Spores narrowly ellipsoid to allantoid, hyaline, smooth. Most Auricularia species are edible and are grown commercially. Auricularia species are widely distributed in Kerala's Western Ghats, and recently, Auricularia auricula-judae, A. polytricha, and A. mesenterica have been reported.
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Auricularia fuscosuccinea is a species of edible Auriculariales fungus. It was first described scientifically in 1842 by French mycologist Camille Montagne as a species of Exidia. Paul Christoph Hennings transferred it to Auricularia in 1893.
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Auricularia polytricha is usually sold in dried form, and needs to be soaked in water before use. While almost tasteless, it is prized for its slippery but slightly crunchy texture, and its potential nutritional benefits. The slight crunchiness persists despite most cooking processes. Auricularia polytricha is coarser than Auricularia auricula-judae, and is more likely to be used in soups rather than stir-fries.
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The tachinid flies Triarthria setipennis (Fallen) and Ocytata pallipes have been introduced in North America to control F. auricularia in the 1920s.Bugguide.net. Species Forficula auricularia - European Earwig Insecticides have also been successfully implemented, although commercial products are rarely targeted specifically towards earwigs. Multipurpose insecticides for control of earwigs, grasshoppers, sowbugs and other insects are more common. Diazinon, an organophosphate insecticide, has been known to continue killing F. auricularia up to 17 days after initial spraying.
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Common fungal species include Auricularia auricular-judae, Nidula emodensis, Trametes versicolor, Mycena clarkeana, and Mycena viscidocruenta.
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Fruit bodies of several Auricularia species are cultivated for food on a commercial scale, especially in China.
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Fruit bodies of several Auricularia species are cultivated for food on a commercial scale, especially in China.
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Forficula is a genus of earwigs in the family Forficulidae. The best known species is Forficula auricularia.
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Auricularia auricula-judae fruit bodies can be found in large numbers on old wood. Auricularia auricula-judae grows upon the wood of deciduous trees and shrubs, favouring elder. In up to 90% of cases, the mushroom is found on elder, but it is often incorrectly assumed to grow exclusively on elder.Harding 2008, p.
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Microscopically, Tremella foliacea and Auricularia auricula are easily distinguished from A. sarcoides by the presence of basidia (rather than asci).
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The auricularia-to-doliolaria transformation in two aspidochirote holothurians, Holothuria mexicana and Stichopus californicus. Invertebrate Biology. 119 (4): 421-432.
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Margaritifera auricularia is a species of European freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Margaritiferidae, the freshwater pearl mussels. Formerly found throughout western and central Europe, the species is now critically endangered, being confined to a few rivers in Spain and France. M. auricularia is commonly known as Spengler's freshwater mussel in honour of Lorenz Spengler, who first described this species.
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Native to Europe, western Asia and probably North Africa, Forficula auricularia was introduced to North America in the early twentieth century and is currently spread throughout much of the continent. In North America, European earwigs comprise two sibling species, which are reproductively isolated.Wirth T., et al. (1998). Molecular and reproductive characterization of sibling species in the European earwig (Forficula auricularia).
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A larva of Labia Minor Labia minor is about half the size of Forficula auricularia, at long. It is chocolate brown, and less shiny than the chestnut brown F. auricularia. The whole body is covered with fine yellow setae, and the antennae are a paler color. The forceps (pincer) at the animal's tail are used to help unfurl the wings, in preparation for flight.
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16th- century herbalist John Gerard recommended Auricularia auricula-judae for curing a sore throat. Auricularia auricula-judae has been used as a medicinal mushroom by many herbalists. It was used as a poultice to treat inflammations of the eye, as well as a palliative for throat problems. The 16th-century herbalist John Gerard, writing in 1597, recommended A. auricula-judae for a very specific use; other fungi were used more generally.
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Dolabella auricularia, also known as the wedge sea hare, is a species of large sea slug, a marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Aplysiidae, the sea hares.
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Radix auricularia is in the family Lymnaeidae, which consists of scrapers and collector-gatherers. This species feeds on such items as detritus, Cladophora spp. (algae), and sand grains.
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Stigmella auricularia is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It is known from the southernmost part of Primorskiy Kray in the Khasan District (near the Korean border) in Russia.
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Jing, Z. 1983. Anatomy of the circulatory system of Radix auricularia. Acta Zoologica Sinica 29(2):133-140. The heart pulsations are slow and regular: thirty-four per minute.
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Ascocoryne cylichnium, another small and gelatinous violet-colored species, has apothecia that are more often cup-shaped, and has larger spores—20–24 by 5.5–6 µm. Because of its resemblance to the jelly fungi, A. sarcoides has been mistaken for the basidiomycete species Auricularia auricula and Tremella foliacea. T. foliacea is larger, brown, and leafy in appearance. Auricularia auricula is also larger, typically brown, is disc- or ear-shaped, with a ribbed undersurface.
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A radical revision was undertaken in 1984, when American mycologist Robert Joseph Bandoni used transmission electron microscopy to investigate the ultrastructure of the septal pore apparatus in the Auriculariales. This revealed that species of fungi with "auricularioid" basidia were not necessarily closely related and that Auricularia had more in common with Exidia and its allies (with "tremelloid" basidia), than with other auricularioid fungi. Bandoni therefore limited the Auriculariaceae to the genus Auricularia.
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Permeability of the sediments are generally low and are part of the intermediate confining unit/aquifer system.United States Geological Survey, Open File Report No. 80 Dolabella Auricularia found at Chipola.
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Humans have, however, found beneficial uses of F. auricularia in the pest management of other insects. The European earwig is a natural predator of a number of other agricultural pests, including the pear psyllid and several aphid species, and in this regard has been used to control outbreaks of such organisms. Damage to crops by F. auricularia is limited as long as there are high population levels of their insect prey.Vickery, V. and D. Kevan. 1986.
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Fertilisation takes place in the water column and the developing embryo passes through a free-swimming auricularia and a doliolaria stage before settling on the seabed and undergoing metamorphosis into a juvenile.
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Glöer, P. 2002 Die Süßwassergastropoden Nord- und Mitteleuropas. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 326 pp., , page 213-214. The shell of Radix auricularia has a width to length ratio greater than 0.75.
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Radix rubiginosa is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod in the family Lymnaeidae, the pond snails. This species is sometimes treated as a subspecies of Radix auricularia.
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Auricularia polytricha is widely distributed in moist-deciduous to wet evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, Kerala, India. This species occurs in clusters on rotting branches and twigs and on decaying stumps and logs.
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Cloud ear fungus (Auricularia polytricha, syn. Hirneola polytricha) is an edible jelly fungus. It grows on trees in mountainous regions, is gray-brown in color, and is often used in Asian cooking, especially Chinese cuisine.
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The family was established in 1897 by German mycologist Gustav Lindau to accommodate species of fungi having "gymnocarpous" basidiocarps (with the hymenium exposed) and "auricularioid" basidia (more or less cylindrical basidia with lateral septa). It included not only the genus Auricularia, but also Platygloea, Jola, Saccoblastia, and Stypinella (= Helicobasidium). In 1922, British mycologist Carleton Rea recognized the family as containing the genera Auricularia, Eocronartium, Helicobasidium, Platygloea, and Stilbum. Both Lindau and Rea placed the family within the Auriculariales, but some subsequent authors placed it within the Tremellales.
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Unlike its relative, Archidermapteron martynovi, Asiodiplatys speciousus had cerci, or rear appendages similar to antennae, that were less than the length of their abdomen. By contrast, Archidermapteron martynovi had cerci that were not only longer than their abdomen, but longer than their abdomen and thorax combined. The size of Asiodiplatys speciousus's cerci is much more similar to the cerci of modern-day earwigs, such as most male Common earwigs, or Forficula auricularia. However, the cerci of Asiodiplatys speciousus and Forficula auricularia differ greatly on one major front.
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Trabectedin, aplidine, didemnin, were isolated from sea squirts. Monomethyl auristatin E is a derivative of a dolastatin 10, a compound made by Dolabella auricularia. Bryostatins were first isolated from Bryozoa. Salinosporamides are derived from Salinispora tropica.
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In 2011, a research paper about occurrence of potentially pathogenic black fungi in household dishwashers was partially misreported by the media and went viral. Black yeasts are not related to the edible cloud ear fungus Auricularia polytricha.
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Bánh tẻ are made of plain (non-glutinous) white rice (called gạo tẻ in Vietnamese), minced pork shoulder, Judas's ear fungus (Auricularia auricula-judae), onion, salt, pepper. Some variants of bánh tẻ include peanuts and chopped shiitake mushrooms.
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" Journal of Applied Entomology, Vol. 117, Issue 1-5, pp. 262-7. The common predatory wasp, the yellow jacket (Vespula maculifrons), preys upon earwigs when abundant.Kurczewski, Frank E. "Vespula maculifrons (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) Preying on the European Earwig Forficula auricularia.
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Rossetti, Y., L. Rossetti and M. Cabanac. 1989. Annual oscillation of preferred temperature in the freshwater snail Lymnaea auricularia; effect of light and temperature. Animal Behaviour 37(6):897-907. In Great Britain, the species is restricted to hard water.
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"The Relationships of the Tyroglyphoid Mite, Histiostoma Polypori (Oud.) with the Earwig, Forficula Auricularia Linn." Journal of the New York Entomological Society, Vol. 64, (1956), pp. 85-94. however, this mite feeds on earwig cadavers and not its live earwig transportation.
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Older individuals often lose their scales, especially on the forewings, and appear very transparent. The larvae feed on species of Aristolochia including A. poecilantha, A. parviflora, A. bodamae, A. hirta, A. bottae, A. auricularia, A. rotunda, A. sempervirens, A. maurorum and A. billardieri.
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Several species within the order are edible and two, Auricularia auricula- judae and A. cornea, are cultivated on a commercial scale, particularly in China and southeast Asia. They are widely exported, in a dried or powdered state, as "black fungus", "cloud ears", or "wood ears".
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Embryos hatch from the fertilization envelope roughly 10 hours after fertilization. The gastrulae have an epidermal layer that is entirely ciliated and supports their movement. After approximately 24 hours, the gastrulae transform into an auricularia larvae. Feeding begins upon the transition to this stage.
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Two shells of Radix auricularia The shell is thin, roundly ovate and very inflated, such that the last whorl comprises 90% of its volume.Clarke, A.H. 1981. The freshwater molluscs of Canada. National Museum of Natural Sciences, National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, Canada. 447 pp.
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According to a 2010 publication, the annual production of Auricularia species worldwide is the fourth highest among all industrially cultivated culinary and medicinal mushrooms, and in China, the estimated output was roughly 1.655 million tonnes (based on 2003 data), most of which are A. polytricha however (which has by and large replaced A. auricula-judae in international trade). Auricularia auricula-judae is also in cultivation elsewhere in the world, for instance, in Ghana. In the Brong-Ahafo and Ashanti regions, it is grown with what is referred to as the "plastic bag method". Sawdust is packed into polypropylene bags and then sterilised by steam for several hours.
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Dried Auricularia auricula-judae Auricularia auricula-judae has been the subject of research into possible medicinal applications. Experiments in the 1980s concluded that two glucans isolated from the species showed potent antitumour properties when used on mice artificially implanted with Sarcoma 180 tumours. This was despite the conclusion of earlier research indicating that, while aqueous extracts from several other fungal species had antitumour effects, extracts from A. auricula-judae did not. Further, research on genetically diabetic mice showed that a polysaccharide extracted from A. auricula-judae had a hypoglycemic effect; mice fed with food including the polysaccharide showed reduced plasma glucose, insulin, urinary glucose and food intake.
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Radix auricularia is an introduced species in the United States and New Zealand. In the Mid-Atlantic Region it is found in the Charles River in Massachusetts, Cayuga Lake and the Hudson River in New York State, in various ponds in New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania, and in Lake Champlain in Vermont. In the Great Lakes Region: The first record of Radix auricularia in North America is from the Hudson River (which is connected through the New York Canal System to Lakes Erie and Ontario) near Troy, New York, before 1869.Mills, E. L., J. H. Leach, J. T. Carlton and C. L. Secor. 1993.
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Forficula auricularia, the common earwig or European earwig, is an omnivorous insect in the family Forficulidae. The European earwig survives in a variety of environments and is a common household insect in North America. The name earwig comes from the appearance of the hindwings, which are unique and distinctive among insects, and resemble a human ear when unfolded; the species name of the common earwig, auricularia, is a specific reference to this feature. They are considered a household pest because of their tendency to invade crevices in homes and consume pantry foodstuffs, and may act either as a pest or as a beneficial species depending on the circumstances (see below).
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They damage young plum and peach trees in early spring, when other food is scarce, by devouring blossoms and leaves at night. It is not uncommon to find them wedged among petals of fresh cut carnations, roses, dahlia and zinnia. In addition to all of the agricultural problems caused, humans are not very fond of F. auricularia because of its foul odor and annoying propensity to aggregate together in or near human dwellings. Control of F. auricularia has been attempted using some of its natural enemies, including the parasitoid fly Bigonicheta spinipenni, the fungi Erynia forficulae and Metarhizium anisopliae, as well as many species of birds.
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The species was first described scientifically by Albertini and Schweinitz in 1805 as Thelephora sanguinolenta. Other genera to which it has been transferred throughout its taxonomical history include Phlebomorpha, Auricularia, Merulius, and Haematostereum. The fungus is commonly known as the "bleeding Stereum" or the "bleeding conifer parchment".
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The animal is slow and deliberate in its movements. For a detailed description of Radix auricularia, including the radula and reproductive organs, see pages 179–183 in Baker F. C. The Lymnaeidae of North and Middle America, recent and fossil (1911). The Chicago Academy of Sciences.
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Early descriptions of the species came from Carl Ludwig Willdenow, who named it Lichen carneus in 1787, and Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard, who, in 1790, named it Auricularia corticalis. However, the sanctioned name is Thelephora quercina, given by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1801, and sanctioned by Elias Magnus Fries in the first volume of his Systema Mycologicum. The specific name quercina is in reference to Quercus, the generic name for oak. A number of authors (including Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Lucien Quélet and Giacomo Bresadola) reclassified Bulliard's Auricularia corticalis throughout the 19th century, while Persoon's Thelephora quercina was reclassified by Samuel Frederick Gray in 1821, who placed it in Corticium as Corticium quercinum.
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Adam, M. E. and J. W. Lewis. 1992. The lack of co-existence between Lymnaea peregra and Lymnaea auricularia (Gastropoda: Pulmonata). Journal of Molluscan Studies 58(2):227-228. It can tolerate polysaprobic waters, or areas of major pollution and anoxia with high concentrations of organic matter, sulfides and bacteria.
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The local economy is primarily based upon agriculture and local industry. Fungus is an important cash crop in the region. It mainly produces Auricularia auricula-judae and Tremella fuciformis. The aquaculture owners mainly produce more than 100 kinds of aquatic products, such as lotus root, scutellaria, turtle, fish, crayfish and crab.
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However, a few former "jelly fungi", such as Auricularia, are classified in the Agaricomycetes. According to a 2008 estimate, Agaricomycetes include 17 orders, 100 families, 1147 genera, and about 21000 species. Modern molecular phylogenetic analyses have been since used to help define several new orders in the Agaricomycetes: Amylocorticiales, Jaapiales, Stereopsidales, and Lepidostromatales.
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Adults eat more insects than do nymphs. Although F. auricularia have well-developed wings, they are fairly weak and are rarely, if ever, used. Instead, as their main form of transportation, earwigs are carried from one place to another on clothing or commercial products like lumber, ornamental shrubs and even newspaper bundles.
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Among them fall the Bipinnaria and the Brachiolaria of the sea-stars, the Auricularia of the sea-rollers and the Plutei of the sea-hedgehogs, and the sand stars. Also the Doliolaria of the Pelmatozoa (sea-lilies and feather stars) can be attributed to the same basic pattern, even if they do not have a mouth opening.
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The fish hosts for the glochidium larvae of this species are: Salaria fluviatilis, Gambusia holbrooki, Acipenser baerii, Acipenser naccarii and Acipenser sturio. The hosts for this species were unknown for a long time: as recently as 1998 they were still not known.Araujo, R. & Ramos, M. A. 1998. Description of the glochidium of Margaritifera auricularia (Spengler, 1793) (Bivalvia, Unionidae).
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Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has confirmed that the Auriculariaceae belong within the order Auriculariales, but has also indicated that the family is not distinguishable from the Exidiaceae. The precise circumscription of families within the order has not yet been examined, but a clade containing Auricularia and Exidia species (plus their allies) equates to the Auriculariaceae.
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The species was first described by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1801 under the name Thelephora frustulata. It has been shuffled to several different genera in its taxonomical history, including Auricularia. French mycologist Jacques Boidin transferred it to Xylobolus in 1958, giving it the name by which it is known today. It is commonly known as the "ceramic fungus" or "ceramic parchment".
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The complete larvae stage takes approximately 21 days. After fertilization there are seven stages of larva metamorphosis: cleavage, blastocyst, gastrulation, auricularia (subdivided in early, mid, late), doliolaria (mid metamorphic stage pre settlement), penttactula and the last settled sea cucumber larva, visible to the naked human eye, which develops into the final organism.Morgan, A. 2009. Spawning of the Temperate Sea Cucumber, Australostichopus mollis (Levin).
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Fauna Słodkowodna Polski, Warszawa 1979, . Eggs develop faster as temperature increases from 10 °C upward, but the eggs fail to survive and develop when the water temperature reaches 36 °C.Salish, T., O. Al-Habbib, W. Al-Habbib, S. Al-Zako and T. Ali. 1981. The effects of constant and changing temperatures of the development of eggs of the freshwater snail Lymnaea auricularia (L.).
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Forficula auricularia has an elongated flattened brownish colored body, with a shield-shaped pronotum, two pairs of wings and a pair of forcep-like cerci. They are about 12–15 mm long. The second tarsal segment is lobed, extending distally below the third tarsal segment. The antenna consists of 11–14 segments, and the mouth parts are of the chewing type.
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Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has substantially supported Bandoni's revised circumscription of the Auriculariales, but has moved the Sebacinaceae to their own separate order, the Sebacinales. The status of the constituent families has not yet been examined, but a clade containing Auricularia and Exidia species equates to the Auriculariaceae, whilst another containing Hyaloria and Myxarium species equates to the Hyaloriaceae.
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Auricularia is a genus of jelly fungi in the family Auriculariaceae. Preliminary phylogenetic studies suggest the Exidiaceae is closely related to Auriculariaceae – the two share many morphological traits. Fruitbody either resupinate or pileate and then either ear-to shell-shaped or forming narrow, imbricate brackets, flabby elastic or tough gelatinous; hymenial surface smooth, wrinkled or veined, often purplish. Basidia cylindrical, with 1–3 transverse septa.
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Sea Hare Dolabella auricularia at Big Island of Hawaii Sea hares are herbivorous, and are typically found on seaweed in shallow water. Some young sea hares seemingly are capable of burrowing in soft sediment, leaving only their rhinophores and mantle opening showing. Sea hares have an extremely good sense of smell. They can follow even the faintest scent using their rhinophores, which are extremely sensitive chemoreceptors.
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Drawing of a live Radix auricularia The body is flecked with small white spots on the back of the head and tentacles, but not on the foot. The mantle is pigmented with a line of dark spots along its edge,Falniowski, A. 1980. Pigmentation of the mantle border in Polish representatives of the subgenus Radix (Lymnaeidae, Basommatophora, Gastropoda). Basteria 44(1-4):3-8.
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Forficula auricularia has been known to cause significant damage to crops, flowers, and fruit orchards when at high population levels. Some of the commercially valuable vegetables it feeds upon include cabbage, cauliflower, chard, celery, lettuce, potato, beet, and cucumber among others. Earwigs readily consume corn (maize) silk and can damage the crop. Among fruits, they have been found to damage apple and pear orchards.
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Forficulidae is a family of earwigs in the order Dermaptera. There are more than 70 genera and 490 described species in Forficulidae. Species in this family include Forficula auricularia (the European earwig or common earwig) and Apterygida media (the short-winged earwig or hop-garden earwig). Forficulidae was formerly considered a suborder of Dermaptera, Forficulina, but was reduced in rank to family and placed in suborder Neodermaptera.
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Earwigs are found on all continents except Antarctica. Earwigs are mostly nocturnal and often hide in small, moist crevices during the day, and are active at night, feeding on a wide variety of insects and plants. Damage to foliage, flowers, and various crops is commonly blamed on earwigs, especially the common earwig Forficula auricularia. Earwigs have five molts in the year before they become adults.
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The eggs of E. hortense are passed in the feces of the definitive host. Eggs that have reached water will mature within 6~15 days. Once hatched, the short-lived miracidia seek out and infect freshwater snails such as Lynnaea pervia and Radix auricularia coreana. Inside the snail, mother sporocysts develop from the germinal cells of the miracidia and usually migrate to a site such as the heart.
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Dorsal view of a live Aplysia parvula showing general anatomy of sea hares. Members of the Aplysiidae have an atrophied inner shell (in contrast with the nudibranchs, which have no shell at all). In Aplysia and Syphonota, this shell is a soft flattened plate over the visceral rear end, where it is fully or partially enclosed in the mantle skin. In Dolabella auricularia, the shell is ear-shaped.
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The larvae of echinoderms pass through a number of stages and these have specific names derived from the taxonomic names of the adults or from their appearance. For example, a sea urchin has an 'echinopluteus' larva while a brittle star has an 'ophiopluteus' larva. A starfish has a 'bipinnaria' larva but this later develops into a multi-armed 'brachiolaria' larva. A sea cucumber larva is an 'auricularia' while a crinoid one is a 'vitellaria'.
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Many undescribed species of fungi are suspected in Madagascar. A number of edible mushrooms are consumed in the country, especially from the genera Auricularia, Lepiota, Cantharellus (the chanterelles), and Russula (the brittlegills). Most of the ectomycorrhizal species are found in plantations of introduced eucalyptus and pine, but also in native tapia (Uapaca bojeri) woodlands. The chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, responsible for chytridiomycosis, an infectious disease threatening amphibian populations worldwide, was long considered absent from Madagascar.
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Exidia species were originally placed in the genus Tremella along with many other gelatinous fungi. The genus Exidia was separated from Tremella by Fries in 1822, based mainly on fruit body shape. Fries initially included species now assigned to Auricularia within the genus. Recent molecular research has indicated that Exidia as currently circumscribed is an artificial grouping, the species not being clearly differentiated from similar, but effused species assigned to the genera Exidiopsis and Heterochaete.
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Synaptula recta is nocturnal and feeds on detritus and planktonic particles which it sweeps into its mouth with its feeding tentacles. It is often found moving over and feeding on debris on the surfaces of sponges. The sexes are separate and fertilisation is external. The larvae are planktonic, the first-stage auricularia larvae developing into barrel-shaped, doliolaria larvae which when sufficiently developed settle on the seabed and undergo metamorphosis into juvenile sea cucumbers.
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In some species, the forceps have been observed in use for holding prey, and in copulation. The forceps tend to be more curved in males than in females. A male of Forficula auricularia feeding on flowers The common earwig is an omnivore, eating plants and ripe fruit as well as actively hunting arthropods. To a large extent, this species is also a scavenger, feeding on decaying plant and animal matter if given the chance.
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The sandfish goes through 6 stages of growth before maturing into an adult. This starts when the adults spawn. After a day the fertilized eggs develop into a first planktonic phase, a gastrula, then after two days it becomes a auricularia, the feeding planktonic stage. Within the next 14 days the sandfish will enter a non-feeding doliolaria stage and a final planktonic pentactula stage, before becoming juveniles and settling into the sea grass meadows to mature.
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Auricularia auricula-judae has a soft, jelly-like texture. Though edible, it was not held in high culinary regard in the west for many years. It has been likened to "eating an Indian rubber with bones in it", while in 19th-century Britain, it was said that "it has never been regarded here as an edible fungus". It has a mild flavour, and is useful for mixed mushroom recipes, but is still considered bland in the west.
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This species is found in freshwater lakes, ponds, and slow-moving rivers with mud bottoms. Radix auricularia can live on boulders or vegetation in low or high-flow environments, and is capable of tolerating anoxic conditions, but it tends to prefer very lentic waters in lakes, bogs or slow rivers where there is a silt substrate.Sytsma, M. D., J. R. Cordell, J. W. Chapman and R. C. Draheim. 2004. Lower Columbia River Aquatic Nonindigenous Species Survey 2001-2004.
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"Auricularia" larva (by Ernst Haeckel) Most sea cucumbers reproduce by releasing sperm and ova into the ocean water. Depending on conditions, one organism can produce thousands of gametes. Sea cucumbers are typically dioecious, with separate male and female individuals, but some species are protandric. The reproductive system consists of a single gonad, consisting of a cluster of tubules emptying into a single duct that opens on the upper surface of the animal, close to the tentacles.
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Auricularia auricula-judae is similar to A. fuscosuccinea in colour and texture, and "may be confused with it if only external features are considered". The spore and basidia sizes of the two species are slightly different, but this is not a reliable way to tell them apart.Lowy 1952, pp. 660, 662 A. cornea is another similar species in the same genus, but has distinct internal differences, is normally more pilose (more covered in soft hair) and tends to fruit in larger numbers.
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It is found all year, but is most common in autumn. It is widespread throughout temperate and sub- tropical zones worldwide, and can be found across Europe, Asia, Australia, and Africa. There has been some debate about the appearance of the species in the tropics; while it has been frequently reported there, Bernard Lowy, in an article on Auricularia, said that "of the specimens I have examined, none could be assigned here". Also found on the Galapagos Island, Isla Santa Cruz.
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In all other species, the egg develops into a free-swimming larva, typically after around three days of development. The first stage of larval development is known as an auricularia, and is only around in length. This larva swims by means of a long band of cilia wrapped around its body, and somewhat resembles the bipinnaria larva of starfish. As the larva grows it transforms into the doliolaria, with a barrel- shaped body and three to five separate rings of cilia.
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Compared with the investigations in 11 spots in Tokyo, the Palace had the most good soil for the earthworms.Biology Study Group[2001:58-61] Thirteen species of fresh water shellfishes and 40 species of land snail were confirmed in the Palace. Freshwater shellfishes previously commonly seen in Japan became rare, but they were seen in the Palace, including Sphaerium japonicum, a kind Viviparidae and Radix auricularia. As an example of artificial intervention, kawanina, or Semisulcospira libertina, was introduced for the growth of fireflies.
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Previously, it was controlled by sorcerer who passed off its power as her own; En was planning to make her his partner, but upon discovering the deception, En was enraged and turned her into mushrooms. En found the creature inside her shirt and took it as a pet, naming it Kikurage, literally meaning Judas's Ear, due to its ears resembling Auricularia auricula-judae. :Kikurage is self-centered and only uses its powers when it feels like it. It is doted on by both En and Ebisu throughout the series.
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The species of Fasciola can become adapted to new intermediate hosts under certain conditions at least based on laboratory trials. The most important intermediate host for F. gigantica is Radix auricularia. However, other species are also known to harbour the fluke, including Lymnaea rufescens and Lymnaea acuminata in the Indian subcontinent; Radix rubiginosa and Radix natalensis in Malaysia and Africa, respectively; and the synonymous Lymnaea cailliaudi in East Africa. Other snails also serve as natural or experimental intermediates, such as Austropeplea ollula, Austropeplea viridis, Radix peregra, Radix luteola, Pseudosuccinea columella, and Galba truncatula.
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This species has shown a potential to adapt to new environments within large lakes, as indicated by its recent history in Lake Baikal, Russia, where this introduced species was previously restricted to shallow bays and floodplain areas, but has recently been able to colonize the rocky drop-off in the lake.Stift, M., E. Michel, T. Y. Sitnikova, E. Y. Mamonova and D. Y. Sherbakov. 2004. Palaearctic gastropod gains a foothold in the dominion of endemics: range expansion and morphological change of Lymnaea (Radix) auricularia in Lake Baikal. Hydrobiologia 513(1-3):101-108.
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Unlike most extant earwigs in the Forficulina suborder, Archidermapteron martynovi had cerci, that were as long as its thorax and abdomen combined, or about 80% of the length of its body. This would have been longer than their antennae. By contrast, most male Common earwigs, Forficula auricularia, have cerci that are slightly less than the length of their abdomen, but in rare cases can reach lengths that are slightly longer. Common earwigs' cerci almost never reach lengths longer than their abdomen, let alone their abdomen and thorax combined.
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The British Indian explorers in the 19th century knew the lake as Tso Rul ("Bitter Lake") and stated that its waters were extremely bitter. It was noted as being long and less than wide. Henry Strachey was reported to have found fossil shells of Lymnaea auricularia along its shores, leading to the conclusion that the waters of the lake must have been at one time fresh. To the northwest of the lake, there is a gap in the mountain range, which is referred to as the Spanggur Gap.
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Cerevisterol is widely distributed in the fungal kingdom. In the division Basidiomycota, it occurs in several members of the fungal family Boletaceae, the edible mushrooms Cantharellus cibarius, Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus sajor-caju, Laetiporus sulphureus, and Suillus luteus, in the milk mushroom Lactarius hatsudake, and the coral fungus Ramaria botrytis. In the division Ascomycota, it has been reported in Auricularia polytricha, Bulgaria inquinans, Engleromyces goetzei, Acremonium luzulae, and Pencillium herquei, as well as the lichens Ramalina hierrensis and Stereocaulon azoreum. It has also been found in the endophytes Alternaria brassicicola, Fusarium oxysporum, and a strain of Gliocladium, and the deep-sea fungus Aspergillus sydowi.
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Lowy, in 1951, described a key to the species of Auricularia that emphasized the internal structure of the fruit body, while de-emphasizing traditional characteristics such as color, shape and size, which he considered to be too variable and dependent upon such factors as the age of the specimen, exposure to light, or availability of moisture. The characteristics he emphasized were the presence or absence, width and morphology of the medulla (the part composed mainly or entirely of longitudinal hyphae), and the length of the abhymenial hairs, features that are currently used in defining species in this genus.
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Rootstocks have been developed which convey resistance to the aphids to the roots but they do not appear to be effective against aerial infestation. Growers have also tried to prevent infestation by preventing the crawler stage of the nymph from climbing into the crown but these have proven ineffective as aphids can colonise the crown from neighbouring trees. As well as the parasitoid, Alphelinus mali, these aphids are preyed on by the bug Anthocoris nemoralis, ladybirds, hoverfly larvae and lacewings. The presence of earwigs Forficula auricularia on the trees can reduce the levels of aphid infestation, so encouraging these insects by providing shelters may be another means of biological control.
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Auricularia auricula-judae, known most commonly as Jew's Ear (alternatively, wood ear, jelly ear, or by a number of other common names), is a species of edible Auriculariales fungus found worldwide. The fruiting body is distinguished by its noticeably ear-like shape and brown colouration; it grows upon wood, especially elder. Its specific epithet is derived from the belief that Judas Iscariot hanged himself from an elder tree; the common name "Judas's ear" was largely eclipsed by the corruption "Jew's ear", while today "jelly ear" and other names are preferred. The fungus can be found throughout the year in temperate regions worldwide, where it grows upon both dead and living wood.
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Monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) is a synthetic antineoplastic agent. Because of its toxicity, it cannot be used as a drug itself; instead, it is linked to a monoclonal antibody (MAB) which directs it to the cancer cells. In International Nonproprietary Names for MMAE-MAB-conjugates, the name vedotin refers to MMAE plus its linking structure to the antibody.Statement on a nonproprietary name adopted by the USAN Council: Vedotin It is a potent antimitotic drug derived from peptides occurring in marine shell-less mollusc Dolabella auricularia called dolastatins which show potent activity in preclinical studies, both in vitro and in vivo, against a range of lymphomas, leukemia and solid tumors.
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A radical revision was undertaken in 1984, when Canadian mycologist Robert Bandoni used transmission electron microscopy to investigate the ultrastructure of the septal pore apparatus in the Auriculariales. This revealed that species of fungi with "auricularioid" basidia were not necessarily closely related and that Auricularia had more in common with Exidia and its allies (with "tremelloid" basidia), than with other auricularioid fungi. Bandoni therefore amended the Auriculariales to include the family Auriculariaceae (with auricularioid basidia) together with the families Exidiaceae, Aporpiaceae, Hyaloriaceae, and Sebacinaceae (with tremelloid basidia). This revision was accepted by Wells (1994) who, however, amalgamated the Aporpiaceae and Hyaloriaceae and added the families Patouillardinaceae (with diagonally septate basidia) and Tremellodendropsidaceae (with partly septate basidia).
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The first pest to attack the tree early in the year when other food is scarce is the earwig (Forficula auricularia) which feeds on blossoms and young leaves at night, preventing fruiting and weakening newly planted trees. The pattern of damage is distinct from that of caterpillars later in the year, as earwigs characteristically remove semicircles of petal and leaf tissue from the tips, rather than internally. Greasebands applied just before blossom are effective. The larvae of such moth species as the peachtree borer (Synanthedon exitiosa), the yellow peach moth (Conogethes punctiferalis), the well-marked cutworm (Abagrotis orbis), Lyonetia prunifoliella, Phyllonorycter hostis, the fruit tree borer (Maroga melanostigma), Parornix anguliferella, Parornix finitimella, Caloptilia zachrysa, Phyllonorycter crataegella, Trifurcula sinica, Suzuki's promolactis moth (Promalactis suzukiella), the white-spotted tussock moth (Orgyia thyellina), the apple leafroller (Archips termias), the catapult moth (Serrodes partita), the wood groundling (Parachronistis albiceps) or the omnivorous leafroller (Platynota stultana) are reported to feed on P. persica.
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