But if Bergman's work elevates these struggles to the realm of the metaphysical, Lanthimos's approach is less lofty, ballasted by blood and grit.
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There's a basic injustice in the present situation with apps, where we impose after-sales expectations — ballasted by the threat of negative reviews — on developers who get no corresponding benefit from us.
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The chalky, rhythmic cool of "Blue Image" (1950) and the sacramental aura of the white and gold "Presence" (1956) are ballasted by geometrics and grids, within which the paintings' pictographic particulars flicker and blaze.
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Instead of a keel to provide stability, it has twin canting ballasted T-foils that have veteran sailors both excited and wary about the challenge of handling it, particularly when it is not hydrofoiling.
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For extra stability, these arches were ballasted with high mounds of copper slag.
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The line was ballasted with broken stone which was deep under the ties.
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During transit an SSCV is de-ballasted to a draught where only part of the lower hull is submerged. During lifting operations, the vessel is ballasted down. This way, the lower hull is well submerged. This reduces the effect of waves and swell.
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The CS 27 is a small recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass. It has a masthead sloop rig, a transom-hung rudder and a fixed fin keel. It displaces and carries of ballast. The boat has a draft of with the standard iron-ballasted keel and with the optional longer shoal draft lead-ballasted keel.
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The two parts were ballasted and brought to Portsmouth in June.Marine news, (1978), Vol. 32-33, p. 18. World Ship Society.
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Both units were then ballasted to improve traction. Initially coupled cab-to-cab, it was found more practical to couple master nose to slave cab.
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The cause was later attributed to newly laid rail on a bed of ash (instead of being properly ballasted) that had buckled in unseasonably hot weather.
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He also describes the Poseidons fatal flaw as "riding high in the water, improperly ballasted and technically unseaworthy", this, he wrote, made the Poseidon vulnerable to capsizing.
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There are three installation methods: ballasted, mechanically attached, and fully adhered. Ballasted roofs are held in place by large round stones or slabs. Mechanically attached roof membranes are held in place with nails and are suitable in some applications where wind velocities are not usually high. A drawback is that the nails penetrate the waterproof membrane; if correctly fastened the membrane is "self-gasketing" and will not leak.
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In fact, the first British fluorescent lamps were designed to operate from 80-watt mercury vapor ballasts. There are also self-ballasted mercury vapor lamps available. These lamps use a tungsten filament in series with the arc tube both to act as a resistive ballast and add full spectrum light to that of the arc tube. Self-ballasted mercury vapor lamps can be screwed into a standard incandescent light socket supplied with the proper voltage.
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Ballast is usually provided in the keel, keeping the centreboard lighter and easier to handle. Centreboards are often ballasted in keelboats. Ballasted centreboards are generally not locked in place when lowered; the mass of the ballast keeps them down. This also provides a measure of safety should the boat run aground --the force of impact will push the foil back into the centreboard trunk, rather than breaking it, as might happen if the board were locked in place.
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By this arrangement the ballasted tracks are drained and do not get water logged. There is a low stone parapet wall on each side of the viaduct. The abutments are solid stonework.
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This station is on a concrete viaduct with ballasted track. This station was the terminal for the Far Rockaway branch until the opening of Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue station nineteen months later.
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The dynamic properties of different lines of the track can lead to varied degrees of rail corrugation through the use of high-speed wheel sets. In a study of high-speed railroad tracks, four types of tracks were studied for their tendency to develop corrugation (RHEDA 200, AFTRAV, STEDEF, and high performance ballasted track) and of the four considered the ballasted track was the one least prone to rail corrugation with the AFTRAV track being the second most reliable as well.
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Union Pacific Railroad received 273 additional SD70ACe units in 2014 and 2016. These are referred to as SD70AH (T4C) , H for Heavy, because they are ballasted to 428,000 lbs instead of the standard "ACe's" 420,000 lbs.
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Earlier, household clothes dryers sometimes incorporated a germicidal lamp in series with an ordinary incandescent lamp; the incandescent lamp operated as the ballast for the germicidal lamp. A commonly used light in the home in the 1960s in 220–240 V countries was a circular tube ballasted by an under-run regular mains filament lamp. Self ballasted mercury-vapor lamps incorporate ordinary tungsten filaments within the overall envelope of the lamp to act as the ballast, and it supplements the otherwise lacking red area of the light spectrum produced.
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UK: LRTA Publishing. Streetcar in South Waterfront, 2013 Another extension of south to the lower terminus of the Portland Aerial Tram at Southwest Gibbs Street in the South Waterfront opened on a temporary ballasted track on October 20, 2006.
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After testing of the locomotive the engine was removed for static testing, and the locomotive body ballasted for use in high load tests of other vehicles. The remains of the vehicle are believed to have been scrapped in 1993.
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Oldshoe, Micro and Long Micro have shallow ballasted full length keels whereas what he called the "Advanced Sharpies" AS19, AS29 and AS39 have one or two bilgeboards and inside ballast. The latter are very definitely in the extended cruise/liveaboard category.
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The mass of a ballasted foil means that a system of pulleys may be required to allow the sailor to lift the foil, and a method of latching the board in the upward position is needed. A centreboard differs from a ballast keel in that centreboards do not contribute to the stability of the vessel; their purpose is to provide lateral resistance. In small sailing dinghies it is rare to find a ballasted centreboard. On larger sailing vessels, a similar design is sometimes incorporated to facilitate better navigation in shallow water than a fixed keel would allow.
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Conventional ballasted tunnel-track was ruled out owing to the difficulty of maintenance and lack of stability and precision. The Sonneville International Corporation's track system was chosen based on reliability and cost- effectiveness based on good performance in Swiss tunnels and worldwide. The type of track used is known as Low Vibration Track (LVT). Like ballasted track the LVT is of the free floating type, held in place by gravity and friction. Reinforced concrete blocks of 100 kg support the rails every 60 cm and are held by 12 mm thick closed cell polymer foam pads placed at the bottom of rubber boots.
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In ladder track the ties are laid parallel to the rails and are several meters long. The structure is similar to Brunel's baulk track; these longitudinal ties can be used with ballast, or with elastomer supports on a solid non-ballasted support.
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By 1860, Kneass had graded and ballasted the line from Blairsville to Allegheny Junction in Butler County. Past Allegheny Junction, some grading had been completed in Butler but not Lawrence county. The superstructure of some bridges along the line was also complete.
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The entire line was on a grade of about 6 per cent and the roadbed was laid with 60 lb/yard (30 kg/m) T-rails on rough cedar ties, between centers. Angle-bar joints were used and the railroad was rock ballasted.
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National Electrical Manufacturer's Association NEMA, Failure Modes for Self-Ballasted Compact Fluorescent Lamps (requires account) , white paper no. LSD 40, retrieved 2008-06-26. New North American technical standards aim to eliminate smoke or excess heat at the end of lamp life.
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For a brief period in the 1990s, the Glasgow Railway hosted a tourist train using an EMD SD9 locomotive that was notable for being specially ballasted for use on the steep grade at Madison, Indiana on the former Pennsylvania Railroad (now the Madison Railroad).
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The road to Protección ballasted and passable at all times. There is also a small network of more than of access roads to communities around Protección. These are passable primarily during the summer. The rains often make the surrounding roads impassable during the winter.
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It is constructed of six weathering high- strength steel box girders spans bridging the canyon itself, with adjacent spans from , supported by concrete piers. A ballasted concrete deck slab supports the railroad track. The western end of the bridge splits to form a wye.
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I.C.R. Bridge, Grand Narrows Cape Breton, N.S. circa 1909 While the actual length of this structure was not extraordinary, at around seventeen hundred feet, the actual process of laying the masonry foundation was. Cofferdams, made of timber, were built on shore, ballasted, and floated out into the channel. These were then sunk in the locations where the bridge piers were to be built and sections were added to the tops until the dams reached from the surface to the bottom of the channel, resting on the floor of the strait. The dams were heavily ballasted around their outer walls, then pumped dry so excavation of the overburden could begin.
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Falmouth work boats range from about 22’ to 32’ long.Davies, Alun. The History of the Falmouth Working Boats, 1995 In its traditional form the boats have a hull with a plumb stem and almost vertical transom, with a long straight keel. Typically they would be internally ballasted.
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The country from Moama to Deniliquin comprises a series of almost level plains. The permanent way was laid on the surface and ballasted with sand. Throughout its length, there were only five curves of 1.6 km radius. The line was built within a period of 12 months.
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The red- brick piers are thick and high. They are solid up to above the springings above which they have thick walls filled with ballast. The piers at the abutments have rusticated facings. The original trackbed was wide, ballasted with sandstone taken from cuttings along the railway.
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The hull consists of two pontoons with four columns each. Transit draught is about 12 metres. For lifting operations it will normally be ballasted down to . This way the pontoons (with a draught of 13.6 metres) are well submerged to reduce the effect of waves and swell.
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The road to La Esperanza is partially ballasted and partially paved and nearly always passable. Other roads continue to the Southwest to Camasca and Magdalena and to the Southeast to Olomoncaguua. A small network of roads access the aldeas around Concepción. These are passable primarily during the dry season.
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During endurance trials the vessel is ballasted or loaded to a predetermined draft and the propulsion machinery is set to the contracted maximum service setting, usually some percentage of the machinery's maximum continuous rating. The fuel flow, exhaust and cooling water temperatures and ship's speed are all recorded.
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The traction control system is a Siemens SIBA32, units can also be operated in multiple using the Locotrol distributed traction control system. The locomotive has a pneumatic disc brake, as well as being able to brake regeneratively. Standard operating speed is or when ballasted to 25 t axleload.
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The course is designed to permit speeds of 110–160 km/h. The superstructure is built with a conventional ballasted track with both wooden and concrete sleepers. An exception is in the Esslingerberg tunnel, which was completely refurbished up until early 2006 for €19 million including the installation of slab track.
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A link line to nearby East Ilsley was planned but never built, although certain parts of the proposed route were levelled and ballasted for reasons as yet unknown. There was a facility at Compton for incorporating the junction and for the stabling of a small locomotive to operate the route.
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Some floats are designed only to map currents at a single depth; they don't have the ability to adjust their buoyancy, so are carefully ballasted to match the water density at the desired depth. A modern example of this type is the RAFOS float; historical versions include Swallow, ALACE, and SOFAR floats.
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These now-redundant third warheads were adapted into the new WE.177C. This conversion consisted of removing the original primary, and replacing them with Katie A from the WE.177As. The new warhead was placed in existing WE.177B casings, and then ballasted to have identical weight and ballistics as the WE.177B.
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For activities which require a stable offshore platform, the vessel is then ballasted down so that the pontoons are submerged, and only the buoyant columns pierce the water surface - thus giving the vessel a substantial buoyancy with a small water-plane area. The only concrete semi-submersible in existence is Troll B.
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Each platform was originally 170 metres long and later extended to 186 metres. The two platform tracks are built as conventional ballasted track with S54 rail profile and can also serve as passing loops to allow trains with higher priority to overtake. The platforms each have a shelter fitted with six seats.
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Research into longitudinal sleepers took place in Japan, Russia and France in the mid 20th century. In the late 20th century, interest in ladder type tracks increased due to its potential for lower cost and lower maintenance railways, as well as increased stability benefits over sleepered track. In general, ladder track produces lower pressures on the road bed: both the maximum pressure and the amplitude of pressure pulses are smaller than transverse sleepered track, which can reduce maintenance costs in ballasted systems. An additional benefit in ballasted ladder track is increased resistance to ballast wash out and other forms of ballast degradation due to the additional longitudinal support and rigidity in ladder track; the same structural rigidity also adds to buckling resistance.
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After the first few years, the condition of the track began to suffer. Phillips' cheap construction methods had a serious downside, for the un- ballasted track was very difficult to maintain. It quickly deteriorated, giving passengers a rough ride, and leading to frequent derailments. The heavier B15 locomotive in use after 1915 exacerbated the problem.
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Thermoplastic Polyolefin single-ply roofing. This roofing material can be fully adhered, mechanically fastened, or ballasted. TPO seam strengths are reported to be three to four times higher than EPDM roofing systems. This is a popular choice for "Green" building as there are no plasticizers added and TPO does not degrade under UV radiation.
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A heavier ballasted condition may also increase round trip fuel consumption.Morrell (1931) pp. 307–312 Many petroleum compounds have limited solubility in water. Low solubility is typically of negligible concern with respect to product loss, but toxic petroleum products may be regarded as pollution in the water displaced as a tank is loaded with petroleum.
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Sersa Kirow crane The company supplies services relating to rail track construction and renewals; including ballasted and slab track construction, catenary construction, and project management. Maintenance of track including ballast cleaning and tamping, rail inspection, welding, grinding and milling, and operates and leases a variety of machinery such as tamping machines, cranes, grinding trains and ballast cleaning machines.
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Moreover, trailer sailers are generally more lightly- built and ballasted, making them incapable of tackling open oceans, confining them to coastal and protected waters. Due to the limitations of trailer capacity, towing vehicle size and weight, as well as highway width limitations, most trailer sailboats are limited in size to about in length and beams of .
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The AC75 (America's Cup 75 class) is a 75ft sailboat class, governing the construction and operation of the yachts to be used in the 2021 America's Cup. The boat type is a foiling monohull with canting ballasted T-wing hydrofoils mounted on port and starboard topside longitudinal drums, a centerline T-wing rudder, and no keel.
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Cross section of a grooved tram rail. Tramway track can have different rail profiles to accommodate the various operating environments of the vehicle. They may be embedded into concrete for street-running operation, or use standard ballasted track with railroad ties on high-speed sections. A more ecological solution is to embed tracks into grass turf.
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Discharged for one hour, this amounts to just under one kilowatt (1.3 hp). Driver's weight is ballasted to for fairness, and the vehicles themselves may weigh from . Safety regulations require features such as braking systems, roll bars, and electrical disconnects. Electrathon racing started in England, spread to Australia, and arrived in the United States in 1990.
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The platform is designed to accommodate roughly 160 people. The platform deck is with height of . The original hull was a gravity base made up of support pilings and concrete ballast chambers from which three or four shafts rise and upon which the deck sits. Once fully ballasted, the hull was to sit on the sea floor.
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Provision for water ballast, maximum permitted speed increased to ;SB-9 Stratus: The SB-8V2 modified with a four-part wing of span, fitted with elastic flaps. SB-9 Stratus was first flown January 1969. It is Empty weight, , maximum in flight weight, ballasted, . Flutter problems tackled with a span reduction to and mass-balancing the ailerons.
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Over-ballasted to about 60 tons negative buoyancy, the boat dove very quickly. While K-429 was in the shipyard, her ventilation system had been opened to the maximum extent possible, so as to exhaust fumes from welding. Various interlocks that would automatically shut ventilation valves were disabled. This lineup was not corrected before the boat dove.
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The Tokyo was powered by steam turbines totaling 45,000 horsepower geared to a single shaft. The drive system was capable of 16 knots, 17 under ballasted load conditions (empty hold). Surprisingly nimble for a ship her size, she had a turning circle shorter than three times her length and could stop in under three miles with her single screw in reverse.
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The fan car and hydropneumatic suspension exploited loopholes in the sporting regulations. In the early 1980s, Brabham was accused of going further and breaking the regulations. During 1981, Piquet's first championship year, rumours circulated of illegal underweight Brabham chassis. Driver Jacques Laffite was among those to claim that the cars were fitted with heavily ballasted bodywork before being weighed at scrutineering.
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During assembly, the workforce discovered that the body panels would not fit around the engine. Since he had no further plans for the 350 GTV beyond being a show car, Mr. Lamborghini had the engine bay ballasted with bricks and kept the bonnet shut throughout the Turin Auto Show. The incomplete show car also lacked brake calipers, foot pedals and windshield wipers.
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The Bowman 42 is an ocean-cruising yacht produced by Rustler Yachts of Falmouth. The yacht is traditionally lined and styled, but is built from solid glassfibre composite with a fin and skeg underwater profile. To achieve a good seakeeping ability for ocean cruising, the yacht is heavily constructed, and well ballasted. In addition, the yacht incorporates a strong skeg hung rudder.
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The Bowman 45 is an ocean-cruising yacht produced by Rustler Yachts of Falmouth. The yacht is traditionally lined and styled, but is built from solid glassfibre composite with a fin and skeg underwater profile. To achieve a good seakeeping ability for ocean cruising, the yacht is heavily constructed, and well ballasted. In addition, the yacht incorporates a strong skeg hung rudder.
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Ballast is used in ships to provide moment to resist the lateral forces on the hull. Insufficiently ballasted boats tend to tip or heel excessively in high winds. Too much heel may result in the boat/ship capsizing. If a sailing vessel should need to voyage without cargo then ballast of little or no value would be loaded to keep the vessel upright.
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The locomotive was built in May 1950 and was ballasted to ., making it and its sisters the heaviest GP7s on the C&O.; A conservative estimate is that the 55 has traveled well over 3 million miles to date. In 2018, the CRC 55 was re- painted into its as-delivered Chesapeake and Ohio paint scheme in blue-and- yellow.
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Royal Dutch Shell is currently developing the first Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG) facility, which will be situated approximately 200 km off the coast of Western Australia and is due for completion around 2017. When finished, it will be the largest floating offshore facility. It is expected to be approximately 488m long and 74m wide with displacement of around 600,000t when fully ballasted.
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To prepare an appropriate display area for Caboose 342, a short stretch of roadbed was prepared, ballasted, and ties and rail were laid by volunteers in Victoria. The initials "H.H.R." and "W.N.P." were engraved as a lasting tribute to the founders of the Virginian Railway, industrialist and financier Henry Huttleston Rogers and coal mining manager and civil engineer William Nelson Page.
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Not only did untreated wooden trestles provide all bridging, but cuttings were of minimum width, track was not ballasted, and no snow sheds were built. Ballasting occurred three years later. Although accurately predicting construction costs was difficult, especially in a mountainous region, total overruns were reasonable. The eastern approach up the Beaver River required some of the largest trestles on the line.
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The hull consists of two floaters with three columns each. The transit draught of 12 meters is normally ballasted down to 25 meters for lifting operations, with the floaters (with a draught of 12 meters) are well-submerged, reducing the effect of waves and swell. It is powered by seven 3,500 kW azimuth thrusters and two propellers. There is accommodation for 350 persons.
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The entire line is ballasted with stone ballast. Maximum ruling; gradient on this section is 1 in 200 and the sharpest curve is of 1,910 feet radius. The terrain from where the line is passing is a flat one, it being taken generally parallel to the Tapi river. The entire line is broad gauge with single line up to Jalgaon.
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Some bottles are ballasted with dry sand so that they float vertically at or near the ocean surface, and are less influenced by winds and breaking waves than other bottles that are purposely not ballasted. Wooden blocks float higher in the water and thus are more influenced by wind—a design specially suited for simulating travel paths of plastic waste that is less dense than glass containers. A research program from the University of Oldenburg (Germany) involves 100,000 wooden blocks of various thicknesses. An early-20th-century "bottom" (or seabed) drift bottle design by George Parker Bidder III involved weighting a bottle with a long copper wire that causes it to sink until the wire trails upon the sea bottom, at which time the bottle tends to remain a few inches above the bottom to be moved by the bottom current.
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Without a ballast keel, multihulls can go in shallow waters where monohulls can not. There are trade- offs, however, in multihull design. A well designed ballasted boat can recover from a capsize, even from turning over completely. Righting a multihull that has gotten upside down is difficult in any case and impossible without help unless the boat is small or carries special equipment for the purpose.
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This facility will use flash mixing, sand ballasted clarification, ozonation, gradual media filtration, and chlorine addition. The intake station is a reinforced-concrete structure approximately 46 feet tall from the river bottom. The structure will span approximately 200 feet along the river face. There will be ten individual fish screen panels each being 10 feet high by 14 feet wide made from durable stainless steel.
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' are used to protect traffic from hazards in work zones. Their distinguishing feature is they can be relocated as conditions change in the road works. Two common types are used: temporary concrete barrier and water-filled barrier. The latter is composed of steel-reinforced plastic boxes that are put in place where needed, linked together to form a longitudinal barrier, then ballasted with water.
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Sailing ballast is used in sailboats to provide moment to resist the lateral forces on the sail. Insufficiently ballasted boats will tend to tip, or heel, excessively in high winds. Too much heel may result in the boat capsizing. If a sailing vessel should need to voyage without cargo then ballast of little or no value would be loaded to keep the vessel upright.
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The Cowra to Canowindra Railway Act was passed on 15 December 1908. Land acquisitions proceeded rapidly, with the first sod of the new lined turned at Cowra West on 11 January 1909. John Bradfield, who went on to design the Sydney Harbour Bridge, prepared layout plans as assistant engineer on the project. The line was built to so-called "pioneer" standards - earth ballasted with no fences.
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The rails of the Caillet monorail were laid directly on the ground on small support plates that were hooked to the inside of the rail. They were screwed together with fishplate tabs. Although there was only one rail, the lorries could each have two or four wheels in a row, all in line. Sleepers were not required, and the trackbed did not have to be ballasted.
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In April 1920, the outer cover was completed and by June the ship was finished. On 19 July, the ship emerged from its shed for its first flight. The ship was damaged on the trial flight as the ship had not been properly ballasted, and the lifting gas heated causing the ship to rise too fast. The result was extensive buckling of the framework.
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The latter was later reduced to 4.50 m. The reduced minimum vertical curve radius was 22,500 m with a normal minimum vertical curve radius of 25,000 m. Großbrembach overtaking loop with slab track and ballasted track (under construction in October 2013) Following the planning stage of 1995, overtaking loops were provided at intervals of about 20 km and crossovers at intervals of about seven kilometres.
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Charleston was stripped down to the waterline and then sold to the Powell River Company, Ltd. On 25 October 1930, the ship was towed to Powell River, British Columbia, Canada, to serve as a floating breakwater for a large logging mill. The hulk was ballasted, anchored and periodically pumped out to keep her afloat. The following year, she was joined by the hull of the cruiser Huron (formerly South Dakota).
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Growing pains for a deep-sea home built of subway cars New York Times, 2008. Accessed: 10 March 2011. The reef comprises 714 Redbird (R26–R36 series) New York City Subway cars dumped by Weeks Marine, 86 retired tanks and armored personnel carriers, eight tugboats and barges, and 3,000 tons of ballasted truck tires.Red Bird Reef sinkings The amount of marine food has increased 400 times over 7 years.
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Memorial for the victims of the sinking MV Sewol. In 2014, the MV Sewol shipwrecked with 476 passengers on board. Of those, 304 people perished, including students of Danwon High School (Ansan) gone on a school trip. The tragedy had several causes: the ship was overloaded and insufficiently ballasted, illegal work to increase the number of cabins made the ship unstable and the crew was poorly trained and incompetent.
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The main Seoul–Pusan railway and road was integral in bringing supplies to the front. From Pusan a good railroad system built by the Japanese and well ballasted with crushed rock and river gravel extended northward. Subordinate rail lines ran westward along the south coast through Masan and Chinju and northeast near the east coast to P'ohang-dong. There the eastern line turned inland through the east-central Taebaek Mountains area.
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When originally used to haul iron ore they were ballasted, fitted with SA3 couplings and additional set of brakes, but all these modifications were removed when the locomotives were put in ordinary freight operation. In the 1990s they were repainted from orange to blue. When SJ was split up, they were transferred to Green Cargo, stationed in Malmö. In 2013–2014 they were used again for iron ore traffic on Malmbanan.
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The Olympic committee selected the 49er. From the 2000 Olympics and onwards, the 49er sailed with county flag designs covering the entire spinnaker, making it clear which boat was which. In 1998, the smaller 29er was designed for the international youth market. The 29er has been given International Class status In 2004, he worked with Martin Billoch and Chris Mitchell to design the SKUD 18, a ballasted skiff for disabled sailors.
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The barges were similar to boxes without lids, and were constructed using mortise and tenon joints, the same technique used in ancient boats, to ensure they remained watertight. The barges were ballasted with 0.5 meters of pozzolana concrete and floated out to their position. With alternating layers, pozzolana-based and lime-based concretes were hand-placed inside the barge to sink it and fill it up to the surface.
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HXD2C six axle locomotive The HXD2C is a 6 axle Co′Co′ freight locomotive which shares a similar exterior design with the HXD2B. The individually inverter controlled traction motors, body structure overall structural design also are the same as other members of the series; with transformers from ABB. The locomotive power is reduced to , suitable for trains of . The locomotive can be ballasted to give axle loads from .
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Coincidentally, the earthquake brought real prosperity to Fort Bragg as the mills furnished lumber to rebuild San Francisco, and the lumber ships returning from San Francisco were ballasted with bricks used for rebuilding Fort Bragg. With the new prosperity, the rail line to Willits was completed and in 1912 the first tourists came to Fort Bragg. By 1916 Fort Bragg had become a popular place to visit—and to settle.
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The ballasted track ends and the timber deck begins here. Orange Line trains share the tracks with the Green Line operating from this junction to Tower 12 at the southeast corner of the Loop. Orange Line trains operate clockwise around the inner loop - via Van Buren Street, Wells Street, Lake Street and Wabash Avenue - before returning to Midway. Along the Orange Line's main route there are seven stations.
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Slab track roadway for rescue vehicles The new line is built as slab track with the overtaking tracks and connections with the existing network built as conventional ballasted tracks. 34,000 sections of slab tracks were laid for the line. In the tunnels and on the Saale-Elster Viaduct this is designed to be usable by emergency road vehicles. These new designs were tested on a specially built test track.
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There was a span bridge over the Stroudwater Canal just north of the Stonehouse Viaduct; it was laminated timber. Of the 73 bridges on the line, 41 over and 32 under, there were 15 timber bridges. Ten of these were laminated timber beam bridges of span: in the case of the underbridges they had ballasted longitudinal timber track. There were two trussed overbridges, also span; and three laminated beam overbridges of three spans.
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Arcata, California: Paradise Cay Publications, 1999. She has the well ballasted keel, low centre of gravity, and narrow beam of traditional English cutters, but has a fin keel characteristic of newer, lighter racing yachts. The narrow beam and substantial ballast provide a high degree of positive stability, with an AVS of 155°, although due to her small size the STIX is only 33. If knocked down or capsized, the Contessa readily rights herself.
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The earliest applications were probably for commercial sponge fishing. Diving bells were developed in the 16th and 17th century as the first significant mechanical aid to underwater diving. They were rigid chambers lowered into the water and ballasted to remain upright in the water and to sink even when full of air. The first reliably recorded use of a diving bell was by Guglielmo de Lorena in 1535 to explore Caligula's barges in Lake Nemi.
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The hull consisted of two floaters with three columns each. The transit draught of 12 meters was normally ballasted down to 25 meters for lifting operations; at that load, the floaters (with a draught of 12 meters) were well-submerged, reducing the effect of waves and swell. Propulsion was by two controllable pitch propellers and two forward, retractable, controllable pitch thrusters. The helicopter deck was capable of sustaining a Sikorsky 61-N.
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And on the 22nd, LCMs brought 18 Sherman tanks out to Belle Grove. Two days later, at dawn on the 24th, the dock landing ship arrived off White Beach 2\. The ship ballasted down, flooding her well-deck, and lowered her stern gate to launch the tank-carrying landing craft. The operation passed without incident until one LCM's ramp dropped as it went over the sill and it quickly filled with water.
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For perspective, many of the largest production tractors such as the John Deere 9630 are about half the horsepower, less than half the ballasted weight, and often use a more standard six cylinder class 8 truck engine. Extrapolating historical rules of thumb when tractors were sometimes measured by the size of the moldboard plow they could pull, Big Bud 747 would be a 50-plow tractor, though this is no longer a practical convention.
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The stone arches were subsequently restored atop the new steel structures in 2014. The South Wales Railway at Llansamlet,, Llansamlet arches near Swansea, runs through a cutting designed by Brunel. After a landslip in the opening year of 1850, Brunel then designed four 70 foot flying arches to hold the cutting walls apart. For extra stability, these arches were ballasted with high mounds of copper slag, a dense waste product conveniently available locally.
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Lipton persisted in a third challenge in 1903. With the aim to fend off Lipton's challenges indefinitely, the NYYC garnered a huge budget for a single cup contender, whose design would be commissioned to Herreshoff again. Improving on the Independence and his previous designs, the new defender Reliance remains the largest race sloop ever built. She featured a ballasted rudder, dual-speed winches below decks, and a cork-decked aluminium topside that hid running rigging.
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Brindabella is a maxi yacht. It won line honours in the 1997 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race as well as breaking the race record for a conventionally ballasted yacht in 1999. Described as "Australia’s most famous maxi" and "The people's maxi". She was designed by Scott Jutson in 1993 under the IMS handicap system as a 75 foot maxi and later underwent structural changes including the addition of a bow sprit, and a "scoop" transom.
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She has broken many records of races continuing and discontinued, some of which are the Sydney to Hobart record for a conventionally ballasted yacht (1999), the Sydney to Wollongong race, Bird island, Cabbage Tree Island, Sydney Noumea, Sydney Moolooolaba, and Sydney Gold Coast races. Brindabella continues to race competitively today and remains one of the fastest boats in the fleet, an icon of Australian sailing and a name that is known throughout the sailing world.
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The actual construction work proceeded satisfactorily until in June 1890, when about two- thirds of the line was ballasted, a serious contractual dispute with Billups arose. The Company went to litigation against him and won, and were awarded costs. Billups left the scene, leaving behind his plant and a construction locomotive Lambourn. The Company now decided to progress the works directly, but with almost no money this was a challenge, and no progress was made.
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The class of torpedo boats were steam powered with a partially enclosed hull. They were not true submarines but were semi-submersible; when ballasted, only the smokestack and few inches of the hull were above the water line. CSS Midge was a David-class torpedo boat. CSS Squib and represented another class of torpedo boats that were also low built but had open decks and lacked the ballasting tanks found on the Davids.
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The AC75 (America's Cup 75 class) is a 75ft sailing hydrofoil monohull class, governing the construction and operation of the yachts to be used in the 2021 America's Cup. The yachts have features such as canting ballasted T-wing hydrofoils mounted on port and starboard topside longitudinal drums, a double- skinned semi-battened mainsail and no keel. Despite claims to originality, the AC75 falls within the claims of two existing patents; and .
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The hydraulic system is ineffective with heavy or viscous oils and not recommended for greater than 15-degree Baumé. Heating coils must be placed near the top of tanks, where they are less efficient.Morrell (1931) p. 337 An hydraulic tanker requires a larger volume of void space for buoyancy than conventionally loaded tanks, because the empty, or ballasted, condition of tanks filled with water is heavier than the loaded condition of tanks filled with oil.
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In this type of "bulb", all of the LEDs may light regardless of which of the contacts are activated on the base, but like a dimmer or a three-way screw-in fluorescent, the brightness is changed instead by the bulb's internal electronic wiring. Although several types of fixture- ballasted compact fluorescent bulbs (such as the common PL-13) use a large wedge-like base, they are designated as bi-pin or quad-pin bases.
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An open-deck railway bridge in Leflore County, Mississippi A railway bridge with its track and ties supported on load carrying elements of the superstructure (floor beams, stringers or girders) is called an open deck. When the track rests upon ballast, which is then carried by the superstructure of the bridge, it is called a ballasted deck. The term direct fixation is used when the rails are anchored directly to the superstructure of the bridge.
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Another area of controversy apparently resulted with the means by which the ships were to be ballasted in order to adjust the trim of the ships. The shipyard proposed to use concrete, which was countered by government procurement officers and SNC-Lavalin engineers who proposed to use water. Water was susceptible to being pumped out, rendering the vessels unstable. Lead was proposed but rejected by the government so in the end steel was used for ballast.
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Along the west bank, the towpath is carried around the abutment on a walkway plinth that juts out into the river. On the east side the abutment wall drops straight to the river. The single track is carried on a ballasted timber deck even though the bridge is wide enough to accommodate double tracks. On 24 November 1859, the bridge's foundation stone was laid by Henry Orlando Bridgeman using a ceremonial silver trowel presented to him by the contractors.
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Arriving at Seeadler Harbor on 3 October, the ship again replenished stores and fuel while both crew and troops went ashore for exercise and recreation. Underway again on the 14th, she set a course for the Philippines. Belle Grove joined the massive amphibious force off Leyte on 20 October, ballasted down early that morning, and discharged her tank-loaded LCMs as part of the eighth assault wave. She then dispatched her boats to assist other ships in unloading cargo.
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Four beams created the bridge deck on to which ballasted track could be directly laid. In September 1930 he left the NCC to become Chief Stores Superintendent (Euston) on the LMS. In 1934 he became Chief Civil Engineer. Wallace was an advocate of British Standard track and flat-bottom rails and among the works he carried out were extensive trials of flat-bottom track with two types of baseplate on the former Midland and Caledonian mainlines.
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A number of locomotives were rebuilt as Class 37/9s in the late 1980s to evaluate Mirrlees and Ruston engines for possible use on a new Class 38 freight locomotive. These 'Slugs' were heavily ballasted to improve traction and had excellent load-hauling capabilities, but the Class 38, understood to be a 'modular' locomotive based on the approach that gave rise to the Class 58 diesel loco and the proposed Class 88 electric loco, was never built.
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Bulbous bows may be configured differently, according to the designed interaction between the bow wave and the countering wave from the bulb. Design parameters include a) upward curvature (a "ram" bulb) versus straight forward (a "faired-in" bulb), b) bulb position with respect to the waterline, and c) bulb volume. Bulbous bows also decrease a ship's pitching motion, when they are ballasted, by increasing the mass at a distance removed from the ship's longitudinal center of gravity.
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This means that the beam is usually limited to approximately depending on jurisdiction. The practical limit for the length of such boats is , although some trailer sailers such as the Robb Legg 28 or the Gougeon 32 are longer. Weight limitations are determined by the towing vehicle. Smaller trailer sailers can weigh or less and can easily be towed behind average cars, while larger, heavily ballasted trailer sailers can weigh over require heavy vehicles with specialised towing equipment.
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Most of the line is elevated that runs parallel to the Jintang Expressway (only the westernmost runs in tunnels). Hence, it is often wrongly called "light rail", as is commonplace in China with elevated or at-grade metro lines. Trains can reach a speed of up to . Of the 4 bridges along the line, the No. 1 and No. 4 bridges are longer and use ballastless track, while the No. 2 and No. 3 bridges use ballasted track.
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A large ship-cradle, built out of "greenheart" wood, ran on four rails, down a shallow incline into the water; the cradle was ballasted. A ship could be floated into the cradle, then drawn up the railway by a winch so that work could be done on the hull - or propellers - of the ship on dry land. The winch was driven by a beam engine. The beam engine and winch mechanism were manufactured by Boulton of Hamburg, around 1840.
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Union Pacific 2668 ET44AC (C45AH designation) The ET44AC (Evolution Series Tier 4, 4400 HP, AC traction) replaces the ES44AC model. These locomotives have been ordered by most of the Class I railroads in North America, including Union Pacific, CSX Transportation, Norfolk Southern and Canadian National Railway. BNSF Railway will be receiving similar ET44C4 locomotives, which have no traction motor on the middle axle of each truck. CSX designates their ET44ACs as ET44AH, due to their locomotives being Heavy-ballasted.
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87 The Monson Railroad purchased a couple of hand car trailers which could carry broken slate scraps from the quarries for use as ballast along the line. Within a few years, the Monson railroad became the only railroad in Maine with a completely rock-ballasted main line. Arrival of the United States Railroad Administration in 1917 began a series of pointed reminders that Monson Railroad's oil headlights and link-and-pin couplers no longer met federal safety standards.
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Until 2013, the track remained intact to Page Avenue, with the right-of-way ballasted, and with the switch in working condition to allow for trains to be stored, as evidenced by the fouling point sign. However, that year, the connection was severed. The rails still exist past the old connection just to the west of the right-of-way. Underneath Page Avenue, the track split into two other tracks, with the rails still in place.
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The bridge is a concrete arch bridge carrying the Mungar to Monto railway over a dry gully some south west of Humphrey Station and west of Gayndah. It has five semicircular arch spans, with solid concrete spandrel walls. Although a simple bridge, it is well detailed with projecting cornices at the bases of the arches, attached pillars above the piers extending above the deck and recessed spandrel walls. The bridge carries a single 3 ft 6 in gauge railway on a ballasted deck.
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A dispatch was also sent off to Lima calling for more troops, and two ships were chosen for the chase. Frias Trejo commanded the Nuestra Señora del Valle and Pedro De Arana in the Nao de Muriles. These two were however improperly ballasted and so returned to port despite both being in sight of Drake. Toledo furiously ordered his own son Luis to lead the expedition with two heavily armed galleons and eleven other vessels to capture any English vessel they came across.
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The locomotives are designed for heavy haul freight applications (up to train weights), and to be capable of multiple working of three locomotives. The design is also specified for temperatures down to . The locomotive is ballasted to a axle load - a reduction to axle load with reduced starting tractive effort is optional. An (€350 million) order for 180 locomotives was placed (2005), of which the initial 12 would be made in France, then 24 supplied for assembly, the remainder being produced in China.
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They said the Roadster felt like "an over-ballasted Lotus Elise", but the weight was well-distributed, so the car remained responsive. "Fit and finish of our Tesla were exemplary", which Road & Track thought fit the target market. Overall, they considered it a "delight" to drive. Testing a pre-production car in early 2008, Road & Track said "The Tesla feels composed and competent at speed with great turn-in and transitioning response", though they recommended against it as a "primary grocery-getter".
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Stevens added heavy duty centrifugal pumps that could fill ballast in minutes or, if the boat grounded while ballasted down, pump out to refloat the vessel quickly. With the ballast tanks dry, the vessel's speed increased from to over . While its hull boasted all-iron construction, its only armor consisted of a low-lying angled armor band or skirt surrounding the main deck. This band covered a wooden bulwark built of solid cedar, which rose above the deck and measured in depth.
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The traditional saintoise is constructed from several types of wood to create the hull (spruce for the keel, mahogany for the edges and the floor, Tabebuia pallida for members and bow). Sails (foresail and mainsail) are linked to the mast and the boom (in bamboo) by lianas called ailes de ravèt (literally: cockroach wings). The boom is longer than the mast. The boat is ballasted by rocks and is navigated by a crew of at least five persons, maintaining speed doing trapeze.
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To test a crash stop, the vessel is ballasted or loaded to a predetermined draft and the propulsion machinery is set to the contracted maximum service setting, usually some percentage of the machinery's maximum continuous rating. The trial begins once the order to "Execute Crash Stop" is given. At this point the propulsion machinery is set to full-astern and the helm is put hard-over to either port or starboard. The speed, position and heading are continuously recorded using differential GPS.
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This came on a raised, quasi-ballasted track with a gauge of 16.5 mm, which was described at that time either as 00 or H0. The trains initially had a clockwork drive, but from 1924 were driven electrically. Accessory manufacturers, such as Kibri, marketed buildings in the corresponding scale. At the 1935 Leipzig Spring Fair, an electric tabletop railway, Trix Express, was displayed to a gauge described as "half nought gauge", which was then abbreviated as gauge 00 ("nought-nought").
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Shinkansen standard gauge track, with welded rails to reduce vibration The Shinkansen uses standard gauge in contrast to the narrow gauge of older lines. Continuous welded rail and swingnose crossing points are employed, eliminating gaps at turnouts and crossings. Long rails are used, joined by expansion joints to minimize gauge fluctuation due to thermal elongation and shrinkage. A combination of ballasted and slab track is used, with slab track exclusively employed on concrete bed sections such as viaducts and tunnels.
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Due to delivery difficulties, rails with 7.5 kg/m (15 lbs/yd) were occasionally used in some sections, which had to be replaced at a later stage. Postal horse cart from Sakaramy to Camp d’Ambre Construction of the initially long track was carried out by civilian entrepreneurs from Antsirane under the direction of engineer-captain Fénéon. Initially, the track was not ballasted, which excluded the use of a locomotive. The track was partly owned by the military administration and partly by private entities.
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VolkerRail has been involved in five of the six projects in the UK. One of these was the Nottingham Express Transit (NET) project. This is the transit system that supports the largest city in the East Midlands. VolkerRail were responsible for track installation in both on and off street allowing them to use the embedded rail products of their subsidiary company ALH Rail Coatings. They completed of on street track and of off street track, of many various types, from ballasted track to direct fix track.
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Jenson Button in the Brawn BGP 001 Sergio Pérez driving the Force India VJM11 Modern Formula One cars are mid-engined, hybrid, open cockpit, open wheel single- seaters. The chassis is made largely of carbon-fibre composites, rendering it light but extremely stiff and strong. The whole car, including the driver but not fuel, weighs only – the minimum weight set by the regulations. If the construction of the car is lighter than the minimum, it can be ballasted up to add the necessary weight.
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The bridge is a cantilevered prestressed concrete box girder bridge using low density concrete, with a vertical clearance of . To achieve its record length for box girder construction, the hollow concrete box girders are wide and taper from inbox beam depth over the piers to in the center of the span. To reduce its weight, the center of the main span is constructed of high-strength low-density concrete with a density of . The short end spans which cantilever the main span are ballasted with gravel.
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A daggerboard is a removable vertical keel that is inserted through a "trunk" in the center of a vessel's hull, usually amidships. Daggerboards are usually found in small sailing craft such as day sailers, which are easily handled by a single person. Daggerboards are not usually ballasted but are locked in place by a clip or pin. Unlike a centreboard, which can be set at different angles to the hull of the boat, daggerboards are generally limited to a single perpendicular position relative to the hull.
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The Core Components division manufactures standardized products on an industrial scale, which are required in large quantities for rail infrastructure. Vossloh’s business unit Fastening Systems produces rail fastening systems and components, which are used in more than 65 countries. The screw-fastened and maintenance-free elastic systems are suitable for all applications: ballasted and slab tracks, mainline and conventional lines, high-speed lines, heavy-haul and local transport. Approx. 50 million tension clamps leave Vossloh’s production sites in Europe, Asia and North America every year.
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The mesopelagic zone plays a key role in the ocean's biological pump, which contributes to the oceanic carbon cycle. In the biological pump, organic carbon is produced in the surface euphotic zone where light promotes photosynthesis. A fraction of this production is exported out of the surface mixed layer and into the mesopelagic zone. One pathway for carbon export from the euphotic layer is through sinking of particles, which can be accelerated through repackaging of organic matter in zooplankton fecal pellets, ballasted particles, and aggregates.
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All three boats converged on the Harbour entrance about 18:00 on Thursday 15 July. Weather conditions at the time were warm with light and variable winds the sea calm. The smuggler's boats had been moved just inside the harbour to be ballasted. John Streeter, a Christchurch man who had crewed on one of the two luggers, rode to the Haven House, and forced the customers out of the building and down to the beach where they helped strip the luggers of all their lines and rigging.
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The bulwark surrounded the deck, keeping water off it and providing slight cover from enemy fire while ballasted down. At the onset of the Civil War, Stevens offered to donate his gunboat to the Navy, but officials refused the gift, explaining that the untried prototype was not suitable for Navy missions. Stevens then donated her to the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service, providing them with their first ironclad gunboat. E.A. Stevens was stationed as one of the cutters patrolling the Varrazano Narrows entrance to New York harbor.
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The rope for the Chequerbent incline is made by Webster of Sunderland and is in circumference, it weighs about when new and costs £2 10s per hundredweight. This rope when partially worn is transferred to the Daubhill incline. The width occupied by the railway on a level surface is and the track is ballasted with small coal. The OS map of 1849 shows the original B&LR; line running to the canal as well as the newer K&LJnR; line running over the bridge.
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Self- ballasted (SB) lamps are mercury vapor lamps with a filament inside connected in series with the arc tube that functions as an electrical ballast. This is the only kind of mercury vapor lamp that can be connected directly to the mains without an external ballast. These lamps have only the same or slightly higher efficiency than incandescent lamps of similar size, but have a longer life. They give light immediately on startup, but usually need a few minutes to restrike if power has been interrupted.
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In a speed trial the vessel is ballasted or loaded to a predetermined draft and the propulsion machinery is set to the contracted maximum service setting, usually some percentage of the machinery's maximum continuous rating. (ex: 90% MCR) The ship's heading is adjusted to have the wind and tide as close to bow-on as possible. The vessel is allowed to come to speed and the speed is continuously recorded using differential GPS. The trial will be executed with different speeds including service (design) and maximum speed.
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A particular feature of the design by the Naval Architects was that there was no cross-bracing between the pontoons. Instead, the platform was given extra strength by a box-girder construction and diagonal bracing was arranged from the centre of the platform to the pontoons. This arrangement remained virtually unchanged to the build completion and offered exceptional speed when the vessel was de-ballasted on the surface. The intention was to achieve a rapid response to emergencies, wherever they might be experienced in the North Sea.
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A box caisson is a prefabricated concrete box (with sides and a bottom); it is set down on prepared bases. Once in place, it is filled with concrete to become part of the permanent works, such as the foundation for a bridge pier. Hollow concrete structures are usually less dense than water so a box caisson must be ballasted or anchored to keep it from floating until it can be filled with concrete. Sometimes elaborate anchoring systems may be required, such as in tidal zones.
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The crane was built by Zhenhua in China, and shipped to the UK partially assembled. After being delivered with the girder and upper sections of the legs assembled, the crane was fully erected on the deck of the ship on which it was transported from Shanghai, before being transferred complete onto its rails. The delivery vessel had to be ballasted considerably in order to ensure a clearance under the Forth Bridge. It stands to the underside of the main beams, with a span of .
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The lightweight demand helmets in general use by surface-supplied divers are integrally ballasted for neutral buoyancy in the water, so they do not float off the diver's head or pull upwards on the neck, but the larger volume free-flow helmets would be too heavy and cumbersome if they had all the required weight built in. Therefore, they are either ballasted after dressing the diver by fastening weights to the lower parts of the helmet assembly, so the weight is carried on the shoulders when out of the water, or the helmet may be held down by a jocking strap and the harness weights provide the ballast. The traditional copper helmet and corselet were generally weighted by suspending a large weight from support points on the front and back of the corselet, and the diver often also wore weighted boots to assist in remaining upright. The US Navy Mk V standard diving system used a heavy weighted belt buckled around the waist, suspended by shoulder straps which crossed over the breastplate of the helmet, directly transferring the load to the buoyant helmet when immersed, but with a relatively low centre of gravity.
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The Ballasted Orchestra is the third studio album by Stars of the Lid and their first to have its initial release on Kranky. It was released simultaneously as a double LP and a single CD in March 1997. The album features minimal, droning compositions, of varied length, some of which blend into each other. The track "Taphead" is a reference to the Talk Talk song of the same name while "Music for Twin Peaks Episode #30 Part I" and "Part II" are named as a tribute to the cult TV show.
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The lock has three sliding gates constructed out of steel with caissons that allow to take ballast. The gates slide on a system of rollers on rails at the bottom at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the lock and disappear into special storage chamber or recess built into the sidewall of the dock. After a gate closes, it is ballasted with water and has to deballast before it opens again. There is one gate at each end of the lock and one in between (100 meters from the lower gate).
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Næss was always searching for increased efficiency, and the long voyages ballasted for tankers posed an intriguing problem. In the mid of the 1950s he started to think about a combination ship that could carry both oil and bulk cargoes. Oil and ore ships had been in operation since the 1920s, but a vessel with the capability of carrying both oil and bulk cargoes seemed impossible to construct. Næss pushed his chief naval architect T. M. Karlsen to keep researching the combined vessel, also checking in on various failed projects like the Mando Theodoracopulos.
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The appropriate tamping procedures and tamping machine depends in part on the track layout. On plain track everything is fairly straight forward and any brand and model of machine can be used. Plasser But through tunnels and bridges with no ballast to tamp, special measures are needed to transition from the ballasted track to the unballasted track. An example would be the Glenbrook Tunnel Turnouts require a more complicated tamping machine with extra and adjustable tongs to cater for the extra rails and variable spacing of the sleepers.
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The Rustler 36 is a cruising yacht produced by Rustler Yachts of Falmouth. First produced in the early 1980s by Orion Marine, the yacht is of modern GRP construction, but retains the well ballasted long keel and strong construction of the traditional British sailing yacht. The high standard of construction and traditional highly seaworthy profile differentiate it from cheaper, more lightly built mass production yachts such as the Beneteau range. The Rustler 36 is the yacht most participants have selected to use in the 2018 Golden Globe Race, with 6 of the 18 sailors utilising.
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Excavations commenced at Dampier on 16 June 1965. Until the completion of a service wharf at that location, cargo had to be brought ashore on lighters, or unloaded at Point Samson. On 6 September 1965, the freighter Katsura Maru became the first vessel to berth at the service wharf; its cargo included the railway's first four locomotives. The original track for the Hamersley railway was rails manufactured in Japan, laid on sleepers of Jarrah and Wandoo timber from Western Australia with dog spike fastenings and ballasted with of crushed stone.
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The track (rails and sleepers) utilised, ranged from light, rail frames that could be carried and laid by two men and were often laid directly on the ground with no trackbed, to properly laid, ballasted lines for heavy loads and extended use. Tight curves enabled lines to be more easily routed, largely without structures being required, even in difficult terrain. Provisional track laid along the edges of ditches as they were being extended forward, often on soft ground, led occasionally to derailments. As a result, on many , wooden planks and other lifting gear were carried.
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Given that ship's boats keel marks and foot prints were still visible in the sand in July, the crew may have been marooned for six months, departing a few days before the arrival of the trading schooner. A maritime board of inquiry assembled in Liverpool on 16 and 17 October 1901, to investigate the circumstances of the loss of the Manchester. The evidence suggested that the ship was in good seaworthy condition, had adequate crew, and was properly loaded and ballasted. The board was unable to conclude what caused the loss of the vessel.
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Historical evidence of shallow coal drift-mining of the Ringinglow seam has been found in the nearby Barber Fields, adjacent to Sheephill Road. This was served by an industrial railway which ran from a location near to Furnace Farm to Copperas Farm. Neither of the farm names appear on the modern Ordnance Survey maps although evidence of a ballasted footpath from the Limb Brook to Smeltings Farm can still be found. The railway is known to have existed in the late 1940s but, like the mines is no more.
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Compared to conventional steam railroad trackage, interurban rail was light and ballasted lightly, if at all. Most interurbans were built to standard gauge (), but there were exceptions. Interurbans often used the tracks of existing street railways through city and town streets, and if these street railways were not built to standard, the interurbans had to use the non- standard gauges as well or face the expense of building their own separate trackage through urban areas. Some municipalities deliberately mandated non- standard gauges to prevent freight operations on public streets.
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Empty ships travelling westbound on similar routes were designated UC convoys. Seventeen ballasted tankers departed from Liverpool on 15 February 1943 as convoy UC 1 with fifteen fast freighters, escorted by the modern American destroyers , , , and , and the British 42nd Escort Group: sloops and , s and , , and s Gorleston and Totland. This was the only UC convoy successfully attacked by submarines. On 23 February, the 8882-ton Athelprincess was sunk by , and sank the 7989-ton Esso Baton Rouge and damaged the 9811-ton Empire Norseman, 8482-ton British Fortitude, and 8252-ton Murena.
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The SEARC Open Solar Outdoors Test Field consists of two discreet test beds, the largest of which is located on the roof of the new Wind Turbine and Trades building at St.Lawrence College and which has room for 60 commercial PV panels, which are divided between eight angles of 5.10,15,20,30,40,50 and 60 degrees. Live video for the test field is openly available online. Full data access available here. The second test field is located on a flat rooftop at St.Lawrence College and consists of two commercial flat roof ballasted systems.
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80 Shinanos launch on 8 October 1944, with Captain Toshio Abe in command, was marred by what some considered an ill- omened accident. During the floating-out procedure, one of the caissons at the end of the dock that had not been properly ballasted with seawater unexpectedly lifted as the water rose to the level of the harbor. The sudden inrush of water into the graving dock pushed the carrier into the forward end, damaging the bow structure below the waterline and requiring repairs in drydock. These were completed by 26 October.
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Formula 16 beachable catamaran Salem, Massachusetts, United States A catamaran () (informally, a "cat") is a multi-hulled watercraft featuring two parallel hulls of equal size. It is a geometry-stabilized craft, deriving its stability from its wide beam, rather than from a ballasted keel as with a monohull boat. Catamarans typically have less hull volume, smaller displacement, and shallower draft (draught) than monohulls of comparable length. The two hulls combined also often have a smaller hydrodynamic resistance than comparable monohulls, requiring less propulsive power from either sails or motors.
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These platforms have hulls (columns and pontoons) of sufficient buoyancy to cause the structure to float, but of weight sufficient to keep the structure upright. Semi-submersible platforms can be moved from place to place and can be ballasted up or down by altering the amount of flooding in buoyancy tanks. They are generally anchored by combinations of chain, wire rope or polyester rope, or both, during drilling and/or production operations, though they can also be kept in place by the use of dynamic positioning. Semi-submersibles can be used in water depths from .
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Steel GBS do not usually provide hydrocarbon storage capability. It is mainly installed by pulling it off the yard, by either wet-tow or/and dry- tow, and self-installing by controlled ballasting of the compartments with sea water. To position the GBS during installation, the GBS may be connected to either a transportation barge or any other barge (provided it is large enough to support the GBS) using strand jacks. The jacks shall be released gradually whilst the GBS is ballasted to ensure that the GBS does not sway too much from target location.
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A study of old reports showed that during earlier spin testing in the facility, the aircraft had never tumbled. However, it was noted that all testing had been done with a simulated full ammunition load, which drew the aircraft's center of gravity forward. After finding the original spin test model of the P-39 in storage, the new study first replicated the earlier testing, with consistent results. Then, the model was re-ballasted to simulate a condition of no ammunition load, which moved the aircraft's center of gravity aft.
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A hybrid airship is a general term for an aircraft that combines characteristics of heavier-than-air (aeroplane or helicopter) and lighter-than-air technology. Examples include helicopter/airship hybrids intended for heavy lift applications and dynamic lift airships intended for long-range cruising. Most airships, when fully loaded with cargo and fuel, are usually ballasted to be heavier than air, and thus must use their propulsion system and shape to create aerodynamic lift, necessary to stay aloft. All airships can be operated to be slightly heavier than air at periods during flight (descent).
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It is typically limited to applications on dead level or flat roofs with slopes of 1/4 in 12 or less. It is the only roofing material permitted by the International Building Code to be applied to slopes below 1/4 in 12; the code allows its use on roofs with slopes as low as 1/8 in 12. It has a tendency to soften in warm temperatures and "heal" itself. It is typically ballasted with gravel to provide a walking surface; however, a mineral surface membrane is available.
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It was an aluminum structure resembling two wheels with a six-meter long central axle, ballasted with lead to give it a total mass of , which could be lifted by the "Canadarm" Remote Manipulator System – the Shuttle's "robot arm" – and moved around to help astronauts gain experience in using the system. It was stored in the midsection of the payload bay.Press kit, p. 32 The orbiter carried the Development Flight Instrumentation (DFI) pallet in its forward payload bay; this had previously flown on Columbia to carry test equipment.
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The official opening was on 5 August 1931 with one passenger car, while the second car was only a platform ballasted with stones used to counterbalance the passenger car. The electric overhead power cable and the pantographs of the coaches are only used for lighting and heating of the cars. The upper station housed the electrically driven funicular mechanism in the basement, whilst the lower end of the line did not even have a shelter until 1932. The funicular succeeded and became very popular transportation for the city inhabitants and guests.
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Offshore drilling in water depth greater than around 520 meters requires that operations be carried out from a floating vessel, since fixed structures are not practical. Initially in the early 1950s monohull ships such as CUSS I were used, but these were found to have significant heave, pitch and yaw motions in large waves, and the industry needed more stable drilling platforms. A semi-submersible obtains most of its buoyancy from ballasted, watertight pontoons located below the ocean surface and wave action. Structural columns connect the pontoons and operating deck.
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It carries a 2.5 kg charge of absorbent. The counterlung is a wedge shaped bellows, hinged on the lower edge, and the angle between the top and bottom covers is proportional to the internal volume. The change in top plate angle, as the diver breathes, controls the gas addition mechanism. The top plate of the bellows is ballasted, so that the lifting force of the air inside is balanced by the weights: when the diver is trimmed horizontally, face down, the weights create a slight positive pressure relative to ambient.
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In order to get the very wide track of 93 in (2.36 m), both the V and radius arms were heavily splayed and the angle between them was much smaller than normal, a cause for some concern. The tailskid was mounted without a fuselage aperture, to avoid the trapping of grass and dirt. The sole Trainer, registered G-AFZXRegistration documents of G-AFZX first flew in November 1939 with R.A. Wyndham at the controls. It seems to have flown well, though it is not known if the front seat was ever occupied or ballasted.
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However, virtually all ocean-going ships (which are, after all, designed to carry a large weight of cargo) need to be ballasted to some extent when moved unladen, so the Waratah was certainly not unique in this respect. The witnesses would have been well aware of this – that they still came forward to attest that they regarded the Waratah as dangerously unstable in these conditions does suggest that the ship was exceptional in some respect. The Waratah was also a mixed-use ship. Passenger liners, with a small cargo volume relative to their gross tonnage had fairly constant and predictable ballasting requirements.
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Hereford was a common stop for travelers heading from Tombstone, 15 miles northwest, down the San Pedro River en route to Naco, Arizona and thence Mexico, approximately 14 miles away. The original townsite was populated until the 1950s, and the last structures disappeared in the early 1960s. Nothing remains of the original townsite except for a few concrete foundations and the ballasted rail bed, the rails and ties having been pulled in 2006. Also nearby are remains of the former Hereford Army Airfield, a World War II-era training field for light and medium bomber pilots.
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The first documented more recent appearance was in 1982. The wreck was also visible in March 1983, when National Park Service archaeologist James Delgado documented the site with fellow archaeologist Martin T. Mayer. The wreck was exposed in May 1984 to a hitherto unseen degree, at which time Delgado and a larger team returned to document more of the hull. That project determined the ship was nearly half intact (45%) from the keel to the 'tween deck level, was still partially sheathed in "yellow" or Muntz metal, and was ballasted with rocks from San Francisco's Telegraph Hill.
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During the Second World War GE produced a "Drop Cab" variant of the 44-ton locomotives for the US Armed Forces. These appeared similar to the standard 44-ton but had a lower cab for European clearances, and large boxes next to the cab, on the front right, and back left running boards, housing the air compressors (housed under the cab on standard versions). Most of these military variants were ballasted to an actual weight of 45 tons. A total of 91 Military 45-ton Drop Cabs were built with 31 of those sold to the Indian Railways.
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Strike action at the Orange drydock caused the submarine to instead be towed to the Bethlehem Steel drydock in Beaumont, Texas. After a general inspection and clearing of fuel and ballast tanks, Batfish was sealed up and was ready to tow to Avondale on 1 March 1972. At Avondale, it was found that the four barges were insufficient to reduce the submarine's draft, and a new plan for six barges, ballasted to the outside and linked together by steel cables. On 13 March, Batfish was partially secured to the barges by lifting straps, but no cables had been placed to bind them together.
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By this stage, the cars had to be ballasted to bring them up to the minimum weight limit of specified in the rules.Henry (1985) p.232 The BT49D used the carbon-carbon brakes as standard and was one of several DFV-powered cars to be fitted with large water tanks, ostensibly for "water-cooled brakes". In practice, the water was dumped early in the race, allowing the cars to race as much as under the weight limit; the regulations stated coolant could be topped up at the end of the race before the weight was checked.
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The main line was built in two sections, by Hemingway & Pearson and Harding & Cropper respectively. As well as a timber viaduct at Park, there was a viaduct over the River Medlock, comprising ten stone arches of 30 ft span and with a total length of 400 ft. A deep cutting had to be made at Ashton Moss, and the bad ground conditions were exceptionally difficult. Where the railway crossed the moss land, the ground had to be excavated to a depth of four or five feet, filled up with layers of brushwood and clay, and afterwards ballasted.
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Sign for the Rennsteig Cycle Path The Rennsteig Cycle Path () follows for 195 km the Rennsteig trail that has existed at least since the Middle Ages as a courier and trade route. Most of this long distance cycle path is carefully ballasted, although parts of it also run along quiet country lanes. On the crest of the Thuringian Highland the cycle path is identical for long stretches with the hiking trail of the same name, but departs from it in places so that steep inclines can be avoided. It starts at Hörschel west of Eisenach and ends in Blankenstein by the River Saale.
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The 2250 class are former 1550 class (6), 2130 class (all 11), and 2141 class (all 8) locomotives that were rebuilt in 2004.2100 Class Queensland's Great Trains2250 Class Railpage The rebuilds included new cabs, Dash 2 electronics, ZTR traction control equipment, EMD 645E engines from 1502s and the replacement of the roots blower supercharger with a turbocharger. They were also ballasted to as they only operate on heavy coal trains. 20 locomotives were sold to Transnet in South Africa in 2014. 5 were brought back into Australia by GWA for use on the Whyalla network, releasing GWN class locomotives for service in Queensland.
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In December 1804 HMS Fisgard was at when she captured the French letter of marque Tigre. Tigre was pierced for 16 guns and had 14 mounted: twelve 18-pounder carronades and two brass 4-pounder guns; she also had six 4-pounders in her hold. She had a crew of 40 men, and was ballasted with mahogany and dye wood. She was 45 days into her voyage from Cayenne to Cadiz and on her way she had captured an English brig that had been sailing from London to Saint Michaels; the brig's master and crew were aboard Tigre.
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Eastern Queen departed Norfolk, Virginia, on 25 November 1918 - two weeks after 11 November 1918 Armistice with Germany had brought World War I to an end - carrying 550 horses plus other cargo. She arrived at St. Nazaire, France, on 14 December 1918 and discharged her cargo. She embarked 30 United States Army passengers and, ballasted with steel, got underway from St. Nazaire on 29 December 1918 on a voyage to Baltimore, which she reached on 15 January 1919. Eastern Queen began a second transatlantic crossing on 2 February 1919 with a U.S. Army cargo of food, motor oil, and other cargo.
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CPT testing which also gathers this piezometer data is called CPTU testing. CPT and CPTU testing equipment generally advances the cone using hydraulic rams mounted on either a heavily ballasted vehicle or using screwed- in anchors as a counter-force. One advantage of CPT over the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is a more continuous profile of soil parameters, with data recorded at intervals typically of 20 cm but as small as 1 cm. Manufacturers of cone penetrometer probes and data acquisition systems include Hogentogler, which has been acquired by the Vertek Division of Applied Research Associates, GeoPoint Systems BV and Pagani Geotechnical Equipment.
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The northern point and track panels either side of the level crossing were laid by contractors during May and ballasted during June. Work on the signal box also commenced in June. The second track over the level crossing was restored over the weekend of 11–14 June 2010, with Class 31 diesel 31438 becoming the first locomotive, since the singling of the route, to pass over the level crossing on this side of the formation on 12 June 2010.MNR News Some local residents were unhappy about aspects of the restoration, citing concerns about disruption and the narrow access lane being blocked.
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Pusher Rautaruukki with the barge Botnia outside Raahe, Finland, with the Raahe Steel Works in the background. A Finnpusku pusher-barge combination consists of one pusher vessel and one barge. The overall length of the combination is and its breadth and draft at summer load line are that of the barge, and , respectively. However, in the brackish water of the Baltic Sea it can be loaded to a maximum draught of . During ballast legs the pusher maintains its normal draught while the barge is ballasted to a draught of to reduce the displacement from 20,930 tons to 17,630 tons.
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The line is now fully ballasted for half of its length with tracklaying well underway. Tracklaying has recently passed through the Wood Lane bridge and officially entered Mountsorrel Parish. The plans for the shed are being re-evaluated and a NEW Planning Application has been entered for a four road shed at the back of Swithland sidingsGCR Main Line Issue 153/Winter 2012 Pg 16 On 4 February 2013 the ambitious plans were given conditional approval. Recently Lafarge, (operators of the Mountsorrel Quarry) revealed a proposal for a stone loading terminal at the end of the Mountsorrel Railway.
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To ensure that the quality of gas entering the NTS meets the requirements of the Gas Safety (Management) Regulations 1996 the terminal has LNG blending facilities. There is a propane storage and blending unit to increase the calorific value of the gas entering the NTS if required. If necessary natural gas can be ballasted with nitrogen to reduce its Wobbe Number; there are two liquid nitrogen plants (owned and operated by Air Products) with a storage capacity of 5,000 tonnes of liquid nitrogen. Grain LNG is classified as an Upper-Tier site under The Control of Major Accident Hazards (COMAH) Regulations 2015.
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A Saturn I launches with a ballasted S-V stage The Saturn I was designed to fly with a S-V third stage (also knows as the Centaur-C) to enable payloads to go beyond low earth orbit (LEO). The S-V stage was intended to be powered by two RL-10A-1 engines burning liquid hydrogen as fuel and liquid oxygen as oxidizer. The S-V stage was flown four times on missions SA-1 through SA-4, all four of these missions had the S-V's tanks filled with water to be used a ballast during launch. The stage was not flown in an active configuration.
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This section of the line included the only reserved track in Nottingham, ballasted sleeper track about ¼ mile long cutting off the corner between Nuthall Road and Stockhill Lane. The only Corporation cars to run over this track, so far as can be ascertained, were two test cars and the inspection car and, later, about 1919, one of the Westinghouse bogie cars borrowed by the Tramway Company in order to try out a car of this type on their line. It is thought that this car was no. 77: the car ran all the way to Ripley, probably the only Nottingham car to do so.
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They were then floated into place (positioned above where they were to sit), and the barge was tethered to the Bay floor, acting as a temporary tension leg platform. The section was ballasted with of gravel before being lowered into a trench packed with soft soil, mud, and gravel for leveling along the Bay's bottom. Once the section was in place, divers connected the section with the sections that had already been placed underwater, the bulkheads between placed sections were removed and a protective layer of sand and gravel was packed against the sides. Cathodic protection was provided to resist corrosive action from the Bay's salt water.
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In December 2005 Devon Energy started drilling the first offshore well in Canadian waters of the Beaufort sea since 1989, from the drilling rig SDC. The SDC (or Steel Drilling Caisson) was built for Canmar in 1982 by attaching the forebody of the Very Large Crude Carrier World Saga to the top of a steel barge with sloping sides (mimicking an artificial island); the barge can be ballasted to sit on the bottom for drilling operations. The Paktoa C-60 well was completed in 2006, but results are unknown as it was designated a "tight hole" – a well for which, for competitive reasons, no information could be released.
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In the case of Shell's Prelude FLNG, engineers have managed to fit every component of an LNG plant into an area roughly one quarter the size of a conventional onshore plant. Even so, Shell's facility will be the largest floating offshore facility ever built: It will measure around 488m long and 74m wide, and when fully ballasted will weigh 600,000 tonnes (roughly six times as much as the USS Nimitz aircraft carrier). The specifications make Shell's FLNG facility particularly well-suited for fields with high production rates for reserves starting at and beyond – less than a tenth the size of the Groningen gas field in the Netherlands.
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Even a 30-foot traditional sharpie is only suited to a maximum of 2 people when cruising for a week. A sharpie does not have the strong self-righting ability of a more conventional deep keeled yacht, so it is best suited to sheltered waters. It needs an experienced skipper who understands the foibles of the design. Sharpie style hulls that are developed in New Zealand are made of plywood, use water ballast in underseat tanks that empty when trailered, vertical (dagger) ballasted boards (about 80-100 lbs) type centerboards (hoisted with a simple 4:1 block arrangement led back to the cockpit) and are commonly about 20–24 feet LOA.
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The outlines of the now painted out crossovers and signals can still be seen. The levers are also still in place on the machine, but are now painted yellow and are no longer used. Meanwhile, at the nine-car stop marker on the southbound local track, there is a short section of ballasted type 1 track on both express tracks where the bumper blocks were located; when Broadway Junction opened, the temporary wooden platform extension was removed from the northbound local track only. Southbound trains continued on the local track south of Utica Avenue to the diamond crossover between the express tracks north of Broadway Junction.
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Hunter 28.5 sailboat A pocket cruiser is a sailboat designed for recreational cruising and club racing, under in length. Like the similar and usually smaller trailer sailer they have design features to make it possible to tow them with passenger vehicles, such as light weight, and short ballasted retractable shoal draft keels. Being cruisers, they also include amenities that provide the comfort of larger boats, such as a cabin, with berths, a galley, a head, and cockpit. Properly equipped, these style boats are capable of long offshore passages, as proven by circumnavigators Eric and Susan Hiscock, Lin and Larry Pardey, and Tania Aebi, among others.
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The main engines were made at the Kirov Plant (Leningrad, USSR), and were installed in the Kherson shipyard. The engines produced 13000/14300 horsepower at 1,000rpm, allowing the ship to achieve a ballasted speed of . The ship was equipped with a steam turbine turbo gear unit, the "ТС-1" consisting of double-case turbine and gear fed by two fuel oil boilers, with a steam capacity of 25 tons per hour, at pressure of 42 atmospheres and temperature of 470 °C. The gearbox lowered the output rpm to 100, and fed the power to the main propeller, a single four-bladed bronze propeller with a diameter of in an automated process.
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A daily freight train was put into operation leaving Easton in the morning and returning in the evening. In the early part of October 1855, a contract was made with Howard & Co of Philadelphia to do the freighting business of the railroad (except coal, iron, and iron ore). The length of the line from Mauch Chunk to Easton was 46 miles of single track. The line was laid with a rail weighing 56 pounds per yard supported: upon cross ties 6 x 7 inches and 7-1/2 feet long placed 2 feet apart and about a quarter of it was ballasted with stone or gravel.
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The sidings were placed more frequently than otherwise to provide for the simultaneous operation of freight trains and passenger cars. Throughout its length the road was ballasted with gravel taken from the bed of the Ohio River, just above Newburgh. The gravel was dug up and loaded into barges by a dredge boat, and a tug towed the barges down the river to a coalmine incline, which extended over the tracks of the electric line. The coal-mine engines were used to pull small cars of gravel up the incline, and these cars were dumped, either directly into the ballast cars or into a hopper underneath the incline.
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Hywind uses a ballasted catenary layout that adds 60 tonne weights hanging from the midpoint of each anchor cable to provide additional tension. The first large-capacity, 2.3-megawatt floating wind turbine was Hywind, which became operational in the North Sea near Norway in September 2009. The turbine was constructed by Siemens Wind Power and mounted on a floating tower with a 100 m deep draft, with a float tower constructed by Technip. After assembly in the calmer waters of Åmøy Fjord near Stavanger, Norway, the 120 m tall tower was towed 10 km offshore into 220 m deep water, 10 km southwest of Karmøy, on 6 June 2009 for a two-year test deployment.
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One of the most significant aspects of Newman’s history is its short-lived status as the junction with the Nireaha Tramway from 1895 to 1900. Unlike many other timber tramways of the period, the Nireaha Tramway was constructed to railway standards, with a fully ballasted track and iron rails, and used the national track gauge of . Permission was first sought in 1893 to construct the line, and was intended to resolve the problems caused by transporting timber using carts on the roads. Price was fortunate in that an economic depression had caused work on the government Wellington – Woodville railway to stall at Eketahuna, leading to the availability of a pool of skilled labour.
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Erie passenger trains also used this line to reach the Erie station which was more-or-less beneath the Cleveland Union Terminal viaduct, that heads west paralleling Columbus Road, and then crossing the Cuyahoga River on a ballasted deck Warren Truss bridge. The RTA 9th street light rail line now runs over part of this line to reach its connection into the "Terminal Tower" from the west approach. The Big Four ran southwest past the present Cleveland Airport area to Galion, where it divided, with one branch running to Columbus and Cincinnati, and the other going to Indianapolis and St. Louis. Two principal New York Central passenger trains covered these routes, although there were many others.
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The trusses were constructed in a railway siding and lifted by means of two heavily-ballasted, rail-mounted cranes that were then pushed onto the original bridge and swung out into position by the cranes. Each truss could be thus installed within around two hours and thirty minutes, meaning that the work could be arranged around the railway timetable to avoid the need to close the line at any stage. The method, devised by engineer T Wrightson and supervised on site by W Jacomb, worked well and the new bridge was complete within 16 weeks of starting work. On 5 May 1931 a carpenter, F. Rook, was killed in an accident whilst replacing timber decking on the down line.
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A peculiarly British practice was the "loose-coupled" freight train, operated by the locomotive crew and a 'Guard' at the rear of the train, the successor to the brakesman of earlier times. This train type used three-link chain couplings for traction and side buffers to accept pushing forces: since such trains were not fitted with an automatic through-train braking system there were no pipes to connect between the vehicles. The last vehicle of the train was a heavily ballasted guard's van with its brakes controllable by a handwheel convenient for the guard. The 'slack' between vehicles was very convenient when starting heavy trains with a relatively low-powered locomotive on the level or a rising gradient.
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Stockton & Darlington Railway third class carriage No 179, used by the Forcett Limestone Company The Forcett branch was authorised in 1865 to serve the limestone quarries in the area and was from the junction west of Piercebridge on the D&BCR.; The branch did not open until February 1867, and even then was delayed in forwarding traffic as the track had not been ballasted properly or been engineered correctly. The line was worked by the NER but retained its independence until the grouping of 1923, when it became an LNER asset. The Merrybent Railway was built to convey copper, lead and limestone for the Merrybent and Middleton Tyas Mining and Smelting Company.
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This arrangement was considered too frail for the grass or dirt airfields of the era; however, the tricycle layout eventually gained acceptance. The He 280 was equipped with a compressed-air powered ejection seat, the first aircraft to carry one and the first aircraft to successfully employ one in an emergency. The first prototype was completed in the summer of 1940, but the HeS 8 intended to power it was running into difficulties. On 22 September 1940, while work on the engine continued, the first prototype started glide tests with ballasted pods hung in place of its engines. It was another six months before Fritz Schäfer flew the second prototype under its own power, on 30 March 1941.
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Since concrete is quite resistant to corrosion from salt water and keeps maintenance costs low, floating concrete structures have become increasingly attractive to the oil and gas industry in the last two decades. Temporary floating structures such as the Condeep platforms float during construction but are towed out and finally ballasted until they sit on the sea floor. Permanent floating concrete structures have various uses including the discovery of oil and gas deposits, in oil and gas production, as storage and offloading units and in heavy lifting systems. Common designs for floating concrete structures are the barge or ship design, the platform design (semi-submersible, TLP) as well as the floating terminals e.g.
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The locomotives are a 6-axle Co'Co' twin cab design, incorporating a RK 215 engine with a power at rail of . After premature failures both in engine and turbocharger RAI has de-rated the engine power gradually up to 2400 Kw. Three variants were produced, a passenger version with a top speed and a axle load, and two freight versions with a top speed and either a axle load., Only two prototypes of ballasted locomotives had been introduced;as, the ballasts limited the engine room space and higher center of gravity raised concerns, the ballasts were later removed completely. The passenger locomotives were later assigned for freight service because of low reliability and introduction of more reliable ER24PC locomotives.
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The worst feature, however, was the clause which provided that the track would be ballasted with adjacent material, instead of train-hauled gravel ballast. The soil is particularly wet, and a large portion of the line traverses muskeg swamps; this omission would be better understood by a physical examination of the line than words can convey. The natural surface was so bad that the construction company [was] forced to haul in ballast in order to get construction trains over the track. After the Northern Pacific assumed control, it became necessary to incur great expenditures in providing additional sidings, spurs and other facilities for the ordinary transaction of business, and to perform additional ballasting.
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Jens Merte: Motorenfabrik Oberursel AG. Retrieved on 29 July 2018. German Samoa was occupied on 30 August 1914 by an expeditionary force sent from New Zealand. When the New Zealand Railway engineers unit of the 3rd Auckland Regiment arrived in Samoa, the line was in disrepair, but a gang of surfacemen, under Lieutenant Christophers, lifted, ballasted and relaid the rails. A frequent service was instituted, and for several days the ‘train’ averaged 30 trips per day between Apia and to Vaea Camp, where the Railway Corps was encamped. The engine was quickly rebranded N.Z.R. and christened A1, but the men missed the omission of the customary whistle of an ‘A’ class engine.
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Next day, when it turned out that Minerve was nowhere in sight, Long released the American vessel, which sailed off to Nice. Later, the British learned that Hercules had been ballasted with brass guns (violating her neutrality), and had hidden aboard her French plunder in the form of statues, pictures, plate, and the like. On 1 August boats from Minerve and cut out two vessels from the Bay of Diano, near Genoa. One was a large settee carrying wine, and the other was the French warship Virginie, which was a Turkish-built half-galley of 26 oars, six guns and 36 men, that the French had captured at Malta the year before.
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The south yard contains the engine shed and locomotive workshops. The work of reconstruction fell into two parts; first, the preparation of three miles (5 km) of trackbed with a granite ballasted surface, stations, and the realignment of the Lôn Eifion cycleway and footpath alongside, was undertaken by civil engineering contractor John Mowlem plc in a contract worth £750,000 in December 1996. This major work started on 6 January 1997 and in addition involved also the strengthening and waterproofing of two river bridges, Pont Seiont at Caernarfon and the viaduct over the Afon Gwyrfai at Bontnewydd. First, the formation above the bridges was stripped down to the brick arches, which were found to be in good condition 130 years after their construction.
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They were cast at the Toowoomba Foundry at Woolloongabba in Brisbane and also in Glasgow, but in order to keep construction going, timber sleepers were used on some sections and timber was also used for some bridges, originally designed to be made of steel. Gulflander at Normanton, travelling on the curved steel sleepers, 2011 The construction method involved clearing a three-metre wide band ahead of the rail which was stumped, ploughed, harrowed, rolled and lightly ballasted. The U-shaped sleepers were then laid on this prepared surface and the rail attached to them by special clips. The construction train then passed over them forcing the U shape down into the ground and depressing the sleepers for above half their depth.
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High Level Bridge from Gateshead In 1922 the trams were to start crossing the bridge, and the cast iron longitudinal members supporting the roadway were replaced with steel beams and a new deck was provided. In 1937 Newcastle City Council took over responsibility for maintenance of the road surface, but a 9-ton weight limit was imposed; this was increased to 10 tons in 1967. Between 1955 and 1959 the timber deck of the rail level was replaced by steel, and ballasted track was substituted for the earlier way beam track structure, adding 150 tons of dead load to each span of the bridge. In 1983 a further analysis of the capacity of the bridge led to the reduction of the weight limit to 7.5 tons.
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Viper 640 flying its spinnaker Popular boat designs in Australia include the Melges 24, Viper 640, Esse 850, Elliott 7, Shaw 650 and Hobie magic 25. More recently, New Zealand and Australian designs have become increasingly popular including various designs by Thompson, the Phuket 8 by Duncanson and a variety of boats by Shaw Yacht design. The Racetrack website has kept relative performance data between a variety of Australian and New Zealand sportboats, in order to assess comparative performance. To date, the fastest sportboats have tended to be the lightest, least ballasted, widest boats, with the Rob Shaw designed 7 and 7.5m designs being the fastest in New Zealand, and the largest 8m Allan Carawadine and Bethwaite designs proving fastest in Australia.
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After loading a cargo of flour and other stores at Tacoma, Washington, Eastern Light departed Seattle, Washington, on 29 December 1918, bound for Norfolk, Virginia, where she arrived on 9 February 1919. She loaded cargo for the United States Food Administration there, then departed Norfolk on 13 February 1919 bound for Rotterdam in the Netherlands, where she arrived on 5 March 1919. Her cargo was transferred to barges there for use by the Commission for Relief in Belgium in relieving hunger in Belgium and northern France in the aftermath of World War I. Ballasted with sand, Eastern Light got underway from Rotterdam and moved to Plymouth, England, then departed Plymouth for New York City, which she reached on 10 April 1919 after a 16-day transatlantic crossing.
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They are supported only by the head and neck of the diver, and are uncomfortably heavy (Weight of KM 77 = 32.43 pounds) out of the water, as they must be ballasted for neutral buoyancy during the dive, so they don't tend to lift the diver's head with excess buoyancy. There is little difference in weight between the metal shell and GRP shell helmets because of this ballasting, and the weight is directly proportional to the total volume - smaller helmets are lighter. To avoid fatigue, divers avoid donning the helmet until just prior to entering the water. Having the helmet supported by the head has the advantage that the diver can turn the helmet to face the job without having to turn the entire upper torso.
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Three types of rail tracks are used on the MRT: ballasted track, fixed slab track and floating slab track; floating slab tracks are used at sections of the rail network located beneath densely populated and built-up areas to alleviate vibration and noise transmission to neighbouring buildings, by means of interposing rubberised supports between the tunnel wall and the tracks. When initially built, the MRT used swingnose crossings for 26 out of 131 railway points to minimise noise. From July to November 2000, these swingnose crossings were replaced with conventional ones for reliability reasons. The structure gauge of the MRT is based upon the kinematic envelope such that each point on the perimeter of the kinematic envelope is enlarged vertically upwards by 50mm and horizontally by 100mm.
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The interior configuration of the United States Navy's shows features common to most LPDs An amphibious transport dock, also called a landing platform/dock (LPD), is an amphibious warfare ship, a warship that embarks, transports, and lands elements of a landing force for expeditionary warfare missions. Several navies currently operate this kind of ship. The ships are generally designed to transport troops into a war zone by sea, primarily using landing craft, although invariably they also have the capability to operate transport helicopters. Amphibious transport docks perform the mission of amphibious transports, amphibious cargo ships, and the older LSDs by incorporating both a flight deck and a well deck that can be ballasted and deballasted to support landing craft or amphibious vehicles.
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USS White Sands traversing Seattle's Ballard Locks on her side, 4 October 1975. To reach her permanent home, however, required passing through the 80-foot wide Hiram Chittenden Locks in Ballard - a difficult accomplishment for a vessel with an 81-foot beam. In cooperation with the US Army Corps of Engineers, operators of the locks, a plan was devised to turn the White Sands partially on her side and then send her through. To accomplish this, one side of the ship was ballasted with water and weighted down with 51 concrete blocks and 17 stacks of steel plates, weighing almost 1226 short tons, while the other side - raised 38 degrees in the air - was supported by two air-filled barges cabled to the ship's superstructure.
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Ford Model T converted into rail motor. With the wide wheel flanges it could travel both on wooden and steel rails. Several timber tramways branched-off from the Marrawah Tramway into the Montagu, Brittons, Arthur River and Welcome. The Marrawah Tramway served the dolomite Mowbray and Montagu Swamps on its journey from Smithton to Marrawah. Brittons’ branch tramway went through Brittons Swamp. Brittons’ line linked their mill to the 9¼-mile mark of the Marrawah Tramway. The 3’6”-gauge Britton Tramway cost about £2,000, a significant investment at the time. It originally used white myrtle spars for stringers, and was closely corded and ballasted with sawdust so that the five-horse teams could haul the trucks with up to two pieces of sawn timber without tripping.
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The tracks were not yet ballasted, forcing trains to run slowly. The side tracks to be used for local rapid transit trains were not yet laid, and the passenger stations at 59th Street, 72nd Street, 86th Street, 110th Street and 125th Street were not yet built. At this time, local rapid transit trains were expected to begin operation by September 1875 and were to serve stations yet under construction. The rolling stock for the local trains were to be much lighter than those used on the through trains. In January 1876, a test case went on trial in New York Supreme Court, brought by Charles Higham against the NY&H; and a contractor for injuries to his business that resulted from obstructions raised by construction on the project.
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Commercial diver and inventor Joe Savoie is credited with inventing the neck dam in the 1960s, which made possible a new era of lightweight helmets, including the Kirby Morgan Superlite series (an adaption of Morgan's existing "Band Mask" into a full helmet.) Savoie chose not to patent his invention because of his desire to improve diver safety. The neck dam seals the helmet around the diver's neck in the same way that a dry suit neck seal works, using similar materials. This allows the helmet to be carried on the head and not on a corselet, so the helmet can turn with the head and can therefore be a much closer fit, which considerably reduces the volume, and as the helmet must be ballasted for neutral buoyancy, the overall weight is reduced.
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A shotline with a decompression trapeze - a series of crossbars suspended from a float at each end and ballasted as necessary, tethered to the main shotline. A shotline with spar buoy to reduce vertical movement near the surface in a seaway A diving shot line, shot line, or diving shot, a type of downline or descending line (US Navy), is an item of diving equipment consisting of a ballast weight (the shot), a line and a buoy. The weight is dropped on the dive site. The line connects the weight and the buoy and is used by divers to as a visual and tactile reference to move between the surface and the dive site more safely and more easily, and as a controlled position for in-water staged decompression stops.
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On March 30, 1911, Augustus Charles Kick, an experienced man who had served as Sechelts chief engineer from about March 4 to March 17, 1911, testified that her bilge pumps were inadequate and she tended to ship a lot of water when the engine was working, this was apparently the result of the loss of two of her propeller blades. The engineer considered Sechelt unstable unless she were well-ballasted, and if cargo were carried only on the main deck (instead the hold, which was entirely used for a coal bunker except for some ballast forward), in his opinion her instability would increase. The engineer testified that he had left Sechelt for this reason. Kick described the weather conditions on the day of the sinking, which he ascribed entirely to the vessel's instability.
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The simplest solution is to use a fixed ballasted keel, but that makes the boat nearly incapable of sailing in very shallow water, and more difficult to handle when out of the water. While prohibited by most class racing rules, some cutting-edge boats use a bulb of ballast on a long, thin keel that can tilt from side to side to create a canting keel. This lets the ballast be placed on the windward side, providing a far greater righting moment with a lower angle of heel. Tilting the keel, however, greatly reduces its lift, so canting keels are usually combined with a retractable centerboard or daggerboard that is deployed when the keel is tilted, and retracted (to reduce drag) when the keel is returned to the vertical.
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On 1 April 1898, the construction of the Aloomba extension was commenced from the southern bank of the river, and, with the exception of the Mulgrave Bridge, was carried out by day labour, being complete and opened for traffic in August, 1898. Although the road was chiefly ballasted with soil, and was entirely unfenced, thus exposing the formation to the free passage of cattle and horses, no difficulty has been experienced in maintaining a fair top on the rail road, sufficiently good for the maximum speed allowed. Stone ballast has been put on the rail road during maintenance as it appeared advisable, but the total quantity thus put out in the first year (exclusive of 1500 yards used in construction) did not exceed 700 cubic yards. Although the wet season was fairly heavy (78.311 in.
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The viaduct is a skew arch - note that the truss girders are not continuous It has four main steel girder spans, supported by three sandstone piers. As well as the four steel spans, there is a stone arch at each end of the viaduct. The steel spans are long, and are at a skew of 70° The spans consist of twin truss girders sitting on the piers, and on top of the truss cross-girders supporting steel deck plates, with a ballasted track. The viaduct carries the line crossing the Forth Bridge, from Edinburgh to Aberdeen and the north of Scotland, and carries a significant volume of both passenger and freight rail traffic, which previously included transporting coal to Longannet Power Station prior to its closure in 2016.
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In 1889 the Richmond and Allegheny Railroad company, which had been built along the tow-path of the defunct James River and Kanawha Canal, was merged into the C&O;, giving it a down grade "water level" line from Clifton Forge to Richmond, avoiding the heavy grades of North Mountain and the Blue Ridge on the original Virginia Central route. On this line, trains descend nearly 1,000 feet in elevation to Richmond (54 feet elevation) following the path of the river. This "James River Line" became the principal artery of eastbound coal transportation down to the present day. Ingalls and Stevens completely rebuilt the C&O; to "modern" standards with ballasted roadbed, enlarged and lined tunnels, steel bridges, and heavier steel rails, as well as new, larger, cars and locomotives.
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She ballasted down and endured heavy seas with blue water cresting over her bridge. It was also during this deployment that a steering gear failure caused her to collided (port-side to) with an oiler during underway replenishment. Alamo's commanding officer exhibited exemplary seamanship as the ships were entangled in the refueling gear. Following completion of these duties, she got underway and returned to Long Beach on 8 November. Upon arrival the ship's 1MC broadcast the Lone Ranger theme to the delight of the dependents awaiting her return. The ship remained in upkeep through 27 March 1973. On 28 March, she moved to the Weapons Depot at Seal Beach to unload ammunition. She entered the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation shipyard at San Pedro, California on 5 April for a restricted availability.
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Power sharpies can use low-horsepower motors (see, for example, the Bolger Tennessee, and Sneakeasy designs) yet reach planing speeds in sheltered waters. Major critics of sharpies point to the fact that they tend to pound under certain conditions and that the relatively shallow draft makes them unseaworthy. Their advocates (including Bolger) point to the fact that they are exceptionally good boats for their cost, make excellent day boats and are increasingly seaworthy as (i) the length to beam ratio increases, (ii) they are adequately ballasted and (iii) they are given reserve stability and/or made watertight sufficiently to ensure that they self-right in the event of a capsize.See also: Seaworthiness - The forgotten factor - C.A. Marchaj, Tiller, 1996 Sharpies may be considered one of the simplest types of boat from the construction point of view.
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The heat generated by the arc and electrodes then ionizes the mercury and metal halides into a plasma, which produces an increasingly-brighter harsh white light as the temperature and pressure increases to operating conditions. The arc-tube operates at anywhere from 5–50 atm or more (70–700 psi or 500–5000 kPa) and 1000–3000 °C. Like all other gas-discharge lamps, metal-halide lamps have negative resistance (with the rare exception of self-ballasted lamps with a filament), and so require a ballast to provide proper starting and operating voltages while regulating the current flow through the lamp. About 24% of the energy used by metal-halide lamps produces light (an efficacy of 65–115 lm/W), making them substantially more efficient than incandescent bulbs, which typically have efficiencies in the range 2–4%.
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Mansfield, Howard, Skylark: The Life, Lies, and Inventions of Harry Atwood, UPNE (1999) , , pp. 204–205 It was discovered in testing that the C-76 was unstable when not carrying a cargo load; in order to obtain a stable center of gravity, the plane had to be ballasted beyond its maximum permissible gross takeoff weight. At any speed, or in any gusting wind, the C-76's elevators would flap back and forth violently. The wing structure failed in eight separate static tests, sometimes with a load as low as 40% of the wing's rated capacity.Curtiss-Wright Corporate Records, Static Tests of Curtiss-Wright C-76 Wings, ENG-51-C359-10, 7/24/43 The wing failures were attributed by some sources to the failure of the fasteners used to secure the wood components of the aircraft.
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Max Harlow was an aeronautical engineer and instructor at the Pasadena Junior College. Under his tutelage, the aircraft designated PJC-1 was designed and built as a class project. The PJC-1 first flew on 14 September 1937 at Alhambra, California but it crashed during an extended (more than six turn) spin test with the center of gravity ballasted to the aft limit, as it was going through the certification process—a problem generally laid at the feet the unusually rigorous spin test requirement and the government test pilot, who bailed out of the airplane after the spin "flattened out." The airplane struck the ground, still in the "flat" (longitudinally level) attitude in a bean field near Mines Field (now Los Angeles International Airport) with considerable damage; although repairable, the PJC-1 was never returned to service.
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The Halcyon RB80 is a non-depth-compensated passive addition semi-closed circuit rebreather of similar external dimensions to a standard AL80 scuba cylinder (11-litre, 207-bar aluminium cylinder, 185 mm diameter and about 660 mm long). It was originally developed by Reinhard Buchaly (RB) in 1996 for the cave exploration dives conducted by the European Karst Plain Project (EKPP). About 1/10 of the respired volume of breathing gas in the circuit is discharged during each breathing cycle by a concentric bellows counterlung system, which reduces the loop volume and is replenished by internal valves, triggered by low loop volume, similar to the function of the demand valve of a scuba regulator. The Halcyon RB80 was introduced as a replacement for the much bulkier and more mechanically complex PVR-BASC, which was depth-compensated and used a ballasted bellows counterlung.
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Tracklaying began in earnest on 6 October 2014, although preliminary works had resulted in a section of slab track laid through Bowshank Tunnel, south of Stow, as well as ballasting along large sections of the route and pre-cast switch and crossing units for the passing loops. The first part of the route to be ballasted was the section through Lothianbridge Viaduct to which structural repairs had to be carried out. By the end of October, more than of track had been laid as far as Tynehead and the double-track on the Shawfair loop had been completed plus of the second track on the Borthwick loop. Work was halted in late November 2014 after a contractor working for BAM Nuttall in the Gala area was injured when a sleeper came loose when being lifted into position and landed on his leg.
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The primary disadvantage of a ballastless track is its significantly higher cost of initial construction. While numbers vary depending on construction type and track infrastructure (ballastless tracks are generally more suitable to infrastructures that are also made of concrete, as is the case in tunnels or on viaducts), the Deutsche Bahn estimated in 2015 that construction costs of ballastless tracks are 40 percent higher than those of traditional superstructure. However, the life-cycle cost of ballastless tracks are generally lower than those of ballasted tracks due to significantly lower maintenance. Further disadvantages of ballastless tracks are the impossibility of adjusting or correcting track geometry once concrete has been set, the necessity of a stable infrastructure (since no adjustments can be made to the superstructure), higher noise emissions, and longer repair times when the concrete slab is damaged (e.g.
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In 2009, of the up main track through the station was laid and ballasted using 110a and 113a flat bottom rail and wooden sleepers. The Ruston & Hornsby diesel shunter was moved from the isolated goods dock. This was the first standard gauge loco on the Somerset & Dorset mainline south of the Mendips and north of Blandford, since the demolition train departed in July 1967, exactly 42 years before. Progress in 2010 included acquiring a tracked Priestman Mustang excavator, finishing construction of the up platform wall, regrading of the cattle dock track bed and preparations for track-laying, and the connection of the station to the mains drainage system. On 9 and 10 May 2015 two new arrivals were added to the stations fleet, a class 48DS 4wd Ruston a long time since the previous Ruston was sold.
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The 1956 Yiddish version, at 865 pages, was a long and angry historical work. In preparation for the French edition, Wiesel's editors pruned without mercy.. Franklin argues that the power of the narrative was achieved at the cost of literal truth, and that to insist that the work is purely factual is to ignore its literary sophistication. Holocaust scholar Lawrence Langer argues similarly that Wiesel evokes, rather than describes: "Wiesel's account is ballasted with the freight of fiction: scenic organization, characterization through dialogue, periodic climaxes, elimination of superfluous or repetitive episodes, and especially an ability to arouse the empathy of his readers, which is an elusive ideal of the writer bound by fidelity to fact." Franklin writes that Night is the account of the 15-year-old Eliezer, a "semi-fictional construct", told by the 25-year-old Elie Wiesel.
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In an affectionate but unfavorable review, Roger Ebert gave the film two stars out of four, saying "Immortals is without doubt the best-looking awful movie you will ever see.", while The Guardian gave the film three stars out of five, commenting "Theseus battles the Titans in a cheerfully idiotic mythological yarn ballasted by Tarsem's eyecatching image-making". Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter said "Thuddingly ponderous, heavy-handed and lacking a single moment that evinces any relish for movie-making, this lurch back from the "history" of 300 into the mists of Greek myth is a drag in nearly every way, from the particulars of physical torture to the pounding score that won't quit." Of those who praised the picture, it received an honorable mention from MTV as one of the year's best films as well as making Guy Lodge's top twenty films of 2011 list on HitFix.
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Precision (also called marksmanship) - the competitor dives at the starting line, swims underwater to the shooting line where he/she stops to obtain support from the pool bottom or from a ballasted object, fires at the target, swims to the target to retrieve the spear, surfaces, and swims back to the starting line whilst reloading the speargun. This cycle is repeated within a time frame of 5 minutes until 10 shots are fired, usually in 2 rounds of 5 to allow competition officials to replace the target sheet. Biathlon is identical in conduct to that of the Precision event, however the competitor is required to return to the starting line after retrieving the spear before surfacing to take a breath. This cycle is repeated within a time frame of 2 minutes 30 seconds for men and 3 minutes for women until 5 shots are fired.
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Reed believed that this weakness meant that the ship could be sunk from the consequent uninhibited flooding if her unarmoured ends were riddled by shellfire and open to the sea. Barnaby deliberately selected a hull shape with narrow, fine ends to limit the volume of the hull that could be flooded and situated the armoured deck below the waterline to prevent it from being pierced by enemy shells and flooding the lower part of the ironclad. Furthermore, he heavily subdivided the hull to limit the amount of water that could enter through any one hit and placed coal bunkers above the armoured deck to absorb the fragments from exploding shells. Unbeknownst to his critics, Collingwood was tested in 1884 with her ends and the large spaces in her hold ballasted with water and her draught only increased by and she lost a minor amount of speed.
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The city and fortress of Ormuz, 17th century. From May to August 1617 he was master or master’s mate of the Muscovy Company’s ship Dragon, which was vice-admiral of the whaling fleet sent to Spitsbergen. In July the Dragon sailed into Hornsund, where it seized the cargo of the Vlissingen ship de Arcke Noë ("Noah's Ark"), under Jan Verelle, before driving it away ballasted with stones. In the depositions given of the voyage in January of the following year he was described as "John Weddell, alias Duke, of Lymehorst, mariner".Conway (1906), pp. 95-101. In October 1617 Weddell was named as being one of the master’s mates of the EIC’s ship Dragon, but in December he was promoted to commander or master of the Lion. He left in the spring of 1618Grey and MacMunn (1932), p. 146. and returned to England in September 1620.
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The bars must either be inherently negatively buoyant or ballasted so that the hang below the surface at the correct depth, and it is common to provide enough weight to compensate for minor irregularities in diver buoyancy control. The decompression trapeze is generally associated with a shotline, and if it is not close-coupled to the shotline, by using the shotline as one of the suspension lines, there will be a line from the shotline to the lowest bar of the trapeze, which will be either horizontal, or slope upwards toward the trapeze, so the divers can follow it without ascending above their decompression ceiling. When a decompression bar is used in a strong current, it may be convenient for the last diver to unclip it from the shotline, so it drifts at the speed of the current, and the drag on the divers is eliminated. The chase boat would accompany the drifting trapeze which would be clearly identified by the supporting buoys.
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At Brough removal of a mound revealed Roman remains including coins, pottery and a large amount of bones of cattle, as well as seven human skeletons. By early 1839 plans for the railway depot, workshops and related equipment were being drawn up; the company acquired tanks for kyanising sleepers were acquired, and an order placed with Bereton and Vernon of Hull for a steam engine to power machinery at the Hull workshop, including that for sawing the wood for sleepers. By July the Humber embankment near Hull was complete, and the Hull depot, station and offices were under construction; much of the civil work of the rest of the line was complete, including the Market Weighton Canal bridge, with the superstructures of the Derwent and Ouse bridges in preparation for installation. Much of the line was in the process of being ballasted, and the kyanising of sleepers for the track had begun.
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Diagram of the buoyancy effect The concept of submerged floating tunnels is based on well-known technology applied to floating bridges and offshore structures, but the construction is mostly similar to that of immersed tunnels: After the tube is prefabricated in sections in a dry dock and the sections are moved to the site, one way is to first seal the sections; sink them into place, while sealed; and, when the sections are fixed to each other, break the seals. Another possibility is to leave the sections unsealed, and after welding them together at the site, pump the water out. The ballast is calculated so that the structure has approximate hydrostatic equilibrium (that is, the tunnel is roughly the same overall density as water), whereas immersed tube tunnels are ballasted to achieve negative buoyancy so they tend to remain on the sea bed. This, of course, means that a submerged floating tunnel must be anchored to the ground or to the water surface to keep it in place, depending on the buoyancy of the submerged floating tunnel: slightly positive or negative, respectively.
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At the time, the Formula One regulations specified a minimum weight which was more than achievable with non-turbocharged cars – though not with a turbocharged car due to greater complexity – leading to some cars being built light and ballasted up to the minimum weight to optimise weight distribution. However, rules then also specified that the cars were to be weighed filled with their usual fluids. In 1982, other teams (chiefly Brabham and Williams) had used this provision to develop cars with features such as 'water-cooled brakes' – the car officially started the race with a large, full water tank, the water was released in the general direction of the brakes and the car ran underweight when on track and unable to be weighed, only to be later topped up sufficient water to ensure the weight limit was not breached. As Tyrrell was the only naturally aspirated engine user in 1984 season, they were uniquely placed to be able to benefit from a similar strategy of the water brake.
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