Second, Italy has no Muslim ghettos like the French banlieues.
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The banlieues' frustration with the French state is nothing new.
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Some residents of the banlieues even joke that they may
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The discomfort of the banlieues is also discomfort about memory.
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Le malaise des banlieues est aussi un malaise de la mémoire.
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The banlieues are rife with riots, drugs, crime and high youth unemployment.
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Mais les banlieues de Paris sont truffées d'histoires comme celle de Mbappé.
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Emerging from the banlieues and finding success is considered no easy feat.
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Young people in the banlieues, marginalized and with few prospects, feel like victims.
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Les jeunes des banlieues, exclus et avec peu de perspectives, se sentent victimisés.
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The players who led the strike in 2010 grew up in the banlieues.
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In 2010, Kepel returned to the banlieues, and he found them vastly changed.
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There are other reasons for worrying about the toxic mix found in France's banlieues.
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Ni l'Allemagne ni l'Angleterre ne connaissent le phénomène des banlieues à une telle échelle.
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Mais tout aussi important est le type de joueurs qu'on voit émerger des banlieues.
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In a strange turn, the National Front has been gaining ground in the banlieues.
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Au-deçà, le Paris " civilisé " et aisé; au-delà, les banlieues, comme celles de la Seine-Saint-Denis, où beaucoup souffrent d'un manque d'opportunités, d'un déficit de logements corrects et d'un chômage croissant — fin 2017, celui-ci s'élevait à 11,4 % dans les banlieues.
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Finally, it was the year when the alienated banlieues of French cities erupted in riots.
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Neither Germany nor Britain faces the banlieues phenomenon, at least not on such a scale.
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Inside it is sophisticated, affluent Paris; outside it are the banlieues, places like Seine-St.
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More than elsewhere in France, apathy toward the presidential election was potent in the banlieues.
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In fact, the poverty rate in the Paris banlieues often exceeds that of the provinces; in certain banlieues, unemployment among young people stands at 40 percent, compared to 9 percent nationally, and many of Macron's cutbacks, notably to public housing, disproportionately impact the urban poor.
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It links country, leafy suburbs, the opulent city, tourist delights (and traps) and grotty northern banlieues.
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You can walk by large housing estates in the southern banlieues, just as in the north.
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Most settled in the mostly nonwhite, working-class suburbs — "les banlieues" — that ring its major cities.
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The bid also included Paris's troubled banlieues, or suburbs, ensuring that the Olympics would help their development.
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A month or two after I returned home, the banlieues erupted in the violent protests of 2005.
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They leave no trace, and that is partly because the banlieues now provide both isolation and camouflage.
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The Museum of Emotion begins in the suburbs — or banlieues —of northeast Paris, where Attia grew up.
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For all its recent social and economic fragmentation, it has no French-style banlieues or American-style ghettos.
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"Too often, the negative perception of the banlieues acts like a brake for the ambitious youth," Riccardi said.
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Le sport et les infrastructures qu'il requiert ont longtemps servi d'espoirs pour stimuler la croissance dans les banlieues.
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Mr. Hollande's election in 2012 owed much to a strong vote from the banlieues, but his failure to fulfill campaign promises to rein in police abuse and extend the franchise to noncitizen residents (not to mention the rising poverty in some banlieues) tarnished his presidency, and, with it, Mr. Macron.
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Unlike the banlieues (suburbs) of Paris, London's social housing has traditionally been woven into the fabric of the city.
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Unemployment is above 2150 percent in some banlieues, where young people face particularly high hurdles in finding permanent work.
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Sports and the infrastructure they require have long played a role in trying to stimulate growth in the banlieues.
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Cette vision n'a fait que s'enraciner : pour Beaud, les émeutes de 2005 en Seine-Saint-Denis, dont Bondy fait partie, ainsi que la crainte de la criminalité, du terrorisme et des politiques identitaires, ont contribué à renforcer l'idée que les joueurs des banlieues, et les banlieues elles-mêmes, n'apportent que des problèmes.
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If rap music from the banlieues ("burbs") of Paris had an equivalent in Germany, it would defi nitely be Nimo.
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" Trop souvent, la mauvaise image qu'on prête aux banlieues agit comme un frein pour des jeunes pourtant ambitieux, " explique Riccardi.
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"A Submissive France: Voices of Defiance" compiles interviews on France's troubled banlieues, or suburbs, overseen by the historian Georges Bensoussan.
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But on the current French national team, there are eight players from the banlieues, including Paul Pogba and Blaise Matuidi.
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Mr Macron also argues that technological innovation—including "gig economy" firms such as Uber—can reduce ethnic discrimination in the banlieues.
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At a recent event for start-ups in the banlieues, Paris's high-rise suburbs, participants were unbothered by his establishment ties.
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Relocating to the banlieue is a bold move, but, for the founding co-chairman Rémi Babinet, Paris's banlieues represent an opportunity.
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Of the 23 players whom Didier Deschamps, France's coach, will take to Russia, eight started their stories here, in the banlieues.
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There are some 30,000 coaches in the Paris banlieues for 235,000 registered players, more than a third of them under 19983.
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France's World Cup team draws heavily from the banlieues, and yet it is widely regarded as young, fresh and — crucially — likable.
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Le budget municipal a permis de financer un terrain moderne et bien entretenu, comme on en trouve beaucoup dans les banlieues.
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Hatred of the police is rampant in the French banlieues, and journalists are mostly assumed to be working with the cops.
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"My impression is that the majority of Arab Muslims in the banlieues have been penetrated by Salafist thinking," she told me.
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Born in Algeria and living in France, the multidisciplinary artist first gained acclaim through his photographs of residents of the Paris banlieues.
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The site happens to be above the busiest underground intersection in Paris, where two RER lines from the city's troubled banlieues meet.
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Alors que les actes antisémites se sont accumulés, beaucoup de juifs ont quitté certaines banlieues parisiennes qui comptent une grande population musulmane.
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Et non pas, par exemple, les chômeurs, les habitants des grandes villes et des banlieues populaires, ni les lycéens ou les étudiants.
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In the long run Mr Macron's labour and education reforms could help to combat exclusion in the banlieues, but that will take time.
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The popular French actor Jamel Debbouze, slightly more subtle, suggested that such under-representation of players from disenfranchised "banlieues" would demoralize their youth.
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Sayah Baaroun, who has set up a union for VTC drivers, accused Macron of patronizing banlieues residents, many of whom have immigrant backgrounds.
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So eager is it to connect with that world, that it is often blind to the dangerous anger and isolation of the banlieues.
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Sport, he said on a trip to Marseille during the election campaign last year, "kills house arrest" for those living in the country's banlieues.
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Unlike Paris' banlieues or the slums of a city like Chicago, Molenbeek doesn't sit in isolation on the far outskirts of the Belgian capital.
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But economic hardship in the banlieues has a decisively racial dimension not faced by the white working class that initially started demonstrating in November.
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When I asked Járóka about Hungary's policy on refugees, she told me that Hungary didn't want to end up with ghettoized banlieues , like France.
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"For some players, it is hard to call themselves French today: They have suffered from all the stereotypes attached to the banlieues," Beaud said.
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Pas seulement de Bondy, si proche géographiquement mais si loin socialement de Paris, mais bien de l'ensemble des vastes banlieues dont elle fait partie.
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" Pour certains joueurs, ça peut être dur de se dire français aujourd'hui : ils ont souffert de tous les stéréotypes rattachés aux banlieues ", dit Beaud.
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D'où ils viennent, dans les banlieues, des joueurs comme eux sont source de fierté et d'espoir, la preuve que le stéréotype n'était pas fondé.
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Five years later, Kepel published "Les Banlieues de l'Islam," a sympathetic and detailed study of France's Muslim community that is still considered a landmark.
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For young men from the French banlieues, assimilation and radicalization appeared to be two sides of a coin that never fell in their favor.
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"The Olympics won't solve our problems, they won't put an end to all the poverty in the banlieues," she said, referring to Paris's poor outskirts.
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Les clubs parisiens, dont le PSG est au premier rang, ne sont pas les seuls à chercher les dernières pépites du football dans les banlieues.
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C'est le rêve de tous les joueurs d'ici et de centaines de clubs amateurs qui parsèment les banlieues : être le prochain Mbappé, la prochaine star.
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Hamza and his colleague Mustapha Benlafkih belong to Sarkozy's center-right party, Les Républicains, a rare species in the banlieues, though less and less so.
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Surveys suggest that the French public overwhelmingly supports the ban, and my conversations with a dozen schoolteachers who work in the banlieues reinforced that conclusion.
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Many French Muslims, even in the banlieues, seem to agree with Kepel that the core problem is the spread of more aggressive forms of Islam.
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"The Olympics won't solve our problems, they won't put an end to all the poverty in the banlieues," she said, referring to Paris' poor outskirts.
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Polls suggest that this time it might be closer to 70%, with high abstention possible in the formerly Socialist-voting banlieues, or outer-city housing estates.
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Together, they are reclaiming what they have constantly been reminded of growing up and turning it into a source of fellowship with their banlieues and beyond.
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Their troubles are milder than those of some American inner cities or French banlieues, but hard to swallow for a society that prides itself on order.
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"We tend to forget the crucial role played by the coaches," said Cyril Nazareth, a professor of sociology studying the role of soccer in the banlieues.
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Céline Sciamma's "Girlhood" brushes aside the archetypal waif-like Parisian girl of French beauty advertorials with four Franco-Senegalese teenagers from a council estate on the banlieues.
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The presiding spirit of the banlieues is Paul Delouvrier, an administrator ordered by Charles de Gaulle to sort the "shambles" of the outer city and its slums.
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The same seems true of sensationalist media narratives about young people in the banlieues—narratives of women cowering before violent (usually Muslim) men who control female sexuality.
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"They are really tired of people talking about the banlieues but not doing anything," said Julien Talpin, a researcher in political science at the University of Lille.
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But even in concrete banlieues, there are less punitive ways for governments to encourage integration than by labelling them ghettos and pushing some of their residents out. ■
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And after the terror attacks of 2015 and 2016, whatever sympathy existed in broader French society for the plight of the banlieues seemed to harden into apathy.
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He has always been careful to distinguish mainstream Islam from the hard-line Islamist ideologues of the banlieues, who have no real equivalent in the United States.
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Kepel published two volumes about the state of the banlieues in 2012, and the title of the second book, "Ninety-Three," is deliberately — some said excessively — ominous.
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The move from the historic presidential palace, which is to be turned into a museum, marked not only the merger of the capital with its once-declining banlieues.
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Youth unemployment in France, at 2000 percent, is among the highest in Europe, adding to social precariousness in the marginalized banlieues — suburban enclaves heavily populated by Muslim residents.
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But there's a growing movement in the banlieues, spurred on by the rise of Le Pen, to break the pattern of discrimination, disengagement and violence through political engagement.
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To those in the banlieues, in the places they came from, players like them are a source of pride, of hope, a proof that the stereotype is wrong.
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"When there is an attack like this, we then always focus on certain districts or banlieues," Carles Puigdemont, the leader of Catalonia, told a news conference on Sunday.
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In one way or another, politicians were often talking about the banlieues, which served as a kind of boogeyman, a stand-in for the social currents unsettling France.
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The Yellow Vest movement has been criticized for its lack of diversity and for not raising the problems of longstanding poverty in France's heavily immigrant suburbs, or banlieues.
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The Paris region had seen nothing like it since the riots of 2005, which touched the city's outer banlieues and ended with the imposition of a state of emergency.
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It's the principle driving the creation of banlieues and favelas: Everything that is considered a surplus, a piece of waste, is just moved towards the outskirts of the city.
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Although Camus was familiar with France's heavily black and Arab inner suburbs, or banlieues , and their subsidized urban housing projects, known as cités , his experience in Hérault floored him.
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If you go look for these dancers, most of them live in the banlieues ("suburbs"), have no money, and have those dance battles once per month where they explode.
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" On a tendance à oublier le rôle crucial des entraîneurs ", estime Cyril Nazareth, professeur de sociologie au Centre Maurice Halbwachs qui s'intéresse au rôle du football dans les banlieues.
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Fighting a sense of inertia, Bouteghmès and the Élan Populaire Courneuvien decided to organize a grand débat for the banlieues, five days ahead of the first round of voting.
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A neo-fascist victory could well lead to an uprising in the suburban banlieues, which would recall the "événements" of 1848, 1871 and 1968, when protests turned to bloodshed.
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Eight of the 1003 men in France's World Cup squad—including star players Kylian Mbappé, Paul Pogba and N'Golo Kanté—grew up in the Parisian banlieues, where football is dominant.
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Une grande partie de l'équipe de France qui participera au Mondial est originaire des banlieues, et elle est appréciée pour sa jeunesse, sa fraîcheur et — élément crucial — son caractère sympathique.
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He grew up in a poor family, he said, and hires people from similar straits — many from the gritty banlieues ringing Paris, where unemployment is as high as 40 percent.
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Mr Macron used this as a pretext to unify Greater Paris, erasing the divisive boundary of the périphérique ring road, and giving the banlieues the symbolic embrace they had long sought.
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Many French Muslims live in grim banlieues, the suburbs of large French cities (similar to housing projects in the United States), where they find themselves largely divorced from mainstream French society.
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It is a broad discussion between the two, intended, he said, to tone down the mounting fears in France surrounding the young people from the banlieues: Muslims, immigrants and even rappers.
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This sweet-and-salty redemption tale from France, written and directed by its mononymous star, Kheiron, wants to deliver a message about the outcasts and ne'er-do-wells of Paris banlieues.
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It is here, amid the tower blocks of the Parisian banlieues, that France finds its soccer players, including the select few who will represent France at the World Cup in Russia.
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Sociologists and political scientists who study France's poorer suburbs with substantial minority populations, known here as banlieues, said neither candidate had given people much reason to vote for him or her.
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His promise to lower the national unemployment rate hadn't fared much better; in five years, and especially in the banlieues where the rate was far higher, the numbers had hardly budged.
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Sciamma has admitted that the script she wrote for the film was not based on research or personal knowledge of black girls in the banlieues but motivated by her fascination with them.
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"Germany is facing problems today that France already faced a few decades ago, like immigration and the banlieues," Ms. Schneider said, referring to the heavily immigrant neighborhoods that ring many French cities.
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The municipal funds that paid for it built a neat, well-maintained facility, the sort that are dotted around the banlieues, a contrast to the unloved tower blocks that ring their fields.
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The idea was born after the terrorist attacks of 2015 highlighted the dangers of leaving behind those who live in France's bleak suburbs, called banlieues, which are often heavily populated by immigrants.
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Before becoming a professional filmmaker, Mr. Ly was the child with the video camera in his pocket, filming rough police "interventions," partly to protect the banlieues' inhabitants and often suffering the consequences.
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In the French presidential election campaign in 2017 Emmanuel Macron toured the Paris banlieues with Yassine Belattar, a stand-up comedian and the son of a Moroccan cleaning lady and a taxi-driver.
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"Many French Muslims live in grim banlieues, the suburbs of large French cities (similar to housing projects in the United States), where they find themselves largely divorced from mainstream French society," Bergen writes.
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This means that police officers could set up "protection zones" in banlieues and other predominantly Muslim communities to carry out stop-and-frisk searches and vehicle searches, and ban some individuals from entry.
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"We realized that the Yellow Vests' demands were our demands—purchasing power, increased fuel prices, not being able to make ends meet," Hassan Ben M'barek, who runs the Collectif Banlieues Respect, told me.
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While the reasons any one individual may be seduced by jihadism are complex, it was hard to ignore that many of the young French citizens leaving for Syria were coming from the banlieues.
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It also allowed the president to take his town-hall road-show away from rural France, the natural habitat of the gilets jaunes protesters, and into the multi-ethnic outer-city districts, or banlieues.
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Like many others, he fears that those who live in the housing projects in the inner suburbs, commonly referred to as banlieues, will feel a backlash from the terrorist attacks in Paris last year.
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In addition, the ghettoization of France's minorities, the banlieues filled with French citizens of African and Middle Eastern descent, remains a worthwhile wrong to rally against—as does France's 15.4 percent gender pay gap.
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Ms. Chanut took "Le 20 Novembre" as an opportunity to speak directly to high school students, and she stages workshops in the banlieues, the low-income, multicultural suburbs of big French cities, alongside performances.
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His most recent project at the time was "Dheepan" (2015), a wholly bizarre yet deeply moving Tamil-language drama set in the Parisian banlieues starring a largely nonprofessional cast, including a Sri Lankan poet.
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Kepel's recent work on the rise of jihadism in France's prisons and the banlieues — much of it carried out by a dedicated band of student researchers — is rooted in a set of alarming numbers.
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"As long as these rifles remain in the trunk of the cars, it won't make much of a difference to day-to-day policing, even in the banlieues [suburbs]," he told VICE News on Tuesday.
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But football's great base of support, and talent, is today found in the multi-racial banlieues, where many French-born youngsters of North African and African descent grow up playing for local after-school clubs.
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Another of his advisers, Martin Bethenod, said the new art center was determined to reach beyond the core of the French capital to the banlieues, the suburbs that are concentrations of poverty and social isolation.
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Their style is a type of play instilled in them by the nature of soccer in the banlieues: small-sided games, with a mix of ages, in the small space of a concrete ball court.
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At the same time, millions of Muslim immigrants began arriving in the concrete high-rises of the French banlieues, French cities, with a culture less amenable to the kind of assimilation France had always preached.
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Some of the more visible signs of failure to integrate earlier immigrants—from the banlieues that ring French cities to the divided towns of northern England—make it harder for governments to take in new ones.
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Railway workers gathered alongside feminist groups and anti-racism activists from the low-income, ethnically diverse Paris suburbs, or banlieues: an aggregation of disparate, angry parts, united by little more than their shared rejection of Macron.
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" For Louis, that only confirms the need for the groups on the left—and from the banlieues—to assert themselves, even if it means "creating a movement within the movement" to "win the war of words.
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These three characters don't fit neatly into any prefabricated schema, whether it's the subservient position women are thought to be confined to in the banlieues or the stereotypically male roles of petty criminal or political rebel.
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But the killings were widely experienced less as a surprise than as a strange sort of vindication, a validation of cultural anxieties that had for years coursed just beneath the surface of French political debate: the alleged unwillingness of French Muslims to submit to the norms of French republicanism; the perceived ultraviolence of the young black and Arab postcolonial Frenchmen of the banlieues; and a feeling that those banlieues, under the sway of violence and Islam, were slipping out from the control of the République much as its overseas colonies once had.
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It is not just the local Parisian clubs, particularly P.S.G., panning for gold in the banlieues: All the major French teams — even those, like Lyon and Marseille, with traditional recruiting grounds of their own — scour the banlieue clubs.
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For all that politicians make hay with every player that emerges from the banlieues, local leaders and community workers like Riccardi and Coulibaly repeatedly point out that young people there need more than one (incredibly unlikely) way out.
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" Pour beaucoup en France, qui dit foot dit milieux populaires, et donc banlieues, et donc racaille ", résume Stéphane Beaud, professeur de sociologie à l'Université de Poitiers, qui a beaucoup écrit sur les liens entre l'équipe nationale et l'immigration.
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But the party's representative for the 2100 is Jordan Bardella, a suave 21-year-old who is always dressed in a suit and has established himself on social media as the guardian of social order in the banlieues.
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Kepel has argued that much of France's left-leaning intelligentsia fails to understand the nature of the threat the country faces — not just from foreign terrorists but also from the Islamist provocateurs in its exurban ghettos, the banlieues.
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Today, the city is in the midst of an ambitious expansion project called Le Grand Paris, which aims to enlarge Paris's boundaries by stitching its core to the banlieues — the neglected outer suburbs — with a new transport system.
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The 2018 team is led by star Kylian Mbappé and includes other players from the banlieues, a vast sprawl of multicultural suburbs and satellite towns around Paris that is home to the greatest pool of soccer talent in Europe.
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When Emmanuel Macron, the French president, went on a nationwide listening tour this year in response to the gilets jaunes protests, officials in the banlieues, poor suburbs whose residents are mostly from ethnic minorities, denounced the areas' growing "ghettoisation".
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Presnel Kimpembe and Kylian Mbappé — this great international vision, this expression of Qatari soft power, delivered by two boys from Paris's sprawling banlieues — scored a goal each, and P.S.G. might feel slightly disappointed not to have left with more.
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Residents of the "banlieues" — mostly Muslim, of Arab and African origin — remained scarred by an ugly campaign that saw a presidential candidate who repeatedly attacked and demonized their communities and went on to win a third of all French votes.
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It is the worst unrest Paris has seen since at least 2005, when the outskirts were in flames over tension between the police and the youth of the poor suburbs known as "banlieues", demonstrating over the death of two young people.
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Jamel Debbouze, a French actor of Moroccan origin, said excluding Mr Benzema sent a poor message to kids in the banlieues, or outer-city estates, who have "none of our representatives (ie, players of Arab descent) on the French team".
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For all their work's sympathetic, humane charm, though, the decades since have mostly strengthened a popular view of northern banlieues as alien and threatening, a home to Islamist and immigrant extremists, sites of police brutality, riots, drug-dealing and rape.
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La Courneuve's mayor for nearly two decades was Gilles Poux, a stalwart of the French Communist Party, the labor-oriented segment of the French left that once enjoyed broad popularity but whose membership had declined everywhere except in the Paris banlieues.
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These Parisian banlieues are home to many African and Caribbean immigrants and their French-born or -raised children, including many of the soccer superstars celebrated for bringing a World Cup victory to France for the second time in the country's history last weekend.
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If you squint just a bit, you can start to make out the edges of the banlieues of Paris where thousands of French and Francophone people live — people who don't have the kind of undeniable soccer talent necessary to attain exclusively French citizenship.
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They recently released "(Zus)," a visual essay by the French photographer Benoît Fougeirol with text by Jean-Christophe Bailly, structured around the 11 "Zones urbaines sensibles" of Paris's banlieues that presents the Brutalist peripheries as a failure of both the state and imagination.
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"The shortcut goes like this: Soccer in France means working classes, which means banlieues, which means thugs," said Stéphane Beaud, a professor of sociology at the University of Poitiers, who has written extensively about the links between the French national team and immigration.
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Les politiques ont beau brandir l'exemple des joueurs issus des banlieues, les leaders locaux et les responsables d'associations sportives comme Riccardi et Coulibaly ne cessent de répéter qu'il faut à la jeunesse davantage qu'une seule (et hautement improbable) perspective pour s'en sortir.
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When Macron pulled through that evening, with 66 percent of the vote, he was relieved: not because he was optimistic about Macron — the percentage of blank ballots in the banlieues was high — but because it meant at least that his work could continue.
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"Your presence today with the education minister and the children from the banlieues (suburbs) who are bravely engaged in studying the Shoah and drawing the consequences touches us deeply and allows us to look with hope toward an uncertain future," said Klarsfeld.
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The head of Bondy Blog, Nassira El Moaddem, said that what she hears in the banlieues is that "salvation will not come from politicians, it will come from us," adding that the "social links" created by the festival would have a positive outcome.
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The outburst of anger is strongest in smaller towns and villages and in "banlieues" - gritty suburbs of major cities plagued by unemployment and deprivation, and underlines the gap between metropolitan elites and working class voters that has boosted anti-establishment politics across the Western world.
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Her centrist rival Emmanuel Macron sees the "gig economy" of firms such as Deliveroo and the U.S. app-based cab service Uber as a model for creating jobs particularly in the "banlieues" - deprived suburban housing estates where unemployment is almost three times the national rate.
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I saw parts of the city, and wandered, but I was mostly taken in by fear — fear of going to the wrong neighborhood (the massive riots in the banlieues had only happened a few months prior) and fear of completely getting lost and never making it back.
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Rebecca, Dounia, and Maïmouna are in vibrant contradiction not only with female protagonists we're accustomed to seeing in gangster movies but also with other fictional characters, namely women from the banlieues as imagined by media on the left and right and by films like Céline Sciamma's Girlhood.
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To most in France, though, it is in the northern swath of the banlieues, a label that is both a euphemism and a stigma: places with large, working-class, nonwhite communities, synonymous with riots and social strife, thought of as breeding grounds for crime and terrorism.
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But at its worst, it leaves those communities with immense pain and few answers, as was the case of Adama Traore, the young French man, son of Malian immigrants from the Parisian banlieues, who died in police custody under suspicious circumstances on his 24th birthday, two years ago.
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Car c'est ici, au pied des immeubles des banlieues parisiennes, que la France trouve ses joueurs de football : des centaines d'entre eux sont envoyés à Clairefontaine, quelques dizaines deviennent professionnels, ici ou à l'étranger, et cet été, quelques-uns représenteront la France à la Coupe du monde en Russie.
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As he saw it, 90 percent of the French media were on the left, and they hid the truth about the failure to integrate immigrants; this was readily apparent in the drug dealing and crime in the banlieues and, of course, the terror attacks of the last three years.
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That talismanic Euro-word, integration, finds new relevance: Instead of segregating migrants and asylum seekers in enclaves like those in inner-city Brussels or among the banlieues of Paris, several European municipalities are exploring ways to accelerate the process of assimilation by providing low-cost housing, education and job training.
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And it is film that still finds aching drama in the peripheral housing estates of the city's banlieues, beginning with the magnificent rage of Mr Kassovitz's "La Haine" 20 years ago, and continuing with the desolate energy of "Entre les Murs" (2008), say, or the defiant girl power of "Bande de Filles" (2014).
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Now, groups from those same banlieues are trying to navigate their place in the new popular indignation: to shed light on the economic plight they share with rural France, to draw attention to the racial undertones of banlieue poverty, and to undermine the right's ability to claim the movement as its own.
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The banlieues' involvement in the Yellow Vests protests, then, raises important questions about whether or not decades of economic resentment, coming to a head under Macron, could be the start of a true class-consciousness, without the racial divisions that generally put the white rural poor and non-white urban poor on opposing sides.
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It is here, amid the tower blocks of the Parisian banlieues, that France finds its soccer players: hundreds who go on to Clairefontaine, the national training center, dozens who go on to play professionally at home or abroad and, this summer, the select few who will represent France at the World Cup in Russia.
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Fashion Review PARIS — So there we were, up early on a Sunday morning as the fashion season entered its final few days, caravaning out yet again to an echoing space in the banlieues of Paris, entering a room scented by the nausea-inducing aroma of freshly laid tar and cast in a blood-red glow, assaulted by strobe lights and pounding chords.
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Dozens of people trickled in, and by 8:30 it was clear that they had come to have their say with Aïdara, who delivered Macron's ideas in clean bullet points: For each person hired from the banlieues, a company would be relieved of certain taxes; companies that discriminated would be subjected to a public "naming and shaming" campaign; and so on.
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At the end of their day, some will pack up and take the Metro past the Périphérique to the banlieues; from the ritzy city center where they spend their day to the isolated, low-income suburb enclaves of mainly black and brown people who have been denied significant mobility or opportunity, the cité tower blocks in the shadows of the shimmering lights of the notoriously low-lying city.
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In 2012, François Hollande dangled numerous promises during his presidential campaign, including the right to vote in local elections for foreigners who had been in France and paying taxes for years; once the banlieues helped elect him, they heard little until the November 2015 ISIS-led attacks in central Paris, when Hollande proposed a terrorism-related constitutional amendment that would effectively turn dual nationals into second-class citizens.
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They had wanted to assert their ability to improve life in their community, even if their ideas tended toward the prosaic and technocratic: making governance more transparent as a way to draw in more local residents; offering incentives to businesses relocating to the banlieues to hire locally rather than bring in commuters; and striking deals with vendors to give food that remained unsold at the end of the day to needy residents.
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Mr. Ly, 39, the son of a garbage collector from Mali, has put his whole life into a sharp-edged film that depicts the harshness of the French capital's immigrant suburbs — the banlieues — that has won applause from French film critics of all political stripes, made President Emmanuel Macron sit up and take notice, garnered Mr. Ly a top prize at Cannes and is France's candidate for Best Foreign Language Film at the Oscars.
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But brotherly love among the French has been severely tested by a series of recent terrorist attacks — many committed by French-born or raised Islamists — and by ethnic profiling and violence by police against minority youth, the stigmatizing of French Muslims by debates on Muslim women's dress, and the Islamophobia of the French far right and the failure of successive French governments to address the social isolation, poverty and unemployment in the banlieues.
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