While American women will likely always use atomizers, they won't use only those in the future.
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Pass. (And an extra $970 on the E-Class.) Perfume atomizers and LED "stars" in the headliner?
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We probably wouldn't get into — I mean, maybe we would online — but scents or atomizers or something.
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" Daily Mail: May 229, 22019Meghan: "'Meghan wanted staff to go around with these atomizers, like spritzer guns, and spray the chapel with scent before anyone arrived.
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"It's very lightweight and portable, super easy to charge and refill, and it's low-maintenance," unlike other e-cigarette devices that require users to replace coils or atomizers.
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In 2009, Richter partnered with her brother's friend, Chris Mikovits, to sell batteries and atomizers—which turn the liquid inside e-cigarettes into a vapor—that they imported from China.
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At the Shanghai expo, Chen Lin, a sales manager for a company that produces parts of e-cigarette atomizers, said his company's sales fell 80 percent in the past month.
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WATCH THIS: The Flash star Grant Gustin loses race with Brandon Routh's son on set According to the Transportation Security Administration, "Battery-powered E-cigarettes, vaporizers, vape pens, atomizers, and electronic nicotine delivery systems may only be carried in the aircraft cabin (in carry-on baggage or on your person)," but are prohibited from being used on the aircraft.
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These atomizers are divided into two main categories; rebuildable tank atomizers (RTAs) and rebuildable dripping atomizers (RDAs).
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The atomizers most commonly used nowadays are (spectroscopic) flames and electrothermal (graphite tube) atomizers. Other atomizers, such as glow- discharge atomization, hydride atomization, or cold-vapor atomization, might be used for special purposes.
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The chromium used to make the atomizers and heating coils is probably the origin of the chromium. Copper is commonly used to make atomizers. Atomizers and heating coils commonly contain iron. Cadmium, lead, nickel, and silver originated from the heating element.
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RTAs have a tank to hold liquid that is absorbed by the wick. They can hold up to 4 ml of e-liquid. The tank can be either plastic, glass, or metal. One form of tank atomizers was the Genesis style atomizers.
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Rotary atomizers can provide highest transfer efficiency of any paint applicator at approximately 95%. They are automatic electrostatic applicators. This means that the applicator puts an electric charge on each droplet of paint to attract it to the part being sprayed. Rotary atomizers are able to get higher transfer efficiency compared to other spray guns because it able to split the paint up into smaller finer droplets.
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The atomic vapor produced by this discharge is composed of ions, ground state atoms, and fraction of excited atoms. When the excited atoms relax back into their ground state, a low-intensity glow is emitted, giving the technique its name. The requirement for samples of glow discharge atomizers is that they are electrical conductors. Consequently, atomizers are most commonly used in the analysis of metals and other conducting samples.
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First-generation devices usually deliver a smaller amount nicotine. Second-generation and third-generation e-cigarettes use more advanced technology; they have atomizers (i.e., heating coils that convert e-liquids into vapor) which improve nicotine dispersal and house high capacity batteries. Third-generation and fourth-generation devices represent a diverse set of products and, aesthetically, constitute the greatest departure from the traditional cigarette shape, as many are square or rectangular and feature customizable and rebuildable atomizers and batteries.
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When the flow rate is further increased, the ligaments become unable to fit in with the liquid flow, and hence a fine sheet of liquid is produced which expands past the disc's rim. This sheet, later on, disintegrates into ligaments and finally, drops are formed. The transition from ligament to sheet formation can be delayed by ragging the disc's edges. Rotary atomizers belong to the mechanical atomizers; hence, neither a high- pressure liquid nor a pressurized gas is required for atomization.
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Atomic absorption spectrometer block diagram In order to analyze a sample for its atomic constituents, it has to be atomized. The atomizers most commonly used nowadays are flames and electrothermal (graphite tube) atomizers. The atoms should then be irradiated by optical radiation, and the radiation source could be an element-specific line radiation source or a continuum radiation source. The radiation then passes through a monochromator in order to separate the element-specific radiation from any other radiation emitted by the radiation source, which is finally measured by a detector.
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The devices using this method to achieve atomization are called as airblast, air-assist, or popularly twin-fluid atomizers. The Rotary, Pressure-swirl or Twin-fluid Atomizers are used in general. Still, for special applications, alternative atomizer types are there such as the 'electrostatic' atomizer in which electrical pressure is used to drive the atomization, and the 'ultrasonic' atomizing device in which the liquid is passed through a transducer vibrating at ultrasonic frequencies to generate shorter wavelengths which convert the fluid into smaller droplets. Since the flow rate of liquid is low in both of these devices, their applications are limited.
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Sprays of hydrocarbon liquids (fossil fuels) are among the most economically significant applications of sprays. Examples include fuel injectors for gasoline and diesel engines, atomizers for jet engines (gas turbines),Lefebvre, A.H. Gas Turbine Combustion, 1999, atomizers for injecting heavy fuel oil into combustion air in steam boiler injectors, and rocket engine injectors. Drop size is critical because the large surface area of a finely atomized spray enhances fuel evaporation rate. Dispersion of the fuel into the combustion air is critical to maximize the efficiency of these systems and minimize emissions of pollutants (soot, NOx, CO).
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Rotary atomizers use a high speed rotating disk, cup or wheel to discharge liquid at high speed to the perimeter, forming a hollow cone spray. The rotational speed controls the drop size. Spray drying and spray painting are the most important and common uses of this technology.
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The majority of vapers go for sub ohm tanks or rebuildable atomizers for producing more vapor. Cig-a-likes generate considerably less vapor compared to customized mods. Customized mods generate considerably more vapor compared to basic 'eGo' type devices. A higher power setting by using a variable voltage device increases vapor volume.
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The oldest and most commonly used atomizers in AAS are flames, principally the air-acetylene flame with a temperature of about 2300 °C and the nitrous oxide system (N2O)-acetylene flame with a temperature of about 2700 °C. The latter flame, in addition, offers a more reducing environment, being ideally suited for analytes with high affinity to oxygen. A laboratory flame photometer that uses a propane operated flame atomizer Liquid or dissolved samples are typically used with flame atomizers. The sample solution is aspirated by a pneumatic analytical nebulizer, transformed into an aerosol, which is introduced into a spray chamber, where it is mixed with the flame gases and conditioned in a way that only the finest aerosol droplets (< 10 μm) enter the flame.
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72, pp. 2472-2477. Similarly, in gas turbines, variation in the spray pattern leads to fuel lean and fuel rich pockets resulting in excessive turbine wear and increased particulate emission.A. H. Lefebvre and J. Ortman. "Fuel distributions from pressure-swirl atomizers", Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1985), pp. 11-15.
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Generally low levels of contaminates may include metals from the heating coils, solders, and wick. The metals nickel, chromium, and copper coated with silver have been used to make the normally thin-wired e-cigarette heating elements. The atomizers and heating coils possibly contain aluminum. They likely account for most of the aluminum in the e-cigarette vapor.
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Users would modify existing hardwares to get better performance, and as an alternative to the e-cigarettes that looked like traditional cigarettes. Users would also modify other unrelated items like flashlights as battery compartments to power atomizers. The word mod is often used to describe most personal vaporizers. Mechanical PVs have no power regulation and are unprotected.
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Third-generation devices can have rebuildable atomizers with different wicking materials. These rebuildables use handmade coils that can be installed in the atomizer to increase vapor production. Hardware in this generation is sometimes modified to increase power or flavor. The larger battery sections used also allow larger tanks to be attached that can hold more e-liquid.
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Dr. Burns provided immersive tutorials in the world of early-20th-century surgery, complete with hands-on practice. The Archive's extensive photographic record of medical history served as comprehensive resources for procedures and became important references for everything from the antiseptic atomizers in the operating theater to an early X-ray machine, to the prosthetic worn by a recurring character.
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The colors range from a red, slag green to a darker green, jet black, orange to butterscotch, deep purple to lavender. Most of the time, the bottles had matching enameled and gilded metal covers. These covers were placed over the inner stoppers at an angle on one corner of the bottle. The atomizers came equipped with either chrome or gilt brass hardware.
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The battery must be removed and charged externally. Variable devices permit setting wattage, voltage, or both. These often have a USB connector for recharging; some can be used while charging, called a "passthrough" feature. The power section may include additional options such as screen readout, support for a wide range of internal batteries, and compatibility with different types of atomizers.
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E-cigarette devices differ in the amount of metals in the e-cigarette vapor. This may be associated with the age of various cartridges, and also what is contained in the atomizers and coils. Usage behavior may contribute to variations in the specific metals and amounts of metals found in e-cigarette vapor. An atomizer made of plastics could react with e-liquid and leach plasticizers.
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Various spray devices for the above-mentioned conversion have been developed over time, such as atomizers, sprayers, nozzles, and applicators. The spray generated by these devices can be viewed as liquid droplets submerged in a continuous phase of gases. This spray can be generated in a variety of methods. Generally, it is done by producing a high speed between the phase of gases and the submerged liquid to be atomized.
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Concept of Rotary Atomization Rotary atomizers work on the principle of centrifugal energy; this energy is used to produce a high relative speed between the fluid and air which is essential for atomization. A rotary atomizer comprises a rotating surface. This surface can be in the form of a flat or a vaned disc, a cup, or a slotted wheel. A basic rotary atomizer is displayed in the figure.
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Generally, small gas turbines operate under high rotational speed of more than 100,000 rpm. Even small-sized atomizer of 10 cm diameter revolving at 30,000 rpm can impart an acceleration of 490, 000 m/s2 (which is fifty thousand times of gravity) on the liquid fuel. Eventually, such fuel atomizers create very tiny droplets. Size of droplet formed by atomizer depends on various properties of the fluid (both liquid and gaseous fluid) such as density, viscosity and surface tension between fluids.
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Later-generation e-cigarettes often called mods, PVs (personal vaporizer) or APVs (advanced personal vaporizer) have an increased nicotine-dispersal performance, house higher capacity batteries, and come in various shapes such as metal tubes and boxes. They contain silver, steel, metals, ceramics, plastics, fibers, aluminum, rubber and spume, and lithium batteries. A growing subclass of vapers called cloud-chasers configure their atomizers to produce large amounts of vapor by using low-resistance heating coils. This practice is known as cloud-chasing.
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Rotary atomizers use a high speed rotating disk, cup or wheel to discharge liquid at high speed to the perimeter, forming a hollow cone spray. The rotational speed controls the drop size. Spray drying and spray painting are the most important and common uses of this technology. Many industries use processes like evaporative cooling, meteorology, printing, medical applications, spray combustion, coating, and drying, which need to convert a large mass of liquid into a dispersion of smaller droplets of a size range of microns.
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Atomizer coils made of kanthal usually have resistances that vary from 0.4Ω (ohms) to 2.8Ω. Coils of lower ohms have increased vapor production but could risk fire and dangerous battery failures if the user is not knowledgeable enough about electrical principles and how they relate to battery safety. Wicking materials vary from one atomizer to another. "Rebuildable" or "do it yourself" atomizers can use silica, cotton, rayon, porous ceramic, hemp, bamboo yarn, oxidized stainless steel mesh and even wire rope cables as wicking materials.
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For evening wear sticks might be of ebonized hardwoods or of exotic material such as tortoiseshell, while the knops might be in gold, crystal or set with jewels. Luxury handles for sticks were commissioned from silversmiths, wood and ivory carvers and turners. Brigg joined in the late Victorian and Edwardian craze for what are now known as gadget or system canes and umbrellas, with concealed pencils, atomizers and other trickery. The silversmith Charles Henry Dumenil was a leading exponent of such gadgetry as well as being a major supplier of mounts to the firm.
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Cartomizers are similar in design to atomizers; their main difference is a synthetic filler material wrapped around the heating coil. Clearomizers are now commonly available and similar to cartomizers, but they include a clear tank of a larger volume and no filler material; additionally they have a disposable head containing the coil(s) and wicks. Vaping enthusiasts often begin with a cig-a-like first-generation device and tend to move towards using a later-generation device with a larger battery. Cig-a-likes and tanks are among the most popular devices.
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Following the experience of developing the J/1B Aiglet agricultural aircraft, Auster developed a more powerful successor the J/1U Workmaster. Using the basic Autocrat fuselage it was strengthened and had dorsal fin fillets added, low pressure tyres and a 180 hp (134 kW) Avco Lycoming engine. J/1U Workmaster, built 1958 The aircraft were fitted with Britten-Norman rotary atomizers for crop spraying and a 100 imperial gallon (455 litre) chemical tank in the fuselage. An emergency dump valve allowed the tank to be emptied in 5 seconds.
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Ricardo workshops fabricated the 90-odd burner-atomizers used in the engine, which was already undergoing testing. The other problem concerning Whittle was the question of the fuel supply to the jet engine and how the pressure in the system could be stabilised as the aircraft climbed and the ambient atmospheric pressure varied. No solution had yet been found, so Ricardo was asked to assist. He proposed a device, a relief valve subsequently named ‘Barostat’, which automatically reduced the pressure in the fuel lines as the aircraft gained altitude.
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Of traditional high- wing layout, it carries 90 gallons of spray fluid in a tank beside the pilot, an extra seat being provided for a passenger. The Lycoming engine driving a McCauley v.p. propeller giving it ample power; with slotted ailerons, balanced tail controls and oversize tyres providing good handling during operations in restricted spaces and rough surfaces. The aircraft were fitted with Micronair rotary atomizers for crop spraying and a 100-imperial-gallon (455-litre) chemical tank in the fuselage, with an emergency dump valve allowing the tank to be emptied in 5 seconds.
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Rear view of V-1 in IWM Duxford, showing launch ramp section The Argus pulsejet's major components included the nacelle, fuel jets, flap valve grid, mixing chamber venturi, tail pipe and spark plug. Compressed air forced gasoline, from the 640 liter fuel tank, through the fuel jets, consisting of three banks of atomizers with three nozzles each. Argus' pressurized fuel system negated the need for a fuel pump. These nine atomizing nozzles were in front of the air inlet valve system where it mixed with air before entering the chamber.
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Who Me was a top secret sulfurous non-lethal chemical weapon developed by the American Office of Strategic Services during World War II, to be used by the French Resistance against German officers. Who Me smelled strongly of fecal matter, and was issued in pocket atomizers intended to be unobtrusively sprayed on a German officer, humiliating him and, by extension, demoralizing the occupying German forces. The experiment was very short-lived, however. Who Me had a high concentration of extremely volatile sulfur compounds that were very difficult to control: more often than not, the person who did the spraying also ended up smelling as bad as the one targeted.
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During his career he developed several innovative atomizers, including prefilming (in the 1960s) and effervescent (in the 1990s) designs for aircraft engines. Improvements in atomization greatly reduced the emissions of soot (particulate combustion product) and were instrumental in increasing the reliability of the combustor that was critical to improve the engine robustness. Lefebvre was a pioneer in the development of the jet engine, and arguably one who contributed more as a researcher, designer and educator than any other, except of course, the original inventors – Sir Frank Whittle and Hans von Ohain. He shared his expertise with an annual week-long gas turbine combustion short course from 1962 to 2003.
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Promotional poster for season one Production for season 1 began in September 2013 in New York City. Dr. Stanley Burns, founder and CEO of The Burns Archive, served as the on-set medical adviser on the series, and worked closely with production and the actors to make the hospital scenes realistic and authentic to the period. Images from the Burns Archive became important references for everything from the antiseptic atomizers in the operating theater to an early X-ray machine, to the prosthetic worn by a recurring character. Jack Amiel and Michael Begler wrote the majority of the first- season episodes, and Steven Soderbergh directed all 10 episodes in the first season.
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The most commonly used nebulizers are jet nebulizers, which are also called "atomizers". Jet nebulizers are connected by tubing to a supply of compressed gas, usually compressed air or oxygen to flow at high velocity through a liquid medicine to turn it into an aerosol that is inhaled by the patient. Currently there seems to be a tendency among physicians to prefer prescription of a pressurized Metered Dose Inhaler (pMDI) for their patients, instead of a jet nebulizer that generates a lot more noise (often 60 dB during use) and is less portable due to a greater weight. However, jet nebulizers are commonly used in hospitals for patients who have difficulty using inhalers, such as in serious cases of respiratory disease, or severe asthma attacks.
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GFAA method development Graphite tube Electrothermal AAS (ET AAS) using graphite tube atomizers was pioneered by Boris V. L’vov at the Saint Petersburg Polytechnical Institute, Russia, since the late 1950s, and investigated in parallel by Hans Massmann at the Institute of Spectrochemistry and Applied Spectroscopy (ISAS) in Dortmund, Germany. Although a wide variety of graphite tube designs have been used over the years, the dimensions nowadays are typically 20–25 mm in length and 5–6 mm inner diameter. With this technique liquid/dissolved, solid and gaseous samples may be analyzed directly. A measured volume (typically 10–50 μL) or a weighed mass (typically around 1 mg) of a solid sample are introduced into the graphite tube and subject to a temperature program.
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The Ulvamast Mk II: a ULV sprayer for locust control (photo taken in Niger) In the 1970s and 1980s improved application technologies such as controlled droplet application (CDA) received extensive research interest, but commercial uptake has been disappointing. By controlling droplet size, ultra-low volume (ULV) or very low volume (VLV) application rates of pesticidal mixtures can achieve similar (or sometimes better) biological results by improved timing and dose-transfer to the biological target (i.e. pest). No atomizer has been developed able to produce uniform (monodisperse) droplets, but rotary (spinning disc and cage) atomizers usually produce a more uniform droplet size spectrum than conventional hydraulic nozzles (see: CDA & ULV application equipment). Other efficient application techniques include: banding, baiting, specific granule placement, seed treatments and weed wiping.
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The above technique can obviously not correct for a background with fine structure, as in this case the absorbance will be different at each of the correction pixels. In this case HR-CS AAS is offering the possibility to measure correction spectra of the molecule(s) that is (are) responsible for the background and store them in the computer. These spectra are then multiplied with a factor to match the intensity of the sample spectrum and subtracted pixel by pixel and spectrum by spectrum from the sample spectrum using a least-squares algorithm. This might sound complex, but first of all the number of di-atomic molecules that can exist at the temperatures of the atomizers used in AAS is relatively small, and second, the correction is performed by the computer within a few seconds.
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Barbecue sauce in a squeeze bottle Actuation of a nasal spray bottle A squeeze bottle is a type of container such as a plastic bottle for dispensing a fluid, that is powered by squeezing the container by exerting pressure with the user's hand. Its fundamental characteristic is that manual pressure applied to a resilient hollow body is harnessed to compress fluid within it and thereby expel the fluid through some form of nozzle. Typically, as with wash bottles and commercial resealable containers for many viscous fluids including sauces and adhesives, it is the main body of the container that is squeezed. While atomizers fit the basic pattern of squeeze bottles, they differ from those typical examples in that the squeezed component compresses and propels air, whose interaction with a volatile liquid inside a rigid container then entrains and dispenses a mist of the liquid.
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