In 1605 The archdukes create the county of Annapes for don Juan de Roblès.
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Because both types of food are common in this habitat, the Southeast Asian archdukes have not become specialised in feeding on one or the other, as is usual in butterflies. Archdukes are found primarily in virgin forests and are attracted to sunlit areas such as clearings and paths.
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William Trumbull: A Jacobean diplomat at the court of the Archdukes in Brussels, 1605/9-1625 (PDF), p. 193. He died there on 27 April 1613.
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The Archdukes Albert and Isabella used the years of the Truce to consolidate Habsburg rule and to implement the Counter-Reformation in the territories under their sovereignty.
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Its foundation stone was laid on 13 July 1603 by Count Frederik van den Bergh on behalf of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella.Lantin, A. (1971). From that point on the Archdukes showed great interest in the development of the shrine. Attributing the recent relief of the besieged town of 's-Hertogenbosch to the intercession of the Virgin, Albert and Isabella made their first pilgrimage to Scherpenheuvel on 20 November 1603.
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A statue to Joseph was even set up in Josephsplatz in 1807 to rally the populace. In this way the Archdukes' centralism contrasted with Stadion's decentralisation and attempt to give more say to the estates. Nevertheless, such nationalism was successful in rebuilding Austria throughout its various military and political setbacks of the French wars. Following Austria's resounding defeat in 1809, Francis blamed reform, and removed the Archdukes from their position.
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He moved to his final address in the Violetstreet in Brussels, where he would remain till his death. He was obviously more appreciated by the archdukes than were the court painters Peter Paul Rubens or Jan Brueghel the Elder, since his salary amounted to 1500 guilders (increasing to 1800 guilders in 1610), while Rubens' salary was only 500 guilders. The archdukes rightly considered him as an "uomo universale" (universal man) who had received a wide knowledge in Italy.
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Gilles du Faing (c. 1560–1633), lord of Linay and Griffemont, baron of Jamoigne, was a soldier and diplomat in the service of Philip II of Spain and the Archdukes Albert and Isabella.
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The Archdukes decided that before taking on the Republic it was important to subdue the last Protestant enclave on the Flemish coast, the port of Ostend. The siege took three years and eighty days.
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Some of the dates given are approximate. As of January 2015 the list is largely limited to printers who were active at some point during the rule of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella (1598–1621).
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In 1592, Boisschot was appointed auditor general of the Army of Flanders, a post he held until 1611. From the beginning of 1611 until the end of 1615, Boisschot was the diplomatic representative in London of the Sovereign Archdukes Albert and Isabella. In 1615, Philip III of Spain made him a knight in the order of Santiago. He spent a further four years as resident ambassador of the Archdukes in Paris, and was appointed to the Privy Council and the Council of State in Brussels.
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Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press. Web. 7 November 2017 Snellinck is known to have painted the cartoons for a number of tapestry sets woven in Flanders. He worked on a set of seven tapestry works, which were commissioned by the city of Antwerp to be used as decorations during the celebrations during the joyful entry of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella Clara Eugenia in the city on 10 December 1599. The tapestries, together with the cartoons, were gifted to the Archdukes after the event.
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Some gallery paintings include portraits of the owners or collectors of the art objects or artists at work. The paintings are heavy with symbolism and allegory and are a reflection of the intellectual preoccupations of the age, including the cultivation of personal virtue and the importance of connoisseurship.Marr, Alexander (2010) 'The Flemish 'Pictures of Collections' Genre: An Overview', Intellectual History Review, 20: 1, 5–25 The genre became immediately quite popular and was followed by other artists such as Jan Brueghel the Younger, Cornelis de Baellieur, Hans Jordaens, David Teniers the Younger, Gillis van Tilborch and Hieronymus Janssens. The Archdukes Albert and Isabella Visiting the Collection of Pieter Roose A famous example of a gallery painting by Jan Brueghel is The Archdukes Albert and Isabella Visiting a Collector's Cabinet (now referred to as The Archdukes Albert and Isabella Visiting the Collection of Pieter Roose) (c.
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His exact date of birth is unknown, but in 1594 he is employed as court painter to Archduke Ernest, a position he continued to hold in the service of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella following Ernest's death in 1596.Laureyssens.
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Even his family did not escape attention. His brothers, the Archdukes Charles and Johann had their meetings and activities spied upon. Censorship was also prevalent. The author Franz Grillparzer, a Habsburg patriot, had one play suppressed solely as a "precautionary" measure.
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The Estates General of 1600 was a parliamentary assembly of representatives of the constituent provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands. It was the first, and only, estates general of the Netherlands convened under the authority of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella, who arrived in the Low Countries in 1599 as the new sovereigns, Philip II of Spain having bequeathed his territories in the Low Countries to his daughter Isabella as dowry upon her marriage to Albert. The Estates General were summoned to recognise the sovereign authority of the Archdukes, and to raise taxes to pursue the war with the Dutch rebels.
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Conrad (or Coenraad)Vermakelykheden van Brabant, en deszelfs onderhoorige landen, vervattende ... Schetz de Grobbendonck, later Conrad d'Ursel (1553–1632) was a nobleman in the Habsburg Netherlands and in 1604–1609 the first ordinary ambassador to England for the Archdukes Albert and Isabella.
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The king was so offended by the book that attempts to identify and punish those involved in its production took up considerable time and energy of English diplomats on the Continent. This was a special concern for William Trumbull at the court of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella, as their historiographer royal, Erycius Puteanus, was under particular suspicion of being the author.Imran Uddin, William Trumbull: A Jacobean diplomat at the court of the Archdukes in Brussels, 1605/9-1625, doctoral thesis, Catholic University of Leuven, 2006. Trumbull, who spent over £6,500 on his investigation, later shifted his suspicions to a student at Leuven University named Cornelius Breda.
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The Archdukes Albert and Isabella Visiting a Collector's Cabinet is a 17th- century Flemish collaborative painting, now regarded as by Jan Brueghel the Elder and Hieronymus Francken II. It is part of the collection of The Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, Maryland. Archdukes Albert and Isabella jointly ruled the Spanish Netherlands in the beginning of the 17th century and were considered patrons of the arts. Until the death of Albert in 1621, the area of Flanders enjoyed peace and prosperity. This type of painting known as a constkamer, gallery painting or a depiction of a collector's cabinet was popular during this time in Flanders.
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The "Students" are Ruben's brother Philip , a star pupil who Lipsius "loved like a son" and who had presented Lipsius' book on Seneca to Pope Paul V ; and another star pupil Joannes Woverius (councilor to the Archdukes : Alber and Isabel) who Lipsius chose to be his executor.
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He settled in Antwerp where he was admitted as a master in the Guild of Saint Luke. In 1605 he was admitted in the Guild of Romanists. On 12 November 1604 Cobergher was appointed by the archdukes to the post of "architecte et ingeniaire" (architect-engineer).
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They were assisted by Neyen, the Secretary of State and War, Don Juan de Mancicidor, and the Audiencier Louis Verreycken. There was no separate delegation for the King of Spain. The delegates of the Archdukes were empowered to negotiate on his behalf.Groenveld (2009) pp. 41–42.
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At the fall of Habsburg monarchy, the republican government of Austria confiscated all the properties of the Habsburgs. Franz Josef's family lost all its fortune.McIntosh, The Unknown Habsburgs, p. 48 His two eldest brothers, Archdukes Rainer and Leopold, decided to remain in Austria and recognized the new republic.
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Austria also did relatively well.Whaley, vol. II, p. 621. In addition, the two Habsburg archdukes who had been dispossessed of their Italian realms (the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchy of Modena) were also compensated even though their realms were not part of the Holy Roman Empire.
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The two-storey Stöckl housed the apartments of the archdukes and imperial officials, whereas the Wachlokal was built for the royal guards.left Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria visited Buda Castle in 1856 and 1857. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, Franz Joseph was crowned king of Hungary.
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Francesco Rossi, Van Deynen, Guilliam in: Dictionnaire des peintres belges He is believed to have remained in Genoa until 1613.Anna Orlando, Van Deyen Guilliam (1575-1618), Ritratto di dama con collana di perle at Aste Boetto Between 1613 and 1614 he is documented in Brussels when the Archdukes Albert and Isabella commissioned two miniatures with their weapons and scenes of the 'Circumcision' and the 'Resurrection'. These works were sent on 10 May 1614 to Philip II, Duke of Stettin and Pomerania, who had requested these works in May 1613. On 20 May 1614, 10 days after the miniatures were delivered, van Deynum formally entered the service of the Archdukes and was named an illuminator of the Brussels court.
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Maurice of Orange during the Battle of Nieuwpoort, 1600 The Archdukes decided that before taking on the Republic it was important to subdue the last Protestant enclave on the Flemish coast, the port of Ostend. The siege took three years and eighty days. Meanwhile, the stadtholders mopped up some more Spanish fortresses; Rheinberg capitulated in 1601, the following year in Brabant Grave fell and Sluys and Aardenburg were taken in what was to become States Flanders. Though these victories deprived the Archdukes of much of the propaganda value of their own victory at Ostend, the loss of the city was a severe blow to the Republic, and it brought about another Protestant exodus to the North.
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He also painted religious compositions. A Crucifixion painted for the Archdukes Albert and Isabella is recorded.Gillis Claeissens, Christ the Saviour adored by Abbot Robert Holman at Sotheby's His portraits are typically of fairly modest dimensions. They are distinguished by their refined courtly style, which may have been indebted to French models.
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He was named special ambassador to the Archdukes Albrecht and Isabella. He was mayor of the Brugse Vrije several times. He was named member of the supreme Council in Madrid. After the death of Zeger Coulez in 1637 he was named President of the Great Council, and was succeeded by Antoine l'Hermite.
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Heraldic crest Nicolaas Rockox (1560–1640), was a mayor of Antwerp. He was a close personal friend and important patron of Peter Paul Rubens. His residence in Antwerp is now a museum known as the Rockox House. He was knighted by Archdukes Albert and Isabella, the Governor General of the Southern Netherlands.
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Later the genre concentrated more on galleries solely containing works of art. The compositions depicted in The Archdukes Albert and Isabella Visiting a Collector's Cabinet are predominantly allegories of iconoclasm and the victory of painting (art) over ignorance. They are references to the iconoclasm of the Beeldenstorm that had raged in the Low Countries in the 16th century and the victory over the iconoclasts during the reign of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella who jointly ruled the Spanish Netherlands in the beginning of the 17th century.Adriaen van Stalbent, Las Ciencias y las Artes at the PradoJames Simpson, Under the Hammer: Iconoclasm in the Anglo-American Tradition, Oxford University Press, 2010 Jan Brueghel was responsible for the large vase of flowers, which is crowned by a large sunflower.
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Although the title of Duke of Burgundy was extinguished by the French king after the annexation of its ancestral lands in 1477, the Habsburg kings of Spain and archdukes of Austria continued to use the title to refer to their realms in the Netherlands. The monarchs reigning in Madrid and Vienna controlled these through governors known variously as or .
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Empress Elisabeth of Austria, however, stayed overnight at the Hofburg only once, on 14–15 October 1871. Other Habsburg archdukes, Franz Josef's uncle Ferdinand Karl (1818–1874), cousin Eugen (1863–1954), and nephew Heinrich Ferdinand (1878–1969) stayed for longer periods of time at the Hofburg imperial apartments during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.
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In 1585 Coignet stopped teaching except for classes for military officers and sons of prosperous merchants.Ad Meskens, Michiel Coignet's contribution tot the development of the sector, In: Annals of science. 54 (1997), pp. 143–160 Michiel Coignet remained in this position of 'wijnroeier' until he started his service as a mathematician and engineer for the Archdukes in 1596.
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Sermon funebre faict par le Réverme. Évesque de Νamur, messire Jacques Blaseus, aux funérailles du trèscatholique, très-hault et trèspuissant Prince et Monarque Philippe 2, Roy des Espaignes, etc., célébrez en Brusselles, en l'Église de Ste Goedele (Brussels, Rutger Velpius, 1599). Late in the year 1600, the Archdukes Albert and Isabella appointed him bishop of Saint-Omer.
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The last palatines at the end of the 18th and the first half of the 19th century were the Habsburgs Archdukes Alexander Leopold, Joseph and his son Stephen, who resigned in 1848. Following Stephen's death in 1867 without issue, his half-brother Archduke Joseph August of Austria inherited the title, though the post by that time was symbolic only.
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His appointment to court painter of the Archdukes may have been related to his work on a commission by the government of Antwerp for the manufacture of a set of seven tapestry works, which were to serve as decorations on the occasion of the joyful entry in Antwerp of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella Clara Eugenia as the new governors of the Spanish Netherlands on 10 December 1599. The tapestries together with the cartoons painted by Snellinck were later gifted to the Archdukes.Tapestry in the Baroque: Threads of Splendor at the Metropolitan MuseumTriumphs and battles of Archduke Albert Series at Flemish tapestries in Spain The tapestries were then given by Archduke Albert to King Philip III before 1621 or sent to King Philip IV after the death of Archduchess Isabella in 1633.
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In 1603 Van Veen was paid 150 livres from state funds for carrying out secret missions for the Archdukes Albert and Isabella."pour affaires secretz concernans grandement le service de Leurs Altèzes, dont n'est besoing faire plus ample déclaration" (for secret affairs of great importance to the service of their highnesses, which need not be explained more fully). Jules Finot (ed.), Inventaire sommaire des archives départementales antérieures à 1790. Nord. Archives Civiles, série B. Chambre des Comptes de Lille, vol. 6 (Lille, 1888), p. 16. In the same year he was awarded 373 livres 15 sols in part payment of 873 livres 15 sols due for portraits of Albert, Isabella, and the late Philip II of Spain, painted at the Archdukes' behest as a gift for Charles Philippe de Croÿ, Marquis d’Havré.
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A Roman Catholic, he was educated abroad and became learned in the law and in poetry. He served as a lawyer to the Archdukes Albert and Isabella of the Spanish Netherlands, and in 1616 he was made a knight of the Order of Calatrava.John J. Silke, "The Irish Abroad, 1534–1691" in A New History of Ireland, vol. III (1991) p. 613.
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In Dungeons & Dragons, Mammon is an archdevil, one of the archdukes and the ruler of the Third Layer of Hell. O. Henry's short story Mammon and the Archer is about two young people who seem to find genuine attraction, untainted by their parent's wealth, but the story has the trademark O. Henry twist. The archer of the title is a reference to Cupid.
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His movements are usually un-seeable to the untrained eye. He becomes Siluca's guard after realizing her abilities when she was the only one who recognized danger from the Chaos that killed the two Archdukes. ; : :A friend of Siluca's, and also a demon seal holder, as well as a top-class fighter. She exhibits perverted and mild psychopathic traits at times.
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Archdukes Charles and John joined forces near Maribor (Marburg an der Drau) on 26 November. Though he now had an army numbering 85,000, Charles elected not to make a thrust at Vienna by attacking Marmont. Instead, he "moved rather slowly" according to historian Gunther E. Rothenberg. Charles pitched camp on the Mur River until 2 December when he withdrew into Hungary.
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Jan Brueghel likely drew his monkeys in the zoo of the Archdukes in Brussels. While the composition shows the monkeys engaged in all kinds of mischief, it includes a painting above the door jamb, which is a work from Rubens' studio, called "Ceres and Pan". The representation of Ceres and Pan provides a contrast been the cultivated versus the wild world of the monkeys below.
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Lexias pardalis and L. dirtea are also among the most colourful archdukes. Sexual dichromatism is however extreme, with the two sexes appearing entirely different. The males' dorsal wing surfaces are a dramatic combination of velvety black forewings and metallic blue green to violet covering the margins of the forewings and hindwings. The females' dorsal wing surfaces are a drab brown, with small yellowish white spots.
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48 Assunta's eldest brothers, Archdukes Rainer and Leopold, remained in Austria and they recognized the new republic. The rest of the family moved to Spain in January 1919. They settled in Barcelona living with simplicity as they had limited means. Assunta's three elder sisters, Archduchess Dolores, Inmaculata and Margaretha were pliable; Archduchesses Assunta and Maria Antonia were more rebellious and clashed often with their mother Infanta Blanca.
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After the Lords of Tarasp had become extinct, their estates became a Tyrolean fief in 1239. In 1273 the Counts of Matsch held Tarasp as Vogts for the Counts of Tyrol. They remained the Vogt of Tarasp when the Habsburg archdukes of Austria became the Counts of Tyrol in 1363. From 1422 until his death in 1436, it was owned by Frederick VII of Toggenburg.
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Between 1817 and 1821, the area near Ballhausplatz square was converted to gardens originally intended for a private garden for the archdukes. These plans were changed through a proposal by the court garden administration to turn the area into the first public park in the city. On 1 March 1823, the park was officially opened. Starting in 1825, the name Volksgarten was commonly used.
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Drawing of the archducal hat Margaret of Austria wearing her hat on her tomb by Conrad Meit Painting of the archducal hat of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor The archducal hat () is the insignia of the Archduchy of Austria, mostly apparently symbolic and used in the heraldry and some portraits of Austrian archdukes rather than routinely worn. One late example is kept in Klosterneuburg Monastery.
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Letters from representatives showed that the Archdukes and the King of Spain were still anxious for peace despite their difference in policies. Philip wanted to preserve the hegemony of the Spanish empire, whilst the Archduke and Isabella sought peace and friendly relations.McCoog pp. 222-23 After the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, her successor, James I, quickly sought to end the long and draining conflict.
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Maes was born in Brussels in 1559, the son of Jacobus Maes, a member of the Council of Brabant, and Aleyde de Tassis. He received holy orders and on 10 May 1590 was appointed dean of Antwerp Cathedral. He went on to become grand almoner to the Archdukes Albert and Isabella.Charles Piot, "Maes (Charles)", Biographie Nationale de Belgique, vol. 13 (Brussels, 1895), 130-131.
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In 1608 he was sent to the court of Henry IV of France as ambassador of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella. During this period the Twelve Years' Truce was negotiated, with French mediation, and Peckius tried to influence this process. He was in Paris when Henry IV was assassinated. He returned to the Spanish Netherlands in 1611 and was reappointed to the Great Council in Mechelen.
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The couple were married on 1 July 1900 at Reichstadt. The emperor did not attend the wedding, nor did any of the archdukes. After that, the two men disliked and distrusted each other. Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand and Sophie in 1914, Franz Joseph's daughter, Marie Valerie, noted that her father expressed his greater confidence in the new heir presumptive: his grandnephew Archduke Charles.
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After some time van Deynum came into conflict with the Brussels Guild of Saint Luke. As long as he solely worked for the Archdukes he was free from the local Guild requirements. However, once he started to work for private patrons, the Guild protested and the Guild's deacon fined van Deynum. Van Deynum refused to pay and was then sued before the Magistrate's court.
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On the bride's side, the guests included Princess Vera of Russia (her brother-in-law Prince Teymuraz's maternal aunt), Count Hilarion Woronzow-Dashkow, a distant cousin, the bride's brother Alexander Czernichev-Besobrasov, and his wife. Countess Xenia Czernichev-Besobrasov was one of the first non-royal brides to marry into the former Imperial House of Austria in what would be accepted as an equal marriage, despite the relative obscurity of her father's family and the recentness of his title. The Habsburg house laws had been changed by former Crown Prince Otto of Austria in 1953 to permit archdukes to marry outside ruling and formerly reigning houses for the first time, permitting cadet archdukes to marry into increasingly minor noble houses. She was the second Russian Orthodox royal bride to become an archduchess of Austria, the first being Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia, first wife of Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary.
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This sovereignty was largely nominal as the Army of Flanders was to remain in the Netherlands, largely paid for by the new king of Spain, Philip III. Nevertheless, ceding the Netherlands made it theoretically easier to pursue a compromise peace, as both the Archdukes, and the chief minister of the new king, the duke of Lerma were less inflexible toward the Republic than Philip II had been. Soon secret negotiations were started which, however, proved abortive because Spain insisted on two points that were nonnegotiable to the Dutch: recognition of the sovereignty of the Archdukes (though they were ready to accept Maurice as their stadtholder in the Dutch provinces) and freedom of worship for Catholics in the north. The Republic was too insecure internally (the loyalty of the recently conquered areas being in doubt) to accede on the latter point, while the first point would have invalidated the entire Revolt.
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A short time later he was called to Vienna in 1751 and appointed by Maria Theresa (1740-1780) as treasurer to the Archdukes Karl and Leopold (later Leopold VII). In 1753 he was imperial envoy to Mainz. His responsibilities included diplomatic relations with the other Rhineland Electors and the Imperial circles. On the occasion of the election of the Burgrave of Friedberg, he successfully mediated between the Protestant and Catholic Knights.
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The archdukes are a genus, Lexias, of tropical forest-dwelling butterflies that are common throughout Southeast Asia and Australasia. Members of the brush-footed butterfly family Nymphalidae, the genus is represented by about 17 species. Two very similar and coexisting genera are Tanaecia (the viscounts and earls) and Euthalia (the barons and counts), the latter previously including some Lexias species. The largest species reach a wingspan of about .
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Its design resembles the original archducal hat and depictions on coins of the archdukes Ferdinand I and Ferdinand II of Tyrol. It consists of a gilded copper circlet which rests ten triangular gables with precious stones and ornaments. It is closed with two arches surmounted by a globe and cross at the center. The copper circlet is hidden by the crimson cap which was originally turned up with ermine.
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It was subsequently carried off by the Lotharingians along with a number of other sacred items rescued from the peasants, and its subsequent fate is unknown. Shortly after the abbey was sacked and burnt, the monks dispersed. The last abbot, Paul Voltz, converted to Protestantism and took part in the Strasbourg reform. In 1599 the remains of the abbey premises were sold by the Archdukes of Austria to Andlau Abbey.
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The German states retained autonomy; however, the old imperial institution of the Reichstag was converted to the form of a Confederation Diet, to meet in Frankfurt. The Habsburg archdukes, now Emperors of Austria, were to serve as permanent presidents of this institution. Isolated voices, such as Joseph Görres and Freiherr vom Stein, called for the abolition of domestic tolls and the creation of a German tariff on imports.Rudolf Renz: Deutscher Zollverein.
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The Perpetual Edict of 12 July 1611 was a decree of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella governing legal process in the Southern Netherlands. It consisted of 47 clauses laying out the basic rules of criminal and civil procedure. It was printed in both Dutch and French by Rutger Velpius, printer to the court. The edict had a fundamental impact on the codification of customary law, which it did much to encourage.
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He was promoted to captain of the archdukes personal guard, the archduke governing the Netherlands. At the same time he was made the commander of all Spanish troops in Flanders. He was successful and won victory after victory in this position, putting Spain in a favourable military position when the twelve year’s truce was signed. In 1604 he was made stadholder of Artesia (Comté d'Artois), a post he held until 1611.
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Jahrhunderts im deutschen Sprachgebiet (Wiesbaden, 2007), p. 574. There he printed numerous German editions of the decrees of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella (to 1621) and of Philip IV of Spain (from 1621), as well as Jesuit school drama, devotional works, and grammar-school classics such as Horace and Ovid.Emil Van der Vekene, Die Luxemburger Drucker und ihre Drucke bis zum ende des 18. Jahrhunderts (Wiesbaden, 1968), p. 13ff.
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Their once magnificent collections were scattered after 1633 and considerable parts of them have been lost. Still, the Archdukes enjoy a well merited reputation as patrons of the arts. By far, the best preserved ensemble of art from the archducal period is to be found at Scherpenheuvel, where Albert and Isabella directed Cobergher, and Theodoor van Loon and the de Noles to create a pilgrimage church in a planned city.
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The LB&SCR; part of the station also served Dieppe via Newhaven. Victoria has since seen more visits from royalty and heads of state than any other London station. During the funeral of Edward VII, seven kings, over 20 princes and five archdukes were greeted here. In the early 20th century, the development and improvement of the London Underground, meant that Victoria could not compete as a cross- London service.
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The two cousins had never been on friendly terms, and Maximilian viewed Leopold as one of the archdukes who would benefit from the renunciation of his hereditary rights in Austria. Maximilian delayed signing the 'Family Compact', as it was called, until the visit of Franz Josef to Miramar on 9 April 1864.Joan Haslip, The Crown of Mexico, pp. 218, 221, 223-226. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971.
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It was around this time that the present building was erected. After 1671 the domain became the property of Jan Arrazola de Oñate, chamberlain of Archdukes Albert and Isabella. It remained in the hands of these Lords of Gomont and Tiberchamps until 1791 when Jan- André Arrazola de Oñate died childless at the age of 73. His wife remarried with Phillipe Gouret de Louville, a major in the service of Austria.
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With Theo's rise as emperor, she becomes the Imperial Mage Leader and marries him. After Theo abdicates the throne to Alexis, he and Siluca return to his hometown. ; : :A demon seal holder, which basically is a seal that gives him extreme fighting capabilities. He is also one of the strongest ones, holding the title of Chamberlain, being one of the guards to the Archdukes (the highest level of crest-holders).
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The court requested he either join the Guild or cease to work as an artist. He appealed the verdict to the Council of Brabant, which confirmed the court's ruling. He then took his case to the Archdukes who supported him. By letters executed in Ghent on 31 July 1618 they exempted him from the obligation to join the painter's Guild and relieved him of all his obligations towards the Guild.
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The preparations for the wedding of the hero János and the infatuated princess are under way, but János can't eat. All the archdukes come and pay homage to the hero. Örzse arrives to take leave of Háry but, now an infantryman, he swears allegiance to the Emperor - whether as a soldier or farmer. True to her and to his homeland, despite all the imperial trappings they leave the court.
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Caterpillars of the genus are protected from predators by their long spinous bristles. Archduke chrysalids are pale green and angular in shape; they may be up to 30 mm in length. Calophyllum trees are host to the caterpillars of Southeast Asian archdukes. The observed readiness of Southeast Asian species to feed on both decaying fruit (of Garcinia tree species) and the nectar of flowers suggests that these species inhabit the forest periphery.
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Deel 2, thesis for the degree of licentiate of History, Ghent University, 2004. After graduation he served as pensionary of the city of Antwerp. Under Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma he became auditor general of the Army of Flanders and a member of the Great Council of Mechelen. In 1603 the Archdukes Albert and Isabella appointed him to their Privy Council, and in 1614 as president of the Privy Council and the Council of State.
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On another journey, as a guest of the emperor in Vienna, he recorded the near riot during the Corpus Christi procession of 1578. As he and the archdukes Ferdinand and Maximilian heard the mass, the population harassed the celebrant priests, and interfered with the conduct of the procession itself.Johannes Janssen, M. A. Mitchell, History of the German people at the close of the middle ages, 1905 Google books. Accessed 9 July 2009.
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In the west, the Upper Austrian part bordered on the Bavarian stem duchy. The adjacent Innviertel region belonged to the Bavarian dukes, until it was occupied by Austrian forces during the War of the Bavarian Succession in 1778 and incorporated into the archducal lands according to the Peace of Teschen. In the course of the German mediatisation in 1803, the Austrian archdukes also acquired the rule over the Electorate of Salzburg and the Berchtesgaden Provostry.
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Casal began his musical career, aged 13, in a group called "Los Zafiros Negros" (The Black Sapphires). In 1967 he joined "Los Archiduques" (The Archdukes), replacing their lead singer, who had fallen ill. He then left for London, in order to follow one of his other great passions - painting. It was there, that Casal had his first contact with glam-rock, attracted by the stream led by David Bowie, Sweet and T. Rex among others.
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In the 18th century processions took place nearly every week, but this was curtailed by Empress Maria Theresa. Finally, Emperor Joseph II forbade all processions save the Corpus Christi. The Graben also served as a site for triumphal processions, in particular for the arrival of Archdukes and Emperors. It is known to have also been the site of the public displays of homage, at which the notables demonstrated their reverence for the rulers.
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Meanwhile, Habsburg diplomacy had managed to disengage from two fronts. In 1598 Henry IV and Philip II had ended the Franco-Spanish War with the Peace of Vervins. Six years later, James I, Philip III and the Archdukes concluded the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) with the Treaty of London. Together, these treaties allowed the Habsburgs to concentrate their resources on the war against the Dutch in the hope of a knock out blow.
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It has been occupied by, among others, Reichsgraf Peter Melander of Holzappel, Prince Adolph of Nassau- Dillenburg, Prince Leberecht of Anhalt-Bernburg, and the Archdukes Joseph and Stephen of Austria. At the beginning of the 18th century, it became the summer residence of the Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym. In 1859, it came into the possession of the Holzappel Silver and Lead Mining Society. In 1795, Laurenburg was temporarily occupied by the French.
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Starting with the reigns of Archdukes Albert and Isabella, the beginning of the 17th century was a lot kinder to Roeselare. New churches and religious houses were built and old ones repaired. New schools also appeared in the city and the cloth industry found a new life. The second half of the century, however, was marked by the wars of Louis XIV and Marshal Turenne against the Spanish, with further plundering and misery.
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Crest Philippe, Lord of Rubempré was a Flemish Noble lord who was the son of Antoine III, Lord of Rubempré and Marie d'Averhoult. He was created for merit the 1st Count of Vertaing in 1614 and 1st Baron of Everbergh in 1620 by the Archdukes. He was in Service of the King of Spain as governor and captain general of Lille and Douai. In 1624 he was admitted to the Order of the Golden Fleece.
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Merry company making music In the 1620s and 1630s Sallaert received commissions from the Archdukes Albert and Isabella but he was never listed as an official court painter. Sallaert was the deacon of the Brussels Guild of Saint Luke in 1633 and in 1648. He received irregular commissions from local nobles and produced religious compositions for the Jesuit churches in and around Brussels. He provided designs for tapestries to the local tapstry workshops.
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In 1690, his father died and eleven-year-old Leopold inherited the still occupied Duchies. His mother, trying to fulfil her husband's last wishes of returning her children to their patrimony, appealed to the Reichstag in Regensburg to restore her son to Lorraine. Leopold was sent to Vienna to receive a military education under the supervision of the Emperor. In Vienna, he grew up with his cousins, the Archdukes Joseph and Charles, both future Emperors.
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Born in Antwerp in 1576, Woverius studied at Leuven University under Justus Lipsius, lodging in the professor's house. He went on to study in France, Spain and Italy, where he made the acquaintance of Peter Paul Rubens and his brother, Philip. After returning to the Low Countries he served as an alderman on Antwerp city council. In 1620 was appointed a councillor to the government of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella in Brussels.
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These events led to conflict (Bruderzwist) between the brothers.Die Welt der Habsburger: Habsburgs Bruderzwist: Rudolf II. gegen Matthias Melchior Klesl engineered a conspiracy of the archdukes to ensure Mathias' ascendancy. By 1608 Rudolf had ceded much of his territory to the latter. Further conflict led to Mathias imprisoning his brother in 1611, who now gave up all power except the empty title of emperor, dying the following year and being succeeded by Mathias.
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15 (Brussels, 1899), 653-656. He spoke several languages and was renowned as a preacher. In 1607 the Archdukes Albert and Isabella sent him to The Hague to negotiate a ceasefire in the Eighty Years War and begin the talks that would lead to the Twelve Years Truce in 1609. In 1608 he returned to The Hague, as part of the delegation headed by Ambrogio Spinola that also included Juan de Mancicidor, Jean Richardot, and Louis Verreycken.
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Scene : the palace of Castelardo Giletti and Marietta meet the conspirators, who explain to Giletti that he must assassinate the archduke, but try to escape at his arrival. The archduke Ernest, who introduces himself as the most original of all archdukes, after condemning the plotters to death, is overwhelmed by the beauty of Marietta. He abdicates in her favour, but she then makes the conspirators her ministers – thus allowing his ministers in turn to become plotters.
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Secret negotiations proved abortive because Spain insisted on two points that were nonnegotiable to the Dutch: recognition of the sovereignty of the Archdukes (though they were ready to accept Maurice as their stadtholder in the Dutch provinces) and freedom of worship for Catholics in the north. The Republic was too insecure internally (the loyalty of the recently conquered areas being in doubt) to accede on the latter point.Israel (1995), pp. 253–257 Groenlo relieved by Spinola, November 1606.
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The fire of July 21, 1559 completely ruined the city. At the beginning of the 17th century, Ronse took advantage of the relative peaceful period under the archdukes Ferdinand and Isabella to get back on its feet. It is during that period that one of the most beautiful castles of the Southern Netherlands (demolished in 1823) was built for Count Jean de Nassau-Siegen, baron of Ronse since 1629. The plague in 1635–1636 nearly emptied the city.
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In the early 17th century, there was a flourishing court at Brussels. Among the artists who emerged from the court of the "Archdukes", as they were known, was Peter Paul Rubens. Under Isabella and Albert, the Spanish Netherlands actually had formal independence from Spain, but always remained unofficially within the Spanish sphere of influence. With Albert's death in 1621 they returned to formal Spanish control, although the childless Isabella remained on as Governor until her death in 1633.
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What the three compositions The Archdukes Albert and Isabella Visiting a Collector's Cabinet, The Sciences and Arts and A Collector's Cabinet have in common is that they give prominence among the artworks included in the gallery painting to compositions that are allegories of iconoclasm and the victory of painting (art) over ignorance. These are references to the iconoclasm of the Beeldenstorm that had raged in the Low Countries in the 16th century and the victory over the iconoclasts during the reign of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella who jointly ruled the Spanish Netherlands in the beginning of the 17th century.Adriaen van Stalbent, Las Ciencias y las Artes at the PradoJames Simpson, Under the Hammer: Iconoclasm in the Anglo-American Tradition, Oxford University Press, 2010 Hieronymus' gallery paintings represent the early phase of the genre of collector's cabinets. During this early 'encyclopaedic' phase, the genre reflected the culture of curiosity of that time, when art works, scientific instruments, naturalia and artificialia were equally the object of study and admiration.
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By 1335, the Austrian regents had also acquired the old Duchy of Carinthia in the south, the Styrian and Carinthian territories were incorporated into Inner Austria in 1379. The Habsburg encirclement was nearly completed, when in 1363 the archdukes also attained the County of Tyrol in the west. Only in the northwest did Salzburg bordered on the Duchy of Bavaria (raised to an Electorate in 1623), and the tiny Berchtesgaden Provostry, which was able to retain its independence until the Mediatisation in 1803.
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Charles Stephen received the following decorations and awards:Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie (1918), Genealogy pp. 12-13Marquis of Ruvigny, The Titled Nobility of Europe (Harrison and Sons, London, 1914) pp. 14-15 In 1916 he was named Protector of the Polish Academy of Learning in Krakow."Three Archdukes Removed", The New York Times ( 22 September 1916): 3 He was a Großadmiral (Grand Admiral) in the Austro- Hungarian Navy, equivalent to the rank of Feldmarschall (Field Marshal) in the army.
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Bartholomäus's niece, Philippine (1527–80), daughter of Franz Welser, was renowned for her learning and beauty. She secretly married the Archduke Ferdinand, second son of the Emperor Ferdinand I. She was given the titles Baroness of Zinnenburg, Margravine of Burgau, Landgravine of Nellenburg and Countess of Oberhohenberg and Niederhohenberg. Their children were debarred from inheriting their father's rank as Archdukes of Austria; their son Margrave Andrew of Burgau became a cardinal and Charles, Margrave of Burgau became a noted general.
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In circa 1778, he painted the severe Holy Trinity Appearing to Sts. Peter and Paul in the parish church of Roncegno. Capriccio View of a Venetian Campo (c. 1780) In 1782 Guardi was commissioned by the Venetian government six canvases to celebrate the visit of the Russian Archdukes in the city, of which only two remain, and two others for that of Pope Pius VI. On September 12 of that year he was admitted to the Fine Art Academy of Venice.
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Christ the Saviour adored by Abbot Robert Holman By 1589 Gillis Claeissens had moved to Brussels where he was nominated painter in title to the governor general of the Low Countries Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma. After Farnese died on 2 December 1592, Gillis returned to Bruges. Four years later he returned to Brussels to enter the service of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella. For the Brussels court he painted religious paintings as well as miniature portraits of the Archduchess.
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Today, the style has mainly fallen from use with the exception of the . In the past, the style has been applied to the more senior members of imperial dynasties, including the French, Turkish, Russian, Brazil, and Ethiopian imperial houses, among many others. Archdukes of Austria from the Habsburg dynasty traditionally hold the style of Imperial and Royal Highness (), with the "Royal" signifying their status as Princes of Hungary. These styles have been abrogated but are often given out of courtesy.
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During the period of the Austrian Netherlands, especially during the reigns of Archdukes Albert and Isabella, Forest prospered, thanks to its abbey. On 26 March 1764, however, a devastating fire ruined some of the buildings and destroyed many of its artworks. Three decades later, in the years following the French Revolution, the religious community was disbanded, the nuns forced to flee, and the buildings sold. The Forest municipality bought the abbey in 1964 and proceeded to restore it to its previous glory.
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He also stood to inherit Ladislaus's title, and did so when Ladislaus died four years later, becoming the second Archduke. The Austrian Archdukes were now of equal status to the other Prince Electors that selected the emperors. Austrian governance was now to be based on primogeniture and indivisibility. Later Austria was to become officially known as "Erzherzogtum Österreich ob und unter der Enns" (The Archduchy of Austria above and below the Enns). In 1861 it was again divided into Upper and Lower Austria.
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Juan Niño de Tabora was born in Galicia. Like many Spanish noblemen of the day, he spent part of his early years in the Habsburg Netherlands, where he served in the Army of Flanders and at the court of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella. Due to the influence of his powerful uncle, Rodrigo Niño y Lasso, Count of Añover, he became a Gentleman of the Archduke's Bedchamber and was given the command of a company of lancers as well as a knighthood in the Order of Calatrava.
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Not all recipients are known; among those whose names have been preserved, there were at least twelve emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, ten kings of France, seven kings of Poland, and six kings of Spain. Additionally, three or four blessed swords and hats were given to kings of England, two or three to kings of Scots, and three each to the kings of Hungary and Portugal. Recipients also included various princes, including heirs-apparent, archdukes, dukes, noblemen, military commanders, as well as cities and states.
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Those family values – patriotism and religion – which shaped his personality, determined his future decisions. In 1882 the Haller family moved to the city of Lemberg (Lwów) where Józef attended a local German gymnasium. He subsequently continued his education in the military Lower Realschule (secondary school) in Kaschau, Hungary (present-day Slovakia) and then in the Higher Realschule in Weisskirchen in Moravia, which was also attended to by some Austrian archdukes and European royalty. Afterwards, he studied at the Faculty of Artillery at the Vienna's Theresian Military Academy.
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On 21 October 1615 he was appointed papal nuncio to the Brussels court of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella.Gesualdo's correspondence as nuncio in Brussels has been calendared in the Analecta Vaticano-Belgica, as Correspondance des nonces Gesualdo, Morra, Sanseverino avec la Secrétairerie d'Etat pontificale, 1615-1621, edited by L. Van Meerbeeck (Brussels, 1937). On 17 June 1617, he was transferred to Prague as Apostolic Nuncio to the Emperor. On 25 June 1618, he was appointed by Pope Paul V as Titular Patriarch of Constantinople.
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By that stage the Army of Flanders had lost almost all its strategic positions north of the great rivers.Parker (1977). After the accession of Philip III in Spain and of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella in the Habsburg Netherlands in 1598, the Army of Flanders tried to regain the offensive against the Dutch Republic. While it met with a tactical defeat in the Battle of Nieuwpoort on 2 July 1600, it did succeed in its strategic goal to repel the Dutch invasion of Flanders.
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Town hall of Ath Although from now on he would be mainly active as an architect, he did not abandon painting completely. In 1605 he painted two altarpieces, a Deposition(Brussels, Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium) and St. Helena with the Holy Cross (Saint James' Church, Antwerp). As an architect Cobergher promoted the Baroque style in the Southern Netherlands. He started with several alterations at the palace of the archdukes in Brussels and their castles in Tervuren, and worked on their hunting estate in Mariemont.
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Leopold Ferdinand as a child, by Georg Decker In 1892 and 1893 Leopold accompanied Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on a sea voyage through the Suez Canal and on to India and Australia. The relationship between the two Archdukes was extremely bad and their permanent attempts to outdo and humiliate the other one led the Kaiser Franz Joseph to order Leopold Ferdinand to return to Austria immediately. He left the ship in Sydney and went back to Europe.Nicholas Horthy, Memoirs (London: Hutchinson, 1956), 70-71.
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Upon the death of Marie Louise in 1847, the necklace passed to Archduchess Sophie of Austria, the wife of her brother Archduke Franz Karl of Austria. Two diamonds were removed from the necklace to shorten it, at the request of Princess Sophie. These diamonds were fitted to a pair of earrings, the location of which is now unknown. Following the death of Sophie in 1872, the Napoleon Diamond Necklace was jointly inherited by her three surviving sons, Archdukes Karl Ludwig, Ludwig Viktor, and Franz Joseph of Austria.
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Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria In the year 1613 at Regensburg (Ratisbon), the Austrian Habsburgs joined the League. The assembly now appointed no less than three war- directors: Duke Maximilian, and Archdukes Albert and Maximilian of Austria. The object of the League was now declared "a Christian legal defense". The membership of the Habsburg monarchy made the League part of the struggles between the emperor and his Protestant vassals in Bohemia and Lower Austria, that would lead to the beginning of the Thirty Years' War.
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Soon after, Philip died and bequeathed the Netherlands to his daughter Isabella and her husband Archduke Albert, who would henceforth reign as co-sovereigns. This sovereignty was largely nominal as the Army of Flanders was to remain in the Netherlands, largely paid for by the new king of Spain, Philip III. Ceding the Netherlands offered a prospect of peace, as both the Archdukes, and the chief minister of the new king, the duke of Lerma were less inflexible toward the Republic than Philip II had been.
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Collecting at the Russian court in the 18th century, hermitagemuseum.orgRubens and His Age: Treasures from the Hermitage Museum, culturekiosque.com In 1769, a 'literary society' was established by Count Johann Karl Philipp von Cobenzl in Brussels, initially led by Johann Daniel Schöpflin and with regard to its resources mainly based on the vast collection of books and manuscripts of the library of the Burgundian dukes. These books and manuscripts were saved from destruction by fire when the Coudenberg Palace, the residence of the archdukes, burnt down in 1731.
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Heinrich Wittek was born in the Austrian capital Vienna, the eldest son of Johann Marzellin Wittek (1801–1876), an officer of the Imperial and Royal Army, who shortly after Heinrich's birth was appointed an educator of the Habsburg archdukes, the sons of Archduke Franz Karl. The boy grew up at the Austrian court and especially befriended with Archduke Ludwig Viktor, younger brother of Emperor Franz Joseph I, who was almost of the same age. His father was ennobled in 1858 and elevated to the hereditary rank of Ritter in 1871.Entry on austro-hungarian-army.co.
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An application to recommence activities in 1593 was rejected, but in 1617 the chamber received a charter from the Archdukes Albert and Isabella. A rhetoric competition drawing participants from across the Low Countries was hosted by the Peoene in Mechelen on 3 May 1620. Plays written by the guild's dean, the silversmith Jan Thieullier, and factor, Hendrik Faydherbe, were performed to entertain the participants. The entertainments, together with the entries to the competition, were published by Henry Jaye, printer to the city, in a luxury volume entitled De schadt-kiste der philosophen ende poeten.
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In 1620 he painted the portrait of the painter Abraham Grapheus (Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp). He donated the work to the painters' chamber of the Guild of Saint Luke. De Vos received multiple commissions for family portraits from local patrons such as the wealthy merchant Joris Vekemans who ordered a portrait cycle of his family members in 1624. In 1627 he enjoyed royal patronage when 6 royal portraits were commissioned by respectively Philip IV of Spain, the Archdukes Albert and Isabella, Henri III of France, Henry IV of France and Marie de' Medici.
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Some historians place this period of service in the 1610s but this is unlikely since during this time there are ample records of del Monte's presence in Antwerp. It is, however, likely that del Monte was in Wolfgang Wilhelm's service since the Count Palatine knighted him in 1626 and allowed him to have a coat-of-arms. It is further believed that he entered the service of the then governors of the Southern Netherlands, the Archdukes Albert and Isabella. He also worked as an architect and military engineer for King Philip III of Spain.
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Paradise landscapes depict the Garden of Eden as described in the Book of Genesis, filled with all the animals, fish and birds that were believed to be God's creation. The type was invented and popularized by Jan Brueghel the Younger. Jan Brueghel was employed at the court of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella in Brussels, which maintained an extensive animal menagerie. As a native of Antwerp, a major port city and trading center for exotic goods and animals from Asia and the New World, Brueghel would have been able to witness these exotic animals alive.
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Philippe-Charles d'Arenberg was a great art- collector and purchased paintings from artists like Paul de Vos, Frans Snyders, Gaspar de Crayer, and Salomon Noveliers, court painter to the archdukes in Brussels. The best known of several Rubens paintings that Arenberg owned was the Wolf and Fox Hunt, believed to be the work today in the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art. The duke of Aarschot was also responsible for the acquisition of Rubens's late Martyrdom of St. Andrew for the Flemish Hospital in Madrid, where it still remains today.Philippe Charles.
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She never appeared on the stage, except for charitable objects, as her relatives were opposed to a professional life. Before she went to Europe, her "Life of Gottschalk" (Boston, 1870) was published. During her residence in Europe, she corresponded for several journals, the Home Journal of New York, the San Francisco Chronicle, and the St. Paul "Pioneer Press" of Minnesota. She held the position of musical instructor and English companion to the Archdukes and Archduchesses, children of the Archduke of Austria, Archduke Karl Salvator of Austria, and his wife, Princess Marie Immaculate of Naples.
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In 1603 Plantin's successor, Jan Moretus, published Lucas's overview of the corrections of the Sixto-Clementine Vulgate as Romanae correctionis in latinis Bibliis editionis vulgata, jussu Sixti V pont. max. recognitis, loca insigniora, with a dedication to Jacques Blaseus, bishop fo Saint-Omer and laudatory approbations by Professor Estius, Cardinal Baronius and Cardinal Bellarmine. In 1606 a two-volume exegetical commentary on the Gospels on which he had long been engaged was finally published, again by Moretus, as In sacrosancta quatuor Jesu Christi Evangelia commentarii, with a dedication to the Sovereign Archdukes Albert and Isabella.
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Petrus Peckius the Younger, also known as Petrus Pecquius or Pierre Peckius (born Pieter Peck; 1562 - 28 July 1625), was a diplomat and chancellor of Brabant for the Sovereign Archdukes Albert and Isabella. He is best known for a failed attempt to negotiate a renewal of the Twelve Years' Truce in 1621. He was the son of Petrus Peckius the Elder. Peckius the Younger married Barbara- Maria Boonen, a daughter of Cornelius Boonen, a councillor in the Council of State, who was murdered in 1579 for his pro-Spanish sympathies.
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In 1614 he became deputy-chancellor of the Duchy of Brabant and in 1616 chancellor. In the same year he was appointed a councillor in the Council of State and the Privy Council of the Archdukes. In 1620 he took part in the peace negotiations at Würzburg between the Bohemian insurgents and Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor during the first stage of the Thirty Years' War. In 1621 he was sent to The Hague by the government in Brussels to negotiate a renewal of the Twelve Years' Truce with the States-General of the Netherlands.
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The losses in the archdukes camp however were high and after only six weeks his casualties had topped nearly 600 with thousands more sick or dead to disease. In addition, de Rosne the Spanish army commander was killed during a sally by the garrison. The fire from the Spanish artillery was furious; after sending nearly 1,500 cannonballs they were able to make a large breach.Meskens pp 205–06 The garrison expected an assault but instead Albert summoned the garrison commanded by the Count of Solms to surrender or expect an immediate assault.
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357 Coignet also added an introduction to the atlas Speculum Orbis terrarum of Gerard de Jode.Meskens (2013), pp. 169–171 In 1621 Coignet drew a map that showed the preferred itinerary for merchants and merchandise traveling from Flanders to Milan (two copies are preserved one of which is kept in the library of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. The map was promoted in May 1621 by the Antwerp newspaper Nieuwe Tijdinghe in an advertisement that referred to the route as the Prince conduitte since the route fell supposedly under the protection of the Archdukes.
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Coignet was involved in various military engineering projects mainly related to fortification and wrote about ballistics in one of his treatises (El uso de las doze diuisiones geometricas, 1618). From 1596 he worked for the Archdukes on the fortification of the forts along the Scheldt river. He took on an advisory role in the Siege of Hulst of 1596 and the Siege of Ostend from 1602 to 1604. In 1608 he designed together with the municipal surveyor Mattheus van Herle a fortification in the area of the St Michael’s Abbey.
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Later he was appointed councillor to the Archdukes Albert and Isabella. Finally, between 1609 and 1619 he was chancellor of the city of Ypres, where he spent his last years until he died of a stroke in December 1621. In his spare time he devoted himself to historical research, supported by a network of humanist scholars in the Habsburg Netherlands and the Dutch Republic that included Nicolaas Cromhout, Erycius Puteanus and Josse de Rycke (nl). Schrieck's historical works include the history of Ypres and the prehistory of Europe.
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Cobergher was a leading engineer, architect, painter, and numismatist of the time. Cobergher entered the service of the Archdukes who paid him three times as much as they would Rubens and was included in Anthony va Dyck's Iconography, a series of engraved portraits of the most well-known contemporary intellectuals, noblemen, and artists, which speaks to his prestige. On May 30th 1628 in the Church of Saint-Germain in Mons, Anna married Isaac Bullart--a well-regarded Dutch-born writer--when she was twenty-four years old. They met while Anna was studying under Francart.
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It would soon become a yearly pilgrimage that took place in May or June and lasted the nine days of a novena. Under the patronage of the Archdukes, the emerging shrine was raised to the status of a town in 1605 and of an independent parish in 1610. Their support helped to ensure the grant of a papal indulgence on 16 September 1606, the feast of Our Lady of Sorrows. In the previous summer the stone chapel was surrounded by a closed garden or Hortus Conclusus in the shape of a heptagon.
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Etterbeek in the XVI century In the Middle Ages, Etterbeek was a rural hamlet mostly independent of Brussels, aside from taxation rights on beer given to Brussels around 1300 by John II, Duke of Brabant. The following two centuries counted several grievous moments: in 1489, Albert III, Duke of Saxony ravaged Etterbeek in his pursuit of the rebels who fought against Maximilian of Austria; in 1580, the village was destroyed again, this time by the iconoclasts during the Protestant Reformation wars. Peace returned under the reigns of Archdukes Albert and Isabella.
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During the Ancien Régime, Jette was part of the town of Merchtem. In the 17th century, during the period of the Austrian Netherlands, the finance minister under Archdukes Albert and Isabella acquired and refurbished the old 12th century Rivieren castle in Ganshoren, near Jette. In 1654, the minister's son made this estate into a barony, then five years later, into a county, which included Jette and several neighbouring villages. In the 1790s, the regime that was put in power by the French Revolution curtailed the religious freedoms drastically.
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Empress Zita of Austria with her eight children. Standing in the back from left to right Archdukes Carl Ludwig, Rudolf and Robert, in the middle Archduchesses Adelheid, Elisabeth and Charlotte with Archduke Felix, in the forefront Empress Zita and Archduke Otto, 1962 After a period of rest and recovery, Zita found herself regularly going back to Europe for the weddings of her children. She decided to move back to the continent full-time, in 1952, to Luxembourg, in order to look after her aging mother. Maria Antonia died at the age of 96 in 1959.
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Meanwhile, the stadtholders mopped up some more Spanish fortresses, like Grave in Brabant and Sluys and Aardenburg in what was to become States Flanders. Though these victories deprived the Archdukes of much of the propaganda value of their own victory at Ostend, the loss of the city was a severe blow to the Republic, and it brought about another Protestant exodus to the North.Israel (1995), p. 260 The war expanded overseas, with the creation of the Dutch colonial empire beginning early in the 17th century with Dutch attacks on Portugal's overseas colonies.
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Beside the archdukes of the imperial family, the entitled secular nobles made up the rest of the membership; of these, the majority were hereditary peers. A smaller number of life peers were appointed by the monarch on the nominal advice of the Austrian Minister-President, or on the advice of the House of Lords Appointments Commission. Membership was a birthright of all hereditary peers. The number of members was not fixed, though a law enacted in 1907 decreed that the category of life peers shall comprise at least 150 and no more than 170 seats.
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Beyaert also added turrets, a walkway and new battlements. In 1847, the Halle Gate was included in Belgium's ("Royal Museum of Armour, Antiquities and Ethnology"), now named the Royal Museums for Art and History. The collections included diplomatic gifts, mementoes and curiosa owned by the Dukes of Burgundy and subsequently the Habsburg archdukes, and which had been placed, until then, in various locations in Brussels. By 1889, the Halle Gate had become too small to house most of the collections, which were relocated to the Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark Museum.
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The Erzherzog Karl class, like the Habsburg class before them and the Radetzky class after them were named after archdukes of the Austro-Hungarian Royal Family, specifically Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen, Maximilian I of Mexico and Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen. The ships were all laid down at the Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino in Trieste. The first ship of the class, was laid down on 24 July 1902. Following 15 months of construction she was launched on 4 October 1903 and finally commissioned into the Austro-Hungarian Navy on 17 June 1906.
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He was the eldest surviving son born to one of the Bonaparte siblings (Joseph, Napoleon, Lucien, Elisa, Louis, Pauline, Caroline and Jérôme, most of which would later receive ruling positions in their brother's client states). Six weeks after his birth, on 29 May 1798, Dermide was baptised "with imperial ceremony" at a Capuchin church in Milan. Charles Louis Huguet, marquis de Sémonville stood as witness and Napoleon served as godfather. The baptism was welcomed by the Milanese people with gun salutes, ringing of church bells, music and shouting, just as had been done at the births of Austrian archdukes during the Austrian Rule.
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The Habsburg dynasty used the archducal hat on several occasions, such as the homage paid by the estates. Since the 16th century, it was worn as a sign of their rank as archdukes of Austria in the procession prior to the Imperial coronation at Frankfurt am Main. Since the custodians of the archducal hat at Klosterneuburg Monastery refused to allow the archducal hat to be used by Joseph II for the procession preceding his coronation at Frankfurt am Main in 1764, a new archducal coronet had to be created. This new coronet didn't follow the pattern of the hat in Klosterneuburg.
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The order was revived in the 1920s, when it was headed by several individuals with reputedly false claims to titles of nobility. Among its members were said to be a number of French, Italian, and American generals and admirals, as well as German and Italian archdukes, the presidents of several South American countries, and a justice of the New York Supreme Court. Nothing further is known of this revival after 1936, when one of its members was fined for wearing false orders and impersonating a general. Nevertheless, the order was included in a list of false orders by the Holy See in 1953.
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The territory of the medieval Patriarchate of Aquileia had gradually been conquered by the Republic of Venice (Domini di Terraferma) until the early 15th century. In the east, the Habsburg archdukes of Austria, based on the March of Carniola they held from 1335, had gained suzerainty over Istrian Pazin in 1374 and the port of Trieste in 1382. They also purchased Duino and Rijeka (Fiume) on the northern Adriatic coast in 1474, and inherited more territory in Friuli when the line of the Counts of Görz died out in 1500. In 1511, Emperor Maximilian I annexed the city of Gradisca from Venice.
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Austrian Littoral in 1897 The Habsburgs did little initially to consolidate or develop their holdings in the Littoral. The supremacy of the Republic of Venice in the Adriatic, and the attention to the threat posed by an expanding Ottoman Empire, gave the Austrian archdukes little opportunity to enlarge their coastal possessions. Incorporated into the Austrian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire, Görz, Trieste and Istria remained separately administered and retained their autonomy until the 18th century. Emperor Charles VI increased the sea power of the Habsburg Monarchy by making peace with the Ottomans and declaring free shipping in the Adriatic.
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The House of Habsburg came to the Austrian throne in Vienna in 1282 and in 1453 Emperor Frederick III, also Austrian ruler, officially adopted the archducal title. From the 15th century onwards, all Holy Roman Emperors but one were Austrian archdukes and with the acquisition of the Bohemian and Hungarian crown lands in 1526, the Habsburg hereditary lands became the centre of a major European power. The Archduchy's history as an imperial state ended with the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation in 1806. It was replaced with the Lower and Upper Austria crown lands of the Austrian Empire.
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Neuhaus Castle ruins The settlement of Torilan was first mentioned in a 923 deed of the Salzburg archbishops. About 1200, the Counts of Tyrol had Neuhaus Castle erected high above the Adige valley. The fortress was later held by the Gorizia-Tyrol dynasty and in the 19th century received the name Maultasch Castle, after Countess Margaret whose residencies are however not substantiated. Under the reign of the Habsburg archdukes Frederick IV and Sigismund of Austria, it was the centre of an important lead (galena) and silver mining area, including several furnaces and loading stations on the Adige river.
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The Brussels Carmel was a Discalced Carmelite convent in the city of Brussels, founded in 1607 by Ana de Jesús at the behest of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella.Cordula van Wyhe, "Piety and Politics in the Royal Convent of Discalced Carmelite Nuns in Brussels 1607-1646", Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique, 100/2 (2005), pp. 457-487. The church and convent were designed by Wenceslas Cobergher in an Italianate style inspired by the Roman church of Santa Maria in Traspontina."Cobergher, Wenceslas", in Grove Encyclopedia of Northern Renaissance Art, edited by Gordon Campbell (Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 388.
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On 27 June 1617 Pope Paul V appointed him papal nuncio to the Brussels court of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella, with responsibility for the missions in England and Holland as well as the Catholic Church in the Southern Netherlands. He arrived in Brussels in August 1617.Morra's correspondence as nuncio in Brussels has been calendared in the Analecta Vaticano-Belgica, as Correspondance des nonces Gesualdo, Morra, Sanseverino avec la Secrétairerie d'Etat pontificale, 1615-1621, edited by Lucienne Van Meerbeeck (Brussels, 1937). In 1619 he returned to Italy for family reasons, being replaced as nuncio by Lucio Sanseverino.
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The Mutual Pact of Succession (Latin: Pactum Mutuae Successionis) was a succession device secretly signed by Archdukes Joseph and Charles of Austria, the future Emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, in 1703. In 1700 the senior line of the House of Habsburg became extinct with the death of King Charles II of Spain. The War of the Spanish Succession ensued, with Louis XIV of France claiming the crowns of Spain for his grandson Philip and Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I claiming them for his son Charles. The Pact was devised by Emperor Leopold I, on the occasion of Charles's departure for Spain.
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As mentioned previously, Anna Francisca de Bruyns was born into an upper middle class family and surrounded by court artists. This gave her unusual opportunities to develop her artistic craft. In 1613 her cousin, Jacques Francart, was appointed court painter to the Archdukes Albert and Isabella, and on July 27th, 1622, he became Royal Architect-Engineer to Philip IV of Spain. Anna's father, Cornilla de Bruyns, was bailiff of Morialmé from before she was born until moving to Mons where he became superintendent of the Bergh van Bermherticheyt (translated as public pawnshop) which was an institution founded many years earlier by Wenceslas Cobergher.
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Although technically an elective title, by the late 16th century the imperial title had in practice come to be inherited by the Habsburg Archdukes of Austria and following the Thirty Years' War their control over the states (outside the Habsburg Monarchy, i.e. Austria, Bohemia and various territories outside the empire) had become nearly non-existent. However, Napoleon Bonaparte was crowned Emperor of the French in 1804 and was shortly followed by Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, who declared himself Emperor of Austria in the same year. The position of Holy Roman Emperor nonetheless continued until Francis II abdicated that position in 1806.
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Crucifixion of St Peter Antoon Sallaert or Anthonis SallaertFirst name also: Anthoni and Antoine (1594–1650)Sallaert's year of birth is usually given as between 1580 and 1590, but as early as 1968 it was demonstrated that Sallaert was baptised in 1594; R. d'Anethan: 'Les Salaert dits de Doncker', Brabantica 9 (1968), p. 254 was a Flemish Baroque painter, draughtsman and printmaker who was active in Brussels. Sallaert produced many devotional paintings for the Brussels court of Archdukes Albert and Isabella as well as for the local churches. Sallaert was an innovative printmaker and is credited with the invention of the monotype technique.
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Cf. Geoffrey Parker, The Dutch Revolt: "Gradually a consistent attitude emerged, a sort of 'collective identity' which was distinct and able to resist the inroads, intellectual as well as military, of both the Northern Dutch (especially during the crisis of 1632) and the French. This embryonic 'national identity' was an impressive monument to the government of the archdukes, and it survived almost forty years of grueling warfare (1621–59) and the invasions of Louis XIV until, in 1700, the Spanish Habsburgs died out." (Penguin edition 1985, p. 260). See also J. Israel, The Dutch Republic, 1477–1806, 461–463 (Dutch language version).
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Rockox became a member of the civic militia of Antwerp and defended the city in the service of Philips of Marnix, Lord of Saint-Aldegonde when Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, attacked Antwerp in 1584. Rockox studied the fortifications from Jean Errard,La fortification démonstrée et réduicte en art / par feu J. Errard Bar- le-Duc and had the outer walls of Antwerp repaired and improved. Rockox is depicted on the right hand panel of Rubens Descent-tryptich In 1590, he was knighted by the Archdukes Albert and Isabella. He was put on the list of honours when their Joyous Entry took place.
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In 1478, the wars between Louis XI of France and Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, brought devastation to the Abbey and the surrounding areas. In 1585, during the period of the Habsburg Netherlands, the Spanish burnt down most of the buildings to prevent them from being used as a refuge by the Calvinists. The Abbey was restored in time for the Joyous Entry of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella in 1599. Further manors and castles (Ermitage, Ten Bosch and Ixelles, for example) were built in Ixelles in the 16th century, gradually transforming the hamlet into a full-fledged village.
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Engraving by Chrispijn van der Passe showing the conquests and the equestrian portrait of Ambrogio Spinola, with the Count of Bucquoy riding by his side In 1610 he was ambassador extraordinary to France, to convey the condolences of Archdukes Albert and Isabella on the murder of Henry IV of France.Rahl, 27 In 1613 he became a knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece. As a mark of special favour the commandery in the Order of Calatrava that he had to renounce upon entering the Golden Fleece, was transferred to his son. That year also saw his appointment as Grand Bailiff (or governor) of the County of Hainaut.
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In 1570 he joined Archduchess Anna of Austria and her two brothers, the Archdukes Albert and Wenceslaus on their journey to the court of Philip II. From there, the king sent him on a mission to Charles IX of France to salute the birth of Marie Elisabeth of Valois. On his way back from a pilgrimage (1573) to Rome and Loreto, Charles of Arenberg accompanied the widowed Elisabeth of Austria from Nancy to the Imperial Court in Vienna (1575–1576). During his stay in Vienna Arenberg was raised to a princely county. In the meantime, the rebellious States of Holland had confiscated his estates in 1572.
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Accedit Breuis Et Historica Eorundem Explicatio at books.google Frontispiece of the Imperatorum Romanorum Numismata Aurea... Not long after losing his employment the Archdukes Albert and his consort Isabella, who were the then joint governors of the Southern Netherlands, appointed the painter Otto van Veen as the waerdeyn ('warden') of the revived Brussels Mint. With this nomination, the Archduke Albert and his consort Isabella fulfilled two very different goals. Firstly, they wanted to find a decent position for their beloved but ageing painter, and merely followed what had previously been done in 1572 when the great sculptor and medalist Jacques Jonghelinck had been made waerdeyn of the Antwerp Mint.
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In 1577 he received his first pupil and the next one would follow only five years later. Of the 16 pupils he would receive during his very long career, only Abraham Janssens would make a name for himself. Snellinck became a poorter (burger) of Antwerp on 27 June 1597. Snellinck gradually established a reputation as evidenced by the commissions he received from Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld-Vorderort, an Imperial and Spanish army commander of German origin and Governor of the Spanish Netherlands from 1592 to 1594, and from the Archdukes Albrecht and Isabella, who were also governors of the Spanish Netherlands from 1598 to 1621.
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Nevertheless, Charles' younger brother Ferdinand I claimed his rights and became Archduke of Austria according to an estate distribution at the 1521 Diet of Worms, whereby he became regent over the Austrian archduchy and the adjacent Inner Austrian lands of Styria, Carinthia, Carniola and Gorizia (Görz). By marrying Princess Anna of Bohemia and Hungary, Ferdinand inherited both kingdoms in 1526. Also King of the Romans from 1531, he became the progenitor of the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg (Habsburg-Lorraine from 1745 on), which as Archdukes of Austria and Kings of Bohemia ruled as Holy Roman Emperors until the Empire's dissolution in 1806.
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He unsuccessfully opposed the rigour of the new edicts against heresy issued in 1550. At Charles V's abdication on 25 October 1555, Maes spoke on behalf of the Emperor's subjects. He married Aleyde de Tassis, of the Thurn und Taxis family, and together they had four children: Engelbert, who became president of the Privy Council; Charles, who became bishop of Ypres and later bishop of Ghent; Jean-Baptiste, a member of the Council of Brabant; and Philippe, greffier to the States of Brabant, who from 1610 to 1618 represented the Archdukes Albert and Isabella at the papal court.Bruno Boute, Academic Interests and Catholic Confessionalisation (Leiden and Boston, 2010), p. 103.
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Friedrich had a keen private interest in the fleet, and with him the Austrian naval force gained its first influential supporter from the ranks of the Imperial Family. This was crucial as sea power was never a priority of the Austrian foreign policy and the navy itself was relatively little known or supported by the public. It was only able to draw significant public attention and funds during the three short periods of its history when it was actively supported by an imperial prince. Following Friedrich's example, the archdukes Ferdinand Maximilian (1832–1867) and Franz Ferdinand (1863–1914) would later become active campaigners for naval matters.
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Richardot saw his political fortunes restored after Cardinal-Archduke Albert was installed as the new Governor-General in February 1596. On 15 May 1597 Albert's recommendation ensured his appointment to the post of Chief-President of the Privy Council. From then on Richardot would be the highest ranking and most influential subject of the Habsburg Netherlands serving the Governor-General and subsequently the sovereign Archdukes Albert and Isabella. As a well known supporter of a general pacification in the Netherlands, he was often depicted by those in favor of continuing the war against the United Provinces and their English and French allies as lacking in loyalty to the Spanish crown.
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Under Clement's successor, Pope Paul V, he was appointed titular archbishop of Rhodes, 14 May 1607, with a dispensation for being three months shy of the canonical age and not having yet received the sacred orders, in order to give him appropriate credentials as nuncio at the court of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella in the Habsburg Netherlands, (1 June 160724 October 1615).His correspondence as nuncio in Brussels, from the Archivo Bentivoglio, Ferrara, was published by Raffaele Belvederi, Guido Bentivoglio, Diplomatico, 2 vols. (Rovigo) 1947. He arrived in Brussels when negotiations between the Habsburgs and the Dutch Republic to end the Eighty Years' War were about to begin.
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The monarchs adopted a joint style, "King and Queen of England and France, Naples, Jerusalem and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Princes of Spain and Sicily, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Milan, Burgundy and Brabant, Count and Countess of Habsburg, Flanders and Tyrol", acknowledging both Mary's and Philip's titles. Further changes were made after Philip became King of Spain and Sicily upon his father's abdication. When the Protestant Elizabeth I ascended the Throne, she used the simpler "Queen of England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc.". The "etc." was added in anticipation of a restoration of the supremacy phrase, which never actually occurred.
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The Basilica of Our Lady of Scherpenheuvel (Dutch: Basiliek van Onze-Lieve- Vrouw van Scherpenheuvel, French: Basilique de Notre Dame de Montaigu, Spanish Basílica menor de Nuestra Señora de Monteagudo) is a Roman Catholic parish church and minor basilica in Scherpenheuvel-Zichem, Belgium. The church was consecrated in 1627 and raised to the status of a minor basilica in 1922. It is reputedly the most frequently visited shrine of pilgrimage in Belgium. While the cult on the Scherpenheuvel (or Sharp Hill) is older, its present architectural layout and its enduring importance are due to the patronage of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella and the Counter-Reformation.
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Veurne on the Ferraris map (around 1775) The 15th century saw the construction of a new city hall, which is known today as the Pavilion of the Spanish officers, from its use in the 17th century as military headquarters. As most of the "Westhoek" (the Western part of the county of Flanders), the city and the neighbourghood strongly recessed during the economic and religious problems around 1566–1583. But when the town and the castellany officially got together, the town flourished, thanks to the expanding agriculture of the agrarian region. Most of the other historic buildings date from this time, the prosperous reign of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella around 1600.
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In 1621, with the support of the archdukes Albert and Isabella, the Jesuits brought educational institutions and their religious influence to the city. Halle and the surrounding area were used by Philip IV of Spain as a warrant against a loan, leading to the cessation of the city to the Duke of Arenberg in 1648. Louis XIV's wars at the end of the century resulted in heavy losses, but the 18th century saw a resurgence in devotional and economic prosperity. The French Revolution brought the usual religious curtailments to religious life; however, the pilgrimage site and the statue were spared confiscation thanks to the initiative of the inhabitants.
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Philip's stern Counter-Reformation measures sparked the Dutch Revolt in the mainly Calvinist Netherlandish provinces, which led to the outbreak of the Eighty Years' War in 1568. In January 1579 the seven northern provinces formed the Protestant Union of Utrecht, which declared independence from the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands by the 1581 Act of Abjuration. The Spanish branch of the Habsburgs could retain the rule only over the partly Catholic Southern Netherlands, completed after the Fall of Antwerp in 1585. Jeton with portraits of the Archdukes Albert VII, Archduke of Austria and Infanta Isabella of Spain, struck in Antwerp 1612.
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Fort Crevecoeur gave in easily after Maurice offered them money on the account of the garrisons mutiny. Fort San Andreas was next – the garrison had mutinied against their officers but regarded the fort as their only pledge for the payment of their arrears. After a brief siege and a failure by a Spanish relief force led by Luis de Velasco to get to them in time, San Andreas was thus duly delivered into Dutch hands. Battle of Nieuwpoort, by Sebastiaen Vrancx The Army of Flanders now temporarily in disarray, Oldenbarnevelt and the civilians in the States-General spied a strategic opportunity to deal the Archdukes a heavy blow.
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After having their strength decimated by the Russians in the Brusilov Offensive, the Austro-Hungarian forces submitted their Eastern Front forces to Hindenburg's command on July 27th (except for Archdukes Karl's Army Group in southeast Galicia, in which General Hans von Seeckt was chief of staff). General von Eichhorn took over Army Group Hindenburg, while Hindenburg and Ludendorff, on a staff train equipped with the most advanced communication apparatus, visited their new forces. At threatened points they formed mixed German and Austro- Hungarian units and other Austro-Hungarian formations were bolstered by a sprinkling of German officers. The derelict citadel of the Brest Fortress was refurbished as their headquarters.
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For instance, in the early collaborative effort The Return from War: Mars Disarmed by Venus Rubens overpainted most of the lower-right corner with gray paint so he could enlarge his figures. In later collaborations the artists seem to have streamlined their collaboration and agreed on the composition early on so that these later works show little underdrawing.Alex de Voogt and Kees Hommes, The signature of leadership - artistic freedom in shared leadership practice, in: The John Ben Sheppard Journal of Practical Leadership, 1(2):1–5. As court painters to the archdukes their collaborations reflected the court's desire to emphasise the continuity of its reign with the previous Burgundian and Habsburg rulers as well as the rulers' piousness.
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During the Thirty Years' War and in particular during the peace negotiations in Münster and Osnabrück, the Protestant rulers had put some effort in setting up an independent postal system using the relay system. In theory, the Imperial postal system held a legal monopoly, which had been granted by Emperor Rudolph II in 1597. However, the Protestant rulers argued that the Habsburg Archdukes operated their own independent "Court Post" system, which had been recognized by Lamoral Claudius Franz's grandfather Lamoral of Taxis. After the Peace of Westphalia, some powerful Protestant rulers, such as the Electors of Brandenburg and Saxony, the Landgraves of Hesse-Kassel and the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg, began setting up independent postal systems in their territories.
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After the end of Calvinist rule in 1585, a procession of citizens and officeholders had retrieved the hosts and carried them back to the church. The re-emergence of the cult in 1585 was primarily as a celebration of the end of Calvinist rule.Margit Thøfner, A Common Art: Urban Ceremonial in Antwerp and Brussels during and after the Dutch Revolt (Zwolle, 2007), pp. 255-258. The Archdukes Albert and Isabella, who ruled in Brussels 1598–1621, made the annual procession a state occasion: > The Blessed Sacrament of Miracles ... had emerged as doubly miraculous after > the end of Calvinist rule in Brussels in 1585 when it became clear that the > sacred hosts had survived intact.
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The Slavs retained their languages in the interior, and local Romance languages (followed by Venetian and Italian) continued to be spoken on the coast.Jože Pirjevec, Serbi croati sloveni, Il Mulino, 2002, Beginning in the early Middle Ages, two main political powers shaped the region: the Republic of Venice and the Habsburg (the dukes and, later, archdukes of Austria). During the 11th century, Venice began building an overseas empire (Stato da Màr) to establish and protect its commercial routes in the Adriatic and southeastern Mediterranean Seas. Coastal areas of Istria and Dalmazia were key parts of these routes since Pietro II Orseolo, the Doge of Venice, established Venetian rule in the high and middle Adriatic around 1000.
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The Navy was only able to draw significant public attention and funds during the three short periods it was actively supported by a member of the Imperial Family. The Archdukes Friedrich (1821–1847), Ferdinand Maximilian (1832–1867) and Franz Ferdinand (1863–1914) each a keen private interest in the fleet, held senior naval ranks and were energetic campaigners for naval matters. However, none lasted long as, Archduke Friedrich died early, Ferdinand Maximilian left Austria to become Emperor of Mexico and Franz Ferdinand was assassinated before he acceded the throne. The Navy's problems were further exacerbated by the ten ethnic groups having more than 5% of the population comprising the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
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The family's most prominent members were Lorenz Helmschmied (floruit 1467-1515), Kolman Helmschmied (1471–1532) and Desiderius Kolman Helmschmied (1513–1579). The Helmschmieds made armour for Philip II of the Spanish Empire, for the high nobility of the Holy Roman Empire, including the emperor himself, the archdukes of Austria and Tyrol, as well as other wealthy clients. They competed for fame and noble patronage with the other two most prominent late 15th century armoursmith families, the Seusenhofers of Innsbruck (Austria) and the Missaglias of Milan. Many works that the Helmschmieds made for Philip II and Charles V are preserved in the Royal Armoury of Madrid, and many of their other works are kept in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna.
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The first appearance of the name Wolewe dates from 1117 and can be found in a charter from Forest (Vorst in Dutch). At that time, the original hamlet and its farms were dependencies of the abbey of Park near Leuven. The onset of difficulties can be traced to the middle of the 16th century, with the hostilities waged by Philip II of Spain against the heretical Protestants and the ensuing poverty and famine took their toll on the entire population. Safety and prosperity returned under the reigns of Archdukes Albert and Isabella at the beginning of the 17th century. The first highway linking Tervuren to Brussels, then known as the “Street of the Duke”, dates from that period.
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Klesl could not be induced to take energetic measures against them and was seized by order of the archdukes and imprisoned at Schloss Ambras in Tyrol. A short time later he was formally arrested by Cardinal Fabrizio Verospi and brought to the castle of Innsbruck, whence he was transferred to the monastery of St. Georgenberg in 1619. In November 1622, Rome, Italy became his place of confinement by order of Pope Gregory XV. He was granted his freedom by the emperor in June of the following year, but was to remain in Rome. Klesl lived to enjoy the satisfaction of seeing himself solemnly brought back to Vienna on 25 January 1628, and reinstated as bishop, but without any political influence.
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The annual procession in honour of the > Sacrament now became as much a commemoration of the second anti-Calvinist > miracle as of the first anti-Semitic one and, after their accession, the > Archdukes conscientiously attended the procession every year while also > turning it into a veritable state event.Monica Stensland, "Peace or No > Peace?", Pamphlets and Politics in the Dutch Republic, edited by Femke Deen, > David Onnekink, Michel Reinders (Library of the Written Word 12; The > Handpress World 7; Leiden, 2010), pp. 247-248. Five windows added in the nineteenth century depict the development of the cult of the Miracle; these were donated by Belgian kings Leopold I and Leopold II and other nobles, this time linking the Miracle to the contemporary Catholic opposition to secularism.
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The museum's first collections were assembled during the reigns of the Dukes of Burgundy and subsequently the Habsburg archdukes, and were placed in various locations in Brussels, their capital. In 1847, the newly formed Kingdom of Belgium acquired the artworks which were placed in the Halle Gate under the name of ("Royal Museum of Armour, Antiquities and Ethnology"). By 1889, the gate had become too small and the collections were relocated to the Cinquantenaire Park (except for the armour and weapons which still remain in the gate). The Cinquantenaire used to be a military training facility until the 1880 National Exhibition when the large iron, glass and steel Cinquantenaire Palace was built with a military museum in the north wing.
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Philippe de Caverel, Latinized as Philippus Caverellius (1555-1636), was an abbot of the Benedictine Abbey of St Vaast, Arras, and a councillor of state to the Archdukes Albert and Isabella. He was founder of Arras College in Paris, of the Jesuit College in Arras, of the College of St Vaast at the University of Douai, and of the English Benedictine monastery in Douai, as well as of a convent in La Bassée. He was also a literary patron of the Baroque period. Caverel was one of the delegates of the County of Artois to the Estates General of 1632, and one of the members of that body deputized to unsuccessful peace negotiations with the Dutch Republic in The Hague.
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"Papa Friedrich Preferred", Time Magazine (18 February 1929) Friedrich died at Ungarisch-Altenburg (Magyaróvár, now Mosonmagyaróvár) in 1936. His death was the biggest royal event for Hungary since the coronation of King Karl in 1916. The funeral and burial in the Pfarrkirche in Mosonmagyaróvár was attended by his nephew, the exiled King of Spain; by numerous archdukes; by all the surviving Austro-Hungarian field marshals; by personal representatives of Hitler; by members of the House of Savoy; by the diplomatic corps; by a son of exiled German Kaiser Wilhelm; by representatives of the governments of Germany, Italy and Austria, and by Hungary's Regent, Miklós Horthy and his wife. There were members of the Hungarian government and delegates of the German and Austrian in attendance as well.
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The visual arts, with the baroque popularized in the wake of the Counter- Reformation, was the perfect tool. This, coupled with the political configuration of the period, made the Archdukes' Court at Brussels one of the foremost political and artistic centers in Europe of that time. It became the testing ground for the Spanish Monarchy's European plans, a boiling pot full of people of all sorts: from artists and diplomats to defectors, spies and penitent traitors, from Spanish confessors, Italian counselors, Burgundian functionaries, English musicians, German bodyguards to the Belgian Nobles. Brussels became a vital link in the chain of Habsburg Courts and the diplomatic conduits between Madrid, Vienna, Paris, London, Lisbon, Graz, Innsbruck, Prague and The Hague could be said to run through there.
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A Collector's Cabinet, Sotheby's Hieronymus II created a number of gallery paintings. Only one of these, the composition referred to as The Cabinet of an Art Lover or The Art Gallery of Jan Snellinck (Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium) is signed and dated 1621. This painting has been the basis for the attribution to Hieronymus of a number of gallery paintings formerly attributed to other artists such as his brother Frans II and Adriaen van Stalbemt. The best known of these pictures is The Archdukes Albert and Isabella Visiting a Collector's Cabinet, which is now generally regarded as a collaboration between Jan Brueghel the Elder and Hieronymus Francken II even though some see the hand of van Stalbemt here too.
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The Walters Art Museum - The Archdukes Albert and Isabella Visiting a Collector's Cabinet The painting contains representations of the wonders of the natural world (animals, plants, and minerals), along with examples of human creativity (painting and sculpture), and attributes of the five senses. As such the composition represents the early phase of the genre of collector's cabinets. During this early ‘encyclopaedic’ phase, the genre reflected the culture of curiosity of that time, when art works, scientific instruments, naturalia and artificialia were equally the object of study and admiration and the cabinets depicted are populated by persons who were as interested in discussing scientific instruments as in admiring paintings.Alexander Marr (2010), 'The Flemish 'Pictures of Collections' Genre: An Overview', Intellectual History Review, 20: 1, p.
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From the 15th to the 18th century, all Holy Roman Emperors were Austrian archdukes of the Habsburg dynasty, who also held the Bohemian and Hungarian royal dignity. After the Protestant Reformation, the Catholic Habsburgs had to accept the 1555 Peace of Augsburg and failed to strengthen their Imperial authority in the disastrous Thirty Years' War. Upon the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, Austria had to deal with the rising Brandenburg-Prussian power in the north, that replaced the Electorate of Saxony as the leading Protestant estate. The efforts made by the "Great Elector" and the "Soldier-king" Frederick William I had created a progressive state with a highly effective Prussian Army that, sooner or later, had to collide with the Habsburg claims to power.
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Most art historians now appear to agree that these works should be attributed to Hieronymus Francken II as van Stalbemt's figures differ from those in these gallery paintings. The staffage in all of the gallery interiors is now seen as most probably the work of as yet unidentified figure painters. Other gallery paintings that were formerly attributed to van Stalbemt have also been re-attributed to Hieronymus Francken II. Even so, some art historians still are of the view that van Stalbemt was also active in this genre. For instance, some art historians still see the hand of van Stalbemt in one of the best known gallery pictures - The Archdukes Albert and Isabella Visiting a Collector's Cabinet (collection of The Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, Maryland).
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The Staufen dynasty managed to get its sons formally elected in their fathers' lifetimes almost as a formality. After these lines ended in extinction, the electors began to elect kings from different families so that the throne would not once again settle within a single dynasty. For some two centuries, the monarchy was elective both in theory and in practice; the arrangement, however, did not last, since the powerful House of Habsburg managed to secure succession within their dynasty during the fifteenth century. All kings elected from 1438 onwards were from among the Habsburg Archdukes of Austria (and later Kings of Hungary and Bohemia) until 1740, when the archduchy was inherited by a woman, Maria Theresa, sparking the War of the Austrian Succession.
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The second tier consisted of high- ranking nobles whose princely title did not, however, imply equality with royalty. These distinctions evolved within the Empire, but were codified by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 when it created the German Confederation and recognised a specific, elevated status (Standesherren or Mediatized Houses) for the mediatized princes of the defunct Empire. The actual titles used by Imperial nobles varied considerably for historical reasons, and included archdukes, dukes, margraves, landgraves, counts palatine, princely counts (Gefürstete Grafen), as well as princes and prince-electors. Moreover, most of the German fiefs in the Empire (except electorships) were heritable by all males of a family rather than by primogeniture, the princely title (or whatever title the family used) being likewise shared by all agnatic family members, male and female.
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In the Burgundian Netherlands, the States of Flanders were the first host of the States-General of the Netherlands, convened in Bruges on 9 January 1464. In 1579–1581, during the Eighty Years' War, the cities and the States of Flanders subscribed to the Union of Utrecht and the Act of Abjuration declaring independence from Habsburg rule, but royal troops reconquered most of the Flemish territory (excepting Zeelandic Flanders) and restored Habsburg rule. Under the government of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella a representation of the First Estate was included in the composition of the States of Flanders. From 1754 smaller towns in Flanders were granted representation in the States, and the responsibilities of the body were extended from voting taxes and levying troops to oversight of public works and public assets.
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In 1612, Rudolph II, Holy Roman Emperor, died and was succeeded by his brother Matthias.Schormann (2004), p. 23 Since Matthias and the other archdukes of the main branch of the Austrian Habsburgs were childless, they agreed to transfer succession over their lands to the Styrian branch of the Habsburgs, thus effectively agreeing on the succession of Ferdinand II. The agreement amongst the Austrian Habsburgs was made without regard to King Philip III of Spain, head of the Spanish Habsburgs, who continued to press his own claims to Holy Roman succession on behalf of his sons.Philip's conflicted motivations and the divided opinions of his ministers are discussed in Magdalena S. Sanchez, "A House Divided: Spain, Austria, and the Bohemian and Hungarian Successions" The Sixteenth Century Journal 25.4 (Winter 1994:887-903).
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In 1592 he delegated powers over all dioceses in the church-province of Utrecht to the nuncio in Cologne and in 1601 he made Albertus Eggius vicar general of the diocese of Haarlem. When this became known to the States of Holland Vosmeer was searched out and Eggius imprisoned for some years. Then, at the start of the 17th century, Vosmeer was officially appointed to head the Catholic community in the Dutch Republic as vicar apostolic by Pope Clement VIII in Rome on 22 September 1602, on which occasion he was also made titular archbishop of Philippi (since it was impossible to make him archbishop of Utrecht). This was against the wishes of the archdukes who, by the 1559 Concordat, demanded the right to nominate the apostolic vicar.
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In light of such the Attems built at the base of the hill a fortified manor which the Italian branch of the family resided in until 1944 when it was burnt down by the Nazifascist regime. After the conquest of Friuli by the Republic of Venice and the incorporation into the Domini di Terraferma by 1433, a part of the family remained in Attimis while Frederick of Attems (1447–1521) moved to Gorizia (Görz), where in 1473 he became chancellor to the last Count Leonhard. When the latters comital line became extinct in 1500, he was confirmed in that office (Count) by the Habsburg emperor Maximilian I and in 1506 even was appointed governor of the Gorizia on behalf of the Inner Austrian archdukes. Frederick's heirs split into the cadet branches of Heiligenkreuz and Petzenstein.
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Philip's wife had succeeded to the Kingdom of Ireland, but the title of King of Ireland had been created in 1542 by Henry VIII after he was excommunicated, and so it was not recognised by Catholic monarchs. In 1555, Pope Paul IV rectified this by issuing a papal bull recognising Philip and Mary as rightful King and Queen of Ireland. King's County and Philipstown in Ireland were named after Philip as King of Ireland in 1556. The couple's joint royal style after Philip ascended the Spanish throne in 1556 was: Philip and Mary, by the Grace of God King and Queen of England, Spain, France, Jerusalem, both the Sicilies and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Burgundy, Milan and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tirol.
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Bochius wrote Latin celebrations of the restoration of Habsburg authority in Antwerp by Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma and of the career of Christopher Plantin. As secretary to the city, he compiled the festival books recording the Joyous Entry into Antwerp of Archduke Ernest of Austria in 1594 (published 1595) and of the sovereign Archdukes Albert and Isabella in 1599 (published 1602).Margit Thøfner, "Marrying the City, Mothering the Country: Gender and Visual Conventions in Johannes Bochius’s Account of the Joyous Entry of the Archduke Albert and the Infanta Isabella into Antwerp", Oxford Art Journal, 22/1 (1999), 1-27. He also produced numerous commendatory verses and epigrams for books by other authors and for prints (collected and published in Cologne after his death) and verse paraphrases of the Psalms of David (partially published posthumously).
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As described by contemporary Spanish magazine El Mundo Gráfico: "The moment when the Austrian archdukes, following the first attempt against their lives, arrived at the City Council (of Sarajevo), where they were received by the mayor and the municipal corporation." The 1910 Gräf & Stift Bois de Boulogne phaeton automobile in which Archduke Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated. It is now displayed in the Museum of Military History in Vienna The Latin Bridge near the assassination site On Sunday, 28 June 1914, at about 10:45 am, Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated in Sarajevo, the capital of the Austro-Hungarian province of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The perpetrator was 19-year-old Gavrilo Princip, a member of Young Bosnia and one of a group of assassins organized and armed by the Black Hand.
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Austrian Parliament building (c. 1900) Unlike the elected House of Deputies, most new members of the House of Lords were appointed. Membership of the House of Lords was made up of: #the appointed Archdukes of the ruling House of Habsburg-Lorraine #the Austrian archbishops and bishops of princely rank (similar to the Lords Spiritual of the United Kingdom) #the heads of the wealthy and landed noble dynasties entitled by the Emperor of Austria (similar to hereditary peers) #Austrian citizens appointed for life by the emperor for their services to the state or church, science or art (similar to life peers). There were a number of spiritual peers who sat in the House by virtue of their ecclesiastical role in the established Roman Catholic church, as well as Greek Catholic Church.
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In 1607, based on recommendations by his brother-in-law, Zierotin, and another relative, Adam of Waldstein, often mistakenly referred to as his uncle, Wallenstein was made chamberlain at the court of Matthias, and later also chamberlain to archdukes Ferdinand and Maximilian. In 1609, Wallenstein married the Czech Lucretia of Víckov, née Nekšová, of Landek, the wealthy widow of Arkleb of Víckov who owned the towns of Vsetín, Lukov, Rymice and Všetuly/Holešov (all in eastern Moravia). She was three years older than Wallenstein, and he inherited her estates after her death in 1614. He used his wealth to win favour, offering and commanding 200 horses for Archduke Ferdinand of Styria for his war with Venice in 1617, thereby relieving the fortress of Gradisca from the Venetian siege.
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His duties in reality also included tutoring Franz Karl's elder brother, the Archduke (and future emperor) Ferdinand and (very briefly) the Archduke Joseph (who died of yellow fever or small pox later that same year). In addition to the three archdukes, Ridler served as educator to their three sisters, the Archduchesses Marie Louise (who later married Napoleon Buonaparte), Leopoldina and Carolina. After two years he resigned his position as court educator when he was appointed a "Regierungsrathe" (loosely, "governing councillor" and to membership of the "Studien-Hofcommission" (loosely, "Education [court] commission"), on which he would serve for the next seven years. Then in 1814, following the death of Court-councillor Anton Spendou the previous year, Johann Wilhelm Ridler accepted an invitation to succeed him as head of the Vienna University Library.
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In the same year, he made his entry in the Collateral Councils that advised the governor-general. Philip II appointed him a member of the Council of State and one of the heads of the Council of Finance. The following year, he was among the delegation that met with the envoys of Queen Elisabeth I at Bourbourg in 1587, in a feigned attempt to end hostilities between England and Spain. At the accession of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella, Arenberg saw his loyalty to the House of Habsburg rewarded. He was maintained as a member of the Council of State (1598) and was appointed a gentleman of the archducal Bedchamber (1599), lieutenant-general and admiral of the Netherlands and president of the Council of Admiralty (1599) and finally grand falconer of the Netherlands (1600).Tytgat (1994) pp. 16–17.
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Portrait of Francesco Sforza (c. 1460) by Bonifacio Bembo. Many pretenders claimed to be the rightful successor to Filippo Maria Visconti, who died without a male heir. These included the capable condottiero Francesco Sforza (husband of Visconti's illegitimate daughter), King Alfonso V of Aragon and Naples (to whom Visconti had bequeathed the Duchy in his will) supported by the influential Bracceschi family, Duke Charles of Orléans (son of Visconti's half-sister), Duke Louis of Savoy (brother of Visconti's widow), archdukes Albert IV and Sigismund of Austria (great-grandchildren of Bernabò Visconti), and Emperor Frederick III (who declared the Duchy should revert to the Holy Roman Empire on the extinction of its male line of succession). However, the citizens of Milan and several Lombard towns loyal to Milan proclaimed the Golden Ambrosian Republic (1447–1450) on 14 August 1447, which rejected any hereditary succession.
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From the 15th to the 17th century, diplomatic gifts, mementoes and curiosa owned by the Dukes of Burgundy and subsequently the Habsburg archdukes were displayed in the Royal Arsenal, a large hall in the vicinity of the palace on the Coudenberg. It was there that the first collections, which are now housed in the Royal Museums of Art and History, were established. Regrettably, a large number of art treasures and objects were removed to the imperial museums in Vienna in 1794. In 1835, with the intention of giving the independence of the young Belgian State an historical perspective, a ("Museum of Antique Weapons, Armour, Object of Art and Numismatics") was established, headed by Count Amédée de Beauffort. The collections were moved to the Palais de l’Industrie, the left wing of the present Royal Museums of Fine Art.
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Patent awarding the title of Imperial Count to Baron Anton Schenk von Stauffenberg, by Emperor Joseph II, 1785 Those counts who received their title by letters patent from the emperor or an Imperial vicar were recognized within the subsequent German Empire as retaining their titles and rank above counts elevated by lesser sovereigns, even if their family had never held imperial immediacy within the Empire. A comital or other title granted by a German sovereign conferred, in principle, rank only in that sovereign's realm, although usually recognised as a courtesy title elsewhere. Titles granted by Habsburg rulers in their capacity as Kings of Hungary, Archdukes or Emperors of Austria were not thereby Reichsgrafen, nor ranked with comparable precedence even post-1806. Titular imperial counts usually had no role in the ruling of the Empire, although there were exceptions.
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Since 1335, both the Carinthian and Carniolan Imperial estates in the north and south were ruled by the Habsburg dukes of Austria. Road and tunnel "over and through Loibl Berg", engraving by Johann Weikhard von Valvasor, 1679 The pass became an important trade route after the City of Trieste went under the umbrella of the Habsburg archdukes in the late 14th century. From about 1560 the Carinthian estates had the former bridle path extended and a 150 m (500 ft) long tunnel built underneath the Karawanks ridge, an early example of modern engineering that later had to be removed due to lack of safety. Another attempt was planned in the 17th century; however, when in 1728 Emperor Charles VI toured the lands of the Habsburg Monarchy, he still had to travel over the Loibl summit, stopping by the Deutscher Peter tavern north of the pass.
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Schloss Eggenberg Arms of Prince Johann Anton I of Eggenberg It was the younger cousin of Ruprecht, Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg, from the main Graz line who brought the family to their ultimate prominence. Graz was the seat of power for the Habsburg archdukes of Inner Austria from 1564–1619. It was during this period that Hans Ulrich, having received a very good Protestant education at the Tübinger Stift, converted to Catholicism in order to serve his lord, Archduke Ferdinand. In 1619, at the onset of The Thirty Years War, Archduke Ferdinand was elected Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and, owing to his own faith and the strong influence of his devoted mother, Archduchess Maria Anna of Bavaria he prosecuted the Counter-Reformation in the Habsburg hereditary lands and the Holy Roman Empire which led to the Thirty Years War between Protestant and Catholic Princes in the Empire as well as the House of Habsburg and the House of Bourbon.
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His/Her Imperial Highness (abbreviation HIH) is a style used by members of an imperial family to denote imperial - as opposed to royal - status to show that the holder in question is descended from an Emperor rather than a King (compare His/Her Royal Highness). The first dynasty to use the style in Europe on the generic basis were the Romanovs in the eighteenth century; the archdukes and archduchess of the House of Habsburg were only styled as Royal Highness given the officially elective nature of the Holy Roman Empire. With the establishment of the Austrian Empire in 1804, the style of members of its imperial family changed to Imperial Highness. Following the Austro-Hungarian compromise with its creation of two intertwined but distinct states, the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary, the style was changed to Imperial and Royal Highness to reflect the double role; however, the colloquialism of omitting "and Royal" was acceptable even for the most formal occasions.
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Inner and Outer Gorizia territories (in white), late 15th century In 1429 the county was reunited under the single rule of Count Henry VI. His son, the last count Leonhard, died in 1500 and despite claims raised by Venice, according to a contract of inheritance the county fell to the Habsburg emperor Maximilian I. While the Lienz area was administrated with the Tyrolean crown land, the "inner county" of Gorizia remained an Imperial State of the Holy Roman Empire ruled by the Inner Austrian Archdukes as part of the Austrian Circle, governed by a capitano. Its territory included the Isonzo Valley down to Aquileia, the area of Cormons and Duino, and the former Venetian fortress of Gradisca, which was conquered by Imperial troops in 1511. Monfalcone formed a Venetian exclave in the county from 1420 to 1797. In 1647 Emperor Ferdinand III separated the "Principality of Gradisca" from Gorizia for his courtier Johann Anton von Eggenberg, until in 1747 both were again merged to form the Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca, a crown land of the Habsburg Monarchy.
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He served on a papal mission to Portugal in 1598–1605, after which Pope Paul V appointed him to the titular see of Damascus on 17 May 1606 and papal nuncio to Flanders on 12 June. He left Rome on 9 July, reached Brussels on 1 September, and was received in audience by the ruling Archdukes Albert and Isabella on 6 September 1606.Carafa's correspondence as nuncio in Brussels has been calendared in the Analecta Vaticano-Belgica, as Correspondance du nonce Decio Carafa, archevêque de Damas, 1606-1607, edited by L. Van Meerbeeck (Brussels and Rome, 1979). Carafa served in Flanders for only eight months, his main concern being to encourage the negotiations that led to the Twelve Years' Truce (1609–1621) temporarily ending the Eighty Years' War. In May 1607 he was transferred to Spain, arriving in Madrid on 25 July. He was received in audience by Philip III of Spain on 3 August 1607. In 1609 he convinced Francisco Suarez to write against the claims of James VI and I regarding the 1606 Oath of Allegiance. In 1610 he played a role in dissuading Philip III from making war on France over French claims in the Rhineland and Italy, and encouraging the negotiations that led to the marriage of Louis XIII to Anne of Austria.
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