborhood, the platform is located eight floors below ground level.
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The station is the westernmost of all Toei stations, and, at a depth of 11.9 m below ground level, the platform is the closest to the surface of all the Ōedo Line stations. There are five exits from the station, labelled A1 through to A5.
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The below-ground level of the chapel contained a crematory with four retorts. The chapel itself was clad in marble and mosaic tile and seated 200. It featured Italian vases high in which plants grew. The chapel also contained 2,000 niches for the emplacement of cremation urns.
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Moreover, remains of many of the yard's core features, including the slipways, dry docks, basins, mast ponds and building foundations, still exist below ground level and have been studied in archaeological digs. The subterranean remains of the Tudor Great Storehouse are now a Scheduled Ancient Monument.
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The nest is deep enough that the eggs sit about below ground level, which helps to minimize heat loss from the cool breezes which occur at the latitudes where the species nests. The female lays four eggs. Pectoral sandpipers have decreased in number 50% since 1974.
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Most of these monuments are two storied. Concealed inside the base, half of which is below ground level, is a crypt; the latter is covered by a vault and its floor is earth. The deceased was buried in the earth. The crypt had small loop-hole windows.
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The waterfall helped fill and circulate water in a lagoon. The hotel had five below-ground floors, with the lagoon on the first below-ground level. Banquet space, ballrooms, and meeting rooms existed on the second to fifth below- ground levels. The lobby occupied the first floor.
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The fortification was equipped with a variety of turrets and guns. It was therefore also used as a training ground. Fixed towers as well as 'disappearing towers' (forsvindingstårne) were placed at the fort. The disappearing towers could be stored almost entirely below ground level, hence the name.
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A public square is also part of the proposed scheme with of retail space below ground level. The top of the skyscraper is set to have London's highest viewing gallery free for public access (which could include a museum run by the Museum of London), and a restaurant.
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Huskisson Memorial St James's Cemetery is an urban park behind Liverpool Cathedral that is below ground level. Until 1825, the space was a stone quarry, and until 1936 it was used as the Liverpool city cemetery. It has been designated a Grade I Historic Park by Historic England.
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The operations of the Equitable Building were described as being akin to a small city. When the building opened, there was a power station below ground level. It contained seven boilers with a combined output of , which took up a space measuring . There was also an artificial ice plant.
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One of the buildings on the north side has high level carvings of an owl and pussycat, linking to the then contemporary poem The Owl and the Pussycat by Edward Lear. Several shops retain huge timber shutters which uniquely drop below ground level when the shops are open.
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Caplinger 1997, p. 4. The majority of the oil wells in the vicinity of the Oil Creek valley tapped into a sandstone formation known as the Venango Third sand.Pees 1998, p. 15. The Venango Third contained large volumes of oil under high pressure at only below ground level.
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The UniCredit Țiriac Bank headquarters is a class A office building located in the city of Bucharest, Romania. The project consists of one 64 meter-tall with 15 floor building, with a total surface area of 28,000 m2 (6,000 m2 below ground level and 22,000 m2 above ground).
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It was rebuilt in the early 1930s to eliminate grade crossings, but with great difficulty. Workers had to dig 30 feet below ground level in order to avoid the underground springs and deep quicksand that laced the vicinity of the right-of-way. The project was finished by 1933.
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The station is adjacent to the Praha-Veleslavín railway station and a bus terminal which became the new end of the 119 bus line from Václav Havel Airport and regional buses towards Kladno. The station is 20m below ground level. The station was designed by architect Hana Vermachová.
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One of the unusual aspects of the project involved stabilizing the foundation. Unlike many typical foundations, which go below ground level to avoid frost damage, the Seitaniemi building had footings of dry-stacked stone. This method allows the building to ride out frost heaves while still being locked together.
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Downstream of the dam wall and located underground is Tumut 1, a conventional hydroelectric power station, that has four turbine generators, with a generating capacity of of electricity; and a net generation of per annum. The power station has rated hydraulic head. The underground powerhouse is located below ground level.
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The groundwater is approximately 1.5 m below ground level. The surrounding area was mostly marshland. This wasn't an ideal site for building, especially not for building a monastery with a church of such dimensions. Therefore the foundations had to be set very deep, to guarantee a safe and stable building.
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The stadium was built to support the construction of a full roof in the future. The south end zone is not covered by the roof. To protect spectators from wind, the lower bowl is situated below ground level. Thirty-eight corporate suites and two levels of luxury seating are also provided.
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He held that position till 1905. Winning the 1904 gubernatorial nomination, Roberts was elected, and became the Governor of Connecticut on January 4, 1905. During his term, several legislations were passed. The bakeries were banned from operating below ground level and a bill was launched that regulated the operation of automobiles.
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Downstream of the dam wall and located underground is Tumut 2, a conventional hydroelectric power station, that has four turbine generators, with a generating capacity of of electricity; and a net generation of per annum. The power station has rated hydraulic head. The underground powerhouse is located below ground level.
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Devi's Falls () is a waterfall located at Pokhara in Kaski District, Nepal. The water forms a tunnel after reaching the bottom. This tunnel is approximately long and runs below ground level. On 31 July 1961, a Swiss couple went swimming but the woman drowned in a pit because of the overflow.
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The station is located at the heart of a campus for the Manukau Institute of Technology, being below ground level with the campus building constructed above it. The branch opened on 15 April 2012. After several months in operation, during June 2012 daily usage levels were around 500 to 600 passengers.
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Instead, the CSO tunnel transports them to the Swan Island Pump Station. Portland's 1930s sewer design combined street and surface runoff with sewage in a common system that was overwhelmed during heavy precipitation. The original system handled overflows by sending excess flow into the river. The tunnel is below ground level.
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Most of the system (65%) is built on elevated bridges and viaducts, while the remainder is at or below ground level. The viaduct spans are approximately long, and there are two styles of viaduct, with those constructed in Phase I being noticeably heavier-duty than those built in Phase II.
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This two-level stand has only one corner - the north one. Media pavilon is located in the place of the south corner. There is a wave-like shaped huge roof above the main entrance to this stand. Western stand consists of six floors, the lowest is located below ground level.
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Groundwater study and development in Nigeria. Mecon Services Ltd, Jos, Nigeria. The older Benin Formation is partly consolidated. It is largely unconfined (locally confined by lower permeability beds) with a water table typically between 3 and 15 m below ground level, but can be as much as 55 m deep.
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The west side of Mount Pleasant Square. Most of the houses are two-storey over basements that are below ground level. Many of the gardens have now been shortened to accommodate mews buildings. There is a lot of variation in individual house construction, as the plot sizes are not uniform.
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It can be reconfigured to seat 70,000 or more for NCAA basketball and football and concerts. It covers . The stadium features a retractable roof allowing the Colts to play home games outdoors for the first time since arriving in Indianapolis. Using FieldTurf, the playing surface is roughly below ground level.
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It is one of the most common causes of accidental plant poisoning based on attendance at hospital emergency departments. The root-tuber may be very big and is used to store starch. In mature specimens, the tuber may be as much as 400 mm below ground level. 1\. Leaves and inflorescence, 2.
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Like other central stations on the Dubai Metro, Gold Souq is located below ground level. It lies underneath Al Khaleej Road before the tracks make a sharp turn to the southeast on their way to Baniyas Square. There are two side platforms with two tracks, a similar setup to most Metro stations.
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The station has a total of 7 levels of which 3 are below ground level. The departure hall (waiting area) is on the 3rd level while catering services are provided on the 4th level. Platforms are on the 2nd level. The arrival areas, exits and parking areas are on the ground level.
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It lies 27 meters below ground- level, making it the city's deepest station. One of the reasons for this is provisions for in the future to potentially also accommodate the East-West line within the underground station. At this stage however, putting the East- West line below ground is not under further consideration.
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It featured six gates, an administrative building, and a citadel. The Great Mosque was located roughly at the city's center, and the bazaar was located nearby. Ashlar was used in the construction of the buildings. The houses featured cool apartments below ground level, as the city featured a "hot but tolerable" climate.
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Elevator parking allows double use of limited space: one car parks below ground level, with an elevator raising it when needed; the other parks at ground level. More elaborate elevator arrangements are also in use. Residents also lease parking spaces at vacant lots in the neighborhood, generally on a monthly basis, called .
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Husuni Ndogo ("Little Fort") is built from coral rubble and limestone mortar. The rectangular enclosure wall surrounds the complex and at each corner stands a tower. The foundations extend two meters below ground level. It appears to have been built as a fort, but the exact purposes and uses are somewhat unknown.
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Up to 1,800 workers were employed at any given time. Foundation work took place between March 1957 and November 1958, and excavations reached below ground level. The first of the steel assemblies, upon which each of the 40 structural-steel columns would be placed, was installed within the foundation in September 1958.
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The split level has two or three short sets of stairs, and three or four levels. The entry is on a middle floor between two floors. The front door opens directly into what is usually the formal living area, which is typically partially below ground level. Below that may be a small crawl space.
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The Grand Canyon Caverns ( or , ), located just a few miles east of Peach Springs, Arizona, lie below ground level. They are among the largest dry caverns in the United States. Dry caverns compose only 3% of caverns in the world. Because of the lack of water, stalagmites and stalactites are rare in the caverns.
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Roman-sized brick tiles are used in the arcading and other arches. An ambulatory ran around the outside of the original apse below ground level. Originally steps led down to the ambulatory, which was covered by a barrel vault. The purpose of this ambulatory was probably to house or provide access to preserved relics.
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The house rose nine stories, with Turkish baths below ground level, laundry rooms on the top floor and many Greek marble columns. There was a Numidian marble fireplace in the banquet room that measured 15 ft. across, with life-size figures of Diana and Neptune. The 121 rooms were filled with medieval tapestries and artwork.
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Silt is sometimes known as "rock flour" or "stone dust", especially when produced by glacial action. Mineralogically, silt is composed mainly of quartz and feldspar. Sedimentary rock composed mainly of silt is known as siltstone. Liquefaction created by a strong earthquake is silt suspended in water that is hydrodynamically forced up from below ground level.
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The sandstone was found well below ground level so the surface rock, Joachim dolomite, needed to be removed to access the sandstone. The sandstone was crushed on site, and then shipped by railroad to be used in the manufacture of glass. The quarry closed in 1983. St. Charles County purchased the land in 1999.
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The east side of the third floor housed the James Grant Law Library, which was owned by the Scott County Bar Association. The courthouse was built at a cost of $125,000. The courthouse, however, was built on sandy soil and slowly sank. The large vault, which had been built on the ground floor, dropped below ground level.
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The shaft is blocked about below ground level. Parts of the steel headframe erected in 1971 remain: a rudimentary structure above the shaft with one leg proud of the ground and another loosely positioned. A post and wire fence has been erected around the shaft for safety. Traces of some of the original headframe's footings are evident.
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Alaska and Hawaii were to have special, unspecified arrangements. All DIDS stations would be partially below ground level and protected against blast and electromagnetic pulse effects. The distribution stations would be activated by two "control stations" at 61.15 kHz, in Ault, Colorado and Cambridge, Kansas. These two stations would run 200 kW from 1,260-foot towers.
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Portal-arch bracing was used to brace the structure against the wind. The superstructure's steel beams were painted with a special mixture three times before installation: twice at the shops where they were made, and once more at the building site. The beams below ground level were coated with asphalt. The floors were made of tile arches.
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The World Trade Center station has five tracks and four platforms in the middle of a turning loop. Trains from New Jersey use the loop to turn around and head back to New Jersey. The platforms are located four floors below ground level. The floor immediately above the platforms is occupied by the station's fare mezzanine.
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The foundations descended to below ground level. The foundation is surrounded by a concrete cofferdam which measures wide and is reinforced by steel rods. Within the foundation are eighty piers, each of made of concrete and steel. A retaining wall between Cedar and Pine Streets is used to reinforce two of the cellar levels for vaults.
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Like many towns on the marsh it has an impressive Norman church in the centre of town. This church originally stood at the harbourside, and its entrances are several feet below ground level. The church is also notable for the boat hooks still evident on the side walls. New Romney's historic high street has several small and interesting shops.
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The structure was allowed to cool during the night, and then warm moist air was let in during the day. Dew formed on the limestone pieces and collected in a reservoir below ground level. The amount of water obtained varied from to per day depending on the atmospheric conditions. Chaptal did not consider his experiment a success.
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The community has a functioning cemetery. As per Aboriginal custom it is insensitive to mention the name of deceased persons. The Shire of Broome Health Regulations stipulate that bodies must be buried at least six feet below ground level; however, this cannot be achieved at the Beagle Bay cemetery because the ground water level is too high.
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In 2008, the city announced a project to widen the bridge, Whitemud Drive, and Fox Drive. It is said that it will hold the city's capacity for the next 50 years as it expands. It was completed in September 2011. In August 2010 during excavation for a sewer-pipeline line several fossils were unearthed about below ground level.
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In the examples built before the l6th century the dome is covered with a conical or pyramidal spire. Most of these monuments are two storied. Concealed inside the base, half of which is below ground level, is a crypt; the latter is covered by a vault and its floor is earth. The deceased was buried in the earth.
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The prison was severely damaged by fire in 1982, and the asylum structures were demolished as a result. The only visible remaining structure is one of the 1860 gate pillars which was relocated to the opposite side of Yarra Bend Road, though some of the bluestone and brick foundation walls of the asylum still exist below ground level.
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This was below ground level so the fabric being prepared was sheltered from the wind. It also provided a fire-pit in case the flammable material caught on fire. There was a water-hose handy for putting out a fire. The liquid varnish was made with a large iron kettle that had a cover on it.
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Borehole and magnetic data surveys show that the alluvium and lahar deposits at the Bantul graben are thick and at places over 200 meters, and the water table is below ground level. Most liquefaction events took place near the wide Opak Fault zone. Sand boils, lateral spreading, settling, and slides led to some tilting and collapse of buildings.
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The main source of income is agriculture. Most of the farmers cultivate Wheat in winter, Rice (Basmati rice) in summer and various vegetables in every season. Water source is just 60 feet below ground level and rich with sweet water. Village sewerage system is open channel drains going into 4 hector pound for evaporation of waste water.
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The station's platforms are to be built in a trench below ground level, with the station entrance at ground level. A large car park and a bus interchange will be located south-east of the station. The car park will have 1,100 car bays and a drop off area. The bus interchange will have 12 bus stands.
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On July 15, 1977, shortly after 4:00 a.m., a water pipe burst in the tower's subbasement, two floors below ground level. Two feet of water flooded the basement room and shorted out the main power panel, thereby cutting out electricity for the resort shortly before 5:00 a.m. An auxiliary power generator provided lighting for the resort.
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The bath itself is dug into alluvial ground over below ground level, fed by groundwater. Heavy rains and periods of high water provide clear water to the bath. There are two holes in the vaulted ceiling that allow for addition of hot water to slightly warm the of water. The bath room is about from the base of the tank to the ceiling.
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Khan died in 1657 while going to Kashmir. Though Khan was an engineer and courtier, he has come to be locally regarded as a notable spiritual figure, and locals call the tomb Mardan Khan's durbar (shrine). The grave is in a chamber below ground level, accessed by stairs, and has been decorated by visitors as though it were a saint's shrine.
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The logistical difficulty of locating several thousand workers well over below ground level interfered with production.MacIsaac 1976, PP. 27–28. The effectiveness of attacks on rail and communications began in the autumn 1944. The Luftwaffe could not prevent the destruction of the city Kassel's electricity supply ending Krupp Gusstahlfabrik (Cast Steel Works) contribution to the war on 23 October 1944.
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This section is a popular location for street performances, and Civic Square hosts the annual Taichung Jazz Festival in October. Directly east of Civic Square is Caowu Square (), a public space below ground-level with bicycle rentals and parking. The space is also used for seasonal exhibitions. Shr-Hwa International Tower, Taichung's tallest building, is located directly north of Caowu Square.
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Most definitions characterize shrubs as possessing multiple stems with no main trunk. This is because the stems have branched below ground level. There are exceptions to this, with some shrubs having main trunks, but these tend to be very short and divide into multiple stems close to ground level. Many trees can grow in multiple stemmed forms also, such as oak or ash.
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The interior floor slopes downward to about below ground level at center. The wide joints of the masonry are filled to the face of the stone making the stones appear submerged in mortar. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 8, 1983 as part of a group of structures built from lava rock in south central Idaho.
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The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. The site at 16-18 Grosvenor Street, The Rocks, does not meet this criteria. The ground plane was last disturbed in 1921 due to the construction of the building. Little to no archaeological evidence would remain below ground level.
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Pit houses made by Hohokam farmers between 100 and 900 AD, in what is now the southwest of the US, were bermed structures, partially embedded in south-facing slopes. Their successful design was used for hundreds of years. At Matmata, Tunisia, most of the ancient homes were built below ground level, and surrounded courtyards about square. The homes were reached through tunnels.
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By the 1920s, the Library needed further expansion space, and in 1937 building work began on the New Bodleian building, opposite the Clarendon Building on the northeast corner of Broad Street. The New Bodleian was designed by architect Sir Giles Gilbert Scott. Construction was completed in 1940. The building was of an innovative ziggurat design, with 60% of the bookstack below ground level.
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There is no skeleton key for these locks. Each post box has its own set of keys and postal workers have to carry large bunches with them when clearing the boxes. The carcass or body of the box that supports the door and cap, and may protrude substantially down below ground level. This provides security and stability to the pillar box.
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To withstand the pressure the water exerts on the containers of the storage tank, the storage itself was built below ground level. This also provides resistance to earthquakes. Many cities in Iran lie in a region that has been affected by very large earthquakes. Since almost all ab anbars are subterranean structures capped barely above ground level, they inherently possess stable structures.
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Széll Kálmán tér (Széll Kálmán Square) is a station on the M2 (East-West) line of the Budapest Metro. It is located under Széll Kálmán Square in Buda. At 38.4m below ground level, it is the deepest station of the Budapest Metro. Near the station, numerous bus and tram routes pass or converge, making it one of the city's major transport interchanges.
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The overall thickness of the coal beds in Sulukta ranges from 35 to 120 meters. In some places, there are coal beds of commercial value 600–750 meters below ground level. The thickness of the main coal seam is 0,1–18 meters and it stretches for about 22 kilometers. The deposits of coal in Sulukta mainly consist of lignite or brown coal.
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M1 is long and serves 15 stations, while M2 is long and serves 16 stations. About of the lines and 9 stations are in tunnel, located at below ground level. The remaining sections are on embankments, viaducts or at ground level. The section from Vanløse to Frederiksberg follows the Frederiksberg Line, a former S-train line which runs on an embankment.
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The Zero Gravity Research Facility is a vertical vacuum chamber used for microgravity experiments. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985. The facility uses vertical drop tests in a vacuum chamber to investigate the behavior of components, systems, liquids, gases, and combustion in such circumstances. The facility consists of a concrete-lined shaft, in diameter, that extends below ground level.
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A similar design motif existed on the east and west sides of the atrium, which were stepped back from the first below-ground level. Campanile- like towers, which served as structural supports for the lobby elevators, were set against the south wall. Two gift shops graced the lobby. The exterior of the hotel featured rhythmic metal-framed windows with spandrels.
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It was buried in a layer of peat about below ground level, near the skeleton of a deer. The statue may have been buried with the deer as a votive fertility sacrifice. The original statue is owned by Colchester Castle Museum, with a copy in the Museum of London. The original went on indefinite loan to Valence House Museum in Dagenham in 2010.
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Construction of the South Tower was completed in 1999, three years before the North Tower. It has 42 floors above ground and four below ground level. It has a roof height of 197.4 metres and the top floor is located 171.6 metres up. At its widest point, the tower is 15.8 metres wide and at its narrowest, it is 9.75 metres wide.
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Caixa mina do Dr Nozes (also known as: Mina das Nozes ). It is almost entirely below ground level, and the main portion is only visible when one stands next to it. There are two doors, the left one has a heraldic shield and a date. One leads to the main aqueduct, but is only to walk in a few meters.
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HERA's tunnels run 10 to 25 metres below ground level and have an inner diameter of 5.2 metres. For the construction, the same technology was used as for the construction of subway tunnels. Two circular particle accelerators run inside the tube. One accelerated electrons to energies of 27.5 GeV, the other one protons to energies of 920 GeV in the opposite direction.
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Asparagus shoots grow from turions rather than directly from the main stem of the plant. Utricularia vulgaris A turion (from Latin turio meaning "shoot") is a type of bud that is capable of growing into a complete plant. A turion may be an underground bud. Many members of the genus Epilobium are known to produce turions at or below ground level.
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The older the crowns, the deeper they tend to be found in the ground. Nodes and crowns are the source of all kudzu vines, and roots cannot produce vines. If any portion of a root crown remains after attempted removal, the kudzu plant may grow back. Mechanical methods of control involve cutting off crowns from roots, usually just below ground level.
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The tunnel was built between 1957 and 1958. The excavation work was conducted by the Cuban company Perforadora Panamericana, owned and operated by the Cuban engineers Gerardo and Fernando Pérez Puelles. In 2000, the tunnel’s maintenance was taken over by the Vinci Group. The tunnel extends from the Paseo de Prado, is 733 m long and 12 m below ground level.
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Composed of numerous parallel rows of eyebars connected by bolts, the chains are anchored in tunnels in the rocks below ground level at the sides of the gorge. The deck was originally laid with wooden planking, later covered with asphalt, which was renewed in 2009. The weight of the bridge, including chains, rods, girders and deck is approximately 1,500 tons.
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Vezneciler is a station on the M2 line of the Istanbul Metro. The station is located under Şehzadebaşı Street and 16 Mart Şehitleri Street in the historical Fatih district of Istanbul. Opened on 16 March 2014, Vezneciler is the most recently opened station on the M2 line. At 30m below ground level, it is the deepest station of the Istanbul Metro.
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In 1909 construction began on the huge concrete main cell block, designed by Major Reuben Turner, which remains the island's dominant feature. It was completed in 1912. To accommodate the new cell block, the Citadel, a three-story barracks, was demolished down to the first floor, which was actually below ground level. The building had been constructed in an excavated pit creating a defensive dry moat.
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Most palace reliefs occupied the walls of large halls, with several rooms in sequence. But the lion hunt scenes in the North Palace come from more than one space; mostly from relatively narrow passageways, leading off the larger rooms. They are not complete. Some also were originally on the upper floor, though they had fallen down to below ground level by the time they were excavated.
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The church was built in 1834 and consecrated by Eparchy of Niš bishop Jeronim. The construction was managed by architect Andrey Damyanov, who also built churches in Niš, Skopje, Vranje, Smederevo and Mostar. The church is slightly below ground level and can be reached through a downward stairway. This is a result of the Ottoman laws that forbade the churches to be higher than the Turkish mosque.
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A packed Swamp. The Swamp has acquired a reputation for being a difficult place for opposing teams to play, and has regularly been ranked at or near the top of lists of top home field advantages and/or best game day experiences in college football. One of the major reasons is the stadium's design. Originally built in a shallow sinkhole, the playing surface is below ground level.
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It was lightly armoured and carried no weapons. It was designed to advance upon an enemy position largely below ground level in a trench that it was itself excavating. On reaching the enemy's front line, it would serve as a ramp for the troops and possibly tanks following in its trench. Cultivator No. 6 was an enormous machine and was planned to be built in substantial numbers.
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The Yanacancha socavón, an adit or tunnel long, had been completed in 1811 to drain the mines into the San Judas lake. However, on average it was only about , below ground level. Any mine deeper than the socavón would have to be drained by hand pumps and buckets. When Uville visited them, the silver mines had reached the socavón level and were now almost abandoned.
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Tumut 2 Power Station is situated approximately north of north-west from Cabramurra, under Goat Ridge Rd, some below ground level. The conventional hydroelectric power station has four Francis turbine generators, with a combined generating capacity of and a net generation of per annum. The power station was completed in 1962, and has rated head. Water flows through the turbines at the rate of .
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The Keio Line concourse is located to the west of the Odakyu line concourse, two floors below ground level under Keio department store. It consists of three platforms stretching north to south. Approximately 720,000 passengers use this section daily, which makes it the busiest amongst the non- JR Group railways of Japan. This suburban commuter line links Shinjuku to the city of Hachiōji to the west.
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After the defeat of the Desmonds in 1583, the area came under the control of Sir William Courtenay who planted most of West Limerick. The de Lacy family were also landlords in the area. In 1985 a cist grave was discovered on the lands of James Leahy in the townland of Rathcahill West. These graves are box-like slab structures, which are just below ground level.
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Like other central stations on the Dubai Metro, Baniyas Square is located below ground level. It lies underneath 27th Street at its intersection with Al Maktoum Road; the tracks then head either further northwest under 27th Street towards Palm Deira station or to the southeast under Al Maktoum Road. There are two side platforms with two tracks, a similar setup to most Metro stations.
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Dudleya edulis is made up of an array of fleshy, finger-like leaves growing vertically from a caudex at or just below ground level. The fingerlike leaves are pale green, cylindrical and pointed, growing up to tall. It bears a branching inflorescence tall, with several terminal branches each bearing up to 10 or 11 flowers. The flowers have pointed white to cream petals about a centimeter long.
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The orchestra level of the theater is depressed below ground level, allowing the roof to nearly touch the ground at the corners. The Washoe County Fair and Recreation Board, which was responsible for the project, was particularly taken with Casa Mañana in Fort Worth, Texas, resulting in the selection of the domed concept. The Pioneer Center was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.
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This slab probably originally formed part of the outer wall of the shrine. Pranala in the form of a makara Kashi Vishwanath Mahadev temple, is seven feet below ground level and its pyramidal roof rise to the level of the land round it. It is entered through a gateway by a gradually deepening passage. Perhaps the temple was originally built in a hollow which has filled up.
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IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria No. 1113Leslie JF, Summerell BA (2006) The Fusarium Laboratory manual. (Blackwell Publishing: Iowa, USA). It is possible to identify affected seedlings approximately three weeks after sowing as they display preliminary symptoms such as drooping and pale-coloured leaves. Later they collapse to a prostrate position and will be found to have shrunken stems both above and below ground level.
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Especially higher in the hills and the mountains, the Maidu built their dwellings semi-underground, to gain protection from the cold. These houses were sizable, circular structures twelve to 18 feet in diameter, with floors, dug as much as three feet below ground level. Once the floor of the house was dug, a pole framework was built. It was covered by pine bark slabs.
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They also noted that they saw the potential need to combine underground with opencast mining at the site. With the site sitting on conservation land, this is likely to be controversial. Open-cast mining in a national Park is banned by the Crown Minerals Act. The Pike River mine reaches the Brunner coal seam at depths of 150 to 200 metres below ground level.
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An example of site-specific art, the tulip tree leaf is the main focal point of a below-ground-level rectangular courtyard surrounded by the Indiana Government Center South’s architecture. The courtyard is accessible via an ornamental stairway on the north end, as well as by a set of entrance doors on the south end. The piece itself is located on the south end of the courtyard.
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The stable building, completed in 1885, has the address 28 Locust Street, on the northwestern portion of the site. It measures and is largely rectangular. The building is stories high with a cellar that is located half a story below ground level. The facade is made of cobblestone, and the Locust Street facade has been split into three architectural bays, each with two windows.
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250m NW of the original site. The following description of the stone is derived from Raftery (1978, 49-51). The main fragment has been worked to more-or-less cylindrical form on its surviving upper portion. That part which was intended to be below ground level is rough and irregular and projects awkwardly in one direction so that the stone as a whole is crudely L-shaped.
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The "stairway of death" Fort VII was known among prisoners as a particularly harsh camp, partly because of the high ratio of guards to prisoners (about one to five). Prisoners lived in cramped, dark, damp and cold conditions. Sometimes 200–300 prisoners were held in a cell measuring 20 by 5 metres. The women's cells, located below ground level, sometimes remained flooded up to knee height.
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Dongsan Library, Keimyung University The Dongsan Library, originally known as the Library of Keimyung Christian College, was established in July 1958. It was moved to its current site at the Seongseo Campus in March 1993 to facilitate expansion into a much larger facility that meets the needs of the information age. The Dongsan Library comprises three separate libraries: the main Dongsan Library at Seongseo Campus (seven stories above and two below ground level, with a total floor space of 6,538 pyeong), the second Dongsan Library at the Daemyung Dong Campus (seven stories above and two below ground level, with a total floor space of 5,392 pyeong) and the Medical Library at Dongsan Medical Center. Equipped with sophisticated multi- media functions and an advanced information retrieval network, the Dongsan Library is now the focal point for research activities of faculty members as well as students.
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The station is located directly below T-Centralen, and allows quicker transfer between metro and commuter rail than the past solution, with the commuter trains stopping at the central station. The station has two entrances, which are shared with the metro station. One exit at Vasaplan is with access to the Arlanda Express, and the other at Centralplan beside Scandic Continental. The station is located between below ground level.
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The building, which is partially below ground level, contains a shop, seminar rooms, offices, planteria (small garden centre) and restaurant, with a raised terrace along one edge allowing views over the gardens from the centre's interior spaces. Below the entrance there is a basement housing service spaces including the kitchen, storerooms and washrooms. The large main internal space is subdivided by Corian 'pods' which are separate from the main building structure.
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A typical Polish apartment block built in the 1970s After the Second World War a growing middle class emerged in Poland and brick-built houses became popular. These are generally constructed out of large ceramic bricks (for good insulation) and the outside is then plastered over and painted. Their layouts are broadly similar. There is a lower ground floor which is half below ground level and usually has small windows.
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Below ground level of Mound 3, was a village midden showing residential occupation at this spot before the construction of the mound began. The first activity other than village occupation is a leveling of the location and pit dug and filled with 35 stone projectile points and burned organic material. This is covered over with a layer of clay and structure erected. This building may have been used for feasting rituals.
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Solna strand (known as Vreten until 18 August 2014) is a subway station on the Stockholm metro blue line. It was opened on 18 August 1985 as part of the extension between Västra skogen and Rinkeby and is located in the Huvudsta region of the Solna Municipality. The platform is located in bedrock, below ground level under Vretenvägen. The entrance is in the north end at Korta gatan.
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The hinterlands of the port of the city is connected to the districts of Madurai, Tirunelveli, Ramanathapuram and Tiruchirapalli. The city mostly has a flat terrain and roughly divided into two by the Buckle channel. Being in coastal region, the soil is mostly clay sandy and the water table varies between below ground level. The city has loose soil with thorny shrubs in the north and salt pans in the south.
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Around 19:00 on 10 June 1981, Alfredo fell into an artesian well which was very narrow and deep (about 30 cm wide and 80 m deep). His position, on arrival of the first rescuers, was estimated at around 36 m below ground level. To reach him, a parallel shaft was dug beside the well. Unfortunately, the drilling caused him to slip an estimated 30 m farther down the well.
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The two intermediate stations, Abbesses and Lamarck – Caulaincourt, are particularly deep: here the tunnels are situated and below ground level, respectively. The engineers constructed arches underground to support the weight of the gypsum above. The extension was put into service on 30 October 1912. Work on the final extension northwards began in September 1912, but the tunnel was not finished at the beginning of the First World War.
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The restored station is a 9,202m2 building with two stories above ground and one story below ground level. The former station, before the renovation, has the main lobby, a waiting room, and a VIP room on the first floor, and a barber shop and restaurants on the second floor. Post-renovation, the first floor contains a venue for performances, exhibitions and events, and a multipurpose hall on the floor above.
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The ride starts with a large left-hand turnaround out of the station and onto the lift hill. At the top is a B&M; pre-drop followed by a right turn. After that is the large drop which achieves the same height as the lift hill despite the B&M; Pre-Drop by dipping below ground level into a pit. The drop is followed by a vertical loop.
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Wheelchair space in Beijing Subway Each station is equipped with ramps, lifts, or elevators to facilitate wheelchair access.Beijing promises integrated subway service for disabled xinhua Aug. 27, 2008All stations on Line 5 have elevators. Some of the older stations on Lines 1 and 2 have escalators that descend from the station entrances to the ticket counters one level below ground level but do not extend to the platform two levels below.
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During winter a new leaf pair, or occasionally more than one, grows inside the existing fused leaf pair. In spring the old leaf pair parts to reveal the new leaves and the old leaves will then dry up. Lithops leaves may shrink and disappear below ground level during drought. Lithops in habitat almost never have more than one leaf pair per head, presumably as an adaptation to the arid environment.
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Students gathering in a common room at the Stockholm School of Economics at Brunkebergstorg 2, Stockholm (1911). The Stockholm School of Economics' current main building at Sveavägen 65 in Stockholm, Sweden. The student association's offices is located below ground level in this building. Bertil Ohlin, alumni of the SSE and member of the SASSE, professor of economics at the SSE (1929-1965), founded the Stockholm School together with prof.
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The pyramidion, which is the capstone of a pyramid, was covered with inscriptions and religious symbols. Some of these were scratched off, leading researchers to conclude the pyramidion was never used or it was defaced during Akhenaten's rule. Below ground level in the subterranean structure lay a network of complicated passages. The king's section remains mostly intact with a sarcophagus and canopic jar; however, the king was not buried there.
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This would be compensated for by the 1933 addition of the classroom wing onto the southwest corner. In 1952 came another addition, a small office block on the southeast. Later on in the 20th century, in the early 1960s, an engineering and construction campaign led to the excavation of a new basement and additional facilities below ground level. In the 1990s and 2000s, the wheelchair ramps were added.
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There is a pleasure garden with herbaceous borders, specimen trees, wooded copses, and three ponds. An 1829 tithe map shows the ponds were originally marl pits created by small-scale marl extraction. Over time the ponds became heavily silted up, but were sufficiently deep to obscure workers below ground level when they were eventually excavated during restoration. The footpath around the pleasure garden was named the "Master's Walk".
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Each numbered radial corridor intersects with the corresponding numbered group of offices (for example, corridor 5 divides the 500 series office block). There are a number of historical displays in the building, particularly in the "A" and "E" rings. Floors in the Pentagon are lettered "B" for Basement and "M" for Mezzanine, both of which are below ground level. The concourse is on the second floor at the Metro entrance.
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The Terminal 1–Lindbergh station is a light rail station on the Metro Blue Line. It is the only underground station on the Blue Line and is located below ground level at Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport. It is a center- platform station that is accessed by escalator or elevator. Service began at the site when the second phase of the Blue Line opened on December 4, 2004.
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Most of the main raking support poles for the "Barn" suffered significant amount of rotting below ground level over the years, which would have led to the structure's possible collapse. The structure underwent extensive repairs in 2001-02. The structural poles were scraved where necessary with ironbark bush poles and new plates and stainless steel bolts. The condition of the structure has therefore improved since 2002 with the completion of the structural stabilisation work.
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Opposite the door, on the west side of the central room, a buffalo skull with horns was displayed. This was considered great medicine. Mats were hung on the perimeter of the main room to shield small rooms in the outer ring, which served as sleeping and private spaces. The lodge was semi- subterranean, as the Pawnee recessed the base by digging it approximately below ground level, thereby insulating the interior from extreme temperatures.
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The station is below ground level built into a cutting. Opened by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, the station became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway during the Grouping of 1923. The line then passed on to the London Midland Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948. When sectorisation was introduced, the station was served by Regional Railways on behalf of the Merseyside PTE until the privatisation of British Railways.
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Five months later, Citizens announced the selection of the local architectural firm of Hubbell & Benes as the architect of their new headquarters building. Hubbell & Benes proposed a 13-story, steel frame structure whose lower floors would be clad in granite and the upper floors in either brick or terra cotta. By summer 1900, plans for the new building were complete. It was planned for 14 stories (), which included a below-ground level.
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Often, the soil was excavated one to two feet () below ground level; this reduced the height of the walls, and thus the amount of sod that had to be cut. The ground that would form the house floor was moistened and then tamped with a fencepost to flatten and harden it. Footings were rarely laid, due to the cost or unavailability of material. Sod blocks in upper portion of north wall of Dowse house.
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Most of the stations were located just below ground level and had a fare control (turnstile) area at the same level as the platform, though several stations also had mezzanines over the platforms. The roofs of the platforms were supported by cast iron columns placed every . Additional columns between the tracks, placed every , supported the jack-arched concrete station roofs. Each platform consisted of concrete slabs, beneath which were located drainage basins.
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The steel wings rise from the common podium of a shopping mall comprising five floors - three above-ground and two below. The complex also has a five-floor parking garage situated in the bottom-most basement floors of the building (with a total of eight basement floors below ground level.) The panoramic restaurant on the top-most floor will be at one of the tallest man- made points in Istanbul and Turkey.
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In some situations they can be dug to accommodate two soldiers and their equipment. For protection from the elements a poncho is often tied off / staked out at the edges or bungeed to a nearby tree. This way a soldier can sleep in his shell scrape more comfortably with cover overhead. Shell scrapes offer better concealment than traditional tarp bivouacs because the majority of the soldier's body mass is below ground level.
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Chawri Bazar is the second deepest metro station after Hauz Khas, Magenta Line (Delhi Metro) of the Delhi Metro network and is situated about below ground level. It is located close to the monuments of Jama Masjid, the largest mosque in India and Red Fort, a UNESCO World Heritage site. Major stations such as Delhi Junction (Old Delhi) and New Delhi Railway Station of the Indian Railways are located close to Chawri Bazar.
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Conditions outside of the camera can cause objects in an image to appear displaced from their true ground position. Such conditions may include ground relief, camera tilt and atmospheric refraction. Relief displacement is prominent when photographing a variety of elevations. This situation causes objects above sea level to be displaced outward from the centre of the photograph and objects below ground level to be displaced toward the centre of the image (Figure 2).
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Second: They are expensive to maintain, since they require (being below ground level and open to the air) proper drainage and protection against the weather. Recessed dock levelers also have problems of exposure to the weather. However, because they are recessed into the dock, which is above ground level, they do not have as great a problem with drainage. Equally, because they are recessed into the dock, they extend partially back from the dock edge.
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The upper section consists of the luxury box suites which are 1,250 in total for 20,000 spectators approximately; the suite owners have a private parking lot. The main field is below ground level and from the outside the stadium, only the luxury suites are visible. The field is in size. Modern floodlighting was installed, with a total of 160 Ultra Sport General Electric spotlights of 2,000 watts with four levels of illumination.
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The station, which opened on June 13, 1990, was designed by Renzo Piano and at a depth of approximately 5 metres below ground level can be reached by a single flight of stairs. The station is located in the proximity of Villa Di Negro Rosazza dello Scoglietto, a 16th-century villa built for the Di Negro family, a distinguished aristocratic family of the Republic of Genoa, after which the area is named.
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The construction period was twenty-seven months with the building completed in October or November 1958. The building has 17 floors, was a height of 61.24 metres and had an underground area 13.6 metres below ground level. By the middle of the sixties, the company had again outgrown the building with staff spread out to other buildings. Eventually a decision was made to purchase land north of Sandton as a future headquarters site.
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The Carlton Centre is a 50 story skyscraper and shopping centre located in downtown Johannesburg, South Africa. At , it is the second tallest building in Africa after The Leonardo and the tallest office building. The foundations of the two buildings in the complex are in diameter and extend down to the bedrock, below street level. The building houses both offices and shops, and has over 46 per cent of the floor area below ground level.
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The building is divided into three horizontal sections: a three-story base with a ground floor and two-story "transitional section"; a 12-story "shaft" below another 2-story "transitional section"; and the four-story roof. The building rises above ground level. Two basement levels are located below ground level, and there is a mezzanine between the second and third floors. The interior structure is supported by steel plate girders below the fourth floor.
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Some nights when I think about it, I break out in a cold sweat. Somehow, I was able to summon up the will to do it. The tunnel was already some 80 to 100 feet long. It extended underground beyond the barbed wire fence, but those in charge wanted to lengthen it so that the opening would come out below ground level on the steep side near the bank of the Fulda River.
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Rooting habit: Shellbark hickory develops a large taproot that penetrates deeply into the soil. Lateral roots emerge at nearly right angles to the taproot, spreading horizontally through the soil. Major distinct lateral roots usually develop 12 inches or more below ground level and appear only after taproot is well formed. In Illinois, root growth was rapid in April, slowed during July and August, increased again in September, and ended in late November.
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The word "bulb" has a somewhat different meaning to botanists than it does to gardeners and horticulturalists. In gardening, a "bulb" is a plant's underground or ground-level storage organ that can be dried, stored and sold in this state, and then planted to grow again. Many bulbs in this sense are produced by geophytes – plants whose growing point is below ground level. However, not all bulbs in the gardening sense are produced by geophytes.
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Green Lane railway station is in the town of Birkenhead, Wirral, England, located in the district of Tranmere. The station is situated on the Chester and Ellesmere Port branches of the Wirral Line, part of the Merseyrail network. The station is located in a below ground level cutting accessed via tunnels at each end of the station. As initially the station accommodated steam trains it is partially open to the atmosphere above to aid ventilation.
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It runs at a maximum depth of 200 metres below ground level and has a discharge capacity of 150 m3/s. This tunnel will help prevent flooding and serves as an alternate exit for the Emisor Central, another drainage tunnel. In order to prevent collapse, the tunnel is constructed using a lining with segmental rings made of concrete and steel. The estimated cost for the tunnel was 15 billion pesos which is 757,684,800 dollars.
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The Market–Frankford Line platforms are located one floor below ground level, connected to the Downtown Link concourse. The south concourse, accessible from the eastbound platform, features direct underground access to SEPTA's headquarters and transit museum, located at 1234 Market Street. Market–Frankford trains continue west via Market Street across the Schuylkill River to serve West Philadelphia and Upper Darby, and continue east along Market until Front Street, turning north towards Northeast Philadelphia.
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Roland Garros's new 5,000-seat tertiary venue was completed in March 2019 on the grounds of the Jardin des Serres d'Auteuil. Its namesake was the 1938 and 1939 women's singles champion, and is also remembered as a leader of the French Resistance during the Second World War. The court was constructed four meters below ground level with greenhouses on all four sides. It was built to replace Court 1, which was demolished.
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The escalators Kongens Nytorv is built and designed in the same style as other underground stations on the Copenhagen Metro. There are two main levels below ground level; the first is a few steps down from the street. At this level, passengers take an escalator down to a mezzanine switchback that makes them turn around and go down another escalator to reach platform level. There is also a lift that transports passengers to the platform.
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University Radio Exeter was founded in 1976, under the stairs of Devonshire House on the campus of the University of Exeter. At that time, of course, the only means of broadcasting was very low power, using induction loop aerials to broadcast to Halls of residence. Initially the transmitter was installed in the studio. This meant feeding a coaxial cable, carrying the RF signal, just below ground level from Devonshire House to Lafrowda halls of residence.
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Ta’ Kandja Underground Galleries are around 100m below ground level and are an important source of ground water for Malta. This was the last pumping station built, and was completed in 1963. Ta' Kandja consists of 6 galleries (around 6.2 km of galleries out of a network of 42 km), which are beneath the Maltese island. These spread out from a sump like the spokes of a wheel, spreading out under villages in the area.
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Unconsolidated rocks, which predominantly occur in the coastal Niger Delta Basin and along major river valleys, form high to very high productivity aquifers. Alluvial aquifers are largely unconfined with shallow water tables and are thickest (15 – 30 m) along the rivers Niger and Benue. In the Niger Delta Basin, the upper Deltaic Formation is unconsolidated and largely unconfined with a shallow water table (0–10 m below ground level).Offodile ME (2002).
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Pediamenopet’s burial site, designated as TT33, was deemed to be of interest since Egyptologists uncovered it in the 19th century. It is located near the Nile river on the site of Deir el-Bahari and is larger than those of the famous pharaohs of the necropolis. TT33 has 22 rooms connected by long corridors and deep shafts. It is spread over three levels descending to 20 meters below ground level, and includes numerous hieroglyphic scripts.
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The National Library building at Tõnismägi in Tallinn, specially designed for the library, was constructed between 1985 and 1993. The architect of the building is Raine Karp and its interior designer is Sulev Vahtra. The eight-storey building with two floors below ground level is until now the largest library in the Baltic countries. It houses 20 reading rooms with 600 reader's seats, a large conference hall, a theatre hall and numerous exhibition areas.
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The Osmussaar earthquake occurred on 25 October 1976 near the north tip of Osmussaar, an island close to the coast of Estonia. Its hypocenter was below ground level, and it was measured at 4.5–4.7 . The earthquake was the most powerful recorded in Estonia; it caused rockfall along the north and northeastern coasts, and some houses took structural damage. The earthquake was largely felt in surrounding areas like north Estonia, south Finland and Sweden.
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By 1882 the site had become an oil storage wharf, with tanks below ground level. By 1913 it had 27 oil storage tanks with a combined capacity of over 14,000 tons. It remained in this use until the 1960s, by which time it had nearly 100 tanks, some of 20,000 gallons. In 1969 an explosion in an oil storage tank being demolished at the site (then known as Dudgeon's wharf) killed five firemen.
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To compensate, the NYCDEP is making improvements to other parts of the system. Construction on the portion of the bypass tunnel that crosses under the Hudson River from Newburgh to Wappinger began on January 8, 2018 in Newburgh. The tunnel boring machine, named NORA after Nora Stanton Blatch Deforest Barney, reached Wappinger on August 13, 2019, after drilling through of 12,448 feet of bedrock located 700 to 800 feet below ground level.
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Detroiters may refer to freeways by the formal name more often where one has been designated rather than route number. Other freeways without formal names are known by the number such as I‑275 and M‑59. M‑53, while not officially designated may be locally referred to by its name "Van Dyke". Detroit area freeways are typically sunken below ground level to permit local traffic to pass over the freeway and for appearance.
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With the church demolished and other buildings fallen into disrepair, nothing visible remains at the site today. Several geophysical surveys have been carried out to explore the remains which still exist below ground level. Today the site of the Abbey is marked by King Alfred's Monument which is a Grade II listed building, and Scheduled Ancient Monument. The monument was built in 1801 by Sir John Slade of Maunsel House, who owned Athelney farm.
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Neolithic people lived in circular wattle and daub huts made of mud and reeds with rammed floors. Earlier hut floors were built below ground level, later hut floors were built at ground level. Hearths and oblong shaped ovens were found in a semicircular hut. The white colour of the soil around the hearth and the ovens found at the site pointed to animal meat roasted in the ovens, likely for community feeding.
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The hotel is 18 stories, 16 of which are below ground level including two projected underwater floors; two of the floors are above the 88m deep quarry. The abandoned quarry is partially filled with water to create an artificial lake. The hotel is designed in an "S" shape utilizing a convex to concave form.The architects' vision is one of sequential hanging gardens that will produce the effect of a green hill extending down the face of the quarry.
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There are no elevators in this station, and it is not accessible for persons with physical disabilities. Below ground level are two separate concourses, located under King Street (north concourse), and under Commerce Court (south concourse). All entrances and exits connect to the north concourse except for ones along Melinda Street. Below the concourses are the subway platforms, connected by stairs and one escalator to the northbound platform on weekdays from 3:00 pm to 6:30 pm.
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The Tower was finally completed in December 2003. The Tower was built using the "top-down" technology, with both the over- and underground parts of the structure being constructed simultaneously. During the excavation for the foundation of the Tower, a 580 kg artillery shell from World War II was discovered 8 metres below ground level. The Tower was designed by architects from Apar-Projekt and Arca A&C; bureaus, and consists of a composition of cylinders and cuboids.
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The excavations that took place in February 2013 by Oxford Archaeology North, prior to the construction of the Institute, uncovered the remnants of the club building along with a row of five cellars belonging to 1830s terraced housing. A sink removed from the site has been incorporated into the institute's new building. As the main clean room of the new building will be located 3 metres below ground level, the remains of the Albert Club were not conserved.
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The Taio mine (Japanese:鯛生金山) was the large gold mine in Oita, Japan. At its peak productivity between 1934 and 1938, it produced 2.3 tons of gold per year, being the most productive gold mine of Japan. Tunnels stretch for 500 meters below ground level, and total tunnels length is 110 km, although all tunnels below 4th are flooded. From 1983, the mine has become a museum, with 800-meter tunnel section opened to the visitors.
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Fail Castle Cottage The surviving ruins are near the Fail Castle cottage across from Fail Mains, and these comprise a fragment of wall (22m long and up to 1.3m high) revetting the break of the slope at the foot of the garden, 25m south of the cottage; below ground level a second wall is detectable, running towards the north for over 23m at a right angle to the other wall. Building alterations have uncovered 'incised slabs' and structural foundations.
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The primary challenge in constructing the bridge was the southern foundations that went below ground level. It was not possible to excavate to that level as water from the level would rapidly seep in. So a pneumatic caisson technique had to be used. As men were working under pressures of up to 4 times normal air pressure, a decompression period of almost 2 hours was needed at the end of each shift to avoid the bends.
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Building work on the station was completed in 1971. As well as providing local services, the station was used as an interrogation centre for prisoners suspected of terrorism. Underneath the station were sixteen cells located below ground level, which had a separate custody suite from the building's other cells. High-profile terrorist suspects arrested across the UK were often taken to Paddington Green Police Station for interrogation, and holding until escorted to a court of law.
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With two above ground floors and one below ground level, the center has a total of of space. Located on East Main Street, the Washington County Courthouse and the Hillsboro Civic Center are just to the west and the Edward Schulmerich House one block to the east on Main. The center is named in honor of a local couple who donated $1 million towards the project which included purchasing the property and US$2.4 million worth of renovations.
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The station can be found at the northern end of the Altstadt, or old town, in central Zürich, near the confluence of the rivers Limmat and Sihl. The station is on several levels, with platforms both at ground and below ground level, and tied together by underground passages and the ShopVille shopping mall. The Sihl passes through the station in a tunnel with railway tracks both above and below. The station's railway yards extend about to the west.
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The caissons were so designed that the working chambers within the shafts could be temporarily enclosed by steel diaphragms to allow work under compressed air if required. The caisson at Kolkata side was set at 31.41 m and that at Howrah side at 26.53 m below ground level. One night, during the process of grabbing out the muck to enable the caisson to move, the ground below it yielded, and the entire mass plunged two feet, shaking the ground.
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This site was in solid rock, well away from the fractured and mineralised vein, and below ground level. Two drives at right angles to the crosscut were planned to lead to the chambers. The first of these was abandoned under political pressure for a quick result, and the large chamber was excavated directly at the end of the existing crosscut. Once the TNT had been placed in the two chambers they had to be sealed off with heavy stemming.
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She has lectured in Rotterdam, Australia, Norway and Los Angeles between 1984-7. She became the principal of her own design studio in Tokyo, called Itsuko Hasegawa Architectural Design Studio in 1976, which was renamed the Architectural Design Studio in 1979. In 1987, Hasegawa won first prize in a competition to design the Shonandai Cultural Centre. Initially, the design was not popular among the local residents, who were concerned on how the building would be buried below ground level.
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In some publications, the main contractor constructing the dam puts forward a number of for the dam height, which might account for the additional depth of the dam below ground level, which would mean of excavations from the basement before filling the dam. The structural volume of the dam will be . The main dam will be from the border with Sudan. Supporting the main dam and reservoir will be a curved and long and high rock-fill saddle dam.
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Those on the ground floor have not been preserved. Since the building has subsided over the centuries, they are now 50 centimetres below ground level, and even below the new flooring. On the first upper storey there are, in addition to the aforementioned chambers, two slits for small guns which were above and between the three chambers. There are also small openings on the third upper storey with forward- and downward-directed slits for firing small arms.
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Members of the Church of the Holy Trinity played a large part in establishing the endowment; frequently the current rector of that church serves as president of the Board of Trustees. The substantial brick building looks like a carefully designed apartment house, rather than an institution. At three-and-a-half stories tall, the f3.7irst floor is partly below ground level. A long run of brownstone steps leads to a center entrance door on the second floor level.
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Eradicating Prosopis is difficult because the plant's bud regeneration zone can extend down to below ground level;Mesquite InfoThe Mesquite the tree can regenerate from a piece of root left in the soil. Some herbicides are not effective or only partially effective against mesquite. Spray techniques for removal, while effective against short-term regrowth, are expensive, costing more than $70/acre ($170/hectare) in the USA. Removing large trees requires tracked equipment; costs can approach $2,000 per acre.
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On top of each base, a teleporter can transport players (from either team) to the midst of the valley's no man's land, leaving them vulnerable to snipers. Warthog jeeps can easily traverse the landscape, making them ideal for escaping with the flag. In the Halo 2 variant of the map, each base has a third, below ground level, in which a Banshee can be found. When playing the gamemode “Rocket Slayer”, the Warthogs are replaced with Scorpion tanks.
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The inferior ovary is located well below ground-level where the developing fruit or berry is hidden until its growth forces it into view. Emergence of the fruit is followed almost immediately by the first leaves. The ripe fruit falls over and sheds its short-lived seeds, ready to take advantage of the winter rains. The genus is easily identified by its spirally twisted grey-green, strap-like leaves which develop during the winter months (May - August).
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Like the billhook they were used for cutting saplings (e.g. willow, hazel or chestnut) that were bundled up to make fascines or woven into hurdles, or gabions. Many revetments used a combination of all three, with fascines at the bottom of the trench, hurdles just below ground level and gabions above, filled with the earth from the trench. Although the Spanish Army called its fascine knives machetes, they bore little resemblance to the common cutting tool.
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The chapel is constructed out of local limestone, with the façade being constructed out of ashlar blocks while the other sides are built out of rubble stonework. The chapel's floor is about below ground level, so it is led to by three steps. The interior is divided into four bays by three stone arches, which support the building's roof. A small window above the door is the only source of natural light in the chapel, apart from the doorway.
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It consisted of grandstands along the east and west sidelines and a press box above the west stands. The stadium was built in an arroyo, with the seating bowl created by the piling of excavated fill material to form earthen embankments on which the stands could be built. This "berm" style of construction placed the field below ground level with seats extending both above and below the natural grade. The initial construction cost of the stadium was just over $4 million.
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The Federation of Karnataka Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FKCCI) had estimated that interest payment alone would be . However BMRCL stated that it was not so high but "definitely more than per day". The tunnels bored using tunnel boring machines (TBMs) are located approximately 60 feet below ground level, have an outer diameter of 6.5 metres and inner diameter of 5.6 metres, and situated are 5 metres apart. Two Japanese TBMs, Helen and Margarita, were used for tunneling work of the Purple Line.
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Its walls have a thickness of 1 metre, the concourse slab 0.75 metres thick, and the roof slab has thickness of 1.4 metres. The thick roof slab is designed bear the load of both the station box, and the soil above it. The roof of the station is located at a depth of 4 metres below ground level. To ensure uniformity in the construction of the walls, a specially fabricated steel gantry (10 m in width and 6 m in height) was used.
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The MetroWest Water Supply Tunnel (MWWST) is an advanced underground aqueduct that supplies potable water to residents of much of Greater Boston. It is part of the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA) water supply system, having entered operation in November 2003. This aqueduct starts at the John J. Carroll Water Treatment Plant in Marlborough, Massachusetts, and ends at an MWRA terminal in Weston, Massachusetts. It is about long (28.3 km) and is constructed far below ground level, mostly in bedrock.
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In England and Wales once the top of a coffin has been lowered below ground level in a burial if it raised again, say for example the grave sides are protruding and need further work, this is considered an exhumation and the Home Office are required to be notified and a full investigation undertaken. Therefore, grave diggers in England and Wales are particularly careful to ensure that grave sites are dug with plenty of room for the coffin to pass.
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The below-ground level contains eight 150 MW Francis pump turbines which can be used for both power generation and pumping. After electricity is generated, the water is discharged into Lac du Verney, the lower reservoir. When storage in Grand'Maison needs to be replenished, the turbines reverse into pumps and move water from Lac du Verney back to the Grand'Maison Reservoir. The change in elevation between the reservoirs afford the above-ground station a maximum hydraulic head of and the below-ground station .
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Completed in 1960, the expressway is located below ground level, in an open cut; however, the George Washington Bridge Bus Station and the high-rise Bridge Apartments are built over the expressway, creating intermittent tunnels. It is maintained by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Although the highway is aligned compass east-west, it carries the north-south routings of I-95 and US 1. The westbound lanes carry southbound route designations, while the eastbound lanes carry northbound route designations.
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At the junction of Dale End and Bull Street, a ramp, known as Priory Close, was constructed giving access to a market area on the site of the Barley Market. A walkway was constructed from this market area through to the newly constructed Priory Queensway with shops either side. The complex consists of three buildings containing shops and department stores, all surrounding a pedestrian precinct. Below ground level was a ballroom, which has since been converted into the Oasis Market.
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Campanile overlooking the Library Quad The Valley Library is a six-story, rectangular building with a rotunda on the east side. Designed in a contemporary, neoclassical style, the structure has a veneer of red brick, with white-colored aluminum solar screening on the rotunda and the fifth floor of the north side added for decoration. The internal support structure consists of steel beams and concrete slabs. Below ground-level on the north side, the first floor includes a cafe and study rooms.
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The stone is located in a section of the Western Wall (in the broader meaning of the term) north of Wilson's Arch, below ground level, and can be accessed through the Western Wall tunnels. It is part of the "Great Course", a name used by the WWHF for the tallest and longest course (layer of stones) of the Western Wall. Its stone blocks are of Herodian age, and the stones next to the Western Stone are, in sequence, , , and long, respectively.
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In the film Tomorrow Never Dies, a military GPS signal is meaconed to send a Royal Navy frigate off course. In the novel and miniseries of the John J. Nance novel Pandora's Clock, an attempt to warn the airliner about an impending attack is summarily dismissed as an attempt at meaconing. The villain of Die Hard 2 changes the Dulles Airport's ATC beacon altitude to below ground level, causing planes' altimeters to provide false readings, thus causing landing planes to crash.
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In 2009 a hydroelectric power station was completed just upriver from Mahon Bridge. The station is privately owned and is fed from two weirs, one on the Mahon and the other on the Mahon Og, about 2 km upstream of the village. The scheme generates a maximum of 850 kW of electricity to add to the national grid. The turbine house is of a very inconspicuous and low profile design being mostly located below ground level and not visible from the nearby road.
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All the upper floors featured Italian marble wainscoting. A below-ground level was intended to serve as a bank, and several meeting rooms, banking parlors, and massive steel vaults were erected there during the building's construction at a cost of $100,000 ($ in dollars). A customer for this space was not found until 1895, when the Cleveland Trust Company moved in. The building's major tenant was the local luxury jewelry firm of Cowell and Hubbard, which rented the entire first floor.
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Cracks may form in the stucco due to building settling or direct damage to the exterior coating. Once water is able to breach the coating, whether through an opening in the stucco itself or from beneath its surface, fragile stucco can begin to buckle and crumble. Wood is a common structural material that is often used as substrate beneath stucco. It can absorb moisture from at or below ground level and draw it away from the original source of the problem.
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The Mersey Railway was formally opened on 20 January 1886 and public services started on 1 February. The route had four new stations: Green Lane, Birkenhead Central and Hamilton Square in Birkenhead and James Street station in Liverpool. Green Lane and Birkenhead Central were below ground level in open cuttings whereas James Street and Hamilton Square were deep underground and accessed by lifts. In 1888 a branch tunnel to Birkenhead Park station opened, with a connection to the Wirral Railway.
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The public spaces of the hotel were decorated with paintings of flowers and First Ladies, and the walls and floor of each guest room were marble. The hotel's below-ground level also featured a swimming pool, fitness center, two squash courts, an aerobics area, a steam room, two massage rooms, two tanning beds, and a special stairway to allow joggers to access the street from the locker rooms without going through the lobby. Meeting space totaled , and the fitness center .
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Thanks-Giving Square generally refers to the garden and facilities visible at street level, which are owned and operated by the non-profit Thanks-Giving Foundation. Pritzker Architecture Prize winner Philip Johnson was commissioned to bring the vision of Thanks-Giving Square to life. The Square is set fifteen feet below ground level with a four-foot wall blocking the sight of automobiles to create a serene, green island. Water plays a prominent role in the landscape, with active fountains masking city noise.
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Construction of Havnelageret was very complicated because the building had to be built on bedrock as a result of its large size. This bedrock lay 20 meters below ground level. The difficult base conditions delayed the construction process, but in 1920, Havnelageret was finally based on the 130 pillars, which laid on 1550 piles in total. When finished, the building was so substantial that the 4th floor of Havnelageret was used as an air-raid shelter during the Second World War.
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As the pump installation was below ground level, and the mill having been demolished, the plan was to acquire a barn locally and erect it over the installation. A 100-year-old barn was obtained from the nearby Goodwood estate and erected over the pump both to protect it and to serve as a visitor centre. By early 1980, the initial phase of the restoration project was completed. On 16 March, the mill wheel was running again for the first time after restoration.
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The Zero Gravity Research Facility at the NASA Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio is a unique facility designed to perform tests in a reduced gravity environment. It has successfully supported research for the United States crewed spacecraft programs and numerous uncrewed projects. The facility uses vertical drop tests in a vacuum chamber to investigate the behavior of components, systems, liquids, gases, and combustion in such circumstances. The facility consists of a concrete-lined shaft, in diameter, that extends below ground level.
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Xituanshan buildings were made up to 1.5 m below ground level against mountain rock surfaces or using overlapping stones. People also engineered their environments, as shown by a retaining wall built at Houshishan to protect the settlement from water run-off and soil creep. Buildings at several sites located on hills or promontories also appear to have been enclosed by defensive earthen walls. Grave walls were constructed using stone slabs or piles of smaller stones, but earth tombs appear in the Late Period.
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Bagarmossen metro station is on the green line of the Stockholm metro, located in Bagarmossen, Söderort in the south of Stockholm. The surface station was opened on 18 November 1958 as the southern terminus of the extension from Hammarbyhöjden. On 15 August 1994, the line was extended further to Skarpnäck. The current station is 19 metres (62 ft) below ground level and was opened on 15 August 1994 as the extension to Skarpnäck was taken into service and Bagarmossen no longer served as a terminus.
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By August, the in situ concrete frame had been erected for much of the structure below ground level, and by November, up to level 5, with drainage work also underway. In December, the head of Elliot Group, Elliot Lawless, was arrested by Merseyside Police as part of a fraud investigation; he was released on bail without charge. Amid the ongoing probe, Vermont and Elliot Group agreed to suspend work on site in January 2020. However, due to the investigation, further development funds could not be raised.
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The lighthouse is a short tapered square brick structure, topped by a lantern house surrounded by a metal deck with rounded railing. A covered passageway, slightly below ground level, connects the tower to the keeper's house, a rectangular wood frame structure with a gable roof. Just northwest of the house stands a wooden boathouse, and a small brick oilhouse stands further north. The light station was authorized by the United States Navy in 1849, and the first tower and keeper's house were completed the following year.
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In August 2010, TCU announced a $105 million renovation of the west side and north end zone of Amon G. Carter Stadium to better enhance football fans' experience, upgrade amenities, and transform the historic Fort Worth icon into the "Camden Yards" of collegiate football stadiums. The planned renovation quickly expanded into a rebuild of the entire stadium above ground level, and partially below. Only the below-ground-level playing field and lower seating bowl were retained. Everything else, including much of the subterranean infrastructure, was rebuilt.
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The structural design was the responsibility of TMJ Tomasz Ziętała. The Tower has 30 overground and 5 underground floors, extending 16.5 metres below ground level and rising to 128 metres above ground. The building comprises almost 50,000 m2 of space, over 41,000 of which is usable. Unique features of the building include the helipad on the roof and the external elevator shaft, sloped 14°, which connects the street level with one of the higher office floors with an elevator cabin travelling at 2.5 m/s.
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The aquifer in this laterite recharges rapidly with the rains of April–May which follow the dry season of February–March, and continues to fill with the monsoon rains. The water table recedes slowly and is recharged several times during the rest of the year. In some high-density suburban areas the water table could recede to below ground level during a prolonged dry period of more than 65 days. The Cabook Aquifer laterites support relatively shallow aquifers that are accessible to dug wells.
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Waterproofing is usually required by building codes for structures that are built at or below ground level. Waterproofing and drainage considerations are especially important in cases where ground water is likely to build up in the soil or where there is a high water table. Water in the soil causes hydrostatic pressure to be exerted underneath basement floors and walls. This hydrostatic pressure can force water in through cracks, which can cause major structural damage as well as mold, decay, and other moisture-related problems.
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The Chapel of St. Catherine was built in 1462 as a fortified church in the Gothic style. When the castle was converted into the Baroque style the castle courtyard was filled with earth with the result that, today, the chapel is below ground level. It contains frescoes and arrow slits as well as casemates with vaulted ceilings and fighting rooms. The Baroque church built above the fortified chapel from 1687 to 1702 is richly decorated with stuccos and is of the Italian Early Baroque period.
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Nova Scotia Gardens was the area of a brick field, north-east of St Leonard's, Shoreditch. The brick clay had been exhausted and the area begun to be filled in with waste ("leystall", literally excrement). Cottages (probably evolving from sheds serving the gardens) came to be built here, but were undesirable as they remained below ground level, and so were prone to flooding."Bethnal Green: The North West: Hackney Road", A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 11: Stepney, Bethnal Green (1998), pp.
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The retaining walls on these two sides descend many meters below ground level. A northern portion of the western wall may be seen from within the Western Wall Tunnel, which was excavated through buildings adjacent to the platform. On the southern and eastern sides the walls are visible almost to their full height. The platform itself is separated from the rest of the Old City by the Tyropoeon Valley, though this once deep valley is now largely hidden beneath later deposits, and is imperceptible in places.
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Little remains of the house other than a folly walkway with stone balustrade which was at the back of the house below ground level, cut into the rock of a cliff face that overlooks the river Blackadder below. Where the house was, a wood was planted. Below the folly on the bank of the river the remains of the hydro electric power house is still visible (Blackadder House was reputedly the first in Berwickshire to have electric lighting). Other buildings built to service the estate remain.
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Ládví () is a Prague Metro station on Line C. The station was opened on 26 June 2004 as the northern terminus of the extension of Line C from Nádraží Holešovice. It remained the temporary northern terminus of Line C until the line was extended to Letňany on 8 May 2008. The station is 8.8 metres below ground level, and contains two tracks on opposite sides of the station platform. The station has one exit in the middle leading to tram stops and a bus station.
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Nádraží Holešovice metro station Nádraží Holešovice () is a Prague Metro station on Line C, serving the Holešovice mainline railway station. The station was formerly known as Fučíkova, after journalist Julius Fučík. The station was opened on 3 November 1984 as the northern terminus of the extension from Sokolovská (later renamed Florenc), a status it retained until 26 June 2004 when the line was extended to Ládví station. The station is below ground level, and contains two tracks on opposite sides of the station platform.
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The pineapple pit consisted of three trenches covered with glass, slightly below ground level, connected with two cavity walls. The outer troughs were kept filled with 15 tonnes of fresh horse manure, which gave off heat as it decomposed. This heat passed through small gaps at the bottom of the wall, rose up, and was then forced through gaps at the top of the wall, into the central trough. The central trough is where the pineapples were grown, at an artificially high temperature, due to the manure.
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In 1865–66 major works were carried out to the church to the requirements of Charles Frederic Watkins, who was vicar at that time. These involved the removal of a large part of the medieval chancel and exposure of the ambulatory below ground level that surrounded the apse at the east end of the building. The south-east chapel was shortened by one bay and the south porch demolished, in each case to expose earlier stonework. The work included the provision of 247 additional free seats.
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To minimize the need for entry, the facility is normally designed to allow pumps and other equipment to be removed from outside the wet well. Traditional sewage pumping stations incorporate both a wet well and a "dry well". Often these are the same structure separated by an internal divide. In this configuration pumps are installed below ground level on the base of the dry well so that their inlets are below water level on pump start, priming the pump and also maximising the available NPSH.
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In the 1970s, Michael Cohn of the Brooklyn Children's Museum found oyster and clam shells as well as pottery shards and "projectile points". Other excavations have found artifacts from the 17th and 18th centuries, including war artifacts up to below ground level. Together, the park and the Cloisters were listed as an historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The Cloisters had been designated a New York City landmark in 1974, while Fort Tryon Park was designated a scenic landmark in 1983.
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Werner March built the new Olympiastadion on the foundation of the original Deutsches Stadion, once again with the lower half of the structure recessed 12 metres (39.4 feet) below ground level. The capacity of the Olympiastadion reached 110,000 spectators. It also possessed a special stand for Adolf Hitler and his political associates. At its end, aligned with the symmetrically-designed layout of the buildings of the Olympischer Platz and toward the Maifeld, was the Marathon Gate with a big receptacle for the Olympic Flame.
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Next in size after those courts — Arthur Ashe Stadium, Louis Armstrong Stadium, and the Grandstand (the latter with a capacity of 8,125) — the court has large television screens and Hawk-Eye electronic line-calling capability which allows for player challenges. In constructing the new court, foundations from the 1939 and 1964 World's Fair were discovered, and the water table was found to be several feet higher than expected. Because the playing surface of Court 17 is below ground level, the new court has received the nickname of "The Pit".
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The rail approaches to the station from both north and south are below ground level, with a cutting to the north and the Ulmberg tunnel is to the south. The connecting line to the Giesshübel station on the Sihltal Zürich Uetliberg Bahn diverges at the southern end of the station, also in tunnel. The station has three tracks and three platforms. All the platforms can be used by trains in both directions on the Lake Zurich line, but only the westernmost is accessible to trains on the Giesshübel connector.
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In physics and materials science, a drop tower or drop tube is a structure used to produce a controlled period of weightlessness for an object under study. Air bags, polystyrene pellets, and magnetic or mechanical brakes are sometimes used to arrest the fall of the experimental payload. In other cases, high-speed impact with a substrate at the bottom of the tower is an intentional part of the experimental protocol. Not all such facilities are towers - NASA Glenn's Zero Gravity Research Facility is based on a vertical shaft, extending to below ground level.
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In 1951, Pope Pius XII granted Kennedy the title of countess in recognition of her "exemplary motherhood and many charitable works." In 1992, when she turned 102, the intersection of Welles Avenue and Harley Street in Boston was proclaimed "Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Square". The plaque was dedicated by her son, Senator Edward M. Kennedy. Also, the Rose Kennedy Greenway in Boston, Massachusetts – the park that was created when the city's Central Artery was sunk below ground level in the "Big Dig" – was named after her on July 26, 2004.
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Subway entrance inside the building Inside the New York Life Building is a large lobby running west–east for , the entire length of the building. The lobby is designed similar to the nave of a cathedral, with travertine walls, a painted coffer ceiling with barrel vaults tall, as well as bronze ornamental grilles on doorways and elevators. Perpendicular to the lobby are a pair of passages running north and south to 27th and 26th Streets respectively, providing six entrances from the surrounding streets. There are five basement levels, extending below ground level.
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Effective public shelters can be the middle floors of some tall buildings or parking structures, or below ground level in most buildings with more than 10 floors. The thickness of the upper floors must form an effective shield, and the windows of the sheltered area must not view fallout-covered ground that is closer than 1.5 km (1 mi). One of Switzerland's solutions is to use road tunnels passing through the mountains, with some of these shelters being able to protect tens of thousands. Fallout shelters are not always underground.
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Although little of it survives, Caen stone was imported from northern French Republic to provide details in the Tower's facing, much of it replaced by Portland stone in the 17th and 18th centuries under the direction of architect Inigo Jones. As most of the Tower's windows were enlarged in the 18th century, only two original – albeit restored – examples remain, in the south wall at gallery level. The White Tower was terraced into the side of a mound, so the northern side of the basement is partially below ground level.
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64–66 The imperial stables (Istabl-ı Âmire), located around five to six meters below ground level, were constructed under Mehmed II and renovated under Suleyman. A vast collection of harness "treasures" (Raht Hazinesi) are kept in the privy stables. This area also has a small 18th-century mosque and the bath of Beşir Ağa (Beşir Ağa Camii ve Hamamı), who was the chief black eunuch of Mahmud I.Necipoğlu, p. 73 At the end of the imperial stables are the Dormitories of the Halberdiers with Tresses (Zülüflü Baltacılar Koğuşu).
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The Crag strata extend to a depth of 200 feet (60 metres) below ground level. In 1972/73 Sizewell A was awarded the Christopher Hinton trophy in recognition of good housekeepingHinton Cup The site is reached by road, with the nearest railhead about one mile inland at Sizewell Halt. Sidings were installed at the railhead primarily to transport irradiated elements to the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority plant at Sellafield, Cumbria. Nuclear fuel was handled by a crane loading facility at the end of the five mile Leiston/Sizewell branch railway.
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Buffalo, by virtue of its position downwind of Lake Erie, is one of the nation's windiest cities, and as a result, New Era Field often is a difficult stadium for kickers, with swirling winds that change direction rapidly. This is exacerbated by the stadium's design. The field is below ground level, while the top of the upper deck stands only above ground. The open end lies parallel to the direction of the prevailing winds, so when the winds come in, they immediately drop down into the bowl, causing the stadium's signature wind patterns.
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Central London Railway route approved in 1907 In 1900 the Central London Railway (CLR) opened its Shepherd's Bush station, now the Central line station, at the east end of Shepherd's Bush Green. The line was formally inaugurated by the Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII, on 27 June. The Central London Railway (CLR), also known as the Twopenny Tube, was a deep-level, underground "tube" railwayA "tube" railway is an underground railway constructed in a cylindrical tunnel by the use of a tunnelling shield, usually deep below ground level. Contrast "cut and cover" tunnelling.
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Sahure's, now ruined, valley temple was situated on the shore of Abusir lake, on the edge of the desert. It had a rectangular ground plan long by wide and oriented on the north-south axis. Its base is now around below ground level, which has risen over the millennia due to the accumulation of silt deposits during the annual Nile flood. The temple's walls slope inwards as they rise, their corners are formed into a convex torus mould up to a cavetto cornice with its own horizontal torus mould.
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The foundation stone was laid on 7 July 1885 and a bottle containing coins, newspapers and documents was embedded beneath it. The foundation stone is no longer visible following the raising of the level of Margaret Street, and it is believed that the courtyard of the Synagogue was raised at the same time. This is supported by the fact that ventilated arches for the basement are now located well below ground level. Brisbane Synagogue, circa 1906 Arthur Midson, a prominent building contractor, built the Synagogue for the sum of .
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Irving Trust's vault, weighing was located below ground level. At the time of the building's completion, the vault was the second-largest in the city and third-largest in the world, behind those of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York Building and the Bank of England. The vault was encased in a wall composed of iron, steel, and concrete. The vault contained three stories and stretched from Broadway to New Street; the upper floor of the vault was used by bank customers while the lower floors stored Irving Trust's own fortunes.
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In rural areas, more than 97% of the population relies on groundwater for its drinking water supply. In Dhaka, 82% of the water supply is abstracted from groundwater that is free of arsenic, while three surface water treatment plants provide the remaining 18%. Groundwater is being severely depleted in Dhaka where the groundwater levels are dropping at two to three metres every year. The city's water table has sunk by 50 metres in the past four decades and the closest underground water is now over 60 meters below ground level.
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External access point for fire sprinkler and dry standpipe at a building in San Francisco, United States.In North America, a standpipe is a type of rigid water piping which is built into multi-story buildings in a vertical position or bridges in a horizontal position, to which fire hoses can be connected, allowing manual application of water to the fire. Within the context of a building or bridge, a standpipe serves the same purpose as a fire hydrant. In many other countries, hydrants in streets are below ground level.
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During construction of the IRT Flushing Line in the 1920s, the northern segment of Bryant Park was partly closed for four years while the subway line was constructed directly underneath. The subway tunnel ran below ground level with a station at the eastern edge of the park, at Fifth Avenue and 42nd Street. During construction, workers took precautions to avoid interrupting the flow of traffic above ground and interfering with preexisting tunnels. The Fifth Avenue station opened in 1926, while the tunnel under Bryant Park to Times Square opened the following year.
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These are what passes for landmarks before US 23/SR 87 intersects Watson and Mount Pleasant Church Roads (Monroe CR 88), and then just 200 feet away Lassiter Road. The bridge over Big Sandy Creek is where US 23/SR 87 enters Butts County, and after running beneath a power line right-of- way, the segment runs through forestland below ground level, cut like a sunken trace. Very few intersections and residencies exist after this segment. The road enters the Flovilla City Limits just south of the first intersection of Beaty Circle and Floyd Street.
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At the top of the seating, later fire-exit doors have been cut in the brick rear wall at either end – these lead to fire-escape stairs. The structure takes advantage of the sloping site to include a sub-floor dining room which runs the length of the stand beneath the front seating. This is accessed via stairs at the front which lead to a number of sets of entrance doors just below ground level. This dining room has been refurbished, with new entrance doors, new leadlight windows and a false ceiling.
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Many plants with taproots are difficult to transplant, or even to grow in containers, because the root tends to grow deep rapidly and in many species comparatively slight obstacles or damage to the taproot will stunt or kill the plant. Among weeds with taproots dandelions are typical; being deep-rooted, they are hard to uproot and if the taproot breaks off near the top, the part that stays in the ground often resprouts such that, for effective control, the taproot needs to be severed at least several centimetres below ground level.
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If present, R. flavipes is found at, near or below ground level. Trim work, sub flooring, flooring, and the structural timbers are the areas of a building most susceptible to termite damage. The Eastern subterranean termite is considered a serious economic timber pest and it is estimated that in high activity areas more than 1 in 5 homes have been or will be attacked. Termite control methods include: physical barriers, chemical treatments, and physical treatments (such as heat, freezing, electrocution and microwave irradiation). Structural damage to buildings is not R. flavipes’ only impact on humans.
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Although the tracks were located below ground level, they were directly underneath the portion of the Uptown Hudson Tubes that ran along Sixth Avenue; their ceilings located just beneath the bottom of the tubes. Service on the Uptown Hudson Tubes was suspended for five days in 1962 when it was discovered that builders constructing the express tunnels had drilled to an "unsafe" margin of underneath. The express tracks opened in 1967. In 1986, the New Jersey-bound platform at 14th Street and both platforms of Christopher Street were closed for three months for renovations.
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Slough Fort in an 1870 engraving Slough Fort was initially armed with seven 7-inch rifled breech loaders (RBLs) positioned in the casemates. It was manned by three officers, one NCO and 75 other ranks. Between October 1889 and December 1891, a pair of wing batteries were constructed from concrete on either side of the fort, with a range finder position being added to the fort's roof. The new batteries accommodated two 9.2-inch and two 6-inch breech loaders on disappearing mountings, allowing them to recess below ground level once they had fired.
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Surface entrance with part of the shopping centre in the background Chodov () is a Prague Metro station on the second section of Line C. It was opened on 7 November 1980 as part of the extension from Kačerov to Kosmonautů (currently Háje). The station is located under Roztylská Street in the southwestern part of the Chodov district. It is a shallow sub-surface station with a straight ceiling and an island platform 10 m below ground level. Centrum Chodov, the largest shopping centre in the Czech Republic, was built next to the station in 2005.
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The most substantial building works during his incumbency at Brixworth took place in 1865-66, involving the removal of a large part of the medieval chancel and exposure of the ambulatory below ground level that surrounded the apse at the east end of the building. The south-east chapel was shortened by one bay and the south porch demolished, in each case to expose earlier stonework. The work included the provision of 247 additional free seats. The church was reopened after completion of the works on 11 July 1866.
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Located at the junction of Heath Street and Hampstead High Street, the name Heath Street was proposed for the station before opening: the original tiled station signs on the platform walls still read Heath Street. Because Hampstead is on a steep hill, the station platforms are the deepest on the London Underground network, at below ground level. It also has the deepest lift shaft on the Underground at and houses high-speed lifts. They were previously Otis lifts, but were modernised by the Wadsworth Lift Company,Wadsworth Lift Company and again in 2014 by Accord.
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In September 2013, it was reported by the press that a number of countries deemed by the US and its allies to be rogue states, such as Syria, Iran and North Korea, had successfully evaded U.S. government surveillance by constructing secret bunkers deep below the Earth's surface. China's underground megaproject, the 816 Nuclear Military Plant in Chongqing (now declassified and opened to tourists), was reported to be "most worrying" for the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency. Libya evaded surveillance by building "hardened and buried" bunkers at least 40 feet below ground level.
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New branches form at or below ground level on a regular basis to compensate for the short-lived main branches, which generally only live up to 12 years. Branches range in size up to diameter. They spread to: decumbent branches that run along the ground and surface with their ends curved upwards, upright branches that are essentially vertical, or rhizomatous roots and shoots from nodes on the stem of the plant. Olearia adenocarpa has opposite egg-shaped leaves, ranging in size from in length and 2 to 4 mm wide.
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Where the A10 bisects Cheshunt as an urban dual carriageway, it is prone to traffic congestion, in particular because of the many junctions with local roads. In the early 1990s properties beside the road were compulsorily purchased for a relief scheme that involved sinking the road below ground level through Cheshunt and converting the original alignment to single carriageway for local access. However, in the wake of protests against a similar scheme in Wanstead, this was dropped and the road remains a dual carriageway, with surrounding houses having been sold back to private buyers.
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Kotumsar Caves are situated at a distance of about 40 km (25 mi) from Jagdalpur. Kotumsar Caves are about 35 meters below ground level and around 1371 meters long. Kotumsar Cave is a subterranean limestone cave located near the banks of Kanger River in the western portion of the national park. It was discovered by the local people around year 1900 and explored by a renowned geographer Shri Sankar Tiwari in 1951 and it is one of the best known caves in Chhattisgarh as well as in India.
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See History of the 63rd Street Line and the articles for the 63rd Street Shuttle, B, F, and Q trains, for more information. Located more than below ground level, the Roosevelt Island station () is one of the deepest stations below sea level in the system. The BMT 60th Street Tunnel () and the IND 53rd Street Line () both pass under Roosevelt Island, without stopping, on their way between Manhattan and Queens. Roosevelt Island's residential community was not designed to support automobile traffic during its planning in the early 1970s.
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Tower, including base Construction commenced in 1971 by Kline Towers of Columbia, South Carolina, and the tower was completed in 1973, with the first transmissions on July 4, 1973. Approximately of concrete were used to make the foundation of the 3.7 million pound (1,700 ton) tower. Earthquake proofing includes ballasting two-thirds of the weight of the structure below ground, resulting in a center of gravity at sixteen feet below ground level. It is used to transmit the signals of eleven television stations and four FM radio stations and for various other communications services.
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The Przeworsk people of the earlier Roman period lived in small, unprotected villages. Each village was home to a few dozen residents at most, living in several houses, each of which covered an area of 8–22 square meters and was usually set partially below ground level (semi-sunken). Because Przeworsk technology included wells, the settlements did not need to be located near bodies of water. Thirteen 2nd-century-CE wells of various construction with timber-lined walls have been found at a settlement in Stanisławice, Bochnia County.
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Crack in the Ground Crack in the Ground is a volcanic fissure about long with depths measuring nearly below ground level in Central Oregon, United States. The formation of the fissure occurred approximately between 700,000 and 12,000 years ago. The eruptions from the Four Craters Lava Field were accompanied by a slight sinking of the older rock surface, forming a shallow, graben-like structure about wide and extending to the south into an old lake basin. Crack in the Ground marks the western edge of this small, volcano-tectonic depression.
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From the 401 south to Eglinton, the roadway was to be in a trench, with the rapid-transit line in the middle. South of Eglinton, it continued into the Cedarvale Park below ground level. The route south of Eglinton was never built and several variations of the plan were proposed. Plans were initially for the road to be on the surface of the ravines and the subway below the surface, at least as far as Spadina Road with a tunnel under St. Michael's College north of St. Clair.
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The subway–surface trolley platform for Routes 10, 11, 13, 34, and 36 is located two stories below ground level, and is accessible only by escalator or stairway from the Market–Frankford platforms. The station is located at the end of the subway–surface line on a balloon loop parallel to Juniper Street, and features a single track with all trolleys operating in the same direction. Inbound trolleys discharge passengers on the southernmost portion of the platform. The trolleys then proceed to pick up passengers at either Berth 1 or Berth 2.
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This line also possesses the country's second deepest Metro station at Chawri Bazar, situated below ground level. On 21 June 2010, an additional stretch from Qutub Minar to HUDA City Centre was opened, initially operating separately from the mainline. However, Chhatarpur station on this line opened on 26 August 2010. Due to delays in acquiring the land for constructing the station, it was constructed using prefabricated structures in a record time of nine months and is the only station in the Delhi Metro network to be made completely of steel.
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The main lobby entrance on Connecticut Avenue had a stairway that led down to the first below-ground level, where public restrooms, the barber shop, and a shoeshine stand (made of marble) were located. A secondary corridor and steps behind the elevators led to the Presidential Room; another secondary corridor to the east of the front desk led to the Mayflower Coffee Shop. The four elevators to the east of the lobby, joining it to the Promenade, had bronze doors with images of the Mayflower vessel on them. The Mayflower featured three restaurants.
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Excavation in the Deanhead Valley commenced the following year and for the dam in 1966. This required the removal of of peat bog to reach the solid rock base nearly below ground level. Material excavated elsewhere on the line of the motorway, clay from cuttings between Lofthouse and Gildersome, and 3.4 million cubic metres from the Deanhead excavations was used to build the dam's embankment which is in length and above the original valley floor. The 3.6 million cubic metre embankment is wide at its base and at road level.
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Interwoven through the armature was a continuous white canvas ribbon emblazoned with the "TKTS" logo. Foundations could not be dug under the booth because the subway structure is just below ground level. To hold down this giant "wind kite" the architects utilized pile driving test weights (also rented). The pavilion received many design awards, including the American Institute of Graphic Arts' Excellence in Communications Graphics; The City Club of New York's Albert S. Bard Award for Architecture and Urban Design; and the N.Y. State Association of Architects Certificate of Merit for Design Excellence.
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Nests of B. atratus are circular in shape and have been observed to have a diameter of around 10–30 cm and a height of between 10–20 cm. For those nests found on the ground, the brood comb is usually located in slight cavities a couple of centimeters below ground level. The number of nest entrances varies and seems to be unrelated to any specific property of the colony, such as size. Although most nests usually have multiple entrances, one or two are more active than the others.
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The final small building would have been rented by Germany, but Rockefeller ruled this out in 1934 after noticing National Socialist extremism from the country's government. The empty office site was downsized and became the "International Building North", rented by various international tenants. In April 1935, developers opened the International Building and its wings. The underground pedestrian mall and ramp system between 48th and 51st streets was finished in early May. In 1936, an ice skating rink replaced the unprofitable retail space on the lower plaza, below ground level.
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Remains of the Buddhist stupa and monastery on a hill above Samangan. Instead of being built up, it has been carved out of the rock so is completely below ground level! The historical cultural heritage in the province which is mainly at Samangan City, the provincial headquarters of Samangan are the Takt-e Rostam and the adjacent Buddhist caves and stupas on a top of hill. ;Takht-i Rustam Takht-i Rustam (Haibak), literal meaning the throne of Rustam, named after Rustam, a king in Persian mythology, is a hilltop settlement.
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Built for prominent merchant Peter Smyth, the stone is believed to have been quarried locally in the district of Port Hood. In true Georgian style, it has a raised first floor level entrance with a fanlight and sidelights with original stone stairs ascending to it. While one-and-a-half storeys at the front, at the rear there are a full two-and-a-half storeys. The lower level of the house, (partly below ground level on the front), contains a kitchen with original fireplace, pantry, storage and bedroom.
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The battery, dating from 1871 is of sandstone construction, at least half being below ground level and roofed with sandstone slabs. The construction was "cut and fill" with spoil being used to mound around the emplacements so that they were not visible from the harbour. The two northern gun pits and connecting trenches are open but the one southern gun pit is filled with sand and has been turfed over. The fortification also consists of a north-south tunnel with a western branch down a stairway to the original magazine.
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These buildings not only would provide retail space but also would fit in with Fifth Avenue's architecture. In the new plan, an oval-shaped central plaza would be recessed below ground level, with plantings surrounding a large central fountain. A wide, planted esplanade, between 50th and 51st streets, would lead pedestrians from Fifth Avenue, on the east, to the plaza and to the RCA Building to the west, with steps leading down to the plaza. The western side of the plaza would lead directly to the underground pedestrian mall.
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Although Dhaka is located on the banks of the Buriganga River, only 18% of its drinking water supply comes from surface water because it is highly polluted. 82% of the city's water supply is abstracted from groundwater through 577 deep tube wells, while four relatively small surface water treatment plants provide the remaining 18%. Groundwater levels are dropping at two to three metres every year. The city's water table has sunk by 50 metres in the past four decades and the closest underground water is now over 60 meters below ground level.
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Egnatia follows the Roman Via Egnatia, which connected Rome and Constantinople as one of the two most important roads in the Roman and Byzantine empires. The portion of the Via Egnatia which passed through Thessaloniki was the city's Decumanus Maximus (main road), and runs below present-day Egnatia Street at below ground level. Although the location of the Via Egnatia in Thessaloniki was known when the metro line was planned, it was uncertain what else was buried nearby. The metro was planned to run at below ground, leaving only between it and the ancient road.
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The tomb had a flattened pyramid rising 12 metres above ground, and a long sloping entrance tunnel lined with frescoes, leading to an ante- chamber and the tomb chamber itself, 12 metres below ground level with a high domed roof.Watson, 136-141, Hay, passim throughout Most of the contents, including the frescoes, are now in the Shaanxi History Museum. The frescoes depicted the four deities, ceremonial weaponry, daily life in the imperial court, and celestial bodies. The tomb also provides an example of Tang dynasty architecture, with depictions of buildings and caisson motifs.
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The middle room (Room C: 5.90x3m) probably served as a narthex. The main part of the shrine was divided into three lateral parts, typical of all mithraea. A central nave about 2.18m wide and 1 meter below ground level was flanked on either side by podium benches for the initiates to recline on during the ceremonies (see Mithraic worship). Steps lead down to the lower floor level of the nave directly from the entrance and the higher benches were accessed by single steps on either side of the bottom nave step.
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A train going through an overbanked turn on Goliath The ride begins with a left turn out of the station before ascending the chain lift hill at a 45° angle. From the highest point, trains drop at an angle of 85°, below ground level, reaching their top speed of . After this, cars ascend to a height of for an overbanked turnaround, followed by a descent back to the ground and a small air-time hill. A dive loop is next, where riders are inverted before descending a half loop.
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There is only one road that passes through the complex, Orizaba Street, but this road was lowered below ground level, the first time this was done in Mexico City. Pani placed four of the "C" type buildings right alongside this underpass to free even more space between the buildings for park and recreational space. About 2,500 trees were planted at the site. These emphasis on space reduced Le Corbusier's recommendation of 1,000 residents per hectare to 240, and would make this the least densely populated of his apartment projects.
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At this station, Roman Thessaloniki's marble-clad and column-lined Decumanus Maximus (main east-west avenue), along with shops and houses, was found running along the route of the Via Egnatia (modern Egnatia Street) at below ground level. The discovery was so major that it delayed the entire Metro project for years. A historian dubbed the discovery "the Byzantine Pompeii". Attiko Metro wanted to disassemble the road and re-assemble it elsewhere, while the City Council wanted Attiko Metro to redesign its network to accommodate the discovery in situ.
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Beginning at Potts Hill, the tunnel passes under the suburbs of Chullora, Bankstown, Enfield, Canterbury, Ashfield, Petersham, Marrickville, Erskineville, and Waterloo at a depth below ground level varying for 15m to 67m beneath high ground at Ashfield. Its maximum grade is 1 in 100, and its minimum is 1 in 2000. Its total length is approximately 16 kilometres. The pipes are lined with sand- cement mortar and the space between the liners and walls of the tunnel is filled with concrete to support the liner against deformation from internal pressures and as a protection against corrosion.
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The Goodwood Junction Upgrade separated the existing freight and Belair passenger lines from the Seaford line by a grade separation. A rail underpass near Victoria Street lowered the Seaford line below ground level, with the freight and Belair lines above. It was completed in 2014 along with the electrification of the Seaford line.Goodwood Junction upgrade Department of Planning, Transport & InfrastructureGoodwood Junction Rail Grade Separation York Civil A project to construct a footbridge adjacent to the Goodwood Overpass was announced in May 2016, and would provide a new access point to the station; though as of 2018 work has not commenced.
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To prevent the disruption of traffic, Biblioteka Imeni Lenina was built using underground excavation rather than cut and cover even though the station ceiling is just two metres (6.5 ft) below ground level. Soil conditions and the narrowness of the space in which the station was to be built necessitated a single-vault design, the only one on the first Metro line. The entire excavation was only 19.8 metres (65 ft) wide and 11.7 metres (38 ft) high. The main station vault was built from rubble stone set in concrete and reinforced with an iron framework.
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The water may be heated at a remote location by boilers, solar energy, or other means. Alternatively when needed, the water may be cooled by using a cooling tower, or discharged into a large body of water, such as a lake, stream or an ocean. Geothermal heat pumps or ground-source heat pumps use shallow underground heat exchangers as a heat source or sink, and water as the heat transfer medium. This is possible because below ground level, the temperature is relatively constant across the seasons, and the earth can provide or absorb a large amount of heat.
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View of the Roman Amphitheatre of Catania from the Piazza Stesicoro today The Amphitheatre of Catania is a Roman amphitheatre in Catania, Sicily, southern Italy, built in the Roman Imperial period, probably in the 2nd century AD, on the northern edge of the ancient city at the base of the Montevergine hill. Only a small section of the structure is now visible, below ground level, to the north of Piazza Stesicoro. This area is now the historic centre of the city, but was then on the outskirts of the ancient town and also occupied by the . The structure is part of the .
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Entrance to the underpass east of the station The small station is built on two levels. The Line 3 platforms, bus platforms, and only entrance are located on ground level. The entrance is an automatic sliding door facing north with a sidewalk connecting to Lawrence Avenue East to the west side, and an underpass underneath both the Line 3 and GO rails towards the commuter parking lot, Access Road, and Prudential Drive. Below ground level in the interior of the station is an underpass that connects the entrance to the northbound platforms through the means of stairs and escalators.
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The Anglo-Saxon road south from Dorking (now Coldharbour Lane) remains on the lower greensand as it ascends the eastern slopes of Leith Hill. As the route of Stane Street leaves Dorking, the underlying geology changes from lower greensand to impermeable Weald Clay. From North Holmwood to Ockley, (a distance of ), the exact route has been confirmed by a series of excavations. Much of the this section of road remains in good condition (albeit buried below ground level), although the upper surface appears to have been removed (presumably to supply stone to later local building projects).
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The lake behind the Rangipo Dam acts as a head pond to the Rangipo Power Station. Water from the lake is then taken into the Rangipo Headrace Tunnel to Rangipo Power Station, below ground level. After passing through Rangipo Power Station, the water passes through the Rangipo Tailrace Tunnel to the Poutu Dam on the Tongariro River. After taking on more water from the Tongariro River (which now includes water from the eastern slopes of Ngauruhoe and Tongariro), the water is diverted through the Poutu Canal, where the water travels under State Highway 1 and State Highway 46 to the Poutu Stream.
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Washington–Grizzly Stadium is an outdoor college football stadium in the western United States, located on the campus of the University of Montana in Missoula, Montana. Opened in 1986, it is home to the Montana Grizzlies, a member of the Big Sky Conference and a team in Division I FCS (formerly Division I-AA). Its infilled SprinTurf playing field is below ground level at an elevation of above sea level and runs in the traditional north–south orientation. The press box is above the west sideline and lights were added for the largest all-purpose stadium in the state of Montana.
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As of 2019 the "Banqueting Hall" has been completely cleared of spoil, but excavations continue in newly-discovered tunnels leading off from the main chamber. A second section of tunnels is accessed from the "Paddington" site, comprising a series of underground galleries on several levels, leading to a large vaulted chamber approximately high from floor to ceiling. The floor of this chamber is approximately below ground level and was cleared in 2016 after several years of excavation. The sites have been used as a filming location, and have appeared in several documentaries featuring the tunnels and FoWT volunteers.
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To ensure that the stadium would be finished in time, the designing was done by "fast- track", which means that after each element of the design was finished, it was immediately constructed. The stadium was constructed as an earthed amphitheatre, which means that a part of the stadium is below ground level. The excavated soil was then transferred to the site of Masjid Negara which was originally a valley and was subjected to flooding issues. When the earthworks and excavation were completed, designs of the terrace seating had already been done, and the construction of it began immediately.
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Refurbishment began with the two-level rooftop pool, which received a new lounge area, cooking grills, and furniture. Company officials said phase two of the renovation would occur in November 2014, when the hotel's 231 rooms and its common areas will be refurbished with new electronics, furnishings, and wallpaper. The second phase will also relocate the main lobby from the below-ground level to the first floor. Renovation of the first floor will also include the construction of a bar and quick-serve restaurant/coffee bar (which will serve take-away as well as plated items).
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In an effort to avoid blocking traffic (like the Ceinture Rive Droite did), it was built below ground level for most of its 9.5 km length, an endeavour that required the construction of 14 bridges across its entrenched path. Besides its rue St-Lazare embarcadère terminus (also serving the Ouest company's other lines), the line had five stations: Pont-Cardinet (an SNCF station today), Courcelles (today's Pereire - Levallois RER C station), Neuilly-Porte Maillot, Avenue de l'Impératrice (Avenue Foch), Passy (Avenue Henri-Martin) and Auteuil (unused today). The Paris-Auteuil passenger line was inaugurated on 2 May 1854.
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Kitchen appliances with the Cellar logo The Cellar is a brand name used by Macy's for departments commonly located on the first floor below ground level at larger stores. Although every Macy's has such a department, only the larger flagships have basement-level space devoted to the Cellar concept. The concept was pioneered in 1971 as a gourmet kitchenware marketing concept in the San Francisco flagship store of the Macy's West division. In 1974, the Macy's West president Edward Finkelstein was promoted to the president of Macy's New York and brought the Cellar concept with him.
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From 150–182 metres the tower contains a superstructure that is 38 metres in diameter, housing the viewing platform, the restaurant and the equipment room for commercial radio stations. The two-storey building that surrounds the base of the tower is also 38 metres in diameter and contains technical and auxiliary facilities. The foundation slab made from reinforced concrete is 38 metres in diameter, 2.5 metres thick and buried 8.5 metres below ground level. This slab supports a tower of reinforced concrete that is 15.2 metres in diameter at the base and only 8.2 metres in diameter at a height of 180 metres.
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A second stop complex to the north-east of the station and known as Bahnhof Oerlikon Ost is served by tram routes 10 and 14, and buses 75, 768 and 781. A third stop complex to the north-west of the station and known as Bahnhof Oerlikon Nord is served by buses 64 and 80. Between them these connect the station to much of the city of Zürich and to the Glatt Valley between Oerlikon and Zurich Airport. The renovation of the station underpasses, completed in 2016, added more than 20 store fronts to the Bahnhof Oerlikon complex mostly below ground level.
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It was built by excavating a box downwards, opening out the roof of the tunnel, which is below ground level. The platforms are reached by stairs or lifts from the ticket office. The station was built in order to provide a station on the lines from New Brighton and West Kirby that was more convenient for the town centre of Birkenhead than either Birkenhead Park or Hamilton Square (which are otherwise the nearest stations). Its name comes from the name of the redevelopment area on the north side of the town centre in which it is situated.
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Udgir Fort is a fort, built in pre- Bahamani age, which dates from the twelfth century CE. It is also famous for its historic battle in which Marathas, led by Sadashivrao Bhau, defeated Nizam, and after which the treaty of Udgir was signed. The fort is bounded by a 40-foot-deep trench, as the fort is built at ground level. In the fort are several palaces, Durbar halls and the grave of Udaygiri Maharaj which is 60 feet below ground level. It is believed that the Udgir fort has a direct subway deep underground connecting with Bhalki and the Bidar forts.
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The tunnel is slightly below ground level and is partially covered at first when entering the tunnel, it later becomes fully underground before the junction of Chin Swee Road, Clemenceau Avenue, Upper Cross Street and Havelock Road. From Upper Cross Street, before leaving the Central Business District, there is an entrance to the tunnel northbound to Seletar Expressway. On Havelock Road, there is an exit from the direction towards the south, where there is an ERP gantry before going on the main road. There are two exits (from AYE), one is to Clemenceau Avenue before the Clemenceau Bridge and another to Merchant Road.
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On the ground floors facing are Comptoir Libanais, Royal Bank of Scotland and Prêt à Manger premises. Oxford Circus 150 m south-east is where two main shopping streets meet. Only the south is broken by a full-width street, Holles Street which also runs one block only; the north is broken by Dean's Mews in which №s 11-13 exist, the office conversion of a nunnery, retaining a chapel in its rear. Planning permission was granted in April 2020 for a subterranean health and wellbeing development of 280,000 square feet across four storeys below ground level.
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Post-Paralympics legacy event in the studio The venue's television studio is located two floors below ground level, and when it opened in 2003 was the first high-definition television studio in the UK. A grid height of and a size of 61 feet x 44 feet, roughly equivalent to that of Television Centre's TC2, means it is well used for programme production. The studio can accommodate an audience of approximately 200 people sitting or standing. It was recently upgraded, with particular focus on the sound production room which was upgraded in conjunction with Solid State Logic.
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Underground Naples Underneath Naples lies a series of caves and structures created by centuries of mining, and the city rests atop a major geothermal zone. There are also a number of ancient Greco-Roman reservoirs dug out from the soft tufo stone on which, and from which, much of the city is built. Approximately of the many kilometres of tunnels under the city can be visited from the Napoli Sotteranea, situated in the historic centre of the city in Via dei Tribunali. This system of tunnels and cisterns underlies most of the city and lies approximately below ground level.
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M-53, while not officially designated, is commonly called the Van Dyke Freeway. Other freeways are referred to only by number as in the case of I-275 and M-59 with their names not being in common everyday usage. Detroit area freeways are sometimes sunken below ground level to permit local traffic to pass over the freeway. The Gordie Howe International Bridge is a planned new crossing linking I-75 and I-94 in the US to Ontario Highway 401 in Canada, avoiding the Ambassador Bridge and at-grade intersections along Windsor's Huron Church Road.
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It was London's first underground line with electric locomotives, and the first to extend south of the river. Electrification allowed the tunnels to be dug deep below ground level, as ventilation for smoke and steam was no longer necessary; the greater depth minimized the costly demolitions and interruptions required by cut-and- cover. In the year 1894, an estimated 228,605,000 passengers used the three underground railways then in operation, compared to 11,720,000 passengers in 1864 using the lone Metropolitan Railway. Before the century came to a close, a second deep-level tube was opened in 1898: the Waterloo & City Line.
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The burrows consist of a number of chambers, many of them used to store food for the winter, connected by very narrow passages. These passages, typically around wide, make it difficult for any animal larger than a vole to pass through, and thus help protect against predators such as weasels. The burrows run horizontally, no more than below ground level, and can extend for as far as from the tunnel entrance. Unusually among voles, in addition to storing food, such as roots and rhizomes, underground, singing voles also often leave stacks of grasses out on rocks to dry.
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Subsequent plans of the city from the 1880s seemed to ignore the dynamic changes taking place at the station where there was already a large, though only two-wheeled steam locomotive to six locomotives, adjacent to it a mechanical workshop from Kuznia, erected also in 1880, a three-track, a wooden carriage hall with a 'Vogele' shifter in front of the gates, numerous freight warehouses and exchange offices in the open squares. The station was extended in 1930. In June 2012 the station was demolished to make way for the building of a new station below ground level.
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The tower was transferred by English Heritage to private developers in the late 1990s and has now been converted to apartments. From the outside, the tower has been restored to pristine condition although there is an obvious contemporary structure added on the roof. On both sides the lowest pair of embrasures appear to be below ground level which indicates that originally the ditch was much deeper and more formidable than it now appears. On the east site, the brow of the hill has also been flattened to allow houses to be built and therefore the strategic dominance of the location harder to visualise.
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To construct the tunnel, 11 powerful steam engines, 15 double horse gins, 2000 men and 350 horses were used, and the work caused a huge change to the then known landscape, particularly in the area where Morley Low station is situated, where a huge cutting had to be excavated and the valley stream had to be culverted. At its deepest point the tunnel is 400 feet below ground level. It is almost level throughout its length except for a slight gradient to allow for drainage. The tunnel is high and 26 feet wide to accommodate two tracks.
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The intention was therefore to make the program even more accessible than Vanguardia de la Ciencia, with shorter interviews and more music. Ángel Rodríguez Lozano stated that it had been a marvellous experience, and that the response had been tremendous. The program included science news, interviews, and biographies of great scientists, written by Carmen Buergo. In the final, humorous section of the program, Ángel Rodríguez Lozano paid a visit to the archetypical mad scientist Alejandro Laguna, who supposedly lived and worked in a hidden laboratory in the basements of Radio Nacional de España, seven floors below ground level.
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Romsås is divided into six borettslag named after local geographical features: Orremyr, Emanuelfjell, Svarttjern, Røverkollen, Ravnkollen, and Tiurleiken. There are also six kindergartens, two elementary schools, a middle school, an assisted living facility (Romsåslia), and a center (Romsås senter) with social housing, a retirement home, shops and services, and a swimming pool. A subway station is located under the center, 50 m below ground level. With the exception of Romsåslia and the church, all buildings are located on the inside of a single road which starts at Grorud and loops back on itself in the shape of an elongated “q”.
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Caen stone was imported from northern France to provide details in the Tower's facing, although little of the original material survives as it was replaced with Portland stone in the 17th and 18th centuries. As most of the Tower's windows were enlarged in the 18th century, only two original – albeit restored – examples remain, in the south wall at the gallery level. The tower was terraced into the side of a mound, so the northern side of the basement is partially below ground level. As was typical of most keeps, the bottom floor was an undercroft used for storage.
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Groundwater extraction has caused the water table to drop variously from 90 to 300 meters (300 to 1000 feet) below ground level (as compared to an average water table depth of about 30 meters (90 feet) two decades ago), according to the Indian Institute of Science."Water access and citizens’ movements", The Hindu, 28 June 2007 The situation affecting T G Halli are not isolated. Rapid urbanization in and around Bangalore has destroyed many wetlands areas (of the 51 lakes in the city in 1973, only 17 remain in 2007), which has also contributed to the decrease in the water table.
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The columns are above steel assemblies some below ground level; these assemblies are square and thick. In total, over of steel were used in 28 Liberty Street; at its completion, it had more steel than any other New York City skyscraper except the Empire State Building and 30 Rockefeller Plaza. The 11th, 31st, and 51st floors and the third basement level are mechanical floors. Each of the above-ground mechanical floors is a double-height space, with regular windows along the facade on the upper half of each floor, and ventilation grates on the lower half.
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Paleolithic flints have been found in the drift gravels on the hills, and a few neolithic implements in old Frimley parish generically. On the crest on which the community sits, near the southern end of Chobham Ridges, is a very large round barrow called Round Butt; south of it Mainstone Hill probably preserves the name of the Standing Stone, which formed a boundary mark of Chobham in the 12th century Chertsey charter. William Stukeley's Itinerarium Curiosum records a Roman urn and coins as found here. Deepcut is so named as the Basingstoke Canal was constructed through the area in a deep cutting below ground level, in the 18th Century.
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Early-18th-century descriptions of the old town of Brighton (the present Lanes) concentrated on how small and low the houses were, and how the lower storeys were characteristically set slightly below ground level. This, and the proximity of the houses to each other, may have offered protection against storms and flooding from the sea. (In one of the earliest descriptions of Brighton - a letter dated 1736 - the rector of Buxted claims that "we live here underground almost ... the second storey is finished something under 12 feet.") "Huddling together" may have also helped the houses survive to the present day: they were poorly built and had little structural integrity.
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Ground-penetrating radar (or GPR) has a typical maximum depth below ground level (bgl) of 10 m, depending upon the antennae frequencies used, typically 50 MHz to 1.2 Gz. The higher the frequency the smaller the object that can be resolved but also penetration depths decrease, so operators need to think carefully when choosing antennae frequencies and, ideally, undertake trial surveys using different antennae over a target at a known depth onsite. GPR is the most popularly used technique in forensic search, but is not suitable in certain soil types and environments, e.g. coastal (i.e. salt-rich) and clay-rich soils (lack of penetration).
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A sub-surface station is planned, approximately below ground level, consisting of two central platforms, a pair of through tracks for trains to pass through the station without stopping, a street-level passenger concourse and a main entrance on the eastern side, facing the airport. Current proposals do not detail passenger interchange methods; various options are being considered to integrate the new station with existing transport networks, including extending the Manchester Metrolink airport tram line to connect the HS2 station with the existing airport railway station. If the station is built, it is estimated that the average journey time from London Euston to Manchester Airport would be 59 minutes.
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Record: 178 wins, 93 losses, 5 ties Autzen Stadium, 1967 program cover Autzen Stadium, 2011 The need for a larger stadium in Eugene was recognized by UO Athletic Director Leo Harris in the late 1950s, and Harris persuaded Oregon's administration to purchase property in Eugene's North Bank Park, about a mile north of the campus, for construction of a stadium. Autzen Stadium was completed in 1967. The field at Autzen was constructed to support natural grass, but the field surface stood below ground level, and Autzen had many of the same drainage issues as its predecessors. The grass was replaced with artificial turf in 1969.
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If the tree is growing on sloping ground the base of the tree should be considered to be where the center or pith of the tree intersects the supporting surface below, typically at mid-slope along the side of the tree. If the tree is large and this measurement would place one portion of the girth loop below ground level, then the measurement should be made at 4.5 feet above ground level at the high side of the slope. It should always be noted whether or not the tree being measured is single or multitrunk. A single trunk tree is one which would only have a single pith at ground level.
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Project Rio Blanco was an underground nuclear test that took place on May 17, 1973 in Rio Blanco County, Colorado, approximately 36 miles (58 km) northwest of Rifle.Rio Blanco Site Fact Sheet, DOE Office of Legacy Management Three 33-kiloton nuclear devices were detonated nearly simultaneously in a single emplacement well at depths of below ground level. The tests were conducted in fine-grain, low-permeability sandstone lenses at the base of the Fort Union Formation and the upper portion of the Mesaverde Formation. This was the third and final natural-gas-reservoir stimulation test in the Plowshare program, which was designed to develop peaceful uses for nuclear energy.
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The extra cost of approximately 4 million euro is planned to mitigate the negative perception of the NSS project due to the collapse as well as budget increases, late completion (originally planned for 2011) and disruption. To avoid the possible destruction of archaeological artefacts underneath one of the oldest cities in Germany, the NSS was bored down to nearly 30 meters below ground level. At the location of the future stations, however, archaeological digs were still required and are cited as one of the reasons for the already significant cost overruns. While initially estimated to cost around 600 million euro, the current price tag is calculated at around 960 million euro.
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Watsessing Avenue (also known as Watsessing) is a New Jersey Transit rail station in Bloomfield, New Jersey, along the Montclair-Boonton Line. It is located beneath the Bloomfield Police Benevolent Association meeting hall (which formerly served as the station building) near the corner of Watsessing Avenue and Orange Street in Bloomfield. It is one of two stations on the line where the boarding platform is below ground level (the Glen Ridge station, two stops away from it, is the other). The Watsessing station and the Kingsland station in Lyndhurst on the Main Line shared similar designs (both station platforms are located below street level) and were built about the same time.
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During World War I and World War II, many types of blockhouses were built, when time allowed usually constructed of reinforced concrete. The major difference between a modern blockhouse and a bunker is that a bunker is constructed mostly below ground level while a blockhouse is constructed mostly above ground level.For the difference between blockhouses and bunkers see , , The Admiralty Citadel in 2008 Some blockhouses like those constructed in England in 1940 were built in anticipation of a German invasion, they were often hexagonal in shape and were called "pillboxes". About 28,000 pillboxes and other hardened field fortifications were constructed of which about 6,500 still survive.
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Home Front Command, תקנות מוסדות בריאות ,2010 All long term treatments facilities must be built as a bomb shelter and must be built to sustain 4 hours of isolation.Home Front Command, תקנות מוסדות בריאות ,2010, p4 section 280 subsection ב Residential buildings and homes in Israel built after 1990 are generally equipped with Merkhav Mugan. Single- or two-story buildings built between 1982-1990 in the northern parts are equipped with a fortified route (sometimes below ground level) into a public bomb shelter. Older buildings generally lack these fortifications. (All buildings built between 1951 - 1982 are designed with access for neighborhood public bomb shelters).
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Mills calls these hypothetical hydrogen atoms that are in an energy state below ground level, "hydrinos". Mills self-published a closely related book, The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Physics and has co-authored articles on claimed hydrino-related phenomena. (Self-published) Critics say it lacks corroborating scientific evidence, and is a relic of cold fusion. Critical analysis of the claims have been published in the peer reviewed journals Physics Letters A, New Journal of Physics, Journal of Applied Physics, and Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics on the basis that Quantum Mechanics is valid, and that the proposed hydrino states are unphysical and incompatible with key equations of Quantum Mechanics.
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According to the article "To Cover This Assembly Bowl: A Prestressed Saucer" by Engineering News-Record, the total weight of Assembly Hall is carried by 48 massive buttresses to a wide and thick concrete ring foundation, with a radius. The construction crews first dug down from ground level and poured the concrete ring on high-density, hard gray clay. The center floor of the stadium is below ground level, however the contractors decided not to excavate all of the dirt before the roof was constructed. This decision gave the construction crews more surface area to work on, and decreased the height of scaffolding used when forming the concrete roof.
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This oozing resin mixes with the wood dust and forms a pinkish "pitch tube" on the bark at the site of entry. If she successfully gains entry into the sapwood, the female spends about a fortnight excavating a gallery which typically is at first horizontal and then goes vertically downwards, often to below ground level. Here she is joined by a male and lays about a hundred eggs at one side of the gallery. The eggs hatch after ten to fourteen days and the larvae fan out, chewing their way side by side through the surface layers of the sapwood, creating a gallery packed full with the frass they produce.
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The Tunkhannock Viaduct at Nicholson, the line's namesake, is considered to be the world's largest concrete structure. Built with approximately of concrete, its ten spans go below ground-level to bedrock, making the center span of the bridge effectively tall. Over the years, Nicholson Viaduct would become a symbol of the engineering accomplishments of the Lackawanna. The Nicholson Cutoff was used for trains of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad and later used for trains of the Erie Lackawanna Railway, Conrail, Delaware and Hudson Railway, Guilford Rail System (now Pan Am Railways), New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway, Canadian Pacific Railway and Norfolk Southern Railway.
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Wine cellar According to the international Oxford Dictionary of English, a finished fully underground cellar is a room below ground level in a house that is often used for the storage of wine or coal;Soanes, Catherine and Stevenson, Angus (ed.) (2005). Oxford Dictionary of English, 2nd Ed., revised, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, p. 278. . it may also refer to the stock of wine itself. A cellar is intended to remain at a constant cool (not freezing) temperature all year round and usually has either a small window/opening or some form of air ventilation (air/draught bricks, etc.) in order to help eliminate damp or stale air.
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Augustus Knuth joints a wooden block for the timber frame In Chicago, Samuel K. Allison had found a suitable location long, wide and high, sunk slightly below ground level, in a space under the stands at Stagg Field originally built as a rackets court. Stagg Field had been largely unused since the University of Chicago had given up playing American football in 1939, but the rackets courts under West Stands were still used for playing squash and handball. Leona Woods and Anthony L. Turkevich played squash there in 1940. Since it was intended for strenuous exercise, the area was unheated, and very cold in the winter.
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Geographic route map of the Great Northern, Piccadilly & Brompton Railway The Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway (GNP&BR;), also known as the Piccadilly tube, was a railway company established in 1902 that constructed a deep-level underground "tube" railway in London.A "tube" railway is an underground railway constructed in a cylindrical tunnel by the use of a tunnelling shield, usually deep below ground level. The GNP&BR; was formed through a merger of two older companies, the Brompton and Piccadilly Circus Railway (B&PCR;) and the Great Northern and Strand Railway (GN&SR;). It also incorporated part of a tube route planned by a third company, the District Railway (DR).
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The legacy of this can be observed in the construction of the spiral staircase, which has no central column, and in the observation chamber which remains in place below ground level. In the reconstruction after the Great Fire, Hooke proposed redesigning London's streets on a grid pattern with wide boulevards and arteries, a pattern subsequently used in the renovation of Paris, Liverpool, and many American cities. This proposal was thwarted by arguments over property rights, as property owners were surreptitiously shifting their boundaries. Hooke was in demand to settle many of these disputes, due to his competence as a surveyor and his tact as an arbitrator.
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The Merrill Engineering building (referred to as the MEB) is named after Joseph F. Merrill who became the first principal of the College of Engineering. The first phase of construction on the Merrill Engineering Building was completed in 1960 and it served as the main building for the College of Engineering until the John and Marva Warnock Engineering building was completed. The building still houses most of the student and research labs used by the college of engineering. The MEB also houses a TRIGA nuclear reactor 25 feet below ground level in a double-wall reactor tank filled with water that has been operating since 1975.
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In modern buildings, the term undercroft is often used to describe a ground-level parking area that occupies the footprint of the building (and sometimes extends to other service or garden areas around the structure). This type of parking is, however, discouraged by some urban design guidelines, as it prevents the ground floor from having activities (shops, restaurants or similar) that provide for a lively streetscape.The Edinburgh Standards for Urban Design, Section 3.4 (from the City of Edinburgh Council website. Accessed 2008-10-11.) Another modern use of the term is to describe the rooms alongside swimming pool tanks, below ground level, that carry filtration services and the like.
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In both cases, plants are adapted to release their aerial seed bank following a bushfire, ensuring seedlings are established on clear and relatively fertile ground; however the possession of a lignotuber makes plants much less reliant on fire regime for population maintenance and regeneration, as maternal plants are not killed by bushfire, but resprout from below ground level. Lignotuberous plants generally occur among the north-eastern populations, in the vicinity of Woodanilling. An investigation into the biogeography of these plants failed to find any vegetative, climatic or other environmental factors associated with the possession of a lignotuber. Banksia flowerheads in general play host to a variety of birds, mammals and insects.
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The Bent Pyramid has two entrances, one fairly low down on the north side, to which a substantial wooden stairway has been built for the convenience of tourists. The second entrance is high on the west face of the pyramid. Each entrance leads to a chamber with a high, corbelled roof; the northern entrance leads to a chamber that is below ground level, the western to a chamber built in the body of the pyramid itself. A hole in the roof of the northern chamber (accessed today by a high and rickety ladder long) leads via a rough connecting passage to the passage from the western entrance.
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The water will generally require further heating in order to reach a usable temperature, An example is the Glenalmond Street project in Shettleston, which uses a combination of solar and geothermal energy to heat 16 houses. Water in a coal mine below ground level is heated by geothermal energy and maintained at a temperature of about 12 °C (54 °F) throughout the year. The warmed water is raised and passed through a heat pump, boosting the temperature to 55 °C (131 °F), and is then distributed to the houses providing heating to radiators. There is also potential for geothermal energy production from decommissioned oil and gas fields.
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Ion system in Ontario's Waterloo Region spurred massive development along its route before opening The cost of light rail construction varies widely, largely depending on the amount of tunneling and elevated structures required. A survey of North American light rail projects shows that costs of most LRT systems range from $15 million to over $100 million per mile. Seattle's new light rail system is by far the most expensive in the US, at $179 million per mile, since it includes extensive tunneling in poor soil conditions, elevated sections, and stations as deep as below ground level. This results in costs more typical of subways or rapid transit systems than light rail.
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In addition, the ride also features two inversions and a maximum descent that reaches below ground level. Goliath was constructed over a nine-month period on the site previously occupied by Iron Wolf, a steel roller coaster removed in 2011 and relocated to Six Flags America. Goliath's opening allowed Great America to claim the title of having the most wooden track in one park, a recognition that was later claimed by Kings Island. Following its record-breaking debut, the coaster was well-received by the media and enthusiasts, and it has consistently ranked in the top 25 among wooden coasters in the annual Golden Ticket Awards publication from Amusement Today.
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A common term for both is barrier, which is convenient for structures that are partly wall and partly fence—for example the Berlin Wall. Another kind of wall-fence ambiguity is the ha-ha—which is set below ground level to protect a view, yet acts as a barrier (to cattle, for example). An old Italian wall surrounded by flowers Before the invention of artillery, many of the world's cities and towns, particularly in Europe and Asia, had defensive or protective walls (also called town walls or city walls). In fact, the English word "wall" derives from Latin vallum—a type of fortification wall.
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Thus, the two areas reserved for these stations are not serviced and remain accessible only via a trap door five floors below ground level in an underground parking lot. The current line was realized in part by the number of lanes on the A14 autoroute, which were reduced to 2×2 instead of 3×3, as had previously been planned. Orly-Sud was conceived at the same time as the terminal, and was dug out under the building in preparation of a future expansion of the Métro to this location. However no such expansion ever occurred, and the automated Métro Orlyval instead opened in 1997 without using the location that had been reserved for the Métro station.
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Miners at Tylesley during the 1926 strike In order to maintain production outputs during the Second World War the British government passed the Conditions of Employment and National Arbitration Order 1940, commonly referred to as Order 1305. This made it an offence for workers to go on strike unless the Ministry of Labour and National Service failed to refer a labour dispute for settlement by a National Arbitration Tribunal within 21 days. The order had the support of the ministry's National Joint Consultative Committee which included representation from the British Employers' Confederation and the Trades Union Congress. Betteshanger was the largest colliery in the Kent Coalfield, employing thousands of miners working a seam some below ground level.
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The main façade is oriented towards the south, which increases sun exposure during the colder winter months, at the same time preventing direct sunlight in the summer months. This exposure allows the reduction of heating and air conditioning costs, while at the same time natural ventilation outlets on top of the building provide air circulation and cooling. By placing the main floor 6.4 metres below ground level the architects allowed for a generously high roof, while at the same time reducing the external footprint and minimizing heat exchange (as a result of the smaller surface area exposed to the weather). The external glass façade is shaded by overhanging panels, designed to allow sunlight only during winter months.
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The plan of cathedral is long, wide, and (ground level) high. The main building is elevated with the basement area extending to below ground level. The first two levels of underground chapel Saint Andrew's Cave, form a main hall with a height of 11 meters, which can hold 3,000 standing worshippers. The planned ground area is larger (152m by 92m / 13,668 square meters), divided into spaces including a main hall, other halls and rooms for events; an icon and religious clothing shop; a workshop (for carpentry, upholstery and metal work for example); a museum, gallery-exhibition, liturgical performance media shop; as well as storage rooms, a refectory, parking access, religious/sacremental objects and employees rooms.
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Located in the County Fair section of the park, American Eagle is a dual-track wooden racing coaster that spans almost the entire southern edge of the park. Some of the hallmarks of the coaster's out-and-back design include its 560-degree helix at the turnaround point and a 55-degree first drop that dips below ground level. An original design feature was a set of holding brakes that would perch trains at the top of the lift hill for a brief moment to give riders a bird's-eye view of the impending, drop. Use of the holding brakes was short-lived, however, and they were eventually removed from the track altogether.
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Washington Square Arch In 1889, to celebrate the centennial of George Washington's inauguration as president of the United States, a large plaster and wood Memorial Arch was erected over Fifth Avenue just north of the park. The temporary plaster and wood arch was so popular that in 1892, a permanent Tuckahoe marble arch, designed by the New York architect Stanford White, was erected, standing and modeled after the Arc de Triomphe, built in Paris in 1806. During the excavations for the eastern part of the arch, human remains, a coffin, and a gravestone dated to 1803 were uncovered below ground level. The first fountain next to the arch was completed in 1852 and replaced in 1872.
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Wittenbergplatz, KaDeWe (left), and Tauentzienstraße, Structure of subway lines U1, U2 and U3 at Wittenbergplatz. Wittenbergplatz is one of the oldest U-Bahn stations in Berlin, opened on 11 March 1902 with the first Stammstrecke (present-day U1) line running under the eponymous square and adjacent Tauentzienstraße, today one of the major shopping streets in Berlin. Initially a common underground station with two tracks on two side platforms, it was completely refurbished as an interchange from 1910 onwards. The new station serving three U-Bahn lines opened on 1 December 1912 with two island platforms and one side platform, serving five tracks at one below ground level and under a single roof.
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Copper naphthenate is an active ingredient used predominantly in industrial and commercial wood preservation for non-pressure (dip/brush/spray) and pressure treatments (vacuum/full cell) to protect against fungal rot, decay, termites and wood-boring insects in unfinished wood and various fabricated wood products. This preservative is also used for remedial treatments to in-service poles including internal/external surfaces at ground or below ground level via brush/trowel, mechanical injection, or bandage wrap. Wood treated with copper naphthenate is specified for exterior above ground, ground contact, below ground and fresh water contact use applications. Copper naphthenate is also used as protective wood preservative surface treatments when applied to bare seasoned wood.
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Each storey of the tower is a single room, with a stone vaulted ceiling. The orientation of the vaulting alternates between north-south and east-west on each storey, in a rare arrangement that helps to counteract the lateral thrust of the vaulting in the levels above and below each storey. The ground floor, which is somewhat below ground level, served as a store room, and provided protection for cattle when necessary; a hatch in the vaulted roof communicates with the hall above, and would have provided a means of passing goods between the store room and the living accommodation. The first floor, which was protected from intruders by a surviving iron yett, served as a small hall.
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To obtain planning permission, the playing surface is around 3.5m below ground level, ensuring that the single- storey structure is only about 3.5m above ground level, and thus not affecting local views. Plans to build on the current site of Court 13 were dismissed due to the high capacity of games played at the 2012 Olympic Games. The old No.2 Court has been renamed as No.3 Court. The old No.2 Court was known as the "Graveyard of Champions" because many highly seeded players were eliminated there during early rounds over the years, including Ilie Năstase, John McEnroe, Boris Becker, Andre Agassi, Pete Sampras, Martina Hingis, Venus Williams, Serena Williams and Maria Sharapova.
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It had been robbed in the past, likely soon after the burial, and items in precious materials taken, but the thieves had not bothered with the over 800 pottery tomb figures, and the extensive frescos were untouched. The robbers had left in a hurry, leaving silver items scattered around, and the corpse of one of their number. The tomb had a flattened pyramid rising 12 metres above ground, and a long sloping entrance tunnel lined with frescos, leading to an antechamber and the tomb chamber itself, 12 metres below ground level with a high domed roof.Watson, 136–141, Most of the contents, including the frescos, are now in the Shaanxi History Museum.
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The Churchill Theatre in Bromley, southeast London was built by the London Borough of Bromley to designs by its borough architect's department. The Churchill is an example of a repertory theatre built in the style of European opera houses, with a large stage and sub-stage workshops. Integrated into the central library complex overlooking Church House Gardens and Library Gardens, it was built on the side of a hill, disguising the number and size of the lower levels and giving the impression of being smaller by setting the auditorium below ground level which is entered by descending staircases from the foyer. The theatre was opened on 19 July 1977 by the Prince of Wales, and seats 781.
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Sinter cone built by Cuexcomate geyser Staircase leading into the crater of Cuexcomate geyser Layers in the crater walls Cuexcomate is an inactive geyser in Puebla city, Puebla state, Mexico. The sinter cone that the geyser built up around its vent is tall and has a diameter of . A central crater within the cone is up to wide and deep (extending below ground level). Historically, Cuexcomate has been cited that the geyser was formed before the 1064 eruption of the Popocatépetl, an active volcano and the second highest peak in Mexico, which likely activated geothermal spring circulation that cut upward through Mesozoic limestone and deposited the geyser and the springs around it.
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Cullen viaduct (NJ 50623 67213) is a Grade B listed structure eight arches, built to carry a single track, constructed in 1884 and approached by substantial embankments. It was "designed around hollow masonry piers founded on concrete bases up to 20 feet (6.1m) below ground level, the limestone blocks being filled with rubble. The arches were built of red bricks set in cement with a ring of ashlar on each side, while the parapets were of blue limestone with a freestone capping."RCAHMS Site Record for Cullen viaduct P M Barnett was the engineer responsible, such structures being made necessary by the refusal to permit the railway on an easier access through the Seafield Estate's property.
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The center of gravity of the charge would have been at least 20 feet below ground level. Some media reports have stated that the purpose of Divine Strake was to test the ability of a conventional explosive to penetrate underground military compounds. However, other reports suggested that this explanation was not credible given the weight, dimensions and emplacement of the charge and that the program was designed to test the effects of a nuclear bunker buster on deeply buried tunnel structures. The organization immediately responsible for conducting the test, the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, stated: > The experiment is not being conducted in support of any specific existing or > planned nuclear or conventional weapon.
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In its design, the Ring of Memory is both similar and different to other famous war memorials. Like the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C., it lists the soldiers without distinction for rank or nationality, although the Vietnam Veterans Memorial lists the names chronologically, not alphabetically. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial is also made of black granite, not steel, so the polished surface reflects the memorial’s surroundings and those standing in front of it. The National World War II Memorial, also located in Washington, D.C., is similarly shaped like a ring, but it is sunken below ground level instead of above it, and uses golden stars to denote the number of casualties instead of lists of names.
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The foundation is of masonry, on > which is surmounted the cast-iron base which has four arms from each corner > to a distance of sixty feet at a depth of five feet and six inches (152 mm) > below ground level. The pillar is wholly composed of cast-iron, upon a > square pediment which in turn, receives a rectangular plinth, and upon this > stands a cylindrical column of smooth surface and symmetrical diameter, > ornamented with suitable coping on which rests the clock surrounded with a > weather vane. The plinth is inscribed on the four aspects, on the south side > - Presented to the town of Tredegar from the proceeds of a bazaar promoted > by Mrs. R.P. Davis.
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The average daily flow is approximately 0.3 gigalitres (0.3 × 109 litres), out of a London average day demand of approximately 2.0 gigalitres (2.0 × 109 litres). The main currently comprises a major loop linking the Hampton, Walton, Ashford and Kempton WTWs clustered on the Thames upstream of Teddington Weir to central London by a southern branch via Brixton and northern branch via Kew, and a separate unconnected length from Coppermills WTW to Stoke Newington. The main is well below most water mains, at a depth of to below ground level and approximately to below sea-level. It is connected to water supply zones by some 20 shafts that extend from the main to ground level.
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The track was sunk below ground level and was sheltered by banks of spectator seating, creating a 'bowl effect'. This not only gave ideal viewing conditions but also offered athletes every opportunity of producing peak performances. This record-breaking philosophy has even had a bearing on the angle at which the track was set and its positioning was relative to the prevailing winds and the rise and fall of the sun. The finishing line was positioned at the east end of the stadium which meant that in the afternoon and evening when most meetings are held the sun would always be at the athletes' backs in the finishing straight, as is the prevailing westerly wind.
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A three-story new addition had to be built in 1997 to fight overcrowding..Councilman Vincent Gardina The new section has health and career education classrooms below ground level, tall music rooms and social science rooms at ground level, and foreign language and art rooms on the second floor. Because of the tall music rooms, the second floor of the new addition is a half story higher than the second floor of the main building. Currently, there are portable classrooms situated outside the main building to alleviate the continuing overpopulation problem. The most recent addition was a hallway around the auditorium to alleviate the crowded junction on the first floor between the old and new wings.
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In September 2006, EMI sold the tower and adjacent properties for US$50 million to New York developer Argent Ventures. The studio claimed that noise from construction of a condominium threatened it, as well as an underground parking lot by building firm Second Street Ventures would have heavy equipment working within of its renowned underground echo chambers, which are themselves over below ground level. In November 2012, Steve Barnett was announced as the new Chairman and CEO of the Capitol Music Group and the company stated his office would be in the building. This coincided with Capitol Music Group becoming part of Universal Music Group, assuring its new parent company two Los Angeles headquarters.
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During the Cold War, many countries built fallout shelters for high- ranking government officials and crucial military facilities, such as Project Greek Island and the Cheyenne Mountain nuclear bunker in the United States and Canada's Emergency Government Headquarters. Plans were made, however, to use existing buildings with sturdy below-ground-level basements as makeshift fallout shelters. These buildings were placarded with the orange-yellow and black trefoil sign designed by United States Army Corps of Engineers director of administrative logistics support function Robert W. Blakeley in 1961. The National Emergency Alarm Repeater (NEAR) program was developed in the United States in 1956 during the Cold War to supplement the existing siren warning systems and radio broadcasts in the event of a nuclear attack.
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The accident was caused by a methane explosion located more than below ground level. The Zasyadko Mine is considered one of the most dangerous coal mines in the world,Шахта им. А.Ф.Засядько в Донецке. Справка RIA Novosti, November 19, 2007 An independent mining expert recently claimed that the company management, linked to a powerful local clan, interferes with hazard-measuring equipment on a permanent basis, in order to present underground situation as being within the safety standards, and so to prevent production from closure by the government inspectors.Перша версія трагедії у Донецьку (TSN news on Channel 1+1), November 22, 2007 (video of the report) President Viktor Yushchenko blamed the cabinet for failing to “implement safe mining practices” in the coal industry.
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The massive computing and digital signal processing systems located at the KAPB are housed in a large shielded chamber (or Faraday cage) to prevent radio signals from the equipment interfering with the sensitive radio receivers. The KAPB itself is partially buried below ground level to provide additional radio frequency interference (RFI) protection, and to provide temperature stability. The KAPB also houses a power conditioning facility for the entire site, including three diesel rotary UPS units that provide an uninterrupted power supply to the whole site. A long-haul optical fibre transfers data from the KAPB to the Centre for High Performance Computing (CHPC) and SARAO office in Cape Town, and provides a control and monitoring link to the SARAO operations centre in Cape Town.
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The decision to set up the air wing was made in 1936 to defend the import/export harbours on the west coast. The wing itself was not commissioned until October 1, 1940 and the airfield took until 1941 to complete. Initially, two squadrons of J 8 fighters were commissioned in 1940, but they were quickly replaced by three squadrons of J 11s. In 1942 hangars and some of the base command were relocated inside large shelters blasted out of the rocks. Initially the shelter area was only 8,000 m² (72,000 sq ft.) but it was later extended to 22,000 m² (200,000 sq ft.) 30 m (100 ft) below ground level. During 1943, the J 11s were replaced by J 22s and subsequently by J 21s in 1946.
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The Prince George campus is located on Cranbrook Hill, overlooking the city of Prince George from the west, and is widely renowned for its innovative architecture. The award-winning Wood Innovation and Design Centre, designed by Michael Green Architecture, was the world’s tallest modern all-timber structure upon completion and serves as a facility for the research and education on the uses of wood. The separate buildings are linked by an agora that is partially below ground level. It is the efficient heating system connected to all the core campus buildings that permits UNBC to pursue its goal of heating the university by the gasification of clean-burning, renewable wood pellets collected from the waste of pine trees killed by the mountain pine beetle epidemic.
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In between these two interchanges the A4, the E 19 and the E 30 all run concurrent and on this location, there is a basketweave exchange. The outerlanes of the basketweave are for connecting the A13 and the stack exchange ramps from and to the A12, the inner lanes are the continuing the A4. Leaving the basketweave interchange, the A4, now concurrent with the E 30, continues southwards around Delft towards southeastern Delft, where it continues partially below ground level through the Midden-Delfland region. It then enters the Rotterdam region at a semi-directional T-interchange, called Kethelplein, where the motorway travels to the south while the A20 concurrents with the E 25, travels from the east to the west.
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An in-building cellular enhancement system, commonly implemented in conjunction with a distributed antenna system (DAS), is a telecommunications solution which is used to extend and distribute the cellular signal of a given mobile network operator (hereafter abbreviated as an MNO) within a building. In the United States, operators commonly supported by such solutions include AT&T; Mobility, Verizon Wireless, Sprint Corporation, T-Mobile US, in addition to smaller regional carriers as required. Below ground level, large buildings and high rises are examples where mobile phones are unable to properly reach the carrier's macro or outdoor network. In these environments, the in-building cellular enhancement system will connect to the carrier's signal source which is typically a bi-directional amplifier or a base transceiver station.
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This open drain would then have been gradually built over, as building space within the city became more valuable. It is possible that both theories are correct, and certainly some of the main lower parts of the system suggest that they would have been below ground level even at the time of the supposed construction. Pliny the Elder, writing in the late 1st century, describes the early Cloaca Maxima as "large enough to allow the passage of a wagon loaded with hay". The eleven aqueducts which supplied water to Rome by the 1st century AD were finally channelled into the sewers after having supplied the many public baths such as the Baths of Diocletian and the Baths of Trajan, the public fountains, imperial palaces and private houses.
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Both lines in Phase-1 have tunnel sections in the city center which were the first metro tunnels built in South India. Construction of underground sections in Phase 1 commenced during late 2012. The delay was due to cancellation of the initial tenders called during early 2008 as the entire DPR had to be revised and bids received were too high. A second round of tendering was done in late 2009 with the gigantic Majestic inter-change station as a separate package. Bids were awarded for the tunnel sections during 2011 and construction began in 2012. The tunnels bored with tunnel boring machines (TBMs), located approximately 60 feet below ground level, have a diameter of 5.5 metres and are 5 metres apart.
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The cuirass on the famous Augustus of Prima Porta is particularly ornate. In the center, a Roman officer is about to receive a Roman military standard (aquila) from a bearded "barbarian" who appears to be a Parthian. The Roman, who has a hound at his side, is most often identified as a young Tiberius, and the scene is usually read as the return in 20 BC of the standards lost at the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC. The anatomically realistic navel (Greek omphalos, Latin umbilicus) is placed between the two central figures, slightly below ground level in relation to the feet and centered above the personification of Earth, positioned over the abdomen.Lawrence Keppie, The Making of the Roman Army: From Republic to Empire (University of Oklahoma Press, 1984), p. 230.
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The ecology of rockholes (shallow depressions that collect local rainwater) and outcrop springs (springs of water that has percolated through rock layers in the immediately surrounding area) is poorly studied, as is the ecology of the species that occur within aquifers below ground level (stygobiota). However, discharge springs (springs of water that had percolated through rock layers over long distances and from which water emanates under pressure) are better studied, and numerous locally endemic species of plant, mollusc and fish have been identified. The ecology of both discharge springs and stygobiota is understood to depend on relatively stable water regimes, compared with the highly intermittent character of other aquatic habitats in the region. As a result of water drawdown for agriculture, discharge springs have been subject to significant degradation over the last century.
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The Stony Swamp overpass at the southern entrance to Ottawa is a pre- tensioned concrete arch; the design, which allows the structure to cross the entire right of way with a single span, won the 1996 Award of Excellence from the Portland Cement Association. The bridge acts as a gateway to the National Capital Region and is the longest rigid frame bridge in Ontario with a span. In the same vicinity, the freeway sinks below ground level in a trench; groundwater-retaining walls were installed to prevent the lowering of the water table in adjacent wetlands, therefore mitigating damage to them. At the Jock River, southwest of Barrhaven, deposits of sensitive leda clay presented a challenge in designing the crossing for the freeway as well as the Canadian National Railway overpass to the north.
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Confronted with rocky platforms and sharp drops, Cox had his men clear the flattest parts, removing an "immense quantity of rock" where necessary, and usually marking out the line with shallow chiselled gutters and utilising the rock platform as a pavement; where the road ran over the shallow soils, it was often marked out by rows or low walls of rough, broken stone. The actual building of the road involved the definition of a trafficable route which was then cleared of vegetation (trees being cut-off below ground level but rarely "grubbed out"), boulders and rocky outcrops. The formation of the road itself was as minimal as the terrain allowed, with low side-cuttings and embankments as necessary. The actual construction and completion of the road is recorded in Cox's Journal.
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The design was changed to put the highway below ground level, open to the air above. One proposal involved covering the highway from Pine Street to Arch Street, but this was later reduced in the final design to two smaller cover decks, with the rest still open to the air above. The downtown portion of the highway was constructed, and eventually opened in 1979. The riverfront south of Center City, Queen Village, previously known as Southwark, lost hundreds of homes and businesses, including over 300 houses built in the 18th century, to the construction of the highway. Queen Village resident Marty Labb described the destruction in a publication by the Queen Village Neighborhood Association: “I-95 almost destroyed the neighborhood because it took an awful lot of homes away.
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On 21 December 2013, the Mozambican Civil Aviation Institute (Instituto Moçambicano de Aviação Civil, IACM) head João Abreu presented the preliminary investigation report, according to which Captain Herminio dos Santos Fernandes had a "clear intention" to crash the jet and manually changed its autopilot settings, making this a suicide by pilot. After the co-pilot left the cockpit, two minutes passed before the captain decided to lock the door, and a further minute passed before he initiated a descent. NTSB pilot psychologist Malcolm Brenner stated that during this period the captain was probably "thinking about life" and contemplating whether he could carry out such an action. The aircraft's intended altitude was reportedly changed three times from to , the latter being below ground level, and the speed was manually adjusted as well.
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The fossils of Sirindhorna were collected as part of the JTDP, at the Ban Saphan Hin site of the Khok Kruat Formation; the dating of the formation is uncertain (as index fossils have proven rare), but it's thought to mostly likely date the Aptian stage of the late Early Cretaceous Period, between 125-112 million years ago. The formation does not usually crop out in the Nakhon Ratchasima province, where the geologic features are covered in a layer of thin red soil (local legend claims this colour is from the blood of dinosaurs); Early Cretaceous bedrock in Suranaree is generally found around a metre below ground level. The locality of the Sirindhorna bonebed is usually used for farming of corn and tapioca. Digging to make a reservoir, farmers happened upon dinosaur fossils.
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The original station at this location was a two-track side platform station that ran south from Church Avenue, whereas the current station runs to the north. At a point about south of Church Avenue, a clear difference in the form of the concrete retaining wall is visible on both sides of the right-of-way. This marks the point where the original Brighton Beach Line transitioned from an open-cut line depressed below ground level to a surface railroad for the remainder of the run to Coney Island. The line south of this point was converted from a two-track surface line to a four-track grade-separated line in 1907, and the portion north of this point was rebuilt from a two-track open cut to a four-track open cut in 1919.
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The war room takes the form of a two level windowless building, with the upper level being above ground level and protected by massive concrete walls, while the lower level is below ground level. The building is surmounted by towers containing filtration equipment. The bunker was designed to cope with attacks by weapons of the type used during the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II. The development of the hydrogen bomb and the expectation of mutually assured destruction meant that the war room was both inadequately protected, and seen as too small to support the large live-in staff that would be needed after a major nuclear strike. Its principal responsibilities were transferred to a new Regional Seat of Government RSG-6 at Warren Row near Maidenhead.
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The courtyard complex was reserved for the private quarters of the emperor and was built around another peristyle garden surrounded by a colonnade on two levels, the upper containing complex sets of rooms and the lower, 10 m below ground level, consisting of a pool with an unusual design of islands consisting of four peltas, typical moon-shaped shields of the Amazons, all surfaces being originally faced with marble. On the southwest side of this complex is the great exedra, a long curving arcaded gallery linking two wings, overlooking the Circus Maximus to the southwest allowing the emperor to watch the races. It may have had an ornamental façade, perhaps added by Trajan when the seats of the circus were carried up thus far (Gnomon, 1927, p. 593 Verlag C.H.Beck).
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Hotson's jerboa is a nocturnal, solitary rodent and digs long tunnels in hard ground in which to live. The tunnels are of three types; temporary short burrows with several entrances and several tunnels and a single chamber; breeding burrows with more and longer tunnels, more numerous entrances and a nest chamber at least below ground level; winter burrows with a single long tunnel, usually horizontal but with the single chamber some way beneath the ground surface, in which the animal hibernates. This jerboa feeds on seeds and such desert plants as Artemisia aucheri, Anabasis aphylla and Peganum harmala; it stores pieces of stem and leaf in storage chambers inside the burrow. It has been found that the jerboa is more active at night when the moon is not shining, and at the beginning and the end of the lunar cycle.
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Blanford's jerboa is a solitary rodent and digs long tunnels in hard ground in which to live. It uses its incisors to loosen the soil, its fore-limbs for digging and pushing loose material under its body, its hind limbs to kick the soil backwards and its snout to ram loose soil. The tunnels are of three types; temporary short burrows with several entrances, several tunnels and a single chamber; breeding burrows with more and longer tunnels, more numerous entrances and a nest chamber at least below ground level; winter burrows with a single long tunnel, usually horizontal but with the single chamber some way beneath the ground surface. This jerboa feeds on seeds and such desert plants as Artemisia aucheri, Anabasis aphylla and Peganum harmala, and pieces of stem and leaf have been found inside burrows.
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Prior to the Vault, super-humans in US custody were usually imprisoned in Ryker's Island's special wards; however, concern about the danger posed to non-super-human inmates by the prison's frequent breakouts by the super-human population led to those wards being closed. Another venue, the energy research facility Project Pegasus, was also briefly used, though the unsuitability of such an institution for use as a general prison led to the imprisonment of most criminals there being discontinued eventually. The US Government then set about building a unique penitentiary dedicated and designed exclusively for the detainment of super-human criminals. Using expertise, research and technology pioneered at Project Pegasus spearheaded by Dr. Henri Sorel, and extremely robust materials such as adamantium and osmium steel, they built an underground three-level structure over below ground level in the Rocky Mountain range in Colorado.
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The famous three towers of the Middle Ages: the Saint-Nicolas Church, the Belfry and the Saint Bavo Cathedral and the modernist Booktower. Constructed in concrete – an innovation in those days – using the then equally innovative technique of sliding shuttering, the tower was given the shape of a Greek cross to symbolize the connection between time and space, and merging heaven and earth. Twenty storeys above and four below ground level accommodate a line-up of some 46 kilometres of printed material, or over 3 million items. Supporting the vertical lines of the tower and the books on the shelves are the horizontal lines of the open books on the long tables of the magnificent reading-room, the rectangular courtyard that bathes in daylight, and the reading-room for manuscripts, safely shielded from daylight at the north side of the edifice.
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It was one of the first and most successful timber mills in the Cooloola area and played an important role in legislative reform in the boiler industry in terms of health and safety following the boiler explosion of 1873. The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history. The survival of extensive remnant material associated with the tramway, the cemetery, dairy area, jetties and wharves at Mill Point, including surface and sub-surface archaeological deposits to a depth of at least below ground level, has the potential to reveal further information about 19th and 20th century life and burial practices at a company timber town in rural Queensland, and about timber extraction and processing. The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
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The impact of this was so intense that the seismograph at Kidderpore registered it as an earthquake and a Hindu temple on the shore was destroyed, although it was subsequently rebuilt. While muck was being cleared, numerous varieties of objects were brought up, including anchors, grappling irons, cannons, cannonballs, brass vessels, and coins dating back to the East India Company. The job of sinking the caissons was carried out round-the-clock at a rate of a foot or more per day. The caissons were sunk through soft river deposits to a stiff yellow clay 26.5 m below ground level. The accuracy of sinking the huge caissons was exceptionally precise, within 50–75 mm of the true position. After penetrating 2.1 m into clay, all shafts were plugged with concrete after individual dewatering, with some 5 m of backfilling in adjacent shafts.
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The University Link tunnel begins in Downtown Seattle at the north end of the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel under Pine Street at 9th Avenue near Convention Place bus station; the nearest train stop is at Westlake station, five blocks to the west. The tunnel heads northeast along Pine Street in a cut-and-cover tunnel for two blocks until the tunnel-bored segment begins at Boren Avenue underneath Interstate 5. It turns east, dipping south as far as Union Street, before completing a turn northward along Nagle Place into Capitol Hill station, located near Cal Anderson Park and Seattle Central College on Capitol Hill. Leaving the station, University Link Tunnel then turns northeast and descends at a 4.1% grade, reaching its greatest depth under Volunteer Park at below ground level, before turning northward in the Montlake neighborhood.
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The new Łódź Fabryczna station interior in December 2016 Building permit for the new station The modernization of the Łódź – Warsaw line includes building a new station below ground level, just north of the site of the former Łódź Fabryczna station. A ramp, leading to a new tunnel, begins immediately after Łódź Widzew station, and the tunnel itself starts near the site of Łódź Niciarniana station. Initially it was planned to change the name of the station to Łódź-Central or Central, but according to the latest plans, the station name will not change because it is too well associated with the current station. The station was originally envisaged to service new high-speed trains that were to run on a new high-speed line, the 'Y' line, intended to link Warsaw via Łódź and Kalisz to Wrocław and Poznań.
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A three-phased sequence In archaeology, a phase refers to the logical reduction of contexts recorded during excavation to nearly contemporary archaeological horizons that represent a distinct "phase" of previous land use. These often but not always will be a representation of a former land surface or occupation level and all associated features that were created into or from this point in time. A simplified description of phase would be that "a phase is a view of a given archaeological site as it would have been at time X". Examples of phases that would have no associated occupation surfaces are phases of a site that have been horizontally truncated by later phases and only elements surviving of the truncated phase are those that were below ground level and the subsequent truncation at that time. Subsequent or earlier phases are representations in changing occupation patterns and land use over time.
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However, in November 2013 the Authority approved the original eastern alignment for largely the same reasons that it was initially preferred, along with the discovery that the groundwater in the western area was only to below ground level due to an impermeable clay formation, making a below-grade track unfeasible there. In August 2015, the Hanford City Council rejected contributing $100,000 to a planning grant that included a potential light rail line connecting the high-speed rail station to the centers of Hanford and Visalia, the Cross Valley Corridor. Tulare County had already approved its $100,000 contribution, and the California High-Speed Rail Authority had promised $600,000, but Hanford's rejection killed the entire grant. Tulare County and Visalia officials indicated that they would seek funding to plan for a connectivity study potentially including light rail even without the assistance of Kings County or Hanford.
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The two centres were laid out in the form of an infantry redoubt typical of the period, but also included magazines (partially below ground level) for the storage of shells and cartridges. (In common with the majority of the eleven other mobilisation centres, the forts were designed for the use of the infantry only and the stored ammunition was intended for the use of mobile field artillery which would be deployed nearby as required.) The main flat-roofed buildings were built in brick and reinforced concrete and were protected from artillery fire by crescent-shaped earth blast banks, surrounded by an outer ditch. A reform of defence policy by the Secretary of War Viscount Haldane in 1905 resulted in all 13 centres being declared redundant, and both forts were sold back to the estate trustees in 1908. Both forts are protected by a Scheduled Monument listing.
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343, quoted in Morris, Part 2, 2,21; Also, Calendars of Inquisitions Post Mortem, vol.4, no.245 Coulter, writing in 1993, although he found several early references to Whitechapel, was unable to find any historical record describing the founding of the Whitechapel, but discovered other licences granted by Bishop Brantingham in 1374 for a chapel at Grilstone, in the parish of Bishops Nympton, in which mass was to be said annually on St Nicholas's Day, and a further multiple licence granted in 1425 by Bishop Lacy to Sir William Champyon, vicar of Nymet Episcopi for divine service to be celebrated in the chapels within his parish of St Peter, St Nicholas, St Mary Magdalene and St Margaret.Coulter Next to the manor house there are remains seemingly of a gothic window below ground level within a low building, but the evidence is not certain that this relates to the Whitechapel.
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As the solutions to the equation involve square roots, negative roots are equally valid. They can be interpreted as both ladders and walls being below ground level and with them in opposing sense, they can be interchanged. The complex solutions can be interpreted as wall A leaning to the left or right and wall B below ground, so the intersection is between extensions to the ladders as shown for the case The ladders a and b and a^2-b^2 are not as specified. The base w is a function of A, B, and h and the complex values of A and B can be found from the alternative quartic : x^4 - 2 h x^3 + D x^2 - 2 h D x + h^2 D = 0 with D being a^2-b^2 for one wall and b^2-a^2 for the other (±5 in the example).
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The 42nd Street Shuttle platforms, located just below ground level, opened in 1904 as an express stop on the original IRT subway. The Lexington Avenue Line's platforms, which were opened in 1918 when the original IRT subway platforms were converted to shuttle use, run underneath the southeastern corner of the station building at a 45-degree angle, to the east of and at a lower level than the shuttle platforms. The Flushing Line platform opened in 1915; it is deeper than the Lexington Avenue Line's platforms because it is part of the Steinway Tunnel, a former streetcar tunnel that descends under the East River to the east of Grand Central. There was also a fourth line connected to Grand Central Terminal: a spur of the IRT Third Avenue elevated, which stopped at Grand Central starting in 1878; it was made obsolete by the subway's opening, and closed in 1923.
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The overall design was approximately Gothic, built using stock bricks and bath stone dressings. The building incorporated booking offices as well as the company offices of the GER, including chairman's, board, committee, secretary and engineers' rooms. The roof was spanned by four wrought iron spans, two central spans of and outer spans of 46 and 44 ft, in length over the eastern main lines, and long over the local platforms; the station had 10 platforms, two of which were used for main-line trains and the remainder for suburban trains. Liverpool Street station, west elevation (1896) The station was built with a connection to the sub-surface Metropolitan Railway, with the platform sunk below ground level; consequently there are considerable gradients leaving the station. The Metropolitan Railway used the station as a terminus from 1 February 1875 until 11 July 1875; their own underground station opened on 12 July 1875.
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Because of the country's exceptionally precautionary cold war era building regulations, far more Swiss homes and offices feature their own underground nuclear bunkers than equivalent buildings elsewhere in Western Europe. In February 2015 Lisa Mazzone came to prominence as a leader in the Grand Council of a small group of deputies supporting the so-called "stop bunkers" movement. The issue concerned the extent to which the city authorities, in defiance of building regulations stating that premises with a floor below ground level could not be used as living accommodation, had been using nuclear bunkers to accommodate asylum seekers. The "stop bunkers" protesters included (but were not restricted to) asylum seekers being accommodated underground who were complaining about lack of sunshine or ventilation, terrible and rotting food, the impossibility of sleeping under the 24-hour lighting and in the noisy conditions, and the indestrucability of the bed bugs.
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With respect to the circumductio, portions have been discovered along the north east side under the modern Tacito Street; along the southwest side near the aforementioned rectangular guard tower on Castro Partico Street, 1.5 metres below ground level at a spot 18 metres from the porta principalis sinistra, and a little further along in the public carpark; along the southeast side 0.5 metres below San Pancrazio Street; and along the northwest side in the piazza della Rotonda, on San Gaspare del Bufalo Street and in the piazza San Paolo. A terrace from the intervallum remains on the northeast side, as well as a good stretch near the porta praetoria and at the end of Aurelio Saffi Street on the southeast side, and also some bits on the northwest side. Outside the castra, under the modern Giacomo Matteotti Road, many remains of the foundations of the Appian Way have been found.Pino Chiarucci, Le origini del cristianesimo e le catacombe di San Senatore, p. 5.
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Because the original dedicatory inscription has been destroyed, it is not known whether it was built during the emperor’s reign (on the occasion of the triumph over the Marcomanni, Quadi and Sarmatians in the year 176) or after his death in 180; however, an inscription found in the vicinity attests that the column was completed by 193. In terms of the topography of ancient Rome, the column stood on the north part of the Campus Martius, in the centre of a square. This square was either between the temple of Hadrian (probably the Hadrianeum) and the temple of Marcus Aurelius (dedicated by his son Commodus, of which nothing now remains – it was probably on the site of Palazzo Wedekind), or within the latter’s sacred precinct, of which nothing remains. Nearby is the site where the emperor’s cremation occurred. The column’s shaft is high, on a high base, which in turn originally stood on a high platform – the column in total is Height of shaft, base and above ground: About 3 metres of the base have been below ground level since the 1589 restoration.
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Columbia Market was built upon an area known as Nova Scotia Gardens. This had been a brick field, north-east of St Leonard's, Shoreditch; the brick clay had been exhausted and the area begun to be filled in with waste (leystall). Cottages (probably evolving from sheds, serving the gardens), came to be built here, but were undesirable as they remained below ground level, and so were prone to flooding."Bethnal Green: The North West: Hackney Road", A History of the County of Middlesex, Volume 11: Stepney, Bethnal Green (1998), pp. 112–14 Accessed 21 January 2007. ;London Burkers In July 1830, John Bishop and Thomas Williams rented no. 3 Nova Scotia Garden, from a Sarah Trueby. Together with Michael Shields, a Covent Garden porter, and James May, also known as Jack Stirabout and Black Eyed Jack, they formed a notorious gang of Resurrection men, stealing freshly buried bodies for sale to anatomists. On 7 November 1831 the suspiciously fresh corpse of a 14-year-old boy was delivered, by these men, to the King's College School of Anatomy, in the Strand.
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The original plans called for I-95 to run through downtown Boston. The highway would have progressed from Route 128 and Readville, followed the Southwest Corridor, joined the Inner Belt in Roxbury, heading east, and joining the Southeast Expressway at South Bay, then north to the Central Artery at the South Station interchange with the Massachusetts Turnpike/I-90, and connecting with the Northeast Expressway at the Charlestown banks of the Charles River. However, due to pressure from local residents, all proposed Interstate Highways within Route 128 were canceled in 1972 by Governor Francis Sargent with the exception of I-93 to Boston. The only sections of I-95 completed within the Route 128 beltway by the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT) were the segment known as the Northeast Expressway north from Charlestown to Saugus, which is now part of US 1, and the Central Artery, which cut the North End neighborhood from downtown Boston proper until the Big Dig essentially submerged the old Central Artery's traffic load below ground level in 2003.
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Perth Stadium under construction, photographed from East Perth in July 2016 The site is located on the Burswood Peninsula, previously known as the Swan Portland Cement Site. The Swan Portland Cement Company Ltd operated at the site from 1927 and James Hardie Industries operated at the adjacent site from the 1920s up until 1981. In its report and recommendations, Remediation and Redevelopment of the Swan Portland Cement Site, Burswood, (January 1998) the Environmental Protection Authority, states "The current site is contaminated with asbestos waste from the James Hardie operations and cement kiln dust, kiln bricks and associated contaminated soil and hydrocarbons from the Swan Portland cement operations." In its report it estimates cement kiln dust on the site, the effects of which should be managed, with regard to its effects upon public health, groundwater and surface water. Three zones of asbestos contamination on the site were identified in the report; zone 1 having 68,000 cubic metres of broken and loose asbestos, zone 2 having 150,000 cubic metres of asbestos contamination up to 15 metres below ground level and zone 3 being 180,000 cubic metres of asbestos contamination within 600,000 cubic metres of cement kiln dust.
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The new stadium at Porte d'Auteuil would be built below ground level, with greenhouses surrounding it on all four sides. Project deadlines were pushed back from 2016 to 2018. Local residents, wildlife enthusiasts and municipal authorities continued to voice opposition to the plan, which would increase the Roland Garros grounds from 21 acres (8.5 hectares) to about 33.8 acres (13.5 hectares).Clarey C (28 May 2013): "Renovation Plans in Limbo, Roland Garros Faces Future". NYTimes.com. Retrieved 29 May 2013 In February 2015 the Ministry of Ecology issued a negative report, and the project was placed on hold pending completion of a new land use study for the City Council. In June Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo announced that construction permits had been signed, with a new cost estimate of $450 million and completion further delayed to 2019. Opponents, who objected to the demolition of 2.5 acres (1 hectare) of greenhouses and biological gardens at the Jardin des Serres d'Auteuil on the eastern border of the current ground,Nerves Fray Over New French Open Stadium Plans (22 May 2015). New York Times archive. Retrieved 11 June 2015. proposed an alternate, northward expansion into the Bois de Boulogne that would require covering a portion of the A13 highway.
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