99 Sentences With "bartizans" | Random Sentence Generator

Architects can distinguish between arrowslits, bartizans, and spandrels, while pilots speak of upwash and adverse yaw.

Bartizans were incorporated into many notable examples of Scottish Baronial architecture. In the architecture of Aberdeen, the new Town House, built in 1868–74, incorporates bartizans in the West Tower.

Entrance gate Bartizans A five-storey tower house, 12 × 10 m at base (39 × 33 ft). Features include round bartizans on each corner, a machicolation above the doorway and a latrine chute. The second floor is vaulted and there are two stone staircases.

Castle exterior Castle interior The main living room was at that first floor level with access to the bartizans and the garderobe.

Defensive features included gun loops, bartizans and high basements. It was once surrounded by a bawn wall with turrets but little of that remains.

The clock with bartizans to either side and the conical spire The Tolbooth comprises a bell tower with a lower block to the east that contained the council chamber and courtroom. The tower has two bartizans with ornamental gunloops on either side of a clock, dated 1884, which is suspended over the Royal Mile by wrought iron brackets. Above the bartizans is a conical spire while at street level there is a round-arched pend that leads into Tolbooth Wynd. Architectural features of the east block include a stone forestair which leads to a door next to the tower, an oriel window, and four pedimented dormers by Morham, based on Gordon of Rothiemay's map of 1647, that replaced three piended ones.

The Château d'Aucors is made up of two squared logis and a polygonal stair tower positioned at their junction. The main façade is adorned with two bartizans or échauguettes. In the kitchen is a 30 metre deep well.

The walls usually are rubble work and only quoins, window dressings and copings are in ashlar. Sculpted ornaments are sparsely used. In most cases the windows lack pediments. The style often uses corbelled turrets sometimes called tourelles, bartizans or pepperpot turrets.

There are four stories. The single square turret contains a spiral stairway. The entrance doorway on the first floor of the turret is protected by a machicolation high above. There are round bartizans in three of the main tower's corners.

The tower house six storeys. Part of the original defensive wall remains. There are traces of bartizans on the NE and SW corners and along the south wall. Other features include a machicolation, murder hole, many slit windows, fireplaces and a slopstone.

The porch, which has a 1688 datestone, was added when the angle tower was embellished with battlements and bartizans, about 1832. There are crowstepped offices to the north of the court, which have now been converted; this structure dates from the 18th century or earlier.

Asliesk Castle was an L-plan castle, which had a corbelled-out stair tower, and bartizans. The foundations can be traced for some metres. The old well of the castle is in the farm- square nearby. A stone with coat of arms bearing date 1587 is in a gable.

Engravings show a substantial tower with bartizans (projecting turrets) at the corners, similar to the surviving structure at nearby Belsay Castle. The Scottish lord Claud Hamilton was an exile at the castle in 1583.William Boyd, Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1581-1583, vol. 6 (Edinburgh, 1914), pp. 401-402.

Robertstown Castle is a fortified house, three storeys high with square bartizans (projecting turrets) on two opposite corners. These are supported on moulded corbelling similar to that found in Scottish castles. The castle shows keyhole-shaped loopholes. The ground floor contains a series of vaulted rooms and the first floor has three rooms.

The castle is distinguished by two towers, one quadrangular and one pentagonal. The pentagonal shape is unusual in castles of this type. The towers are nearly unmodified examples of 11th century defensive architecture. Remaining walls are 3.5 meters thick, with two bartizans, double-width patrol walks, and communications passages within the walls.

Old sketches of Roslin show bartizans above each of these buttresses, with a wall- walk connecting them.McWilliam (1978) cites images in The Genealogy of the Saintclaires of Rosslyn by Father Richard Augustine Hay (1661-c.1736), published in 1835. To the south of this wall is the remaining wall of the keep.

S. Reid, Castles and Tower Houses of the Scottish Clans, 1450–1650 (Botley: Osprey, 2006), , p. 33. They were usually of three stories, typically crowned with a parapet, projecting on corbels, continuing into circular bartizans at each corner.J. Summerson, Architecture in Britain, 1530 to 1830 (Yale University Press, 9th edn., 1993), , p. 502.

The massive keep, which stands in a ravine of the Burnanne has three storeys, and an attic, to which a large mansion has been added, making the building U-plan. The tower has a gabled roof, which is corbie-stepped. The parapets have been demolished, although bartizans remain. There is a vaulted basement.

View of Oola castle The castle is a square six-storey limestone tower house. There are circular bartizans on the northeast and southwest corners. The upper windows have hood moulding, and the east and west walls have their original fireplaces. When it was in use, it would have had whitewashed walls, gables crowned with chimneys and mullioned windows.

The rectangular keep measures 21m by 16m, and was originally of two storeys plus an attic. Attic and roof are now gone, but the walls are complete up to decorative corbels which supported a parapet walk. Round bartizans top each corner, and machicolations guard the door. Inside, the keep differs from the usual tower house layout in several ways.

Bartizans, or angle-turrets, are found at the north-west and south-east corners of the main block, and the south-east corner of the wing. The smaller wing bartizan also had machicolations. The tower once had fine gardens laid out to the west, no trace of which remains.Described on the Historic Scotland site information board.

The structure extends over the sidewalks, forming an arcade at ground level, with five bays on the Marshall Street side and seven bays on Sixth Street. The corners are marked with projecting turrets or bartizans, while the upper level is machicolated. The roof of the drill hall rises above the parapet. The Richmond Light Infantry Blues existed from 1789.

The inner ward (Kernburg) is 35 metres long by 18 metres wide. It does not have a bergfried. On the north side the castle has a five-storey, slightly angled shield wall, reinforced with bartizans, that has a height of almost 20 metres. In the western section of the shield wall is the entrance to the inner ward.

S. Reid, Castles and Tower Houses of the Scottish Clans, 1450–1650 (Botley: Osprey, 2006), , p. 33. They were usually of three stories, typically crowned with a parapet, projecting on corbels, continuing into circular bartizans at each corner.J. Summerson, Architecture in Britain, 1530 to 1830 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 9th edn., 1993), , p. 502.

Around the third floor are bartizans (corner towers) projected on decorative corbelling. There is an inscription above the door, illegible today but recorded in the 18th century as "Patrick Stewart, Earl of Orkney and Shetland. James V King of Scots. That house whose foundation is on a rock shall stand but if on sand shall fall..." The castle is a scheduled monument.

They were usually of three stories, typically crowned with a parapet, projecting on corbels, continuing into circular bartizans at each corner.J. Summerson, Architecture in Britain, 1530 to 1830 (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 9th edn., 1993), , p. 502. The new houses built from the late sixteenth century by nobles and lairds were primarily designed for comfort, not for defence.

Stormont Castle is a manor house on the Stormont Estate in east Belfast which is home to the Northern Ireland Executive and the Executive Office. It was never a castle as such: the original building from the 1830s was reworked in 1858 by its original owners, the Cleland family, in the Scottish baronial style with features such as bartizans used for decorative purposes.

The tower measured , with walls thick. The vaulted ground floor was originally divided in two, with a stair in the north wall giving access to the first-floor hall. Above this were probably another two storeys, including a garret. The tower, according to Petit's later drawing, was topped by crowstep gables, and surrounded by a walkway and bartizans (small turrets) at the corners.

It was equipped with four cannons, complemented by covered bartizans in the corners and by a covered line for the musketeers. Although the inscription under the Coat of Arms on the gate specifies the dates of beginning and completion respectively as May 4, 1642 and 1648, scholars believe that a more correct period would have been from 1641 to 1643.

Towie Castle was an L-plan tower house, three storeys high; there were corbelled-out bartizans Towie Castle was originally an oblong main building; the western end cellar, and a tower projecting from the east end of the south front alone survived to at least 1942. The masonry of the tower is regarded as typical of the 16th or 17th century.

Three sides of the terrace have machicolations with a parapet supported on large corbels. At the corners there are semi-cylindrical corbelled turrets (bartizans) to allow the defenders to observe the sides of the tower. The crenellation of the parapet dates from the restoration work carried out in the 1980s. The tower is owned by the commune of Villeneuve-lès- Avignon and is open to the public.

Its eastwards three-storey extension has a first-storey oriel window with flanking bartizans. The flanking blocks are only three storeys high and the western block is recessed from the road. The eastern block is even with the main block, but it connected to the main block by a deeply recessed range, possibly to suggest a 17th century addition to an older house. Gables are crowstepped throughout.

The castle is typical of strongholds of Irish chieftains built during the Middle Ages. The tower house had square bartizans on diagonally opposite corners and a thick end wall. The tower was originally surrounded by a square bawn defended by round corner towers on each end. The structure is stacked and mortared stone with thick walls and providing five inner stories plus the roof.

At this time the fort was modernized, merlons were built and six openings in the walls were made so that cannons could be used. Work also included remodeling of the internal organization of the fort. Four bartizans were also added, one each in the northwestern and northeastern corners, and another two facing the sea. In 1796 the garrison consisted of just one corporal and two soldiers.

The architect Francis Thompson (architect) dressed the pylons at either end as barbicans, with crenellated turrets, arrow slits and bartizans to complement the adjacent Conwy Castle. Unusually, the tubes were completed onshore before being attached to pontoons, floated along the river and jacked into position between the abutments. The bridge was officially opened in 1849. The bridge endorsed the construction of the larger Britannia Bridge.

The castle is built on a projecting rock terrace. It incorporates some of the fabric of the original castle on the north and east sides, but is mainly a late-nineteenth century construction. There are three storeys and an attic; the building is rubble, dressed with ashlar sandstone. Features include crowstep gables, bartizans (small turrets) with water spouts on the two western corners, and a crenellated parapet.

In incorporates corbelled bartizans and crow-stepped gables, and is distinctively Scottish in concept. A hidden basement holds the wine cellar.The Castles of Scotland by Martin Coventry The castle appears in the magnum opus survey of Scottish castles by MacGibbon & Ross published in 1892, under the name of Brackie.The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland, MacGibbon & Ross Around 1960 it lost its roof and remains roofless.

The castle takes the form of a Z-plan tower house and most likely incorporates an earlier tower in its eastern side. The rectangular main block measures and is three storeys and an attic high. Circular bartizans are corbelled out at the north and south corners at the second-storey level. Four-storey round towers, roughly in diameter, are at the northwestern and southeastern corners.

McGibbon, Page 178 Roundels or bartizans are present at all four corners and a chequered corbels design provides a support to the parapet. The private chambers were supplied with window seats, toilets, fireplaces and well formed window embrasures. The hall, with its kitchen at the east end, was located on the first floor. The main entrance is on the ground floor and faces south.

The four storey tower with steep batter stands partially ruined and surrounded by the remains of a bawn, with 30 m (100 ft) of wall remaining. There are bartizans in the NE and SW corners. There is a doorway in the west wall with a possible murder hole The ground floor contains arrowslits and a barrel vaulted ceiling. A mural stairway gives access to the upper floors.

The tower once contained two defensive outer walls, which are now lost and have left no traceable remains. It contains the remains of two corner bartizans on two opposite wall tops. They appear as projecting stone boxes with gaps that were used as protection by defenders when shooting downwards at attackers. The first floor consists of a single room which was probably used as quarters for the guards.

Castle Shane (the country house) consisted of a four- storey tower with corner bartizans and a main three storey block. The mansion burned down in 1920 and very little of it remains. The house had three centre bays with three sided bays to each side with mullioned windows, curvilinear gables and neo-Tudor chimneys. All that remains is part of a three-storey bay window and gable end.

The Colonel died in 1861. The House of Lords had decided in favour of John Henry and he inherited the estate as "though illegitimate at his birth, [he] was legitimated by the subsequent marriage of his parents". In 1887, it is recorded as owned by John Hay Udny and had been in the family's ownership for several centuries. Bartizans were included when an extra storey was added in the 17th century.

This strong-house is subdivided into four compartments, overlaid by a terrace used for the defence and firing line of fusiliers. Cylindrical bartizans, with staggered bases and spherical openings are located at the corners of the fort. The facade is marked by a simple arched portico, surmounted by an inscription to the fort's early history, including the coat-of-arms of Portugal, with crown and crest and crack on its left-side.

Killochan castle has been described as one of the finest fortified houses in south Scotland. The castle has a five-storey main block, lying east to west, with a higher wing extending northward at the east end. In the re-entrant angle there is a square stair tower, while there is a round tower, with a corbelled-out parapet at one corner. The top of the tower is crowned by two bartizans.

The porte-cochere has a flat roof and three pointed-arched openings, with buttresses suggested on the outer piers. In addition to the two towers, there are corbelled bartizans on the southeast corner and on the north facade, and a square chimney on the southeast corner. The corners of the building are reinforced with large stones, some of which resemble quoins. Bands of vertically set stones project below the parapets on the towers.

To this date, it still retains its Romanesque style from the twelfth century, which is decorated and framed by two booths which form a complete set of reinforcements. The bell tower is square-shaped and pierced with narrow windows. A spiral staircase gives access to walkways equipped with aliasing, machicolations and bartizans. The east wall is pierced by three windows [2], a postern and a ditch were added to the defense later.

The tower measures and rises four storeys to a corbelled parapet walk, with bartizans (open round towers) at the corners. At the north-west corner is a hexagonal cap house (a small room covering the top of the stair), with a pyramidal roof. The vaulted basement contains a well, and the main hall is at first-floor level. The tower is 79 feet tall and was surrounded by a moat with a draw-bridge.

The gatehouse, kitchens, and east range were built by the Haliburtons in the 14th and 15th centuries. The gatehouse, built in the 14th century to the east of the keep, is similar to the one at nearby Tantallon Castle. It is fronted by a high, pointed arch, formerly with bartizans, small round turrets, at the top. The gate was protected by a drawbridge over the outer ditch, a portcullis, and three sets of doors.

The wall around the whole complex was decorated with several turrets and bartizans while lattice doors ensured accessibility to the grounds. Most of the current castle exterior dates back to the state after the great expansion in the 18th Century. However, the perimeter wall has been significantly adjusted and some portions have been totally demolished. Due to the many different functions that the castle has served, the interiors have been changed significantly.

There are two rectangular turrets in the northwest and southeast angles of the parapet, the latter of which acts of the caphouse for the turnpike staircase rising from below. There are walkways within the parapet to the North, South and East, the western gable being taken up by the flues for the Fireplaces in the floors below. The parapet is supported by simple Corbels. The addition of the covered turrets rather than simple Bartizans suggest a relatively late construction.

The broad main spiral stair led up to three further storeys of private chambers, before reaching a caphouse, a small rooftop chamber giving access to a parapet walk.Simpson & Tabraham (2007), pp.12-13 The four corners of the tower have bartizans, or open turrets, and similar projections occur halfway along each wall. The parapet is supported on projecting stones, or corbels, arranged in a pattern of two tiers which alternate, rendering the lower tier purely decorative.

The main entrance was flanked by an imposing marble gate giving way to a central court and to the building's floors. A crenelated cornice ran the entire surface of the roof complete with bartizans flanking the corners; a layout reminiscent of Medieval European castles. In the central axis of the main facade stood a large ornate gable decorated with volutes surrounding a clock. The structure had a surface area of 3500 square cubits and contained close to 80 rooms.

Following a Mannerist style, it was built with batteries targeted at both the estuary and towards the land, together with rectangular bartizans on the front corners. The entrance to the interior is through a large arched gate, on which was placed the shield of Portugal, with the date 1647. It was equipped with cannon in 1649. A military inspection carried out in 1735 reported that the fort was deactivated and all its artillery had been destroyed.

In 1826 he was recognised as a baronet, the heir of Sir James Nicolson, 7th Baronet, who had died in 1743. Brough Lodge was built in the Gothic Revival style, with crenellated walls and bartizans at the corners. Details in Classical and Moorish styles were added to the facades and screen walls, as well as a brick- built chapel. Around 1840, Sir Arthur Nicolson constructed a folly, known as The Tower, on a small hill to the north-east of the lodge.

Also still visible are the pillars supporting the base of the bartizans (watch towers), parts of the portcullis in its housing and door panels from the 16th century. Under the Gothic arch vault can be seen the start of the staircase leading to the upper floors. Four towers remain. The facade looking onto the courtyard dates from the 15th century and has moulded windows as well as the openings made in the 18th century at the end of the building.

Its rectangular shape and D-ended towers strongly resemble the early Norman "great tower" castles of Chepstow and Colchester, both of which date from the late eleventh century. The use of corbelled bartizans was common to Scottish castles of the twelfth century. The arched openings of the porte-cochere and the windows appear primitive in part because of their construction, but they also vary in shape from distinctly pointed to distinctly round. The fenestration as a whole represents a compromise between authenticity and modernity.

During the rule of bishop Bernard Gui (1324-1331), formerly Grand Inquisitor, construction halted because of financial difficulties. The north and south sides were not completed and vaulted until about 1345, when the lower half of the western front was also erected. Several epidemics of the Black Death followed by the Hundred Years' War interrupted further work, and the façade was not finished until sometime between 1413 and 1430, and fortified with a chemin de ronde and bartizans. The principal nave was vaulted at the same time.

View of San Carlos de la Barra Fortress Bartizans San Carlos de la Barra Fortress is a seventeenth century star fort protecting Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela. The San Carlos de la Barra fort is one of a number of coastal fortifications which the Spanish built in Venezuela in colonial times. It is located in the Peninsula of San Carlos, in Zulia state, Venezuela. It was built in 1623 with limestone rocks, brought from the Island of Toas, at the entrance to the Maracaibo bar.

The castle is a three-storey L-plan building with an attic. It has circular bartizans on the second-storey level in the south east and north west angles. The entrance was originally in the interior angle in the north wall, adjacent to the circular stair turret. About 1610 it was extensively remodelled with a new doorway in the western face that opened on a porch; two finialed pediments over the doorway display the monograms of Sir Archibald Stirling of Keir and his wife Dame Grizel (née Ross) Stirling.

Old Ruins of Seacliff house In 1907 the house was gutted by fire, killing the owner, Andrew Laidlay. Although plans were drawn up by Robert Lorimer for its restoration in 1911 these were never carried out.Dictionary of Scottish Atchitects: Robert Lorimer The exterior survives almost complete with gables, turrets and bartizans. The outbuildings were later purchased by the Royal Navy who established a top-secret research base there during World War I. The station, known as HMS Scottish Seacliff, was mainly used for navigation training and U-Boat defence.

It contained four storeys of chambers, some with canopied fireplaces, although the internal walls and floors are now missing. The main entrance ran through a passage below, protected by a drawbridge, three pairs of doors, a portcullis, and machicolations; holes in the ceiling enabling the defenders to drop missiles on to intruders below. There are two bartizans, or corner turrets, facing in toward the courtyard, where a 16th-century spiral stair gives access to the head of the curtain wall. The entrance was originally via a pointed arched gateway, flanked by round towers.

The standing parts of the parapet, remodelled in the 1620s, show that the corners of the tower were topped by corbelled bartizans (turrets). Above the main door on the west, and the postern to the east, are machicolations, narrow slots through which objects could be dropped on attackers. The western door is also protected by its own ditch and drawbridge, accessed from a cobbled "Inner Close" separated from the main bailey by a gate. The surviving interior sections can still be accessed via the circular staircase built into the east wall of the tower.

She hired architect William Henry Miller to build a mansion in 1878. Two years later, construction began on what had been Cornell University land between Fall River and University Avenue in Ithaca. The house had Gothic architectural details like bartizans, turrets, and donjon keeps. Southworth Library, Dryden, New York established by Jennie McGraw in memory of her mother, Rhoda Southworth McGraw, and her grandfather, John Southworth Like her father, who did not have the benefit of a good education, McGraw believed in the importance of the creating a "world-class university library".

Rectangular in shape and in a Mannerist style, it consisted of a battery with cannons, two circular bartizans with a conical cover, three barracks and a guardhouse. A side staircase, led to a terrace protected by a parapet. However, by 1751 it was reported to be in a poor condition as a result of a harsh winter and this was aggravated by the earthquake on 1 November 1755. By 1796 the garrison consisted of 7 soldiers and 5 gunners, and the artillery one bronze cannon and five iron cannon.

King Manuel I was a member of the Order of Christ, thus the cross of the Order of Christ is used numerous times on the parapets. These were a symbol of Manuel's military power, as the knights of the Order of Christ participated in several military conquests in that era. The bartizans, cylindrical turrets (guerites) in the corners that served as watchtowers, have corbels with zoomorphic ornaments and domes covered with ridges unusual in European architecture, topped with ornate finials. The bases of the turrets have images of beasts, including a rhinoceros.

The tower has four storeys, with fenestrations and battlements, the ground floor being occupied by a vaulted cistern. On the first floor, there is a south-facing rectangular door with arched windows on the east and north, and bartizans in the northeast and northwest corners. The southern part of the second floor is dominated by a covered veranda with a loggia (matacães), consisting of an arcade of seven arches, resting on large corbels with balusters. It is covered by laced stonework to form a porch, and its sloped roof ends in a sculpted twisted rope.

The Montrose family occupied the existing Buchanan Auld House and this eventually replaced Mugdock Castle as the seat of Clan Graham, being seen as a dwelling more fitting the title of Marquess. The original house was substantially rebuilt from approximately 1724. Buchanan Auld House was destroyed in a fire in 1852 and the duke commissioned William Burn to design Buchanan Castle to replace it. Burn designed an extravagant manor in the Scottish baronial style, enclosing an L-plan tower in a clutch of turrets, bartizans and stepped gables.

Line drawing of a bartizan A bartizan (an alteration of bratticing), also called a guerite or échauguette, or spelled bartisan, is an overhanging, wall- mounted turret projecting from the walls of late medieval and early-modern fortifications from the early 14th century up to the 18th century. Most frequently found at corners, they protected a warder and enabled him to see his surroundings. Bartizans generally are furnished with oillets or arrow slits. The turret was usually supported by stepped masonry corbels and could be round, polygonal or square.

Lago Martiánez Lago Martiánez is an open-air swimming pool complex located in Puerto de la Cruz (Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain). The leisure park with a total area of approximately 100,000 square meters is centered around an artificial lake. Lago Martiánez includes several islands, gardens, restaurants, bars, and terraces. Architect César Manrique designed the swimming pool complex with many volcanic rocks. Lago Martiánez is a mix of Manrique’s vision and local elements, such as bartizans, palisades and ocean views. In addition to the architectural structure, it also comprises a range of Manrique’s sculptures.

The work was overseen by the master Tomás Fernandes: an imposing tower was built with a barbican around it and a well inside. It was finished in late 1513; Alfonso de Albuquerque described it as being a very large tower "with bartizans in each corner, well-wrought of masonry and very handsome stone. The tower is four storeys high and can be seen from the walls of Goa; an attached tower was on the first level over the riverside, made of wood on pillars and covered like a terrace".

By 1735, there were already three cannons, but still incapable of meeting its needs, and needing "total repair". In 1751, its degradation was accentuated, and needed approximately 200,000 réis worth of repairs. The trench that linked to the fort was in ruins, while the walls required 230,000 réis worth of reconstruction. In the third quarter of the 18th century (1831 specifically), the fort was considerably ruined, without a garrison or artillery. The first recorded intervention occurred on 22 May 1831, consisting of repairs to the ruined parapets of the battlements, all the walls and bartizans, the magazine, warehouse and quarters.

One of the Cullen Building's most prominent features is its tower, which reaches up from the hall's southwest corner to form a spire overlooking the campus. The tower has a square cross- section, and protrudes slightly from the corner of the hall. Its south and west faces are penetrated by three columns of rectangular windows from the second story to the fourth; those on the second floor are topped by transom windows, while those on the third and fourth are topped by two transom windows each. The third- and fourth-story corners bear small cylindrical bartizans which terminate in conical pinnacles.

The fort, which is relatively small, was built on a rocky outcrop into the Tagus estuary in a Mannerist style. It has a pentagonal outline, with the roof covered by a terrace, with two circular bartizans. There are six gaps in the walls for gun emplacements. Using the site of an earlier artillery battery, the Fort of Giribita was rebuilt and enlarged as a result of a decision of the Council of War created by King John IV. Work was supervised by António Luís de Meneses, 1st Marquis of Marialva and was completed in 1649, according to the inscription on the entrance.

The building is a single, nearly square, tower with two rectilinear bartizans protruding from the top of its eastern wall, and one from the western wall. Facing the Atlantic Ocean, the structure appears to have incorporated a fireplace on at least 2 floors, and a dry stone roof which has since mostly caved in. In summer the tower ruin is occupied by the many choughs and similar birds native to the area. The tower is sometimes used as a refuge by visitors to the Cliffs of Moher who become stranded on the southern cliff path during storms that blow in from the Atlantic.

At the time of the Peninsular War the post was manned by nine artillery men, a commander and eleven members of the infantry. But, between 1813 and 1814, there was no manned garrison on the site. A military report concerning the inspection completed at the fort in 1829 determined that some of the arms could not be fired while others could not be repaired. In 1831-1832 work was carried out to repair the parapets, bartizans and cannon emplacements, to patch the walls, to apply bitumen to the cistern, and to tile and repair the powder magazine.

During May 1846, groundwork for the bridge commenced. On either shore, the underlying bedrock was levelled close to the river’s low water level for the foundations of the towers. For additional support, timber piles were driven at the south east corner of Conwy Tower where the masonry is seated on a wooden platform roughly 600mm below the low water level. The project's architect, Francis Thompson, dressed the pylons at either end as barbicans with crenellated turrets, arrow slits and bartizans to complement the adjacent Conwy Castle that had stood on the promontory since the late 13th century.

The eastern, northern and western walls are occupied by double-arched enclosures, with the northeast and northwest corners occupied by statues of Saint Vincent of Saragossa and the archangel Michael in niches. The third floor has twin windows in the northern, eastern and western façades, with balusters, interspersed by two armillary spheres and large relief with the Royal coat of arms. The final floor is encircled by a terrace with shields of the Order of Christ, and a northern arched door and eastern arched window. The terrace is enclosed by a low wall with colonnaded pyramidal merlons with bartizans in the four corners.

To evoke the impression of a medieval castle, the walls incorporate buttresses, parapets, crenellated moulding, corbelled stonework and crenellated towers flanking its troop door. The distinguishing characteristics include double or triple Tudor gothic arches and projecting surround at the front entrance, defence towers, and wall treatments which step out at the corners. To convey an image of solidity and impregnability, the building have small narrow windows, Bartizans, and small Turrets complete with firing slits. Armouries constructed in 1920s and 1930s reflect the popularity of Colonial Revival (1890s+) styles derived from simplified French colonial architecture of the Baroque era.

While two bartizans and one bastion guards access to the sea, two bastions on the extreme corners (northwest and southwest) are oriented towards the land to protect overland invasions. The original plan included a baluarte structures and several dependent buildings: commander's house, barracks, gunpowder magazine, storehouses, bastille and kitchen. At its maximum effectiveness, the fort included 20 pieces of artillery and had banquettes to support a garrison of Fusiliers. The Chapel of Santo António, located along the southern wall of the fort, the chapel is a simple semi-rectangular building constructed of basalt and painted in white (with the exception of the stone cornices, the door- and window-frames and base).

Moorish bartizan turrets and cupolas from the northwest. The inner cloister of the tower displaying the back side of the niche of the virgin and two turrets The building's plan consists of a rectangular tower and an irregular, hexagonal bastion, with elongated flanks, that projects south into the river. It is basically a large articulated vertical space resting on a horizontal stone slab, covered by masonry enclosures. On the northeast angle of the structure, protected by a defensive wall with bartizans, is a drawbridge to access the bulwark, decorated in plant motifs, surmounted by the royal coat of arms and flanked by small columns, complemented with armillary spheres.

The Manueline armillary spheres appear at the tower's entrance, symbolizing Portugal's nautical explorations, and were used on King Manuel I's personal banner to represent Portuguese discoveries during his rule. The decorative carved, twisted rope and elegant knots also point to Portugal's nautical history and are common elements of the Manueline style. On the outside of the lower bastion, the walls have spaces for 17 cannons with embrasures affording a view of the river. The upper tier of the bastion is crowned by a small wall with bartizans in strategic places, decorated by rounded shields with the cross of the Order of Christ encircling the platform.

The statue of the Virgin of Belém, also referred to as Nossa Senhora de Bom Successo (Our Lady of Good Success), Nossa Senhora das Uvas (Our Lady of the Grapes) or the Virgem da Boa Viagem (Virgin of Safe Homecoming) is depicted holding a child in her right hand and a bunch of grapes in her left. The tower is about wide and tall. The first-floor interior contains the Sala do Governador (Governor's Hall), an octagonal space that opens into the cistern, while in the northeast and northwest corners are corridors that link to the bartizans. A small door provides access via a spiral staircase to the subsequent floors.

The interiors were relatively spacious with wooden partitions and numerous fireplaces. In a number of cases 'Fortified Houses' were built onto pre- existing tower houses. 'Fortified Houses' were protected by gun fire from the angle towers and bartizans, and were also provided with bawn walls with gunloops, towers and protected gateways. 'Fortified Houses' were built throughout Ireland by large landowners from a variety of backgrounds, such as the Old English Earl of Clanricarde who built Portumna Castle in County Galway; Gaelic lords such as MacDonogh MacCarthy, Lord of Duhallow, who built Kanturk Castle in County Cork; and Cromwellian soldiers such as Sir Charles Coote, who built Rush Hall in County Offaly.

It features a fireplace that was installed around 1820, an aumbry and a window with a panel displaying the arms of Sir Alexander Innes and Mary Mackenzie, his second wife, believed to date from after 1647 (when Maria Gordon, his first wife, died). A staircase in the north east corner, built into the thickness of the wall, leads to the upper floors. The second floor has two recessed windows, one in the western wall next to a square aumbry, and one in the southern wall which incorporates another gun-loop. The third floor has a tall vaulted ceiling supporting the stone roof above it, and rectangular entrances to the bartizans, which each feature further gun-loops.

Academic Hall and the Gymnasium were both constructed in a variant of the Romanesque Revival style. Decorative features of these buildings include crenellated gables and parapets, distinctive corbel tables and bartizans supported by corbeled culs- de-lampe. Academic Hall was constructed of structural concrete and steel beams supported on iron columns and faced with buff brick and limestone over a concrete foundation. Academic Hall is capped with a hipped roof of red asbestos shingles and a large, gabled skylight because the building was designed to be fireproof, all interior features, window casings, doors and moldings, except for some wooden and cork floors which rest directly on concrete, were clad in molded copper.

The new building was designed by architect, Alexander Ross from Inverness, in the Scottish Baronial style and builder John M. Aitken of Lerwick won the tender competition with a price of £3,240. The building was officially opened by George Thoms, Sheriff of Caithness, Orkney and Shetland, on 30 July 1883. The design involved a symmetrical frontage with five bays facing on Hillhead; the central section featured an arched doorway on the ground floor; there was an oriel window on the first floor with a pediment bearing a coat of arms above and there were bartizans at the corners of the building. There was a battlemented tower on the east side and a rose window on the north side.

The king appointed João de Cosmander, a Dutch Jesuit military engineer, to supervise construction of the new fortress on the site of the earlier fort built by King Manuel I, with the intention that it would be capable of protecting the fishing harbour of Sesimbra from piracy and from Spanish attacks. Cosmander also worked on the Castle of Campo Maior, the Castle of Belver, and the Castle of Elvas, all major forts in Portugal. The fort, which is oriented east-west along the beach, has a very solid structure with an austere appearance. It was developed with a polygonal star-shaped plan, with a rectangular central body and bastions, with cylindrical bartizans.

The Adolf Tower in Friedberg in butter-churn style with its bartizans The highest butter-churn tower - the bergfried at Rheinfels Castle, 1607 A butter- churn tower () is a two-part defensive tower in which the upper section has a smaller diameter than the lower section. This design provides a ledge or fighting platform about half-way up that acts as a chemin de ronde whilst the narrower tower that rises from this platform acts as a raised observation point. The two sections of the tower are usually cylindrical, but in rarer cases butter-churn towers may have a square plan. Its name derives from its shape which is similar to that of an upright butter churn: a cylindrical container with a shorter, narrower top section.

There would originally have been a courtyard and barmkin attached to the building, but no traces of these survive. The tower's walls, which are up to thick, are rubble-built and harled with ashlar detailing, and there are gun loops in the north, west, and east walls on the ground floor. Additional gun holes are to be found in the corbelled bartizans on the south-east and north- west corners, which have conical rooves, and on the open, crennalated bartizan on the south west corner. No timber is used in the fabric of the building, and even the roof is made of stone; it is believed that this is a design element intended to help it withstand fire as well as external attack.

The design involved an asymmetrical main frontage with twelve bays facing onto Kirkgate; the southern section featured a doorway with an octagonal turret above in the south east corner, while the northern section featured an elaborate doorway with a balcony and prominent four-face clock tower with bartizans in the north east corner. The structure included heraldic stones, recovered from the demolished 18th century town house, which may have originated from the now derelict Dunfermline Palace, a few hundred yards to the south. The stonework on the Bridge Street façade included busts of Malcolm Canmore, Queen Margaret, Robert the Bruce and Elizabeth de Burgh. Internally, the principal room was the council chamber on the first floor: it incorporated an oak hammerbeam roof.

King James VI Arms in the Great Hall The second floor level (referred to as the first floor in Scotland) is erected over the intact Middle Ages ground level structure. Prominent exterior features are: a set of well-sculpted corbelled turrets; massive ranges of chimneys: a curtain-walled entrance courtyard with two sets of triple gunloops flanking the entrance arch; a subterranean crypt; and well-preserved 17th century high stone walled terraced gardens. The bartizans render interesting interior features in numerous of the bedrooms, providing interesting circular nooks with small lookout windows strategically placed at upper building corners. There are numerous original arrow slits that indicate the original defensive nature of the structure; some of these arrow slits penetrate exterior walls that are over a metre thick.

They were usually of three stories, typically crowned with a parapet, projecting on corbels, continuing into circular bartizans at each corner.J. Summerson, Architecture in Britain, 1530 to 1830 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 9th edn., 1993), , p. 502. New houses retained many of these external features, but with a larger ground plan, classically a "Z-plan" of a rectangular block with towers, as at Colliston Castle (1583) and Claypotts Castle (1569–88). Particularly influential was the work of William Wallace, the king's master mason from 1617 until his death in 1631. He worked on the rebuilding of the collapsed North Range of Linlithgow from 1618, Winton House for George Seton, 3rd Earl of Winton and began work on Heriot's Hospital, Edinburgh.

Following a serious fire on 6 March 1878, it was completely rebuilt in a very similar style but with a taller spire. The design involved an asymmetrical frontage with four bays facing Hairst Street; the left hand section of three bays featured a pair of gothic doors flanked by pairs of gothic widows on either side; there was a balcony and row of gothic windows on the first floor; the right hand bay featured a doorway with the burgh coat of arms in the gable head and a prominent high clock tower with bartizans. Internally, the principal rooms were the council chambers and the town clerk's office on the ground floor and the public hall on the first floor. Plasterwork bosses bearing the coats of arms of the burgh, the Bruce family and the Stewart family were installed in the public hall.

In the 19th century, it was "reinvented" by idealistic romanticists, which eventually led to interventions in the 1940s and 1950s, and its adaption as an Official Residence of the Portuguese Republic. During this period, there were many restorations that transformed the physical appearance of the structure, including the addition of crenellations and bartizans. The DGMEN - Direcção-Geral dos Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais (Directorate-General of Buildings and National Monuments), the forerunner of the IGESPAR, first intervened on the site in 1939, through the construction of the chemin de ronde in masonry, including reinforced concrete; the dismantlement and reconstruction of the corner of the keep; repair and consolidation of the battlements, including the demolition of the tower's allure, reconstruction of a brick vault under the existing; and reconstruction of the pavement in small stone. Around 1940-1950, the spaces were adapted for its use as an official residence of the Portuguese Republic.

Within the year, the settlement was besieged by Miguel Ricardo de Álava's forces. In 1938, the DGMEN Direcção Geral dos Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais (Directorate General for Buildings and National Monuments) began working on repairing the walls, staircases and battlements. In proceeding years there were other projects to improve the condition of the castle that included: the walls, ceilings, tile and doors in 1947; the renovation of the Roman ceilings and plastering of the interior placements, repair of the walls, arched doorways, pavement, stone sill and exterior door in 1952; reconstruction of the walls and base of the cornerstones in 1957; demolition of the battlements along the castle, repair of other walls, bartizans, gates and painting of the artillery pieces in 1958. On 21 October 1960, the castle was included in the Special Protection Zone and non aedificandi zone, which was later revoked in 1962.

The main gate/portal of the fort and Pousada hostel The Chapel of Santo António, within the walls of the fort Originally, the fort was anchored on a rocky shoreline that extended into the harbour and surrounded by a narrow strip of beach sand on either side, with a small dock on its southern lateral wall (called theCais da Alfândega, or Customs wharf). The principal entrance, localized on the land (to the west) fronts Rua Vasco da Gama (Regional E.R.1-1ª), is marked by a large portal with coat-of-arms. Another access, but of more recent construction, is located along the side facing the harbour: a narrow doorway with rounded corridor that bisects the walls and opens to the fort's esplanade. The pentagonal-shape bastion fortress, with an area of 3650 metres, was constructed of basalt rock and tuff (the latter primary in the construction of the battlements and bartizans.

After the Dutch capitulation in Recife (1654), and subsequently abandoned the fort occupied by the Portuguese forces under the command of Colonel Francisco de Figueroa (GARRIDO, 1940:62). Renamed asFort of Santa Cruz de Itamaracá, the Portuguese military engineer continued the reconstruction in stone masonry and lime in the form of a quadrangular polygon with regular pentagonal bastions at the corners in the system Vauban, Bartizans from stone, armorial gate, and barracks for the troops, and lockers under the walls, enveloping the embankment. Despite undergoing repairs in 1696 - when its garrison consisted of a Sergeant-Major, a Captain, a Lieutenant, a Sergeant, a Constable, and two companies of Thirds of Recife and is strapped with twenty-five cannon of sizes from 20 to 12 (GARRIDO, 1940:62) - and 1777 in 1800, it was abandoned and in ruins. New restoration was provided in 1817, the year that was occupied by the forces of Father Tenório, in the context of Pernambuco Revolution (1817).

In Castle Street, a continuation eastwards of Union Street, is the new Town House, the headquarters of the city council. Designed by Peddie and Kinnear and built between 1868 and 1874, it is one of the most splendid granite edifices in Scotland, in Flemish-Gothic style in recognition of close trade links between Aberdeen and Flanders, it contains the great hall, with an open timber ceiling and oak-panelled walls; the Sheriff Court House; the Town and County Hall, with portraits of Prince Albert, the 4th Earl of Aberdeen, various Lord Provosts and other distinguished citizens. In the vestibule of the entrance corridor stands a suit of black armour, believed to have been worn by Provost Sir Robert Davidson, who fought in the Battle of Harlaw in 1411. On the south-western corner is the 210 ft (64 m) West Tower, with its prominent bartizans, which commands a fine view of the city and surrounding country.