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544 Sentences With "B.C.E"

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A belief in ghosts is certainly not new: folklore about ghosts dates back thousands of years and is present in relics of ancient Mesopotamian (3500 B.C.E. - 400 C.E.) and ancient Egyptian (3150 B.C.E. - 332 B.C.E.) culture.
B., at least some ancient Egyptians (27,22016 B.C.E. to 219 B.C.E) believed in a flat Earth as well, scholars have said.
From 3000 to 1100 B.C.E., most sporting artwork centered around wrestling.
They date to the 11th century, not to the 11th century B.C.E.
Wall paintings in Egypt from 2000 B.C.E. depict groups of men practicing various wrestling techniques.
Since their invention (which dates back to 950 B.C.E.), prosthetics have served one purpose: function.
Apparently, they have been around since roughly 2000-1800 B.C.E., as made evident by this museum display.
The site truly began to prosper around 100 B.C.E when the Nabatean Empire became a trading hub.
By second century B.C.E., Roman gladiators were highly trained weapons fighters who competed in public against another gladiator.
Plato worked at the Academy until his death in 347 B.C.E., interrupted only by two more extended trips to Sicily.
But I think it's time to kick in the 2016 door Janine Faust We've just closed the curtain on 2015 B.C.E
Rome, the epicenter of the world from 8th century B.C.E. to 23th century C.E., was a vast state that spanned continents.
The Pankration joined the Olympic Games in 648 B.C.E. and quickly became the most popular of nearly all of the sports.
The first course would cover material from 600 B.C.E. to 1450 -- but it still wouldn't be on the AP World test.
However, his career began long before securing this unprecedented role in 27 B.C.E. In 44 BCE, Augustus was still known as Octavian.
The agency says that the earliest-known recording of the event dates back to China in 687 B.C.E., about 2,700 years ago.
The envelope may be postmarked 600 B.C.E., but when you open it there is a letter inside, and it's just for you.
In 336 B.C.E., Philip was assassinated (in a theater, of all places), and Alexander was declared king at the age of 20.
It is the Monument of Lysicrates, built around 334 B.C.E., just about the time Aristotle returned to Athens to found his Lyceum.
Octavian finally prevailed in 31 B.C.E. when his forces defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium, according to Roman-Empire.net.
An athletic competition is described in detail in the Odyssey, which is set in the twelfth century B.C.E. Does this have evolutionary significance?
On an expedition to San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan, a group of archaeological sites in southern Mexico, Dr. Breiner discovered scores of ancient artifacts, including two enormous basalt heads, one of which weighed about 10 tons, made during the Olmec civilization, which thrived as early as 1200 B.C.E. and vanished around 400 B.C.E. Over several decades, Dr. Breiner returned to Mexico to keep searching.
There was Sostratos of Sikyon who, in the fourth century B.C.E. won dozens of Pankration events by bending back the fingers of his opponents.
A recent exhibition on the written word at the British Library dates the emergence of cuneiform writing to the fourth millennium B.C.E., in Mesopotamia.
The school, founded by Plato around 387 B.C.E., was named the Hecademia and later Academia after the nearby sanctuary dedicated to the hero Hecademus.
A fragment of a Mycenaenan pot circa 1300-1200 B.C.E. found in Cypress features two stylized male figures striking at each other with extended arms.
The sport takes its playbook from the Mahabharata, the 9th Century B.C.E. Hindu epic poem, where it's mentioned as a military formation called the Chakravyuha.
ATHENS — There is an ancient tradition relating to the art of memory, which legend says began with the poet Simonides of Ceos (556-468 B.C.E.).
The Athenians of the fifth century B.C.E. took charge of the Greek states' defense, controlled their diplomatic and trade relations, and intervened in their politics.
The Academy survived for a few more centuries until it was destroyed by the Roman general Sulla in 87 B.C.E. during the sack of Athens.
For Schama, in the first volume of his "Story of the Jews," this means starting in 475 B.C.E., in the Jewish settlement of Elephantine, in Egypt.
This artwork, dating to 2000 B.C.E. contains images of wrestlers on the ground, attacking the arms and legs, as well as throwing each other to the ground.
It was not until 264 B.C.E. that the first documented gladiator contest took place in Rome at the funeral games held in honor of aristocrat Brutus Pera.
The site was the main cemetery for the region's governors, or nomarchs, during Egypt's Middle Kingdom, roughly 2055 to 1650 B.C.E., and boasts many elaborately decorated tombs.
Artwork from fourteenth century B.C.E. Thebes shows two stick-fighters striking each other with sticks that included a hand-wrap and wearing guards on their non-striking arm.
Photograph by Newsha Tavakolian / Magnum for The New Yorker In the fifth century B.C.E., Persia's most revered kings were buried in the stone mountain at Naqsh-e Rustam.
The College Board's original plan would have split A.P. World History into a two-year course, with the first year covering material from before 600 B.C.E. to 103.
But the oldest piece of theater that we possess, "The Persians" by Aeschylus from 472 B.C.E., was sponsored by the young Pericles, the great champion of Athenian democracy.
In 73 B.C.E., a prisoner of war forced to join a gladiator school named Spartacus led a rebellion with seventy other gladiators against the slave-owning oligarchy of Rome.
In 55 B.C.E., Pompey the Great hosted an extravagant event that included gladiator contests and animal hunts in order to win over the plebeians and gain political popularity points.
Training and competing in the nude is anecdotally attributed to Orsippus, a runner who, in 720 B.C.E. apparently lost his loincloth, yet went on to the win the event.
The responsible scholarly impulse is to historicize: those words were never intended for you, they signified something completely different in 600 B.C.E. than they do today, and so on.
When he died in 1213 B.C.E., he left a series of temples and palaces that stretched from Syria to Libya, and countless statues and monuments commemorating his impressive reign.
In China, the Han dynasty, which was founded in 206 B.C.E., codified and standardized the Confucian, or Ruist, classics, a process that helped set the terms for the writing system.
Back in April, a Spanish construction crew found a 1,300-pound trove of Roman coins dating back to the 3rd and 4th centuries B.C.E. Have something to add to this story?
The museum's earliest pieces date to almost 4000 B.C.E. That is more than three millenniums before the ships described by Homer plied the Aegean Sea or the Old Testament was written.
The Mishna, which was compiled in the third century B.C.E., and the Talmud, which expounded upon it, predated the printing press, and as such yeshiva students were trained to memorize them both.
The cones were made of wax and dated from 1347 to 1332 B.C.E. when Egypt was ruled by the pharaoh Akhenaten, husband to Queen Nefertiti and the supposed father of King Tutankhamen.
These items suggest that Pylos, a city with a fine port, had trading connections, previously unknown, with Egypt and the Near East around 1500 B.C.E., the time the tombs were in use.
However, Cicero, an attorney and Stoic in 1st century B.C.E., believed that gladiator contests were "a noble and educational art," where the combatants showed self-control and grace in the face of death.
In 323 B.C.E., when news of Alexander the Great's death in Babylon at the age of 32 reached Athens, simmering anti-Macedonian sentiment spilled over, and the popular Athenian leader Demosthenes was recalled.
When his opponent jumped on his back in 564 B.C.E. and applied a choke, Arrichion tried to fight off the apparently sunk-in attack by falling to the ground on top of his opponent.
One of Mr. Staikos's lifelong passions is the attempt to reconstruct the library and the entire architecture of Plato's Academy from the fourth century B.C.E. This will be the topic of next week's essay.
But the earliest representation of gladiatorial combat comes from fourth-century B.C.E. frescoes of the Osco-Samnites tribe, who lived just south of what is now Naples, showing armed combatants facing off at funeral games.
The period is of critical interest because it saw the formation of the Mycenaean civilization, which lasted from around 1600 to 1200 B.C.E., when many of its major cities were burned in an unknown catastrophe.
Centuries before the Internet began worshipping LOLcats, the ancient Egyptians venerated felines as gods, burying their preserved remains in cat-shaped coffins (like the two pictured here, which may date as far back as 664 B.C.E.).
It may have been written before 431 B.C.E., when war broke out between Athens and Sparta, and certainly before 404, when the victorious Spartans imposed an oligarchy on Athens, tore down its walls and dismantled its alliance.
Both the Griffin Warrior and the two tholos tombs belong on a pottery-based time scale to a period known as Late Helladic IIA, which lasted from 1600 to 1500 B.C.E., although the exact dates are disputed.
Additionally, a relief of Ramses III from approximately 2,000 B.C.E. includes depictions of Egyptians competing in stick-fighting with 'Nubian' fighters, although, as previously mentioned, the Egyptians constituted any darker-skinned populace as Nubian, not just men from Nuba.
Sometime between the years 3500 and 2500 B.C.E., Egyptian women — and men, too — used a combination of oil and a black powder called kohl to coat their eyelashes in rich, dark pigment to protect their eyes from the sun's damaging rays.
The framing is believed to have been introduced by the Roman Empire, which annexed the Nabataean Empire in 63 B.C.E. The Nabateans remained an independent client state of Rome up until the end of the first century C.E.Source: Brown University
The earliest written reference to the blue-eyed animals with horns was way back in the 4th century B.C.E. Over time, they became popular folklore fodder, and as fables have it, they could only be lured by the naked breasts of virginal women.
Modern scholars have described Thucydides' account of the decades-long Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta toward the end of the fifth century B.C.E. — a struggle that ultimately spelled the decline and fall of both city-states — as a model of realism.
Although it feels like we've only recently been toppled by a wave of cannabis beauty products, the hemp plant — and all its benefits — has been utilized for thousands of years (there's archeological evidence that places hemp all the way back in 8,000 B.C.E. Mesopotamia).
Tisha B'av, which translates to the 9th day of the Hebrew month Av, commemorates the destruction of the First Temple in Jerusalem in 586 B.C.E. and that of the Second Temple in 70 C.E., which are said to have happened on this same day.
This reference to ancient Greece is compelling given the history of invasions into South Asia begun by Alexander the Great in 327 B.C.E. These conquests failed to yield the power that Alexander sought, but they established trade connections and influenced cultural production for several generations.
From 975 B.C.E bronze sculptures, to a modern day collection of internet cat videos, Divine Felines: Cats of Ancient Egypt presents cats as both as pets and mythic symbols of divinity, through 80 representations of cats from the Brooklyn Museum's world-famous Egyptian collection.
The poet Archilochus described the 33 B.C.E. eclipse as such:  There is nothing beyond hope, nothing that can be sworn impossible, nothing wonderful, since Zeus, father of the Olympians, made night from mid-day, hiding the light of the shining Sun, and sore fear came upon men.
Applying the history test to the regulation of sex, Stone begins his inquiry in the sixth century B.C.E., and expands into a learned, illuminating, and analytical compendium that brings together the extraordinary research of a generation of historians in service of a constitutional call to arms.
The first reference to democratic assembly voting procedure occurs in Aeschylus' early tragedy "The Suppliant Maidens," from 470 B.C.E. But ancient tragedy is not just a celebration or vindication of democracy or Athenian glory (although Athens does come off quite well in some of the plays).
Artwork and pottery provide some of the earliest accounts of boxing and wrestling: a beautifully preserved sixteenth century B.C.E. fresco dubbed "Boxing Boys" from the island of Santorini shows two young men with long dreaded hair and a small loin cloth punching each other at very close quarters.
Evidence of this process was found in DNA extracted from three Philistine skeletons in a cemetery of the later Iron Age, or about the 10th and 9th century B.C.E. In these three adults, the researchers did not find the same European genetic markers that they saw in the infants.
Wearers of ancient thongs appeared throughout Asia, Africa, and temperate parts of Europe "as far back as 42,000 B.C.E.," according to World Clothing and Fashion: Thousands of years ago, San Bushman in various parts of Africa fashioned thongs from animal skin that were held onto their wastes with cord or sinew.
The monument is a trophy to commemorate Lysicrates' triumph in the dramatic contest, or agon, of the world's first theater festival: The City or Great Dionysia, first established in Athens deep in the sixth century B.C.E. As with theater and opera today, there was patronage of the arts in classical Athens.
They preferred death to surrender, as the legend of the Battle of Thermopylae is supposed to show—even though 120 of them surrendered to the Athenians at Sphacteria in 13 B.C.E. They purportedly eschewed decadent wealth and luxury, even though rampant inequality contributed to oliganthropia, the manpower shortage that eventually collapsed Spartan military might.
They preferred death to surrender, as the legend of the Battle of Thermopylae is supposed to show—even though 257 of them surrendered to the Athenians at Sphacteria in 22015 B.C.E. They purportedly eschewed decadent wealth and luxury, even though rampant inequality contributed to oliganthropia, the manpower shortage that eventually collapsed Spartan military might.
Among their smart displays are a photograph of the artist Marina Abramović, her face covered in honey and gold leaf to recreate a Joseph Beuys performance from the 1960s, next to a 16009nd or 2308st century B.C.E. Hellenistic head of a man, carved with parted lips and a bulging brow that suggests he was a powerful orator.
When the earliest-known New Year's Eve celebrations went down in 2000 B.C.E., the Mesopotamians probably weren't spending the days leading up to the party worried about the falsies that could last through sticky showers from popped Champagne bottles (which, frankly, no one likes, by the way) or exactly what kind of updo they'd spin into a fancy hair clip.
Sometime around 400 B.C.E.—the arguments over what's historically authentic and what isn't make the corresponding arguments in Jesus studies look transparent—a wealthy Indian princeling named Gotama (as the Pali version of his name is rendered) came to realize, after a long and moving spiritual struggle, that people suffer because the things we cherish inevitably change and rot, and desires are inevitably disappointed.
Despite lacking all the precise modern knowledge needed to predict an eclipse accurately, the ancient Irish created a monument that aligned with the solar eclipse of 3340 B.C.E. A millennia before the Chinese even started using paper, they carved solar eclipses into "oracle" bones that date back to 2100 B.C.  Drombeg prehistoric stone circle, County Cork, Ireland Eclipses were believed to be signals of turmoil, but political turmoil in particular.
The stylized Corinthian helmet worn by King Leonidas in 300, the 2006 hit movie mythologizing the Spartan role at the Battle of Thermopylae in 3003 B.C.E., is now most often seen on T-shirts, flags, and bumper stickers above the Greek words "ΜΟΛΩΝ ΛΑΒΕ," or molon labe, which translates to "come and take them," the Spartan king's apocryphal, defiant response to Persian ruler Xerxes's demand that the Greeks surrender their arms.
The team also retrieved DNA from three Bronze Age individuals found in an Ashkelon necropolis, who likely lived there before the Philistines, and were radiocarbon dated to around 1746 to 1542 B.C.E. These individuals did not show the same European-derived genetic signature seen in the infants, offering the team a genetic comparison between Late Bronze Age and Iron Age people of Ashkelon when there was a known cultural change.
Broad Collar, c. 1336–1327 B.C.E., c. 1327–1323 B.C.E., or c. 1323–1295 B.C.E., 40.522, Brooklyn Museum Faience is a mixture of powdered clays and lime, soda and silica sand.
Stallings Island is located upriver of Augusta, in an area known as the Ninety-Nine Islands, just downriver of the mouth of Stevens Creek. The island was occupied from about 2600 B.C.E. to about 2000 B.C.E., and again from about 1800 B.C.E. to 1400 B.C.E. The site was occupied during the first period by people of the Paris Island (ca. 2500-2200 B.C.E.) and Mill Branch (ca. 2200-1800 B.C.E.) phases, pre-ceramic traditions that harvested large numbers of freshwater mussels.
B.C.E. Septuagint translation of the Hebrew name שְׁלֹמֹה (Shelomoh).
The Okak National Historic Site of Canada contains over 60 archaeological sites dating from 5550 BCE to the present. These sites are located on Okak Bay off the northern coast of Labrador. Okak was designated as a national historic site of Canada in 1978 because it features a series of archaeological sites that represent a long record of habitation from Maritime Archaic (beginning about 6000 years ago) to recent Labrador Inuit. It is the location of the second oldest Moravian mission in Labrador, founded in 1776 and abandoned in 1919 after most of the people died due to the 1918 flu pandemic. The archaeological remains found at Okak span more than 6000 years, including its occupation by Maritime Archaic (5550 B.C.E.- 1550 B.C.E.), Paleo-Eskimo including Pre-Dorset (1850 B.C.E. – 250 B.C.E.), Intermediate Indian (1550 B.C.E. – 250 B.C.E.), Dorset (550 B.C.E. – 1450 C.E.) and Labrador Inuit (1200 C.E. – present) cultures.
The Death of Socrates, by Jacques-Louis David (1787). From 431 B.C.E to 404 B.C.E., ancient Greece was torn apart by the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta.Thucydides. The History of the Peloponnesian War. Gutenburg: Project Gutenburg, 2009. eBook.
The area of Wels has been settled since the Neolithic era (between 3500 and 1700 B.C.E.), as evidenced by archaeological finds of simple tools, especially from around the banks of the Traun River in what is now the city center. A Bronze Age (after 1700 B.C.E.) cemetery was found in the area of the current airport and dated to the time of the Urnfield Culture (1100–750 B.C.E.). It contained 60 graves with such items as bronze jewelry and food. Swords from the Halstatt Period (750–400 B.C.E.) have been found in the area of Pernau.
Eleventh Dynasty (2040–1991 B.C.E.) tombs of local rulers have also been noted in the form of a series of rock-cut tombs dated to 2061-2010 B.C.E, the largest of which are Intef I to Intef III, who were kings of this dynasty.
The System of Public Sacrifice in Fourth Century (B.C.E.) Athens Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press. p. 1.
650-625 B.C.E.). The amphora's decoration reflects the pottery of the Orientalizing period (ca. 710-600 B.C.E.), a style in which human and animal figures depict mythological scenes. It was used as an urn, as it was found to contain the remains of a young boy.
2001: National Jewish Book Award in Scholarship for Imperialism and Jewish Society: 200 B.C.E. to 640 C.E.
Syrian cities of the 2nd millennium B.C.E. (from left, clockwise): Ugarit, Ebla, Aleppo (Alep), Haran (Harran) and Mari.
Emutbal was the name of a region in ancient Mesopotamia, located to the east of the river Tigris, stretching from the ancient city of Šar-Sin to Marud. In 1834 B.C.E. Kudur-Mabuk, the Amorite king, ruled the land. In 1784 B.C.E. the country was conquered by the Babylonian king Hammurabi.
The earliest archeological records in Retkinia date back to c. 800-250 B.C.E and are representative of Lusatian culture.
The Mesopotamian Civilization had a surprisingly adept grasp of tactics. In fact, they are the first confirmed users of the shield wall tactic later made famous as the classical Greek phalanx and the Roman "testudo formation". It is unknown who first developed this tactic, but it is thought to have been developed somewhere between 2500 B.C.E and 2000 B.C.E.
In the year 612 B.C.E, Cyaxares and his army was able to conquer Assur and he also claimed the Assyrian capital of Nineveh. The Medians, Babylonians, and Scythians overthrew the Assyrian Empire and destroyed Nineveh in 612 BC. Fighting between the Medes and the Assyrians would finally come to an end in the year 609 B.C.E.
Based on the execution of paintings and the style of the figures, the date of these paintings is estimated at 1500 B.C.E.
Kakanj culture was early neolithic culture that appeared in Central Bosnia and covered periods dated from 6230–5990 to 5300–4900 B.C.E.
In the northern section of the site there is a Phoenician necropolis of the ninth century B.C.E. formed by dug graves containing urns.
The first architectural evidence at the site dates from ca. 150 B.C.E., but evidence of an urban settlement appears sometime after ca. 50 B.C.E The discovery of an ancient residential complex dating from somewhere between 50 B.C.E. and 50 C.E. makes Plan de Ayutla the earliest occupied city in the Upper Usumacinta region so far.Descubren restos If Plan de Ayutla was indeed Sak Tz'i', its history is tied to the political turmoil that was particularly intense in the region between 600 and 800 C.E. A stela from Piedras Negras depicts the capture of Lord K'ab' Chan Te' of Sak Tz'i' in 628.
In approximately 721 B.C.E., the Assyrians invaded the northern kingdom, exiled the ten tribes living there, and enslaved them in Assyria (present-day Iraq).
Philip of Macedon conquered Pherae in 352 B.C.E. and subjected Thessaly to Macedonian rule. In Roman times Pherae was conquered by Antiochus the Great of Syria in 191 B.C.E., but lost it that same year to the Roman consul of the year Manius Acilius Glabrio (Livy 36.1-14). The famous Messeis spring (the spring of Kefalovryso at Velestino) was probably at Pherae (Strabo, Geography 9.5; Iliad 6.457).
Israel Exploration Journal 45: 1–18.Mykytiuk, Lawrence J. (2004). Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200–539 B.C.E. Society of Biblical Literature. p.
Measuring rods for different purposes and sizes (construction, tailoring and land survey) have been found from China and elsewhere dating to the early 2nd millennium B.C.E.
Unlike in Italy, money changers, or argentarii were not used in Greece. However, banks became involved with the process between the second and third century B.C.E.
Minoan civilization in the Bronze Age (c. 3500-1100 B.C.E) was located on the island of Crete. Focusing on the palatial periods between c. 1900 and c.
The JPS Guide to Jewish Women: 600 B.C.E. to 1900 C.E.. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society. . p. 209. was a Russian author and translator who wrote in Hebrew.
This settlement belonged to the Butmir culture. The age of settlement is estimated by Radiocarbon dating to be around 4700 to 4500 years B.C.E. Later on, neolithic cultures came in contact with other cultures like Baden. Around 3000 B.C.E. first signs of Chalcolithic culture appear which can be contributed to Vučedol culture of south Bosnian type, with findings in Donje Moštre and at the location of Old town of Visoki.
Rome was founded in 753 B.C.E as a monarchy under Etruscan rule, and remained as such throughout the first two and a half centuries of its existence. Following the expulsion of Rome's last king, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, or "Tarquin the Proud," circa 509 B.C.E., Rome became a republic and was henceforth led by a group of magistrates elected by the Roman people. It is believed that Roman theatre was born during the first two centuries of the Roman Republic, following the spread of Roman rule into a large area of the Italian Peninsula, circa 364 B.C.E. Following the devastation of widespread plague in 364 B.C.E, Roman citizens began including theatrical games as a supplement to the Lectisternium ceremonies already being performed, in a stronger effort to pacify the gods. In the years following the establishment of these practices, actors began adapting these dances and games into performances by acting out texts set to music and simultaneous movement.
As the era of the Roman Republic progressed, citizens began including professionally performed drama in the eclectic offerings of the ludi (celebrations of public holidays) held throughout each year—the largest of these festivals being the Ludi Romani, held each September in honor of the Roman god Jupiter. It was as a part of the Ludi Romani in 240 B.C.E. that author and playwright Livius Adronicus became the first to produce translations of Greek plays to be performed on the Roman stage. Prior to 240 B.C.E, Roman contact with northern and southern Italian cultures began to influence Roman concepts of entertainment. The early Roman stage was dominated by: Phylakes(a form of tragic parody that arose in Italy during the Roman Republic from 500 to 250 B.C.E), Atellan farces (or a type of comedy that depicted the supposed backwards thinking of the southeastern Oscan town of Atella; a form of ethnic humor that arose around 300 B.C.E), and Fescennine verses (originating in southern Etruria).
The prepalatial period is a broad time period, spanning from approximately 7000 B.C.E. to 1900 B.C.E., and is itself divided into neolithic, early prepalatial, and late prepalatial sections. Characterized by the creation of large settlements at the locations where palaces would later be constructed and usage of early forms of the architecture later found at palatial sites, the prepalatial period contains the relative chronological divisions EM I through at least part of MM IA.
The protopalatial period lasted from approximately 1900 B.C.E. until 1750 B.C.E., or in the relative chronology MM IB through MM IIB. The major palaces' completion occurred during this time-frame, distinguished by distinct ashlar masonry with marks created by the responsible masons. The protopalatial phase also saw the emergence of both the Linear A and Cretan hieroglyphic writing systems, although they likely initially saw use as early as the end of the previous period.
There is evidence that the beginning of the human study of medicine was around 3500 B.C.E. Religious priests and medicine men were the first medical practitioners. In ancient Mesopotamia, c. 3500 B.C.E., there were two kinds of medicine men–the "ashipu" who diagnosed the disease or injury, and the "asu" who practiced healing medicine and was practiced in herbal remedies. Practices in this early period included bandaging and making plasters for wounds.
One example by the Chicago Painter from The Art Institute of Chicago, dating to around 450 B.C.E., shows an image of three women performing a Dionysian ritual, in which a table functions as an appropriate place to rest a kantharos – a wine vessel associated with Dionysus.Chicago Painter, stamnos, ca. 450 B.C.E. The Art Institute of Chicago, 1889.22. Other images indicate that tables could range in style from the highly ornate to the relatively unadorned.
See also the table of more than ten successive versions of script beginning from circa 1000 B.C.E. to the second century B.C.E. in the Jewish Virtual Library article "Hebrew: History of the Aleph-Bet," Fig. 10. At many periods the letters are virtually indistinguishable. The argument originated from Cheyne, who, prior to knowledge of the Hittite language, proposed the reverse. The narrative itself is considered by some scholars to be aetiological and of dubious historicity.
In 2014 six radiocarbon datings from excavations at Rakhigarhi between 1997 and 2000 were published, corresponding to the three periods at the site as per archaeologist Amarendra Nath (Pre-formative, Early Harappan, and Mature Harappan). Mound RGR-6 revealed a Pre-formative stage designated as Sothi Phase with the following two datings: 6420 \pm 110 and 6230 \pm 320 years before present, converted to 4470 \pm 110 B.C.E. and 4280 \pm 320 B.C.E.
Sethavarai village has a 3000-year heritage. The historical importance of the village is the presence of 1000 B.C.E. rock paintings. The Sethavarai rock paintings consist mainly of animal images.
Shrikhand has been referred to as "Shikhrini" in the Sanskrit literature. According to Jashbhai B. Prajappati and Baboo M. Nair, it originated in ancient Indian state Maharashtra, around 400 B.C.E.
The recorded history of Perumukkal dates back six millennia. Historical landmarks in Perumukkal include the 4000 B.C.E. Petroglyph, the 7th century Mukthialeeswarar Temple, the ruined Kamatchiamman temple, and a Dargah.
Emily Taitz, Sondra Henry, and Cheryl Tallan, 'Sarah of Yemen', in The JPS Guide to Jewish Women: 600 B.C.E. to 1900 C.E. (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 2003), pp. 57-59.
One of the Alaca Höyük bronze standards from a pre-Hittite tomb dating to the third millennium BC, from the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara. Ivory Hittite Sphinx, 18th century B.C.E.
Also, during this era, the arts of ceramics, agriculture, and raising livestock were discovered. During the Neolithic era (4000-3000 B.C.E.) new techniques for the use of metals and agriculture arrived.
A Hellenistic tower from Achinos, Phthiotis. Hellenistic fortifications are defense structures constructed during the Hellenistic Period of ancient Greek civilization (323 - ca. 30 B.C.E.). These included fortification walls, towers, and gates.
The definite article was evolving from Phoenician ha- to an unaspirated article a- by 406 B.C.E., when both variants were attested. In later inscriptions, only a- is used.Krahmalkov, Charles. R (2001).
Around 140 million people, just under 2% of the world's human population, live permanently at altitudes above in South America, East Africa, and South Asia. These populations have done so for millennia without apparent complications. This special adaptation is now recognised as an example of natural selection in action. The adaptation of the Tibetans is the fastest known example of human evolution, as it is estimated to have occurred any time around 1,000 B.C.E. to 7,000 B.C.E.
Humans have inhabited the area since prehistoric times. According to the Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, the earliest inhabitants were Hunter-Gatherers and Foragers, from about 10,000 to 8,000 B.C.E. Later indigenous people began farming about 1 B.C.E. along streams with suitable topography. Tribes of the Wichita Confederation moved in and established large villages during the Historic Era. The Choctaws, forced to leave their previous homeland in the Southeastern U. S., started displacing other tribes about 1830.
From 100 B.C.E till 476 C.E, Roman entertainment began to be captured by circus-like performances, spectacles, and miming while remaining allured by theatrical performances. thumb The early drama that emerged was very similar to the drama in Greece. Rome had engaged in a number of wars, some of which had taken place in areas of Italy, in which Greek culture had been a great influence. Examples of this include the First Punic War (264-241 B.C.E) in Sicily.
"The Square Temple at Tell Asmar and the Construction of Early Dynastic Mesopotamia ca. 2900-2350 B.C.E,", Jean M Evans, American Journal of Archaeology, Boston, Oct 2007, Vol. 111, Iss. 4; pg.
Beauty in ancient Greece (800 – 300 B.C.E.) was referred to as κάλλος. The history of ancient Greek aesthetics spans centuries. Philosophical theories of beauty through this era are proportion, functionality and form.
Changdeokgung. South Korean architecture refers to any architecture in South Korea, which includes architecture from Neolithic–7th century (B.C.E.), three- kingdoms of Korea, Goryeo, Joseon, Japanese occupation, Korean War, and modern architecture.
Pottery has been found dating back to 1800 B.C.E. and there is evidence of settlement along the Patapsco River until 1500 C.E..Elizabeth Janney. Elkridge. Arcadia Publishing; 8 July 2013. . p. 12.
They also built an underground sewer system as early as the 7th century B.C.E. that fed into the Tiber River, draining marshes to create farmland as well as removing sewage from the city.
Later crops include beans, chili peppers and squash grown near established villages. Evidence of ceramics appears around 2,500 B.C.E. with the earliest artifacts of these appearing in Tlapacoya, Atoto, Malinalco, Acatzingo and Tlatilco.
Jerusalem: Magness Press. # (1990). Egyptian Influence in the Akkadian Texts Written by Egyptian Scribes in the Fourteenth and Thirteenth Centuries B.C.E. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 49, No.1, pp. 57–65. # (1989).
The ancient Dhowa Buddhist rock temple is one of the well-known heritage sites in this region. Other historic areas of interest include the Roman Catholic St. Anthony's Church and a local Methodist church. The ancient Dhowa Rock Temple was founded by King Walagamba in the first century B.C.E. (1 B.C.E.) and is located beside Badulla-Bandarawela highway, from Bandarawela. The temple contains a -high Buddha image sculpted from rock and paintings depicting Jataka stories belonging to the Kandyan era.
The history of Cantona is divided into several different phases of development spanning approximately 2,000 years, from around 1000 B.C.E. until the city was finally abandoned around 1050 C.E. Pre-Cantona (1,000/900 B.C.E - 600 B.C.E.) The first settlers began to occupy this area which would later form a vast city. Pottery shards from the pre-Cantona period tell us that the early settlers came from the Poblano-Tlaxcalteca Valley and the Tehuacan Valley, and later from the Gulf of Mexico and the East. At this time Cantona consisted of a few sparse settlements with no fortification or defined plan. Between 900 and 750 A.C., two villas occupied the center and southern portion of the area where the city would later develop, and one or two villages existed to the North or Northeast.
Human images Kilvalai village has 3000-year-old heritage. The historical importance of the village is the presence of 1000 B.C.E. rock paintings. The kilvalai rock paintings consists mainly of human images with bird headed.
The ambum stone is an ancient stone sculpture thought to have been carved c. 1500 B.C.E. Other similar stones excavated depict humans, birds, or other animals. This particular stone looks to resemble a fetal echidna.
Thucydides lists Pherae among the early Thessalian supporters of Athens at the beginning of the Peloponnesian War (History of the Peloponnesian War 2.22). Toward the end of the war Lycophron established a tyranny at Pherae. On his death his son Jason became dictator and by around 374 B.C.E. extended his rule throughout Thessaly. After Jason's assassination and that of his two successors Alexander ruled Pherae with great harshness until he was killed by his wife, Thebe, in 359 B.C.E., and Thessaly was conquered by the Thebans.
Chinese pickles have a long history that dates back to 1100 B.C.E., during the Zhou dynasty. The word “pickle”, “tsu ('zi' in Pinyin)” in Chinese, means “salt and incubate”. The pickled vegetables and fruit we refer to today date in practice back to the sixth century B.C.E. Ancient people pickled mainly to preserve their vegetables and fruit because pickling preserves food far past the natural date of expiration. Foods would often be pickled during the harvest season for consumption during later parts of the year.
They also had an early canal irrigation system enabling large-scale agriculture. From 4000 to 2000 B.C.E., many civilizations had drainage systems and some had sanitation facilities, including the Mesopotamian Empire, Mohenjo-Daro, Egypt, Crete, and the Orkney Islands in Scotland. The Greeks also had aqueducts and sewer systems that used rain and wastewater to irrigate and fertilize fields. The first aqueduct in Rome was constructed in 312 B.C.E., and from there, they continued to construct aqueducts for irrigation and safe urban water supply during droughts.
Tel Shilo is now an archaeological site, where once the spiritual life of the Jewish people was centered for 369 years in the 11th and 12th centuries BCE. In addition, there are artifacts from other periods, notably from the end of the Second Temple period (130 B.C.E. – 70 B.C.E.), the Byzantine period (350–618), and the early Muslim period (638–900). The first archaeological excavations began in 1922–1932 by a Danish expedition. The finds were placed in the Danish National Museum in Copenhagen.
In his dialogue Gorgias, Plato presents the sophists as wordsmiths who ensnared and used the malleable doxa of the multitude to their advantage without shame.Plato. [380 B.C.E.]. Gorgias, translated by B. Jowett. – via Internet Classics Archive.
Through this came relations between Greece and Rome, starting with the emergence of a Hellenistic world, one in which Hellenistic culture was more widely spread and through political developments via Roman conquests of Mediterranean colonies. Acculturation had become specific to Greco-Roman relations, with Rome mainly adopting aspects of Greek culture, their achievements, and developing those aspects into Roman literature, art, and science. Rome had become one of the first developing European cultures to shape their own culture after another. With the end of the Third Macedonian War (168 B.C.E), Rome had gained greater access to a wealth of Greek art and literature, and an influx of Greek migrants, particularly Stoic philosophers such as Crates of Mallus (168 B.C.E) and even Athenian philosophers (155 B.C.E).This allowed the Romans to develop an interest in a new form of expression, philosophy.
N. Avigad and B. Sass. Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1997, nos. 4 and 3 respectively; Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200–539 B.C.E. Lawrence J. Mykytiuk. SBL Academia Biblica 12.
Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1997, nos. 4 and 3 respectively; Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200–539 B.C.E. Lawrence J. Mykytiuk. SBL Academia Biblica 12. Atlanta, 2004, 153-59, 219.
Siwe-Palar-Khuppak was the Sukkalmah (ruler) of Elam from around 1778 to 1745 B.C.E. Around 1767 B.C.E, Siwe-Palar-Khuppak formed a coalition with Zimri-Lim of Mari and Hammurabi of Babylon. He led this coalition against Eshnunna, conquering it and imposed direct rule from his sukkal Kudu-zulush in Susa. This coalition turned against him as he attempted to expand his power into Babylon. Hammurabi, allied with Zimri-Lim, expelled the Elamite's forces from Eshnunna One of his generals was Kunnam of Elam who appears in many letters found at Mari.
The chariot was introduced to the Greeks through trade and interaction with the Near East ca. 1400 B.C.E. However, the chariot became adopted and integrated into Greek iconography. The same motif is found in some of the earliest sculpture from mainland Greece, namely the sandstone Grave Stele at Mycenae found in Grave Circle A which dates to the 16th Century B.C.E. In ancient Greek culture, the chariot and charioteer became a symbol of power and wealth because horses were very expensive and chariots themselves extremely impracticable for Greek terrain.
Lycian tomb in Xanthos. The “Lion Pillar,” named because of the large lion in high relief, was located east of the Acropolis of Xanthos and stands around three meters high (around ten feet). The stone chest is made of white limestone, carved to fit the body. It has been postulated that this tomb was created between the early sixth century B.C.E. and the mid-sixth century B.C.E. Contrast is created between the high relief sculpture on the ends and the low relief sculpture in the center of the chest.
King Zhending of Zhou (), personal name Ji Jie,Contemporary Chinese Thought: Translations and Studies. "It is just as the Qing Dynasty scholar Gu Yanwu pointed out about the 133-year period between year two of the reign of King Zhending of Zhou (467 b.c.e.) and year thirty-five of the reign of King Xian of Zhou (334 b.c.e.)." was the twenty-eighth king of the Chinese Zhou DynastyProblems of chronology and eschatology: four lectures on the Essay on Buddhism by Tominaga Nakamoto (1715-1746) and the sixteenth of Eastern Zhou.
Environmental engineering is a name for work that has been done since early civilizations, as people learned to modify and control the environmental conditions to meet needs. As people recognized that their health was related to the quality of their environment, they built systems to improve it. The ancient Indus Valley Civilization (3300 B.C.E. to 1300 B.C.E.) had advanced control over their water resources. The public work structures found at various sites in the area include wells, public baths, water storage tanks, a drinking water system, and a city-wide sewage collection system.
Her festival, the Floralia, was held between April 28 and May 3 and symbolized the renewal of the cycle of life, drinking, and flowers. The festival was first instituted in 240 B.C.E, and on the advice of the Sibylline books, she was also given a temple in 238 B.C.E. At the festival, with the men decked in flowers, and the women wearing normally forbidden gay costumes, five days of farces and mimes were enacted – ithyphallic,P/ Green ed., Juvenal: The Sixteen Satires (1982) p. 156 and including nudity when called forH.
Furthermore, Phylakes scholars have discovered vases depicting productions of Old Comedy (e.g. Aristophanes, a Greek play), leading many to ascertain that such Comedic plays were presented at one point to an Italian, if not "Latin-Speaking" audience as early as the 4th century. This is supported by the fact that Latin was an essential component to Roman Theatre. From 240 B.C.E to 100 B.C.E, Roman theatre had been introduced to a period of literary drama, within which classical and post-classical Greek plays had been adapted to Roman theatre.
Reports from Nineveh and Babylon, circa 2500-670 B.C.E., show lunar omens observed by the Mesopotamians. "When the moon disappears, evil will befall the land. When the moon disappears out of its reckoning, an eclipse will take place".
The Belevi Mausoleum was a grandiose tomb.Ridgway, Prayers in stone: Greek architectural sculpture ca. 600-100 B.C.E., p.76 The name of the mausoleum derives from the modern village of Belevi where the monument is locatedFacaros,Turkey, p.
His parents were Mr. and Mrs. John Fruin, who lived in Brooklyn, New York. In 1951, he received a B.C.E degree from Manhattan College. He attended Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, where he received his M.C.E, M.S., and PhD degrees.
During the reign of Emperor Yao, the Chinese heartland was frequently plagued by floods that prevented further economic and social development.Lu, Xing. Rhetoric in ancient China, fifth to third century, B.C.E.: a comparison with classical Greek rhetoric. [1998] (1998).
He was a member of the Sea Isle City Board of Education from 1969–1973 and of the Cape May County Planning Board from 1962-1971. John C. Gibson graduated with a B.C.E. in Civil Engineering from Villanova University.
41 ff. Illicit Bacchanals persisted covertly for many years, particularly in Southern Italy, their likely place of origin.See Sarolta A. Takács, Politics and Religion in the Bacchanalian Affair of 186 B.C.E., Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 100, (2000), p.301.
Chinese weather prediction lore extends at least as far back as 300 BCE,University of California Museum of Paleontology. "Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.) ". Retrieved January 12, 2008. which was also around the same time ancient Indian astronomers developed weather- prediction methods.
Dov Gera, Judaea and Mediterranean Politics: 219 to 161 B.C.E., p. 9 The river is mentioned by JosephusJosephus, The Jewish War 1:363 pg 75 Translated by G.A.Williamson 1959, printed 1981 and in 1 Maccabees 11:7 and 12:30.
The Eleusis Amphora is an ancient Greek neck amphora, now in the Archaeological Museum of Eleusis, that dates back to the Middle Protoattic (ca. 650-625 B.C.E.).Cook, J. M. “Protoattic Pottery.” The Annual of the British School at Athens, vol.
A terracotta Cypriot kourotrophos depicting a bird faced deity, circa 1450-1200 B.C.E. (alt= The term kourotrophos (plural kourotrophoi) or the verb kourotrophic is used to describe female figurines depicted with infants, which may depict either mortal women or divinities. These figures have been considered as symbols of fertility. Cyprus was notable for its production of plank figure Kourotrophos during the Early Cypriot III to the Middle Cypriot I periods (approximately 2000-1800 B.C.E.). Most kourotrophoi from this era stand 20 to 30 cm tall and were fashioned in a variety of materials, such as limestone and terracotta.
Some academics in the fields of theology, education, archaeology and history have adopted CE and BCE notation, although there is some disagreement.See, for example, the Society for Historical Archaeology states in its more recent style guide "Do not use C.E. (common era), B.P. (before present), or B.C.E.; convert these expressions to A.D. and B.C." (In section I 5 the Society explains how to use "years B.P." in connection with radiocarbon ages.) whereas the American Anthropological Association style guide takes a different approach calling for "C.E." and "B.C.E." Several style guides now prefer or mandate its use.
Tablet with Linear B writing, a development of the late palatial period. Beginning in the LM II period, approximately 1490 B.C.E., and ending with the start of the LM IIIB period 130 years later in 1360 B.C.E, the late palatial period was the final use of intact palace structures on Crete. The palaces at Phaistos, Galatas, Zakros, and Malia were largely destroyed and/or abandoned, while the palace at Knossos received its final additions. The late palatial period marked the emergence of the Linear B script, an early form of written Greek, used at Knossos to record economic and administrative information.
The neopalatial period occurred during the relative chronological divisions of MM III and LM IB, a roughly 260-year span between 1750 B.C.E. and 1490 B.C.E. The period is represented by the dramatic expansion and reconstruction of the palace at Knossos, associated with Evans' discoveries of paintings featuring bulls, which he interpreted as evidence for the existence of the Labyrinth of Greek myth. Additional palaces were built at Galatas and Zakros, while the palaces at Malia and Phaistos underwent periods of destruction, abandonment, and reconstruction. The Theran eruption occurred during the end of the neopalatial period, during the end of LM IA.
The painter of Nicosia Olpe was an ancient Greek vase painter. He was producing work around 575 B.C.E to 475 B.C.E, and these dates are concluded from the vases that are found and attributed to the specific painter. All of the pieces that were found and attributed to the painter of Nicosia Olpe are black figure, and this can also be determined by the dates. The majority of vases that the Painter of Nicosia painted were larger pieces, this is not something that he had control over; but he did have control over the scenes on the vases.
The agricultural features of this region of the southern coastal plain may be part of the explanation. Additionally, there is no certainty that the two sites flourished simultaneously. Literary sources suggest that Gath flourished in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages until its destruction by the Assyrians in the late eighth century B.C.E. The heyday of Ekron was the seventh century B.C.E., after the site was taken over by the Assyrians as an agricultural administrative center (Dothan and Gitin 1993).William M. Schniedewind, The Geopolitical History of Philistine Gath. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 309 (Feb.
The earliest definitive record of Hecate's worship dates to the 6th century B.C.E., in the form of a small terracotta statue of a seated goddess, identified as Hekate in its inscription. This and other early depictions of Hecate lack distinctive attributes that would later be associated with her, such as a triple form or torches, and can only be identified as Hecate thanks to their inscriptions. Otherwise, they are typically generic, or Artemis-like. Hecate's cult became established in Athens about 430 B.C.E. At this time, the sculptor Alcamenes made the earliest known triple-formed Hecate statue for use at her new temple.
Cumbemayo or Cumbe Mayo is an archaeological site located 20 kilometers southwest of the city of Cajamarca in Peru at 3,500 meters of elevation. Built around 1500 B.C.E, it comprises aqueducts, a grotto and petroglyphs; all within an area of rock formations.
Vita Philonidi, PHerc. 1044 Philonides was born into a family with good connections with the Seleucid court.Dov Gera, (1998), Judaea and Mediterranean Politics, 219 to 161 B.C.E., page 274. BRILL He is said to have been taught by Eudemus and Dionysodorus the mathematician.
Qasr al-Abd is a large Hellenistic palace from the first quarter of the second century B.C.E. , whose ruins stand in western Jordan in the valley of Wadi Seer, approximately 17 kilometres west of Amman, close to the village of Iraq al-Amir.
N. Avigad and B. Sass. Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1997, nos. 4 and 3 respectively; Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200–539 B.C.E. Lawrence J. Mykytiuk. SBL Academia Biblica 12. Atlanta, 2004, 153-59, 219.
The raptors in particular are exceptionally well-shaped. The Hüseyindede vases are examples of a type of elaborate pottery vase with animal figures and other decoration in relief; other pieces in this style have been found. Ivory Hittite Sphinx, 18th century B.C.E.
The first known textile of South America was discovered in Guitarrero Cave in Peru. It was woven out of vegetable fibers and dates back to 8,000 B.C.E. Surviving examples of Nålebinding, another early textile method, have been found in Israel, and date from 6500 BC.
See Sarolta A. Takács, Politics and Religion in the Bacchanalian Affair of 186 B.C.E., Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 100, (2000), p.301. Beard, M., Price, S., North, J., Religions of Rome: Volume 1, a History, illustrated, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 93 - 96.
150 B.C.E.).Dhammajoti (2009) p. 55. During the Kushan era, the "Great Commentary" (Mahāvibhāṣa) on Abhidharma was compiled, marking the beginning of Vaibhāṣika as a proper school of thought. This tradition was well supported by Kanishka, and later spread throughout North India and Central Asia.
In 2019, archaeologists reported that in two large tombs at Pylos, they found items, including a golden pendant depicting the head of the Egyptian goddess Hathor, which show that Pylos, had trading connections, previously unknown, with Egypt and the Near East around 1500 B.C.E.
Sinologists like Randall P. Peerenboom argue that Han Fei's Shu (technique) is arguably more of a "practical principle of political control" than any state of mind.Xing Lu 1998. Rhetoric in Ancient China, Fifth to Third Century, B.C.E.. p. 264\. Roger T. Ames 1983. p. 50\.
He was born in Athens,musesrealm.netmsu.edu website alive in the early part of the fifth century B.C.E., and taught music to Sophocles according to some.page.123 of Mary Ellen Snodgrass & James Lamar Roberts [1988] books.google.co.uk website Retrieved 2011-12-03. .Copyright © 1997–2010.
Tenses and Modes in Cuneiform Texts Written by Egyptian Scribes in the Late Bronze Age. Ugarit Furschungen 21, pp. 5–23. # (1989). Canaanite Influence in the Akkadian Texts Written by Egyptian Scribes in the 14th and 13th Centuries B.C.E. Ugarit Furschungen, 21, pp. 39–46.
Although many patients were treated in their home, the first houses of medicine were often placed near rivers, so the evil substances and spirits would be washed away. This tradition continues into the Greek and Roman periods, both societies placing their centers of healing near the ocean, a river or spring. Temples to gods and goddesses of healing were often used as healing centers, with spiritual and scientific remedies practiced there. Ancient Indian medicine, or the Vedic tradition, encouraged the balance of body, mind and spirit between 3000 B.C.E. to about 800 B.C.E. They had knowledge of surgery and even the beginnings of plastic surgery were founded here.
Map of the Sanctuary of Zeus at Nemea; the Heroon is at location 7 The heroon itself is a mound of earth, long and at its widest. The heroon was likely at the height of its use from the 6th century B.C.E. to the 4th century B.C.E. but little remains from its earliest stages. Later construction of a five- sided peribolos wall and a general flattening of the mound have also altered the structure. The immediate surroundings of the heroon include an unlined well, a three-part reservoir, evidence of a hippodrome, remains of an athletic track, and the starting line of the early stadium.
The size and shape of the amphora, as well as the fact that it is highly decorated, indicate that it was created as a tomb marker or monument. However, the remains of a 10-12 year old boy were found inside the amphora,Calkins, Renee M. Making Kleos Mortal: Archaic Attic Funerary Monuments and the Construction of Social Memory, University of California, Los Angeles, Ann Arbor, 2010, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. meaning that it was ultimately used as an urn. This type of urn burial was commonly used to bury the remains of children from the Iron Age (1100-900 B.C.E.) to the Archaic period (600-500 B.C.E.).
An insane Heracles is depicted killing his son while Megara stands horrified on the right side of the scene (National Archaeological Museum, Madrid, c. 350-320 B.C.E.) In Greek mythology, Megara (; Ancient Greek: Μεγάρα) was a Theban princess and the first wife of the hero Heracles.
Scattered evidence suggests that the oldest known astrological references are copies of texts made in the ancient world. The Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa is thought to be compiled in Babylon around 1700 BCE.Russell Hobson, THE EXACT TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM B.C.E., Published PhD Thesis.
In fact, much like in Europe, the Spondylus shells also reached far and wide, as pre-Hispanic Ecuadorian peoples traded them with peoples as far north as present-day Mexico and as far south as the central Andes.Shimada, Izumi. “Evolution of Andean Diversity: Regional Formations (500 B.C.E-C.E. 600).
NE and SW of the village is a large cemetery, with tombs carved into rock, some with arcosolia.Dauphin, 1998, p. 810 Potsherds from the IA II (8th and 7th centuries B.C.E.), have been found, and also from the Hellenistic/Roman, Crusader/Ayyubid, Mamluk and early Qttoman era.Finkelstein, 1997, p.
Carved from amber, this fibula dates to about 500 B.C.E. The artist is unknown, and there is some debate if the piece is Etruscan made or Etruscan influenced. Amber was a popular material in both Greek and Etruscan art, with the Etruscans using it frequently, often in funerary art.
Relief of Men Presenting Oxen, ca. 2500–2350 B.C.E. Limestone. In this relief, three men bring cattle to the tomb owner, "from the towns of the estate," as the inscription says. Two of these balding, rustic laborers wear kilts of coarse material and the other wears nothing at all.
Visakhapatnam's history stretches back to the 6th century B.C.E. and the city finds mention in ancient texts such as the 4th century B.C.E. writings of Pāṇini and Katyayana. Historically considered part of the Kalinga region, it was ruled by the Vengi kingdom and the Pallava and Eastern Ganga dynasties during medieval times. Archaeological records suggest that the present city was built around the 11th and 12th centuries C.E. by the Chola Dynasty king Kulothunga I. Control over the city fluctuated between the Chola Dynasty of Tamil Nadu and the Gajapati Kingdom of Odisha until its conquest by the Vijayanagara Empire in the 15th century. In the 16th century it was conquered by the Mughals.
Old- Babylonian plaque of a sitting woman breastfeeding her infant, from Southern Mesopotamia, Iraq Moche ceramic vessel showing a woman breastfeeding. Larco Museum Collection. Lima-Perú Princess Sobeknakht Suckling a Prince, ca. 1700-after 1630 B.C.E Brooklyn Museum In the Egyptian, Greek and Roman empires, women usually fed only their own children.
The village is located at an ancient site on the slopes of a hill.Dauphin, 1998, p. 822 Potsherds from the IA I-II (apparently the 10th and early 9th centuries B.C.E.), have been found, and from the IA II, Persian, Roman, Byzantine/Umayyad, Crusader/Ayyubid, Mamluk and early Ottoman era.Finkelstein, 1997, p.
Major roads in the creek's watershed include Interstate 80, Pennsylvania Route 93, and Pennsylvania Route 309. Additionally, wetlands occur in the drainage basin. The watershed of the creek was inhabited by 8000 B.C.E. However, European settlers did not arrive until the 18th century. The Sugarloaf Massacre occurred near the creek in 1780.
In the Roman Empire the Roman law Lex Julia de adulteriis coercendis implemented by Augustus Caesar in 18 B.C.E. permitted the killing of daughters and their lovers who committed adultery at the hands of their fathers and also permitted the killing of the adulterous wife's lover at the hand of her husband.
Naqada figure of a woman interpreted to represent the goddess Bat with her inward curving horns, c. 3500–3400 B.C.E. terracotta, painted, , Brooklyn Museum In addition, Egyptian objects are created which clearly mimic Mesopotamian forms, although not slavishly.Redford, Donald B. Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. (Princeton: University Press, 1992), p. 18.
Potsherds from the late Iron Age (8-7th century B.C.E.), Hellenistic, Byzantine, Crusader/Ayyubid, Mamluk and early Ottoman period have been found.Finkelstein, 1997, pp. 182-183 A person named Isaac de Naelein is mentioned in a Crusader text of the year 1167 in relation to nearby Casale St. Maria (Aboud).Röhricht, 1887, p.
For example, Cunningham and Starr (1998) write that "B.C.E./C.E. […] do not presuppose faith in Christ and hence are more appropriate for interfaith dialog than the conventional B.C./A.D." Upon its foundation, the Republic of China adopted the Minguo Era, but used the Western calendar for international purposes. The translated term was ().
Hershey grew up in Bowie, Maryland and attended Bowie High School. He went on to James Madison University for two years and then transferred to Catholic University of America. He earned his B.C.E. in Civil Engineering from the Catholic University in 1987. In 2002, he received his MBA from George Washington University.
The South-German Urnfield culture developed in the regions of Southern Germany in the Bronze Age. The culture existed as early as 1000 B.C.E. The culture made Late Bronze Age pottery, including storage pots with "bulging body, more or less everted rim, and constricted neck". It was a largely male-dominated warrior culture.
During the prehistoric era, the Great Hungarian Plain was a place of cultural and technological changes, as well as an important meeting point of cultures of Eastern and Western Europe. It is a region of great archaeological importance to major European cultural transitions. Agriculture began in the Great Hungarian Plain with the Early Neolithic Körös culture, located in present-day Serbia, 6.000-5.500 B.C.E. followed 5.500 B.C.E. by the Linear Pottery culture(LBK) which later became the dominant agricultural culture of Europe. The LBK was followed by the Lengyel culture in the Late Neolithic 5000-3400 BC. During the Early Bronze Age (2.800 - 1.800 BC), the growing demand for metal ores in Europe resulted in the new pan- European and intercontinental trade networks.
Note the blue color and the resemblance to the ocean Susa was an ancient city (5500 B.C.E) even by the time of the Achaemenids. Susa became a part of the Achaemenid Empire in 539 B.C.E., and was expanded upon by Darius the Great with construction of Palace of Darius, and later development of palace of Artaxerxes II. The palace had a unique Apadana, resembling the one in Persepolis, except this hall was much larger than its Persepolis counterpart covering some 9,200 square meters. Cyrus the Great chose Susa as a site for one of his fortifications creating a wall there that was significantly taller than older walls made by the Elamites. This choice might have been to facilitate the trade from Persian Gulf northward.
According to Kak, the Satapatha Brahmana itself contains astronomical references dated by academics such as P.C. Sengupta 'to c. 2100 B.C.E', and references the drying up of the Sarasvati river, believed to have occurred around 1900 B.C.E: Scholars have extensively rejected Kak's arguments; Witzel criticizes Kak for "faulty reasoning" and taking "a rather dubious datum and us[ing] it to reinterpret Vedic linguistic, textual, ritual history while neglect[ing] all the other contradictory data." According to Witzel, the Shatapatha Brahmana does not contain precise contemporary astronomical records, but rather only approximate naked-eye observations for ritual concerns which likely reflect oral remembrances of older time periods; furthermore, the same general observations are recorded in the Babylonian MUL.APIN tablets of c.
Funerary customs were developed during the Predynastic period from those of the Prehistoric Period. At first, people excavated round graves with one pot in the Badarian Period (4400-3800 B.C.E.), continuing the tradition of Omari and Maadi cultures. By the end of the Predynastic period, there were increasing numbers of objects deposited with the body in rectangular graves, and there is growing evidence of rituals practiced by Egyptians of the Naquada II Period (3650–3300 B.C.E). At this point, bodies were regularly arranged in a crouched or fetal position with the face toward either the east the rising sun or the west (which in this historical period was the land of the dead). Artists painted jars with funeral processions and perhaps ritual dancing.
Map of the Thracian Chersonese in Antiquity The Long Wall was actually a succession of walls on the base of the Thracian Chersonese, the first of which was built in the late 6th century b.c.e. by the Athenian magnate Miltiades the Elder. Miltiades became the ruler of the Greek city-states of the Thracian Chersonese in 555 b.c.e. Threatened by the warlike Apsinthians, the historian Herodotus (The Histories, VI.36.2) reports that "his first act was to wall off the isthmus of the Chersonese from the city of Cardia across to Pactya, so that the Apsinthians would not be able to harm them by invading their land". Herodotus recorded the length of the isthmus as 36 stadia, or approximately 7.2 km.
According to Magen (2007)Yitzakh Magen, 'The Dating of the First Phase of the Samaritan Temple on Mt Gerizim in Light of Archaeological Evidence,' in Oded Lipschitz, Gary N. Knoppers, Rainer Albertz (eds.) Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century B.C.E., Eisenbrauns, 2007 pp. 157–212, 191 n.41 he appears to have been the scion of a veteran Samaritan family of the Israelite remnant originating in Horon, perhaps to be identified with the village of Huwara at the foot of Mount Gerizim.Yitzakh Magen, 'The Dating of the First Phase of the Samaritan Temple on Mt Gerizim in Light of Archaeological Evidence,' in Oded Lipschitz, Gary N. Knoppers, Rainer Albertz (eds.) Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century B.C.E., Eisenbrauns, 2007, pp.
At the time of his death in 1957, his collection numbered 500 rugs and 3,500 textiles. Since then, the museum has broadened its holdings to better represent the full spectrum of non-Western textile arts. Today the museum's collections number more than 19,000 objects and span 5,000 years, dating from 3,000 B.C.E. to the present.
In this case, the most recent glaciation (i.e. the last ice age), the Wisconsinian continental glacier, deposited a till plain composed of ground and recessional moraines. This glaciation reached its maximum extent roughly 22,000 years ago (20,000 B.C.E.). Glaciofluvial deposits (or "outwash") are rock and soil materials that melting glaciers deposit as the glacier recedes.
Aristobulus of Alexandria () also called Aristobulus the Peripatetic (fl. 181–124 B.C.E.) and once believed to be Aristobulus of Paneas, was a Hellenistic Jewish philosopher of the Peripatetic school, though he also used Platonic and Pythagorean concepts. Like his successor, Philo, he attempted to fuse ideas in the Hebrew Scriptures with those in Greek thought.
Lee I. Levine, Jerusalem: Portrait of the City in the Second Temple Period (538 B.C.E.–70 C.E.) p.42 The practical result was that after c.500 BCE Yehud became in practice a theocracy, ruled by a line of hereditary High Priests.Stephen M. Wylen, The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction, p.
Historians write that flocking can be traced back to circa 1000 B.C.E., when the Chinese used resin glue to bond natural fibers to fabrics. Fiber dust was strewn onto adhesive coated surfaces to produce flocked wall coverings in Germany during the Middle Ages. In France, flocked wall coverings became popular during the reign of Louis XIV of France.
Ancient Egyptian medicine was quite advanced for c. 2500 B.C.E. They had a solid understanding of anatomy because human dissection did not have the taboo much later Christian societies experienced. There are a few medical texts that have been preserved to the present that help us understand the medical practices of ancient Egypt. The Edwin-Smith papyrus, written c.
17th century B.C.E. and probably based on much older knowledge, is a text on trauma surgery. It is suspected to be written based on military battles and battle wounds. Most medical practitioners were literate and often priests. Once again, there is a connection between gods and medicine – the earliest recorded physician was Imhotep, who lived c.
Sea turtles are caught worldwide, although it is illegal to hunt most species in many countries. A great deal of intentional sea turtle harvests worldwide are for food. Many parts of the world have long considered sea turtles to be fine dining. Ancient Chinese texts dating to the 5th century B.C.E. describe sea turtles as exotic delicacies.
Ramose's incarnations would inherit an aching jaw from when Taharaq punched Ramose. Pakistan, 538 B.C.E. The male protagonist on the wheel of rebirth meets Siddartha, later Buddha. This is the reason for his later interest in Buddhism. He also drinks too much wine and becomes drunk, which is the cause of the drinking problem in later incarnations.
Therefore, it is likely the heroon predates the hero that it commemorates. In the mid third century B.C.E. when the games were relocated to Argos the shrine fell out of use.Bravo, Jorge J. “Erotic Curse Tablets from the Heroön of Opheltes at Nemea.” Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, vol.
Broad Collar, c. 1336–1327 B.C.E. Brooklyn Museum The Usekh or Wesekh is a personal ornament, a type of broad collar or necklace, familiar to many because of its presence in images of the ancient Egyptian elite. Deities, women, and men were depicted wearing this jewellery. One example can be seen on the famous gold mask of Tutankhamun.
Its magnificent 80-foot tower (Gopuram) is a potent symbol of Hindu spirit. A large hall in the lower level of the temple has facilities to stage cultural events. A smaller temple north of the Rama temple is the Ganesha-Shiva-Durga temple. This temple is built in the architecture style of the Kalinga dynasty (1st century B.C.E.).
During the Iron Age La Tène Culture (up to 100 B.C.E.) Celts inhabited the area, leaving behind gold coins, swords, earthenware and iron brooches. The name "Traun" comes from this time and it is possible the "Wels" is similarly of Celtic origin. The name "Wels" could be Celtic for "Settlement on the bend of the Traun River".
It likely contained about 20 dwelling pits and 10 granaries and would have housed from 100 to 140 people. Stratum IX was abandoned then reused, new structures being added to the old. In Stratum VIII, which dates to the 11th century B.C.E., archaeologists found houses for the first time. Like Stratum IX, Stratum VIII was abandoned rather than destroyed.
Veiled dancer, Tanagra terra cotta figure, 7 inches high, c. 150-100 B.C.E, Louvre. In December 1870, at a site called Tanagra in Greece, archaeologists unearthed a group of Hellenistic terra cotta figurines bearing traces of original polychrome. The discovery caused a sensation, because it provided firm evidence supporting the theory that ancient sculpture was painted.
She completed her PhD in 1989. Her dissertation, mentored by Sumerologist and Assyriologist, Prof. Raphael Kutcher and Egyptologist, Prof. Mordechai Gilula, was titled: The Akkadian Dialect of Egyptian Scribes in the 14th and the 13th centuries B.C.E. Cochavi- Rainey has been a member of the Hebrew language department in Beit Berl Academic College, Israel since 1986.
Commercial application of Surround WP kaolin spray on pear trees for control of pear psylla, Wenatchee, Washington, USA. Another popular application of this material is on apples for the prevention of sunburn. Kaolin spray is a pest control that has kaolin as the main ingredient. The practice has been in recorded use from 2000 B.C.E. in China.
It is unknown how long the wall of Miltiades stood, but apparently it was left derelict soon after, for in the fifth century b.c.e. it had to be rebuilt by Pericles (Plutarch, Pericles, 19.1), and was again restored in the early fourth century by the Spartan commander Dercylidas (Xenophon, Hellenica, III.2.8–10; Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca, XIV.
Pendray "borrowed" the original idea from Jacobs. Originally Westinghouse's project was named "time bomb". The date of 8113 C.E. was calculated by Jacobs from the first fixed date in history, 4241 B.C.E. This is the time that most historians believe was when the Egyptian calendar was established. The Crypt's projected intended opening is in exactly 6177 years.
The Piraeus: from the fifth to the first century B.C. London, Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd., 1987. pp. 104 It has been theorized that this cache was a shipment that may have been overtaken when the Roman general, Sulla, sacked Piraeus in 86 B.C.E. However, since the various statues date from a time span of approximately five centuries, it could not have been shipped on private commission. It is possible that these bronze cult statues all come from one sanctuary that had been dedicated over the centuries before the collection was removed in the first century B.C.E. The cache could have been transported to Piraeus from almost anywhere, though as there are two representations of Artemis and one of Apollo, it's thought that the cache may be from Delos, the divine twins' birthplace.
This period, when Canaan formed part of the Egyptian empire, corresponds in biblical accounts to Joshua's invasion,K. L. Noll, Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: An Introduction, Continuum Publishing, 2002 p. 78. but almost all scholars agree that the Book of Joshua holds little historical value for early Israel.Ann Killebrew, Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, and Early Israel, 1300–1100 B.C.E,, Society of Biblical Literature, 2005, p. 152 In the Bible, Jerusalem is defined as lying within territory allocated to the tribe of Benjamin though occupied by Jebusites. David is said to have conquered these in the Siege of Jebus, and transferred his capital from Hebron to Jerusalem which then became the capital of a united Kingdom of Israel,Nadav Naʼaman Canaan in the 2nd Millennium B.C.E., p. 183.
The Sherpa are able to make much more money acting as travel guides due to their local knowledge, and climbing ability. Genetic evidence suggests that the Tibetan peoples diverged from the larger Han Chinese population any time around 1,000 B.C.E. to 7,000 B.C.E. Given the significant mutations to the EPAS1 gene that contribute to the Tibetan resistance to altitude sickness, this suggests that the extreme evolutionary pressure on the Tibetan peoples has produced one of the fastest natural selection effects seen in a human population. The adaptations of Tibetans to their hypoxic ventilatory response interact with other adaptations to promote successful reproduction. For example, Tibetans have evolved a greater oxygen saturation during infancy, leading to a lower rate of child mortality than experienced by non-adapted populations at altitude.
Two > major divisions are distinguished, the Hsien-pei to the north and the Wu- > huan to the south. By the end of the first century B.C. these more specific > names had supplanted the older generic term.Pulleyblank (1983), p. 452 Pulleyblank also writes that although > there is now archaeological evidence of the spread of pastoral nomadism > based on horse riding from Central Asia into Mongolia and farther east in > the first half of the first millennium B.C.E., as far as we have evidence it > did not impinge on Chinese consciousness until the northward push of the > state of Zhao 趙 to the edge of the steppe in present Shanxi province shortly > before the end of the fifth century B.C.E. brought them into contact with a > new type of horse-riding “barbarian” that they called Hu 胡.
They have been uncertainly identified with the Qaraqisha, allies of the Hittites in their wars with Ramses ii. If that identification is correct the Girgashites would have been part of the southward migrations from Anatolia of peoples displaced by the fall of the Hittite empire ca. 1200 b.c.e. A personal name grgš appears in Ugaritic, but its connection with this people is unknown.
Cummings, p. 1. Akkadian tablets from the late Bronze Age (circa. 1750 B.C.E.) attest to ice houses on the Euphrates River built for storing ice collected in winter from the snowy mountains for use in summer drinks. The Russians collected ice along the Neva River during the winter months for consumption in Saint Petersburg for many years.Cummings, pp. 56–57.
The sacrum bone of Tequixquiac. The Sacrum bone of Tequixquiac is an ancient paleo-Indian sculpture carved in a pleistocene-era bone of a prehistoric camel. It was discovered by Mexican geologist and botanist Mariano de la Bárcena in 1870 in Tequixquiac, Mexico. The carving, dated around 14,000 to 7,000 B.C.E., is considered among the earliest pieces of art from the American continent.
The temporal limits of the Middle Woodland period vary in different parts of the state. In the central Illinois River valley, the period is divided into separate phases spanning 450-600 years from around 250 B.C.E through 400 C.E.Cantwell, Anne- Marie. (1980). "Dickinson Camp and Pond: Two Early Havana Tradition Siters in the Central Illinois Valley". Reports of Investigations 36.
West Africans from the region of modern-day Liberia and Sierra Leone have used iron as a trading good and standard of value for a long time. Iron working had developed in the region by ca. 600 B.C.E. and was of extremely high-quality. Even in the Early modern period, West African iron and steel easily exceeded the quality of European steel.
The Torah: A Modern Commentary: Revised Edition. Revised edition edited by David E.S. Stern, page 347. New York: Union for Reform Judaism, 2006. Plaut wrote that the Habiru were a class of people who lived in the Fertile Crescent during the 19th to 14th centuries B.C.E. who may originally have come from Arabia, became prominent in Mesopotamia, and later spread to Egypt.
Rendsburg cited this as further support for his conclusion that royal scribes living in Jerusalem during the reigns of David and Solomon in the tenth century BCE were responsible for Genesis.Gary A. Rendsburg, “Reading David in Genesis: How we know the Torah was written in the tenth century B.C.E.” Bible Review, volume 17, number 1 (February 2001): pages 20, 23, 26.
Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Antiquity Through Sui, 1600 B.C.E.-618 C.E., p. 251. M.E. Sharpe, 2007. Upon her marriage, she was the Lady Zhao; after the king's death, she was the Queen Dowager (). The daughter of a prominent family of Zhao, she was a concubine of the merchant Lü Buwei, who gave her to his protegé, Prince Yiren of Qin.
Oral tradition says that the town of Iwoye-Ketu can trace its origins to the ancient city of Ile Ife, the origin of Yoruba people and the cradle of Yoruba culture. The traditional rulers of the city were the sons of the Yoruba deity, Oduduwa as he was the first ruler of Ile Ife.Ile Ife, Nigeria (ca. 500 B.C.E. -) , Blackpast.
Taiji also appears in the Xìcí "Appended Judgments" commentary to the I Ching, a late section traditionally attributed to Confucius but more likely dating to about the 3rd century B.C.E. > Therefore there is in the Changes the Great Primal Beginning. This generates > the two primary forces. The two primary forces generate the four images. The > four images generate the eight trigrams.
The Kot Diji Fort (; ;Fort of the Daughter), formally known as Fort Ahmadabad, is an 18th-century Talpur-era fort located in the town of Kot Diji in Khairpur District, Pakistan, about 25 miles east of the Indus River at the edge of the Thar Desert. The fort sits above a pre-Harappan Civilization archaeological site dating to 2500 to 2800 B.C.E.
The Phoenicians in Spain: an archaeological review of the eighth-sixth centuries B.C.E. : a collection of articles translated from Spanish. Eisenbrauns, p. 124. In Spanish, "guardar" means "safekeeping" and "mar" means "sea", and this is another possible basis for its current name. Guardamar is the southernmost Catalan-speaking town and in 1991 41.8% of the town's residents could speak it.
Asriel (Hebrew origin: Helped by God), in the Bible is the son of Manasseh by his concubine, and founder of the clan of Asrielites. David Mandel Who's Who in the Jewish Bible 2010 - Page 46 0827610297 ...Asriel. (Hebrew origin: Helped by God) (Numbers 26:31) 17th century b.c.e. Asriel Machir were the two sons of Manasseh and his Aramean concubine.
41 ff.. See also Sarolta A. Takács, Politics and Religion in the Bacchanalian Affair of 186 B.C.E., Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 100, (2000), p.301. ; and Beard, M., Price, S., North, J., Religions of Rome: Volume 1, a History, illustrated, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 93–96. Postumius was also an augur, which gave him a degree of religious authority.
After analysis of the plant pollens in the supposed homeland of the Magyars, which were preserved in the soil, it became clear to scientists that the taiga and deciduous forests were only in contact during the second millennium B.C.E., which is much too late to affect Finno-Ugrian history. So the territory sought by the linguists as the location of the putative ‘ancient homeland’ never existed. At 5,000-6,000 B.C.E., the period at which the Uralic era has been dated, the taiga was still thousands of kilometres away from the Ural mountains and the mixed deciduous forest had only just begun its northward advance.” There have been attempts to show that Hungarian is related to other languages, such as Hebrew, Hunnic, Sumerian, Egyptian, Etruscan, Basque, Persian, Pelasgian, Greek, Chinese, Sanskrit, English, Tibetan, Magar, Quechua, Armenian, Japanese, and at least 40 other languages.
The spans are, in the main, limited and suggest very simple beam and post structures spanning stone walls. For the longer spans, it is uncertain if the Greeks or Romans invented the truss but the Romans certainly used timber roof trusses. Before 650 B.C.E. the now famous ancient Greek temples were built of wood, but after this date began to be built of stone.Hunt, Norman.
The first period was around 4,000 B.C.E., and is thought to have been a seasonal camp. In this layer, researchers found stone tools, including spear/arrow points. The second period of occupation was around 1,000 BCE, and appears to have been a more permanent camp. The stone tools found in this layer are from a more varied array of stone than the basalt of the older layer.
Born on 30 September 1892 at Canterbury, Melbourne the son of Herbert Selwyn Steele and Alice Lydia née Sinclair, Clive was educated at Scotch College (prefect and captain of boats, 1910), and the University of Melbourne (B.C.E. 1919). He joined the Militia in 1912.Darryl Bennet, 'Steele, Sir Clive Selwyn (1892–1955)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 16, Melbourne University Press, 2002, pp 296–297.
A city called Rušalim in the execration texts of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (c. 19th century BCE) is widely, but not universally, identified as Jerusalem. Nadav Na'aman, Canaan in the 2nd Millennium B.C.E., Eisenbrauns, 2005 pp. 177ff. offers a dissenting opinion, arguing for the transcription Rôsh-ramen, etymologized to r'š (head) and rmm (be exalted), to mean 'the exalted Head', and not referring to Jerusalem.
The Hellenistic Period was the period in Ancient Greek civilization from 323 - ca. 30 B.C.E.. It is marked by the death of Alexander the Great and ends with the rise of the Roman Empire. The period follows the conquests of Alexander the Great spreading Greek territory far into Egypt, Asia Minor, and the Middle East. The Hellenistic Period saw Greek territorial expansion at its greatest.
Centuria (Latin plural centuriae) is a Latin term (from the stem centum meaning one hundred) denoting military units consisting of (originally) 100 men. The size of the century changed over time and from the first century B.C.E. throughout most of the empire the standard size of a centuria was 80 men. A centuria is also a Roman unit of land area corresponding to 100 heredia.
Wilbour Hall at Brown University The Wilbour Plaque, ca. 1352-1336 B.C.E. The Wilbour Plaque is named for the early American Egyptologist Charles Edwin Wilbour (1833–1896), who acquired it in Egypt in 1881. The small slab is not part of a larger scene but complete as it was made. It was intended as a sculptor's model, to be studied and imitated by students and beginning artists.
Roman sarcophagus, 3rd century, discovered at Turmus Ayya, now at Rockefeller Museum, JerusalemSavignac, 1913, pp. 106–111Michon, 1913, pp. 111–118 Potsherds from the late Iron Age (8 -7th century B.C.E.) period and later have been found, and it is estimated that the village has existed continuously since then.Finkelstein, 1997, pp. 651-652 Turmus Ayya is generally accepted as being the Turbasaim in Crusader sources.
In archaic Greece, the usual practice was to give a bride price (hédnon (ἕδνον)). Dowries (pherné (φερνή)) were exchanged by the later classical period (5th century B.C.E.). A husband had certain property rights in his wife's dowry. In addition, the wife might bring to the marriage property of her own, which was not included in the dowry and which was, as a result, hers alone.
For Livy's account, see Livy, The History of Rome, Vol 5, Book 39, IX. Modern scholarly sources offer various estimates on the number executed. Despite the ban, illicit Bacchanals persisted covertly for many years, particularly in Southern Italy, their likely place of origin.See Sarolta A. Takács, Politics and Religion in the Bacchanalian Affair of 186 B.C.E., Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 100, (2000), op.301.
The history of the town starts in the 13th century b.c.e. with the founding attributed to Phoenician sailors.Lamta Archaeological Museum, Republic of Tunisia's Ministry of Culture, accessed December 2012 Leptiminus, as it was called, became an ancient port city in Tunisia that flourished under Roman rule in the time of the empire. Hannibal, following the second Punic War, disembarked here on his return from Italy.
The bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) is a domesticated species that originated in Africa and was dispersed throughout Asia by 9000 B.C.E. and reached the Americas by 8000 B.C.E. Morphologically and genetically, the Asian and African bottle gourds are sufficiently different that they can be designated as two separate subspecies. Morphologically the American gourd resembles the African gourds more than the Asian gourds, which was previously used as support for the theory that the American variety is derived from a wild African gourd that floated across the ocean. However, in 2005 researchers with the Smithsonian Institution were able to use a combination of archeological and genomic data to show that the bottle gourds in the Americas are actually more similar to Asian gourds, which suggests that the American gourds may be derived from Asian gourds that were carried across the Bering land bridge by Paleo-Indians.
Roman mosaic depicting actors and an aulos player (House of the Tragic Poet, Pompeii). The architectural form of theatre in Rome has been linked to later, more well-known examples from the 1st century B.C.E. to the 3rd Century C.E. The Theatre of ancient Rome referred to as a period of time in which theatrical practice and performance took place in Rome has been linked back even further to the 4th century B.C.E., following the state’s transition from monarchy to republic. Theatre during this era is generally separated into genres of tragedy and comedy, which are represented by a particular style of architecture and stage play, and conveyed to an audience purely as a form of entertainment and control. When it came to the audience, Romans favored entertainment and performance over tragedy and drama, displaying a more modern form of theatre that is still used in contemporary times.
In the year 41 B.C.E Cleopatra is fleeing an attack by the Roman Army. She goes to her tomb beneath the Sphinx to bury the treasure which is guarded by army of the undead. In the present day, Velma is restoring the Sphinx and comes across an ancient necklace. She then goes to show Prince Omar, who is leading the restoration, and they accidentally discover the tomb of Cleopatra.
94, Macmillan Publishing: New York; and Amihai Mazar (1992) The Archaeology of the Land of the Bible: 10,000 – 586 B.C.E, p. 404, New York: Doubleday, see pp. 406-410 for discussion of archaeological significance of Shomron (Samaria) under Omride Dynasty. At around 850 BCE, the Mesha Stele, written in Old Hebrew alphabet, records a victory of King Mesha of Moab against king Omri of Israel and his son Ahab.
The axiomatic foundation of Euclidean geometry can be dated back to the books known as Euclid's Elements (circa 300 B.C.E.). These five initial axioms (called postulates by the ancient Greeks) are not sufficient to establish Euclidean geometry. Many mathematicians have produced complete sets of axioms which do establish Euclidean geometry. One of the most notable of these is due to Hilbert who created a system in the same style as Euclid.
The tablets date from between 350 and 50 B.C.E., revealing that the Babylonians understood and used geometry even earlier than previously thought. The Babylonians used a method for estimating the area under a curve by drawing a trapezoid underneath, a technique previously believed to have originated in 14th century Europe. This method of estimation allowed them to, for example, find the distance Jupiter had traveled in a certain amount of time.
Future incarnations inherit May's singing, struggle with ranking in social groups, and that she is religious, and Kye's incarnations inherit aching head injuries. The incarnations also happen to be different in ethnicity like May and Kye. ;Egypt, 1280 B.C.E. The second setting is in ancient Egypt, in the setting of a wealthy nobleman. The female protagonist's name is Tetisheri, and she is the household singer and dancer, the performer.
2, Apr. 2015, pp. 277–353. JSTOR, doi:10.2972/hesperia.84.2.0277. The first Nemean Games were held in 573 B.C.E. and the heroon was constructed around the same time, however sources for the myth of Opheltes are traceable only to the early 5th century B.C.E.Bravo, Jorge J. “The Hero Shrine of Opheltes/Archemoros at Nemea: A Case Study of Ancient Greek Hero Cult.” University of California, Berkeley, 2006, pp. 1–668.
The Book of the Dead of Neferrenpet, ca. 1295-1185 B.C.E.,.35.1448 Brooklyn MuseumIt was also the practice of wealthy Egyptians to purchase Book of the Dead papyri, according to the commercial Deir el-Medina texts, and they probably looked very similar to the Nineteenth Dynasty fragmentary example of Neferronpet. A painted papyrus became more widely available to a priest and a scribe like Neferrenpet during the Nineteenth Dynasty.
The university of Wisconsin Press In the 30s and 20s B.C.E Rome was experiencing unparalleled growth in public building projects sponsored by many different leading men in the Roman State. In Rome, the sponsorship of these public buildings provided special prestige to each of the individual builders and their families.Phillips, Darryl (2015). Reading the Civic landscape of Augustan Rome: Aeneid 1.421-429 and the Building Program of Augustus.
The Wilbour Plaque, ca. 1352–1336 B.C.E., 16.48, Brooklyn Museum; On the left is the head of a king, most probably a representation of Akhenaten, who wears the baglike khat headdress with a royal uraeus. Opposite him is the head of a queen wearing the ovoid cap crown often worn by Nefertiti, also with a uraeus. The khat was a head cloth worn by the nobility of Ancient Egypt.
Cantona I (600 B.C.E. - 50 C.E.) Fueled by mining local obsidian, Cantona entered a phase of rapid urban development with the city reaching a size of approximately 822 acres. The city began developing defensive systems and more complex internal traffic circulation, and raised platforms constructed of pieces of volcanic rock supporting thatched houses. Silos were built to store grain; these silos were strategically located to ensure control by the city elite.
He was an important nomarch and his name finds mention in Thutmose III's chapel. Intef II who was also called a Pharaoh was his brother who ruled for 50 years from 2112 to 2063 B.C.E. This dynasty developed a particular type of burial tombs which were called the saff-tomb or portico-tombPetrie (1909) Qurneh. British School of Archaeology in Egypt and Egyptian Research Account Fifteenth Year. London: University College.
Hobsbawm, E. J. (Eric J.), and T. O. (Terence O.) Ranger. The Invention of Tradition: the hunt for the Welsh past in the Romantic tradition, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983, p. 87. Accessed March 8, 2011, via Google Books.Eryri Wen In the Panchatantra, which dates back to oral traditions prior to 300 B.C.E., the villain is a snake, and the role of the dog is filled by a mongoose.
On the Soul (Greek: , Peri Psychēs; Latin: De Anima) is a major treatise written by Aristotle c. 350 BC.On the Soul, by Aristotle written c.350 B.C.E, translation: J. A. Smith, The Internet Classics Archive, MIT, Retrieved 2 February 2016 It is not about spirituality but rather a work in what might best be described as biopsychology, a description of the subject of psychology within a biological framework.Kantor, J. R. (1963).
Symposiums are often featured on Attic pottery and Richard Neer has argued that the chief function of Attic pottery was for use in the symposium.Neer, R.T. (2002) Style and politics in Athenian vase-painting: The craft of democracy, ca. 530–460 B.C.E.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 9. An amphora was used as a jug to hold the wine and usually one single cup was passed amongst the men.
Gottwald's most influential work is The Tribes of Yahweh: A Sociology of the Religion of Liberated Israel, 1250-1050 B.C.E. (1979). In it, he employed a sociological approach to the study of early Israelite religion and politics. He proposed Israelites emerged as local Canaanite peasants sought to overthrow the corrupt regimes they lived in. Their action was fueled by a liberating faith in the deity Yahweh. p.53–54.
Sacred Books of the East, Vols. 12, 26, 24, 37, 47, translated by Julius Eggeling [published between 1882 and 1900] B. N. Narahari Achar also notes several other estimations, such as that of S.B. Dixit, D. Pingree, and N. Achar, in relation to a statement in the text that the Krittikas (the open star cluster Pleiades) never deviate from the east; Dixit's interpretation of this statement to mean that the Krittikas rise exactly in the east, and calculated that the Krittikas were on the celestial equator at about 3000 BCE, is a subject of debate between the named scholars; Pingree rejects Dixit’s arguments. S.C. Kak states that a 'conservative chronology places the final form of the Satapatha Brahmana to 1000-800 B.C.E... [although on] the other hand, it is accepted that the events described in the Vedas and the Brahmanas deal with astronomical events of the 4th millennium [i.e. 3,000] B.C.E. and earlier'.
Between 550 and 323 B.C.E respectable women in classical Greek society were expected to seclude themselves and wear clothing that concealed them from the eyes of strange men.Ahmed 1992, p. 26-28. The Mycenaean Greek term , a-pu-ko- wo-ko, possibly meaning "headband makers" or "craftsmen of horse veil", and written in Linear B syllabic script, is also attested since ca. 1300 BC.Found on the PY Ab 210 and PY Ad 671 tablets.
The county (xian) was established as the basic unit of local government around the year 690 B.C.E., during the Warring States period marked by competition between small-scale states. The Qin empire unified much of China in 221 BCE. and established the jun-xian (prefecture/ county) system, which divided the realm into jun (prefectures or commanderies) and xian (counties). Local administrators appointed by the central government replaced the leaders of feudal cities.
Reconstruction drawing of the Palace of Darius at Susa Glazed siliceous bricks depicting palms disposed as flowers, (ca. 510 B.C.E.) from the palace of Darius the Great, Susa. Note the lively coloration preserved thanks to the structure, being protected from the elements by being buried. Item is currently on display in the Louvre, France Another decorative terra- cotta frieze from palace of Darius the Great at Susa, depicting what seems to be spirals.
After the destruction of the first Temple in 586 B.C.E, thousands of Jews were forced into exile and began to immigrate to different parts of the world. Some Jews found their new home in Iran and began a flourishing Jewish community there. The Iranian Jewish community solidified the Jewish presence in the Middle East. In the year 642 C.E, Islamic rule was established in Iran and religious minorities, including Jews, became second class citizens.
The eulogy implies that Sarah was a member of the Banu Qurayza, commenting on their defeat by Muslims around 627. Little more is known about Sarah, but she 'reputedly participated in a guerrilla action against Muhammad before a Muslim agent killed her.'Emily Taitz, Sondra Henry, and Cheryl Tallan, 'Sarah of Yemen', in The JPS Guide to Jewish Women: 600 B.C.E. to 1900 C.E. (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 2003), p. 58.
In ancient Egypt, customs developed during the Predynastic period. Round graves with one pot were used in the Badarian Period (4400-3800 B.C.E.), continuing the tradition of Omari and Maadi cultures. Prehistoric cemeteries are referred to by the more neutral term grave field. They are one of the chief sources of information on prehistoric cultures, and numerous archaeological cultures are defined by their burial customs, such as the Urnfield culture of the European Bronze Age.
During the Yayoi Era (400 B.C.E. – 300 C.E.), a great number of technological innovations occurred. Unlike the earlier nomadic Jōmon people, the Yayoi emphasized having large community settlements and the cultivation of rice. Along with these, they learned how to cast bronze and iron in order to create various metal objects such as weapons, mirrors, and several tools. Among the bronze objects, dotaku, one of the most distinctive objects of the era, were created.
W. Gunther Plaut. The Torah: A Modern Commentary: Revised Edition. Revised edition edited by David E.S. Stern, page 347. New York: Union for Reform Judaism, 2006. Plaut wrote that the Habiru were a class of people who lived in the Fertile Crescent during the 19th to 14th centuries B.C.E. who may originally have come from Arabia, became prominent in Mesopotamia, and later spread to Egypt. The Habiru followed distinct occupations, particularly mercenaries and administrators.
At least two statute bases were votive offerings by Eurydice, paternal grandmother of Alexander the Great; it has been suggested that these offerings were made to commemorate Philip II's victory at Chaeronea in 338 B.C.E. It is possible that there was a statute of Eucliea in the sanctuary. In the area surround the sanctuary, at least three burials of significant people, who were crowned with golden oak leaf wreathes, have been discovered.
187–196, Developing perspectives upon the areal extent of Israel: A reply, S. M. Berkowicz Rowley then responded that the coin might have been chosen because of its map-like shape. Arafat's claims in Geneva generated widespread global media coverage. The Bank of Israel maintains that the 10 agorot design was selected for its historical value, and is a "replica of a coin issued by Mattathias Antigonus (40 – 37 B.C.E.) with the seven- branched candelabrum".
The museum started in 1992 and its principal role is to explain the history of the area which starts in the 13th century b.c.e. with the start attributed to Phoenician sailors. The Punic funeral remains inside the museum illustrate the changes in culture and the methods of manufacture. The settlement chose wisely during the Roman period aligning itself militarily with Rome and when that was split it chose to back the winner, Julius Caesar.
During the first 3 centuries B.C.E., the scroll gradually began to be replaced by the codex. Rather than storing text on one long, continuous piece of papyrus, the codex was constructed of individual pieces of parchment, bound together on one side. Now that each page was separated physically from all the rest, margins became less necessary in distinguishing the beginning and end of the text-block. However, they took on a new role.
Correspondence between the ruler of Kadesh and the pharaoh Akhenaten is preserved amongst the Amarna letters. Kadesh is known as Qidshu in these Akkadian language letters. The names of three kings of Kadesh survive from contemporary sources: Suttarna (or Sutatarra; fl. c. 1350 BC);Wayne Thomas Pitard, Ancient Damascus: A Historical Study of the Syrian City-State from Earliest Times Until Its Fall to the Assyrians in 732 B.C.E. Eisenbrauns, 1987. p. 67.
Confucianism was founded in ancient China by Confucius (551 B.C.E. - 479). Confucianism is a complex of moral, social, political, philosophical, and religious concerns that permeated the culture and history of East Asia. Confucianism emphasizes family, social hierarchy, and personal integrity and is manifested in practices and attitudes rather than institutions and is centered on the family and local society. It was, however, considered the state religion of East Asian countries in some periods.
The Visoko area was inhabited by the Illyirian tribe of Daesitiates. They descended from Bronze Age and Iron Age culture called Central Bosnian culture group which was closely related to Glasinac culture. Best known archaeological evidence is grave of group of warriors dated to 4 B.C.E. found in Gornji Skladovi, Vratnica.O grobnici Vratnica, Gornji Skladovi, Visoko v. Mesihović, 2007 A, 788-791„Dezidijati“: Identitetski konstrukt između antičkih i suvremenih percepcija, Danijel Džino, str.
Late Mycenaean Kourotrophe phi-figurine (circa 1360 B.C.E.) (alt= Kourotrophos (, "child nurturer") is the name that was given in ancient Greece to gods and goddesses whose properties included their ability to protect young people. Numerous gods are referred to by the epithet, including, but not limited to, Athena, Apollo, Hermes, Hecate, Aphrodite, Artemis, and Eileithyia. They were usually depicted holding an infant in their arms.Lampsas Giannis, Dictionary of the Ancient World (Lexiko tou Archaiou Kosmou), Vol.
Greek chiton (left) and chiton worn under himation Fabric in Ancient Greece was woven on a warp-weighted loom. The first extant image of weaving in western art is from a terracotta lekythos in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY. The vase, c. 550-530 B.C.E., depicts two women weaving at an upright loom. The warp threads, which run vertically to a bar at the top, are tied together with weights at the bottom, which hold them taut.
After 750 B.C.E., most of the remains of these martyrs were moved to the churches in the city above. This was mainly undertaken by Pope Paul I, who decided to move the relics because of the neglected state of the catacombs. The construction of catacombs started late in the first century and during this time they were used only for burial purposes and for funerary rites. The process of underground burial was abandoned, however, in the fifth century.
The Statue of Puzur-Ishtar, Former Governor of Mari The statue of Puzur-Ishtar once stood in one of the sanctuaries of the Palace of Zimri-Lim, but was discovered in the museum of Nebuchadrezzar’s palace at Babylon (604-562 B.C.E). The inscription on the hem of the statue’s skirt mentions Puzur-Ishtar, sakkanakku of Mari, and also mentions his brother the priest Milaga.Gates, Henriette-Marie. "The Palace of Zimri-Lim at Mari." The Biblical Archaeologist 47 (June.
The Statue of Ishtup-Ilum is made of basalt and was found in room 65 of the palace. The inscription on his shoulder identifies this man as a governor (sakkanakku) of Mari during the early second millennium B.C.E. Ishtup-Ilum was known for his lavish gifts to the Ishtar temple, the temple of the popular goddess of fertility, love, war, and sex. The height of the statue is 1.52 meters. The statue is now in the Aleppo Museum.
Qarni-Lim was the first known King of Andarig, who ruled from 1770-1766 B.C.E. He conquered Apum, and put his son Zuzu in charge of it, although Zuzu died shortly after falling off the city wall. After that, Qarni-Lim lost Apum to Elam. Qarni-Lim was initially an ally of Eshnunna but later sided with the Mariote King, Zimri-Lim. Who he later got into a feud with, resulting in a siege of the city.
Cheryl Tallan and Suzanne Bartlet. Licoricia of Winchester. Jewish Women's Archive. Accessed 8 March 2018. In 1242, she married her second husband David of Oxford (d. 1244), who was known as the richest Jew in England.Emily Taitz, Sondra Henry & Cheryl Tallan, The JPS Guide to Jewish Women: 600 B.C.E. to 1900 C.E., 2003. He wanted to marry her so much that he divorced his wife Muriel and Henry III prevented the English Beth Din putting obstacles before his remarriage.
15ff It displays what has been called "the oldest extensive stupa decoration in existence"."The railing of Sanchi Stupa No.2, which represents the oldest extensive stupa decoration in existence, (and) dates from about the second century B.C.E" John Clifford Holt, Jacob N. Kinnard & Jonathan S. Walters, Constituting Communities: Theravada Buddhism and the Religious Cultures of South and Southeast Asia. SUNY Press, 2012 p.197 Stupa II at Sanchi is therefore considered as the birthplace of Jataka illustrations.
The Gray Burial Site is a pre-contact traditional burial ground that was used by hunters who inhabited the northern Swift Current region between 3500 and 1000 B.C.E. Between 1970 and 1974, the site underwent archaeological excavations and was declared a National Historic site (1973) for it is one of the oldest burial grounds in the Plains at 5,000 years old.Millar, James F.V. (2012). 'Gray Burial Site.' from The Canadian Encyclopedia. 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
Lu Lingxuan (陸令萱) (died 577) was a lady in waiting in the palace of the Chinese dynasty Northern Qi.Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Clara Lau, A.D. Stefanowska: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Antiquity Through Sui, 1600 B.C.E As she served as the wet nurse to the emperor Gao Wei, she became exceedingly powerful during his reign, at times eclipsing in importance his mother Empress Dowager Hu, and was often criticized by historians for her corruption and treachery.
Royal Tomb of Vergina The ceremonial shield of the Tombs of Vergina is a decorative shield found in the Royal Tombs at Aigai (now known as Vergina) in Northeast Greece. The shield was found alongside other lavish grave goods and the remains of family members of Alexander the Great, including Philip II of Macedon. The ceremonial shield dates to the late fourth century B.C.E. and was discovered in 1976. Map of Vergina, formerly known as Aigai.
The “Nereid Monument” is another monumental tomb, named for the three figures of women between the columns on the front of the building. The tomb was built in the Ionic order (as the columns have volutes at tops and bases underneath them) and its form resembles an Ionic temple. The temple was built around 380 B.C.E. by Greek sculptors and architects. This funerary architecture parallels the religious architecture well-developed in Greece during the late Classical period.
The story is loosely based on two incidents from Herodotus. Time: the 6th century B.C.E., place: Lydia.The synopsis is based on the one in the Opera North programme for the production of The Fortunes of King Croesus Croesus, King of Lydia, is rich and hedonistic, and is insulted when the philosopher Solon tells him that riches do not necessarily bring happiness. His son, Atis, has been born dumb, and relies on Halimacus to interpret his sign language.
Saite Oracle Papyrus, October 4, 651 B.C.E., 47.218.3a-j, Brooklyn MuseumThe Saite Oracle Papyrus is a papyrus from the Late Period of Egypt that shows a man petitioning for his father to be allowed to leave the priesthood of his temple and join that of a neighboring city (Montu-Re-Horakhty). In the image, the precession of the god Amun-Re can be seen, with parts of his shrine visible above the carrying poles held by priests.
New York: Union for Reform Judaism, 2006. . Plaut wrote that the Habiru were a class of people who lived in the Fertile Crescent during the 19th to 14th centuries B.C.E. who may originally have come from Arabia, became prominent in Mesopotamia, and later spread to Egypt. The Habiru followed distinct occupations, particularly mercenaries and administrators. Although at first they were nomads or seminomads, they later settled, but were usually considered foreigners and maintaining their group identity.
Shabtis of King Pinudjem I, ca. 1025–1007 B.C.E., 16.190, Brooklyn Museum Although the political structure of the New Kingdom collapsed at the end of the Twentieth Dynasty, the majority of burials in the Twenty-first Dynasty directly reflect developments from the earlier period. At the beginning of this time, reliefs resembled those from the Ramesside period. Only at the very end of the Third Intermediate Period did new funerary practices of the Late Period begin to be seen.
Stone age implements have been found all over the territory from mammoth bones, to stone tools to human remains. Most have been found in the areas of Los Reyes Acozac, Tizayuca, Tepexpan, San Francisco Mazapa, El Risco and Tequixquiac. Between 20,000 and 5,000 B.C.E., the people here eventually went from hunting and gathering to sedimentary villages with farming and domesticated animals. The main crop was corn, and stone tools for the grinding of this grain become common.
Hawken was born at Darlington, New South Wales, the son of Nicholas Hawken MLC and Mary Jane (née Vance). He attended Newington College (1893–1896)Newington College Register of Past Students 1863–1998 (Sydney, 1999) pp85 and in 1895 won the Wigram Allen Scholarship, awarded by Sir George Wigram Allen, for mathematics.Newington College Register of Past Students 1863–1998 (Sydney, 1999) Part 2 – The Lists His tertiary education was at the University of Sydney (B.C.E., 1900; B.A., 1902).
Head of the God Osiris, ca. 595–525 B.C.E. Brooklyn Museum Osiris (, from Egyptian wsjr, Coptic ) is the god of fertility, agriculture, the afterlife, the dead, resurrection, life, and vegetation in ancient Egyptian religion. He was classically depicted as a green-skinned deity with a pharaoh's beard, partially mummy-wrapped at the legs, wearing a distinctive atef crown, and holding a symbolic crook and flail. He was one of the first to be associated with the mummy wrap.
In the 4th century, Berber kingdoms are referenced, e.g., the ancient historian Diodorus Siculus evidently mentions the Libyo-Berber king Aelymas, a neighbor to the south of Carthage, who dealt with the invader Agathocles (361-289), a Greek ruler from Sicily.Brett and Fentress, The Berbers (1996) at 25, 287.Diodorus Siculus (first century B.C.E., historian of Sicily [Siculus]), his Bibliothecae Historicae at xx, 17.1, 18.3; cited by Ilevbare, Carthage, Rome, and the Berbers (1981) at 14.
Pottery and building remains from the Iron Age I have been excavated in the village. Apparently Tur'an was at that time (10-9th centuries B.C.E.) surrounded by a city wall.Massarwa, 2010, Tur‘an Apparently it was of a considerable size in the late tenth to the mid-ninth centuries BCE.Feig, 2016, Turʽan, Northwest The PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) found caves and rock-cut cisterns in the village, which they noted appeared to be an ancient site.
Beginning around 11,700 B.C.E., the first indigenous people inhabited the area now known as Arkansas after crossing today's Bering Strait, formerly Beringia. The first people in modern-day Arkansas likely hunted woolly mammoths by running them off cliffs or using Clovis points, and began to fish as major rivers began to thaw towards the end of the last great ice age.Arnold 2002, p. 5. Forests also began to grow around 9500 BCE, allowing for more gathering by native peoples.
Nor are they referred to in the lists of Achaemenid lands (dahyāva) given in the Old Persian inscriptions of Darius and his successors. In Xenophon’s Anabasis (7.8.25; probably an interpolation) the tribes of Colchis and East Pontus are referred to as independent (autónomoi). On the other hand, Herodotus mentioned both the Colchians and various Pontic tribes in his catalogue (7.78-79) of approximately fifty-seven peoples who participated in Xerxes’ expedition against Greece in 481-80 b.c.e.
His Biblical creation-themed painting Chaos (1841) was donated to the congregation by Pope Leo XIII in 1901. The death mask of Komitas, the musicologist who established the Armenian national school of music, is also on display in the museum. Also on display is one of the most ancient swords ever found, originating from Anatolia and dating to the 3rd Millennium B.C.E. This sword are comparable in composition, style and date to the Melid early swords.
Sima Qian wrote of court dwarfs. He wrote about You Zan, a court dwarf under the "First Emperor of Qin" who reigned from 259 to 210 B.C.E. In one passage he described You taking pity on guards standing in the rain outside a banquet. It is said that the emperor overheard You's conversation with them and ordered a changing of the guards so that they could rest inside. Dwarfs were not always treated well by their masters in China.
City of David in Jerusalem The Hebrew Bible describes constant warfare between the Israelites and the Philistines whose capital was Gaza. The Phillistines were Greek refugee-settlers who inhabited the southern Levantine coast.Ann E. Killebrew, Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines, and Early Israel, 1300–1100 B.C.E, Society of Biblical Lit, 2005 p.230. The Bible states that King David founded a dynasty of kings and that his son Solomon built a temple.
The first archeological confirmation of the Book of Mormon narrative, however, came in the early 1990s, when three 7th-century B.C.E. limestone votive altars were discovered by a German archeological team in southern Arabia. The discovery was made in today's northwest Yemen, south-southeast from Jerusalem along Arabia's famous ancient 'Spice Route,' at a juncture where it turns east, and which also contains extensive ancient burial mounds. There — amid the sanctuary ruins of the Bar'an Temple at medieval Marib, in northwest Yemen's valley of Nihm — each of the three standing altars is inscribed with the tribal place name NHM (or Nahom, signifying 'mourning'; the name's vowels being, as always, absent in written Hebrew). The NHM altars were donated to the temple by one "Bicathar, son of Sawâd, son of Nawcân, the Nihmite." 'Nahom' is a place-name recorded by the prophet Nephi in the Book of Mormon (1 Ne 16:34) as the burial site of the patriarch Ishmael — father of the brides of the sons of Nephi's father, the Josephite prophet, Lehi of Jerusalem (c. 645-560 B.C.E.).
Two heart scarabs beside Queen Mernua's coffin. Although scarab amulets were sometimes placed in tombs as part of the deceased's personal effects or as jewelry, generally they have no particular association with ancient Egyptian funerary practices. There are, however, three types of specifically funerary scarabs, heart scarabs, pectoral scarabs and naturalistic scarabs. Scarab with Separate Wings, ca. 712-342 B.C.E., 49.28a-c, Brooklyn Museum Heart scarabs became popular in the early New Kingdom and remained in use until the Third Intermediate Period.
A circular altar of blackened earth about 1.5 meters in height and 30 meters in diameter seems to date from before the migration of Indo-European peoples into the area. The excavations of Kourouniotes in 1903 of the altar and its nearby temenos determined definite cult activity at the Lykaion altar from the late 7th century b.c.e, including animals bones, miniature tripods, knives, and statuettes of Zeus holding an eagle and a lightning bolt. These objects were primarily found in the temenos.
Telugu is a South-Central Dravidian language primarily spoken in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, India, where it is the official language. The oldest inscriptions with Telugu words date to 400 B.C.E found at Bhattiprolu in Guntur district. Other early inscriptions with more refined language were found in Kantamanenivarigudem, Guntupalli in West Godavari district, and Gummadidurru and Ghantasala in Krishna district. The earliest inscription completely written in Telugu dates to 575 CE found at Kalamalla village in Kadapa district.
2725 B.C.E., and who was later lauded as a deity and called the god of medicine and healing. The practice of combining religious centers and medical centers was continued through the Greek and Roman periods, as well as into the medical practices of Muslims and Christians. These ascelpia took the environment of their grounds into account as well as their healing rituals. Most of the ascelpia were centered on a spring or a fountain and were near a gymnasium or theater.
1), would be inexplicable in purely Olympian terms: Thus Aelian in the 3rd century AD could refer to "Artemis of the child-bed" (On Animals 7.15). The Beauty of Durrës, a large 4th-century B.C.E. mosaic showing the head figure of a woman, probably portrays the goddess Eileithyia.Bank of Albania – Coin with “The Beauty of Durrës” Vase-painters, when illustrating the birth of Athena from Zeus' head, may show two assisting Eileithyiai, with their hands raised in the epiphany gesture.
Megan Bishop Moore, Brad E. Kelle, Biblical History and Israel's Past: The Changing Study of the Bible and History, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2011, pp. 57–74.Rainer Albertz, Israel in exile: the history and literature of the sixth century B.C.E., Society of Biblical Literature, 2003, p. 246 In Thompson's The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives, he suggests that the patriarchal narratives arose in a response to some present situation, expressed as an imaginative picture of the past to embody present hope.Goldingay, John.
According to , Stewart published the result in 1746 when he was a candidate to replace Colin Maclaurin as Professor of Mathematics at the University of Edinburgh. state that the result was probably known to Archimedes around 300 B.C.E. They go on to say (mistakenly) that the first known proof was provided by R. Simson in 1751. state that the result is used by Simson in 1748 and by Simpson in 1752, and its first appearance in Europe given by Lazare Carnot in 1803.
Wang Zhenfeng (王貞風) (436–479), formally Empress Gong (恭皇后, literally "the respectful empress"), was an empress of the Chinese Liu Song Dynasty.History of Southern Dynasties Her husband was Emperor Ming of Liu Song (Liu Yu).Chi Kin Au; Elizabeth Childs-Johnson; Constance A. Cook; Lily Xiao Hong Lee; Agnes D. Stefanowska: Antiquity through Sui: 1600 B.C.E. - 618 C.E. She served as regent during the minority of Latter Deposed Emperor of Liu Song from 472 to 477.
Archaeologists in Mehrgarh in Balochistan province in the present day Pakistan discovered that the people of Indus Valley Civilization from the early Harappan periods (c. 3300 BC) had knowledge of medicine and dentistry. The physical anthropologist who carried out the examinations, Professor Andrea Cucina from the University of Missouri, made the discovery when he was cleaning the teeth from one of the men. Later research in the same area found evidence of teeth having been drilled dating to 7,000 B.C.E.
The base dates to the Hellenistic period, ca. 300 B.C.E. While the base dates to the Hellenistic era, periodization is not an exact science. In this case, although made during the Hellenistic era, the artistry of the base actually falls into the categorization of Late Classical sculpture style. It is not entirely uncommon for styles to bleed over into other periods simply because specific artistic and stylistic changes are not the sole consideration for the division of periods like Classical and Hellenistic eras.
Throughout the monument are many references to Erbinna's power, as the friezes depict both scenes of political development (court scene) as well as scenes of battle. On the podium, the iconography is mixed, utilizing Greek iconography on the bottom two friezes and the 8th to 7th century B.C.E. Assyrian iconography of power on the top two reliefs. Each set of friezes, in the podium, architrave, and interior, each show scenes of political life and recreation, as well as civic and religious duties.
Inca architecture is the most significant pre-Columbian architecture in South America. The Incas inherited an architectural legacy from Tiwanaku, founded in the 2nd century B.C.E. in present-day Bolivia. A core characteristic of the architectural style was to use the topography and existing materials of the land as part of the design. The capital of the Inca empire, Cuzco, still contains many fine examples of Inca architecture, although many walls of Inca masonry have been incorporated into Spanish Colonial structures.
At some point during this period, Amos and the other two members of the kherronēsioi formed an economic union (συντέλεια, synteleia) in order to pay their tributes. The members of this synteleia must have incorporated the majority of the Loryma peninsula. It is known from a set of three inscriptions (SEG 14.683; 14.684; 14.685) that Amos in ca. 200 B.C.E. had a board of hieromnamones, "sacred rememberers" that were responsible for keeping and remembering legal agreements and other juridical proceedings.
The Solomon Creek watershed is located in the Anthracite Valley section of the ridge-and-valley geographical province. Major rock formations in the watershed include the Mauch Chunk Formation, the Spechty Kopf Formation, and the Catskill Formation. Solomon Creek was first settled by Native Americans around 8000 to 6000 B.C.E. A settler arrived at the confluence of the creek with the Susquehanna River by 1774. In the 1800s, more people began arriving in the watershed to exploit its natural resources.
Maya textiles are the clothing and other textile arts of the Maya peoples, indigenous peoples of the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and Belize. Women have traditionally created textiles in Maya society, and textiles were a significant form of ancient Maya art and religious beliefs. They were considered a prestige good that would distinguish the commoners from the elite. According to Brumfiel, some of the earliest weaving found in Mesoamerica can date back to around 1000-800 B.C.E.
The Persian army under Cyrus fought "the army of Akkad" (meaning the Babylonians in general, not the city of that name). The identity of the Babylonian commander is not recorded in the chronicle but it has traditionally been assumed that Belshazzar, the son of Nabonidus, was in command. His fate is unclear and he may have been killed in the battle.Albertz, Rainer; Green, David (trans.). Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E., pp. 69–70.
Modern Modi'in is located near the site of the ancient Modi'in described in the Talmud, though the specific location is uncertain. Possibilities are Suba, Umm el-'Umdan near Route 20 to Canada Park and Latrun, al-Midya, and Khirbet el-Burj (TituraShimon Gibson, ASOR Newsletter 49-1 (1999) pp. 16-17Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah, ASOR conference 2003Joshua Schwartz, Lod (Lydda), Israel: from its origins through the Byzantine period, 5600 B.C.E. - 640 C.E, Oxford University Press, 1991, pp. 61-63./Horbat Tittora).
One of the earliest records of whistled speech may be in Xenophon's Anabasis. While travelling through the territory of an ancient tribe on the southern Black Sea coast in 400 B.C.E he writes that the inhabitants could hear one another at great distances across the valleys. The same area encompasses modern Kuşköy where whistled speech (kuş dili) is practised today. In early China, the technique of transcendental whistling was a kind of nonverbal language with affinities to the spiritual aspects of Daoist meditation.
Whales played a major part in shaping the art forms of many coastal civilizations, such as the Norse, with some dating to the Stone Age. Petroglyphs off a cliff face in Bangudae, South Korea show 300 depictions of various animals, a third of which are whales. Some show particular detail in which there are throat pleats, typical of rorquals. These petroglyphs show these people, of around 7,000 to 3,500 B.C.E. in South Korea, had a very high dependency on whales.
Like most medieval and early modern herbals, the Grete Herball is made up of information taken from earlier works. This literary tradition can be traced back to the second millennium b.c.e., but the number of herbals grew most in the thirteenth century. De Materia Medica (Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς) of the 1st century Pedanius Dioscorides is considered one of the most important encyclopedias of plant knowledge from the time, but herbals became numerous and wholesale lifting of information common and expected.
Oded Lipschits was born in Jerusalem in 1963. Served in the IDF between 1981 and 1985 (in reserve until 2008), discharged with the rank of major. Began his studies of archaeology and Jewish history in the Tel Aviv University in 1985; received his PhD in 1997, from the Department of Jewish history, Tel Aviv University. The subject of his doctoral dissertation was: “The ‘Yehud’ Province under Babylonian Rule (586-539 B.C.E.): Historic Reality and Historiographic Conceptions”, which he wrote under the supervision of Prof.
Beazley identified the Pan Painter as a pupil of Myson, teacher of the Mannerists (beginning around the 470's B.C.E), a term applied (often pejoratively) to a group who used "mannered" depiction of figures for decorative effect. Mannerists also magnified the gestures, made most forms skinnier and at the same time shrunk the heads of the figures. More attention was given to the pattern that clothing offered than the naturalization of the human form. Most often, either black buds or black ivy create frames around the scenes.
Most certainly there was a gradual transition from hunter-gatherer to agricultural economies after a lengthy period when some crops were deliberately planted and other foods were gathered from the wild. In addition to the emergence of farming in the Fertile Crescent, agriculture appeared in: by at least 6,800 B.C.E. in East Asia (rice) and, later, in Central and South America (maize and squash). Small-scale agriculture also likely arose independently in early Neolithic contexts in India (rice) and Southeast Asia (taro).Johnson, A. W. 2000.
The figures were first made in the Levantine coast in the 8th century B.C.E. and became widespread during the 6th to 4th centuries with the earliest known examples in Cyprus appearing in the 6th century. Depictions of pregnancy and motherhood were uncommon in Near Eastern iconography, as fertility was typically indicated by naked female figures holding their breasts. The most numerous and finest come from Phoenician tombs near Akhziv near ancient Tyre. Some of these figurines are dedicated in Cyprus from the 6th to the 5th century.
The ruin of the Delphinion in Miletus is still mostly standing. A rectangular temenos, the remains of the temple at the site date back to as early as the fifth century B.C.E. Still present are a rectangular altar with volute acroteria, as well as a few other round marble altars. An "annual Spring procession which went from Miletus to the Temple of Apollo at Didyma began at the Delphinion". Inscriptions found on the walls of the Delphinion tell us the site also served as the city archive.
About 20,000 artefacts have been unearthed from the tomb. Among the unearthed artifacts, there are more than 300 gold objects, 2 million copper coins, a mirror containing the earliest known image of Confucius. In 2019, scholar Jue Guo contested the prevailing identification of the artifact as a “dressing mirror,” claiming it was in fact a talisman.Jue Guo, “The Life and Afterlife of a Western Han ‘Covered Mirror’ from the Tomb of Marquis of Haihun (59 B.C.E.)”, Journal of Chinese History, 2019, 3, 203–232.
Faience Vessel with Procession of Four Bulls, ca. 775-653 B.C.E. Brooklyn Museum Egyptian faience was very widely used for small objects, from beads to small statues, and is found in both elite and popular contexts. It was the most common material for scarabs and other forms of amulet and ushabti figures, and it was used in most forms of ancient Egyptian jewellery, as the glaze made it smooth against the skin. Larger applications included cups and bowls, and wall tiles, mostly used for temples.
Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.E.), hypothesized that the body and mind become unwell when the vital fluids in the body become unbalanced. These fluids include black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood. Too much phlegm causes a person to be fatigued, too much black bile causes depression, yellow bile causes a quick temper, and too much blood causes optimism, cheerfulness, and confidence. Because of these ideas we were able to move past the ideas of demonology and possession and onto what is know today as medical treatment.
Rendsburg compared to , which records the covenant established between God and David, communicated via the prophet Nathan, that David's descendants would rule after him forever. Rendsburg cited this as further support for the argument that royal scribes living in Jerusalem during the reigns of David and Solomon in the tenth century BCE were responsible for Genesis.Gary A. Rendsburg. “Reading David in Genesis: How we know the Torah was written in the tenth century B.C.E.” Bible Review, volume 17 (number 1) (February 2001): pages 20, 23, 26.
Guo (died 300), was a Chinese businesswoman and influential imperial favorite.Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Clara Lau, A.D. Stefanowska: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Antiquity Through Sui, 1600 B.C.E She was married to Wang Yan (d. 311) and the cousin of empress Jia Nanfeng, de facto regent of China. She was a favorite of her cousin the empress and became famous as a businesswoman when she used her position to accumulate a fortune through the beneficial contacts she acquired through her relationship with the empress.
Both are described and preserved in the Hebrew Bible in the histories of Ezra-Nehemiah-Chronicles and in the books of Zechariah, Haggai and Malachi, but by the mid-5th century BCE the prophets and Davidic kings had ended, leaving only the High Priest.Lee I. Levine, Jerusalem: Portrait of the City in the second Temple Period (538 B.C.E.–70 C.E.) p.42 The practical result was that after c.500 BCE Yehud became in practice a theocracy, ruled by a line of hereditary High Priests.
Ishkhanyan claims that Armenians "were the aborigines of the Armenian plateau who have been living there continuously since the fourth millennium B.C.E at the latest".Stephan H. Astourian, "In Search of Their Forefathers: National Identity and the Historiography and Politics of Armenian and Azerbaijani Ethnogeneses," in Nationalism and History: The Politics of Nation building in Post-Soviet Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. p. 47. Similar claims were promoted in nationalist novels such as those of Sero Khanzadyan, published in the 1970s.Fowkes, Disintegration of the Soviet Union, p. 116.
In 1857, Amherst College acquired panels from the palace of Ashurnasirpal II in Nimrud. In the palace built around 879 B.C.E., the walls of the ceremonial halls and corridors were decorated with monumental relief carvings. The king Ashurnasirpal II is shown in the central panel wearing a fringed robe and royal headdress. In his right hand, he carries a shallow cup used for pouring offerings to the gods, and in his left hand he holds his bow, symbol of his bravery and military might.
Quote: The major ones were recorded along the Jordan Valley in the years 31 B.C.E., 363 C.E., 749 C.E., and 1033 C.E. "So roughly, we are talking about an interval of every 400 years. If we follow the patterns of nature, a major quake should be expected any time because almost a whole millennium has passed since the last strong earthquake of 1033." (Tel Aviv University Associate Professor Dr. Shmuel (Shmulik) Marco). Destructive earthquakes leading to serious loss of life strike about every 80 years.
However Aramaic arrived in Judea also through the Babylonian and mainly through the Persian administrations. At any rate it became the colloquial language, at first of the educated classes and then of wider circles. It seems likely that in the Persian period the Aramaic script was used for writing Aramaic texts only, but the earliest Hebrew manuscripts found in Qumran are fragments of Exodus and Samuel, probably written in the second half of the third century B.C.E. in the Proto-Jewish script, which displays the earliest Jewish national development of the Official Aramaic script.
Peshawar was founded on the Gandhara Plains in the broad Valley of Peshawar. The city likely first existed as a small village in the 5th century BCE, within the cultural sphere of eastern ancient Persia. Peshawar was founded near the ancient Gandharan capital city of Pushkalavati, near present-day Charsadda. Peshawar is the city in which fourth century B.C.E Philologist Pāṇini wrote the book 'Aṣṭādhyāyī' on Sanskrit Grammar which became the basis for structural linguistics used in modern languages and the formal system used in computer programming languages.
In 1929 she went to Egypt to assist in the restoration of the Kings Papyrus working under Giulio Farina. This document described the history of the pharaohs to Rameses II and had been found in 1822. She worked with many leading egyptologists and in 1937 she was asked to work on papyri from 2543 to 2435 B.C.E. The 12 rolls were taken to Turin where with care they could be unrolled. Cuadana had spoken of a special liquid she had that could be used to soak papyri for 24 hours.
First of all a few pointers should be made explicit on certain points. Foucault mentions the western notion of by money, production and trade (Greek society) starting about 800 BCE to 700 BCE. However, other ‘non-western’ societies also had these very same problems and is automatically assumed by some historians that these were entirely western inventions. This isn’t entirely true; China and India for example had the most sophisticated trading and monetary institutions by the 6th century B.C.E., indeed the concept of a corporation existed in IndiaChanakya Arthashastra Translated by R Shamasastry pp.
Because gamma rays travel at the speed of light and the time of the pulse was recorded by several distant spacecraft as well as on Earth, the source of the gamma radiation could be calculated to an accuracy of about 2 arcseconds. The direction of the source corresponded with the remnants of a star that had gone supernova around 3000 B.C.E. It was in the Large Magellanic Cloud and the source was named SGR 0525-66; the event itself was named GRB 790305b, the first observed SGR megaflare.
The Essenes are a mystical group from the second century B.C.E. who lived in community, eschewed materialism and grew their own food. The modern Essene movement was founded by Edmond Bordeaux Szekely, a religious scholar who promoted a simple holistic lifestyle of meditation and raw vegan eating and published several books on the Essenes in the early 20th century. Essene Order of Light is taught by Cousens at "Tree of Life Foundation", an organization directed by Cousens and headquartered at its "Tree of Life Rejuvenation Center" in Patagonia, Arizona.Melton, J. Gordon, et al, eds.
Tower of the Jade Emperor (玉皇阁 Yùhuánggé), central pavilion of a temple to the supreme godhead, in Guide, Qinghai. Jade Emperor shrines are frequently built on raised platforms, especially in western China. Sino-Babylonianism is a scholarly theory that in the third millennium B.C.E. the Babylonian region provided the essential elements of material civilization and language to what is now China. Albert Terrien de Lacouperie (1845–1894) first proposed that a massive migration brought the basic elements of early civilization to China, but in this original form the theory was largely discredited.
Original version.The Trebuchet, Citation:"The trebuchet, invented in China between the fifth and third centuries B.C.E., reached the Mediterranean by the sixth century C.E. "PAUL E. CHEVEDDEN, The Invention of the Counterweight Trebuchet: A Study in Cultural Diffusion , p.71, p.74, See citation:"The traction trebuchet, invented by the Chinese sometime before the fourth century B.C." in page 74 They were probably used by the Mohists as early as 4th century BC, descriptions of which can be found in the Mojing (compiled in the 4th century BC).
The Yellow Bluffs archeological site was occupied by people of the Middle Woodland Havana Tradition and consists of a habitation area and various burial mounds. The primary occupation of the Yellow Bluffs site, be it continuous or discrete, can be traced back to 200 B.C.E through 400 C.E. but the site represents activity from numerous prehistoric eras. The archaeological site can be found in Logan County, central Illinois and is closely linked to the Sangamon River drainage network. It is one of the larger known sites in the Sangamon River valley.
One Arabic stanza is attributed to the seventh-century Sarah of Yemen, who may have been Jewish; one stanza in Hebrew by the wife of Dunash ben Labrat survives from the tenth century; and three poems in Arabic attributed to the Andalusian woman Qasmuna survive from the twelfth.Emily Taitz, Sondra Henry, and Cheryl Tallan, 'Sarah of Yemen', in The JPS Guide to Jewish Women: 600 B.C.E. to 1900 C.E. (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 2003), pp. 57-59. _The Dream of the Poem: Hebrew Poetry from Muslim and Christian Spain, 950-1492_ , ed. and trans.
Human settlement at over 5000 B.C.E. has been documented in nearby coastal sites. These prehistoric sites may contain middens, milling stone sites, large villages, cemeteries, and tool making sites. The diversity of natural resources along with the temperate climate with a long growing season produced a lengthy archaeological record of human activity along the coast. Calleguas Creek and the Santa Clara River were populated with many Native American villages as evidenced by archaeological sites such as the Calleguas Creek Site that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.
Spyridon Marinatos, a Greek archaeologist, theorized that around 1500 B.C.E. a nearby volcano had erupted on the island of Crete, weakening the civilization. It likely did not cause the demise of the civilization but it crippled both its population and its economy making the Minoans vulnerable. Taking advantage of this weakness, the Mycenaeans, a neighboring military civilization, invaded the Minoans. The Minoans were not an aggressive military power but their island isolation made them difficult to be subdued, so the destruction caused by the volcano's eruption was enough to allow the Mycenaeans to successfully invade.
Excavators suggest that earthquake or urban renewal is the cause. Original architectural context is unknown, but stylistic and technical comparisons suggest a late Hellenistic period date, estimating around the second half of the second century B.C.E. Analyzing the fragments found at the original site, researchers have found that the original mosaic contained a centralized rectangle with unknown iconography surrounded by a series of decorative borders consisting of a perspective meander followed by a mask-and-garland border. This mosaic consists of two different techniques of mosaic making, opus vermiculatum and opus tessellatum.
The "Xanthian Obelisk" The Inscribed Pillar of Xanthos, also known as the "Xanthian Obelisk," was made around 400 B.C.E. Like the other pillar tombs at Xanthos, the inscribed pillar supported a raised daise with a chamber tomb, decorated on the outside with friezes. Additionally, a statue of the occupant, a king in the Xanthian Dynasty, was positioned on top. The chamber tomb was surrounded by friezes depicting scenes from the life of the owner, including hunting and battle scenes. Seismic activity in antiquity likely caused the chamber tomb of fall off.
Educators have noted the benefits of class size since classical times. Isocrates opened an academy of rhetoric in Athens around 392 B.C.E to train Athenian generals and statesmen, and he insisted on enrolling no more than six or eight students in his school at a time. Edward J. Power explains that Isocrates admitted "only a few students to his classes because of his extraordinary concern for care." Quintilian, a rhetorician writing in the Roman Empire around 100 CE, cited the practices in Isocrates' school as evidence that a caring education required small class sizes.
The calendar used in this article is a solar calendar, the traditional western calendar being the Gregorian, with the years dating from an approximate birth date of Jesus, designated either B.C. for Before Christ, or A.D. for Anno Domini. Alternatively the western calendar can be renamed to sanction a secular modernism, a nominal neutrality, or otherwise, the years being called B.C.E. and C.E., for Common Era. The Arab conquest followed strategy designed by the Umayyad Caliphate regarding its long-term conflict with the Byzantine Empire. The native Berbers eventually converted to Islam.
In the Spotlight, Jerusalem Post. 07/29/2010 Radiocarbon dating in 2015 showed an early appearance of Philistine material culture in the city.RADIOCARBON DATING SHOWS AN EARLY APPEARANCE OF PHILISTINE MATERIAL CULTURE IN TELL ES-SAFI/GATH, PHILISTIA, University of Melbourne The Tell es-Safi inscription dated to ca 1000 BCE was found at the site in 2005. Archaeologists have also discovered a horned altar dating to the ninth century B.C.E. The stone altar is over 3 feet (one meter) tall, and is the earliest ever found in Philistia.
Benedict Augustin Morel (1809–1873) Dementia is an ancient term which has been in use since at least the time of Lucretius in 50 B.C.E. where it meant "being out of one's mind".; ; ; Until the seventeenth century, dementia referred to states of cognitive and behavioural deterioration leading to psychosocial incompetence. This condition could be innate or acquired, and the concept had no reference to a necessarily irreversible condition. It is the concept in this popular notion of psychosocial incapacity that forms the basis for the idea of legal incapacity.
The temple shops or Hebrew plural hanuyot (חנויות) were buildings near the Temple in Jerusalem mentioned in the Babylonian Talmud (B.Shabbat 15a, B.Rosh Hashanah 31a; B.Avodah Zarah 8b).Jerusalem: portrait of the city in the second Temple period (538 B.C.E.-70 C.E.) ed. Lee I. Levine, Jewish Theological Seminary of America p235 According to the Talmud the Sanhedrin relocated to the temple shops, hanuyot, at some point before the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE. The plural hanuyot is also the word for "shops" in modern Hebrew.
Daniel is called "aethele cnithas", meaning that he was to be trained a servant for the king. Daniel was put into servitude and him and the youths were also probably made eunuchs, the speculation comes because the master of the eunuchs trained the youths in divination, magic, and astrology. In the Septuagint, the 2nd century B.C.E. Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, Daniel is also called "archi- eunouchos", which translates to “chief eunuch”; in the Latin Vulgate, Daniel is also called "praepositus eunuchorum". This is something that is not mentioned the Old English Daniel.
The earliest major civilization of the state is Teotihuacan, with the Pyramids of the Sun and Moon being built between 100 B.C.E and 100 C.E. Between 800 and 900 C.E., the Matlatzincas established their dominion with Teotenango as capital. This city is walled with plazas, terraces, temples, altars, living quarters and a Mesoamerican ball game court. In the 15th century, the Aztecs conquered the Toluca and Chalco valleys to the west and east of the Valley of Mexico respectively. Part of the Toluca Valley was held by the Purépecha as well.
The use of the birthing chair or similar devices has been seen around the globe, not isolated to a particular region. A woman giving birth in the upright position has been seen in Asian, African, Pacific Islander, and Native American art. The birthing chair can be traced to Egypt in the year 1450 B.C.E. Pictured on the walls of The Birth House at Luxor, Egypt, is an Egyptian queen giving birth on a stool. It can also be traced to Greece in 200 B.C as it is featured on an ancient Grecian sculpted votive.
Celtic items from 100 B.C.E in Britain also depict women sitting in the same upright position as if in a birthing chair. The first depiction in a woodcut from the 16thc shows a woman sitting on a stool and surrounded by other women. The three legged birth stool, sometimes called a groaning stool, was designed to be carried disassembled, and sits low to the ground. Some examples, such as this continental birthing chair, are adjustable with the back extending so the woman could move from an upright position to a reclined position.
Early peoples supported local art culture by building temples and sculptures of the Buddhist monuments in the state. It was ruled by Satavahanas, Eastern Chalukyas, Andhra Ikshvakus, Vijayanagara Empire, Mauryan Empire, Cholas, Pallavas, Salankayanas, Vishnukundinas, Kakatiyas and Rashtrakutas. In the 3rd century B.C.E., Andhra was a vassal kingdom of Ashoka but after his death Andhra became powerful and extended its empire to the whole of Maratha country and beyond. Andhra Pradesh comprises two major regions, namely Rayalaseema in the south-west and Coastal Andhra bordering the Bay of Bengal in the east and north-east.
More recent scholarship offers another perspective. Ruzsa in 2006, for example, writes, 'Sāṅkhya has a very long history. Its roots go deeper than textual traditions allow us to see. The ancient Buddhist Aśvaghoṣa (in his Buddha-Carita) describes Arāḍa Kālāma, the teacher of the young Buddha (ca. 420 B.C.E.) as following an archaic form of Sāṅkhya'. Anthony Warder in 2009 says that the Samkhya and Mīmāṃsā schools appear to have been established before the Sramana traditions in India (~500 BCE), and he finds that Samkhya has Vedic origins.
Kingdom of Judah (light green) and Kingdom of Israel (dark green) circa 830 B.C.E. The Passover Haggadah, in the magid section of the Seder, reports that Israel "went down to Egypt — forced to do so by the word [of God]," and some commentators explain that this statement refers to God's reassurance to Jacob in to "fear not to go down into Egypt; for I will there make of you a great nation. I will go down with you into Egypt."Joseph Tabory. JPS Commentary on the Haggadah: Historical Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, page 90.
The wine and fertility god Liber Pater ("The Free Father"), divine patron of plebeian rights, freedoms and augury, had a long-established official cult in the nearby temple he shared with Ceres and Libera.Only official introductions, controlled by Rome's ruling elite, conferred legitimacy on foreign cults in Rome; see Sarolta A. Takács, "Politics and Religion in the Bacchanalian Affair of 186 B.C.E" in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 100, (2000), p. 302. Most Roman sources describe him as Rome's equivalent to Dionysus and Bacchus, both of whom were sometimes titled eleutherios (liberator).
Asclepieion, by Waterhouse (1877) __NOTOC__ Year 300 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Corvus and Pansa (or, less frequently, year 454 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 300 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. B.C.E is the abbreviation for before the Common/Current/Christian Era (an alternative to Before Christ, abbreviated BC).
Bharatas were a tribe mentioned in the Rigveda, especially in Mandala 3 attributed to the Bharata sage Vishvamitra. Scholars believe the Bharatas to be a Vedic tribe around river Ravi in modern Punjab in the second millennium B.C.E. Bharatá is also used as a name of Agni (literally, "to be maintained", viz. the fire having to be kept alive by the care of men), .36.8. Mandala 7 (7.18 etc.) mentions the Bharatas as taking part in the Battle of the Ten Kings, where they are on the winning side.
Wootz Steel 326 B.C.E. In the epic battle between Alexander and King Porus, Porus’s much smaller force holds out against Alexander’s massive army and creates a legend of courage equal to the Spartans. When Porus surrenders he hands Alexander a sword made of the finest steel known to man. This sword can slice cleanly through a falling handkerchief, is self-sharpening, and at the same time sharper and more bendable that any steel for the next 2000 years. Wootz steel (from the Tamil ukku/urukku) was used to make the legendary Damascus steel blades.
Fully ordained Buddhist nuns are called bhikkhunis. Mahapajapati Gotami, the aunt and foster mother of Buddha, was the first bhikkhuni; she was ordained in the sixth century B.C.E. Prajñādhara is the twenty-seventh Indian Patriarch of Zen Buddhism and is believed to have been a woman. In the Mahayana tradition during the 13th century, the Japanese Mugai Nyodai became the first female Zen master in Japan. However, the bhikkhuni ordination once existing in the countries where Theravada is more widespread died out around the 10th century, and novice ordination has also disappeared in those countries.
Sushruta It is 600 years B.C.E. and the oldest city in the world, Varanasi is home to a man who transformed lives of people by surgery. Using tools and techniques available in that ancient time, he instituted a system of surgery and operation which at that time made him an outcast in society, but which left behind a legacy that is an important part of medical history today. This is the story of surgery, practiced by Sushruta – the father of modern medicine. His tools antechniques remain virtually unchanged 2600 years later.
Remains of an ancient meal. Winkle shells from Cantabrian Lower Magdalenian layer (15 000 before present) in the Altamira cave This species appears in prehistoric shellfish middens throughout Europe, and is believed to have been an important source of food since at least 7500 B.C.E. in Scotland.Ashmore, quoted in McKay and Fowler 1997 b It is still collected in quantity in Scotland, mostly for export to the Continent and also for local consumption. The official landings figures for Scotland indicate over 2,000 tonnes of winkles are exported annually.
The Tamils of South India have an extensive literature describing their Heroic Age (the Sangam period). The Sangam poems share common themes with their Greek and German counterparts, such as glory, victory, fate and honour. The Sangam age is dated to between the 3rd century B.C.E and 2nd century C.E. However, the events described have been transmitted orally from an earlier period. This is evidenced by the oral nature of the poems which (like the Iliad and Odyssey) use epithets and other metrical devices common in oral poetry.
Ascending the staircase are bronze railings with mahogany banisters. The railings are decorated with the swastika symbol which, whilst mostly associated with Nazi Germany, has been traced back as far as the 3rd millennium B.C.E. in Asia. The stairway's newel posts, on the landing between the second and third floors, are a pair of bronze ram's heads, identical newel posts grace the bottom of the stairs as well. The second floor landing offers a view of the stained glass windows, all original, which were fully restored during the 1980s renovation.
A 2009 molecular analysis using ancient DNA recovered from archaeological sites placed Przewalski's horse in the middle of the domesticated horses. However, a 2011 mitochondrial DNA analysis suggested that Przewalski's and modern domestic horses diverged some 160,000 years ago. An analysis based on whole genome sequencing and calibration with DNA from old horse bones gave a divergence date of 38-72 thousand years ago. In 2018, a new analysis involved genomic sequencing of ancient DNA from mid-fourth-millennium B.C.E. Botai domestic horses, as well as domestic horses from more recent archaeological sites.
Historians refer to the period around the nineteenth and eighteenth centuries B.C.E. as the Colony Age, before a larger Hittite Kingdom was established in the region. Groups in settlements of this period included Hattians, Hurrians, and Assyrians living in trading colonies, which the Hittites took control of when they moved into the area. The art style of this time involved assimilation of previous Anatolian symbols and sensibilities. Before this period and during the third millennium, art in ancient Anatolia consisted of rather flat representations of human figures found at burial sites.
Hirosaka, Shu. The Potiyil Mountain in Tamil Nadu and the origin of the Avalokiteśvara cult Shu also says that mount Potiyil/Potalaka has been a sacred place for the people of South India from time immemorial. With the spread of Buddhism in the region beginning at the time of the great king Aśoka in the third century B.C.E., it became a holy place also for Buddhists who gradually became dominant as a number of their hermits settled there. The local people, though, mainly remained followers of the Hindu religion.
Bouras received a diploma in Architectural Engineering from the National Technical University of Athens in Greece at 1952. In the following years he joined the Greek Archaeological Service as a member of the Directorate of Restoration of Ancient and Historic Monuments. In this role, he undertook the study and restoration of the fifth-century B.C.E. stoa at the Sanctuary of Artemis at Brauron (1961–1962). He then continued his studies at the Université de Paris (École Pratique des Hautes Études) under the supervision of André Grabar, receiving a doctorate at 1964.
Widow Qing (, 259–210 BC) was a Chinese businesswoman.Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Clara Lau, A.D. Stefanowska: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Antiquity Through Sui, 1600 B.C.E She belonged to the family who controlled the cinnabar mines in Changshou, which she managed herself as a widow. She is foremost known in history for her good business relationship to Emperor Qin Shi Huang, over whom she wielded a great deal of influence because of their business transactions and her substantial economic power. She has been the subject of a TV-series in China.
American Friends of the Tel Aviv University, Earthquake Experts at Tel Aviv University Turn to History for Guidance (October 4, 2007). Quote: The major ones were recorded along the Jordan Valley in the years 31 B.C.E., 363 C.E., 749 C.E., and 1033 C.E. "So roughly, we are talking about an interval of every 400 years. If we follow the patterns of nature, a major quake should be expected any time because almost a whole millennium has passed since the last strong earthquake of 1033." (Tel Aviv University Associate Professor Dr. Shmuel (Shmulik) Marco).
Halberd-axe head with the head of a mouflon. late 2nd millennium–early 1st millennium BC. From Amlash, Gilan, Iran. Golden necklace of three Swastikas found in Marlik, Gilan, dates back to first millennium B.C. Until the 7th century AD, Gilan was in the sphere of influence of the consecutive Achaemenid, Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanid empires ruling Iran. It seems that the Gelae (Gilites) have entered the region in south of the Caspian coast and west of the Amardos River (later Safidrud) in the second or first century B.C.E. Pliny identifies them with the Cadusii which were living there previously.
During a general survey of the southern part of Sur Baher, ancient stone cut olive presses, wine presses, cisterns and a limekiln were found.Dagan, Barda and ‘Adawi, 2009, Jerusalem, Sur Bahir, Survey Final Report A cave, with remains dating to the Iron Age I (12-11th centuries B.C.E.) were excavated at Khirbat Za‛kuka, south of Sur Baher.‘Adawi, 2014, Jerusalem, Khirbat Za‘kuka (Sur Bahir) Final Report A burial cave, dating to the end of the first century BCE and the first century CE have also been excavated. The cave contained remains of several ossuaries, in addition to arcosolia and benches.
Posnansky informed Kiss about the ruins of Tiwanaku. Posnansky had been undertaking research at Tiwanaku since the early 1900s and suggested that the temples built on the site predated the traditionally accepted date of 200 C.E. and were instead constructed around 17,000 B.C.E. Posnansky used pseudoscientific astronomical calculations on one of the walls at the site to obtain this date.Pringle, Heather, The Master Plan: Himmler's Scholars and the Holocaust (2006), Fourth Estate, London pp.180-184 In 1928, Kiss used a 20,000 Mark reward he received in a writing contest to fund an expedition to Tiwanaku.
The heights nearby Yverdon seem to have been settled at least since the Neolithic Age about 5000 BCE, as present archeological evidence shows. The town was at that time only a small market place, at the crossroads of terrestrial and fluvial communication ways. People began to settle, at first in temporary huts at the water-front, for fishers and merchants, then in permanent dwellings. The stone rows in Yverdon-les-Bains (3000 B.C.E.) The Celtic Helvetii are said to have been the first permanent settlers of Eburodunum (Celtic and Roman name of Yverdon), from about the 2nd century BCE.
The origins of circumcision date back to 2400 B.C.E. in Egypt, where an engraving of an adult male being circumcised was found in the tomb of Ankh-Mahor at Saqqara. It is believed that the Egyptians practiced circumcision for hygiene and also because of their obsession with purity, which was associated with intellectual and spiritual development. During the 4th millennium B.C., circumcision was practiced by the Sumerians and Semites in the Arabian Peninsula. Circumcision features in the narrative of Genesis Chapter 17 of the Hebrew Bible, where the circumcision of Abraham and his relatives is described.
SamosNemrud Dağı Text, Theresa Goell, Donald Hugo Sanders, ed. Eisenbrauns, 1996, p. 367 "Puchstein's epigraphic interpretation was not unambiguous; the name of the father could be read or restored to Samos (Sames) or Arsames. Puchstein had decided to read Samos; Honigmann (1963: 981) decided likewise to read Samos; Reinach and" ... "Samos was the "founder" of Samosata in the same way that his son Arsames was "founder" of Arsameia ", p.368 "Chronologically, this king Samos belongs to the first half of the third century B.C.E." or Sames (Armenian: Շամուշ, Greek: Σάμος) was satrap of Commagene, Armenian king of Commagene and Sophene.
Biryawaza was a powerful ruler in the area of Egyptian controlled Syria in the middle fourteenth century BC. He is often mentioned in the Amarna letters, although his title is never given clearly. Some scholars describe him as the king of Damascus, and others think he was a high Egyptian official.Wayne Thomas Pitard, Ancient Damascus: A Historical Study of the Syrian City-State from Earliest Times Until Its Fall to the Assyrians in 732 B.C.E. Eisenbrauns, 1987. p. 67. In the Amarna letters, Biryawaza was ordered by his Egyptian overlords to take armed action against Labaya's sons (EA 250).
According to some historians, a second branch of Aryan emigrants crossed the Himalayas in the north and west and settled in Rajouri and Poonch area. Rajouri, BhimberGali and Naushera were integrated within the territory of Abhisar, which was one of the hill states of the Punjab Kingdom. Early records of incomplete nature show that in the 4th century B.C.E., there existed in the north west of India a federal type of political set up in which Abhisar with its capital Rajouri was also incorporated. At the time of Alexander's invasion, Rajouri was at the summit of its splendour.
Although the first known mention of blood libel is found in the writings of Apion (30-20 B.C.E. to 45 or 48 C.E.), who claimed that the Jews sacrificed Greeks in the Temple of Jerusalem, no other mention is recorded until the 12th century, when blood libels began to proliferate. Jews were frequently accused of ritual murder and of using human blood (especially, the blood of Christian children) to make matzah. In many cases, these "blood libels" led to the Catholic Church regarding the victims as martyrs. The Catholic Church canonized children in over 20 such cases.
Between 470 and 443 million years ago, a meteor from the Ordovician meteor event struck south-east of present-day Kristdala and created the Hummeln structure where Lake Hummeln is now located. The first evidence of human settlement dates is a cairn from the Bronze Age (1700 to 500 B.C.E.) now located in Krithems Park. In the park are also round stones typical of a type of tomb from the Iron Age. Place name researchers believe that the name "Kristdala" comes from Kristusdalen (Christ Valley) or Kristusdalarna (Christ Valleys) and is related to the introduction of Christianity in the 12th century.
Pseudo-Scylax' description of the Greek World of c. 380-360 B.C indicates that they didn't speak Illyrian, while Hammond argued that their acceptance in 330 B.C of the Epirote League indicates that they spoke Greek. Chaonian inscriptions (all in Greek) began around 329 B.C.E.. Thucidydes describes them as "barbaroi", while the "ruling family" (τό άρχικόν γένος) apparently had Greek names. Crossland argues that Thucydides' writings indicate that during his lifetime, the tribes from Amphilochia northward were not Greek-speaking, though already under strong Greek influence, and they would later adopt the Greek language in the fourth century.
The "Harpy Tomb" was most likely made around 480-470 B.C.E. The decorations are made in the Greek Archaic Style and the tomb was located on the Acropolis of Xanthos. The interpretation of the iconography of the “Harpy Tomb” have developed over time. Initially, it was believed that the winged females on the frieze referenced a myth about violence done to the Lycian royal family. Then, it was postulated that because the tomb was fabricated by Greek artisans and workmen, the imagery referenced a scene of the underworld, using iconography to underscore the funerary use of the structure.
The first steles were dated from the Early Bronze Age, around 2000 B.C. The use of steles as grave markers gained popularity in Kerameikos around the Protogeometric period c.a. 950 B.C.E. until they fell out of style around the 8th century C.E. The site was first excavated in 1870 by German archaeologists looking for grave-goods. Many of the fragments and inscriptions found in the present came from the remnants of the Themistoclean Walls, which were built after the Persian Wars, using any and all stone available. Many graves and buildings had been destroyed so they were used as building material.
So Heracles gathered many murex shells, extracted the dye from them, and dyed the first garment of the colour later called Tyrian purple. The murex shell appears on the very earliest Tyrian coins and then reappears again on coins in Imperial Roman times. From the sixth century B.C.E. onward in Cyprus, where there was strong Phoenician cultural influence on the western side of the island, Melquat was often depicted with Heracles' traditional symbols of a lion skin and club, although it is unclear how strongly this connection between the figures was throughout the rest of Phoenician culture.
Septuagint Manuscript 4Q122 (4Q LXXDeut) 4Q122 (4Q LXXDeut; TM 62297; LDAB 3458) – is a septuagint manuscript written on parchment (prepared from animal skin), dated from second century B.C.E.. The scroll contains a fragment of the biblical Book of Deuteronomy 11:4. It was found in a cave at Qumran in Cave 4. This fragment is also referred to as number 819 on the list of the Septuagint manuscripts according classification system by Alfred Rahlfs. The manuscript was published and described in 1992 by Patrick Skehan in his publication of Qumran cave 4.4 (Discoveries in the Judaean desert 9).
The story of the Hippolytus–Phaedra relationship is derived from one of several ancient Greek myths revolving around archetypal Athenian hero, Theseus. The Greek playwright Euripides wrote two versions of the tragedy, the lost Hippolytus Veiled and the extant Hippolytus (428 B.C.E.). The generally accepted historical assumption is that Hippolytus Veiled was not favorably received in a tragic competition due to its portrayal of Phaedra as brazen and forward in her pursuit of her stepson. Many historians believe that Euripides wrote Hippolytus in order to correct this characterization, and to present Phaedra as chaste, and suffering at the hands of the gods.
The Temple of Aphrodite Kytherea was a sanctuary in ancient Kythira dedicated to the goddess Aphrodite. It was famous for reportedly being the eldest temple of Aphrodite in Greece.John Nicolas Coldstream, George Leonard Huxley, Kythera: Excavation and Studies Conducted by the University of Pennsylvania Museum and the British School of Athens, Noyes Press, 1973 It was dedicated to the goddess under her name and aspect as Aphrodite Ourania and contained a statue of an Armed Aphrodite. The temple is dated to the 6th century B.C.E. While considered a significant sanctuary, it was described as a small building.
In 240 B.C.E, the festival Floralia was introduced in Rome on the advice of the Sibylline books, and two years later a temple was erected, also with the support of the Sibylline books. Because of their sexual connotations, the festival and the cult centered in the temple of Flora were abhorred by the Christians, who attempted to have the popular worship discredited by claiming that it had been founded in honor of a prostitute. The cult was likely suppressed in the 4th-century during the persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire, when the sanctuary would have been closed.
During the fifth century B.C.E., judicial orators in Greek Sicily developed a method for successfully pleading their cases in such instances in which no eyewitnesses or written documents or other such direct evidence could be produced. They began to base their arguments on the internal or external probability or plausibility of their statements. This new way of arguing was commonly labeled with the Greek term eikós, a term that has been variously rendered as similarity, likelihood, probability or plausibility. The success of the argument depends on the oratorical skills of the speaker, arguments by eikós have often been accused of lack of truthfulness.
Unlike the central highlands of Mexico, relatively little archeological work has been done in the Costa Grande area. However, recent digs have indicated that the region may have been more important in the past than previously thought. Human habitation has been dated in the area since at least 2000 B.C.E. Nearly 6,000 ceramic fragments 1,400 years old with Teotihuacan influence have been found in various sites along the Costa Grande. This find shows that the local Tepozteca, Cuitlateca and Tomil cultures had contact with larger interior cultures as well as closer cultures such as the Mezcala in the center and north of Guerrero.
The first human occupants of the region were nomadic tribes with a hunting and gathering culture. Before the Mexican colonial period, the area had always been sparsely populated, with widely dispersed settlements. Little is known of the early cultures of the area, but archeological sites in the area show settled human presence since at least 2000 B.C.E, and ceramic pieces and other finds have shown that the inhabitants had contact with both the Olmecs and Toltecs by the 8th century. It is not known if this contact was direct, or via the Mezcala culture, which was centered further inland.
Aerial view of Mulberry harbour "B" (27 October 1944) The first civilization to have a dedicated force of military engineering specialists were the Romans, whose army contained a dedicated corps of military engineers known as architecti. This group was pre-eminent among its contemporaries. The scale of certain military engineering feats, such as the construction of a double-wall of fortifications long, in just 6 weeks to completely encircle the besieged city of Alesia in 52 B.C.E., is an example. Such military engineering feats would have been completely new, and probably bewildering and demoralizing, to the Gallic defenders.
Another kind of faience model of the deceased as a mummy seems to anticipate the use of shabti figurines (also called shawabti or an ushabti) later in the Twelfth Dynasty. These early figurines do not have the text directing the figure to work in the place of the deceased that is found in later figurines. The richest people had stone figurines that seem to anticipate shabtis, though some scholars have seen them as mummy substitutes rather than servant figures. In the later Twelfth Dynasty, significant changes occurred in burials, perhaps reflecting administrative changes enacted by King Senwosret III (1836–1818 B.C.E.).
St. Thomas Episcopal Church in Terrace Park The primary document for the history of Terrace Park is "A Place Called Terrace Park" by Ellis Rawnsley (1992).A Place called Terrace Park by Ellis Rawnsley, 1992 Rawnsley notes that the earliest human inhabitants of Terrace Park may have arrived as early as 12,000 years ago—the Paleo-Indians. Although "no traces of established settlements have ever been found," flints showing evidence of these nomadic people have been found in various locations in the areas surrounding Terrace Park. Circa approximately 1000 B.C.E., settlements appeared in Hamilton County, Ohio.
Naucalpan, officially Naucalpan de Juárez, is a city and municipality located just northwest of Mexico City in the adjoining State of Mexico. The name Naucalpan comes from Nahuatl and means "place of the four neighborhoods" or "four houses." Juárez was added to the official name in 1874 in honor of Benito Juárez. The history of the area begins with the Tlatilica who settled on the edges of the Hondo River between 1700 and 600 B.C.E., but it was the Aztecs who gave it its current name when they dominated it from the 15th century until the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.
In western civilizations, papyrus, which originated in 3,000 B.C.E. in Egypt, was later replaced by parchment made by treating animal hide, a process starting in the second century B.C. in the Mediterranean region A wide variety of parchments from various animal skins, with different textures, quality and hue were widely used for codices, religious and cultural texts. This was replaced by the advent and increasing access and availability of paper. In eastern civilisations such as India, the principal writing media were birch bark or bhurjapatra (Sanskrit) and dried palm leaves. The use of paper began only after the 10th century.
Demosthenes, well aware of the defects of the third form or symmoria, brought forward a new law in 340 B.C.E. that improved the funding and operation of the trierarchy. The trierarchy were rated for a trireme according to their property as stated in the register in such a manner that one trireme was required from 10 talents. If their wealth was valued at a higher than 10 talents they would be assigned up to three triremes and one auxiliary vessel. Those who had less than 10 talents were to unite in syntelia until they made up that sum.
Roux and most other scholars of the early 20th century interpreted the remains at Profitis Ilias as the remains of Makra Kōmē (Μακρὰ Κώμη), briefly mentioned in Livy, and the nearby town of Varybombi has since changed its name to Makrakomi as a result of this. Stählin, Béquignon and Roux all date the remains at Profitis Ilias to the Hellenistic period (late 4th-early 2nd century B.C.E.), a view supported by finds from excavations conducted by the local ephorate of the Greek Archaeological Service at Lamia in the 1970s.Arch.Delt. 28 (1973), Chron. p. 280-281, 283.
The prefix Fouad commemorates Fouad I of Egypt. This papyrus, found in Egypt, is dated to the first century B.C.E. and is the second oldest known manuscript of the Septuagint (Greek version of the Hebrew Bible). It is the oldest manuscript that, in the midst of the Greek text, uses the Hebrew Tetragrammaton in Aramaic "square" or Ashuri script. Some have argued that originally the Greek text rendered the divine name YHWH not by κύριος but by the Tetragrammaton, others that the text in this manuscript is the result of a Hebraizing revision of the original Greek text, which had κύριος.
Young Man with Jew's Harp by Dirck van Baburen The earliest depiction of somebody playing what seems to be a Jew's harp is a Chinese drawing from the 3rd Century BC, and curved bones discovered in the Shimao fortifications in Shaanxi, China are believed to be the earliest evidence of the instrument, dating back to before 1800 B.C.E. Archaeological finds of surviving examples in Europe have been claimed to be almost as old, but those dates have been challenged both on the grounds of excavation techniques, and the lack of contemporary writing or pictures mentioning the instrument.
There are examples of the Cassandra metaphor being applied in the contexts of medical science,Web, S., Contemporary IMRT: Developing Physics and Clinical Implementation, p.357 (2004)Lantos, J.D., The Lazarus Case: Life-and-Death Issues in Neonatal Intensive Care, p.160 (2001) the media,Humphreys, L., Digital Media: Transformations in Human Communication, p.157 (2006) to feminist perspectives on reality,Eisenstein, L., 'The Cassandra Complex', pp. 37–41 in Haring-Smith, T., New Monologues For Women By Women – Vol II (2005)Delamotte, D., Women Imagine Change: A Global Anthology of Women's Resistance From 600 B.C.E. p.
Lily Xiao Hong Lee, A. D. Stefanowska, Sue Wiles, "Biographical dictionary of Chinese women: antiquity through Sui, 1600 B.C.E.-618 C.E.", 2007 She was buried in the Pingwang Pavilion, in the eastern part of Chang'an. Although Empress Bo's tale is one of a privileged life and upbringing, it is also a reminder of the vulnerability of women. She is a sad reminder that even though she had ties to a person as powerful and influential as Grand Empress Dowager Bo, she never enjoyed a life of much esteem simply because she could not bear a son.
The Nimrud Tablet K.3751, also known as Kalhu Palace Summary Inscription 7 is an inscription on a clay tablet dated c.733 BC from the reign of Tiglath- Pileser III (745 to 727 BC), discovered by George Smith in 1873 in Nimrud.The Philistines in Transition: A History from Ca. 1000-730 B.C.E., Carl S. Ehrlich p174 The tablet describes the first 17 years of Tiglath-Pileser III's reign, and was likely composed in or shortly after his 17th year.Tadmor 1994:154, 238–259) It contains the first known archeological reference to Judah (Yaudaya or KUR.ia-ú-da-a-a).
Ibis Coffin, 305-30 B.C.E., 49.48, Brooklyn Museum The ibis cult was established primarily during the Ptolemaic and Roman periods and was dedicated to the god of wisdom, Thoth. Research from 2015 using 14C radiocarbon dating suggests that the Egyptian Ibis mummies in the study were from time frame that falls between approximately 450 and 250 BC. This timing falls in Egyptian history between the Late Period to the Ptolemaic Period. The number of mummified ibises is extraordinary. Saqqara alone is estimated to contain nearly 500,000 of these mummies and is also thought to have produced 10,000 mummified offerings per year.
The arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas opened to the public in 1982, under the title, "The Michael C. Rockefeller Wing." This wing is named after Michael Rockefeller's son who died while collecting works in New Guinea. Today, the Met's collection contains more than 11,000 pieces from sub-Saharan Africa, the Pacific Islands, and the Americas and is housed in the Rockefeller Wing on the south end of the museum. The Michael C. Rockefeller exhibits Non- Western works of art which created from 3,000 B.C.E. - present, while at the same time display a wide range of cultural histories.
The Scroll of Thoth is a fictional artifact, though likely based on the Book of the Dead. Thoth, the Egyptian god of knowledge, is said to be the inventor of hieroglyphs and the author of the Book of the Dead. The film also makes reference to the Egyptian myth of the goddess Isis resurrecting Osiris after his murder by his brother Set. Conspirators were caught in a plot to assassinate Pharaoh Ramesses III around 1151 B.C.E. Papyrus trial transcripts reveal that the conspirators were prescribed ‘great punishments of death’, and archaeological evidence led to the suggestion that at least one of them may have been buried alive.
Toscanos (in Spanish Cortijo de Los Toscanos) is the name of an Andalusian cortijo near Vélez-Málaga in southern Spain, and was the location of an early Phoenician settlement.Josep Padró i Parcerisa, Egyptian-type Documents: From the Mediterranean Littoral of the Iberian Peninsula Before the Roman Conquest, 1980, , page 118Richard Miles, Carthage Must Be Destroyed: The Rise and Fall of an Ancient Civilization, 2011, , page 50. Marilyn R. Bierling, Seymour Gitin, The Phoenicians in Spain: An Archaeological Review of the Eighth-Sixth Centuries B.C.E. : A Collection of Articles Translated from Spanish, 2002, .Ann Neville, Mountains of silver & rivers of gold: the Phoenicians in Iberia, 2007, .
Sarah of Yemen (, fl. 6th century CE) is noted as one of the small number of Arabic-language female poets known for the sixth century CE. It is possible that she was Jewish,Emily Taitz, Sondra Henry, and Cheryl Tallan, 'Sarah of Yemen', in The JPS Guide to Jewish Women: 600 B.C.E. to 1900 C.E. (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 2003), p. 58. in which case she is one of only three attested female medieval Jewish poets (the others being the anonymous, tenth-century wife of Dunash ben Labrat and the probably twelfth-century Qasmuna). _The Dream of the Poem: Hebrew Poetry from Muslim and Christian Spain, 950-1492_ , ed.
Additionally, materials likely from Southern China, such as alligator skin drums, have been found, indicating a north-south commerce across what is now modern China. Thin curved bones discovered at Shimao are believed to be the earliest known evidence of the jaw harp, an instrument that has spread to over 100 different ethnic groups, suggesting possible Chinese origins. The prevailing hypothesis concerning the abandonment of Shimao is tied to a rapid shift to a cooler, drier climate on the Loess Plateau, from 2000 to 1700 B.C.E. This environmental change likely led populations to shift to the Central Plain (China), leaving the site to be forgotten until the 21st century.
The astrolabes (not to be mistaken for the later astronomical measurement device of the same name) are one of the earliest documented cuneiform tablets that discuss astronomy and date back to the Old Babylonian Kingdom. They are a list of thirty-six stars connected with the months in a year. Generally considered to be written between 1800-1100 B.C.E.. No complete texts have been found, but there is a modern compilation by Pinches, assembled from texts housed in the British Museum that is considered excellent by other historians who specialize in Babylonian astronomy. Two other texts concerning the astrolabes that should be mentioned are the Brussels and Berlin compilations.
Oral history passed down by Pimicikamak elders says that Pimicikamak existed since time immemorial. Anthropological and archaeological evidence places aboriginal occupation of Pimicikamak after the last ice age "sometime before 4000 B.C.E."Lindsay & Brown, History of the Pimicikamak People to the Treaty Five Period, p. 1. European documentary records date back at least to 1768, when a map showed Pemichicomo Lake in the area known as Rupert's Land.Andrew Graham, “A Plan of Part of Hudson’s Bay and Rivers Communicating with the Principal Settlements”, (1768) in John Warkentin & Richard Ruggles, Historical Atlas of Manitoba, The Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba, Winnipeg (1970), p. 95.
The historically important Koppal city, known in ancient inscriptions as Kopana is also of archeological significance due to the discovery of two inscriptions from the rule of Emperor Ashoka (3rd ceneutry B.C.E.) at the nearby villages Palkigundu and Gavimatha. After the end of the Maurya Empire rule over the region when Koppal had been a southern viceroyalty, Koppal passed into the hands of notable dynasties of the Deccan: the Satavahana dynasty, the Western Ganga Dynasty, the Hoysalas and the Chalukya dynasty. The earliest available Kannada classic, the Kavirajamarga of King Nrupatunga Amoghavarsha I (r.814-878 A.D.), mentions Koppal in the sentence Viditha Maha Kopana Nagara.
However, Diodorus Siculus relates that when Heracles was still Omphale's slave, before Omphale (daughter of Iardanus) set Heracles free and married him, Heracles fathered a son, Cleodaeus, on a slave-woman. This fits, though in Herodotus the son of Heracles and the slave-girl of Iardanus is named Alcaeus. But according to the historian Xanthus of Lydia (fifth century B.C.E.) as cited by Nicolaus of Damascus, the Heraclid dynasty of Lydia traced their descent to a son of Heracles and Omphale named Tylon, and were called Tylonidai. It is known from coins that this Tylon was a native Anatolian god equated with the Greek Heracles .
Philinus of Agrigentum (3rd-century BCE) was a historian who lived during the First Punic War, who is said to have written history from a pro-Carthaginian standpoint. His writings were used as a source by Polybius and Diodorus for their descriptions of the First Punic War.Polybius, 1:14-15 Although Polybius uses Philinus' writings, he also accuses him of being biased and inconsistent. Philinus maintained that the initial Roman intervention in Sicily at the start of the First Punic War violated a treaty between Rome and Carthage from 306 B.C.E. which recognized Roman sovereignty on the Italian peninsula and Carthaginian control in Sicily.
In December 2009, Jeju Island Governor Kim Tae-hwan nullified the ACA designation to proceed with the naval base construction. The Jeju Branch of the Korean Federation of Environmental Movements have criticized the Navy’s Environmental Impact Assessment noting that several endangered species are absent from the report. During its recent archeological excavation of the Gangjeong coastal area the Jeju Cultural Heritage Research Institute discovered artifacts dating back to 4-2 B.C.E. inside the naval base construction zone. According to the director of the Korean Cultural Heritage Policy Research Institute only 10 – 20% of the site has been excavated and the naval base construction violates cultural properties protection law.
The painting Golden Valley Garden by Hua Yan, 1732, depicting Shi Chong listening to the music of Lüzhu, Shanghai Museum Lüzhu (), also called Liang (died 300) was an Ancient Chinese dancer, singer and music teacher.Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Clara Lau, A.D. Stefanowska: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Antiquity Through Sui, 1600 B.C.E She was bought by Shi Chong (249–300), an official of Emperor Wu of Jin, and became his concubine. She became famous for her artistry, as she entertained his guests as a singer, a flute player and a dancer. She also composed music, and made poetry into songs by composing music for it.
The Judaic version, the Biblical Book of Job, is said to have been written between the 5th and 2nd centuries B.C.E., thus written after their return to Judea from their Babylonian captivity in Mesopotamia. This return was allowed the Jews following their liberation by the Persian Cyrus the Great (c.600-530), whom the Bible calls anointed of God (Isaiah 45: 1-3). The Book of Job preceded the SGV by a millennium.James Hope Moulton at 286-331, presents a chapter on "Zarathushtra and Israel", followed by an Appendix on "The Magian Material of Tobit" (at 332-340); he references the Book of Job twice.
Coloured glass rods ready to be worked into finished products, excavated from an Ancient Egyptian glass workshop. 18th Dynasty, 16-14th century B.C.E. Glass beads are known from the 3rd millennium BC but it is only in the late 2nd millennium that glass finds start occurring more frequently, primarily in Egypt and Mesopotamia. This is not to say that it was a widespread commodity, quite the contrary. It was a material for high- status objects with archaeological evidence for the Late Bronze Age (LBA) also showing an almost exclusive distribution of glass finds at palace complexes such as that found in the city of Amarna – Egypt.
Sallust's rendering of Scipio's letter: > "Your nephew Jugurtha has distinguished himself in the Numantine War above > everyone else, which I'm sure will give you pleasure. I hold him in > affection for his services and will do all I can to make him equally > esteemed by the Roman Senate and People. As your friend I congratulate you > personally; you have in him a man worthy of yourself and of his grandfather > Masinissa."Sallust (86–36), Bellum Iugurthinum (late 40s B.C.E.), 5–8, > translated as The Jugurthine War (Penguin 1963), 39 (Micipsa's two sons and > nephew Jugurtha), 40–42 (Jugurtha in Hispania), 42 (letter quoted, Jugurtha > adopted and made heir).
329 online, especially note 13; Seth Schwartz, Imperialism and Jewish Society 200 B.C.E. to 640 C.E. (Princeton University Press, 2001), p. 156 online, especially note 97 and its interpretational caveat. Although the placement of a coin within the skull is uncommon in Jewish antiquity and was potentially an act of idolatry, rabbinic literature preserves an allusion to Charon in a lament for the dead "tumbling aboard the ferry and having to borrow his fare." Boats are sometimes depicted on ossuaries or the walls of Jewish crypts, and one of the coins found within a skull may have been chosen because it depicted a ship.
367 "Puchstein's epigraphic interpretation was not unambiguous; the name of the father could be read or restored to Samos (Sames) or Arsames. Puchstein had decided to read Samos; Honigmann (1963: 981) decided likewise to read Samos; Reinach and" ... "Samos was the "founder" of Samosata in the same way that his son Arsames was "founder" of Arsameia ", p.368 "Chronologically, this king Samos belongs to the first half of the third century B.C.E." M. J. Versluys/ Visual Style and Constructing Identity in the Hellenistic World: Nemrud Dag and Commagene under Antiochos I/Cambridge University Press, 2017 г.—pp.48 (312) , 9781107141971 > We know nothing about the status of Commagene under Seleucid rule.
The conjecture proposed by linguist and historian Igor M. Diakonoff may be summarized. From a prehistoric homeland near Darfur, which was better watered,At about this time the surface water level of Lake Chad to the west was 12 meters higher than it is today. R. Said, "Chronological framework: African pluvial and glacial epics" at 146-166, 148, in General History of Africa, volume I, Methodology and African Prehistory (UNESCO 1990), Abridged Edition.A drying out of the Sahara during the fourth and third millennium B.C.E. (6 kya to 4 kya) is accounted for and described by the Sahara Pump Theory, in its most recent cycle.
Its exact location varied from author to author. Heraclides of Pontus thought it was in the Milky Way; the Academicians, the Stoics, Cicero, Virgil, Plutarch, the Hermetical writings situated it between the Moon and the Earth or around the Moon; while Numenius and the Latin Neoplatonists thought it was located between the sphere of the fixed stars and the Earth.Adrian Mihai,"L'Hadès céleste. Histoire du purgatoire dans l'Antiquité"(Garnier: 2015), pp.185-188 Perhaps under the influence of Hellenistic thought, the intermediate state entered Jewish religious thought in the last centuries B.C.E.. In Maccabees we find the practice of prayer for the dead with a view to their after life purificationcf.
For example, although von Koch is famous for developing The Koch Curve in 1904, a similar shape featuring repeating triangles was first used to depict waves in friezes by Hellenic artists (300 B.C.E.). In the 13th century, repetition of triangles in Cosmati Mosaics generated a shape later known in mathematics as The Sierpinski Triangle (named after Sierpinski's 1915 pattern). Triangular repetitions are also found in the 12th century pulpit of The Ravello Cathedral in Italy. The lavish artwork within The Book of Kells (circa 800 C.E.) and the sculpted arabesques in The Jain Dilwara Temple in Mount Abu, India (1031 C.E.) also both reveal stunning examples of exact fractals.
The Tribe of Ephraim joined the new kingdom with Saul as the first king. The widely accepted date for Saul's reign is approximately 1025–1005 BCE. Some scholars dispute this date range and place Saul later, perhaps as late as "the second half of the tenth century B.C.E."On both datings, see After the death of Saul, the Bible records all the tribes other than Judah remained loyal to the House of Saul. After the death of Ishbosheth, Saul's son and successor to the throne of Israel, the Tribe of Ephraim joined the other northern Israelite tribes in making David, who was then the king of Judah, the king of a reunited Kingdom of Israel.
Shechem first appears in the Hebrew Bible in Genesis 12:6–8, which says that Abraham reached the "great tree of Moreh" at Shechem and offered sacrifice nearby. Genesis, Deuteronomy, Joshua and Judges hallow Shechem over all other cities of the land of Israel.Yitzakh Magen, "The Dating of the First Phase of the Samaritan Temple on Mt Gerizim in Light of Archaeological Evidence", in Oded Lipschitz, Gary N. Knoppers, Rainer Albertz (eds.) Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century B.C.E., Eisenbrauns, 2007 pp.157ff., 184. According to Genesis (12:6–7) Abram "built an altar to the Lord who had appeared to him… and had given that land to his descendants" at Shechem.
Tel Rumeida was only revived during Iron Age I and IIA (1200-1000), with structures attesting to a small settlement in the transition from LBA to IA1. Ofer infers on the basis of some material excavated to the north that this was a "Golden Age for Hebron", characterized by intensive settlement (11-10 B.C.E.)Jericke, p.25 For two centuries there is an absence of finds, until signs of a third phase of settlement, in a period when Hebron formed part of Judea, emerge in the 8th century BCE, above the EBIII and MBII fortified city are 8th-century BCE four-room-houses, granaries and stamps "for the king of Hebron" (lmlk ḫbrn) on jar handles.Jericke, p.27.
It seems that the Gelae, or Gilites, entered the region south of the Caspian coast and west of the Amardos River (later Safidrud) in the second or first century B.C.E. Pliny identifies them with the Cadusii who were living there previously. It is more likely that they were a separate people, had come from the region of Dagestan, and taken the place of the Kadusii. That the native inhabitants of Gilan have originating roots in the Caucasus is supported by genetics and language, as Gilaks are genetically closer to ethnic peoples of the Caucasus (such as the Georgians) than they are towards other ethnic groups in Iran. Their languages shares typologic features with Caucasian languages.
The Salinan and Chumash tribes consider Morro Rock to be a sacred site. The Salinan name for Morro Rock is Le'samo and the Chumash name is Lisamu. The Chumash had an important nearby prehistoric settlement at least as early as the Millingstone Horizon (6500-2000 B.C.E.), and the village was near the mouth of Morro Creek, at the current site of Morro Bay High School. The right of the Salinan people to climb Morro Rock for their biannual solstice ceremonies has been established, in which they celebrate the time in legend when a hawk and a raven destroyed a two-headed serpent-monster Taliyekatapelta as he wrapped his body around the base of the rock.
The identity of other human images are not always clear; some of them may even be images of Jewish leaders, such as Temple priests.Lee I. Levine, Jerusalem: Portrait of the City in the Second Temple Period (538 B.C.E. – 70 C.E.). Jewish Publication Society, 2002 One coin depicts an enthroned deity, claimed by some experts to be Yahweh, while this is disputed by others.Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible by David Noel Freedman, Allen C. Myers, Astrid B. Beck Published by Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2000 , pg 914 It has been suggested recently that this coin was actually minted in Samaria and depicts Samarian Yahweh.Shenkar, M. “The Coin of the ‘God on the Winged Wheel’”, BOREAS.
Rendsburg is best known for his work on Israelian Hebrew, the dialect of ancient Hebrew used in the northern part of Israel (more or less contiguous with the territory of the kingdom of Israel, which existed 930-721 B.C.E.).Jens Bruun Kofoed, Text and History: Historiography and the Study of the Biblical Text (Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 2005), pp. 132-133.Aaron D. Hornkohl, Ancient Hebrew Periodization and the Language of the Book of Jeremiah: The Case for a Sixth- Century Date of Composition (Leiden: Brill, 2013), pp. 17-22. William M. Schniedewind, A Social History of Hebrew: Its Origins through the Rabbinic Period (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013), pp. 77-78.
Nadav Naʼaman, Canaan in the 2nd Millennium B.C.E., p. 180. In the Late Bronze Age, Jerusalem was the capital of an Egyptian vassal city-state,Jane M. Cahill, 'Jerusalem at the time of the United Monarchy', in Andrew G. Vaughn, Ann E. Killebrew (eds.) Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period, Society of Biblical Literature, 2003 p. 33. a modest settlement governing a few outlying villages and pastoral areas, with a small Egyptian garrison and ruled by appointees such as king Abdi-Heba,Israel Finkelstein, Neil Asher Silberman, The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts, Simon and Schuster 2002 p. 239. At the time of Seti I (r.
Located in Porter County, Indiana one of the few places the Kankakee Marsh could be easily crossed.National Register of Historic Places Registration Form; Mark R. Schurr and Deborah L. Rotman; University of Notre Dame; South Bend, Indiana; Feb 27, 2009 The site has been occupied for over 11,000 years with evidence of human occupation from 1,000 B.C.E. Historic records of humans occupation in northwestern Indiana are available from the late seventeenth century. The prehistoric and historic cultural deposits are unique for northwestern Indiana. Prehistoric artifacts from the site represent most time periods over the last nine to ten thousand years and historic artifacts span the full range of historic occupations in northwestern Indiana.
Meyer (1934) defined four historic periods that could be better understood via the archaeological data from Collier Lodge. The periods were the “Pottawatomie’s Kankakee” (prior to A.D. 1840), the “Pioneer’s Kankakee” (1840 – 1880), the “Rancher and Recreationist’s Kankakee” (1880 -1910) and the “Reclamationist’s and Resorter’s Kankakee” (1910 – 1936). All of these periods are represented in the archaeological record of the Collier Lodge site. 1\. Native Period (pre 1840) The Goodall Focus (Hopewellian Culture) were Native Americans known as the Woodland period peoples that occupied western Michigan, and northern Indiana from around 200 BCE to 500 CE. The site reflects the range of Indiana's prehistory and history, from the Early Archaic (ca. 9000 B.C.E.) to the modern era.
Native Americans occupied the area along the narrows of the Ohio River by 250 BCE and the Adena culture constructed the Grave Creek Mound by 100 B.C.E., which was the highest conical burial mound in what came to be the United States, with only that in Miamisburg, Ohio of even comparable size.Marshall County Historical Society, History of Marshall County, West Virginia 1984 (third printing 1989) pp. 6, 8 However, by the 18th century the area contained no permanent settlements. Tribes which hunted, foraged and made war in the area by that time included the Algonquian language speaking Delaware, Ottawa, Miami and Shawnee, and the Iroquoian language speaking Cherokee, Iroquois, Mingo, Mohawk, Wyandot/Huron and Seneca.
As tools were developed, specific tasks may have taken on gendered aspects, possibly based upon negotiated roles, age, or preferences. When farming emerged in the Archaic period (8000 to 3000 B.C.E.), and a shift from procuring food from available sources was made, societies were transformed toward more settled communities often developing social classes, trade and economic specialization of labor. Archaeological records indicate that women "played a strong role in this transition" throughout the Americas and the activities of women in the creation and use of stone tools is evidenced in the period. Burial records during the archaic period do not reveal much about status differences between women and men but confirm that they performed separate tasks.
The Montrose Basin Heritage Society was formed in 1999 to bring together information about the basin, including its history and archaeology. The oldest evidence for humans in the area dating back as far as over 3,000 year B.C.E., this being the linear monument, known as the cursus, which runs from Powis to Old Montrose. The Basin has been exploited for its seafood, especially the Atlantic salmon but commercial fisheries for this species ended in 2018; and mussel cultivation gave it the largest mussel beds in the country during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The Montrose Basin was hit by a tsunami in 6100 BC, generated by the massive underwater Storegga Slide, in Norway.
The binding spells written on these tablets call for an individual to be "turn[ed] away" from their lover for the benefit of the person creating the curse. The person creating the tablet invokes different parts of their enemy's body and spirit to establish walls between them and their lover through as many facets as possible. Since the writing on the tablets is done in cursive and features letters which are not documented until the 4th century B.C.E. or later, it is likely that the curse tablets were left at the heroon after the site fell out of use. The differing styles of handwriting on the tablets indicates that each was deposited by a different individual.
Chullakalinga was an ancient prince of Kalinga (Odisha) who has been mentioned clearly in the Chullakalinga Jataka and Kalingabodhi Jataka Buddhist records. Both the Jatakas mention the tale of Chullakalinga in the light that the events happened in the lifetime of a Bodhisttva who might have been visited by Buddha himself later in the period of Kalinga II who was also Chullakalinga's descendant. Chullakalinga existed before the birth of Buddha and his timeline could be cautiously placed around the 6th century B.C.E but this since the records about him are obtained from the narrations of Buddha himself, it is difficult to place the exact date which could vary immensely to the time before Buddha's era.
The area of land now known as Point Arguello was originally known by the 'Chumashan—Canalino Indian' name "Nocto" and was part of the territory ruled by Chief Salipuata at the time of the occupation by the Spanish missionaries. The Native Americans were part of the third indigenous people in the area, the Canalino branch of the Chumash people. In Paleo-indian times, a people of Mongolian heritage first settled along the Southern California coast in areas where oak trees were plentiful, from which characteristic they have been named "The Oak Tree (Grove) People". They vanished some hundreds of years B.C.E., and after a period without archaeological evidence, a second semi—nomadic group arrived.
The town was founded as a colony from the Greek city of Miletus in the 7th century BCE.Miletos, the ornament of Ionia: a history of the city to 400 B.C.E. By Vanessa B. Gorman Page 70 According to Strabo, the town was only remarkable as the birthplace of Philetaerus, founder of the royal dynasty of Pergamon.Strabo, Geography 5.3.8 At the beginning of the 3rd century BCE, Amastrine (Amastris), the niece of the last Persian king Darius III, who was the wife of Dionysius, tyrant of Heracleia, and after his death the wife of Lysimachus caused a synoecism of Sesamus, Cytorus, Cromna, all towns mentioned in the Iliad, and Tium after her separation from LysimachusMemnon, ap. Phot. Cod. ccxxiv.
Alternative names for the Anno Domini era include vulgaris aerae (found 1615 in Latin), "Vulgar Era" (in English, as early as 1635), "Christian Era" (in English, in 1652), "Common Era" (in English, 1708), and "Current Era". Since 1856, The term common era does not appear in this book; the term Christian era [lowercase] does appear a number of times. Nowhere in the book is the abbreviation explained or expanded directly. the alternative abbreviations CE and BCE, (sometimes written C.E. and B.C.E.) are sometimes used in place of AD and BC. The "Common/Current Era" ("CE") terminology is often preferred by those who desire a term that does not explicitly make religious references.
Historically Iranians were ruled by an absolute monarchy for several thousand years, at least since the time of the Achaemenid Empire (550 B.C.E.) until the Constitutional Revolution in the early 20th century. The Constitutional Revolution in 1906 replaced the absolute monarchy with a constitutional monarchy. The constitution went under several revisions during the following decades. During World War II Iran stayed neutral but in 1941 the Allies (the USSR and Great Britain) invaded Iran and replaced the Iran's Shah Reza Pahlavi (who was perceived as being pro-German) with his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to protect their access to Iranian oil, and to secure routes to ship western military aid to the Soviet Union.
Since the Islamic calendar is strictly lunar, it runs about eleven and one-quarter days shorter than a solar year; hence calculation of dates between this lunar and a solar calendar are complicated. The calendar used in this article is a solar calendar, the traditional western calendar, or the Gregorian, with the years dating from an approximate birth date of Jesus, designated either B.C. for Before Christ, or A.D. for Anno Domini. Alternatively the western calendar can be renamed to sanction a secular modernism, a nominal neutrality, or otherwise, the years being called B.C.E. and C.E., for Common Era. For prehistory, the kya (thousands of years ago) notation is more often employed.
North Bight Beach, Buldir Island Archeological evidence of human occupation on Shemya and Kiska, on either side of Buldir, dates back to at least 2000 B.C.E. Given the long distance between the Rat Islands and the Near Islands, it is likely that prehistoric peoples stopped at Buldir in transit between the two larger groups, but they left no evidence that has yet been found. Archeologists visited Buldir in 1991, 1993, 1997, and 2001. Their research shows that prehistoric peoples lived on Buldir periodically beginning over a thousand years ago. The water soaked clay on the island has preserved wooden and other organic artifacts unusually well, allowing scientists to carbon date the periods of occupation.
After the flood caused extensive damage to the site, it was then lifted beyond the reach of the water using sand that formed a blanket-like cover, isolating artifacts existing beneath. The original sanctuary was believed to be built in ca. 700 B.C.E. The oldest relics, pottery fragments from the late Greek Dark Ages, indicate that the cult has probably existed since the 10th century BCE, but not before (Rose in Dawkins 1929:399). A second temple was built around 570 BCE, perhaps during the joint reign of Leon of Sparta and Agasicles, when military successes provided funds, however, it was moved towards the north, built atop portions of the old temple and is now facing S/E.
Azurite-malachite from Daye's Tongshankou Mine Daye is an industrial city, a center of miningFengjiashan Mine (Daye Copper mine), Edong Mining District, Daye Co., Huangshi Prefecture, Hubei Province, China and metallurgy, both ferrous and non-ferrous; its name means 'developing a prosperous smelting industry' (). Copper mining and smelting was conducted at Daye's Tonglüshan Mine (铜绿山, ) as early as the Spring and Autumn period (6th century B.C.E.), if not earlier. Tonglüshan Mine is located just southwest of the modern city, and now has a museum. Although such copper- containing minerals as malachite and azurite are found here, the local ores are richer in iron than in copper, and the modern Daye is better known for its iron ore mining and processing.
The first known use of the term is in Rome, by Cicero in the mid-first century BC. It came into general and pejorative use for a florid style contrasting with the formal, traditional rhetoric of Atticism, which it was said to have corrupted. The term reflects an association with writers in the Greek cities of Asia Minor. "Asianism had a significant impact on Roman rhetoric, since many of the Greek teachers of rhetoric who came to Rome beginning with the 2d cent. B.C.E. were Asiatic Greeks."David E. Aune, "Asianism," in The Westminster Dictionary of New Testament and Early Christian Literature, Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox Press, 2003 "Mildly Asianic tendencies" have been found in Gaius Gracchus' oratory, and "more marked" ones in Publius Sulpicius Rufus.
We also have fragments of the writings of the early philosopher Pherecydes of Syros (6th century B.C.E.), who devised a myth or legend in which powers known as Zas and Chronos ("Time") and Chthonie ("Of the Earth") existed from the beginning and in which Chronos creates the universe. Some fragments of this work mention a birth of Ophioneus and a battle of the gods between Cronus (not Chronos) on one side and Ophioneus and his children on the other in which an agreement is made that whoever pushes the other side into Ogenos will lose and the winner will hold heaven. Eusebius of Caesarea in his Praeparatio Evangelica (1.10) cites Philo of Byblos as declaring that Pherecydes took Ophion and the Ophionidae from the Phoenicians.
In his initial framework, Evans vaguely assigned the eruption to the 17th century BCE. Low chronological assessments revise the eruption to the mid-15th century BCE, while high and blended chronologies push the date back to a point in between Evans' and low chronologies, a more commonly accepted specific date of approximately 1628 B.C.E. High chronological techniques such as radiocarbon dating can be used in conjunction with evidence from artifacts indirectly related to the eruption, such as eruption-caused tsunami debris to pinpoint the exact timing of the event, and therefore which Minoan period it belongs in. However, the broadness of radiocarbon dating has also resulted in dates for the eruption of Thera that do not precisely match evidence from the archeological record.
Tagus River, showing the granite outcropping and its 18-metre rise over the waterway. The semi-circular battlements and allures that skirt the inner enclosure and the main keep. It is believed that the castle was constructed on the site of a primitive Lusitanian castro that was later conquered by the Romans during the 1st century B.C.E. It was later remodeled by successive invading forces, including the Alans, Visigoths and the Andalusian Berbers, although it is unclear when the actual castle was established. In excavations carried out in the interior and exterior enclosures, various vestiges of Roman occupation were discovered including coins, millennium markers, and Roman foundations, while medieval remnants such as medallions and two marble columns were also discovered in the castle's vicinity.
The Graces in a 1st-century 191x191px The cult of the Charites is very old, with their name appearing to be of Pelasgian, or pre-Greek, origin rather than being brought to Greece by Proto-Indo-Europeans. The purpose of their cult appears to be similar to that of nymphs, primary based around fertility and nature with a particular connection to springs and rivers. The one of earliest centres of worship for the Charites was the Cycladic Islands including Paros, with epigraphical evidence for a cult to the Charites dating to the 6th century B.C.E. on the island of Thera. Scholars have interpreted them as chthronic deities connected to fertility due to the absence of wreaths and flutes in ceremonies.
The latter term stems from the Kalan (Hindustani: कलाँ, Punjabi: ਕਲਾਂ) are administrative designations used in India and Pakistan to indicate the smaller (Khurd) and larger (Kalan) segments of a town, village or settlement. The geographical term Pandwala Kalan, which is recognized by the Constitution of India as an official name for the village is used by many in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe in the second millennium B.C.E. It is also traditionally associated with the Droņa (Sanskrit: द्रोण, Droņa) or Droņacharya or Guru Droņa, the royal preceptor to the Kauravas and Pandavas and incarnation of Brahma; an avatar of Brihaspati. He was the son of rishi Bharadwaja and a descendant of the sage Angirasa.
See, for example, Alfred Mallwitz's article "Cult and Competition Locations at Olympia" p.101 in which he argues that the games may not have started until about 704 BC. Hugh Lee, on the other hand, in his article "The 'First' Olympic Games of 776 B.C.E" p.112, follows an ancient source that claims that there were twenty- seven Olympiads before the first one was recorded in 776. There are no records of Olympic victors extant from earlier than the fifth century BC. The exedra reserved for the judges at Olympia on the south embankment of the stadium The only competition held then was, according to the later Greek traveller Pausanias who wrote in AD175, the stadion race, a race over about , measured after the feet of Hercules.
According to some ancient texts, there were Israelites that began traveling to Central Asia to work as traders during the reign of King David of Jerusalem as far back as the 10th century B.C.E. When Persian King Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon in 539 BC, he encouraged the Jews he liberated to settle in his empire, which included areas of Central Asia. In the Middle Ages, the largest Jewish settlement in Central Asia was in the Emirate of Bukhara. Among Bukharan Jews, there are two ancient theories of how Jewish people settled in Central Asia. One theory is that Bukharan Jews may be descended from the Tribe of Naphtali and the Tribe of Issachar of the Ten Lost TribesEhrlich, M. Avrum.
By the Formative stage, (sometimes called the Preclassic Era, which varies by region but typically spans from 3000 B.C.E. to 150 C.E.), women had become key figures in rituals and belief systems. Figurines from throughout the Americas, including the Caribbean region, depict women in postures of respect demonstrating power and prestige and participating in varied economic, political, religious and social activities. In the Classic stage and Post-Classic stage, the developmental eras between the Formative and Colonization, imagery on Mayan pottery reveals women were depicted as deities in ritual practices and that their primary roles revolved around cooking, food preparation and clothing manufacture. In South America, the Classic stage is used to describe the period of settled, urban dwelling similar in structure to those found in Mesoamerica.
The first signs of human activity in the area date from the Bronze Age, but the earliest settlement to be detected so far was Celtic, from the sixth century B.C.E.. From 90 to 260 C.E., the occupying Romans constructed streets and buildings in various parts of civitas alisinensis (the area which would later become Elsenzgau) to support the Neckar-Odenwald limes. A villa rustica from that era was uncovered in Kirchardt in 1832, as well as a farmstead with a deep well. An important Roman road ran through what is now Berwangen, where a Jupiter Column was also found. With the withdrawal of the Romans from the east of Rhine and the concurrent arrival of the Alemanni, the buildings crumbled completely.
The beach originally also bordered the southern edge of an ancient creek delta. The landscape shifted though over the centuries and millennia. Hence, the creek bay turned into a lagoon, separated from the sea by a sand bar: > "Paleobotanical and faunal analyses of the sand sediment in the area show > that the creek became a lake during the ninth and eighth centuries B.C.E." The most common type of burial in this necropolis was made up of twin-urns with the remains of the same individual - one containing the ashes and the other the bones mixed personal possessions, as well as two jugs and a bowl for drinking. About a fifth of the discovered urns with bone remains contained a scarab-amulet.
Alexandre Cabanel - Phèdre During his life, Seneca (4–5 B.C.E.–65 C.E.) was famous for his writings on Stoic philosophy and rhetoric and became "one of the most influential men in Rome" when his student, Nero, was named emperor in 54 C.E. Phaedra is thought to be one of Seneca's earlier works, most likely written before 54 C.E.Coffey & Mayer, pp. 5–6 Historians generally agree that Seneca did not intend for his plays to be performed in the public theaters of Rome, but rather privately recited for gatherings of fashionable and educated audiences. Since Phaedra was not meant to be acted, historian F.L. Lucas states that Seneca's writing, "tends to have less and less action, and the whole burden is thrown upon the language".Lucas, p.
The battlements of the Fort of Alvor, as seen from the rooftops of the civil parish, showing the partial remains of one of the towers A profile of the remnant walls of the old fort The establishment of the first fortress was constructed in the 7th century B.C.E., from the remains of Phoenician, Greek and Carthagninan remnants that were built on a Lusitanian castro settlement. The Carthaginan fort was conquered by Hannibal in 436, who renamed the fortification Portus Annibalis, which would later be re-christened Barcínia. From excavations completed by Teresa Gamito, the author determined that Alvor was an ancient populational and commercial centre during the pre-Roman colonization.Teresa Gamito (1994) Roman conquest did not alter significantly Alvor's role.
The latter term stems from the Kalan (Hindustani: कलाँ, Punjabi: ਕਲਾਂ) are administrative designations used in India and Pakistan to indicate the smaller (Khurd) and larger (Kalan) segments of a town, village or settlement. The geographical term Pandwala Kalan, which is recognized by the Constitution of India as an official name for the village is used by many in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe in the second millennium B.C.E. It is also traditionally associated with the Droņa (Sanskrit: द्रोण, Droņa) or Droņacharya or Guru Droņa, the royal preceptor to the Kauravas and Pandavas and incarnation of Brahma; an avatar of Brihaspati. He was the son of rishi Bharadwaja and a descendant of the sage Angirasa.
Its administration > favours the many instead of the few; this is why it is called a democracy. > If we look to the laws, they afford equal justice to all in their private > differences; if no social standing, advancement in public life falls to > reputation for capacity, class considerations not being allowed to interfere > with merit; nor again does poverty bar the way, if a man is able to serve > the state, he is not hindered by the obscurity of his condition.Thucydides, > The History of the Peloponnesian War, Written 431 B.C.E, Translated by > Richard Crawley (1874), retrieved via Project Gutenberg. The English translation by Benjamin Jowett in 1881 likewise had Pericles saying: "the law secures equal justice to all alike in their private disputes".
The Theseia (Ancient Greek: Θησεῖα, Thēseĩa) was an ancient Greek festival held in Athens in the honor of Thēseús. This festival was first implemented in the 470s B.C.E after an Athenian general known as Kimon son of Miltiades attacked the island of Skyros in search of the bones of Thēseús after receiving instructions from an oracle of Delphi to go there. Once he defeated the local Dolopians he scoured the island and found a tomb of a gigantic man that he would proclaim to be the remains of Thēseús and would bring them back to Athens for proper burial. The contests held during Theseia were usually a torch race, athletic events that make a gumnikos agon, and competitions in horsemanship and military displays.
The war concluded with an Athenian defeat and several years of oppression by pro-Spartan rulers. By 399 B.C.E, Athens had returned to self-rule through revolution. At this time, Athens was undergoing social turmoil due to the apparent failure of democracy as an effective form of government, which created a public backlash against anything anti-democratic. Socrates—the self-described "gadfly" of Athens because of his practice of elenchos (critical interrogation)—was seen by many as anti-democratic and thus a traitor to Athens due to his associations with Critias and Alcibiades (the former a Spartan supported tyrant, the latter a deserter to Sparta) and his frequent praises of the Spartan and Creten governments because of their similarity to many of his philosophical opinions on government.
A rabbinic tradition (cited in Mishnah Sotah, Tosefta Sotah, and the Jerusalem Talmud in Sotah and Ma'aser Sheni) indicates that the institution of demai was in force at the time of the Hasmonean High Priest Yohanan Hyrcanus (135–104 B.C.E.). On the other hand, a Baraita in the Babylonian Talmud (Sotah 48a), describes Yohanan as the person who instituted demai upon discovering that most people only separated the priestly terumah offering and neglected the tithes. The contents of this tractate mostly reflect conditions in Judea and the Galilee during the second century C.E. and particularly the conditions in the Galilee after the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–136 C.E.). Most of the Tannaim whose opinions are recorded in this tractate are from this period.
Thayer Greek Lexicon entry Alphaeus Perhaps under the influence of this tradition, Franz Delitzsch's modern Hebrew New Testament does in fact use the Hebrew name Yaakov ben Khalfi () for James son of Alphaeus.Franz Delitzsch Hebrew New TestamentJohn Cunningham Geikie The life and words of Christ Volume 1 1884 "Alphaeus, or Alpheus __, and Clopas are different ways of pronouncing in Greek the Hebrew name ___ (Chal'phai)." The Aramaic name Halfai is evidenced on Aramaic panels of the period,Seth Schwartz Imperialism and Jewish society, 200 B.C.E. to 640 C.E. - Page 262 - 2001 "(Panel 3, in Aramaic) May Yosi and Azrin and Haziqin sons of Halfai be remembered for good. / Whoever causes faction between men and their fellows, or recounts / slander about his fellow to the nations ['amemayah], or steals / the .." and the name Hilphai in rabbinic literature.
With the advent of the second Persian Empire, the Sassanid dynasty (224–624 C.E.), revived Achaemenid tradition by construction of temples dedicated to fire, and monumental palaces. Perhaps the most striking extant structures to date are the ruins of Persepolis, a once opulent city established by the Achaemenid king, Darius the Great for governmental and ceremonial functions, and also acting as one of the empire's four capitals. Persepolis would take 100 years to complete and would finally be ransacked and burnt by the troops of Alexander the Great in 330 B.C.E. Similar architectural infrastructures were also erected at Susa and Ecbatana by Darius the Great, serving similar functions as Persepolis, such as reception of foreign dignitaries and delegates, performance of imperial ceremonies and duties, and also housing the kings.
Castel del Monte, built by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II between 1240 and 1250 in Andria The medieval town of Ostuni Apulia is one of the richest archaeological regions in Italy. It was first colonized by Mycenaean Greeks.Elizabeth A. Fisher, The Mycenaeans and Apulia. An Examination of Aegean Bronze Age Contacts with Apulia in Eastern Magna Grecia, Astrom, 1998 There were three main Iapygian tribes that inhabited Apulia during the first millennium BC - the Daunians in the North, the Peucetians in the Centre, as well as the Messapians in the South.Lombardo, M. (2014). Iapygians: The Indigenous Populations of Ancient Apulia in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries B.C.E. In T. Carpenter, K. Lynch, & E. Robinson (Eds.), The Italic People of Ancient Apulia: New Evidence from Pottery for Workshops, Markets, and Customs (pp. 36-68).
The Roman catacombs are a series of underground cemeteries that were built in several major cities of the Roman Empire, beginning in the first and second centuries B.C.E. The tradition was later copied in several other cities around the world, though underground burial had been already common in many cultures before Christianity. The word "Catacomb" means a large, underground, Christian cemetery. Because of laws prohibiting burial within the city, the catacombs were constructed around the city along existing roads such as the Via Appia, where San Callixtus and San Sebastiano can be found, two of the most significant catacombs. The catacombs were often named for saints who were buried in them, according to tradition, though at the time of their burial, martyr cults had not yet achieved the popularity to grant them lavish tombs.
Chullakalinga Jataka narrates about the war affairs between Assaka and Kalinga kingdoms in the final decades of the 7th Century B.C.E. Also corroborated by Kalingabodhi Jataka, the nature of Kalinga II is depicted as warring and beholding the high dignity for his royal status. Pertaining to this Kalinga II declared that he would marry off his four beautiful daughters to any warrior royalty who can defeat him and his army in the battle. To challenge other kingdoms on this declaration, he sent out his daughters on a well decorated chariot with escorts to surrounding kingdoms on which none dared to stop due to his power until it entered Assaka kingdom. There the king Aruna who was equally powerful and also jealous of Kalinga's glory stopped the chariot and took the four princess as captive.
By Pompey it was exhibited in the streets of Rome as one of the spoils of the newly conquered province, 65 B.C.E.; and one of the wonderful trees graced the triumph of Vespasian, 79 C.E. During the invasion of Titus, two battles took place at the balsam groves of Jericho, the last being to prevent the Jews in their despairing frenzy from destroying the trees. Then they became public property, and were placed under the protection of an imperial guard; but history does not record how long the two plantations survived. According to Pliny (Hist. Nat. 12:54), the balsam-tree was indigenous only to Judea, but known to Diodorus Siculus (3:46) as a product of Arabia also. In Palestine, praised by other writers also for its balsam (Justinus, 36:3; Tacitus, Hist.
Southern Palestine became a province of the Achaemenid Empire, called Idumea, and the evidence from ostraca suggests that a Nabataean-type society, since the Idumeans appear to be connected to the Nabataeans, took shape in southern Palestine in the 4th century B.C.E., and that the Qedarite Arab kingdom penetrated throughout this area through the period of Persian and Hellenistic dominion.David F. Graf, 'Petra and the Nabataeans in the Early Hellenistic Period: the literary and archaeological evidence,' in Michel Mouton, Stephan G. Schmid (eds.), Men on the Rocks: The Formation of Nabataean Petra, Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH, 2013 pp.35–55 pp.47–48: 'the Idumean texts indicate that a large portion of the community in southern Palestine were Arabs, many of whom have names similar to those in the "Nabataean" onomasticon of later periods.
Seated Woman of Çatal Höyük: the head is a restoration, Museum of Anatolian CivilizationsAs noted in Hugh Honour and John Fleming, A World History of Art, 2005: illustration, fig. 1.16; The Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük (also Çatal Höyük) is a baked-clay, nude female form, seated between feline-headed arm- rests. It is generally thoughtA typical assessment: "A terracotta statuette of a seated (mother) goddess giving birth with each hand on the head of a leopard, or panther from Çatalhöyük (dated around 6000 B.C.E.)" (Sarolta A. Takács, "Cybele and Catullus' Attis", in Eugene N. Lane, Cybele, Attis and related cults: essays in memory of M.J. Vermaseren 1996:376. to depict a corpulent and fertile Mother GoddessSo rendered in popularized accounts, such as The Oxford Companion to World Mythology, 2005: s.v.
One of the Alaca Höyük bronze standards from a pre-Hittite tomb dating to the third millennium BC, from the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara. Ivory Hittite Sphinx, 18th century B.C.E. Unlike the Akkadians and their descendants, the Assyrians, whose Anatolian possessions were peripheral to their core lands in Mesopotamia, the Hittites were centered at Hattusa (modern Boğazkale) in north-central Anatolia by the 17th century BC. They were speakers of an Indo-European language, the Hittite language, or nesili (the language of Nesa) in Hittite. The Hittites originated from local ancient cultures that grew in Anatolia, in addition to the arrival of Indo-European languages. Attested for the first time in the Assyrian tablets of Nesa around 2000BC, they conquered Hattusa in the 18th century BC, imposing themselves over Hattian- and Hurrian-speaking populations.
Rubutu was a city, or city-state located in ancient northern Israel, between the city of Gazru-(modern Gezer), and Jerusalem during the time of the Amarna letters correspondence, a 15-20 year period at about 1350-1335 BC. Some scholars place Rubutu near present-day Arrabah in the northern West Bank.Zertal, Adam; Arubboth, Hepher, and the Third Solomonic District, 1984: 72-76, 112-114, 133-136Na'aman, Nadav; Canaan in the second millennium B.C.E., 2005: 212. The Amarna letters were mostly written to the pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, and three mayors of Gazru: Abimilku, Milkilu, and Yapahu authored 20 letters of the 382-letter, Amarna letters corpus. The reference to Rubutu is found in 2 letters of Abdi-Heba of Jerusalem, EA 289, and 290, (EA for 'el Amarna').
The poems in Therigatha were composed orally in the Magadhi language and were passed on orally until about 80 B.C.E., when they were written down in Pali. It consists of 494 verses; while the summaries attribute these verses to 101 different nuns, only 73 identifiable speakers appear in the text. Like the Theragatha, it is organized into chapters that are loosely based on the number of verses in each poem. While each poem in the Theragatha has an identified speaker, several of the Therigatha texts are anonymous, or are connected with the story of a nun but not spoken to or by her—in one case, no nun seems to be present, but instead the verse is spoken by a woman trying to talk her husband out of becoming a monk.
The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London In art, Mut was pictured as a woman with the wings of a vulture, holding an ankh, wearing the united crown of Upper and Lower Egypt and a dress of bright red or blue, with the feather of the goddess Ma'at at her feet. Alternatively, as a result of her assimilations, Mut is sometimes depicted as a cobra, a cat, a cow, or as a lioness as well as the vulture. Relief of the Goddess Mut, c. 1336–1213 B.C.E., 79.120, Brooklyn Museum Before the end of the New Kingdom almost all images of female figures wearing the Double Crown of Upper and Lower Egypt were depictions of the goddess Mut, here labeled "Lady of Heaven, Mistress of All the Gods".
Aaron Levine comments that although the concept of public welfare is an integral part of the modern state, its historical origins are relatively recent, from the late 19th century. According to Levine, the key concept of the welfare state is that voluntarism alone does not sufficiently address the needs of the poor and the disadvantaged and so government steps in to complement private efforts by establishing programs to guarantee a minimum standard of living and to protect individuals against certain adverse events. Levine points out that, in Judaism, these principles can be traced back to Talmudic times (300 B.C.E. to 500 C.E.) and are embodied in Jewish Law (Halakah). Levine characterizes the Judaic approach to social welfare as a "dual anti-poverty system, consisting of private and public components".
There has been no organized mechanism for collection of the poor tithe since 135 CE,Imperialism and Jewish society, 200 B.C.E. to 640 C.E. p228 Seth Schwartz - 2004 "That there was any mechanism for the collection and distribution of the poor tithe after 135, for instance," but Orthodox Judaism still regards tithe obligations as residing in produce grown in the Land of Israel. Contemporary practice is to set aside terumah, separate first tithe (ma'aser rishon), separate terumat ma'aser, separate either the second tithe (ma'aser sheni) or the poor tithe (depending on the year), then (if applicable) redeem the second tithe with a coin. Orthodox Judaism regards it as meritorious to discharge one's poor tithe obligation additionally by giving a portion of one's income, ideally a tenth, to charity.
She has also taught in other institutions of higher learning. She taught doctoral students at Bar-Ilan University and Hebrew language at Gratz College and the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College in Philadelphia, U.S.A.. In 1994-1995, she taught the phonology and morphology of Biblical Hebrew at University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia U.S.A. Her scholarly books and articles deal primarily with the linguistic and stylistic- linguistic aspects of ancient Middle Eastern written texts, cuneiform and hieroglyphics in particular, and with modern Hebrew literature. Together with her husband, Professor Anson Rainey, Cochavi-Rainey has dealt extensively with the El Amarna letters, the correspondence between the King of Egypt and peoples of the region, from the middle of the 14th and 13th centuries B.C.E. After Prof. Anson Rainey’s death, she continued and completed his monumental work on the subject.
Thus, surfacing in Athenian writing in the 4th-century B.C.E., Plato is among the first philosophers to consider the universe an intelligent living (almost sentient) being, first positing organicism in his Socratic dialogue, Philebus, and further expanding upon the notion in the later works of Republic and Theatetus. At the turn of the 18th-century, Immanuel Kant championed a revival of organicisitic thought by stressing, in his written works, "the inter-relatedness of the organism and its parts[,] and the circular causality" inherent to the inextricable entanglement of the greater whole. Organicism flourished for a period during the German Romanticism intellectual movement, where the position was considered by Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling to be an integral constituent within the burgeoning biological field. Within contemporary biology, organicism stresses the organization (particularly the self-organizing properties) rather than the composition (i.e.
They represent these two states of being - like water attempting to be vapor and ice at one and the same time. The "thickening of time" results from the image of the "art of memory," from which Yairi sets out to make his recent series of photographs, following in the path of Simonides of Ceos (556-468 B.C.E), the Greek poet considered to be the father of mnemonics (the art of aiding memory). Simonides' method of remembering is based on the "translation" of abstract concepts into concrete objects and their imaginary placement in a space well known to the memorizer, based on the assumption that concrete images are easier to remember than abstract ideas. Thus, for example, a poem can be translated into a series of mnemonic images that can be installed in the home of the memorizer.
Map of Lopburi Providence in Central Thailand The Khao Sai On site is an archaeological site located in the Lopburi Province of central Thailand; findings at the site indicate metalworking dating as far back as the 1st millennium B.C.E in the South-Eastern Asian region. Archaeologists began excavating the site in 1988, and excavations of the site have continued over the years, with the last analysis of the site occurring in 2007. Excavations of the site have given archaeologists an insight into many aspects of the lives people living in the area such as their burial practices and their metalworking. The site serves as an important center for researching the early metalworking activities of Southeast Asia, and the artifacts discovered at the site display the importance of copper to the ancient people of the Khao Sai On site.
It is not clear, however, just who this Israel was or where they were located.Dermot Anthony Nestor,Cognitive Perspectives on Israelite Identity, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2010 p. 191: 'while the Merneptah stele may indeed prove beyond doubt that shortly before 1200 B.C.E. Egyptian intelligence either encountered or was informed of an inimical "Israel" residing in the highlands of Palestine, and that it was considered significant enough to warrant inclusion in the only known campaign of Merneptah in this region, any attempt by biblical scholars to translate this practical category into the substantialist idiom of an internally homogeneous, externally bounded group which serves to demarcate the evolution of that singular, regulative and constituting cultural tradition identified textually and archaeologically as "Israel" simply cannot be sustained.' The reference to Israel in the stele has spawned two major schools of thought.
Ancient Egypt: This core exhibit blends history and science in its presentation of the mummification traditions of Ancient Egypt and other examples of mummification from around the world. Artifacts include the authentic remains of two Egyptian mummies, painted mummy coffins and masks, amulets, pottery, and ushabti — all of which date primarily from the Late Period and from the Ptolemaic Dynasty. The exhibit also includes a rare child sarcophagus (305-30 B.C.E.), one of seven known to exist in all museum collections around the world. Also on display are several artifacts from the ancient city of Amarna that Akhenaten, father of King Tut, ruled. One of the artifacts from the Amarna collection, gifted to the museum from San Diego philanthropist Ellen Browning Scripps, is known as ‘The Missing Cartouche of Nefertiti’, one of the most significant findings from the excavations of the ancient city.
Paleo-Hebrew (10th century BCE to 135 CE), old Aramaic (10th century BCE to 4th century CE), and square Hebrew (3rd century BCE to present) scripts. Judaism is traditionally considered one of the oldest monotheistic religions in the world, although it is also believed that the earliest Israelites (pre-7th century BCE) were polytheistic, evolved into henotheistic and later monolatristic,Monotheism, My Jewish Learning, "Many critical scholars think that the interval between the Exodus and the proclamation of monotheism was much longer. Outside of Deuteronomy the earliest passages to state that there are no gods but the Lord are in poems and prayers attributed to Hannah and David, one and a half to two and a half centuries after the Exodus at the earliest. Such statements do not become common until the seventh century B.C.E., the period to which Deuteronomy is dated by the critical view." rather than monotheistic.
Panorama of Persepolis ruins Achaemenid architecture (Persian: معماری هخامنشی) includes all architectural achievements of the Achaemenid Persians manifesting in construction of spectacular cities used for governance and inhabitation (Persepolis, Susa, Ecbatana), temples made for worship and social gatherings (such as Zoroastrian temples), and mausoleums erected in honor of fallen kings (such as the burial tomb of Cyrus the Great). The quintessential feature of Persian architecture was its eclectic nature with elements of Assyrian, Egyptian, Median and Asiatic Greek all incorporated, yet producing a unique Persian identity seen in the finished product. Achaemenid architecture is academically classified under Persian architecture in terms of its style and design. Achaemenid architectural heritage, beginning with the expansion of the empire around 550 B.C.E., was a period of artistic growth that left an extraordinary architectural legacy ranging from Cyrus the Great's solemn tomb in Pasargadae to the splendid structures of the opulent city of Persepolis.
Following the results of the excavations at Megiddo, Finkelstein argued that the material culture of the Iron I in the northern valleys continues that of the Late Bronze Age. In other words, the collapse of the Late Bronze city-states under Egyptian domination in the late 12th century BCE was followed by revival of some of the same centers and rise of others in the Iron I. He termed this phenomenon "New Canaan".I. Finkelstein, City States and States: Polity Dynamics in the 10th-9th Centuries B.C.E, in W.G. Dever and S. Gitin (eds.), Symbiosis, Symbolism and the Power of the Past: Canaan, Ancient Israel, and their Neighbors, Winona Lake 2003, pp. 75-83. Accordingly, the major break in the material culture of Canaan took place at the end of the Iron I in the 10th century BCE rather than the end of the Late Bronze Age.
Didier provides examples of the Middle Eastern origin or inspiration of astronomical systems and calendars, religious figures such as the Yellow Emperor, and religious myths based on astrological observation shared across the continent. In 2016, Sun Weidong, a Chinese geochemist argued that the founders of Chinese civilization migrated from Egypt and were therefore not actually Chinese. He was led to this hypothesis when his radiometric dating of ancient Chinese bronzes found that their chemical composition was more similar to ancient Egyptian bronzes than to ores found in China. Sun went on to argue that the technology of Bronze Age widely thought to have come across Central Asia by land had in fact been brought by the Hyksos, a Western Asian people who settled in the Nile Valley in the 17th and 16th centuries B.C.E. and may have fled by sea when their dynasty collapsed.
Control of fractionating columns is one of the more challenging applicationsAutomatic control systems were first developed over two thousand years ago. The first feedback control device on record is thought to be the ancient Ktesibios's water clock in Alexandria, Egypt around the third century B.C.E. It kept time by regulating the water level in a vessel and, therefore, the water flow from that vessel. This certainly was a successful device as water clocks of similar design were still being made in Baghdad when the Mongols captured the city in 1258 A.D. A variety of automatic devices have been used over the centuries to accomplish useful tasks or simply just to entertain. The latter includes the automata, popular in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, featuring dancing figures that would repeat the same task over and over again; these automata are examples of open-loop control.
Wayne Horowitz received his BA from Brandeis University. He completed his Ph.D. thesis (this later leading to the work Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography) at Birmingham University under the supervision of W. G. Lambert. Horowitz lectures at the Rothberg School for Overseas Students in the Department of Assyriology. Prof. Horowitz is leading a team making available in publication the decipherment of a Law code fragment (18th-17th century B.C.E.), the first found in Israel that shows features similar to the law code of Hammurabi.translation of Code of Hammurabi by L.W.King retrieved 17:43 20/10/2011 (From a website showing Copyright 2008 - 2011 AFHU )26th of July 2010 article from American Friends of Hebrew University retrieved 10:20 20/10/2011 2000-2011 The Bible and Interpretation retrieved 11:42 20/10/2011 (text is located fourth paragraph under figure 5 within linked article & REFERENCE:Shtull-Trauring, Asaf.
"Keat Gin Ooi -Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East ... - Volume 1 - Page 12 2004 This early kingdom had five rulers, a century of independence, and then was under Chinese occupation for a millennium from 111 B.C.E. Scholars and officials who fled the mainland ... Elements of Chinese culture such as language, religion, art and way of life constitute an important component of traditional Vietnamese culture until modernity. This cultural affiliation to China remained true even when militarily defending Vietnam against attempted invasion, such as against Kublai Khan of the Yuan dynasty. Chinese characters remained the official script until the 20th century, despite in the aftermath of the expulsion of the Ming saw a rise in vernacular chữ nôm literature.The World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia - Volume 6 - Page 828 Marshall Cavendish Corporation - 2007 "The Chinese occupied but never quite subdued Vietnam for the next thousand years.
Pont du Gard, France, a Roman era aqueduct circa 19 BC. Structural engineering dates back to 2700 B.C.E. when the step pyramid for Pharaoh Djoser was built by Imhotep, the first engineer in history known by name. Pyramids were the most common major structures built by ancient civilizations because the structural form of a pyramid is inherently stable and can be almost infinitely scaled (as opposed to most other structural forms, which cannot be linearly increased in size in proportion to increased loads). The structural stability of the pyramid, whilst primarily gained from its shape, relies also on the strength of the stone from which it is constructed, and its ability to support the weight of the stone above it.CV The limestone blocks were often taken from a quarry near the building site and have a compressive strength from 30 to 250 MPa (MPa = Pa × 106).
The Galician province under Diocletan. The Romans arrived in Galicia in the second century BCE, although their conquest was not consolidated until the first century B.C.E., the process of "Romanization" began, which led to the incorporation of indigenous people to the language and the culture of the Roman conquerors. Latin became the language of the area, its assimilation was not an immediate process, but gradual, through the colonization of the Roman citizens and the cultural and administrative advantages of Roman citizenship and distribution of land, among other factors. The process of Romanization was similar to that of other places, the Romans being able to speak strongly as a romanized elite while the majority of the inhabitants of Galicia use a degraded variant of vulgar Latin, that will result in the creation of the so-called Romance languages: Castilian, Catalan, Romanian, French, and Italian, among others.
The Caspian is a small horse breed native to Northern Iran. Although its original height probably ranged between it is termed a horse rather than a pony because it has much in common with horses in terms of conformation, gaits and character. It is believed to be one of the oldest horse or pony breeds in the world, descended from small Mesopotamian equines that, in competition with larger animals, had faded from attention by the 7th century AD. The horse breed was brought to public notice again when rediscovered in 1965 by Louise Firouz, an American-born breeder of Iranian horses living in Iran.Telegraph obituary of Louise Firouz In 2011, the remains of a horse dating back to 3400 B.C.E. were found at Gohar Tappeh, Iran, giving rise to claims that the Caspian is the oldest known breed of domestic horse that still exists.
Letters between Yasmah-Adad and Shamshi-Adad I show the role he played in his father’s brutal expansionist military campaign of 1781 B.C.E., particularly in regards with the Ya’ilanum tribe. Whereas letters and inscriptions describing other battles reveal a non-violent treatment of captured enemies, letters to Yasmah-Adad contained instructions to kill all the members of this tribe. "Give an order that the sons (of the tribe) of Ya'ilanum, all those who are with you, must die tonight ... They must die and be buried in the graves!" Later, in a letter to Yasmah-Adad, Ishme-Dagan described the execution of the Yai’ilanum. "Mar-Addu and all the sons (of the tribe) of Ya’ilanum were killed, and all its servants and soldiers were killed, and not one enemy escaped. Rejoice!" Mar-Addu, as the leader of the Ya’ilanum tribe, was decapitated and his head was brought to Yasmah-Addu.
Cristobal de Olid was on his way west to Tzintzuntzan when an Purépecha army was heading east to intercept him. Olid, along with a number of Purépecha from this area, tricked the army into an ambush and captured them. After the Conquest, the name changed to San José Taximaroa. Near the end of the 18th century, a hacienda was acquired here by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla. This later prompted the name of the municipality to change to Villa Hidalgo Taximaroa in 1908, and then again to Ciudad Hidalgo in 1922. The first people to concentrate in this area were the Otomi, who arrived between 2,000 and 1,500 years B.C.E. They called the area “Ouesehuarape” or “place where they cut wood.” In 1401, the Purépecha conquered the area, making it the province closest to the Aztec Empire. In 1479, Axayacatl with 24,000 warriors attacked Taximaroa and burned the city.
The idea of Iran as a religious, cultural, and ethnic reality goes back as far as the end of the 6th century B.C.E. As a political idea, it first appeared in the twenties of the third century C.E. as an essential feature of Sassanian propaganda. Third-century Iran was shaken by a conflict between universalism and nationalism that was most clearly manifested in the religious and cultural sphere. The outcome of this conflict is well known: the traditionalistic and nationalistic impulses gained the upper hand, and Manichaean universalism succumbed to the nationalism of the Zoroastrian Magi. Iranian identity, which up to that point had essentially consisted of cultural and religious nature, assumed a definite political value, placing Persia and the Persians at the center of the Ērān-šahr, in other words, at the center of a state based on the twin powers of throne and altar and sustained by an antiquarian and archaizing ideology.
The Roman Theatre of Mérida is a construction promoted by the consul Vipsanius Agrippa in the Roman city of Emerita Augusta, capital of Lusitania (current Mérida, Spain). It was constructed in the years 16 to 15 B.C.E. One of the most famous and visited landmarks in Spain, the Roman Theatre of Mérida is regarded as a Spanish cultural icon and was chosen as one of the 12 Treasures of Spain. The theater has undergone several renovations, notably at the end of the 1st century or early 2nd century CE (possibly during the reign of Emperor Trajan), when the current facade of the scaenae frons was erected, and another in the time of Constantine I (between 330 and 340), which introduced new decorative-architectural elements and a walkway around the monument. Following the theatre's abandonment in Late Antiquity, it was slowly covered with earth, with only the upper tiers of seats (summa cavea) remaining visible.
The land referred to as Pragjyotisha in the Mahabharata is now accepted as present-day Assam and North Bengal. In the Bhismaparvan, the Pragjyotisha king Bhagadatta is said to have joined the Kurukshetra war with an army of kirata and cinas. Since the name China is derived from the Qin Dynasty (221 BCE - 206 BCE), the reference cannot be dated to earlier than the third century BCE."The late Qing intellectuals were perfectly aware that the various modern terms of "China" originated from the sanskrit root cina and it is widely believed that the Sanskrit derived from the dynastic name of the first unified China, the Qin (Ch'in) dynasty (221-206 B.C.E)." In the Ramayana, Pragjyotisha is situated on the Varaha mountain and not in present-day Assam; According to Shastri (2002), the author "had no idea at all of its location and was just eager to refer to it as it had already become a celebrated town".
The term 'open government' originated in the United States after World War II. Wallace Parks, who served on a subcommittee on Government Information created by the U.S. Congress, introduce the term in his 1957 article "The Open Government Principle: Applying the Right to Know under the Constitution". After this and after the passing of the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) in 1966, federal courts began using the term as a synonym for government transparency. Although this was the first time that 'open government' was introduced the concept of transparency and accountability in government can be traced back to Ancient Greece in fifth century B.C.E. Athens where different legal institutions regulated the behavior of officials and offered a path for citizens to express their grievances towards them. One such institution, the euthyna, held officials to a standard of "straightness" and enforced that they give an account in front of an Assembly of citizens about everything that they did that year.
Ganymede rolling a hoop and bearing aloft a cockerel, a love-giftFor the cockerel as an emblematic gift to the eromenos, see, for example, H.A. Shapiro, "Courtship scenes in Attic vase- painting", American Journal of Archaeology, 1981; the gift is "gender specific, and it is clear that the cock had significance as evocative of male potency", T.J. Figueira observes, in reviewing two recent works on Greek pederasty, in American Journal of Archaeology, 1981. from Zeus, who is pictured in pursuit on the obverse of a vase by the Berlin Painter (Attic red- figure krater, 500-490 B.C.E.) In 5th century Athens, the story of Ganymede became popular among vase-painters, which was suited to the all-male symposium. Ganymede was usually depicted as a muscular young man, although Greek and Roman sculpture typically depicted his physique as less developed than athletes. One of the earliest depictions of Ganymede is a red-figure krater by the Berlin Painter in the Musée du Louvre.
It is said that the first expeditionaries of this place were the Olmecs, who found on these lands a depression that seemed adequate to raise their ceremonial center; torrential rains, its special topography, the confluence of two rivers and dense vegetation made it the ideal place to live. A Huastec warrior named Cuextécatl fought and expelled the Olmecs, withdrawing them to the coast, thus the Huastecs took possession of the place. This place gained importance and was categorized as ceremonial center, which came to satisfy the religious needs of the inhabitants of a vast region, from Teotihuacan to the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, and also encouraged the emergence of human settlements in the area, allowing the confluence of various ethnic groups. Other versions indicate that the first inhabitants established within the region were Otomi groups, which settled approximately in 300 B.C.E. Later, during the 5th century, these lands were inhabited by Totonac settlers from El Tajín.
According to Arturo González, the director of the Desert Museum in Saltillo, Mexico, and the lead archaeologist of this project, the bone structure of the skeleton is more consistent with that of people from Southern Asia than that of people from Northern Asia. This similarity with Southern Asian skeletal types has called into question the timeline and geographic origin in the current theory of New World settlement by peoples from Northern Asia. This implies that people may not have come to America from North Asia through a land-bridge which is now underwater as previously thought, as many scientists believe that the first peoples of America arrived by land and by sea in coast hugging canoes from Northern Asia across what is now the Bering Strait. The first peoples filtered into the Americas from Asia in Paleolithic times, possibly continuing to arrive until around 10,000 B.C.E, when melting glaciers submerged the land bridge and isolated the American contents from the rest of the world.
P. G. Wodehouse, esteemed humorous writer employed the phrase often, sometimes with a slight nod to the phrase's dual-edge. Originally, however, "sweetness and light" had a special use in literary and cultural criticism meaning "pleasing and instructive", which in classical theory was considered to be the aim and justification of poetry.English for dulce et utile (literally "sweet and useful") from Horace's Ars Poetica (18 B.C.E.) Jonathan Swift first used the phrase in his mock-heroic prose satire, "The Battle of the Books" (1704), a defense of Classical learning, which he published as a prolegomenon to his A Tale of a Tub. It gained widespread currency in the Victorian era, when English poet and essayist Matthew Arnold picked it up as the title of the first section of his 1869 book Culture and Anarchy: An Essay in Political and Social Criticism, where "sweetness and light" stands for beauty and intelligence, the two key components of an excellent culture.
After Emperor Wen died in 157 BC and Crown Prince Qi succeeded him as Emperor Jing, Empress Dowager Bo became grand empress dowager. There was no recorded instance of her trying to assert political influence after that. She died just two years later in 155 BC.Lily Xiao Hong Lee, A. D. Stefanowska, Sue Wiles, "Biographical dictionary of Chinese women: antiquity through Sui, 1600 B.C.E.-618 C.E.", 2007 (This would prove disastrous for Emperor Jing's wife, Empress Bo, as she would be soon deposed after losing her main support.) After she died, she was enshrined in a temple of her own rather than in her husband's temple, because only one empress could be enshrined in an emperor's temple, and Empress Lü was already enshrined in Emperor Gao's temple. Later, during Emperor Guangwu's reign, however, he effectively reversed the position of Empress Dowager Bo and Empress Lü by enshrining Empress Dowager Bo as "Empress Gao" and demoting Empress Dowager Lü to a separate temple.
Younker, R. 1991. A preliminary report of the 1990 season at Tel Gezer, excavations of the "Outer Wall" and the "Solomonic" Gateway (July 2 to August 10, 1990). Andrews University Seminary Studies. 29: 19-60. A report in 2019 by geologists studying layers of sediment on the floor of the Dead Sea further confirmed this particular seismic event.Fact-checking the Book of Amos: There Was a Huge Quake in Eighth Century B.C.E. By Ruth Schuster Haaretz, Jan 03, 2019. Quote: "An earthquake that ripped apart Solomon’s Temple was mentioned in the Bible and described in colorful detail by Josephus – and now geologists show what really happened." Amos of Tekoa delivered a speech at the Temple of the Golden Calf in the city of Bethel in the northern kingdom of Israel just "two years before the earthquake" (Amos 1:1), in the middle of eighth century BC when Uzziah was king of Judah and Jeroboam II was king of Israel.
After his death, Cyrus the Great's remains were interred in his capital city of Pasargadae, where today his limestone tomb (built around 540–530 B.C.E.) still exists. The translated ancient accounts give a vivid description of the tomb both geometrically and aesthetically; The tomb's geometric shape has changed little over the years, still maintaining a large stone of quadrangular form at the base (forty five feet by forty two feet), followed by a pyramidal succession of seven, irregular smaller rectangular stones (possibly as a reference to the seven planets of the solar system) reaching a height of eighteen feet, until the structure is curtailed by a rectangularly formed cubical edifice with a small opening or window on the side, where the slenderest man can barely squeeze through. The roof of the edifice and indeed the structure, is an elongated limestone pediment. The edifice, or the "small house" is a rectangular, elongated cube that lies directly on top of the pyramidal stone steps, and is in width, in height, and in length.
According to the inscription of another Assyrian king, Shalmaneser I, the Ahlamu with the Mitannian support of Shattuara II of Hanigalbat, were defeated in their uprising against the Assyrians. Ahlamu were even able to obstruct communication between kingdoms, mentioned by king of Babylon Kadashman-Enlil II, in his relations with the Hittite king Ḫattušili III, in which he complains about the interruption of sending messengers between the two courts, under the pretext of the assaults of Ahlamu bandit. From the 12th century B.C.E. onward, the Mesopotamians increasingly referred to these same mobile groups as "Arameans." They are also known as enemies of the Assyrians, when Assyria resurfaces again, already in the time of the monarch Ashur-resh-ishi I, he alluded to victories over the Ahlamu, and Gutians, so did his successor, Tiglath-Pileser I. The Assyrian king, Arik-den- ili, turned westward into The Levant (modern Syria and Lebanon), where he managed to subjugate the Suteans, the Ahlamu and the Yauru, in the region of Katmuḫi in the middle Euphrates.
Orphic mosaics were found in many late-Roman villas Orphism (more rarely Orphicism; ) is the name given to a set of religious beliefs and practicesSexuality in Greek and Roman Culture by Marilyn B. Skinner, 2005, page 135, "[...] of life, there was no coherent religious movement properly termed 'Orphism' (Dodds 1957: 147–9; West 1983: 2–3). Even if there were, [...]" originating in the ancient Greek and Hellenistic world,Three Faces of God by David L. Miller, 2005, Back Matter: "[...] assumed that this was a Christian trinitarian influence on late Hellenistic Orphism, but it may be that the Old Neoplatonists were closer [...]" as well as from the Thracians,History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C.E. to the seventh century C.E. Routledge reference, Siegfried J. de Laet, UNESCO, 1996, , pp. 182–183. associated with literature ascribed to the mythical poet Orpheus, who descended into the Greek underworld and returned. Orphics revered Dionysus (who once descended into the Underworld and returned) and Persephone (who annually descended into the Underworld for a season and then returned).
Brueggemann argued that was as symmetrically structured as any narrative since , showing the conflict of human resolve with God's resolve:Walter Brueggemann. Genesis: Interpretation: A Bible Commentary for Teaching and Preaching, page 98. :A: "Whole earth ... one language" ::B: Human words and actions :::C: "Come let us" ::B1: God's words and actions :::C1: "Come let us" :A1: "The language of all the earth ... all the earth" Cassuto The mid-20th-century Italian-Israeli scholar Umberto Cassuto, formerly of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, suggested that the Tower of Babel story in reflects an earlier Israelite poem that regarded with a smile the boastful pride of the Babylonians in their city, temple, and ziggurat. Cassuto deduced that Israelites composed the poem when the city and tower were already in ruins, and he posited that they were written in the centuries after the fall of the First Babylonian dynasty and the destruction of Babylon by the Hittites in the middle of the 16th century B.C.E., during which Israelites remembered the bragging of the Babylonians with derision.
Yasmah-Adad (Yasmah-Addu, Yasmakh-Adad, Ismah-Adad, Iasmakh-Adad) was the younger son of the Amorite king of Upper Mesopotamia, Shamshi-Adad I. He was put on throne of Mari by his father after a successful military attack following the assassination of Yahdun-Lim of Mari in 1795 B.C.E. He was responsible for the southwestern section of his father's kingdom (of which Mari was the capital) including the Balikh River, Habur River, and Euphrates River. Yasmah-Adad's administrative district bordered the state of Yamkhad and the Syrian steppe (inhabited by semi-nomadic peoples). His father controlled the northern part of the kingdom from Shubat-Enlil, and his older brother, Ishme-Dagan, ruled over the southeast area from Ekallatum. Yasmah-Adad's leadership of Mari and the surrounding districts around the Euphrates ended when his father died, and the Amorite Zimri-Lim and his army chased him out of Mari and took his throne in 1776 B.C. The sources do not fully agree, but state that he was either chased out of his borders or killed before being allowed to flee.
It claims that secular historians make conclusions about 587 BC based on incorrect or inconsistent historical records, but accepts those sources that identify Cyrus' capture of Babylon in 539 BC, claiming it has no evidence of being inconsistent and hence can be used as a pivotal date."When Was Ancient Jerusalem Destroyed?—Part Two" The Watchtower, November 1, 2011, page 22Insight on the Scriptures. Vol.2 page 459, "secular chronologers calculate the 16th day of Tashritu (Tishri) as falling on October 11, Julian calendar, and October 5, Gregorian calendar, in the year 539 B.C.E. Since this date is an accepted one, there being no evidence to the contrary, it is usable as a pivotal date in coordinating secular history with Bible history." Rolf Furuli, a Jehovah's Witness and a lecturer in Semitic languages, presents a study of 607 BC in support of the Witnesses' conclusions in Assyrian, Babylonian, Egyptian, and Persian Chronology Compared with the Chronology of the Bible, Volume 1: Persian Chronology and the Length of the Babylonian Exile of the Jews.
Machabeli, pls. 37, 51-54, 65-66 The cult of Mithras, distinguished by its syncretic character and thus complementary to local cults, especially the cult of the Sun, gradually came to merge with ancient Georgian beliefs. It is even thought that Mithras must have been the precursor of St. George in pagan Georgia.Makalatia, pp. 184-93 Step by step, Iranian beliefs and ways of life penetrated deeply the practices of the Iberian court and elite: the Armazian script and “language,” which is based on Aramaic (see Tsereteli), was adopted officially (a number of inscriptions in Aramaic of the Classical/Hellenistic periods are known from Colchis as well,;Braund, pp. 126-27) the court was organized on Iranian models, the elite dress was influenced by Iranian costume, the Iberian elite adopted Iranian personal names,Braund, pp. 212-15 and the official cult of Armazi (q.v.) was introduced by King Pharnavaz in the 3rd century B.C.E. (connected by the medieval Georgian chronicle to Zoroastrianism)Apakidze, pp. 397-401 This ended when the Sassanids took power.
Some thousands of these have been recovered; many are historical, some linguistic, some geographical, some astronomical. Similar use has been seen in hollow cylinders, or prisms of six or eight sides, formed of fine terra cotta, sometimes glazed, on which the characters were traced with a small stylus, in some specimens so minutely as to be capable of decipherment only with the aid of a magnifying-glass. In Egypt the principal writing material was of quite a different sort. Wooden tablets are found pictured on the monuments; but the material which was in common use, even from very ancient times, was the papyrus, having recorded use as far back as 3,000 B.C.E. This reed, found chiefly in Lower Egypt, had various economic means for writing, the pith was taken out, and divided by a pointed instrument into the thin pieces of which it is composed; it was then flattened by pressure, and the strips glued together, other strips being placed at right angles to them, so that a roll of any length might be manufactured.
Old City of Nablus and Mount Gerizim in background Moses instructed the Israelites, when first entering Canaan, to celebrate the event with ceremonies of blessings and cursings on Mount Gerizim and Mount Ebal respectively.Deuteronomy, 11:29-30Yitzakh Magen, 'The Dating of the First Phase of the Samaritan Temple on Mt Gerizim in Light of Archaeological Evidence,' in Oded Lipschitz, Gary N. Knoppers, Rainer Albertz (eds.) Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century B.C.E., Eisenbrauns, 2007 pp.157ff.p.183 The Pulpit Commentary suggests that these mountains were selected for blessings and curses "doubtless, because of their relative position, and probably also because they stand in the center of the land both from north to south, and from east to west". It has been suggested that "Ebal was appointed for the uttering of the curse, and Gerizim for the uttering of the blessing, because the former was barren and rugged, the latter fertile and smooth", but the Pulpit Commentary editors state that "this is not borne out by the actual appearance of the two hills, both being equally barren-looking, though neither is wholly destitute of culture and vegetation".Pulpit Commentary on Deuteronomy 11, accessed 2015-11-25.
Professor Gary Rendsburg of Rutgers University noted that although Abraham built altars at Shechem in and between Bethel and Ai in , only in does the text report Abraham actually making a sacrifice — the ram that he found caught in the thicket that he sacrificed in lieu of Isaac. Rendsburg argued that the message would have been clear to Israelites living in Solomon’s time that even though altars stood throughout the countryside, and some may even have been as old as Abraham, the only place where Abraham actually sacrificed was the mount of the Lord — Jerusalem — and that was why only the Jerusalem Temple was approved for sacrifices to God. Rendsburg concluded that royal scribes living in Jerusalem during the reigns of David and Solomon in the tenth century BCE were responsible for Genesis; their ultimate goal was to justify the monarchy in general, and the kingship of David and Solomon in particular; and Genesis thus appears as a piece of political propaganda.Gary A. Rendsburg, “Reading David in Genesis: How we know the Torah was written in the tenth century B.C.E.” Bible Review, volume 17, number 1 (February 2001): pages 20, 23, 28.
IGN's Joshua Yehl gave Trinity of Sin: Pandora #1 a 6.9 out of 10, saying "Ray Fawkes definitely gets a lot of credit for telling a story that spans all the way from 8000 B.C.E. to the present and making it such a smooth read," but failed to "kicks off the story without first giving a compelling reason to root for Pandora." Yehl also praised the art, saying it looked "impressively good" despite the fact that there were four artists on the book. Jim Johnson of Comic Book Resources gave the first issue 2 stars out of 5, saying that the story is a "protracted version of what readers have already learned in Phantom Stranger and elsewhere" and criticizing the fact that Pandora's origin greatly differed from that of her Greek counterpart and the story had little to do with the "Trinity War". Like Yehl, Johnson also praised the fluidity of the art from Zircher, Cannon, Sampere and Cifuentes. Newsarama's Aaron Duran gave the title a 5 out of 10, saying the comic is simply okay and would have worked better as a shorter installment within other books or as bonus digital content.
178–181 while the "sons of Yahweh" of the old pantheon evolved into angels and demons in a process that continued into the Hellenistic age. Possibly the single most important development in the post-Exilic period was the promotion and eventual dominance of the idea and practice of Jewish exclusivity, the idea that the Jews, meaning followers of the god of Israel and of the law of Moses, were, or should be, a race apart from all others. This was a new idea, originating with the party of the golah, those who returned from the Babylonian exile;Levine, Lee I., Jerusalem: Portrait of the City in the Second Temple Period (538 B.C.E.–70 C.E.) (Jewish Publication Society, 2002) p.37 behind the biblical narrative of Nehemiah and Ezra lies the fact that relations with the Samaritans and other neighbours were in fact close and cordial: comparison between Ezra–Nehemiah and the Books of Chronicles bears this out: Chronicles opens participation in Yahweh-worship to all twelve tribes and even to foreigners, but for Ezra–Nehemiah "Israel" means Judah and Benjamin alone, plus the holy tribe of Levi.
He has had solo exhibitions at the Brooklyn Museum, New York; Glassel School of Art, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston; Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, Madrid; Museum of Contemporary Art, Denver; Camden Arts Centre, London; Charles H. Scott Gallery, Vancouver; Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas; Des Moines Arts Center, Des Moines; Dundee Contemporary Arts, Dundee; FRAC Bourgogne, Dijon; Henry Art Gallery, Seattle; Fundacion Telefónica, Madrid; Hamburger Bahnhof, National Gallery, Berlin; Lunds Konsthall, Lund; Midway Contemporary Art, Minneapolis; Moderna Museet, Stockholm; Museum Moderner Kunst, Vienna; P.S.1 Contemporary Art Center, New York; St. Louis Museum of Art, St. Louis; Statens Museum for Kunst, Copenhagen; The Kitchen, New York; Westfälischer Kunstverein, Münster; . He participated in the 2006 Liverpool Biennial and the Third Guangzhou Triennial in 2008. In fall 2019, Buckingham was included in the group exhibition "Ancient History of the Distant Future" at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (PAFA). Buckingham exhibited a work entitled, “The Six Grandfathers, Paha Sapa, in the Year 502,002 C.E.,” a digital print showing an eroded Mount Rushmore and a timeline of the mountain back to 66,000,000 B.C.E.
Panorama of Persepolis An incomplete schematic blueprint of Persepolis; note – C: Apadana Hall, G: "Talar-i-Takht" or hall of 100 column, N: "Tachar" or palace of Darius, H: "Hadish" or Palace of Xerxes the Great, B:"Darvazeh-i-Mellal" or gate of all nations, F: Trypilon; Not shown (behind the reference text): "khazaneh" (treasury) A well- preserved Persian column showing the details of the capital of the columns in Persepolis Persepolis is the Latinized version of the Old Persian name, "Parsa" literally meaning the "city of Persians." Another spectacular achievement of the Achaemenids, Persepolis became one of the four capitals of the empire. Initiated by Darius the Great around 518 B.C.E., it would grow to become a center for ceremonial and cultural festivities, a center for dignitaries and visitors to pay homage to the king, a private residence for the Persian kings, a place for satraps to bring gifts for the king in the Spring during the festival of Nowruz, as well as a place of governance and ordinance. Persepolis's prestige and grand riches were well known in the ancient world, and it was best described by the Greek historian Diodorus Siculus as "the richest city under the sun".
The Ahiram sarcophagus (also spelled Ahirom, 𐤀𐤇𐤓𐤌 in Phoenician) was the sarcophagus of a Phoenician king of Byblos (c. 850 BC),The date remains the subject of controversy, according to Glenn E. Markoe, "The Emergence of Phoenician Art" Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research No. 279 (August 1990):13-26) p. 13. "Most scholars have taken the Ahiram inscription to date from around 1000 B.C.E.", notes Edward M. Cook, "On the Linguistic Dating of the Phoenician Ahiram Inscription (KAI 1)", Journal of Near Eastern Studies 53.1 (January 1994:33-36) p. 33 JSTOR. Cook analyses and dismisses the date in the thirteenth century adopted by C. Garbini, "Sulla datazione della'inscrizione di Ahiram", Annali (Istituto Universitario Orientale, Naples) 37 (1977:81-89), which was the prime source for early dating urged in Arguments for a mid-9th to 8th century BC date for the sarcophagus reliefs themselves—and hence the inscription, too—were made on the basis of comparative art history and archaeology by Edith Porada, "Notes on the Sarcophagus of Ahiram," Journal of the Ancient Near East Society 5 (1973:354-72); and on the basis of paleography among other points by Ronald Wallenfels, "Redating the Byblian Inscriptions," Journal of the Ancient Near East Society 15 (1983:79-118).
P.O. Harper asserts that a 2nd or 3rd-century Roman gilt silver plate found in Jingyuan, Gansu, China with a central image of the Greco-Roman god Dionysus resting on a feline creature, most likely came via Greater Iran (i.e. Sogdiana).Harper, P.O. (2002), "Iranian Luxury Vessels in China From the Late First Millennium B.C.E. to the Second Half of the First Millennium C.E.," in Annette L. Juliano and Judith A. Lerner (eds), Silk Road Studies VII: Nomads, Traders, and Holy Men Along China's Silk Road, 95–113, Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, , pp. 106–07. Valerie Hansen (2012) believed that earliest Roman coins found in China date to the 4th century, during Late Antiquity and the Dominate period, and come from the Byzantine Empire.Hansen, Valerie (2012), The Silk Road: A New History, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 97–98, . However, Warwick Ball (2016) highlights the recent discovery of sixteen Principate-era Roman coins found in Xi'an (formerly Chang'an, one of the two Han capitals) that were minted during the reigns of Roman emperors spanning from Tiberius to Aurelian (i.e. 1st to 3rd centuries CE).Warwick Ball (2016), Rome in the East: Transformation of an Empire, 2nd edition, London & New York: Routledge, , p. 154.

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