You cannot be infected by merely drinking water containing the amoeba.
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The child is the youngest person to be infected by the virus.
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" DOJ, he added later "will not be infected by politics or bias.
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They feared that those who travelled abroad might be infected by international jihadism.
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"You cannot be infected by merely drinking water containing the amoeba," Bell said.
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The coronavirus pandemic has apartment dwellers concerned that they'll be infected by a neighbor.
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"We will be infected by more than one disease - there is measles and Ebola," he said.
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It's not all good though, because Macs can be infected by the most innocent looking files.
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Around 75 to 80 percent of all people will at some point be infected by HPV.
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The W.H.O. has estimated that four million people could be infected by the end of the year.
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There is also a risk that farmed pigs may be infected by wild ones, and vice versa.
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"Virtually all mammals can be infected by rabies virus and a large reservoir is in bats," he said.
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The International Red Cross expects about a million people to be infected by cholera in Yemen by December.
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Experts distinguish it because someone could be infected by the virus and not show any signs of disease.
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Typically with ransomware, a victim's machine might be infected by a malicious email attachment or a malware-laden advert.
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Coronavirus can be particularly dangerous for people with underlying health conditions, however anyone can be infected by the virus.
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She is the second known person to be infected by these parasites, known as Thelazia gulosa, which typically infect cattle.
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"As an individual, I have a right not to be infected by somebody who is not paying attention," she said.
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More than 46,000 Americans had been confirmed to be infected by the coronavirus Tuesday, as testing accelerating throughout the country.
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We get much of our hardware and software off-the-shelf from commercial sources that could be infected by malware.
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Where the market is worried that the U.S. might be infected by a global slowdown, the FOMC statement showed little concern.
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Humans tend to be infected by ingesting infected fecal matter, such as drinking contaminated water or through contact with poor sanitation.
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Experts are warning that three to four million people living in the Americas could be infected by the virus this year.
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T-cells patrol the body looking for protein fragments that indicate a cell might be infected by a bacterium or virus.
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Far beyond this interim order, all of President Trump's foreign and domestic policies will be infected by these same critical disputes.
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Some Mexicans here insist that their crops may, in fact, be infected by weevils that migrated south from the United States.
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The other 24 are believed to be infected by distemper because their deaths were clustered in such a short time and area.
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And, since one virus doesn't typically confer immunity against the other, it's not unusual to be infected by two viruses at once.
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German Chancellor Angela Merkel warned that up to 70% of the population will be infected by the virus before it runs its course.
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But when you look at the number of people that are going to be infected by coronavirus, that translates to many, many people.
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However, because areas not covered by a condom can be infected by the virus, condoms are unlikely to provide complete protection against the infection.
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Several leading news websites have been affected by malicious adverts which have caused some users to be infected by ransomware, according to the BBC.
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Hogs can be infected by African swine fever by direct contact with infected pigs or by eating garbage containing meat products from infected pigs.
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Although infants can be infected by swallowing contaminated soil, feeding an infant under the age of 1 honey or corn syrup is the main culprit.
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Humans can be infected by other humans if they come in contact with bodily fluids from an infected person or contaminated objects from infected persons.
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Humans can be infected by other humans if they come in contact with body fluids from an infected person or contaminated objects from infected persons.
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A young child may be infected by their HIV-positive mother during pregnancy or breast-feeding, but drug treatment can reduce the risk of transmission.
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If it's a team you support, then if this player you're supporting in this moment shows something you might be infected by his nonverbal behavior.
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If the reports are correct, the second child has been exposed to the potential risks of an edited genome but can still be infected by HIV.
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Zika is spreading so rapidly now in Puerto Rico that United States health officials predict 25 percent of the population will be infected by early August.
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One poll found that Democrats are more likely than Republicans to be worried that a family member could be infected, by a 28 percentage point margin.
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Pigs can be infected by ASF by direct contact with infected pigs or the ingestion of garbage containing meat and or meat products from infected pigs.
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It was first detected in Brazil in May, and as many as four million people worldwide could be infected by year's end, the health organization has said.
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He warned that the island's rainy season is just ahead and that "hundreds of thousands" of people are likely to be infected by the end of 2016.
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It would be even less likely to be infected by a crew member, since crew members are less likely to come to work when they are sick.
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A robot named Little Peanut is delivering food to people being quarantined after traveling on a flight with patients suspected to be infected by the Wuhan coronavirus.
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The circumstances of the virus's arrival in the U.S. are not known, and it is unclear how many patients are or may be infected by the virus.
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By the time you finish reading this, we estimate that at least 40 people -- most of them children -- will be infected by this fast-moving, life-threatening disease.
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He said 56% of people in California could be infected by the virus, though measures like the shelter-in-place order aren't taken into account in that projection.
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The territory now has more than 17,000 confirmed cases of Zika infection, but federal officials believe more than 800,000 residents will be infected by the end of the year.
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Rat lungworm lives in rats and snails and people can be infected by eating contaminated snails, slugs, freshwater shrimp, crabs, frogs and produce Instead, ingesting the centipede made them ill.
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The head of the Ohio Department of Health, just a short stop over from Illinois, thinks as many as 22,000 of that state's residents could be infected by the coronavirus.
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Public health experts don't fully understand the role these surfaces play in the transmission of disease, and you could still be infected by a virus that landed directly on you.
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The WHO has previously warned that the virus is "spreading explosively" in the Americas and that as many as 4 million people could be infected by the end of the year.
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But Mr. Pompeo's overt politics — he had been a firebrand Republican House member before taking over the C.I.A. — made many there uneasy that their work could be infected by political concerns.
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Systems can still be infected by a direct installation of the WannaCry malware, and the general vulnerability is still very much an issue for anyone running an unpatched version of the system.
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Humans can be infected by other humans if they come into contact with body fluids such as blood, urine and tears from an infected person or contaminated objects from an infected person.
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The restrictions will remain in place until further notice and come a day after Newsom warned that more than half the state is projected to be infected by the virus in two months.
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Health researchers have warned more than a million people in the country could be infected by the virus by the middle of May if the government didn't take drastic steps to contain it.
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The test results suggest that humans could be infected by the disease simply carried through the air or on a solid surface, even if direct contact with an infected person does not occur.
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Both Hong Kong health officials and the World Health Organization have said there is no evidence that pets like cats and dogs can be infected by the virus or spread it to humans.
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Mice don't actually have to be infected by something for their babies to have behavioral differences—if researchers trigger a severe immune reaction (the same kind that occurs after an infection), it's enough.
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In May, the head of the state AIDS center said that the country hit a tragic milestone of one million diagnosed HIV cases; it's estimated that three million people will be infected by 2020.
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Meanwhile, Symantec found tools used by Lazarus imbedded on some of the first computers to be infected by Wanna Cry - a version that predated its use of NSA-linked tools to propagate the ransomware.
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WARSAW (Reuters) - Poland belongs in the European Union but should be careful not to be "infected by social diseases" that dominate the bloc, ruling Law and Justice (PiS) party leader Jaroslaw Kaczynski said on Sunday.
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One estimate by epidemiologist Marc Lipsitch of Harvard University says that 40 to 70 percent of people around the world may be infected by SARS-CoV-2 within the coming year, as reported by the Atlantic.
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"Believe me — at first I thought that we must go back because we could be infected by the virus," said Mr. Bhatti, a 25-year-old civil engineering student at the Huazhong University of Science and Technology.
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About 90 percent of unvaccinated people exposed to measles by entering a room where an infected person had been within the previous two hours will be infected by measles, researchers note in the Annals of Internal Medicine.
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Other troubling statistics that disproportionately affect women are that 71 percent of human trafficking victims are female, they're twice as likely to be infected by HIV/AIDS and at least 130 million girls don't receive a formal education.
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Thousands of inmates are being released from detention, in some cases with little or no medical screening to determine if they may be infected by the coronavirus and at risk of spreading it into the community, Reuters found.
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The World Health Organization rang a global alarm over the Zika virus on Thursday, saying that the disease was "spreading explosively" in the Americas and that as many as four million people could be infected by the end of the year.
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Adam Kucharski, an associate professor at the research center, told Bloomberg that based on their estimates, at least one out of every 20 people in the city — or about 500,000 people — could be infected by the time the virus peaks.
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Spinning samples for longer (about 15 minutes is ideal, though that is a lot of effort for a single spinner) can even separate red corpuscles, which may be infected by malarial parasites, from white ones, which cannot be so infected.
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Rat lungworm lives in rats and snails and people can be infected by eating contaminated snails, slugs, freshwater shrimp, crabs, frogs and produce If you&aposre considering eating raw or undercooked snails, slugs or centipedes — you may want to think again.
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"They have no evidence snakes can be infected by this new coronavirus and serve as a host for it," Paulo Eduardo Brandão, a virologist at the University of São Paulo who is investigating whether coronaviruses can infect snakes, told Nature.
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Police detained 24 people in clashes with residents of a town in central Ukraine on Thursday, who feared they would be infected by Ukrainians who had been evacuated from China's Hubei province to a sanatorium for a mandatory two week quarantine.
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The Book of Enoch describes how bad angels corrupted human beings, tempting them to misuse knowledge and technology: a good metaphor, Mr Evans thinks, for the foolishness of modern times and the way in which whole institutions can be infected by a culture of corruption.
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LONDON (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - "Lazy mosquitoes" are the reason why women, who tend to spend more time at home than men, are more likely to be infected by chikungunya, a painful mosquito-borne viral disease which spreads the same way as Zika, researchers said on Monday.
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They seem to be infected by the establishment, which is trying to make the Orwellian case that these tax cuts are actually a tax increase on middle-income families, or influenced by the liberal media's anti-tax cut points that ran nonstop over the Thanksgiving recess.
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A 'fast-moving, life-threatening disease' "By the time you finish reading this, we estimate that at least 26 people -- most of them children -- will be infected by this fast-moving, life-threatening disease," Henrietta Fore, executive director of UNICEF, and Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO director-general, wrote in an opinion piece Monday on CNN.
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The economic impact "is largely going to depend on how many people are going to be infected by this...how many people will be able to go to work, and how many hours they will be able to put into production," said Arizona State University's Bart Hobijn, who was a Fed economist during the financial crisis.
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Aliens who are here unlawfully present a much greater challenge A study performed by three Yale-affiliated researchers using mathematical modeling on a range of demographic and immigration operations data indicates that there likely are more than 22.1 million undocumented aliens in the United States, many of whom will be infected by COVID-19 as it spreads throughout the country.
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Last week, the authorities of Hubei, the province in China at the center of the epidemic, revised their definition of what it means to be infected by the new coronavirus: On Thursday, they started including people who displayed symptoms associated with COVID-19 — coughing, a fever, difficulty breathing — even if those people hadn't been tested or had tested negative for the virus.
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It's hard not to be infected by his enthusiasm about what would happen next: food production occupies almost half of Earth's land area, so "if you could snap your fingers and make the animal industry go away, vegetation growing back on that land would bring CO2 levels down every year by itself" no matter what kinds of cars we drive.
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In New Zealand, plants can be infected by Candidatus liberibacter subsp. solanacearum.
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Gagea spathacea may be infected by the smut fungus Vankya ornithogali (J.C. Schmidt & Kunze) Ershad.
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This species has the potential to be infected by several parasites, including Plasmodium elongatum, Plasmodium forresteri, and Plasmodium gundersi.
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As you are aware, it is now Japan's turn to be infected by the epizooty that we have experienced.
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A bar-shouldered dove was found to be infected by Toxoplasma gondii, the agent of toxoplasmosis, in a French zoo.
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Humans can be infected by ingesting Alaria larvae, which can be from eating undercooked frog legs or contaminated boar or pig meat.
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Both seagrass and turfgrass can be infected by organisms of the Labyrinthula genera, but from different species, one marine and one terrestrial one, respectively.
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Wet weather favors the spread of the disease. Vigna hosei is also one of many plants able to be infected by the cucumber mosaic virus.
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This species may also be infected by parasites, such as an eyeworm, a tick, Hyalomma marginatum, and at least two species of Haemoproteus blood parasites.
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Lumpy skin disease virus affects primarily cattle, but studies have been shown that giraffes and impala are also susceptible to LSDV. Humans cannot be infected by Capripoxviruses.
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Recent evidence has shown that all threatened and endangered Australian psittacine bird species can be infected by BFDV genotypes from any other closely- or distantly-related host reservoir species. Currently, more than 78 psittacine bird species globally have been reported to be infected by BFDV, including at least 38 of the 50 Australian native parrot species both in captivity and the wild, and over 25 non- psittacine bird species.
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People would be infected by spores and would turn into drones for the Colony. They also had red eyes and appeared similar to the Xenomorphs from the Alien movies.
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Although the Bdellovibrio rounding of prey is thought to be evolved to reduce co-infection of multiple Bdellovibrio, larger prey that do not round may be infected by multiple Bdello's.
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P. c-album are known to be infected by cytoplasmic virus diseases. The disease infection usually starts in the cytoplasm of the midgut and progresses throughout the foregut and hindgut as well.
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On 27 February 2020, Udoh became the first professional footballer to be infected by the virus in Italy. According to the publications Udoh was put under quarantine after showing symptoms of the virus.
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Kelp-associated invertebrates can be transported inside of drifting kelp holdfasts, potentially leading to long- distance dispersal and a significant impact upon the population genetic structure of the invertebrate species. Fronds of D. antarctica can be infected by an endophytic, phaeophycean algal parasite Herpodiscus durvillaeae (Lindauer) G.R. South. Based on genetic evidence, H. durvillaeae also seems to have also been be transmitted via rafting. In New Zealand, Durvillaea fronds can also be infected by the obligate red algal epiphyte Pyrophyllon subtumens (J.
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Its diet consists of plant matter such as fruit and flower blossoms, including the blossoms of coconut trees. It has been known to be infected by the blood parasite Mycoplasma mariboi, a kind of Rickettsiales.
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Most human infections are caused by coagulase-positive S. aureus strains, notable for the bacteria's ability to produce coagulase, an enzyme that can clot blood. Almost any organ system can be infected by S. aureus.
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However, humans cannot be infected by FIV, nor can cats be infected by HIV. FIV is transmitted primarily through deep bite wounds, where the virus present in the infected cat's saliva enters the body tissues of another cat. FIV+ cats can share water bowls, pellet bowls, eat from the same bowl of wet food, and use the same litter box with low danger of transmitting the disease. A vigilant pet owner who treats secondary infections can allow an infected cat to live a reasonably long life.
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He was incorrectly called "Patient Zero" because at least 40 of the 248 people known to be infected by HIV in 1983 had had sex with him, or with someone who had sexual intercourse with him.
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Sometimes, wild animals can be infected by the tsetse fly and they act as reservoirs. In these animals, they do not produce the disease, but the live parasite can be transmitted back to the normal hosts.
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Mascarene martins will mob the Mauritius kestrel, suggesting that it is perceived as a potential predator.Diamond (1987) p. 229. Martins on Mauritius may be infected by an endemic trypanosome, Trypanosoma phedinae, although the pathogenicity is unknown.Diamond (1987) pp. 171–172.
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Because F. hepatica cercariae also encyst on water surface, humans can be infected by drinking of fresh untreated water containing cercariae. In addition, an experimental study suggested that humans consuming raw liver dishes from fresh livers infected with juvenile flukes could become infected.
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He was also the first to be infected by the returned Megabyte in Season 4. ;Al's Waiter (Roller Skater) : Also never addressed by name, he is flamboyant one-binome who acts stereotypically camp. Has made Bob a bit uncomfortable on a few occasions.
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Patients who are immunocompromised also have higher risk of infections. P. canis often causes soft-tissue infections and wound infections, as well as systemic bacteremia in humans. These infections include peritonitis, conjunctivitis, osteomyelitis, and arthritis. Joint prosthetics can also be infected by the bacteria.
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Humans can be exposed to oocysts by, for example, consuming unwashed vegetables or contaminated water, or by handling the feces (litter) of an infected cat. Although cats can also be infected by ingesting oocysts, they are much less sensitive to oocyst infection than are intermediate hosts.
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Despite their large size and strong venom, Dinoponera are likely preyed on by many vertebrate and invertebrate species across South America. Like many other ant species, Dinoponera can be infected by the entomopathogenic fungi Cordyceps sp. discovered a Kapala sp. eucharitid wasp emerging from the puparia of Dinoponera lucida.
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B's "lyrics are irresponsible and could potentially promote anti-Semitic beliefs, especially in those people who might already be infected by such notions." Following criticism, B.o.B removed the song from his SoundCloud account, but it survives on YouTube and other sites where it was reposted. In April 2016, B.o.
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Blue sneaks into the quarantine in order to see Torch. Blue wants to be infected by Torch so that they can live together inside the quarantine camp, but Torch is reluctant to infect Blue. In the end she escapes at his urging and continues the fight on the outside.
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Mycobacteria can be infected by mycobacteriophages, bacterial viruses that may be used in the future to treat tuberculosis and related diseases by phage therapy. The procedure may not go into practice in the case of Mtb for some time, as bacteriophage particles cannot penetrate into the tuberculosis bacilli, or clumps.
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The species can be infected by several nematode parasites: Contortylenchus, Parasitylenchus, Cryptaphelenchus and Parasitorhabditis endoparasites, Micoletzkya under the wings as phoretic parasites. Laimaphelenchus and Bursaphelenchus are found in the frass.Grucmanová, Š., Holuša, J., Čermák, V., & Nermuť, J. (2015). Nematodes associated withIps cembrae(Coleoptera: Curculionidae): comparison of generations, sexes and sampling methods.
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O. sasakii is a cephalopod found mainly in the shallow-water of Southern Japan. Research found that only those of certain sizes and geographical locations can be infected by D.shimantoense. There are many species of dicyemids. Examination of the calotte (the anterior ends of dicyemids ) is required to distinguish them.
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Humans are not natural carriers of B. bronchiseptica, which typically infects the respiratory tracts of smaller mammals (cats, dogs, rabbits, etc.). People are more likely to be infected by B. pertussis or B. parapertussis. Unlike B. pertussis, B. bronchiseptica is generally resistant to macrolide antibiotics. It is also generally resistant to cephalosporins.
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Another one is ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S, which was reported as a vaccine preventing mice mutants with human ACE2 (hACE2) receptors to be infected by SARS-CoV-2.Experimental Nasal Vaccine Protects Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts against SARS-CoV-2; on: sci-news.com; Aug 27, 2020A. O. Hassan et al. 2020.
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This disease develops well in relative humidity levels above 85%. When the temperature reaches optimum level for germinating, the host will be infected by the pathogen. Occasionally, this pathogen causes disease on the fruit or blossoms with various symptoms. Fruits such as green and ripe one will develop dark rot on the stem.
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The elephant schistosome is able to infect the Indian rhinoceros. Elephants and Indian rhinoceros must share the same physiological structures to be infected by the same B. nairi parasite. They also share the same habitat, making transmission from one species to the other fairly easy. B. nairi has similar lifecycle to Schistosoma.
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The hyposaline conditions of the estuaries are lethal to some of the crab's symbionts, such as Carcinonemertes errans which consumes a brooding female's live eggs. Dungeness crabs surveyed in Coos Bay were less likely to be infected by C. errans and have fewer worms present on their carapace when inhabiting less saline waters farther inland.
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No predators or parasites are recorded for Brazza's martin, but Mascarene martins will mob the Mauritius kestrel, suggesting that it is perceived as a potential predator.Diamond (1987) p. 229. Mascarene martins may host a variety of parasites. On Mauritius they may be infected by an endemic trypanosome, Trypanosoma phedinae, although the pathogenicity is unknown.
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In order to infect, ascospores must land on leaves that have free- standing water on them[2]. Next the ascospores penetrate through the leaf cuticle [2]. Stems may be infected by D. bryoniae ascospores through stem wounds or by the extension of leaf lesions [2]. Fruits are penetrated through wounds and pollination flower scars [2].
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4–6 those that cause infections of humans are the most studied. Different viruses can infect all the organs and tissues of the body and the outcomes range from mild or no symptoms, to life-threatening diseases.Leppard, p. 295 Humans cannot be infected by plant or insect viruses, but they are susceptible to infections with viruses from other vertebrates.
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In both zones, Chagas occurs almost exclusively in rural areas, where also circulates in wild and domestic animals. commonly infects more than 100 species of mammals across Latin America including opossums, armadillos, marmosets, bats, and various rodents, all of which can be infected by the vectors or orally by eating triatomine bugs and other infected animals.
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Later on, a granuloma will form in the place of fistulisation. The bony lesions are followed by periostitis, with permanent deformation of the facial bones. Other parts of the body other than the mouth area can be infected by actinomyces. It has been seen that the actinomyces can cause lesions in the intestinal tract, lungs and liver as well.
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Actinomycetales are generally gram- positive and anaerobic and have mycelium in a filamentous and branching growth pattern. Some actinobacteria can form rod- or coccoid-shaped forms, while others can form spores on aerial hyphae. Actinomycetales bacteria can be infected by bacteriophages, which are called actinophages. Actinomycetales can range from harmless bacteria to pathogens with resistance to antibiotics.
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Giardia causes diarrhea, Hexamita salmonis is a fish parasite, and Histomonas meleagridis is a turkey pathogen. Giardia intestinalis is a human pathogen, which is transmitted by cyst contaminated water. It causes epidemic diarrhea from contaminated water. You can tell you may be infected by the observation of cysts or trophozoites in stools and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) test.
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As of 8 December 2009, there were 50 hospitalizations in the province, and no deaths. Prince Edward Island confirmed its first two cases in Charlottetown on 4 May 2009. Swine can be infected by both avian and human influenza strains of influenza, and therefore are hosts where the antigenic shifts can occur that create new influenza strains.
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Toxoplasma gondii has been reported as the cause of death of a giant panda kept in a zoo in China, who died in 2014 of acute gastroenteritis and respiratory disease. Although seemingly anecdotal, this report emphasizes that all warm-blooded species are likely to be infected by T. gondii, including endangered species such as the giant panda.
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"New study shows how bumblebees can be infected by honeybee diseases ", Bumblebee Conservation Trust (retrieved 6 February 2015) Female bee moths (Aphomia sociella) prefer to lay their eggs in bumblebee nests. The A. sociella larvae will then feed on the eggs, larvae, and pupae left unprotected by the bumblebees, sometimes destroying large parts of the nest.
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Although bacteria can be pathogens themselves, they can also be infected by pathogens. Bacteriophages are viruses, also known as phage, that infect bacteria often leading to the death of the bacteria that was infected. Common bacteriophage include T7 and Lamda phage. There are bacteriophages that infect every kind of bacteria including both gram-negative and gram-positive.
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Hume (1993) pp. 79–85. The common tern hosts feather lice, which are quite different from those found in Arctic terns, despite the close relationship of the two birds.Rothschild & Clay (1953 ) p. 135. It may also be infected by parasitic worms, such as the widespread Diphyllobothrium species, the duck parasite Ligula intestinalis, and Schistocephalus species carried initially by fish.
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Here they defeated the Rebels at the Battle of Jackson. Though the Mississippi Campaign only lasted for two months, forty-seven Rhode Islanders lost their lives; only two were killed in action. In August they were recalled to Kentucky. The Seventh entered Mississippi with slightly over three hundred men; over half would be infected by disease.
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Although the most obvious threats to Amyda cartilaginea are large animals, they can be infected by many small and microscopic freshwater organisms/parasites. Known species parasitic to Amyda cartilaginea are, bacteria: Edwardsiella tarda and Aeromonas veronii; fungus: Saprolegnia and ectoparasitic worm: Pseudocalceostoma. Larger parasites to this turtle are leeches and nematodes species: Monhysterides jambiensis and Spiroxys sumatraensis.
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When the body reaches around 2 mm in length, the tip of the cone begins to expand, forming the head. This is the stage at which the hymenium becomes differentiated from the rest of the body, and the bodies quickly reach their mature form, maturing only through growth after that point. Fruit bodies can be infected by the mould Hypomyces leotiarum.
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Treatment is typically with antifungal creams such as clotrimazole or miconazole. If the scalp is involved, antifungals by mouth such as fluconazole may be needed. Globally, up to 20% of the population may be infected by ringworm at any given time. Infections of the groin are more common in males, while infections of the scalp and body occur equally in both sexes.
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Lola was ravished by the then residing lord of Irrelohe during the celebrations for her own wedding thirty years ago. Peter realises he is the offspring of the rape and therefore must also be infected by the hereditary madness. He is unable to reveal the truth to his sweetheart, Eva, who is magnetically drawn to Heinrich, the current occupant of the castle.
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Wild rice seeds can be infected by the highly toxic fungus ergot, which is dangerous if eaten. Infected grains have pink or purplish blotches or growths of the fungus, from the size of a seed to several times larger.Peterson, Lee, A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants of Eastern and Central North America (Houghton Mifflin Company, New York City), p. 228.
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However, the reason for the difference in infection is unknown. B. bimaculatus can also be infected by Crithidia bombi and Apicystis bombi. Both are protozoans, but C. bombi is known to hinder colony creation, decrease host lifespan and colony fitness, and have a negative effect on workers' behavior. This can cause undue stress on colonies, leading to a species' decline.
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In an effort to restrict the virus, the United States, Great Britain and other countries prohibit the commercial sale of broken bulbs, or bulbs known to be infected by the virus. As TBV-infected bulbs gradually degenerate, the virus can be minimized by removing and destroying 'broken' bulbs quickly before aphids spread the virus to other bulbs or cross-contaminating lily hosts.
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In 2013, researchers collected pollen from hives and fed it to healthy bees. The pollen had an average of nine different pesticides and fungicides. Further, the researchers discovered that bees that ate pollen with fungicides were three times more likely to be infected by parasites. Their study shows that fungicides, thought harmless to bees, may actually play a significant role in CCD.
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Early research in Sub-Saharan Africa identified formal education as a risk factor, with more educated individuals being most likely to be infected. By the mid-1990s, education began to shift from risk factor to social vaccine. Some studies have found that educational attainment decreases girls' and women's vulnerability to HIV/AIDS, but does not affect or even worsens boys' and men's risk.
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Epidermoid cysts commonly result from implantation of epidermis into the dermis, as in trauma or surgery. They can also be caused by a blocked pore adjacent to a body piercing. They are also seen in Gardner's syndrome and Nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome on the head and neck. They can be infected by bacteria and form a pimple-like shape.
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It is an excellent swimmer and dives well, but can also climb in vegetation. An omnivore, it eats both plant and animal food, including seeds and insects. It breeds throughout the year; females give birth to about four young after a pregnancy of 21 to 28 days. The species may be infected by several different parasites and by two hantaviruses.
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Kelp-associated invertebrates can be transported inside of drifting holdfasts, potentially leading to long-distance dispersal and a significant impact upon the population genetic structure of those species. Fronds of D. antarctica can be infected by an endophytic, phaeophycean algal parasite Herpodiscus durvillaeae (Lindauer) G. R. South. Based on genetic evidence, H. durvillaeae also seems to have also been be transmitted via rafting.
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B. bimaculatus can be infected with Nosema bombi, a microsporidian. This bee can also be infected by other fungal species. It is unknown how detrimental such an infection is to the bee's health. Compared to other bumble bees that are in decline, B. bimaculatus has a lighter infection, which may be the reason why it is experiencing stable growth compared to the decline in other Bombus species.
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The disease is highly contagious. When abscess rupture, releases it huge numbers of bacteria onto the skin and wool and it results to the consequent contamination of the surrounding environment. Neighboring animals may then be infected by the bacteria through immediate physical contact with the affected individual or indirectly via already contaminated fomites. Infected animals can contaminate the feed, water, soil, pasture and facilities.
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Hosts of Septoria malagutii include: potatoes and other tuber-bearing Solanum spp.; however, tomatoes can be infected by artificial inoculation. The disease is found in a series of ‘tuberosa’ in the Andes mountains of Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela at elevations reaching above 3000m.Septoria malagutii is a deuteromycete; therefore, the fungi does not have a true sexual stage or the sexual stage is extremely uncommon.
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Because the two diseases are abundant in developing countries, there are many patients with both HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) and parasites, and specifically bloodflukes.Kamal 2006, pp. 489-491 In his article, Dr. Kamal relates the findings that those infected with parasites are more likely to be infected by HIV. However, it is disputed whether or not the viral infection is more severe because of the parasites.
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During these three > days, people should remain in their homes, pray the Rosary and beg God for > mercy. All the enemies of the Church, whether known or unknown, will perish > over the whole earth during that universal darkness, with the exception of a > few whom God will soon convert. The air shall be infected by demons who will > appear under all sorts of hideous forms.Anna Maria Taigi, Private Prophecies > (Rome, 1863).
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Different strains of Amoebophyra have been seen to infect different host species. Though research regarding the specificity of Amoebophyra is currently underway, the current hypothesis supported is that they range from non-host-specific to extremely host specific. Over twenty dinoflagellate species have been reported to be infected by some strain of Amoebophyra. It has proven to be difficult to determine whether or not a strain truly is host specific.
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After being the first to be infected by a virus that turned people into cannibals, Spider-Man ate the Rhino and took control of a piece of New York alongside the Black Widow, Deadpool, and Scorpio. After becoming Patient Zero, he hires Frank Castle to rescue a pregnant Mary Jane from the Kingpin's group. Frank did exactly that, but he later kills Patient Zero.Punisher Kills the Marvel Universe (November 1995).
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The cercariae will develop and encyst in each brood-sac. Brood-sacs will migrate to the snail’s tentacles, where they will mimic the behavior of caterpillars to attract insectivorous birds. The growth and reproductive intensity of Leucochloridium variae is regulated at the level of the organism because a single sporocyst can establish a life- cycle within the infected snail. However, snails can be infected by more than one species of Leucochloridium.
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The type host of P. vaughani is Turdus migratorius. However, various other birds can be infected by P. vaughani, including the canary which has been used as an experimental host in studies. Different strains of P. vaughani develop in different mosquitoes. Most P. vaughani do not develop in most Aedes, Anopheles, or Culex mosquitoes; however, specific strains of P. vaughani have been described that replicate in Culiseta morsitans and Culex pipiens.
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Although under-studied, penguin populations, especially those that share an environment with the human population, are at-risk due to parasite infections, mainly Toxoplasmosis gondii. The main subspecies of penguins found to be infected by T. gondii include wild Magellanic and Galapagos penguins, as well as blue and African penguins in captivity.I.C.L., A., A.F., S.-F., Munoz- Leal, S., Soares, H., M.B., H., Moreno, L., ... Gennari, S. (2019).
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Factors such as soil nutrient ratio, abiotic stressors, air pollution, temperature, and humidity can all contribute to the spread of this disease. In Chile, the infection was first reported on Pinus radiata in nurseries and was thought to be due to the import of contaminated seed. Seedlings could also be infected by soil-borne contamination. A few years later, the disease had not spread to mature stands of trees.
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A virus can enter a susceptible cell, but it cannot replicate. A virus can both enter and replicate in a permissive cell. The significance between the difference of the two has now been elucidated with study of the rabbit-lethal myxoma virus. Many species of rabbit cells in culture (without the presence of any antiviral defenses that would normally be in a host) can be infected by the myxoma virus, causing infection and cell death.
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Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK. The rhizobia and their hosts must be able to recognize each other for nodule formation to commence. Rhizobia are specific to particular host species although a rhizobia species may often infect more than one host species. This means that one plant species may be infected by more than one species of bacteria. For example, nodules in Acacia senegal can contain seven species of rhizobia belonging to three different genera.
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Dutton found that the monkeys could be infected by bites from soft ticks (Ornithodoros moubata) carrying Borrelia duttoni, a spirochaete. He also found that the parasite could pass into the eggs and larvae of the ticks, so the next generation would also be vehicles for infection. Both Todd and Dutton caught the disease, but were well enough to continue traveling, and reached Kasongo on 9 February 1905. Dutton's health then declined quickly.
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In November 2017, the Madagascar Ministry of Health reported an outbreak to WHO (World Health Organization) with more cases and deaths than any recent outbreak in the country. Unusually most of the cases were pneumonic rather than bubonic. In June 2018, a child was confirmed to be the first person in Idaho to be infected by bubonic plague in nearly 30 years. A couple died in May 2019, in Mongolia, while hunting marmots.
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Gai looked up to Shu as he was a brave boy back then. Unknown to Shu or Gai, his sister was the first person to be infected by the Apocalypse Virus, which slowly drives her insane, even causing her to develop feelings for her brother. Gai, who knew the truth, tried to reveal this to Shu on the Christmas Eve of 2029. However, Mana found out about it and tricked Gai into shooting himself.
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Taewa are susceptible to potato leafroll virus, potato virus y, potato virus x, and potato virus s. These are spread by aphids, machinery, and the propagation of infected tubers. As well as viruses, taewa can be infected by a range of fungal diseases. Late blight (Phytophthroa infestans), pink rot (Phytopthora erythroseptica), Verticillium wilt (Verticillium albo-atrum and V. dahliae), and Fusarium dry rot (Fusarium sambucinum) have the biggest potential impacts on crops.
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Dubief tried to make the point that the mentally ill were suffering from a disease, and should therefore be helped and protected by the state. Some of his statements reflected the poor state of understanding of the time. Thus he said in 1907 that epileptics should be isolated because people who were vulnerable to the disease might be infected by their cries. However, he also thought that an epileptic might not be mentally ill.
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Adult C. pensylvanicus may be infected by the fungus Eryniopsis lampyridarum. Shortly before death, by unknown mechanisms, dying infected beetles tightly clamp their mandibles into flower heads; 15–22 hours later, the fungus caused dead beetles to raise their elytra and expand their metathoracic wings in order to maximise infection of other beetles. With their wings raised, the dead beetles may still attract mates as live males were observed mating with the deceased, infected females.
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Cisco researcher Mary Landesman has confirmed that the infection rate appears quite low. How the web sites spreading the infection were attacked remains a mystery. However, hackers may inject vulnerable and popular websites with malicious code in order to spread the infection once users visit these sites. Users should never permit installs of software of unknown provenance from the Internet under any circumstances – those that follow this policy cannot be infected by LizaMoon.
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It causes diarrhea—thus the pigs excrete more spores, causing the disease to spread. As this pathogen is very prevalent throughout the world, E. bieneusi is found in a wide variety of hosts including pigs, humans, and other mammals. E. bieneusi can be studied using TEM, light microscopy, PCR and immunofluorescence and can be cultured for short-term. It is not yet known whether the pathogen itself can be infected by other diseases.
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A number of experts on the disease are members of the U.S. Department of Agriculture or are of Texas A&M; University. Much research has been put into the phylogenetic relationship between P. sacchari and P. philippinensis. Experiments have shown that of twenty-six species, only three species that can be infected by P. philippinensis show little infection by P. sacchari. This difference is minimalized when comparing host ranges of isolates of the same species.
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Bacteriophages are ubiquitous viruses, found wherever bacteria exist. It is estimated there are more than 1031 bacteriophages on the planet, more than every other organism on Earth, including bacteria, combined. One of the densest natural sources for phages and other viruses is seawater, where up to 9x108 virions per millilitre have been found in microbial mats at the surface, and up to 70% of marine bacteria may be infected by phages.Prescott, L. (1993).
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Unfortunately, these bacteria can reach the bloodstream (bacteremia) and end up in many different body sites, causing infections (wound infections, abscesses, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, pneumonia) that may severely harm or kill the infected person. S. aureus strains also produce enzymes and exotoxins that likely cause or increase the severity of certain diseases. Such diseases include food poisoning, septic shock, toxic shock syndrome, and scalded skin syndrome. Almost any organ system can be infected by S. aureus.
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Mycena leptocephala is a saprobic species, meaning it derives nutrients from the breakdown of organic matter. Fruit bodies are found growing scattered to gregarious on fallen sticks and on needle carpets under conifers, and are rather common during early summer and again in the autumn. Fruit bodies may be infected by the bonnet mold Spinellus fusiger. In North America, the fungus is found in Canada (British Columbia, Manitoba, Nova Scotia), to Washington and south to California and North Carolina.
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It appears that people who work with birds can be infected by the virus, but suffer hardly any noticeable health effects. Even people exposed to the highly pathogenic H5N2 variety that killed ostrich chicks in South Africa only seem to have developed conjunctivitis, or a perhaps a mild respiratory illness. There is no evidence of human-to-human spread of H5N2. In November 12, 2005 it was reported that a falcon was found to have H5N2.
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The flowers are pollinated by small flies. The plant reproduces with seeds or by means of bulbils, small buds which drop off and develop into new plants. The orchid has no true roots and is dependent on fungi in its rhizome to obtain nutrients. The bulbils do not carry fungi from the mother plant and must be infected by the fungi of the right species in the soil in order to develop into a new plant.
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The country's first case was announced on 13 March, a Japanese man who had arrived in the country on 4 March from Burkina Faso. Three additional cases of the virus were reported on March 15. The three individuals had close contact with the person who was reported to be infected by the virus on 13 March . Since then eight more confirmed cases were reported by the health ministry to the public, bringing the total to twelve.
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In order for a human to be infected by the bacterium, the tick carrying it must be attached for approximately 36 to 48 hours. Due to the smaller size of the nymphal stage ticks, approximately 2 mm, they are more likely to go unnoticed when attached to a human. This enables a nymph to potentially stay attached longer to the host it is feeding on. For this reason, the nymphal stage is primarily responsible for transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi.
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Death usually occurs within 5 days after onset of symptoms. The clinical signs of DEV "vary with virulence of virus strain, species, sex, and immune system status" of the host. Due to the formation of diphtheroid plaques on the eyelids and the mucosae of the respiratory system and gastrointestinal system the bird may show ophthalmic signs and refuse to drink. Blue winged teal can be infected by DEV, but are one of the most susceptible species.
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Nonwaterfowl have not been shown to be infected by duck plague. Blue-winged teal have been found to be one the most susceptible species and mallards one of the least. In another it took 300,000 more virus material to infect northern pintail than to infect blue-winged teal. Diagnosis can usually be made based on the clinical signs and postmortem findings: On post-mortem, petechial haemorrhage in the conjunctivae, mucous membranes, trachea, syrinx and intestine are pathognomonic for DEV.
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The fungus forms many white, somewhat flattened mycelia strands 1–2 mm thick that grow on and adhere strongly to the surface of the root bark. These rhizomorphs grow rapidly and may extend several meters through the soil in the absence of any woody substrate. Thus, healthy rubber trees can be infected by free rhizomorphs growing from stumps or infected woody debris buried in the ground as well as by roots contacting those of a diseased neighboring tree.
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The infected persons, one Ethiopian and two Japanese nationals, had contact with the individual who was reported to be infected by the virus on 13 March. On 16 March, a 34-year-old male Ethiopian who was said to have arrived from Dubai on 12 March 2020 tested positive for the virus. On 17 March, a British diplomat who arrived from Dubai tested positive for the virus. On 19 March, three more cases of the virus were confirmed.
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Egg repair is the process of repairing the eggshell of a live egg, particularly for live birds as eggs may be damaged by parent birds with sharp claws that can punch holes in a fertilized egg. Eggs are repaired by gluing a piece of another egg of the same shape over the top. Cracked eggs can be repaired by applying white glue. Broken or cracked eggs are likely to be infected by bacteria, followed by death of the embryo.
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Turbo regretted the decision due to his friendship with Bob and secretly increased the countdown on the bomb he had hidden with Mouse. Although Bob got rid of the bomb, Turbo was considered by many to be an enemy after that. When Matrix encounters Turbo in a distant system, he is searching for Bob, the only Guardian known to not be infected by Daemon. Turbo informs Matrix of the Daemon threat, as well as the necessity of finding Bob.
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In the case of HIV type-1, finding an animal with similar antibody response to the virus as humans can prove difficult. A study conducted in 1998 found that the tawny-bellied cotton rat can be infected by low-level HIV-1. A similar immune response to humans is activated on infection. The degree of infection may be increased by altering the co-receptors on the animal's cells, which would improve the reliability of the test subject.
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The Michigan DNR announced on May 17, 2007 that Budd became the first inland lake in the state of Michigan confirmed to be infected by viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS). The DNR analyzed fish specimens after a very large die-off that began on April 30, 2007 of muskies, bluegills, and black crappie. VHS is an infectious virus- spread fish disease responsible for mass die-offs of many species, but not linked to any human health concerns.Crawford, Franklin.
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One way to measure the outbreak is via the basic reproduction number, R0, a statistical measure of the average number of people expected to be infected by one person with a disease. If the basic reproduction number is less than 1, the infection dies out; if it is greater than 1, the infection continues to spread—with exponential growth in the number of cases. A March 2019 paper by Tariq et al. suggested that R0 was oscillating around 0.9.
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Distemper causes the deaths of many pups in the wild, though some specimens can survive infection. Tularemia, a bacterial disease, infects coyotes from tick bites and through their rodent and lagomorph prey, and can be deadly for pups. Coyotes can be infected by both demodectic and sarcoptic mange, the latter being the most common. Mite infestations are rare and incidental in coyotes, while tick infestations are more common, with seasonal peaks depending on locality (May–August in the Northwest, March–November in Arkansas).
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Any writeable firmware in the computer can be infected by malicious code. This is a major concern, as an infected BIOS could require the actual BIOS chip to be replaced to ensure the malicious code is completely removed. Anti-virus software is not effective at protecting firmware and the motherboard BIOS from infection. In 2014, security researchers discovered that USB devices contain writeable firmware which can be modified with malicious code (dubbed "BadUSB"), which anti-virus software cannot detect or prevent.
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Historically, pork products were thought to have the most risk of infecting humans with T. spiralis. However, a trichinosis surveillance conducted between 1997 and 2001 showed a higher percentage of cases caused by consumption of wild game (the sylvatic transmission cycle). This is thought to be due to the Federal Swine Health Protection Act (Public Law 96-468) that was passed by Congress in 1980. Prior to this act, swine were fed garbage that could potentially be infected by T. spiralis.
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For the sugarcane crop to be infected by the disease, large spore concentrations are needed. The fungi uses its smut-whip to ensure that the disease is spread to other plants, which usually occurs over a time period of three months. As the inoculum is spread, the younger sugarcane buds just coming out of the soil will be the most susceptible. Because water is necessary for spore germination, irrigation has been shown to be a factor in spreading the disease.
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An agouti (Dasyprocta punctata) which feed on immature fruit of P. elegans The embryos of immature fruit are eaten by agoutis (Dasyprocta punctata) once they have fallen to the forest floor. Mature seeds can be infected by fungi and are also eaten by bruchid beetle larvae. The squirrel, Sciurus ingrami eats the leaves of P. elegans on BCI, but not in Southeastern Brazil. Woolly spider monkeys in Brazil feed extensively on the leaves in October, prior to the beginning of their mating season.
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The genomes of these marine protist viruses are highly diverse.. 50px Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International License. Marine algae can be infected by viruses in the family Phycodnaviridae. These are large (100–560 kb) double-stranded DNA viruses with icosahedral shaped capsids. By 2014, 33 species divided into six genera had been identified within the family, which belongs to a super-group of large viruses known as nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses.
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The infection success of P. ramosa depends on its ability to attach to the host esophagus and to spread into its body cavity where the propagation of the pathogen takes place. The attachment step of the infection depends on the genotypes of the host and the bacterium, meaning that only certain host genotypes can be infected by certain strains of the bacterium. During P. ramosa infection, the size of the Daphnia increases significantly. This phenomenon is known as pathogen-induced gigantism.
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Infection by Philippine downy mildew results in a lack of viable reproductive structures and often earlier death. In addition, the infected plant is more likely to be infected by a secondary pathogen, such as a species of Pythium, Helminthosporium, or Fusarium. At the same time, when a section of the infected plant is transplanted to the soil, there is pronounced growth. This action seems to be by influence of the fungus-like protist to produce a large- enough host capable of transmitting spores.
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Electron micrograph of poliovirus The primary determinant of infection for any virus is its ability to enter a cell and produce additional infectious particles. The presence of CD155 is thought to define the animals and tissues that can be infected by poliovirus. CD155 is found (outside of laboratories) only on the cells of humans, higher primates, and Old World monkeys. Poliovirus is, however, strictly a human pathogen, and does not naturally infect any other species (although chimpanzees and Old World monkeys can be experimentally infected).
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The distribution of M. capillaris is determined by the geographic location of the snail and slug intermediate hosts the parasite uses in its life cycle. The natural intermediate host of M. capillaris is a species of terrestrial snails belonging to the Genus Trochoidea, and juvenille T. seetzenii snails are the most susceptible to the parasitic infection. These snails were first isolated and characterized in the Negev Desert in Israel. However, many other genus of snails can be infected by M. capillaris: Helix, Helicells, Theba, Abida, and Zebrina.
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The presence of lysogenic bacteriophage T12 can be tested through plaque assays if the indicator strain utilized is susceptible to the phage being tested. Plaque assays consist of pouring a soft agar solution with an indicator strain onto an agar plate. The indicator strain should be a strain of bacteria that can be infected by the phage that needs to be detected. After the soft agar is set the samples that are being tested for phage presence are then spread-plated onto the soft agar plates.
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On March 1, 2020, after returning from a conference in Portugal, he was confirmed as the first man in the Asturias region of Spain to be infected by COVID-19."El escritor chileno Luis Sepúlveda, primer afectado por coronavirus en Asturias", El País, March 1, 2020. By March 11, it was reported that Sepúlveda was in critical condition, that he was in an induced coma with assisted breathing due to multiple organ failure in an Oviedo hospital. He died on April 16 due to the virus.
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Cases of rabid wolves are low when compared to other species, as wolves do not serve as primary reservoirs of the disease, but can be infected by animals such as dogs, jackals and foxes. Incidents of rabies in wolves are very rare in North America, though numerous in the eastern Mediterranean, the Middle East and Central Asia. Wolves apparently develop the "furious" phase of rabies to a very high degree. This, coupled with their size and strength, makes rabid wolves perhaps the most dangerous of rabid animals.
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The primary route of infection is thought to be contact with the infected animals or their bodily fluids. The first reported outbreak outside of the African continent occurred in the United States in 2003 in the Midwestern states of Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin, with one occurrence in New Jersey. The outbreak was traced to a prairie dog infected from an imported Gambian pouch rat. No deaths occurred. Humans can be infected by an animal via a bite, or by direct contact with an infected animal’s bodily fluids.
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Digit grass is attacked by white-backed planthopper (Sogatella furcifera) or S. kolophon. Symptoms of an infected grass are: "stunting, yellowing, reddening, twisting of leaves, swelling of small veins, and excessive tillering". Other insects and pests affecting D. eriantha are as follows: spittlebugs (Tomaspis spp.), Rhodes grass mealy bug (Antonina graminis), chinch bug (Blissus leucopterus), sugar-cane aphid (Sipha flava), armyworms, root-knot nematodes and smut fungi. Typically, it is the digit grass seed’s head that will be infected by smut and only under humid conditions.
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Bee-eaters may be infested by several blood-feeding flies of the genus Carnus, and the biting fly Ornithophila metallica. Other parasites include chewing lice of the genera Meromenopon, Brueeliaa and Meropoecus, some of which are specialist parasites of bee-eaters, and the stickfast flea Echidnophaga gallinacea. The hole-nesting lifestyle of bee-eaters means that they tend to carry a higher burden of external parasites than non-hole-nesting bird species. Bee-eaters may also be infected by protozoan blood parasites of the genus Haemoproteus including H. meropis.
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Slidsjuka destroyed numerous wheat fields and had not been an issue since the 1940s, until it was recently identified as WDV. Wheat dwarf has led to large crop yields losses of up to 75% on major wheat fields throughout Europe. It has been shown that up to 50% of winter wheat in one field can be infected by WDV during the summer in Sweden. The recent causes of increased prevalence of wheat dwarf have been found to be a result of changing agricultural practices that have been favorable for the disease.
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The S53P4 bioactive glass has its roots in the bioglass 45S5 developed by Larry Hench in the late 1960s in New York. A couple of decades later, in the 1980s, the compound S53P4 bioactive glass was developed in Turku, Finland. S53P4 was found to be osteostimulative (non-osteoinductive), but it also had one new additional property: the composition of 53% silica and smaller weights of sodium, calcium and phosphorus gave rise to surface reactions in vitro that appeared to inhibit bacterial growth – a material that could not be infected by bacteria was discovered.
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The patient was moved to the isolation ward in Thimphu. This is the 4th positive case in Bhutan and the 2nd Bhutanese to be infected by COVID-19 in the country. A Bhutanese national in New York was also confirmed positive. 31 March: the Prime Minister, Dr. Lotay Tshering, announced that the quarantine period for COVID-19 in Bhutan will be extended from 14 to 21 days, even though the international (WHO) standard for quarantine is 14 days. He said: “There is the risk of testing positive even after quarantining for 14 days.
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He showed that small alveolar macrophages are more likely to be infected by HIV, implying they could be useful targets to improve pulmonary immunity. He is also involved with work to improve the diagnosis and treatment of patients in Sub-Saharan Africa with chronic cough. In 2015 Mwandumba was a distinguished scholar at Cornell University, where he delivered a public lecture on healthcare in Malawi. He works as an honorary consultant at the Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital in Malawi as well as at the Royal Liverpool University Hospital.
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Archbishop Desmond Tutu praised Hannah and the Salwens for the project, remarking: “We often say that young people must not let themselves be infected by the cynicism of their elders. Hannah inoculated her family with the vision to dream a different world, and the courage to help create it.” Skeptics criticized them for "self-promotion" or for the amount of money they donated to charity. Some critics questioned their choice of charity—finding fault with the family for having donated their money to help needy people in Africa rather than in the United States.
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Humans can be infected by viruses from five of the eight genera in the subfamily Parvovirinae: i) Bocaparvovirus (human bocavirus 1–4, HboV1–4), ii) Dependoparvovirus (adeno- associated virus 1–5, AAV1–5), iii) Erythroparvovirus (parvovirus B19, B19V), iv) Protoparvovirus (bufavirus 1–3, BuV1–3; cutavirus, CuV), and v) Tetraparvovirus (human parvovirus 4 G1–3, PARV4 G1–3). As of 2018, no known human viruses were in the remaining three recognized genera: vi) Amdoparvovirus (e.g. Aleutian mink disease virus), vii) Aveparvovirus (e.g. chicken parvovirus), and viii) Copiparvovirus (e.g.
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Windows 2000, Windows XP and presumably Windows Vista can be infected by all the Storm Worm variants, but Windows Server 2003 cannot, as the malware's author specifically excluded that edition of Windows from the code. Additionally, the decryption layer for some variants requires Windows API functions that are only available in Windows XP Service Pack 2 and later, effectively preventing infection on older versions of Windows. Peter Gutmann sent an email noting that the Storm botnet comprises between 1 and 10 million PCs depending on whose estimates you believe.
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53:210-212, 1969 and it was speculated at the time that the virus was also common in the United States but had been misidentified as a strain of Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV). With time, using serological, host range studies and eventually sequence data, this proved to be true. For example, several species of Commelinaceae, reported to be infected by BYMV, were found susceptible to ClYVV instead. ClYVV and BYMV are now considered to be different potyviruses, both of which infect many members of the Fabaceae (or Leguminosae) worldwide.
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S. cruzi is the only species known to be pathogenic in cattle. Several clinical syndromes have been reported in connection with this parasite: eosinophilic myositis; abortions, stillbirths, and deaths in pregnant cows; two cases of necrotic encephalitis in heifers have also been reported. Typical clinical signs of acute bovine sarcocystosis are: anorexia, pyrexia (42°C or more), anemia, cachexia, enlarged palpable lymph nodes, excessive salivation, and loss of hair at the tip of the tail. Sheep may be infected by four recognized species of Sarcocystis: S. arieticanis and S. tenella (S.
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Eggs and young are vulnerable to predation by mammals such as rats and American mink, and large birds including gulls, owls and herons. Common terns may be infected by lice, parasitic worms, and mites, although blood parasites appear to be rare. Its large population and huge breeding range mean that this species is classed as being of least concern, although numbers in North America have declined sharply in recent decades. Despite international legislation protecting the common tern, in some areas populations are threatened by habitat loss, pollution or the disturbance of breeding colonies.
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This is similar to the replication mechanism used by Poxviridae, though whether this mechanism is employed by all giant viruses or only mimivirus and the related mamavirus has yet to be determined. These virion replication factories can themselves be infected by the virophage satellite viruses, which inhibit or impair the reproduction of the complementary virus. Giant viruses from the deep ocean, terrestrial sources, and human patients contain genes encoding cytochrome P450 (CYP; P450) enzymes. The origin of these P450 genes in giant viruses remains unknown but may have been acquired from an ancient host.
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Since woolly monkeys are endangered, they cannot be used as an HBV animal model for research. Therefore, they are seeking out other primates that may be able to be infected by WMHBV. The woolly monkey's close relative, the black-handed spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) is susceptible to infection by WMHBV, but does not display levels of viral replication as high as woolly monkeys. Researchers were able to create an infectious clone of WMHBV, coined WMHBV-2, that infects and replicates in black-handed spider monkeys to the same degree that WMHBV replicates in woolly monkeys.
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Monilinia oxycocci (Woronin) Honey, (synonym Sclerotinia oxycocci), common names cranberry cottonball, cranberry hard rot, tip blight, is a fungal infection of the cranberry plant (Vaccinium macrocarpon). The tips of young flowering shoots wilt before they flower. Fruit that forms on the plant can then be infected by the asexual spores traveling through the plant, causing the berries to harden, turn cottony on the inside, and dry out instead of maturing. The berries are filled with a cotton-like fungus and are generally yellowish with tan stripes or blotches at maturity, making them unmarketable.
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In this case, rhizomania doesn't cause the plant to die which allows the virus is able to make its way to the leaves resulting in yellow-pale discoloration, proliferation, and upright growth. In late season infections, both roots and leaves appear asymptomatic. Spinacia oleracea (spinach) can also be infected by the same strand of BNYVV. For this plant, complete infection of the plant can occur in as little as four weeks causing yellow- green vein clearing on young leaves, stiff and/or crinkled leaves, necrosis, stunting, wilting, and possibly death.
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Green-head ants are prey for a number of predators, including assassin bugs and the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus), in the faeces of which have been found worker ants. Birds also eat these ants, including the Australian white ibis (Threskiornis moluccus), black kite (Milvus migrans), masked lapwing (Vanellus miles) and the Australian owlet-nightjar (Aegotheles cristatus). Workers and larvae can be infected by parasites; examined workers were seen with late-stage pupae of an unidentified parasite in their thoraces. In some nests of the green-head ant, some myrmecophilous insects such as the beetle Chlamydopsis longipes are sometimes seen living inside colonies.
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If the coin turns black, according to the theory, it is contaminated. On Grand Cayman and other islands the locals will test barracuda by placing a piece of the fish on the ground and allowing ants to crawl on it. If the ants do not avoid the flesh and will eat it, then the fish is deemed safe. In Dominican Republic, another common belief is that during months whose names do not include the letter "R" (May through August), it is not recommended to eat certain kinds of fish, because they are more likely to be infected by the ciguatera toxin.
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The host most notably affected is sweet orange but the bacterium can also infect weeds such as periwinkle (Vinca rosea) and London rocket (Sisymbrium irio).Leafhoppers transmit citrus stubborn disease to weed host. George H. Kaloostian, George N. Oldfield, Edmond C. Calavan and Richard L. Blue, California Agriculture, September 1976, Volume 30, Number 9, pages 4-5, Occurrence of Spiroplasma citri in periwinkle in California. A.L. Granett, R.L. Blue, M.K. Harjung, E.C. Calavan, D.J. Gumpf, California Agriculture, volume 30, issue 3, pages 18-19, Yellowed plants of Chinese cabbage and pak- choi (Brassica rapa) can be infected by S. citri.
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For example, regulatory T cell activity has been reported to increase in several infectious contexts, such as retroviral infections (the most well-known of which is HIV), mycobacterial infections (like tuberculosis), and various parasitic infections including Leishmania and malaria. Tregs play major roles during HIV infection. They suppress the immune system, thus limiting target cells and reducing inflammation, but this simultaneously disrupts the clearance of virus by the cell-mediated immune response and enhances the reservoir by pushing CD4+ T cells to a resting state, including infected cells. Additionally, Tregs can be infected by HIV, increasing the size of the HIV reservoir directly.
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Most animals can be infected by the virus and can transmit the disease to humans. Infected bats, monkeys, raccoons, foxes, skunks, cattle, wolves, coyotes, dogs, cats, and mongooses (normally either the small Asian mongoose or the yellow mongoose) present the greatest risk to humans. Rabies may also spread through exposure to infected bears, domestic farm animals, groundhogs, weasels, and other wild carnivorans. However, lagomorphs, such as hares and rabbits, and small rodents such as chipmunks, gerbils, guinea pigs, hamsters, mice, rats, and squirrels, are almost never found to be infected with rabies and are not known to transmit rabies to humans.
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The house finch may be infected by a number of parasites including Plasmodium relictum and Mycoplasma gallisepticum, which caused the population of house finches in eastern North America to crash during the 1990s. The mite Pellonyssus reedi is often found on house finch nestlings, particularly for nests later in the season. The brown-headed cowbird, a brood parasite, will lay its eggs in house finch nests, although the diet house finches feed their young is inadequate for the young cowbirds, which rarely survive. The beak is short and deep, similar to other passerine species adapted to crush seeds.
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The mass production of type 1 interferon may result in both positive and negative outcomes in response to HIV. Although type 1 interferon is efficient at facilitating maturation in pDCs and in killing infected T cells, excessive clearance of infected T cells may have detrimental effects and further weaken the patient's compromised immune system. pDCs themselves can be infected by HIV but are also capable of sensing viral markers such as ssRNA and are impaired in their interferon-producing capacities. However, it seems that in HIV, pDCs not only lose their interferon secreting properties but also die, expediting the progression of the disease.
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Many species of the genus became rare in recent decades due to predation by, and competition with introduced fish species (especially rainbow trout and Argentinian silverside), pollution, overfishing and other human activities in their habitats. In the 1960s, an expedition to Lake Titicaca led by Jacques Cousteau reported seeing many dead Orestias and when studied they were found to be infected by a disease introduced with the trout. The two largest species in the genus, the Titicaca orestias (O. cuvieri) at up to in standard length and in total length, and O. pentlandii up to and respectively, have fared the worst.
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Human brucellosis is usually not transmitted from human to human; people become infected by contact with fluids from infected animals (sheep, cattle, or pigs) or derived food products, such as unpasteurized milk and cheese. Brucellosis is also considered an occupational disease because of a higher incidence in people working with animals (slaughterhouse cases). People may also be infected by inhalation of contaminated dust or aerosols, and as such, the CDC has labeled Brucella species as highly weaponizable. Human and animal brucellosis share the persistence of the bacteria in tissues of the mononuclear phagocyte system, including the spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow.
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This and the fact that Bowman didn't make the plane crash, as Peter remembers, suggest that events are playing out differently. Walter Bishop (John Noble) worries that Lincoln may be infected by the virus, and keeps him in the lab to study him. Peter and Olivia identify a tattoo on Bowman's corpse with the help of Edward Markham (Clark Middleton), who in this timeline does not know Peter or Olivia. He is able to identify it as a cuneiform symbol of a cult that wants to create a new evolution of mankind, or "mutation by design".
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When informed by Rick of the death of Violet the pig and a sick boar discovered in the woods, Hershel (Scott Wilson) notes that, pre-apocalypse, some diseases were spread by pigs and birds. They conclude that everyone in the cell block could be infected by an aggressive strain of the flu. As Carl and Maggie carry Michonne back inside, Rick approaches them and warns them to stay away from him and anyone else who may have been exposed, due to the risk of infection. Carol (Melissa McBride) tends to Ryan Samuels (Victor McCay), who was bitten during the attack.
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Starting on 5 April, however, the number of crew members reporting to the infirmary began growing exponentially to alarming levels. Two sailors were medically scanned and found to be infected by the coronavirus, after which the French defense minister Florence Parly ordered the carrier to return to its home port of Toulon. On 10 April, French news outlets reported that out of 66 tests conducted on board the aircraft carrier, 50 had returned positive. Three sailors were evacuated by air to . There were 1,760 personnel on board. The carrier arrived in Toulon on the afternoon of 12 April, where the personnel began a 14-day quarantine.
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However, this claim to the photograph was subsequently disputed by Jean-Paul Van Belle who claimed to have taken these pictures 3 weeks earlier. His local guide Nicolas "Shaco" Flores, who was found dead six days later with a bamboo-tipped arrow stuck in his heart, is believed to have been killed by members of the Mashco-Piro tribe. In August 2013, the BBC reported that a group of Mashco-Piros had been seen apparently asking neighboring villagers for food. The Peruvian government has banned contact with the Mashco-Piros for fear that they might be infected by strangers with diseases to which the Mashco-Piros have not built up immunity.
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Although Jenner was propelled into the spotlight from the vaccination popularity, he mainly focused on science behind why the cowpox allowed persons to not be infected by smallpox. The honour of the discovery of the vaccination is often attributed to Benjamin Jesty, but he was no scientist and did not repeat or publish his findings. He is considered to be the first to use cowpox as a vaccination, though the term vaccination was not invented yet. During the midst of the smallpox outbreak, Jesty transferred pieces of cow udder which he knew had been infected with cowpox into the skin of his family members in the hopes of protecting them.
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The Coronavirus Act 2020 (c. 7) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that grants the government emergency powers to handle the COVID-19 pandemic. The Act allows the government the discretionary power to limit or suspend public gatherings, to detain individuals suspected to be infected by COVID-19, and to intervene or relax regulations in a range of sectors to limit transmission of the disease, ease the burden on public health services, and assist healthcare workers and the economically affected. Areas covered by the Act include the National Health Service, social care, schools, police, Border Force, local councils, funerals and courts.
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Transmission of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 from mammals as biological carriers to humans The first known infections from the SARS-CoV-2 strain were discovered in Wuhan, China. The original source of viral transmission to humans remains unclear, as does whether the strain became pathogenic before or after the spillover event. Because many of the first individuals found to be infected by the virus were workers at the Huanan Seafood Market, it has been suggested that the strain might have originated from the market. However, other research indicates that visitors may have introduced the virus to the market, which then facilitated rapid expansion of the infections.
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Mortality is measured by number of deaths in a population per the proportion of the population per unit of time. The basic reproduction number, R0, is a statistical measure of the average number of people expected to be infected by one person who has a disease. If the rate is less than 1, the infection dies out; if it is greater than 1, the infection continues to spread—with exponential growth in the number of cases. In September 2014, the estimated R0 were 1.71 (95% CI, 1.44 to 2.01) for Guinea, 1.83 (95% CI, 1.72 to 1.94) for Liberia, and 2.02 (95% CI, 1.79 to 2.26) for Sierra Leone.
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The story deals with two telepaths named Robb and Lyanna ("Lya" for short), who visit the planet Shkea by an invitation of the planetary administrator, who is disconcerted by the culture of the native alien population, the Shkeen, and how it affects humans. The Shkeen are an ancient culture, but their progress has stalled at a stone age level for thousands of years. Their religion is centered on a jelly-like parasite called the Greeshka. At middle age, they allow themselves to be infected by it, and ten years later visit a cave where there is a large mass of Greeshka and allow themselves to be consumed by it.
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Some have suggested the syndrome may be an inability by beekeepers to correctly identify known diseases such as European foulbrood or the microsporidian fungus Nosema apis. The testing and diagnosis of samples from affected colonies (already performed) makes this highly unlikely, as the symptoms are fairly well known and differ from what is classified as CCD. A high rate of Nosema infection was reported in samples of bees from Pennsylvania, but this pattern was not reported from samples elsewhere. When healthy bees are fed pollen filled with fungicides, insecticides and other agriculture chemicals, they are more likely to be infected by Nosema ceranae, a parasitic microsporidian fungus associated with widespread death of honey bees.
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Traylor and Shooker head to a bridge where Joss, Joseph and Charlie have found themselves after having escaped the hospital in an ambulance. Six months later, the outbreak of flesh-eating "zeds" has become widespread, and the Red Crow Reservation has been turned into a fortified compound. Its residents have learned that indigenous people cannot be infected by the "zed" plague, though white people can. Lysol has become increasingly aggressive towards Joseph and others' tendency to bring outsiders—such as a man and his young daughter, the latter of whom was bitten by an infected person, as well as a girl named Lilith, who hides the fact that she has also been infected—to the compound.
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As an evolutionary response to this method of immune surveillance, many viruses are able to down-regulate or otherwise prevent the presentation of MHC class I molecules on the cell surface. In contrast to cytotoxic T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells are normally inactivated upon recognizing MHC I molecules on the surface of cells. Therefore, in the absence of MHC I molecules, NK cells are activated and recognize the cell as aberrant, suggesting that it may be infected by viruses attempting to evade immune destruction. Several human cancers also show down-regulation of MHC I, giving transformed cells the same survival advantage of being able to avoid normal immune surveillance designed to destroy any infected or transformed cells.
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Tadpoles can be infected on their mouth parts (which is the only location of keratinized skin) and frogs post-metamorphosis can be infected almost anywhere (but primarily on the toes). The significance that salamanders (specifically tiger salamanders from the paper) can be infected is because they can perpetuate the presence of Bd in the environment which can then increase the odds that a frog will be infected by this disease. Salamanders can also overwinter in the water itself, while frogs live terrestrially during the winter. This is significant because without the living hosts keeping Bd alive in the water, it would have a high chance to die off over the winter in the water with no hosts.
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In a closed culture system, milky disease is seldom observed, but the lobsters can be infected by several other diseases, reducing survival rates. First, the shells of sick lobsters slowly change from a natural blue coloration to brown and finally dies without feeding for weeks. Second, at the base of the crawling leg as well as the abdominal segments, the orange colour comes out and one week later, the leg may be broken and lobsters die. It is also found that several lobsters of 10-30 g had special symptom in which the white rod shape look like frame of leaf on the abdominal segments and lobsters will die in mass very soon.
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Instead of firing her, her employer asks her fellow workers whether they want to continue working with Asmaa, receiving a reluctant but overwhelming negative answer, so Asmaa effectively loses her job without being fired. A charitable foundation offers to treat Asmaa, if she will say how she caught the disease, but Asmaa refuses. Asmaa is adamant that she will not reveal how she came to be infected by HIV, saying that everyone has a right to be treated. After a long struggle with her dilemma, Asmaa agrees to appear on Mohsen's television show anonymously, but Mohsen succeeds in persuading Asmaa to reveal her identity, leading to an emotional climax for the film.
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Coinfections or immunizations may enhance viral replication by inducing a response and activation of the immune system. This activation facilitates the three key stages of the viral life cycle: entry to the cell; reverse transcription and proviral transcription. Chemokine receptors are vital for the entry of HIV into cells. The expression of these receptors is inducible by immune activation caused through infection or immunization, thus augmenting the number of cells that are able to be infected by HIV-1. Both reverse transcription of the HIV-1 genome and the rate of transcription of proviral DNA rely upon the activation state of the cell and are less likely to be successful in quiescent cells.
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However, the HK97-MCP in viruses is much more divergent and widespread than encapsulins, which form a narrow monophyletic clade. As such, it is more likely that encapsulins are derived from viruses than vice versa. An exception to this viewpoint is that encapsulins have also been identified in archaea of the phylum Crenarchaeota, which are not known to be infected by tailed bacteriophages, so the relation between encapsulins and Duplodnaviria remains unresolved. The ATPase subunit of Duplodnaviria terminases that generates energy for packaging viral DNA has the same general structural design of the P-loop fold as the packaging ATPases of double jelly roll viruses in the realm Varidnaviria but are otherwise not directly related to each other.
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In nature, the more time individual frogs were found at temperatures above 25 °C, the less likely they were to be infected by the amphibian chytrid. This may explain why chytridiomycosis-induced amphibian declines have occurred primarily at higher elevations and during cooler months. Naturally produced cutaneous peptides can inhibit the growth of B. dendrobatidis when the infected amphibians are around temperatures near 10 °C (50 °F), allowing species like the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) to clear the infection in about 15% of cases. Although many declines have been credited to the fungus B. dendrobatidis - although likely prematurely so in many cases \- some species resist the infection and some populations can survive with a low level of persistence of the disease.
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The World was partially destroyed when agents of AIM attacked the facilities in order to recover the technology Weapon Plus stole from them. They are soon killed by Weapon XV. After years of being uninhabited the World itself, still operational though abandoned, has itself became sentient, and is continuing to make super advanced Weapons. Wolverine and Noh-Varr head to the World to try and stop Norman Osborn from claiming it and its creations as part of H.A.M.M.E.R. While there they are attacked by a large army of mutant zombies, soon revealed to be infected by Weapon XVI, "Allgod". Noh-Varr is rescued by Fantomex, who is there to retrieve the World's brain to help reprogram it into becoming a more benevolent and peaceful being.
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Streptomyces mediterranei was first isolated in 1957 from a soil sample collected near the beach-side town of St Raphael in southern France. The name was originally given by two microbiologists working with the Italian drug company Group Lepetit SpA in Milan, the Italian Grazia Beretta, and Pinhas Margalith of Israel. In 1969, the bacterium was renamed Nocardia mediterranei when another scientist named Thiemann found that it has a cell wall typical of the Nocardia species. Then, in 1986, the bacterium was renamed again Amycolatopsis mediterranei, as the first species of a new genus, because a scientist named Lechevalier discovered that the cell wall lacks mycolic acid and is not able to be infected by the Nocardia and Rhodococcus phages.
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The Department of Health confirms that an Orange County resident died in California after contracting COVID-19 while traveling. March 14: Orlando International Airport confirms that one of its Transportation Security Administration (TSA) agents had tested positive for COVID-19, bringing the total of TSA agents across the United States to have the virus to five after four other TSA agents at Mineta San Jose International Airport in California tested positive. March 17: Governor DeSantis orders bars and nightclubs to close for 30 days, gyms announce that they would be closing, and the first medical group offers drive through COVID-19 testing in Central Florida. March 18: Nineteen senior living facilities are suspected to be infected by the coronavirus. The state purchases 2,500 testing kits.
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Caterpillar Cocoon According to different sources, larvae feed on a wide variety of plant species, low down, including blackthorn, hawthorn, viburnum, dogwood, ivy and ling, or bilberry, broom, larch, birch, willow, hazel, sea buckthorn and Rubus species, including bramble. It is not known to feed on oak; however, one entomologist (Brues, 1924) is quoted as saying: Larvae can be infected by a virus that changes their behaviour, causing them to climb out of the protection of low scrub and leave them open to predation, facilitating the spread of the infection. The caterpillar hairs of some species of moth, such as the oak processionary moth (Thaumetopoea processionea), can cause skin irritation, but there is no evidence that the oak eggar is one of these, despite the similar name.
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The fruit bodies of B. edulis can be infected by the parasitic mould-like fungus Hypomyces chrysospermus, known as the bolete eater, which manifests itself as a white, yellow, or reddish-brown cottony layer over the surface of the mushroom. Some reported cases of stomach ache following consumption of dried porcini have been attributed to the presence of this mould on the fruit bodies. The mushroom is also used as a food source by several species of mushroom flies, as well as other insects and their larvae. An unidentified species of virus was reported to have infected specimens found in the Netherlands and in Italy; fruit bodies affected by the virus had relatively thick stems and small or no caps, leading to the name "little-cap disease".
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The wine produced from this area was known as vins liquoreux but it is not clear if the Dutch were actively using nobly rotted grapes at this point.H. Johnson Vintage: The Story of Wine pg 185-188 Simon and Schuster 1989 Wine expert Hugh Johnson has suggested that the unappealing thought of drinking wine made from fungus-infested grapes may have caused Sauternes producers to keep the use of Botrytis a secret. There are records from the 17th century that by October, Sémillon grapes were known to be infected by rot and vineyard workers had to separate rotted and clean berries but they are incomplete in regards to whether the rotted grapes were used in winemaking. By the 18th century, the practice of using nobly rotted grapes in Tokaji and Germany was well known.
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David Prangishvili has affected the field of prokaryotic virology by the discovery and description of many new species and families of DNA viruses which infect Archaea,"Astonishing new viruses", Encyclopedia of Microbiology, Academic Press, 2009, p. 371, 372. encompassing families Ampullaviridae (1), Bicaudaviridae (2), Clavaviridae (3), Globuloviridae (4), Guttaviridae (5), Spiraviridae (6) Tristromaviridae (7), and Portogloboviridae (8), and the order Ligamenvirales (9) (families Rudiviridae (10) and Lipothrixviridae (11) ). He is an author of more than 170 publications in scientific journals and books. Prangishvili’s studies have helped to reveal that DNA viruses of Archaea constitute a distinctive part of the viral world and that Archaea can be infected by viruses with a variety of unusual morphologies which have not been observed among viruses from the other two domains of life, Bacteria and Eukarya.
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Ken Keeler (Tom Powers), a prominent attorney, believes along with other leading citizens of Fairview that the families of "The Patch", a migrant shantytown on the outskirts of the town, should not be encouraged to stay. When a proposal is made that the migrant children should be allowed to attend school in the town, a citizens' meeting goes into an uproar. The town doctor warns that with the lack of sanitation and prevalence of disease in the migrant camp, the whole town will be infected by such a move. Ken's daughter Sallie (Colleen Townsend), a member of a church youth group that conducts classes for the migrants and fights for their rights, insists that the town should reach out and help their poorer neighbors like good Christians, but hers is a lone voice.
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Someone breaks into Grim's trunk and releases his Mojo Balls, causing everyone in Endsville to be infected by supernatural rage and senselessly fight each other. Following a suspicious trail of chicken feathers, Billy, Mandy, Grim, and Irwin travel to various locations from the series such as the Underworld, Jack's pumpkin patch, and even Billy's backyard to simultaneously recover the Mojo Balls and find out who released them. After defeating the brain-eating meteor from "Little Rock of Horrors", which crashed in Billy's backyard, Billy reveals he was the one who opened Grim's trunk hoping to free "Moe and Joe". The curse Grim had put on the trunk as a failsafe measure had caused Billy to begin sprouting chicken feathers, which he had been leaving a trail of so he wouldn't get lost.
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Any age plants can be infected by this virus, but some varieties of banana, including the Cavendish, are more susceptible to the virus. In areas where the virus is less common, the disease is usually spread by planting diseased suckers at the beginning of the season, which means the season is started with a diseased crop. The pathogen causes cytopathelogical effects in the phloem tissue, which is the damaging of the host cells caused by the virus. The damage causes many effects that help to diagnose and characterize the disease. The name of the disease comes from the symptom which occurs in older plants, in which the new leaves that are produced are narrower than normal, yellow, and flat, which causes a “bunchy” appearance at the top of the tree.
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Although the quality and quantity of antibody production by a potential vaccine is intended to neutralize the COVID‑19 infection, a vaccine may have an unintended opposite effect by causing antibody-dependent disease enhancement (ADE), which increases the virus attachment to its target cells and might trigger the cytokine storm when the person will be infected by the virus after vaccination. The vaccine technology platform (for example, viral vector vaccine, spike (S) protein vaccine or protein subunit vaccine), vaccine dose, timing of repeat vaccinations for the possible recurrence of COVID‑19 infection, and elderly age are factors determining the risk and extent of ADE. The antibody response to a vaccine is a variable of vaccine technologies in development, including whether the vaccine has precision in its mechanism, and choice of the route for how it is given (intramuscular, intradermal, oral, or nasal).
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Consumption of eggs from feces-contaminated items is the most common method of infection for humans especially children and young adults under the age of 20 years. Although rare, being in contact with soil that contains infectious eggs can also cause human infection, especially handling soil with an open wound or accidentally swallowing contaminated soil, as well as eating undercooked or raw meat of an intermediate host of the parasite such as lamb or rabbit. Humans can be infected by this roundworm, a condition called toxocariasis, just by stroking an infected dog's fur and accidentally ingesting infective eggs that may be present on the dog's fur. When humans ingest infective eggs, diseases like hepatomegaly, myocarditis, respiratory failure and vision problems can result depending on where the larva are deposited in the body.. Updated 16 Feb. 2016.
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Writer Chris Brancato was working with MGM on The Outer Limits, and knew the studio was interested in making a follow-up to Species. He pitched an idea to executive Greg Foster where this time two hybrid alien women would strike. Foster liked it, but once Brancato went to Species producer Frank Mancuso Jr., he asked to "approach this from a different angle, so that we don't have a tired retread of the original, as sequels often are". So Brancato took inspiration from The Manchurian Candidate, where "somebody on a mission comes back, apparently a hero, but actually with some terrible demon inside", and as "the notion of a grand, unexplored place was the planet Mars", he made the first astronaut on Mars – as according to NASA scientists consulted by Brancato, human exploration of Mars was "a possibility – just a very expensive one" – be infected by alien DNA.
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The activity of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against influenza was first suggested in 1966. In 1997 a randomized clinical trial found that volunteers taking 1.2 grams of N-acetylcysteine daily for six months were as likely as those taking placebo to be infected by influenza, but only 25% of them experienced clinical symptoms, as contrasted with 67% of the control group. The authors concluded that resistance to flu symptoms was associated with a shift in cell mediated immunity from anergy toward normoergy, as measured by the degree of skin reactivity to seven common antigens such as tetanus and Candida albicans. (Open access article) Several animal studies found that in a mouse model of lethal infection with a high dose of influenza, oral supplementation with one gram of N-acetylcysteine per kilogram of body weight daily increased the rate of survival, either when administered alone or in combination with the antiviral drugs ribavirin or oseltamivir.
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The infection of mononuclear phagocytes with HIV-1 is an important element in the development of HIV-associated dementia complex (HAD). The only brain cell type that is "productively" infected with the virus are microglial cells. It has also become clear that neurotoxic mediators released from brain microglia play an important role in the pathogenesis of HIV-1. "HIV-1 can enter the microglial cell via CD4 receptors and chemokine co-receptors such as CCR3, CCR5, and CXCR4, with CCR5 being the most important of these. Humans with double allelic loss of CCR5 are virtually immune to HIV acquired via the sexual route (though can be infected by IV transmission of CXCR4 tropic viruses). IL-4 and IL-10 enhance the entry and replication of HIV-1 in microglia through the up-regulation of CD4 and CCR5 expression, respectively. The chemokines CCL5/RANTES, CCL3/MIP-1α, CCL4/MIP-1β, all of which bind to CCR5, are inhibitory to HIV-1 replication in microglial cells, apparently by their ability to block viral entry." Infected microglia contain viral particles intracellularly.
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