97 Sentences With "asperities" | Random Sentence Generator

Around the time Asperities was released, you said that it felt like a particularly dark time in the world.

More notable is the specificity of his satire—he has a degree in agronomy—and the seriousness of his engagement with the economic asperities of provincial France in the era of the gilets jaunes .

Your last album [2015's Asperities] was produced with Rafael Anton Irisarri, who with his peers on Ghostly International, have built a reputation for being at the nexus between classical music and genres like ambient and drone.

Adult males measure and females in snout–vent length. The snout is tapering. The gular disc is large and usually has small asperities. There are also minute asperities on the head; otherwise, the body has no asperities.

An often used definition for asperities in geotechnical engineering: Unevenness of a surface are asperities if these cause dilation if two blocks with in between a discontinuity with matching asperities on the two opposing surfaces (i.e. a fitting discontinuity) move relative to each other, under low stress levels that do not cause breaking of the asperities.

And the deformation of the coating which is between two adjacent asperities located on different tangent plane decreases with the increscent spacing of these two asperities.

Adult males measure and females in snout–vent length. Newly metamorphosed froglets measure about . The snout is tapering. Dorsal asperities are usually strongly developed, while the chest and belly are without asperities.

The imperfections that extend above the general form of a surface are called asperities, and they can plow material on another surface just like the ball dragging along the plate. The combined effect of many of these asperities produce the smeared texture that is associated with burnishing.

Materials science recognizes asperities ranging from the sub-visual (normally less than 0.1 mm) to the atomic scale.

Males possess a large, flat, somewhat shagreened gular flap and small asperities on the dorsum. Females have smooth skin.

Males have a gular flap and black dotted asperities distributed on anterior and mid-region of the gular flap.

The cumulative impact of asperities is a reduction of the real area of contact', which is important when establishing frictional forces.

Two crystal asperities approaching If two clean nano-asperities are brought together in a vacuum, a cold weld will result. That is, the crystal tips will fuse as if one (cohesion). In nature these tips are actually covered with a thin film of foreign material. By far, the most important component of this film, is water.

In fault through a carbonate, the rupture occurs when these asperities experience a brittle failure. In this case, the water acts as a lubricant which promotes the failure of these asperities. The major controlling factor pertaining to the influence of rock type is not necessarily the composition of the rock, but more importantly the "roughness" of the rock at the fault interface.

The males have many small, inconspicuous asperities on the head, dorsum, and limbs. The fingers are about one-third webbed whereas the toes fully webbed.

They are rough, with sharp, rough or rugged projections, termed "asperities". Surface asperities exist across multiple scales, often in a self affine or fractal geometry. The fractal dimension of these structures has been correlated with the contact mechanics exhibited at an interface in terms of friction and contact stiffness. When two macroscopically smooth surfaces come into contact, initially they only touch at a few of these asperity points.

When the size of contacting asperities becomes larger than the mean free path of electrons, Holm-type contacts become the dominant transport mechanism, resulting in a relatively low contact resistance.

The tympanum is distinct. The fingers and the toes are slim with small but distinct discs. The toes are extensively webbed. Skin is smooth or may have very small asperities.

Contacting surfaces with applied normal and tangential forces Normal contact stiffness is a physical quantity related to the generalized force displacement behavior of rough surfaces in contact with a rigid body or a second similar rough surface.The role of surface structure in normal contact stiffness Experimental Mechanics 2015 . Rough surfaces can be seen as consisting of large numbers asperities. As two solid bodies of the same material approach one another, asperities interact with one another and they transition from conditions of non-contact to homogeneous bulk type behaviour.

The tilt-angle equals the material friction of the discontinuity wall plus the roughness i-angle (tilt-angle = φwall material \+ i) if no real cohesion is present (i.e. no cementing or gluing material between the two blocks), no infill material is present, the asperities do not break, and the walls of the discontinuity are completely fitting at the start of the test, while if the walls of the discontinuity are completely non- fitting, the tilt-angle equals the friction of the material of the discontinuity walls (tilt-angle = φwall material). If cementation or gluing material is present or asperities break, the tilt-angle represents a combination of the (apparent or real) cohesion and the friction along the discontinuity. If infill material is present, the tilt-angle is governed partially or completely by the infill, depending on the thickness of the infill and height of asperities.

For given physical and mechanical material properties, parameters that govern the magnitude of electrical contact resistance (ECR) and its variation at an interface relate primarily to surface structure and applied load (Contact mechanics). Surfaces of metallic contacts generally exhibit an external layer of oxide material and adsorbed water molecules, which lead to capacitor-type junctions at weakly contacting asperities and resistor type contacts at strongly contacting asperities, where sufficient pressure is applied for asperities to penetrate the oxide layer, forming metal-to-metal contact patches. If a contact patch is sufficiently small, with dimensions comparable or smaller than the mean free path of electrons resistance at the patch can be described by the Sharvin mechanism, whereby electron transport can be described by ballistic conduction. Generally, over time, contact patches expand and the contact resistance at an interface relaxes, particularly at weakly contacting surfaces, through current induced welding and dielectric breakdown.

No material is removed during this process, even when correcting corrosion damage. LPB smooths surface asperities during machining, leaving an improved, almost mirror-like surface finish that is vastly better looking and better protected than even a newly manufactured component.

Nyctimystes trachydermis are relative large frogs, with adult males measuring in snout–vent length. One gravid female measured . Dorsal surfaces are roughed throughout with small, mostly conical and white-tipped asperities. Dorsal ground colour varies from dark greenish brown to gray.

For these reasons, refractory metals with high melting temperature (e.g. W, Mo, Pt, Ir) are conventional objects for FIM experiments. Metal tips for FEM and FIM are prepared by electropolishing (electrochemical polishing) of thin wires. However, these tips usually contain many asperities.

The Cassie-Baxter equation is more common in nature, and focuses on the 'incomplete coating' of surfaces by a liquid only. In the Cassie-Baxter state liquids sit upon asperities, resulting in air pockets that are bounded between the surface and liquid.

The ventrum is pale to white; the gular region is darker grey with white asperities. The male advertisement call is a distinctive, long series of notes. It starts softly with increasing volume, then stops, followed by a few longer, irregular notes thereafter.

The fingers have minute webbing whereas the toes are moderately to extensively webbed. The dorsum varies from grey or brown and bears small, white asperities (more in males than in females). The legs have darker banding. The lower jaw has dark brown over white banding.

If the amplitude of the capillary wave is greater than the height of the asperity, the liquid can touch the valley between the asperities; and if the angle under which the liquid comes in contact with the solid is greater than h0, it is energetically profitable for the liquid to fill the valley. The effect of capillary waves is more pronounced for small asperities with heights comparable to the wave amplitude. An example of this is seen in the case of unitary roughness, where the amplitude of asperity is very low. This is why the likelihood of instability of a unitary interface will be very high.

Stone blocks were divided using a mass and a steel heavy hammer (up to ) called '. Stones obtained were then classified by eye into stone for cobble and rubble for macadam. The first were ': asperities were removed by ' to form regular cobblestones. They were then sorted by size.

Generally, adhesive wear occurs when two bodies slide over or are pressed into each other, which promote material transfer. This can be described as plastic deformation of very small fragments within the surface layers. The asperities or microscopic high points (surface roughness) found on each surface affect the severity of how fragments of oxides are pulled off and added to the other surface, partly due to strong adhesive forces between atoms, but also due to accumulation of energy in the plastic zone between the asperities during relative motion. The type of mechanism and the amplitude of surface attraction varies between different materials but are amplified by an increase in the density of "surface energy".

The earthquake rupture lasted for about a minute and involved a 200 km long break along the plate boundary. The greatest displacement of the fault is about 5m. A 14 cm subsidence occurred at Manzanillo. The variations in observed seismic intensity indicate that three asperities were ruptured during this event.

Fault friction describes the relation of friction to fault mechanics. Rock failure and associated earthquakes are very much a fractal operation (see Characteristic earthquake). The process remains scale-invariant down to the smallest crystal. Thus, the behaviour of massive earthquakes is dependent on the properties of single molecular irregularities or asperities.

Surface ruptures commonly occur on pre-existing faults. Only rarely are earthquakes (and surface ruptures) associated with faulting on entirely new fault structures. There is shallow hypocenter, and large fracture energy on the asperities, the asperity shallower than . Examples of such earthquakes are San Fernando earthquake, Tabas earthquake, and Chi-Chi earthquake.

Lord Carpenter's Arms appear to be of French or Norman heritage, "Paly of six, argent and gules, on a chevron azure, 3 cross crosslets or." Crest, on a wreath a globe in a frame all or. Supporters, two horses, party-perfess, embattled argent and gules. Motto: "Per Acuta Belli" (Through the Asperities of War).

Lord Tyrconnell's Arms appear to be of French or Norman heritage, "Paly of six, argent and gules, on a chevron azure, 3 cross crosslets or." Crest, on a wreath a globe in a frame all or. Supporters, two horses, party-perfess, embattled argent and gules. Motto: "Per Acuta Belli" (Through the Asperities of War).

Lord Carpenter's Arms appear to be of French or Norman origin, "Paly of six, argent and gules, on a chevron azure, 3 cross crosslets or." Crest, on a wreath a globe in a frame all or. Supporters, two horses, party-perfess, embattled argent and gules. Motto: "Per Acuta Belli" (Through the Asperities of War).

Lord Tyrconnell's Arms appear to be of French or Norman heritage, "Paly of six, argent and gules, on a chevron azure, 3 cross crosslets or." Crest, on a wreath a globe in a frame all or. Supporters, two horses, party-perfess, embattled argent and gules. Motto: "Per Acuta Belli" (Through the Asperities of War).

Baron Boyd-Carpenter's Arms appear to be of French or Norman heritage, "Paly of six, argent and gules, on a chevron azure, 3 cross crosslets or." Crest, on a wreath a globe in a frame all or. Supporters, two horses, party-perfess, embattled argent and gules. Motto: "Per Acuta Belli" (Through the Asperities of War).

Skin of the dorsum and legs is smooth to finely granular with dermal asperities. The dorsum is uniform brown or brown-gray; the sides are also uniform, dusted or clouded with gray or brown on white or yellow background. Dark face mask and loreal stripes are absent. A continuous dorso-lateral line is sometimes present.

Adult males measure around and adult females in snout–vent length. They have a light and dark brown dorsal pattern that normally include a rectangular dark dorsal spot and which extends to the anus. Males have small, scattered, and inconspicuous asperities on the dorsal surfaces of head, body, and limbs. The tibia have light upper side.

Adult males measure and adult females in snout–vent length. The dorsum is yellowish white with a darker or lighter brown pattern; the pattern does not vary between individuals (as in Afrixalus laevis). Males lack asperities. The male advertisement call consists of an inconspicuous buzzing with low intensity, which is then followed by a creaking sound.

10525 and low amplitude. The direction of vibration is perpendicular to the joint surface, but can also be parallel to the joint for hermetic application. Heat is generated from the surface and intermolecular friction due to the vibrational. On the surface of the joint there are small asperities called energy directors, where the vibrational energy concentrates and induces melting.

Aluminium oxide nanoparticles prepared by biopolymer mineralization In order for a proper adhesive bond, some surface preparation is necessary. A surface cleaning to remove any impurities is made. The surface of the parts to be joined may be roughened with an abrasive such as sandpaper. This provides interlocking surface asperities and increases surface area for bonding.

The difference between pitting corrosion and micropitting is the size of the pits after surface fatigue. Pits formed by micropitting are approximately 10-20 μm in depth, and micropitted metal often has a frosted or gray appearance. Normal pitting creates larger and more visible pits. Micropits are originated from the local contact of asperities produced by improper lubrication.

The top image shows asperities under no load. The bottom image depicts the same surface after applying a load. In materials science, asperity, defined as "unevenness of surface, roughness, ruggedness" (from the Latin asper—"rough"), has implications (for example) in physics and seismology. Smooth surfaces, even those polished to a mirror finish, are not truly smooth on a microscopic scale.

In Leslie's view, friction should be seen as a time-dependent process of flattening, pressing down asperities, which creates new obstacles in what were cavities before. Arthur Jules Morin (1833) developed the concept of sliding versus rolling friction. Osborne Reynolds (1866) derived the equation of viscous flow. This completed the classic empirical model of friction (static, kinetic, and fluid) commonly used today in engineering.

Lord Tyrconnell's arms, inherited by title from his great-great-great-grandfather Lord Carpenter, appear to be of French or Norman heritage, "Paly of six, argent and gules, on a chevron azure, 3 cross crosslets or." Crest, on a wreath a globe in a frame all or. Supporters, two horses, party-perfess, embattled argent and gules. Motto: "Per Acuta Belli" (Through the Asperities of War).

The toes are fully webbed and have discs that are slightly smaller than the finger discs. Dorsal skin is covered with calcified, white-tipped asperities, forming cluster especially near the tympana and along the dorsolateral region. Skin is cream colored and has brown blotches in the mid-dorsum. There is a dark brown bar between the eyes and a dark brown chevron between the shoulders.

Males measure up to and females up to in snout–vent length. In addition to the sexual dimorphism ins size, mature males differ from females by having small, white asperities on the posterior half of the body and a speckled throat. The feet are moderately to extensively webbed. There is a dark band running from the nostrils to the tympanum, sometimes border by a silvery streak.

The pretty large, oval shell is ventricose, and polished. It is ornamented with more or less distant, wide, compressed, smooth, parallel ribs, inclined towards the base, of a pale rose color, most commonly with quadrangular deep brown spots. These ribs are pointed at their summit, and a little below these form a slight keel, caused by small asperities. The interstice between the ribs is slightly striated longitudinally.

Continuous ultrasonic welding mode is used for joining thin layers of material and is often employed for manufacturing products for hospitals such as gowns and sterile garments, and in other applications. Two layers of material are pulled through a space between a disk – rotary drum (anvil) – and a horn (image). Anvil's surface contains certain pattern. The weld is created at these asperities and the areas between the peaks remain unboned.

The fundamental way to prevent fretting is to design for no relative motion of the surfaces at the contact. Surface roughness plays an important role as fretting normally occurs by the contact of the asperities of the mating surfaces. Lubricants are often employed to mitigate fretting because they reduce friction and inhibit oxidation. Soft materials often exhibit higher susceptibility to fretting than hard materials of a similar type.

Crystal asperities with a thin film If this water is removed, by extreme drying, the rock minerals do not behave at all as expected: they exhibit no fault healing or dynamic friction. The entire behaviour of earthquakes depends on very thin films. After a major earthquake, there starts a process known as fault healing. This is a well-demonstrated phenomenon involving a slow increase in the static coefficient of friction.

On the interface of a presently stable fault, an increase in pore pressure has the effect of essentially pushing the fault apart at a microscopic level. This pore pressure increase can then decrease the surface area of the individual asperities in contact on the fault, causing them to then fracture and the fault to slip. However, the presence of water may not always cause a reduction in friction.

Friction, the force opposing to the relative motion, is usually idealized by means of some empirical laws such as Amonton’s First and Second laws and Coulomb's law. At the nanoscale, however, such laws may lose their validity. For instance, Amonton's second law states that friction coefficient is independent from the area of contact. Surfaces, in general, have asperities, that reduce the real area of contact and therefore, minimizing such area can minimize friction.

This is based on polycrystalline layers and its boundaries of incomplete matching of the atomic lattice and grains. The diffusion through bulk crystal is the exchange of atoms or vacancies within the lattice that enables the mixing. The bulk diffusion starts at 30 to 50% of the materials melting point increasing exponentially with the temperature. To enable the diffusion process, a high force is applied to plastically deform the surface asperities in the film, i.e.

The professors replied with warmth. To clear up the issues Lessius, at the insistence of the Archbishop of Mechlin, formulated six antitheses, brief statements, embodying the doctrine of the Jesuits relative to the matter of the condemned propositions, the third and fourth antithesis bearing upon the main problem, i.e., efficacious grace. The discussion was kept up on both sides for a year longer, until the papal nuncio succeeded in softening its asperities.

The venter is white. The gular disc is orange-yellow and the hidden areas of limbs are yellowish. Most parts of the body are covered by tiny asperities. The male advertisement call is a high-pitched rattle composed of a number of distinct, separate clicks, or in the second call type, an intense, high-pitched buzz-like "zick" on a rising note; it is the latter that appears to be the mating call.

Upon graduation he entered Yale Law School, where he continued until the autumn of 1829, when he was admitted to the bar in his native city. Soon after he entered the office of the Hon. Nathan Smith, then at the head of the profession, and at once stepped into a large and valuable practice. He mingled also assiduously in politics, and perhaps the asperities of such conflicts acting on a nervous temperament tended to unsettle his mind.

These cover only a very small portion of the surface area. Friction and wear originate at these points, and thus understanding their behavior becomes important when studying materials in contact. When the surfaces are subjected to a compressive load, the asperities deform through elastic and plastic modes, increasing the contact area between the two surfaces until the contact area is sufficient to support the load. The relationship between frictional interactions and asperity geometry is complex and poorly understood.

Motto: "Per Acuta Belli" (Through the Asperities of War). These arms descend from John Carpenter, the younger (c. 1372 – 1442) who was the noted Town Clerk of London during the reigns of King Henry V & King Henry VI.Historical Manuscripts Commission, UK National Register of Archives, George Carpenter (1657–1732) 1st Baron Carpenter Lieutenant General, HMC.gov.uk These arms are often referred to as the Hereford Arms, named for the later ancestral home of the Carpenter family in Hereford, England.

It has been reported that an increased roughness may under certain circumstances result in weaker frictional interactions while smoother surfaces may in fact exhibit high levels of friction owing to high levels of true contact. The Archard equation provides a simplified model of asperity deformation when materials in contact are subject to a force. Due to the ubiquitous presence of deformable asperities in self affine hierarchical structures, the true contact area at an interface exhibits a linear relationship with the applied normal load.

The dorsum is weakly rugose with sparsely scattered minute, pearly asperities. The ventral surface of thighs and belly are coarsely granular, while the chest and throat are smooth. In specimens from the Bidoup Núi Bà National Park, the dorsum is pale coppery brown with distinct dark warm brown markings, which are more distinct at night. The specimen from Chư Yang Sin National Park had pale- yellow to light straw-brown dorsum, with dark-brown blotches and spots of various sizes and shapes.

Starting in 1949 he worked in the Surface Physics Section of the Associated Electrical Industries Research Laboratory, where he investigated the lubrication of heavily loaded contacts. In the 1950s he developed an analytical model used to describe abrasive wear based on the theory of contact of asperities, which became known in the literature as wear equation or Archard equation. Archard was a reader at Leicester University until his retirement in the early 1980s. He ran a successful experimental tribology research program.

Males measure and females in snout–vent length. In addition to sexual dimorphism in size, males can be distinguished during the breeding season by the presence of prominent black asperities (spines) that cover the throat, mentum, abdomen, and undersurfaces of the hind limbs. The head is broad and has protruding eyes; the pupil is horizontally elliptic. All females and most males are pale apple-green and dorsally covered with minute brown chromatophores that under certain light conditions can almost mask the ground colouration.

The rock type along a fault can have a large effect on the amount of frictional resistance present. Most crystalline rock types will have a much higher coefficient of friction as opposed to sedimentary rocks, due to their higher cohesion and a greater surface area of asperities. The rock type also controls the effect that water will have on fault friction. Laboratory experiments have proved that the presence of water will promote the rupture of a fault in carbonate rocks (marble).

A model has shown that during tension, the back stress that is induced during the plastic stretch of the material plays a big role in the hardening of the mineralized tissue. As well, the nanoscale asperities that is on the tablet surfaces provide resistance to interlamellar sliding and so strengthen the material. A surface topology study has shown that progressive tablet locking and hardening, which are needed for spreading large deformations over large volumes, occurred because of the waviness of the tablets.

They are also available in fine, medium, and coarse particle sizes. By matching the material and particle size to the wares being sintered, surface damage and contamination can be reduced, while maximizing furnace loading per batch. One recently developed technique for high-speed sintering involves passing high electric current through a powder to preferentially heat the asperities. Most of the energy serves to melt that portion of the compact where migration is desirable for densification; comparatively little energy is absorbed by the bulk materials and forming machinery.

Pityophthorus juglandis can easily be distinguished from other members of its genus. Curtis Utley, a researcher at Colorado State University, elaborates on these differences stating, "Among these differences there are the 4 to 6 concentric rows of asperities on the prothorax, usually broken and overlapping at the median line. The declivity at the end of the wing covers is steep, very shallowly bisulcate, and at the apex it is generally flattened with small granules." The walnut twig beetles' small size is common for its genus.

The earthquake was associated with a 600 km long rupture along the plate boundary, based on the distribution of aftershocks. The pattern of energy release suggest the presence of three asperities along the plate interface, each causing a pulse of moment release. Modelling of the tsunami supports the idea that the earthquake consisted of three sub-events, related to three structural 'blocks' within the overriding plate. The main shock was followed by an earthquake of magnitude 7.6 nearly two months later, that triggered a small tsunami.

Works, vol. 11, p. 111. Yet, softening the asperities of his critique, Hazlitt rounds out his sketch by conceding that "Mr. Malthus's style is correct and elegant; his tone of controversy mild and gentlemanly; and the care with which he has brought his facts and documents together, deserves the highest praise".Works, vol. 11, p. 114. His portraits of such Tory politicians as Lord Eldon are unrelenting, as might be expected. But elsewhere his characterisations are more balanced, more even-tempered, than similar accounts in past years.

However, these experiments also showed that in silica-bearing rock types (microgabbro), the presence of water may delay or even inhibit the rupture of a fault. This is because when a silica-bearing fault ruptures, the rupture occurs through the "flash melting" (instantaneous melting) of the asperities. In other words, the microscopic grain contacts which hold the fault in place instantly melt due to high stresses. The presence of water delays this "flash melting" basically by cooling the contacts, and keeping them in solid form.

These mechanical procedures usually leave rugged surfaces with many tiny asperities protruding from the apex which led to atomic resolution on flat surfaces. However, irregular shape and large macroscopic radius of curvature result in poor reproducibility and decreased stability especially for probing rough surfaces. Another main disadvantage of making probes by this method is that it creates many mini tips which lead to many different signals, yielding error in imaging. Cutting, grinding and pulling procedures can only be adapted for metallic tips like W, Ag, Pt, Ir, Pt-Ir and gold.

Fretting refers to wear and sometimes corrosion damage at the asperities of contact surfaces. This damage is induced under load and in the presence of repeated relative surface motion, as induced for example by vibration. The ASM Handbook on Fatigue and Fracture defines fretting as: "A special wear process that occurs at the contact area between two materials under load and subject to minute relative motion by vibration or some other force." Fretting tangibly degrades the surface layer quality producing increased surface roughness and micropits, which reduces the fatigue strength of the components.

In late 2018 APNano and NIS have undergone substantial structural changes, updating the product line and changing the name from “NanoLub” to “IF-WS2 Formulated.” IF-WS2 formulations are designed to lower friction and operating temperature, thereby reducing mechanical wear. At the same time, contact pressure causes submicron spheres of IF-WS2 to release tribofilms that attach to surface, reduce wear and filling asperities and smooth them, improving overall efficiency while extending machinery life. The company offers industrial lubricant additives and tribological packages based on IF-WS2 particles.

In 1877, Fleeming Jenkin and J. A. Ewing investigated the continuity between static and kinetic friction.Fleeming Jenkin & James Alfred Ewing (1877) "On Friction between Surfaces moving at Low Speeds", Philosophical Magazine Series 5, volume 4, pp 308–10; link from Biodiversity Heritage Library The focus of research during the 20th century has been to understand the physical mechanisms behind friction. Frank Philip Bowden and David Tabor (1950) showed that, at a microscopic level, the actual area of contact between surfaces is a very small fraction of the apparent area. This actual area of contact, caused by asperities increases with pressure.

From left to right: Every time the contacts of an electromechanical switch, relay or contactor are opened or closed, there is a certain amount of contact wear. The sources of the wear are high current densities in microscopic areas, and the electric arc. Contact wear includes material transfer between contacts, loss of contact material due to splattering and evaporation, and oxidation or corrosion of the contacts due to high temperatures and atmospheric influences. While a pair of contacts is closed, only a small part of the contacts are in intimate contact due to asperities and low-conductivity films.

The two terms of visual and tactile give a combined term and the corresponding factor is listed in table 1. The visual part of the roughness small scale (Rs) contributes only to the friction along the discontinuity if the walls on both sides of the discontinuity are fitting, i.e. the asperities on both discontinuity walls match. If the discontinuity is non-fitting, the visual part of the roughness small scale (Rs) should be taken as planar for the calculation of the sliding- angle, and hence, the roughness small scale (Rs) can be only rough planar, smooth planar, or polished planar.

Typically the pads have a roughness of 50 μm; contact is made by asperities (which typically are the high points on the wafer) and, as a result, the contact area is only a fraction of the wafer area. In CMP, the mechanical properties of the wafer itself must be considered too. If the wafer has a slightly bowed structure, the pressure will be greater on the edges than it would on the center, which causes non-uniform polishing. In order to compensate for the wafer bow, pressure can be applied to the wafer's backside which, in turn, will equalize the centre-edge differences.

Burnishing also occurs when the ball can rotate, as would happen in the above scenario if another flat plate was brought down from above to induce downwards loading, and at the same time to cause rotation and translation of the ball, or in the case of a ball bearing. Upon magnification, two flat plates touch only at a few asperities. Burnishing also occurs on surfaces that conform to each other, such as between two flat plates, but it happens on a microscopic scale. Even the smoothest of surfaces will have imperfections if viewed at a high enough magnification.

These worn parts must be replaced and this entails both a problem of an economic nature, due to the cost of replacement, and a functional problem, since if these components are not replaced in time, more serious damage could occur to the machine in its complex. This phenomenon, however, has not only negative sides, indeed, it is often used to reduce the roughness of some materials, eliminating the asperities. Erroneously we tend to imagine wear in a direct correlation with friction, in reality these two phenomena can not be easily connected. There may be conditions such that low friction can result in significant wear and vice versa.

As known, the contact between two surfaces occurs through the interaction between asperities. If a shearing force is applied in the contact area, it may be possible to detach a small part of the weaker material, due to its adhesion to the harder surface. What is described is precisely the mechanism of the adhesive wear represented in the figure. This type of wear is very problematic, since it involves high wear speeds, but at the same time it is possible to reduce adhesion by increasing surface roughness and hardness of the surfaces involved, or by inserting layers of contaminants such as oxygen, oxides, water, or oils.

When two objects touch, only a certain portion of their surface areas will be in contact with each other. This area of true contact, most often constitutes only a very small fraction of the apparent or nominal contact area. In relation to two contacting objects, the term Contact area refers to the fraction of the nominal area that consists of atoms of one object in true contact with the atoms of the other object. Because objects are never perfectly flat due to asperities, the actual contact area (on a microscopic scale) is usually much less than the contact area apparent on a macroscopic scale.

These qualities give him unlimited > confidence in himself.... He is one of the craftiest of men, and his > extraordinary charm of manner not only wins him friends, but does much to > soften the asperities of his opponents and enemies. He is full of humour and > a born actor....He has an instinctive power of divining the thoughts and > intentions of people with whom he is conversing. His chief defects are: (1) > Lack of appreciation of existing institutions, organisations, and stolid, > dull people...their ways are not his ways and their methods are not his > methods. (2) Fondness for a grandiose scheme in preference to an attempt to > improve existing machinery.

In rheology, Byerlee's law, also known as Byerlee's friction law concerns the shear stress (τ) required to slide one rock over another. The rocks have macroscopically flat surfaces, but the surfaces have small asperities that make them "rough." For a given experiment and at normal stresses (σn) below about 2000 bars (200 MPa) the shear stress increases approximately linearly with the normal stress (τ = 0.85 σn) and is highly dependent on rock type and the character (roughness) of the surfaces, see Mohr-Coulomb friction law. Byerlee's law states that with increased normal stress the required shear stress continues to increase, but the rate of increase decreases (τ = 0.5 + 0.6σn), and becomes nearly independent of rock type.

The final preparation procedure involves the in situ removal of these asperities by field evaporation just by raising the tip voltage. Field evaporation is a field induced process which involves the removal of atoms from the surface itself at very high field strengths and typically occurs in the range 2-5 V/Å. The effect of the field in this case is to reduce the effective binding energy of the atom to the surface and to give, in effect, a greatly increased evaporation rate relative to that expected at that temperature at zero fields. This process is self-regulating since the atoms that are at positions of high local curvature, such as adatoms or ledge atoms, are removed preferentially.

Virgil Nemoianu (, born March 12, 1940) is a Romanian-American essayist, literary critic, and philosopher of culture. He is generally described as a specialist in "comparative literature" but this is a somewhat limiting label, only partially covering the wider range of his activities and accomplishments. His thinking places him at the intersection of neo-Platonism and neo- Kantianism, which he turned into an instrument meant to qualify, channel, and tame the asperities, as well as what he regarded the impatient accelerations and even absurdities of modernity and post-modernity. He chose early on to write within the intellectual horizons outlined by Goethe and Leibniz and continued to do so throughout his life.

The rate at which impurities diffuse drops quickly after the formation of the nanoparticles, which act as a mobile ion trap. This suggests that the beginning of the implantation process is critical for control of the spacing and depth of the resulting nanoparticles, as well as control of the substrate temperature and ion beam density. The presence and nature of these particles can be analyzed using numerous spectroscopy and microscopy instruments. Nanoparticles synthesized in the substrate exhibit surface plasmon resonances as evidenced by characteristic absorption bands; these features undergo spectral shifts depending on the nanoparticle size and surface asperities, however the optical properties also strongly depend on the substrate material of the composite.

Afterwards, AFMs were modified to obtain data on normal and frictional forces: these modified microscopes are called Friction Force Microscopes (FFM) or Lateral Force Microscopes (LFM). The term "Nanotribology" was first used in the title of a 1990 publication reporting AFM studies of "stick-slip" friction on diamond films. "Nanotribology" was first defined as a sub-field of tribology encompassing a range of experimental and computational methods in a 1991 publication reporting QCM measurements of the sliding friction levels of one-atom thick films. From the beginning of the 21st century, computer-based atomic simulation methods have been employed to study the behaviour of single asperities, even those composed by few atoms.

SISDE's motto, as seen on its logo, was "Per aspera ad veritatem" (Latin for "Through difficulties towards the truth"). It was depicted for the first time only in the second version of its official logo, in 1982, and it was maintained in the third and last version, adopted in 2002. It was chosen because, «by means of the balance between tradition and innovation, [it] emphasizes with full meaning the will of the Institution to address the challenges of modern society, characterised by new and emerging asperities and instabilities, with the purpose to defend national security with that kind of knowledge offering which founds the mission of every modern intelligence system».Gnosis, The Italian Intelligence Magazine n.

For a given stress state in the earth, if an existing fault or crack exists orientated anywhere from −α/4 to +α/4, this fault will slip before the strength of the rock is reached and a new fault is formed. While the applied stresses may be high enough to form a new fault, existing fracture planes will slip before fracture occurs. One important idea when evaluating the friction behavior within a fracture is the impact of asperities, which are the irregularities that stick out from the rough surfaces of fractures. Since both faces have bumps and pieces that stick out, not all of the fracture face is actually touching the other face.

These qualities give him unlimited > confidence in himself.... He is one of the craftiest of men, and his > extraordinary charm of manner not only wins him friends, but does much to > soften the asperities of his opponents and enemies. He is full of humour and > a born actor....He has an instinctive power of divining the thoughts and > intentions of people with whom he is conversing...His chief defects are: (1) > Lack of appreciation of existing institutions, organisations, and stolid, > dull people...their ways are not his ways and their methods are not his > methods. (2) Fondness for a grandiose scheme in preference to an attempt to > improve existing machinery. (3) Disregard of difficulties in carrying out > big projects...he is not a man of detail.

The distinction between static and dynamic friction is made in Coulomb's friction law (see below), although this distinction was already drawn by Johann Andreas von Segner in 1758. The effect of the time of repose was explained by Pieter van Musschenbroek (1762) by considering the surfaces of fibrous materials, with fibers meshing together, which takes a finite time in which the friction increases. John Leslie (1766–1832) noted a weakness in the views of Amontons and Coulomb: If friction arises from a weight being drawn up the inclined plane of successive asperities, why then isn't it balanced through descending the opposite slope? Leslie was equally skeptical about the role of adhesion proposed by Desaguliers, which should on the whole have the same tendency to accelerate as to retard the motion.

The narrative pretext is a hunting trip into the northern reaches of Transylvania region and into Maramureş, during which the protagonist, a forestry clerk named Venetici (from venetic, "stranger") is confronted with differences in customs and the hostility of locals. In his 1934 review of the novel, Călinescu suggested that the theme of the book partly deals with a cultural tension between, on one hand, the "asperities" of character encouraged by the Habsburg legacy in Transylvania and, on the other, the social characteristics introduced after the "Great Union". Crohmălniceanu finds that a defining element of Lupii is the inhospitality of local characters, which offers Nicodin grounds for "ironic reflections with erudite references". In his definitive history of Romanian literature (first published in 1941), Călinescu nuanced his positive appraisal of Lupii.

If the initial stress minus the sliding frictional stress (with respect to the initial crack) is low, and the specific fracture energy or the strength of the crustal material (relative to the amount of stress) is high then slow earthquakes will occur regularly. In other words, slow earthquakes are caused by a variety of stick-slip and creep processes intermediated between asperity-controlled brittle and ductile fracture. Asperities are tiny bumps and protrusions along the faces of fractures. They are best documented from intermediate crustal levels of certain subduction zones (especially those that dip shallowly — SW Japan, Cascadia, Chile), but appear to occur on other types of faults as well, notably strike-slip plate boundaries such as the San Andreas fault and "mega- landslide" normal faults on the flanks of volcanos.

Mexico's southwestern coast is parallel to the Middle America Trench (MAT), where the oceanic Cocos plate (a remnant of the ancient Farallon plate) is being subducted under the North American plate, resulting in many major earthquakes.. Most earthquakes observed in this region are similar to earthquakes seen at other subduction zones, but in the vicinity of Ometepec they tend to occur as doublets.. This earthquake is unique in being (circa 2013) the "best documented doublet and for which near and teleseismic data are available", and has been extensively studied.. The interruption of the main rupture that results in a doublet earthquake has been attributed to "asperities", patches in the fault where harder rock resists immediate rupture. However, study of this earthquake's aftershocks shows a discontinuity in their spatial distribution.. This has been interpreted as indicating a split in the subducting plate, where the plate is subducting at slightly different down angles on either side of the split..