This beautiful rounded piece of scoriaceous basalt was later dubbed the 'seatbelt basalt.
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Simpson and his colleagues sought to match the geochemical signatures in a set of 21 basalt picks and adzes (or "toki") with basalt quarries on the island.
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Everywhere the rover looked, it was basalt — volcanic rock.
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Basalt contains aluminum and chromium, which can be environmental hazards.
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The tombstones, made of Ukrainian basalt, retail for approximately $1000.
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The basalt quarries cover the size of two football fields.
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The top formed a basalt crust over a mantle of minerals.
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Enter these smashed potatoes, which come from Basalt in Napa, California.
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Reynisfjara Beach is known for its black sands and basalt columns.
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You have some minerals from the basalt, which you can taste.
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Then the liquid is injected into a basalt rock formation deep underground.
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Specifically, seeing Reynisfjara, the black basalt column beach, was my favorite landscape highlight.
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"The [Syar] regolith is made of basalt sand shards and dust," she said.
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It was designed by Glenn Rappaport of Black Shack Architects in Basalt, Colo.
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One example is basalt fiber concrete from Techniker Engineers and Cornish Concrete Products.
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The basalt millstones at the Jebrini mill, for example, date back 200 years.
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They then analyzed the observations to find basalt rock formations closely resembling volcanoes.
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Sharing the space, scattered throughout, are 12 of Noguchi's elegantly balanced basalt works.
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They poured about 120 pounds of basalt into a crucible inside a furnace.
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Basalt has a look to it too, all grays and blues, rocks and saltwater.
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The master bedroom has a basalt tile floor and built-in wenge wood storage.
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As the basalt dissolves, it begins leaching minerals, such as calcium, iron and magnesium.
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Injecting it into basalt and letting nature take its course can solve that problem.
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She said that there were similar basalt deposits in many parts of the world.
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The paving slabs outside the Coliseum are Bugaboo-buggering great slabs of volcanic basalt pain.
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A black basalt stone fireplace punctuates a wall of windows in the formal dining room.
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Many of the stone figures in both countries are in basalt fields known as harrats.
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Throughout Earth's history, periods of rapid warming occurred when basalt flowed out over large areas.
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For one Brooklyn kitchen, Studio Nato splurged on counters and a backsplash made from basalt.
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The exhibition also features a dazzling floor sculpture made of basalt stone from the Italian Alps.
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She originally thought they were simply flakes of basalt, a type of dark-colored igneous rock.
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WITH HEATHER and woodland running down to basalt cliffs, Ulva is a picture-perfect Hebridean island.
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The photo was taken behind the basalt formations where the village was founded 20 years ago.
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Whether basalt-fibre concrete will similarly stand the test of time only future architects will know.■
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Old rock formations including granite are found to have more strontium than younger rocks like basalt.
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Basalt is a volcanic rock composed of augite and sometimes plagioclase and magnetite, which says nothing.
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Preserving mangroves is a lot easier than, for example, turning captured carbon dioxide into basalt rock.
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By using locally-sourced basalt fines, PISCES hopes to reduce the environmental impacts associated with cement production.
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They were made of basalt, so inside them you heard hardly any echoes at all, he said.
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The volcanic activity has also produced basalt, however, the blackish rock found in lava flows and elsewhere.
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Today, in the lonely reaches of Siberia, piles of ancient basalt stack up, in places, miles thick.
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On the Jordan River, railway ties run across a graceful bridge of black basalt that connects nothing.
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More than 500 homes have been evacuated because of a wildfire burning near Basalt in the Colorado mountains.
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First, the carbon dioxide is mixed with water as it is injected into a deep well containing basalt.
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The island started as what's known as a Surtseyan eruption—a relatively violent underwater eruption of molten basalt.
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There's basalt all over the world, in places like the Pacific Northwest, India and South America, Matter said.
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The basalt is still there, standing up against the beating waves as it has for thousands of years.
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Dr Matter's project, called CarbFix, is based in Iceland, a country well-endowed with both environmentalism and basalt.
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Basalt samples reveal their sources through their chemical elements, which link back to the geology of the site.
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"Luck was definitely on our side that weekend," said Ms. Niebuhr, 58, a general contractor from Basalt, Colo.
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One limitation of the experiment is that the microbes are being grown on an Earth rock—igneous basalt.
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"The olivine crystals folks are finding on the ground scattered about are from violently ejected basalt [a type of lava] blobs wherein the embedded, earlier-formed olivine crystals are freed from their surrounding pahoehoe [syrupy lava] basalt liquid," Stanley Mertzman, a volcanologist at Franklin and Marshall College, said over email.
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Eagle County Sheriff James Van Beek offered the assurances Thursday at a community meeting in the town of Basalt.
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So, a volcano that tends to erupt rhyolite and dacite gets a higher score and the converse for basalt.
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The best opportunities for this would be along coastlines, where there is both abundant seawater, and basalt, Gislason said.
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It is mostly composed of pillow-shaped basalt, a type of rock formed when lava cools rapidly in seawater.
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They couldn't find zircons in the basalt itself, but found it in the ash layers between the solidified lava.
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Within two years, 95 percent of the carbon injected into the basalt below the plant had solidified into stone.
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Just 200 minutes from Aspen, Element Basalt Aspen ($159) has an indoor pool, complimentary breakfast buffet and laundry facilities.
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"Living with your parents is one," Bryant Dulin, 34, an avid skier and app developer based in Basalt, Colo.
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The temple complex was first excavated by archaeologists in 1955, after they found a massive basalt lion on the site.
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Over the course of two years, the carbon solution reacted with the basalt, eventually crystallizing into these carbon storage rocks.
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The high-percentage of basalt in the rock (at some places up to 90 percent) was key to the technique.
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From the project site: The Lunar Concrete Project aims to create a sustainable alternative to traditional concrete using volcanic basalt.
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Nevertheless, if the will were there, pipelines from industrial areas could be built to carry exhaust gases to this basalt.
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In 2012, they pumped about 250 tons of carbon dioxide, mixed with water, about 1,500 feet down into porous basalt.
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Founded in 1982, RMI's Innovation Center recently moved to a new location along the Roaring Fork River in Basalt, Colorado.
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Interwoven into the cityscape were squat houses of local basalt connected by twisting alleyways that provided shelter from the sun.
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These seas of basalt erupted when the Moon was very young and its interior was still churning with hot magma.
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In October, the Rapa Nui community offered a basalt replica to the British Museum in exchange for the sacred original.
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The chemical elements in these basalt samples were then compared to materials found within several other major quarries on the island.
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Because basalt contains both, researchers theorized that the mantle could contain olivine and pyroxene equally, rather than being dominated by one.
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When an international team of scientists pumped a carbon dioxide and water mix into underground basalt rocks, basic chemistry took over.
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Much of the ocean floor is founded on basalt, and vast fields of it have even been identified on our moon.
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It's worth taking a look at the transcript of that moment to grasp the sheer scampiness of this mad basalt caper.
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In 2012, they injected 250 tons of CO2 (mixed with water and hydrogen sulfide) into basalt about 1,500 feet below ground.
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Basalt, Colorado (CNN)Amanda Boxtel was 24 years old when she lay in a hospital bed, unable to move her legs.
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Later this month, the platform will start to rotate while the arm pumps out a gooey concoction of basalt and biopolymers.
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Among them, sitting up straight and dignified, one red basalt headstone somehow appeared to be in better condition than the rest.
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There's also an indoor pool, which measures 30 feet by 15 feet and is surrounded by a Basalt stone tile floor.
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Iceland's black-sand beach, called Reynisfjara, has incredible columns made of basalt and rock pillars that stick out of the water.
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But several billion years later, the basalt surface has been buried by regolith that was subsequently tossed up by later impacts.
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A longtime New York Times contributor, Cindy Hirschfeld writes about skiing and other outdoor adventures from her home in Basalt, Colo.
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Authorities said Thursday that firefighters worked through the night to protect homes near Basalt, about 20 miles (32 kilometers) northwest of Aspen.
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So, kind of like big flood basalt provinces and komatiite lavas, kimberlites seem to have been more common in the planet's past.
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The other full bathroom also has a basalt tile floor and a wenge vanity, as well as a free-standing limestone tub.
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Diamond and his wife Katie McNeil visited the Rocky Mountain Team Black's incident command post near Basalt, FOX 31 in Denver reported .
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Like the field test in Washington, this study proved that CO2 could be stored as a solid form between layers of basalt.
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They dissolved the gas with water and pumped it into porous basalt in Iceland, where almost all of it adhered as calcite.
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The ocean floor is largely basalt, however, so power plants might be able to use seawater to pump carbon under the seabed.
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These rift zones are where new land is created as magma bubbles up to the surface and cools off, forming basalt rocks.
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The most well-known of the basalt boulder structures are the "kites," which were first identified by air pilots in the 1920s.
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The activity prompted the authorities to evacuate Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, where all of the Basalt project's Hawaii fieldwork has taken place.
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Danielle Howard, a certified financial planner in Basalt, Colorado, has a client who uses distribution money every year to pay his property taxes.
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It looked to the geologists as though the rocks had been formed through a partial melting of other older basalt-like "mafic" rocks.
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He believes this technique could help large greenhouse gas-emitting countries, such as India where basalt formations are plentiful, reduce their carbon footprints.
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Because of its chemical composition, basalt can produce a unique carbonate mineral called "ankerite" when exposed to the acidic conditions enabled by CO23.
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Two years ago, researchers with the US Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory injected carbon dioxide into dried-up basalt lava flows.
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The H2S reacted with iron in the basalt to make pyrites, so if exhaust gas were sequestered routinely, scrubbing might not be needed.
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Iceland is practically all basalt, so for several years the researchers and an Icelandic utility have been testing the technology on the island.
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That's the reason Basalt is surrounded by famous ski areas like Aspen and Snowmass, which is actually where the architects looked for inspiration.
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He also questioned whether the carbon dioxide and water mix would react with basalt after continuous pumping filled a fissure with hardened calcite.
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Roughly 130 pounds of basalt were melted in an induction furnace at 2,400 degrees Fahrenheit for four hours to create 10 gallon batches.
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Exterior walls are made of aluminum or basalt, to withstand seawater and snowstorms, and roofs are softened with planes of sedum and grass.
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Basalt is a reactive rock, and it dissolves in a matter of minutes when it comes into contact with the acidic CO2/water solution.
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But even more promising is the ocean floor, which is full of basalt and a good place to store the carbon dioxide, Goldberg said.
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The Rapa Nui community has offered a basalt replica of the eight-foot, four-ton sculpture called Hoa Hakananai'a, which was stolen in 1868.
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The team took carbon emissions from the atmosphere, dissolved them in water, and sealed them in an underground well in Iceland with basalt rocks.
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The one exception is Climeworks' Iceland pilot plant, which captures its modest annual 50 metric tons of CO2 and buries it as basalt rock.
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Of course, you probably won't run into the Night King or White Walkers, but you will see Northern Lights, basalt pillars and living geysers.
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The Danakil is geologically a part of the ocean floor because it is underlain by this erupted basalt, rather than by granitic continental rocks.
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The seabed is mostly covered by thick basalt layers, which make the Faroese offshore areas difficult to explore despite promising geological and seismic surveys.
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Basalt is a common type of volcanic rock that contains elements like calcium, magnesium, iron, and manganese, and is found all across the world.
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Because the carbonated water solution can cause basalt to dissolve immediately, McGrail warned that injection wells could also clog up with key metal components.
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The team at the US Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Washington drilled a well in the Columbia River Basalt formation.
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Over time, the layers have folded upward, forming the ridge, and the topmost basalt layer is now sliding over the sedimentary layer beneath it.
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The living room includes a skylight, a wall of built-in drawers and shelves and a fireplace with a combed-basalt surround and hearth.
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Sticky, silica-rich magma like rhyolite and dacite can produce explosive eruptions (bad) while silica-poor magma like basalt tends towards lava flows (less bad).
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One of her first moves after the funeral was to connect with a certified financial planner, Danielle Howard of Wealth by Design in Basalt, Colo.
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Some commercial basalt-fibre composites are already available, but the team think they can improve the performance of such fibres further, by adding other materials.
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Our Moon still exhibits signs of this cataclysmic era in the form of dark volcanic basalt surface features—fine-grained volcanic rock—known as maria.
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Based on those measurements, scientists have come up with a reasonably good reproduction on Earth — crushed basalt from an ancient volcano in the Mojave Desert.
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It is "sculpted in basalt — stone that stands out for its hardness and elegance," the ministry said, and also has unique carvings on its back.
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He found and salvaged many of the Olmec's enormous basalt sculptures of human heads and argued that the Olmecs were the "mother culture" of Mesoamerica.
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Soaked corn is ground between wheels of heavy volcanic rock, much like the basalt rocks used by the Mesoamerican cooks who first mastered the process.
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The first-century ruins of the rough basalt houses, packed next to one another, showed tiny rooms that opened onto courtyards linking the individual dwellings.
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When the scream of metal grinding against the basalt fell away, Eyrún looked down and saw her husband staring back at her through the glass.
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Thick columns of basalt rock immediately captivate the attention as the centerpiece of the immersive environment that is Robert Irwin's new installation Untitled (dawn to dusk).
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The secretly obtained basalt was not discovered until Apollo scientists stumbled on it in the mission's rock boxes, prompting Scott to fess up to his hijinx.
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Further down the line Deakin's researchers are looking into making rebars out of basalt, an abundant volcanic rock, by melting it and extruding it into fibres.
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By pumping the stuff into volcanic basalt, the CarbFix Project has converted 95 percent of the CO2 emissions from a geothermal plant into solid carbonate minerals.
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India has large deposits of basalt that might be a perfect place to store carbon from the country's many coal-fired plants, for instance, said Williams.
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Over four hours, with a few occasional stirs, the furnace heated the rocks to about 2,400 degrees Fahrenheit, until the basalt became a bubbling molten mix.
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AI SpaceFactory's biopolymer composite of basalt fiber and bioplastic "was found to be stronger and more durable" than prototypes using concrete from other competing teams, NASA said.
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Whether granite, limestone, basalt, shale, gravel, slate or clay, each, they argue, imparts consistent characteristics when matched with the proper grapes, particularly when carefully and conscientiously farmed.
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Ludovico Sergardi, who oversaw public works at Saint Peter's Basilica, helped introduce the beveled black basalt cobblestones, known as sampietrini, which are central to the city's charm.
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After all, basalt and other volcanic materials are known to significantly enrich land ecosystems over the long term, even though they can be initially catastrophic to life.
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Close by, Basalt Mountain Inn ($125) has 25 just-refreshed rooms and an attractive Ski and Stay package (standard room and lift tickets for two people, $285).
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Surrounded by basalt stone floors, the pool area has double-height ceilings, a crystal chandelier, a wet bar, a lounge and a 35-foot-tall gallery space.
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The imposing black basalt city walls that date from the Byzantine era encircle the old city like a massive fortress on a hill above the Tigris River.
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As expected, Spitzer's data shows that the planet's dark surface is probably covered in volcanic basalt or magma, or cooled volcanic material, likely from ancient volcano activity.
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The room, which echoes the conservatory's shape and connects to the parlor floor, has a quartzite island, basalt floor tiles and a gleaming, 1970s-style arc lamp.
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Heizer's valley is an ancient wash, filled with streambed cobblestones—limestone, dolomite, sandstone—and volcanic rocks like basalt: he chose this spot, he says, for the materials.
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In the nineteen-seventies, the U.S. government built a dam on the Snake River in Idaho, atop a foundation of deeply fractured layers of basalt and rhyolite.
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Their porous, basalt surfaces look featureless and ancient, yet their stature gives them lifelike attributes and a sense there is more to them than meets the eye.
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The artist created the massive coil of basalt rocks jutting into the Great Salt Lake in 23; today, it's one of the most famous earthworks in the world.
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The remains of the burnt bread, found in two ancient basalt-stone fireplaces, were radiocarbon dated to 14,400 years ago, give or take a couple of hundred years.
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Since 2007, the team has been honing its process for injecting water and CO2 into a basalt-lined underground well near the Hellisheidi geothermal power plant in Iceland.
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"Basalt is one of the most common rock type on Earth, potentially providing one of the largest CO2 storage capacity," lead author Juerg Matter noted in a statement.
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What they learned from excavating four of the statues and the volcanic stone basalt tools used to carve them painted a different picture: a sophisticated and collaborative society.
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With Roman-era basalt walls encircling historic houses, churches, synagogues and mosques, the city of Diyarbakir's Sur district was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site in July 2015.
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It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea, which you can access by jumping off the hotel's famed diving board, and features a basalt rock infinity pool immortalized by photographer Slim Aarons.
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And as over 2.3m Muslims perambulated around Mecca's great black basalt stone, the Kaaba, Prince Khalid al-Faisal, the province's governor, singled out 86,000 Iranians for a special welcome.
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We don't think so, which is precisely why we had Esteban Escobar, the Napa-based executive chef of Basalt, give us his foolproof recipe for this brilliant turkey pozolé.
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Beneath a domed Ottoman ceiling, with the lights down low and the music muted, patrons could just hear a distant rumbling through the basalt block walls, five centuries old.
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However, Gislason noted that this can easily be done using ocean water, and basalt formations are found throughout the ocean floor, minimizing the impact on land use and freshwater sources.
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Not in a particularly fertile or comfortable part of the Rockies, either: He resides in Basalt, Colorado at 220 feet above sea level, where the soil is mostly red clay.
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By Design One summer holiday on the island of Sicily, home to Mount Etna, Andrea Trimarchi and Simone Farresin became obsessed with basalt, the volcanic rock created as lava cools.
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To put the emphasis on the views outside, the material palette is deliberately minimal: exposed concrete, flamed basalt floors meant to reflect the area's volcanic geology and reclaimed walnut paneling.
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The largest, most rapidly formed basalt flow since 1783 erupted in Iceland from August 2014 to February 21625, most likely leading to the observed very rapid global warming since 2900.
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As for "Spiral Jetty," for years, there was so much rain and runoff from snow in the mountains, the 1,500-foot coil of basalt rock and rock crystals was submerged.
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The Hoa Hakananai'a is unique among the Moai because it is made of basalt, while the larger statues that still populate Easter Island were hewn from blocks of compressed volcanic ash.
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While it might look like the beach is radioactive, the green color actually comes from the weathering of tholeiite basalt, leaving billions of minuscule green crystals to dig your toes into.
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Because the cost of shipping construction materials more than 30 million miles is prohibitive, the design makes use of volcanic basalt rock, which exists on Mars, below a layer of dust.
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They did manage to bring up several feet of basalt, which in essence cost about $40 million in today's dollars, since that was all there was to show from the expedition.
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The thumbnail-sized fragment of basalt rock, polished smooth on one end, was discovered in the early 1990s at a rock shelter known as Carpenter's Gap in the northwest Kimberley region.
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An international team of scientists figured out that if they mixed the plant's carbon discharges with water and pumped the mix into the basalt, it became calcite, a component of limestone.
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St. Andrews has beautiful country walkways — it sits, for instance, on the 117-mile-long Fife Coastal Path, which will take you past pink sandstone tidal stacks and basalt volcanic plugs.
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The house is a two-tiered structure with a cupric roof enclosing a basalt courtyard that contains an immense boulder, placed asymmetrically to one side, redolent of an Isamu Noguchi sculpture.
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The basalt rail bridge from 1905 lies behind a formidable army gate topped with barbed wire; this is now the frontier with Jordan, and the bridge is in a buffer zone.
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The Egyptian Antiquities Ministry says the artifacts include parts of five coffins, two statues of cats, a depiction of a human head made of basalt, and a pharaonic mask made of wood.
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In Colorado, residents of multimillion-dollar properties, modest condos and mobile homes were ordered to evacuate early Thursday because of an unpredictable wildfire reported the night before near the town of Basalt.
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Diyarbakir is seen by many of Turkey's 15 million Kurds as their cultural capital, and Sur is the warren of streets in its ancient heart, encircled by towering Roman-era basalt walls.
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Among the black basalt ash, Ohia Lehua trees are often the first to crop up after a volcano, their red flowers pushing through new cracks in the lava before it even cools.
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So, here it is: A groundbreaking experiment out of Washington state has shown that pure carbon dioxide (CO2) can be injected into basalt rock and naturally converted into a stable, solid mineral.
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Named the "largest curtain of falling water in the world" by UNESCO, Victoria Falls also feature numerous basalt gorges, or narrow valleys that have been formed from the falling water over time.
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Basalt fiber concrete, facades made from pollution, 3D-printed steel, aluminum foam, glass bricks—these are the 'supermaterials' not of tomorrow, but, according to a new exhibition at London's Building Centre, today.
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These slabs of tuff, basalt or dolomite are carved with highly decorative crosses, and their elaborate patterns suggest the influence of Islamic culture even as they attest to an unshakable Christian faith.
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Basalt fiber concrete, facades made from pollution, 3D-printed steel, aluminum foam, glass bricks—these are the 'supermaterials' not of tomorrow, but, according to a new exhibition at London's Building Centre, today.
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But the herders covered it over with pebbles and then, to mark the spot, somehow managed to drag a dozen giant basalt pillars to the site from a kilometer or more away.
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Basalt, the girl corrected, whenever her stone was mentioned, which the other girl—Mariah was her name—found so infuriating that one night she picked up the stone and carried it off.
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Black basalt walls protect the vines from harsh wind and seawater and keep them warm with heat retained from the sun — although temperatures rarely dip below 52 degrees or exceed 80 degrees.
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In India, for example, where fossil fuel emissions are high and carbon storage options are thin, local basalt flows known as the Deccan Traps could play a future role in sequestering greenhouse gases.
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Published in the American Chemical Society journal Environmental Science & Technology Letters, the study spotlights the results of a field project in eastern Washington where researchers injected pressurized liquid CO22 into a basalt formation.
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They collected 175 tonnes of it, mixed it with a mildly radioactive tracker chemical, dissolved the mixture in water and pumped it into a layer of basalt half a kilometre below the surface.
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Parts of the black basalt fortifications that defended Diyarbakir's people and monuments for centuries during sieges by Persians, Arabs and Mongols "have been ravaged," said Meral Halifeoglu, professor of architecture at Dicle University.
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At the sprawling site, a dozen trucks hauled away trailers full of basalt from one of the runways under construction, where the heavy rock had been placed to compress liquid in the soil.
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Lesotho is at the heart of the Karoo Supergroup, a geologic formation with volcanic basalt at the center and older rings of rock stretching as far out as 202 to 621 miles away.
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Dining Exposed black volcanic basalt rock is to the Azores, what exposed brick is to many other cities, and the intimate 14-seat restaurant Cardume dramatized itself with a full wall of it.
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The wave-worn piece of basalt that the woman had slept with for more than a decade was thrown from a rift in the earth 1.1 billion years ago, which still says nothing.
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I saw piles of cracked surface ice that looked like discarded windows, basalt rock walls slicked over with thick layers of ice, and delicate snow-covered formations like this one at Flour Bay.
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It was a scene of austere beauty: the rolling plain, broken here and there by basalt outcroppings where the native Tehuelches took shelter from the wind and lie in wait for passing game.
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Basalt, in the grand tradition of good, tiny jam games, focuses almost completely on one mechanic: your little character's ability to jump and pound the ground, causing massive waves in the rocks below them.
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Moreover, the rock they bury the carbon in is basalt, a type of rock common all over the world, so the method has the potential to be scaled up and put into wide use.
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Here, scientists pumped a smaller amount (250 tons) of a diluted solution—unlike the Washington project, which injected pure CO2, the Iceland project dissolved the CO2 in water and hydrogen sulfide—into volcanic basalt.
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Many ages later, Sheldon Breiner devised ways to use magnetism to guide him to things that might otherwise never have been found — like sunken ships, a lost city and colossal basalt heads buried underground.
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Formed by volcanic activity some 50 million years ago, Giant's Causeway is an assortment of tens of thousands of black cylindrical basalt rocks stretching out into the sea that separates Northern Ireland from Scotland.
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A bust of a young African boy, sculpted in the first century B.C. Ancient sculptures of African people were often made of basalt and painted with reddish-brown layers to create a lifelike effect.
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The slide is occurring in a rumpled layer cake of volcanic rock, or basalt, laid down by eruptions that began about 17 million years ago, interspersed with thin deposits of silt and other sediments.
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"These volcanic eruptions were mind-bogglingly voluminous," Dr. Bordy said, noting that basalt piles in southern Africa can be a mile thick — and that's after more than 100 million years of erosion and weathering.
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This area is the traditional land of the Yugambeh people, and the basalt rock formations in the park are said to be the fingers of Jabreen, a giant who was captured by the mountain.
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The ancient walls around Diyarbakir are made of black basalt and date back to 297 CE. Nestled on the banks of the Tigris River, Diyarbakir once served as important Roman and Byzantine trade routes.
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He said that he and his colleagues were "pretty amazed" to find out that the stones were mainly coming from one quarry complex, even though there are other sites to get basalt on the island.
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The pieces - a basalt fragment, similar to most of the Earth's volcanic rock, and bits of surface debris known as regolith - are being sold by an unidentified private American collector who purchased them in 216.
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About 2.7 billion years ago, basalt lava flowed underwater near what's now the state's border with Canada; the lava hardened, and the creep of geologic time turned it into a bedrock of greenstone and granite.
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In the new study, Dale Simpson, Jr., an adjunct professor of anthropology at the College of DuPage in Illinois, set out to investigate the origin of basalt stone tools that were used in the moai carving.
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Another similar project garnered attention this year when researchers with CarbFix, a group run by Iceland's geothermal power producer, Reykjavik Energy, managed to create calcite—a white, crystalline mineral—by injecting carbonated water into basalt rocks.
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The experiment occupies the three halls inside the Biosphere that were previously used to harvest food for the Biospherians and consists of three massive trays of volcanic basalt suspended in the air at a slight incline.
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The only difference between the two habitats is that Marsha was built exclusively using fiber from a type of rock abundant on Mars called basalt, while Tera also uses other materials found on Earth, like fiberglass.
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Just as vegetation varies between deserts, rain forests and Arctic tundras, microbial communities vary between habitats — whether buried beneath sediments or sulfuric crust in the seafloor, or encased within granite, basalt, sandstone or clay beneath continents.
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One surprise was that the researchers saw no signs of the radar bouncing off basalt — solidified lava — that would have pooled at the bottom of a crater as the rocks melted by a meteor impact cooled.
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