Tech inadvertently contributes to job atomization by making it easier.
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This requires less atomization and more collective action, fewer strongmen but greater citizenship.
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"Atomization is essentially exploding a liquid into the finest particle possible," Henry says.
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I love what you said about the atomization, I think that's totally right.
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We need a new conservative fusion, one that prioritizes social connection instead of atomization.
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It stood for the communitarian we, in opposition to the atomization of neoliberal individualism.
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But the Brotherhood's atomization is only one obstacle to its designation as terrorist group.
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I worry about atomization, the reduction of human beings to extensions of their devices.
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Without them, we are left in a world of chaos, political dysfunction, atomization and demagogy.
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Today we live in a world of isolation and atomization, where people distrust their own institutions.
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The atomization of the news media has corroded our public discourse in a pretty profound way.
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The atomization of postmodern life was a subject to which Mr. Cox returned again and again.
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He issued a challenge to readers to scour history and art for ways of overcoming social atomization.
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"The next generation understands the atomization of everything," said Scott Walchek, the founder and chief executive of Trov.
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Debord references the phrase "lonely crowds," a term coined by the American sociologist David Riesman, to describe our atomization.
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For Zaeli, nonmonogamy was also an antidote to the atomization of families, to the loneliness of how people live.
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Exacerbating this sense of atomization is the fact that the party's two most famous figures aren't on the same page.
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The landline was a focal point of the home, an antidote to atomization and loneliness, those scourges of our age.
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Atomization means slicing things to their smallest components, in this case not insuring a whole houseful of goods but individual objects.
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The forces of individualism that are sweeping through so much of society are also leading to the atomization of intellectual life.
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The stories presented by Roots give a sense of how the early Asian American movement sought to overcome atomization and define itself.
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Through content atomization (breaking content into small modular chunks of information) and machine learning, content production can be increased massively to support smart content creation.
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It throws each person back on himself and leads to self-absorption and atomization, as everybody naturally worships the piece of God that is one's self.
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And the experience of American society suggests that religious impulses without institutions aren't enough to bind communities and families, to hold atomization and despair at bay.
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The principal way to attack this center of gravity is to break the monopoly of communications, ideas and information, and thus erode the atomization of society.
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The process of collective placemaking might also serve to counteract the atomization and isolation that neoliberal capitalism and its financial crisis have fostered in the developed world.
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It's not chaos, but the atomization of life: Particles become separated from their larger structures to the point that they no longer understand their role in reality.
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These days, and in no small part because of the atomization engendered by social media, it can feel that every last thing has been privatized and individualized.
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Broadcast must use music and dramatic fiction unavailable on local communist media to provide subjects of interest that can bind secret listeners together and help combat atomization.
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Because the blood is denser than the air through which it travels, it breaks up into smaller drops (atomization), forming a cloud that sprays out from the wound.
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Most of the activists that I know well talk about that neoliberal atomization as the greatest obstacle that they have to deal with, not Israeli bullets or tear gas.
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A proponent of the "Can't we all just get along?" school of thought, this limousine liberal can be blithely insulting and decries what she sees as the atomization of society.
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An "atomization" of the workplace has led to the increased use of temporary and on-call workers like Uber drivers and episodic forms of employment that don't offer traditional benefits.
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The most likely scenario in Venezuela is a confusing period of prolonged chaos, characterized by humanitarian suffering, an escalating tempo of regime tactics to stave off collapse and, ultimately, territorial atomization.
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So, depending how you look at it, relational organizing may be a welcome turn to a more personal form of democratic politics, or a step further down the path of atomization and political bubbles.
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Evans calls this shift job atomization, and posits that society's ingrained "assumption that every able-bodied adult should have a full-time job" is the actual problem standing in the way of an automated future.
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This is not job destruction, but job atomization — the replacement of long-term, full-time work with benefits, and a career path, with occasional, short-term contract gigs without benefits or any escalating career structure.
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The model he and his colleague, Alexander Yarin of the University of Illinois, Chicago, have proposed is the first to predict the atomization mechanism and the distances drops of blood can travel from a gunshot.
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When 21st-century Americans lament the deterioration of civil society and the atomization of our national purpose, we are in many ways mourning the loss of the best parts of the culture that Whyte disdained.
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Projecting The Players' Tribune model forward, we can imagine a world in which athletes simply don't need to talk to reporters, in an echo of what feels like the unstoppable atomization of all news and information.
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Houellebecq's second (and best) book, "The Elementary Particles," reiterates his case against "sexual liberalism," while adding a host of new culprits, from New Age spirituality and women's magazines to social atomization and the decline of Christianity.
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And, if you will forgive some dreamy speculation, a little more public space might just generate a sense of community and social solidarity to counteract the segregation, atomization, isolation, and mutual distrust that cars and suburbs have exacerbated.
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E-commerce, though, with its ability to penetrate deeper and faster into the hinterland, brings with it a new sense of personal identity—one less tethered to the group and, arguably, freer, but also more vulnerable to social atomization.
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His exploration of individual responsibility and agency inside systems of violence and repression have made him a go-to author for people struggling to make sense of a world under threat by resurgent nationalism, social atomization and environmental catastrophe.
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Despite the political violence and social atomization of the '60s, the sense of a stable country still on the rise was sustained, for the most part, by a general belief in the solidity of its institutions, including the media.
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This messy, sometimes exhilarating "Odyssey" is one of several new productions at the start of Berlin's busy theatrical season that, with varying degrees of success, hold a mirror up to our fractured reality of endless wars, environmental catastrophe and social atomization.
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It might be viewed as evidence of our seemingly irreversible slide towards societal atomization—a retreat from the public to the private typified by the hours we spend glued to our phones, laptops or tablets (actually scrap that, nobody uses a tablet anymore).
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But it loses some of the way that Transparent's slow atomization in its third and fourth seasons dealt with, say, Shelly coming to confront her own sexual assault at the hands of her childhood music teacher, or Ari's own journey to claim their identity.
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It's sharp but sympathetic character study, a wry reflection on psychotherapy in an age of well-founded dread, a story of corporate intrigue, and an investigation of the ethical dilemmas and obligations of the people who have brought us into this age of global automation and social atomization.
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In almost two dozen interviews, former Bloods, federal prosecutors, agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and local police detectives attributed the atomization to a variety of factors, none bigger than the aggressive conspiracy cases that regularly hit Bloods leaders with sentences described as football numbers: years high enough to be football scores.
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Self-driving cars bring together a bunch of really interesting technologies—such as machine vision and intelligence—with crucial social issues such as the atomization and changing nature of labor, the shift of power to corporate elites and Silicon Valley, and the quasi-religious faith in computation as the only framework for the production of truth—and hence, ethics and social justice.
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Power, as never before, rested with people who had come of age after the atomization of American culture: the boomers, with their vapors of radical individualism, and the my-way-oriented Generation X. While the Ghirardelli Square model of public-private development had emerged from integrative pluralism, the Ferry Building, like the Sea Ranch, evolved to gratify a new and widespread tribal life-style ideal.
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And we might be engaged in some horrific nuclear war on Mars, it might not have turned out well, but we wouldn't be talking about atomization and sterility, and how liberalism inevitably leads to both, because that piece of the liberal genome wouldn't have been so easily expressed as it's been under conditions where the frontier is closed, and we're stuck with one another here.
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Every separate bit, every crystal shard, seems to be here—her nature unknowable, dense, dispersed, her atomization a miracle, the earth without her a miracle as if I had arrived on my own with nothing to owe, nothing to grieve, nothing to fear, it would happen with me as it would, not one molecule lost or sent to the Principal or held in a dried-orange-pomander strongbox stuck with the iron-matron maces of the cloves.
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They've become a meme because of the way they signify the atomization and isolation of modern life; the tension between the frivolous lives of the global elite and the dwindling health of our planet; the disillusion of millennials and Gen Z, who do not have the same fondness or capacity for displaying wealth as previous generations; and the apparently unstoppable ability of the power players in Silicon Valley to tell us how to live, even when their ideas are not particularly smart.
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The atomizers most commonly used nowadays are (spectroscopic) flames and electrothermal (graphite tube) atomizers. Other atomizers, such as glow- discharge atomization, hydride atomization, or cold-vapor atomization, might be used for special purposes.
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While flame and electrothermal vaporizers are the most common atomization techniques, several other atomization methods are utilized for specialized use.
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Reitz, Rolf D, Modeling atomization processes in high-pressure vaporizing sprays, Atomization and Spray Technology (ISSN 0266-3481), vol. 3, no. 4, 1987, p. 309-337.
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High-pressure water atomization is a processing method of bismuth brass.
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Enthalpy of atomization is the amount of enthalpy change when a compound's bonds are broken and the component atoms are reduced to individual atoms. Enthalpy of atomization is denoted by the symbol ΔatH. The enthalpy change of atomization of gaseous H2O is, for example, the sum of the HO–H and H–O bond dissociation enthalpies. The enthalpy of atomization of an elemental solid is exactly the same as the enthalpy of sublimation for any elemental solid that becomes a monatomic gas upon evaporation.
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The enthalpy of atomization (also atomisation in British English) is the enthalpy change that accompanies the total separation of all atoms in a chemical substance (either a chemical element or a chemical compound). This is often represented by the symbol ΔatH or ΔHat. All bonds in the compound are broken in atomization and none are formed, so enthalpies of atomization are always positive. The associated standard enthalpy is known as the Standard enthalpy of atomization, ΔatH ~~o~~ /(kJ mol−1), at 298.15 K (or 25 degrees Celsius) and 100 kPa.
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Another powder-production technique involves a thin jet of liquid metal intersected by high-speed streams of atomized water which break the jet into drops and cool the powder before it reaches the bottom of the bin. In subsequent operations the powder is dried. This is called water atomization. The advantage of water atomization is that metal solidifies faster than by gas atomization since the heat capacity of water is some magnitudes higher than gases.
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The marginalized graph kernel has been shown to allow accurate predictions of the atomization energy of small organic molecules.
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The optical methods include shadowgraphy, extinction tomography, and Mie Imaging.Sivathanu et al., Atomization and Sprays, vol. 20, pp. 85-92.
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It is able to achieve high atomization because of the bell cup that spins at 20,000 to 60,000 revolutions per minute.
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His memory is honored at each International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems (ICLASS) with a Lecture named in his honor.
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For example, the formation of lithium fluoride, :Li(s) + F2(g) → LiF(s) may be considered as the sum of several steps, each with its own enthalpy (or energy, approximately): # The standard enthalpy of atomization (or sublimation) of solid lithium. # The first ionization energy of gaseous lithium. # The standard enthalpy of atomization (or bond energy) of fluorine gas. # The electron affinity of a fluorine atom.
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A spray is a dynamic collection of drops dispersed in a gas.ASTM standard E-1620 Standard Terminology Relating to Liquid Particles and Atomization The process of forming a spray is known as atomization. A spray nozzle is the device used to generate a spray. The two main uses of sprays are to distribute material over a cross-section and to generate liquid surface area.
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As a founding member and regular participant at conferences of the Institute of Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems Americas (ILASS) he taught a generation of scientists.
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Concept of Rotary Atomization Rotary atomizers work on the principle of centrifugal energy; this energy is used to produce a high relative speed between the fluid and air which is essential for atomization. A rotary atomizer comprises a rotating surface. This surface can be in the form of a flat or a vaned disc, a cup, or a slotted wheel. A basic rotary atomizer is displayed in the figure.
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Another important figure is Simone Weil whose writings about problems or limits attached to militarism, social science atomization, Marxism, the economy and political parties all resonate with an economic reconstruction agenda.
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He co-authored over 160 archival publications, 13 patents and 3 books ( _Gas Turbine Combustion_ , _Gas Turbine Combustor Design Problems_ , and _Atomization and Sprays_ ). His book _Atomization and Sprays_ is a guide to a generation of researchers and engineers on the development and use of spray science and technology. Lefebvre invented and introduced the concept of air-blast atomization, which transformed fuel injection in combustors. He initiated some of the earliest research on atomization and spray structure.
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Atomization and Sprays is an international peer-reviewed scientific journal published monthly by Begell House. Founded by Norman Chigier in 1991, it presents original archival-quality research on the physical structure of liquids undergoing breakup and on their interaction with gaseous flow and solid surfaces. Currently it is the only journal that focuses exclusively on atomization and sprays, covering work on theoretical, computational and experimental aspects of the subject. The journal is the integral hub for a community of industrialists, researchers, academics and students engaged in professional activities related to the spraying of liquids.
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It is of note that experimental designs where the direct application of high voltages to liquids to form aerosols and sprays has been described as early as 1917 in the context of not ionization, but atomization of liquids.
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The atomization of instructions or the inclusion of convenience instructions causes no change in conceptual power, as any program in one variant can be straightforwardly translated to the other. :: Alternative instruction-sets are discussed in the supplement Register-machine models.
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The devices using this method to achieve atomization are called as airblast, air-assist, or popularly twin-fluid atomizers. The Rotary, Pressure-swirl or Twin-fluid Atomizers are used in general. Still, for special applications, alternative atomizer types are there such as the 'electrostatic' atomizer in which electrical pressure is used to drive the atomization, and the 'ultrasonic' atomizing device in which the liquid is passed through a transducer vibrating at ultrasonic frequencies to generate shorter wavelengths which convert the fluid into smaller droplets. Since the flow rate of liquid is low in both of these devices, their applications are limited.
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A spray nozzle is a precision device that facilitates dispersion of liquid into a spray. Nozzles are used for three purposes: to distribute a liquid over an area, to increase liquid surface area, and create impact force on a solid surface.Lipp, Charles W., Practical Spray Technology: Fundamentals and Practice, 2012, A wide variety of spray nozzle applications use a number of spray characteristics to describe the spray.Nasr, Yule and Bending, "Industrial Sprays and Atomization", Springer, 2002, Spray nozzles can be categorized based on the energy input used to cause atomization, the breakup of the fluid into drops.
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Aerosol spray can Spray atomization can be formed by several methods. The most common method is through a spray nozzle which typically has a fluid passage that is acted upon by different mechanical forces that atomize the liquid.Lipp, Charles W. , Practical Spray Technology: Fundamentals and Practice , 2012, The first atomization nozzle was invented by Thomas A. DeVilbiss of Toledo, Ohio in the late 1800s His invention was bulb atomizer that used pressure to impinge upon a liquid, breaking the liquid into a fine mist. Spray formation has taken on several forms, the most common being, pressure sprayers, centrifugal, electrostatic and ultrasonic nozzle.
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In tonnage terms, the production of iron powders for PM structural part production dwarfs the production of all of the non-ferrous metal powders combined. Virtually all iron powders are produced by one of two processes: the sponge iron process or water atomization.
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Michael Rywkin, Moscow's Muslim Challenge, 42. Although the Basmachi were relatively united at certain points, the movement suffered from atomization overall. Rivalry between various leaders and more serious ethnic disputes between Kyrgyz and Uzbeks or Turkmen posed major problems to the movement.
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The volatile hydride generated by the reaction that occurs is swept into the atomization chamber by an inert gas, where it undergoes decomposition. This process forms an atomized form of the analyte, which can then be measured by absorption or emission spectrometry.
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Mechanical patternators are called intrusive patternators. They typically collect the mass flux of liquid in small containersBayvel, L, and Orzechowski, Z. (1993). Liquid Atomization, Washington D.C.:Taylor and Francis. or spray color onto papers to look at the pattern Busch, S. G., and Collias, D. I. (1996).
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The concentration is determined by measuring the absorbance of this gas at 253.7 nm. Detection limits for this technique are in the parts-per-billion range making it an excellent mercury detection atomization method. Two types of burners are used: total consumption burner and premix burner.
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A drop may form when liquid accumulates at the lower end of a tube or other surface boundary, producing a hanging drop called a pendant drop. Drops may also be formed by the condensation of a vapor or by atomization of a larger mass of liquid.
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Sprays are also used in many internal combustion engines to directly disperse the fuel into the combustion chamber and mix it with air so that either spontaneously ignite under high pressure and temperatures or they can be ignited using spark plugs.Lefebvre, Arthur, H. (1989) Atomization and Sprays, NY: Taylor & Francis.
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GFAA spectrometry instruments have the following basic features: 1. a source of light (lamp) that emits resonance line radiation; 2. an atomization chamber (graphite tube) in which the sample is vaporized; 3. a monochromator for selecting only one of the characteristic wavelengths (visible or ultraviolet) of the element of interest; 4.
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The third set of optical patternators is based on laser extinction Ullom, M. J., and Sojka, P. E. (2001). “A Simple Optical Patternator for Evaluating Spray Symmetry,’ Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 72, pp. 2472-2477 or laser extinction tomography.Jongmook Lim and Yudaya Sivathanu, 2005, “Optical Patternation of a Multihole Nozzle” Atomization and Sprays, vol.
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Since the solidification rate is inversely proportional to the particle size, smaller particles can be made using water atomization. The smaller the particles, the more homogeneous the micro structure will be. Notice that particles will have a more irregular shape and the particle size distribution will be wider. In addition, some surface contamination can occur by oxidation skin formation.
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The addition of compressed air improves the fineness of atomization. Additionally, unlike a pure airless spray gun, an AA gun has some control over fan spray to round spray. Some electric airless sprayers (Wagner and Graco) are fitted with a compressor to allow the use of an air-assisted airless gun in situations where portability is important.
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The plasma jet is formed by a transferred arc between a non-consumable cathode and the type of a wire. After atomization, forced air transports the stream of molten droplets onto the bore wall. The particles flatten when they impinge on the surface of the substrate, due to the high kinetic energy. The particles rapidly solidify upon contact.
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BioServe Space Technologies. Atomization (>), increases bioavailability of nutrients, consequently, nutrient strength must be significantly reduced or leaf and root burn will develop. Note the large water droplets in the photo to the right. This is caused by the feed cycle being too long or the pause cycle too short; either discourages both lateral root growth and root hair development.
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The hybrid approach to constructing density functional approximations was introduced by Axel Becke in 1993. Hybridization with Hartree–Fock (HF) exchange (also called exact exchange) provides a simple scheme for improving the calculation of many molecular properties, such as atomization energies, bond lengths and vibration frequencies, which tend to be poorly described with simple "ab initio" functionals.
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The engine components were designed for ease of access and maintenance. The valve guides and valves could be removed without removing the engine from the motorcycle. The cylinder heads were integral with the engine. The intake and exhaust manifolds were cast as one piece such that the exhaust would heat the fuel mixture to improve fuel atomization.
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Hollow cone nozzles are best for applications requiring good atomization of liquids at low pressures or when quick heat transfer is needed. These nozzles also feature large and unobstructed flow passages, which provide a relatively high resistance to clogging. Hollow cone nozzles provide the smallest drop size distributions. The relative range of drop sizes tends to be narrower than other hydraulic styles.
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Sprays have a number of uses. In its natural form, sprays appear in waterfall mists, rains and ocean sprays, according to Arthur Lefebvre, in his book, Atomization and Sprays. Within the household sphere, sprays are used in showers, garden hoses, spray paint cans, hair spray, deodorant sprays and more. Industrial uses of sprays include spray drying, coating, washing, and irrigating.
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Lipp, C.W., Sprays Article, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 5th Ed 2005W.R. Marshall Jr. Atomization and Spray Drying, Am. Inst of Chem Engr. Monograph Series, 1954 Spray nozzles can have one or more outlets; a multiple outlet nozzle is known as a compound nozzle. Spray nozzles range from heavy duty industrial uses to light duty spray cans or spray bottles.
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Brayton air blast injection system 1890 Brayton direct injecton 1887 In 1890 Brayton patented a 4 stroke engine with an air blast fuel injection system. Rudolf Diesel's first engines used an air blast atomization system that was very similar to Brayton's . Unlike Diesel's engine Brayton's engine was fairly low compression. The ignition source was a constantly glowing mesh of platinum.
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Members of this community meet regularly around the world at conferences organised by The Institute for Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems (ILASS), which comprises ILASS-America, ILASS-Europe, ILASS-Japan, ILASS-Korea and ILASS-Taiwan. The editor-in-chief is Editor-in-Chief Europe: Marco Marengo, Editor-in-Chief Americas: Marcus Herrmann for America, and Editor-in-Chief Asia: David Hung.
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Steel abrasive media Steel abrasives are steel particles that are used as abrasive or peening media. They are usually available in two different shapes (shot and grit) that address different industrial applications. Steel shot refers to spherical grains made of molten steel through an atomization ("granulation") process, available in different sizes and hardnesses. Steel grit characterizes grains with a predominantly angular shape.
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The area between adjacent rods is a small venturi throat. Water sprays help prevent solids buildup. The principal atomization of the liquid occurs at the rods, where the high-velocity gas moving through spacings creates the small droplets necessary for fine particle collection. This method can produce very high water droplet densities in the gas stream due to very high throat perimeter compared to other types.
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Atomic spectroscopy is the study of the electromagnetic radiation absorbed and emitted by atoms. Since unique elements have characteristic (signature) spectra, atomic spectroscopy, specifically the electromagnetic spectrum or mass spectrum, is applied for determination of elemental compositions. It can be divided by atomization source or by the type of spectroscopy used. In the latter case, the main division is between optical and mass spectrometry.
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This is a new type of nebulizer which does not use induction to mix the sample and gas. Instead, pneumatic atomization is employed here, which results in the micro- mixing of fluids using a reflux cell. This means that there is a turbulent mixing of the liquid and gas which results in great sensitivity and is very efficient. The OneNeb is the only example of this sort.
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The energy required for atomization is transferred directly from the atomizer body to the liquid. This gives us an advantage that the energy required for atomizing the liquid is directly supplied mechanically and energetically. The complicated and costly production of compressed gas, for example, compressed air, is no longer necessary. It is sufficient to feed the liquid to be atomized to the atomizer under low pressure.
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The atomization of molten materials produces a large amount of dust and fumes made up of very fine particles (ca. 80–95% of the particles by number <100 nm). Proper extraction facilities are vital not only for personal safety, but to minimize entrapment of re-frozen particles in the sprayed coatings. The use of respirators fitted with suitable filters is strongly recommended where equipment cannot be isolated.
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Heidegger's use of this fable in casting the female Cura as creator has been seen as an inversion of the equivalent Christian myth, in which woman is created last, with the centrality of Cura as a challenge to the Western concept of self-sufficiency and "atomization" of the individual.Katrin Froese, Nietzsche, Heidegger, and Daoist Thought: Crossing Paths In-between (SUNY Press, 2006), p. 188 online.
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ASME Gas Turbine Award (1984) ASME R. Tom Sawyer Award (1984) AIAA Propellants and Combustion Award (inaugural recipient in 1990) Marshal Award from the Institute of Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, ILASS, (1993) IGTI Scholar Award (1995) IGTI Aircraft Engine Technology Award (1996) ASME George Westinghouse Gold Medal (2002) Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering in the U.K.
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Previous generations incorporated a coolant passage through the intake manifold to warm the incoming fuel-air mixture in very cold climates. However, modern fuel- injection techniques eliminate fuel atomization concerns under all conditions, so the LS family uses a dry intake manifold. This removes a common coolant leakage point and also allows the incoming air to remain as cool as possible for better power production.
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1165 This mechanism was pitted against representation exercised by means of individual popular suffrage, a faulty Liberal concept invented to serve either bourgeoisiefor Gil Robles see Rojas Quintana 2001, pp. 213–228 or "plebe",which was deemed as dictatorship of the plebs, Montoro Ballesteros 1970, pp. 99–100 exploiting atomization of individuals, unavoidably leading to corruption, partidocracía, oligarchy and caciquismosee Gil Robles, Oligarquía y caciquismo. Naturaleza. Primeras causas. Remedios.
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The Aerosol Jet process begins with atomization of an ink, via ultrasonic or pneumatic means, producing droplets on the order of one to two micrometres in diameter. The droplets then flow through a virtual impactor which deflects the droplets having lower momentum away from the stream. This step helps maintaining a tight droplet size distribution. The droplets are entrained in a gas stream and delivered to the print head.
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Yudaya Sivathanu and Jongmook Lim, Paul G. Hicks. (2007). Optical and Mechanical Patternation of an High Flow Rate Industrial Gas Turbine Nozzle, ILASS Americas, 20th Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Chicago, IL, May 2007 There are three principal types of optical patternators: (a) those that use laser sheets, (b)those that use planar liquid laser induced fluorescence and (c) those that use laser extinction tomography.
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Evan Dara is an American novelist. He has published three novels, which are concerned with subjects including social atomization, music, political dysfunction, epistemology, ecology, and time. The Times Literary Supplement (London) called Dara "one of the most exciting American novelists writing today." Widely believed to be using a pseudonym, Dara has given no interviews and has issued no photographs, and has chosen to publish his novels through his own press, Aurora.
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This practice hearkens back to the days when many high performance cars were given one, small, single-venturi carburetor for each cylinder or pair of cylinders (i.e. Weber, SU carburetors), each one with their own small throttle plate inside. In a carburetor, the smaller throttle opening also allowed for more precise and fast carburetor response, as well as better atomization of the fuel when running at low engine speeds.
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That is one aspect of determining the size of the droplet is the velocity of liquid in the channel (v=Rω). So, we have four dimensionless terms derived from the above properties which determine the performance of atomization. 1\. Liquid-gas density ratio r = [ρL / ρG] where ρL and ρG are densities of liquid and gas respectively 2\. Viscosity ratio m = [µL / µG] where, µL and µG are viscosities of liquid and gas respectively 3\.
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These devices achieve this atomization by releasing the liquid at very high speed into the unagitated air. This same principle is used in a Rotary Atomizer. The rotating cup or disc forces the liquid to come out at a very high speed through its rim. The liquid can also be atomized by using a reverse process, instead of accelerating the liquid, gas can be accelerated to achieve a relatively higher speed than the liquid.
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The liquid first flows radially outwards in the disc and is then released from the disc's outer limits at a relatively very high speed. The atomization relies on the liquid's flow rate and the disc's rotational speed. The fluid is released from the disc's outer limits as uniform-sized droplets at low flow rates. At a comparatively high flow rate, ligaments are generated along the disc's outer limits which later on break into smaller droplets.
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Sarasola 2009, pp. 153-154 Representation was to be exercised and channeled within and in-between these bodies, as opposed to representation exercised by means of popular elections; the latter, based on the Liberal preference for individuals, served only further atomization of the society.Schumacher 1962, pp. 351-2 Since the Integros considered parliamentarian system incompatible with genuine representation,on Nocedal and his vision of political parties, see Fernández de Cigoña 1981, pp.
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This is a way of rapidly solidifying the metal alloy. A liquid metal is dispersed into droplets by the impingement of high-pressure jets of water. It is a low-cost process to achieve a distribution of fine particles in iron, stainless steel, and low-alloy metal powders. This is a way of rapidly solidifying the metal alloy. A limitation of water atomization is the powder purity. For metals that are inclined to oxidation, this is a major problem.
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For atomic mass spectrometry, a sample must also be ionized. Vaporization, atomization, and ionization are often, but not always, accomplished with a single source. Alternatively, one source may be used to vaporize a sample while another is used to atomize (and possibly ionize). An example of this is laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, where a laser is used to vaporize a solid sample and an inductively-coupled plasma is used to atomize the vapor.
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The Institute for Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, (ILASS), is an organization of researchers, industrial practitioners and students engaged in professional activities connected with the spraying of liquids and slurries. Annual technical conferences are organized by each of the ILASS organizations ILASS-Americas, ILASS-Asia, and ILASS-Europe. ILASS-International is an overarching coordinating board made up of representatives from the three regional ILASS Institutes. ILASS meetings have practitioner and researchers from many areas where spray technology is utilized.
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Better atomization allows for a more complete burn of all the fuel and helps reduce engine knock by enlarging the flame front. To achieve this turbulence it is a common practice to leave the surfaces of the intake and intake ports in the cylinder head rough and unpolished. Only a certain degree of turbulence is useful in the intake. Once the fuel is sufficiently atomized additional turbulence causes unneeded pressure drops and a drop in engine performance.
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Waste vegetable oil which has been filtered. Vegetable oil can be used as an alternative fuel in diesel engines and in heating oil burners. When vegetable oil is used directly as a fuel, in either modified or unmodified equipment, it is referred to as straight vegetable oil (SVO) or pure plant oil (PPO). Conventional diesel engines can be modified to help ensure that the viscosity of the vegetable oil is low enough to allow proper atomization of the fuel.
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In 1993, the Federal Aviation Administration contracted Parker Aerospace to develop a new monitoring device, the Multi-Sensor Enroute Flight Inspection System, for flight inspection aircraft. Notable acquisitions by the division include the Kalamazoo, Michigan-based Abex/NWL division of Pneumo Abex in 1996, and Naples, Florida-based Shaw Aero Devices, in 2007. In 2012, the company partnered with General Electric to form a 50-50 joint venture, Advanced Atomization Technologies, for producing fuel nozzles for commercial aircraft engines.
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When a diatomic element is converted to gaseous atoms, only half a mole of molecules will be needed, as the standard enthalpy change is based purely on the production of one mole of gaseous atoms. When the atoms in the molecule are different isotopes of the same element the calculation becomes non-trivial. Standard enthalpy of atomization is the enthalpy change when 1 mol of a substance is dissociated completely into atoms under standard conditions (298.15K, 1 bar).
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Crystal growth is achieved due to unique properties of SCFs by using different supercritical fluid properties: supercritical CO2 solvent power, anti-solvent effect and its atomization enhancement. Using intermediate phases to synthesize solid-state compounds is also employed. The use of a hydrate or an amorphous phase as an intermediate during synthesis in a solid-state route has proven successful in forming a cocrystal. Also, the use of a metastable polymorphic form of one cocrystal former can be employed.
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Swirl injectors are used in liquid rocket, gas turbine, and diesel engines to improve atomization and mixing efficiency. The circumferential velocity component is first generated as the propellant enters through helical or tangential inlets producing a thin, swirling liquid sheet. A gas-filled hollow core is then formed along the centerline inside the injector due to centrifugal force of the liquid sheet. Because of the presence of the gas core, the discharge coefficient is generally low.
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These use air pressure and fluid pressure to achieve atomization of the coating. This equipment provides high transfer and increased application speed and is most often used with flat-line applications in factory finish shops. The fluid pressure is provided by an airless pump, which allows much heavier materials to be sprayed than is possible with an air spray gun. Compressed air is introduced into the spray via an air nozzle (sometimes called air cap) similar to a standard conventional spray gun.
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Weber Number Wet = [ρG Vc2 t/σs] where σs is surface tension between liquid and gas contact surface. It is the ratio of the force applied by the gas on the liquid layer to the surface tension force acting on liquid. 4\. Ohnesorge Number Oht= [µL / (ρL σs t) 1/2] It is the ratio of viscous force inside the layer to the surface tension force acting on liquid. Altogether, all these terms describe three main phenomena of atomization viz.
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When the flow rate is further increased, the ligaments become unable to fit in with the liquid flow, and hence a fine sheet of liquid is produced which expands past the disc's rim. This sheet, later on, disintegrates into ligaments and finally, drops are formed. The transition from ligament to sheet formation can be delayed by ragging the disc's edges. Rotary atomizers belong to the mechanical atomizers; hence, neither a high- pressure liquid nor a pressurized gas is required for atomization.
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His books deal with father and son relationship , as well as topics like globalization, terrorism, identity politics and social atomization. His second novel, Chaos, was an autofiction about his cousin Serge Doubrovsky. Between 2004 and 2009 he lived between Paris and New York. During the summer 2014, Weitzmann wrote for Tablet Magazine "France's Toxic Hate", a series of reporting on the rise of antisemitism in his country that won the Berman Prize for literary Journalism in London in February 2015.
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Historian Erich Haberer notes that many survived and made sense of the "totalitarian atomization" of society by seeking conformity with communism. As a result, by the time of the German invasion in 1941, many had come to see conformity with a totalitarian regime as socially acceptable behaviour; thus, people simply transferred their allegiance to the German regime when it arrived. Some who had collaborated with the Soviet regime sought to divert attention from themselves by naming Jews as collaborators and killing them.
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Hydride generation techniques are specialized in solutions of specific elements. The technique provides a means of introducing samples containing arsenic, antimony, selenium, bismuth, and lead into an atomizer in the gas phase. With these elements, hydride atomization enhances detection limits by a factor of 10 to 100 compared to alternative methods. Hydride generation occurs by adding an acidified aqueous solution of the sample to a 1% aqueous solution of sodium borohydride, all of which is contained in a glass vessel.
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It can be used in a number of applications, such as smog formation and atomization of liquids. Blood flow in small vessels, such as capillaries, is characterized by small Reynolds and Womersley numbers. A vessel of diameter of with a flow of , viscosity of for blood, density of and a heart rate of , will have a Reynolds number of 0.005 and a Womersley number of 0.0126. At these small Reynolds and Womersley numbers, the viscous effects of the fluid become predominant.
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The carburetor or the fuel injectors spray fuel droplets into the air in the manifold. Due to electrostatic forces and condensation from the boundary layer, some of the fuel will form into pools along the walls of the manifold, and due to surface tension of the fuel, small droplets may combine into larger droplets in the airstream. Both actions are undesirable because they create inconsistencies in the air-fuel ratio. Turbulence in the intake helps to break up fuel droplets, improving the degree of atomization.
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A fog machine, fog generator, or smoke machine is a device that emits a dense vapor that appears similar to fog or smoke. This artificial fog is most commonly used in professional entertainment applications, but smaller, more affordable fog machines are becoming common for personal use. Fog machines can also be found in use in a variety of industrial, training, and some military applications. Typically, fog is created by vaporizing proprietary water and glycol-based or glycerin-based fluids or through the atomization of mineral oil.
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It may be obtained from the heavy gas oil cut. Number 5 fuel oil is a residual-type industrial heating oil requiring preheating to for proper atomization at the burners. This fuel is sometimes known as Bunker B. It may be obtained from the heavy gas oil cut, or it may be a blend of residual oil with enough number 2 oil to adjust viscosity until it can be pumped without preheating. Number 6 fuel oil is a high-viscosity residual oil requiring preheating to .
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The atomizer of an ICP The plasma used in an ICP-MS is made by partially ionizing argon gas (Ar → Ar+ \+ e−). The energy required for this reaction is obtained by pulsing an alternating electric current in load coil that surrounds the plasma torch with a flow of argon gas. After the sample is injected, the plasma's extreme temperature causes the sample to separate into individual atoms (atomization). Next, the plasma ionizes these atoms (M → M+ \+ e−) so that they can be detected by the mass spectrometer.
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External mix nozzles contacts fluids outside the nozzle as shown in the schematic diagram. This type of spray nozzle may require more atomizing air and a higher atomizing air pressure drop because the mixing and atomization of liquid takes place outside the nozzle. The liquid pressure drop is lower for this type of nozzle, sometimes drawing liquid into the nozzle due to the suction caused by the atomizing air nozzles (siphon nozzle). If the liquid to be atomized contains solids an external mix atomizer may be preferred.
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At low RPM only one valve on the intake opens fully, promoting combustion chamber swirl and improved fuel atomization. This allows a leaner air/fuel mixture to be used, improving fuel economy. At higher RPM, both intake valves run off the larger intake cam lobe, improving total air flow and top-end power. The two types of engines are easily distinguishable by the factory rated power output: the performance engines make around or more in stock form, while the economy engines do not make much more than .
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Two versions of the Honda i-VTEC system can be found on a K-series engine, and both versions can come with variable timing control (VTC) on the intake cam. The VTEC system on engines like the K20A3 only operate on the intake cam; at low rpm only one intake valve is fully opened, the other opening just slightly to create a swirl effect in the combustion chamber for improved fuel atomization. At high rpm, both intake valves open fully to improve engine breathing.
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It reacts with strong Lewis acids to form salts of the KrF+ and Kr cations. The atomization energy of KrF2 (KrF2(g) → Kr(g) \+ 2F(g)) is 21.9 kcal/mol, giving an average Kr–F bond energy of only 11 kcal/mol,The values of De(F–KrF) and De(F–Kr•) are estimated to be comparable, at ~10-12 kcal/mol, while ΔH(KrF+ → Kr+ \+ F•) is estimated to be ~42 kcal/mol. the weakest of any isolable fluoride. In comparison, difluorine is held together by a bond of 36 kcal/mol.
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In the titanium gas atomisation (TGA) process, titanium is vacuum induction skull melted in a water cooled copper crucible, the metal tapped and the molten metal stream atomized with a stream of high pressure inert gas. The tiny droplets are spherical and measure between 50 and 350 μm. The TGA process has been used to produce a wide variety of materials such as commercially pure (CP) titanium, conventional alpha-beta and beta alloys. In plasma atomization (PA) process, a titanium wire is atomized by 3 inert gas plasma jets to form spherical metal powders.
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Atomic mass spectrometry is similar to other types of mass spectrometry in that it consists of an ion source, a mass analyzer, and a detector. Atoms' identities are determined by their mass-to-charge ratio (via the mass analyzer) and their concentrations are determined by the number of ions detected. Although considerable research has gone into customizing mass spectrometers for atomic ion sources, it is the ion source that differs most from other forms of mass spectrometry. These ion sources must also atomize samples, or an atomization step must take place before ionization.
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Presentations include experimental evaluation of spray systems and spray nozzles under a variety of applications. Recent advances in instrumentation for drop size, drop velocity, and quantified spray pattern continue to result in advances in the state of the art. In addition, film thickness and fuel vapor are important parameters in many applications. Advances in computational fluid dynamics modeling, such as RANS or LES, and specialized codes (based on the volume of fluid method, level-set method or lattice Boltzmann methods) developed to simulate the atomization and drop transport processes are presented.
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Improving financial performance of the WUBs is linked to increasing farm incomes and therefore farmers' capacity to contribute to O&M; costs as well as irrigation improvement investments. In addition, MINAG began a Special Program for Land Titling (Proyecto Especial de Titulacion de Tierras y Catastro Rural-PETTCR) in 1992 to combat the uncertainty of property rights and the atomization of the agrarian structure. The implementation of PETTCR has increased the number of registered agricultural lands from 7% to 81% in 2005. PETTCR includes a proactive regularization of water rights based on water availability.
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The Vilis, which were hitherto the majority inhabitants of the region, must now share the land and work with the allochthonous populations. They see their habitat area diminishing according to the atomization of the kingdom. The Kouilou, in addition to being a land of immigration, is also a land of emigration and expatriation during colonization. The creation of coffee and cocoa plantations in Fernando Po and Sao Tomé, Portage, schooling and the prospect of receiving a salary cause a significant departure from the local labour force towards Brazzaville, Gabon and Ubangi-Shari.
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This not only raises the airspeed which causes better cylinder filling, but due to the asymmetrical airflow a swirl is created in the combustion chamber, meaning better fuel atomization. This enabled the torque curve to still be intact at lower engine speeds, allowing for better performance across the entire speed band and a broad, flat torque curve around the crossover point.Toyota Twin Cam, p. 11 During rising engine speed, a slight lurch can occur at the crossover point and an experienced driver will be able to detect the shift in performance.
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The reservation Area was reduced and fragmented by the executive order December 21st 1865 of President Andrew Johnson and by the Act of Congress March 3rd 1875. Tribal groups reestablished a presence in isolated portions of their traditional homelands. Under the Dawes Act of 1887, the government divided communal tribal lands for allocation of individual plots of 160 acres each to heads of households of tribal members; any remaining acreage was classified as "surplus" and sold to non- natives. This break-up of communal lands accelerated the process of atomization of the state's indigenous peoples.
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Al-Ca composite has good microstructural stability even above 300 °C. The formation of intermetallic compounds at the interface would stabilize the microstructure to avoid the degradation of its various properties during exposure to elevated temperatures, such as those encountered during emergency overload situations. Newest development An Al/Ca (20 vol%) nanofilamentary metal-metal composite was produced by powder metallurgy and severe plastic deformation. Fine Ca metal powders (~200 µm) were produced by centrifugal atomization, mixed with pure Al powder, and deformed by warm extrusion, swaging, and wire drawing to a true strain of 12.9.
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Another source of background absorption, particularly in ET AAS, is scattering of the primary radiation at particles that are generated in the atomization stage, when the matrix could not be removed sufficiently in the pyrolysis stage. All these phenomena, molecular absorption and radiation scattering, can result in artificially high absorption and an improperly high (erroneous) calculation for the concentration or mass of the analyte in the sample. There are several techniques available to correct for background absorption, and they are significantly different for LS AAS and HR-CS AAS.
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These metaphysical qualities were supposed to define the unique cultural essence of the German people." According to journalist Peter Ross Range, "Völkisch is very hard to define and almost untranslatable into English. The word has been rendered as popular, populist, people's, racial, racist, ethnic-chauvinist, nationalistic, communitarian (for Germans only), conservative, traditional, Nordic, romantic – and it means, in fact, all of those. The völkisch political ideology ranged from a sense of German superiority to a spiritual resistance to 'the evils of industrialization and the atomization of modern man,' wrote scholar David Jablonsky.
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As values can be quantified in monetary terms, our relationship with objects has lost most of its emotional character and has become more intellectual. On the one hand, our rational attitude can lead us to become individualistic, to an atomization of society, and even to disregard respect and kindness. On the other hand, there are often clear advantages in relying on intellect rather than on emotions. At any rate, Simmel maintains that intellect is a tool and, as such, it lacks an intrinsic sense of direction and can be put to use for different purposes.
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Quantum chemistry composite methods (also referred to as thermochemical recipes) are computational chemistry methods that aim for high accuracy by combining the results of several calculations. They combine methods with a high level of theory and a small basis set with methods that employ lower levels of theory with larger basis sets. They are commonly used to calculate thermodynamic quantities such as enthalpies of formation, atomization energies, ionization energies and electron affinities. They aim for chemical accuracy which is usually defined as within 1 kcal/mol of the experimental value.
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Example of a vintage atomizer nozzle An atomizer nozzle can take many forms. The first atomizer nozzle, also called an aspirator nozzle, was invented by Dr. Thomas DeVilbliss of Toledo, Ohio, in the late 19th century for producing a fine spray of a liquid based on the Venturi effect. His device was used for spraying medicine on the back of his patients' throats. Atomizer nozzles can create atomization from a variety of mechanical means, which includes but is not limited to electrostatics processes, ultrasonic nozzle and centrifugal forces.
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Both systems will operate at cold start, which will reduce emissions that direct injection suffers to due to cold cylinder walls and lower fuel atomization. Turbocharger changes include electronically actuated wastegates, turbine wheels now made with lighter Mar-M-247 super-alloy increasing responsiveness, and the same 51 mm turbine wheels but with sharper vane angles allowing boost to be increased by up to max. The turbochargers continue to be supplied by Borg Warner. The cam drive system changed from a single primary chain to a stronger two primary chain system with separate chains driving each cylinder bank.
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The first-generation Toyota CT26 utilized a single entry turbine housing and a single wastegate port design. It was fitted to the first generation Toyota Celica GT-Four (ST165). The intake charge was cooled by a water-to-air intercooler and the intake manifold design is Toyota's T-VIS. It has 8 independent ports and benefits from the inertia build up to improve engine torque at low and medium speeds by closing 4 ports below a certain RPM and throttle position to increase air speed and maximize fuel atomization and opening all 8 at higher engine loads for better air volume.
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Supercritical fluids act as a new media for the generation of novel crystalline forms of APIs (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients) named as pharmaceutical cocrystals. Supercritical fluid technology offers a new platform that allows a single-step generation of particles that are difficult or even impossible to obtain by traditional techniques. The generation of pure and dried new cocrystals (crystalline molecular complexes comprising the API and one or more conformers in the crystal lattice) can be achieved due to unique properties of SCFs by using different supercritical fluid properties: supercritical CO2 solvent power, anti-solvent effect and its atomization enhancement.
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The cold-vapor technique is an atomization method limited to only the determination of mercury, due to it being the only metallic element to have a large enough vapor pressure at ambient temperature. Because of this, it has an important use in determining organic mercury compounds in samples and their distribution in the environment. The method initiates by converting mercury into Hg2+ by oxidation from nitric and sulfuric acids, followed by a reduction of Hg2+ with tin(II) chloride. The mercury, is then swept into a long-pass absorption tube by bubbling a stream of inert gas through the reaction mixture.
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This, for Kovel, reverses what Marxists see as the commodity fetishism and atomization of individuals (through the "unappeasable craving" for "having and excluding others from having") under capitalism. Under eco-socialism, he therefore believes that enhancement of use-value will lead to differentiated ownership between the individual and the collective, where there are "distinct limits on the amount of property individuals control" and no-one can take control of resources that "would permit the alienation of means of production from another". He then hopes that the "hubris" of the notion of "ownership of the planet" will be replaced with usufruct.
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A concept for consistent simulations of inorganic-organic interfaces was introduced in 2003. A major obstacle was the poor definition of atomic charges in molecular models, especially for inorganic compounds. IFF utilizes a method to assign atomic charges that translates chemical bonding accurately into molecular models, including metals, oxides, minerals, and organic molecules. The models reproduce multipole moments internal to a chemical compound on the basis of experimental data for electron deformation densities, dipole moments, as well as consideration of atomization energies, ionization energies, coordination numbers, and trends relative to other chemically similar compounds in the periodic table (the Extended Born Model).
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Fire breather’s pneumonia is caused by the entrance of hydrocarbon fuels into the bronchial tree, usually due to accidental aspiration or inhalation during a fire performance show. Fire breathing, or fire blowing, is the act of creating a plume of fire by blowing a mouthful of fuel in a fine mist (atomization) over a source of ignition. Fire eating, or fire swallowing, is the act of putting a flaming object into the mouth and extinguishing it. In both disciplines, the performer holds their breath until the air is clear of vapors, so as to not inhale the hazardous fumes.
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In his 1936 paper "Finite Combinatory Processes--Formulation 1", Emil Post described a model of which he conjectured is "logically equivalent to recursiveness". Post's model of a computation differs from the Turing-machine model in a further "atomization" of the acts a human "computer" would perform during a computation. Post's model employs a "symbol space" consisting of a "two-way infinite sequence of spaces or boxes", each box capable of being in either of two possible conditions, namely "marked" (as by a single vertical stroke) and "unmarked" (empty). Initially, finitely-many of the boxes are marked, the rest being unmarked.
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Dipping products in diluted solutions or soaking them in brines containing liquid smoke followed by heating was done long before the modern industrial era using Wright's liquid smoke and pyroligneous acid precursors. Allen patented a method of regenerating smoke using air atomization. It remains the leading technology for using condensed smoke products to treat processed meat, cheese, fish, and other foods in batch smokehouses. As the meat-processing industry has consolidated, continuous processes have evolved and direct applications of solutions of liquid smoke via showering or drenching systems installed on continuous lines have grown to be the largest type of application method.
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Central to the EUI is the built-in plunger pump, which, just as in a UI, allows for low- pressure fuel delivery and return to all injectors, yet provides exceptionally high pressure and concomitant injection and atomization of the fuel to a cylinder during the engine's power cycles. As in a UI, the injector is connected to common banks of fuel supply and fuel return. Fuel is always circulating within the EUI as two of its functions, other than injection for combustion, are injector lubrication and injector cooling. Connections on UIs are by formed steel tubes.
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Accurate structural parameters and vibrational frequencies are a natural byproduct of the method. While the computed molecular properties can be highly accurate, the computationally intensive nature of the FPD approach limits the size of the chemical system to which it can be applied to roughly 10 or fewer first/second row atoms. The FPD Approach has been heavily benchmarked against experiment. When applied at the highest possible level, FDP is capable to yielding a root- mean-square (RMS) deviation with respect to experiment of 0.30 kcal/mol (311 comparisons covering atomization energies, ionization potentials, electron affinities and proton affinities).
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The drop surface area density is the product of the spray drop surface area and the number of drops per unit volume. The surface area density is very important in evaporation and combustion applications since the local evaporation rate is highly correlated to the surface area density. The extinction of light caused by the drops within a spray is also directly proportion to the surface area density. The two most widely used methods of measuring the surface area density are Laser Sheet Imaging and Statistical Extinction Tomography.Lim, J., and Sivathanu, Y., “Optical Patternation of a Multi-hole Fuel Spray Nozzle,” Atomization and Sprays, vol.
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In general, increasing the total drop surface area within the dryer will lead to higher evaporation rates and greater efficiency for the process.Yudaya Sivathanu, Jongmook Lim, Henrik Linden and Preben Noerskov, "Pressure Effects on Drop Diameters and Surface Areas in Oil Nozzles," ILASS Americas, 19th Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Toronto, Canada, May 2006. Similarly, pharmaceutical tablets owe their thin film surface coating to an atomizer produced spray that needs to be perfect. The coating not only masks taste but also performs key functions such as sealing the tablet from moisture to improve shelf life, controlling drug release rates to get slow and extended release tablets.
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Today the nebulizing technology is not only used for medical purposes. Ultrasonic wave nebulizers are also used in humidifiers, to spray out water aerosols to moisten dry air in buildings. Some of the first models of electronic cigarettes featured an ultrasonic wave nebulizer (having a piezoelectric element vibrating and creating high-frequency ultrasound waves, to cause vibration and atomization of liquid nicotine) in combination with a vapouriser (built as a spray nozzle with an electric heating element). The most common type of electronic cigarettes currently sold, however, omit the ultrasonic wave nebulizer, as it was not found to be efficient enough for this kind of device.
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He has also been listed in the List of notable or famous alumni/graduates/students from University of the Punjab; prominent alums from this institution include celebrities, politicians and business people. He is considered Unsung Hero of Pakistan in the lecture of Mr. Badar Sami on 13 Feb. 2014. His name is included in the top 1800 scholars/ writers by a European researcher Paolo Nagrini of Munich, who impressed at least three other scholars among the thirty thousand on internet. He is the 1st theorist on Computer from Pakistan in the document of Ghost Characters Atomization-Combination Theory accepted and implemented by the UNICODE.
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During his career he developed several innovative atomizers, including prefilming (in the 1960s) and effervescent (in the 1990s) designs for aircraft engines. Improvements in atomization greatly reduced the emissions of soot (particulate combustion product) and were instrumental in increasing the reliability of the combustor that was critical to improve the engine robustness. Lefebvre was a pioneer in the development of the jet engine, and arguably one who contributed more as a researcher, designer and educator than any other, except of course, the original inventors – Sir Frank Whittle and Hans von Ohain. He shared his expertise with an annual week-long gas turbine combustion short course from 1962 to 2003.
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This induces swirl of the intake charge which improves air/fuel atomization in the cylinder and allows for a leaner fuel mixture to be used. As the engine's speed and load increase, both valves are needed to supply a sufficient mixture. When engaging VTEC mode, a pre-defined threshold for MPH (must be moving), RPM and load must be met before the computer actuates a solenoid which directs pressurized oil into a sliding pin, just like with the original VTEC. This sliding pin connects the intake rocker arm followers together so that, now, both intake valves are following the "normal" camshaft lobe instead of just one of them.
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He has received several awards including the Ralph Teetor Award from Society of Automotive Engineers (1988), The Best Picture Award, from the American Physical Society (1988), the Best Paper Award, from the Combustion Institute (1992), and TOKTEN Award from the United Nations Development Program (1995). He is also the holder of a patent on MultiOrifice Impulsed Spray Generator, Patent No. 4,667,877. Dr. Ashgriz has been a member and has held offices in various professional societies (e.g., ASME K-11 Committee, "Heat Transfer in Fire and Combustion Systems," ASME Winter Annual Meeting, American Physical Society, The Combustion Institute, and the Institute for Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems).
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The Weizmann-n ab initio methods (Wn, n = 1–4) are highly accurate composite theories devoid of empirical parameters. These theories are capable of sub-kJ/mol accuracies in prediction of fundamental thermochemical quantities such as heats of formation and atomization energies, and unprecedented accuracies in prediction of spectroscopic constants. The ability of these theories to successfully reproduce the CCSD(T)/CBS (W1 and W2), CCSDT(Q)/CBS (W3), and CCSDTQ5/CBS (W4) energies relies on judicious combination of very large Gaussian basis sets with basis-set extrapolation techniques. Thus, the high accuracy of Wn theories comes with the price of a significant computational cost.
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The melting and boiling points of iron, along with its enthalpy of atomization, are lower than those of the earlier 3d elements from scandium to chromium, showing the lessened contribution of the 3d electrons to metallic bonding as they are attracted more and more into the inert core by the nucleus;Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1116 however, they are higher than the values for the previous element manganese because that element has a half- filled 3d subshell and consequently its d-electrons are not easily delocalized. This same trend appears for ruthenium but not osmium. The melting point of iron is experimentally well defined for pressures less than 50 GPa.
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Laboratory-scale spray dryer. A=Solution or suspension to be dried in, B=Atomization gas in, 1= Drying gas in, 2=Heating of drying gas, 3=Spraying of solution or suspension, 4=Drying chamber, 5=Part between drying chamber and cyclone, 6=Cyclone, 7=Drying gas is taken away, 8=Collection vessel of product, arrows mean that this is co- current lab-spraydryer Spray drying is a method of producing a dry powder from a liquid or slurry by rapidly drying with a hot gas. This is the preferred method of drying of many thermally-sensitive materials such as foods and pharmaceuticals. A consistent particle size distribution is a reason for spray drying some industrial products such as catalysts.
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On 9 September 1933, Rudolf L'Orange, son of Prosper L'Orange, together with his brother Harro, founded the Gebrüder L'Orange Motorzubehör GmbH (L'Orange Brothers Engine Accessories Company) in Stuttgart. Initially, they produced stamps, cylinders, needles and needle guides for injection pumps for aircraft and marine engines. His father had sold his inventions and manufacturing rights to the Robert Bosch AG, and this led to the foundation of the company. In Hamburg, L'Orange founded the Norddeutsche L’Orange GmbH Hamburg subsidiary (North German L'Orange Company Hamburg) to be able to supply the navy with its products. With the advent of new drive technologies, Rudolf L'Orange developed and invented new injection systems, such as the “zweimengendüse” for continuous atomization.
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When ultrasonic nozzles are used, the spray can be made to be as dry as necessary by the nature of the small and uniform droplet size, by varying the distance the droplets travel and by applying low heat to the substrate such that the droplets dry in the air before reaching the substrate. Process engineers have finer control over these types of variables as opposed to other technologies. Additionally, because the ultrasonic nozzle imparts energy to the suspension just prior to and during atomization, possible agglomerates in the suspension are broken up resulting in homogenous distribution of the catalyst, resulting in higher efficiency of the catalyst and in turn, the fuel cell.
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Diesel engines normally have lower redlines than comparatively sized gasoline engines, largely because of fuel- atomization limitations. Gasoline automobile engines typically will have a redline at around 5500 to 7000 rpm. The Gordon Murray Automotive T.50 has the highest redline of a piston-engine road car rated at 12,100 rpm. The Renesis in the Mazda RX-8 has the highest redline of a production rotary-engine road car rated at 9000 rpm. In contrast, some older OHV engines had redlines as low as 4800 rpm, mostly due to the engines being designed and built for low-end power and economy during the late 1960s all the way to the early 1990s.
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The flow of the paint over the cup and off the edge breaks up the paint into atomized droplets. The turbine is a high speed, high precision air motor that rotates the bell cup at speeds ranging from 10,000rpm to 70,000rpm, depending on the cup diameter, atomization desired, and physical properties of the paint. Typical turbines for this application use an air bearing, where the spinning shaft is suspended in a cushion of flowing compressed air, with virtually no frictional resistance. The shaping air shroud, or shaping air ring, is simply a ring with passages for air to flow out the front of the atomizer, outside of the cup diameter, to manage the size of the spray pattern produced.
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Social isolation refers to "The feeling of being segregated from one's community".(Kalekin-Fishman, 1996: 97) Neal and Collas (2000: 114) emphasize the centrality of social isolation in the modern world: "While social isolation is typically experienced as a form of personal stress, its sources are deeply embedded in the social organization of the modern world. With increased isolation and atomization, much of our daily interactions are with those who are strangers to us and with whom we lack any ongoing social relationships." Since the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, migrants from Eastern Europe and the developing countries have flocked to developed countries in search of a better living standard.
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To identify fundamental autonomic networking principles that enable networks to scale not only in size but also in functionality. The main premise of our work is that a functionally scaling network is a synonym for an evolving network which includes the various self-x attributes essential to autonomic communication such as self-management, self-optimization, self-monitoring, self-repair, and self-protection. The hypothesis is that, due to these self-x attributes, such functional scaling will naturally lead to networks that are not only richer in functionality but which also scale in size. Scientific research in ANA will explore the “Internet de-construction” trends of functional atomization, diffusion and sedimentation that will replace the current static layering approach.
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The rotary atomizer in which liquid is revolving along with it at the rate of ω and has radial channels at nominal radius R=(R1+R2)/2 in the edge from which high-speed liquid interacts with gas to form droplets. Considering the nominal radius of the channel and thus of mass of liquid inside channel equal to R, the liquid inside channel will experience the centrifugal acceleration of Rω2, which causes the liquid to form a thin layer of thickness t on both walls of the channel. At very high acceleration thickness of the liquid layer (film) is very small in order µm. The shape of the channel also decides the effectiveness of atomization and the size of droplets.
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Rendering of an ultrasonic nozzle Ultrasonic nozzles are a type of spray nozzle that uses high frequency vibration produced by piezoelectric transducers acting upon the nozzle tip that will create capillary waves in a liquid film. Once the amplitude of the capillary waves reaches a critical height (due to the power level supplied by the generator), they become too tall to support themselves and tiny droplets fall off the tip of each wave resulting in atomization. The primary factors influencing the initial droplet size produced are frequency of vibration, surface tension, and viscosity of the liquid. Frequencies are commonly in the range of 20–180 kHz, beyond the range of human hearing, where the highest frequencies produce the smallest drop size.
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The processes in a flame include the stages of desolvation (drying) in which the solvent is evaporated and the dry sample nano-particles remain, vaporization (transfer to the gaseous phase) in which the solid particles are converted into gaseous molecule, atomization in which the molecules are dissociated into free atoms, and ionization where (depending on the ionization potential of the analyte atoms and the energy available in a particular flame) atoms may be in part converted to gaseous ions. Each of these stages includes the risk of interference in case the degree of phase transfer is different for the analyte in the calibration standard and in the sample. Ionization is generally undesirable, as it reduces the number of atoms that are available for measurement, i.e., the sensitivity.
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Additionally, CMM requirements were challenging in achieving high levels of accuracy and lack of deviation in the gap between the curved hood and the curved headlamp housings, where the LS400 featured rectangular lamps that were more traditional. Toyota also felt it was important to blend the bumper into the metal fenders with minimal gaps and differentiation in visual cohesion. Engineers also adopted many influences from the LS400 and Lexus ES300 such as alloy lattices and metallurgical eutectic techniques that led to engines with low thermal expansion coefficient, better fuel atomization, rust corrosion, and flusher body panels. The development of reducing NVH levels in the cabin was the result of hundreds of engineers, which was revealed by Chris Goffey during a Top Gear review.
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Toyota Land Cruiser History The 1FZ-F produced at 4400 rpm and at 2800 rpm; its fuel injected counterpart produced at 4600 rpm and at 3200 rpm. Starting in 1998, the fuel injected version of the 1FZ-FE was also manufactured with a direct ignition variation available in certain non-US markets (the engine pictured here is that variant discernible by the intake manifold and lack of distributor). This version of the engine received many updates over the previous version such as a redesigned head, more compact pistons, updated throttle body, an improved intake manifold with longer intake runners, 4 nozzle fuel injectors to improve fuel atomization and direct ignition. This version of the 1FZ-FE produced at 4600 rpm and at 3600 rpm on 91 Octane Fuel (RON) without a catalytic converter.
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The biographer Eugen Segnitz wrote in 1922 that the work was not only unique in the composer's work, but in the sacred music of its period, with a rare intense power of expression ("intensive Ausdruckskraft") and a convincing musical exegesis of the biblical text, as well as its turns and manifold shades of emotion ("überzeugende musikalische Auslegung des biblischen Textes, wie auch seiner Wendungen und mannigfaltigen Gefühlsschattierungen"). A reviewer of a recording noted the work's "quasi-symphonic sequence" and its "balanced overall shape which brings musical satisfaction even though the choral-orchestral presentation is at times somewhat unrelenting". Eidenbenz noted that Reger achieved a direct expressivity of the smallest entities of material (""), and saw in this "atomization" and relentless modulation a modern radicality (""). He then wrote: Eidenbenz noted how these elements also characterize Reger's life.
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Most diesel car engines are suitable for the use of straight vegetable oil (SVO), also commonly called pure plant oil (PPO), with certain modifications. Principally, the viscosity and surface tension of the SVO/PPO must be reduced by preheating it, typically by using waste heat from the engine or electricity, otherwise poor atomization, incomplete combustion and carbonization may result. One common solution is to add a heat exchanger and an additional fuel tank for the petrodiesel or biodiesel blend and to switch between this additional tank and the main tank of SVO/PPO. The engine is started on diesel, switched over to vegetable oil as soon as it is warmed up and switched back to diesel shortly before being switched off to ensure that no vegetable oil remains in the engine or fuel lines when it is started from cold again.
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The Vili are mainly distributed in a triangle formed by the Atlantic coast as a base, going from Madingo-Kayes to the Cabinda border and the locality of Tchikanou on the road to Tchitondi (formerly Holle) as the summit. In addition to those mentioned above, they are found in the villages of Tchilunga, Longo-Bondi, Ntandu Yumbi, Tchissanga, Ntupu, Lendji, Bueti, Hinda, Makola, Bambala, Nanga, Tchivula, Nkumbi, Tangu Mbata, Diosso, Mabindu, Lubu, Mpili and Tchissekeni. Their residential area has been gradually reduced due to the atomization of the Kingdom of Loango, for more than one hundred and fifty years, corresponding roughly to the Treaty of Tchimbamba signed on June 21, 1883, allowing France to take possession of the territory. indeed, the French penetration and the brewing of the induced populations, promote the spread of serious epidemics of smallpox and trypanosomiasis (sickness of sleep).
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The melting point of iron is experimentally well defined for pressures less than 50 GPa. For greater pressures, published data (as of 2007) put the γ-ε-liquid triple point at pressures that differ by tens of gigapascals and 1000 K in the melting point. Generally speaking, molecular dynamics computer simulations of iron melting and shock wave experiments suggest higher melting points and a much steeper slope of the melting curve than static experiments carried out in diamond anvil cells. The melting and boiling points of iron, along with its enthalpy of atomization, are lower than those of the earlier group 3d elements from scandium to chromium, showing the lessened contribution of the 3d electrons to metallic bonding as they are attracted more and more into the inert core by the nucleus;Greenwood and Earnshaw, p.
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The club was founded on May 24, 1927, as Club Deportivo Universitario by the merger of Club Náutico and Federación Universitaria. Initially, the club was formed by students of the Universidad de Chile and was the sport brand of the university until 1980 when the university's rector and president of the club at the time (both of them appointed by the Pinochet dictatorship) decided to separate the club from the university and created the CORFUCH to manage the football team. This move was a part of the atomization of the Universidad de Chile made by the military dictatorship in order to strengthen the private universities that were founded during that time and also to reduce state power. This was seen as a major blow to the club, as it was left with nothing but a loyal fan base.
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Hence helium has a particularly low enthalpy of vaporization, 0.0845 kJ/mol, as the van der Waals forces between helium atoms are particularly weak. On the other hand, the molecules in liquid water are held together by relatively strong hydrogen bonds, and its enthalpy of vaporization, 40.65 kJ/mol, is more than five times the energy required to heat the same quantity of water from 0 °C to 100 °C (cp = 75.3 J/K·mol). Care must be taken, however, when using enthalpies of vaporization to measure the strength of intermolecular forces, as these forces may persist to an extent in the gas phase (as is the case with hydrogen fluoride), and so the calculated value of the bond strength will be too low. This is particularly true of metals, which often form covalently bonded molecules in the gas phase: in these cases, the enthalpy of atomization must be used to obtain a true value of the bond energy.
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Further efficiencies can be realized using an Ultrasonic nozzle to apply the platinum catalyst to the electrolyte layer or to carbon paper under atmospheric conditions resulting in high efficiency spray. Studies have shown that due to the uniform size of the droplets created by this type of spray, due to the high transfer efficiency of the technology, due to the non-clogging nature of the nozzle and finally due to the fact that the ultrasonic energy de-agglomerates the suspension just before atomization, fuel cells MEA's manufactured this way have a greater homogeneity in the final MEA, and the gas flow through the cell is more uniform, maximizing the efficiency of the platinum in the MEA. Recent studies using inkjet printing to deposit the catalyst over the membrane have also shown high catalyst utilization due to the reduced thickness of the deposited catalyst layers. Very recently, a new class of ORR electrocatalysts have been introduced in the case of Pt-M (M-Fe and Co) systems with an ordered intermetallic core encapsulated within a Pt-rich shell.
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