Aquifers filter into tributaries, which means overextraction of aquifers results in dry rivers and streams.
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Many of these aquifers are being drained faster than they can be replenished, leading an estimated 20 percent of the world's aquifers to being over-exploited.
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While geoscientists have been able to estimate how far offshore aquifers extend in different continents through well sampling, they haven't been able to determine the absolute sizes of offshore aquifers in different regions.
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Underground aquifers, raided mercilessly to compensate, will not recover quickly.
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Infrequent rainfalls replenish shallow aquifers 150 feet or so underground.
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Many others are depleting aquifers faster than they are being replenished.
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Similar changes began to be revealed in the world's hidden aquifers.
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Chennai's natural rainwater collection systems and aquifers have been completely neglected.
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"The aquifers are at risk in Monterey County," Hsia-Coron said.
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We used to be very dependent on over-pumping our groundwater aquifers.
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People can't keep pumping fresh water out of aquifers without restoring them.
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Water for farming can be gathered through means other than raiding aquifers.
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There will be less seasonal runoff, lower water tables, and emptier aquifers.
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The aquifers also served as incubation ponds for brine shrimp, a staple.
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That will require manually burying carbon in large underground reservoirs and aquifers.
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By the 1800s, Lower Manhattan's ponds and aquifers had already become polluted.
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The delay allowed for seasonal monsoon rains to arrive and replenish aquifers.
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Farmers like him focus on practical issues like erosion or dwindling aquifers.
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Also there are aquifers that haven't fully recharged after years of drought conditions.
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The 16 major aquifers in blue, by contrast, gained water during that period.
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Countries are rarely able to agree on how to share rivers and aquifers.
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And the region also has plenty of natural aquifers that hold water underground.
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Think of Jakarta as sitting on top of giant water bottles, aka aquifers.
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Drought will worsen the water scarcity caused by the over-pumping of aquifers.
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It came after years of overpumping of aquifers by cronies of the regime.
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We've been so successful at using less water that our aquifers have been rebounding.
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The aquifers in central California are not, and I'm fascinated by why that is.
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We're going to have to figure out how to bury it in saline aquifers.
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But it is unsustainable: around a fifth of the world's aquifers are over-exploited.
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The other main source is groundwater, which is the water stored in underground aquifers.
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"What we are saying is that no one is monitoring deep aquifers," Kang said.
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Normally, groundwater (in aquifers) accounts for about 30% of urban and agricultural water use.
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Hundreds of millions of people now rely on aquifers that are rapidly being depleted.
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As groundwater is pumped to make up for shortfalls, ancient aquifers could run dry.
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As I get older, I begin to understand that I have aquifers of emotion.
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At first, they tried to conserve the rapidly depleting reserves in their shallow aquifers.
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Groundwater is moisture in soil and rock, fed by precipitation and stored in aquifers.
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If we are lucky, we get water from natural aquifers and other water wells.
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Among other things, they have measured a significant amount of water returning to aquifers.
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He cites concerns over the impact of continued use of these aquifers on local wetlands.
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Brown signed a law to regulate the speed at which aquifers can be pumped dry.
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Late or light rainy seasons will alter the speed at which reservoirs and aquifers refill.
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Underground aquifers, the other main freshwater source, are nearing levels that will turn them salty.
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Here in Wisconsin we have two main types of aquifers [underground area saturated with water].
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The aquifers below will find decreasing replenishment as humans ask more and more of them.
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Fracking operations often re-inject this chemical-laden water back underground, which can contaminate aquifers.
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Some are the kind of regenerative aquifers that fill though the slow seep of experience.
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Back then, a typical way to study aquifers was to monitor wells in the field.
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Among the most vulnerable aquifers are those underlying the desert basins of the American Southwest.
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This spurs overpumping groundwater from underground aquifers, which distorts the natural equilibrium of the ecosystem.
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That leaves less than 1% of the planet's water easily accessible in rivers, lakes or aquifers.
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Overtapping groundwater in California threatens the state's environment and infrastructure as aquifers collapse and land subsides.
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Nitrates and microbes from faeces also seep into aquifers that supply drinking water in some places.
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This is due to regulators focusing more on replenishing the aquifers and less on depleting them.
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In basins close to the coast, aquifers are being replenished by seawater as much as freshwater.
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Atacama's aquifers are also a key water supply for BHP's Escondida copper mine, the world's largest.
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Refilling aquifers becomes more difficult when housing is built on what were once green, unoccupied hills.
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But dam construction is stalled indefinitely and wells and aquifers can only support so much agriculture.
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Swaths of the mineral-rich north are colored blue, denoting areas where aquifers are over-exploited.
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As became clear during the restoration, they were linked by underground channels that also connect to aquifers.
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Flood waters soak into farm fields and undeveloped areas, and slowly trickle back down into the aquifers.
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Many pay nothing to raid underground aquifers—India pumps two-thirds of its irrigation-water this way.
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Around the region, herders are searching for water by digging new and deeper wells to reach aquifers.
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All that rising saltwater will infiltrate groundwater reserves farther inland, forcing its way into nearby freshwater aquifers.
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Wells dug ten times as deep as those shallow aquifers tap into reserves not renewed by rainfall.
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Because of the continuing drought, the ground under Tehran has started sinking as underground aquifers dry up.
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But the problem has persisted, with privately owned wells and water suppliers continuing to pull from aquifers.
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Saltwater intrusion is spoiling the aquifers, which provide the majority of the drinking water supply for Floridians.
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"It's possible that after a year of very strong rains, those aquifers could be restored," she says.
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The main cause: Jakartans are digging illegal wells, draining the underground aquifers on which the city rests.
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The aquifers there are relatively well-managed to the point that they did provide resilience in the drought.
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When rain falls, some of it sinks into the soil, refilling the aquifers that feed springs and wells.
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New water sources are being rushed to completion, including desalination plants and projects to extract water from aquifers.
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Sucking aquifers dry, for instance, has prompted the land above to subside, damaging roads, bridges and irrigation canals.
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Such conflicts, including disputes between miners and farmers over the use of aquifers, are likely to get worse.
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Rising seas cause saline intrusion: seawater moving into places unaccustomed to it, such as wetlands and freshwater aquifers.
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In 2018, Israel's official water authority said its lakes, rivers, and aquifers were sitting at 100-year-lows.
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But during times of poor rainfall, underground aquifers are not as full, and even boreholes can run dry.
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Most karez start at the foot of the Tianshan Mountains, tapping into subterranean aquifers fed by glacial runoff.
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Tribal members rely on surface water and shallow aquifers, many of which have been poisoned by uranium mining.
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One of Grace's shortcomings is its limited resolution: It can map increases and losses in only large aquifers.
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Aquifers are unimaginably complex and incredibly fragile; once tapped, they can take more than 6,000 years to replenish.
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Dwarf Fortress's latest update brings villains with dastardly plots, fortune telling and aquifers that don't immediately kill you.
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If scientists are lucky, seismic waves could also reveal underground aquifers — places where life could plausibly persist today.
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The combination of prolonged drought, rising temperatures and population growth is threatening aquifers all over the Middle East.
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"Just depends on the local nature of the aquifers and how quickly they respond to this precipitation," he said.
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The drought has prompted protests in major cities and conflicts between miners and farmers over the use of aquifers.
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Neither will the recent storms, although efforts to pump or dribble stormwater runoff back into the aquifers may help.
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"Groundwater pumping from shallow aquifers has already caused some regions to drop by tens of feet," the researchers said.
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These days Honolulu and most of Oahu are seawall and salty aquifers and long, long blocks of abandoned buildings.
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Normally, aquifers supply about 40% of the state's water consumption, the bulk of it being used to irrigate crops.
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The recently published paper marks the first time scientists have examined what happens to water entrapped in firn aquifers.
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Higher tides increase the likelihood of erosion, saltwater intrusion in aquifers, nuisance flooding and major flooding events during storms.
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One major worry is that the wells will suck in water from underlying aquifers into the fractures, complicating operations.
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Some of it stays underground, where it combines with methane and can migrate into aquifers, streams and private wells.
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"The crustaceans in these aquifers are an indication not of the dirtiness of the water but of its health."
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Drilling for water Like many other large businesses, they have also tapped into the city's underground aquifers for water.
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If the scientists are lucky, the seismic waves could reveal underground aquifers — places where life could plausibly persist today.
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Still, many growers welcomed the recent storms and suggested more rain would be helpful to restore the drought-depleted aquifers.
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It also damages the layers of sand and clay that make up aquifers, thereby reducing their capacity to be replenished.
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VICE: What are some of the biggest threats to the earth's aquifers, when it comes to drought and over usage?
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Between the lines: A 2012 study found freshwater aquifers likely are present in Outer Continental Shelf regions of every continent.
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If carried out on a large scale, this would slow down rushing flood waters and let them percolate into aquifers.
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The law requires groundwater users to devise ways of managing the aquifers they tap, so extraction does not exceed replenishment.
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Beyond showing declines in the world's ice sheets and aquifers, Grace clarified the factors influencing the rise in sea levels.
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In Zacatecas, Mexico, the Canadian mining company Goldcorp is being blamed for the contamination of aquifers and harm to wildlife.
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They demand the government secure more water from Turkey, fill the country&aposs reservoirs, and drill into the nation&aposs aquifers.
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"There are all sorts of under-appreciated sources of water," he said, ranging from fog harvesting to aquifers below the seabed.
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Finley says engineers come across all kinds of things digging a tunnel including utility lines, aquifers and sorting out property rights.
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Areas of the valley are experiencing significant subsidence, or sinking, due to the overpumping of groundwater out of aquifers by farms.
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The aquifers in this region supply much of the water for the state&aposs local farms and residents throughout the year.
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The plant scales its production up and down based on how much water is available in the river and its aquifers.
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Mexico City, a mega-city of 21.3 million people, depends on depleting aquifers and risks running out of water one day.
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Still, agriculture uses the bulk of it; about 70 percent of water withdrawn from aquifers is consumed by this one industry.
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It may seem counterintuitive that groundwater aquifers in arid regions, which are by definition parched, are less sensitive to climate change.
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"The water that is healthiest for bathing is that which comes from aquifers rich with underground biodiversity including crustaceans," he writes.
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Georgia irrigates water from several sources with aquifers, but the Floridian aquifer beneath the Flint River basin is the hottest source.
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They collect data on everything from temperature and precipitation to underground aquifers and ocean currents to wildfires, soil moisture, and storms.
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Though before proceeding, we'd need to ensure the CO2 won't leak out from those aquifers — if it does, that's a deal-breaker.
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Depleted aquifers, polluted waterways and silted-up dams threaten renewed and more intense water crises—which will be exacerbated by climate change.
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Saudis have also eyed the scrub along the border, which the kingdom wants to turn into fertile fields by tapping underground aquifers.
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Also, lowering groundwater levels in aquifers has sucked water from nearby rivers and streams, reducing their flow and harming their aquatic life.
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In Western Europe, increasing autumn rains are saturating soil, so even though peak rainfall is happening later, underground aquifers are overflowing earlier.
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Under the new rule companies will have one more year before they are forced to close or retrofit unlined ponds near aquifers.
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Cape Town's 14 reservoirs and two aquifers - the largest being Atlantis Aquifer - will need to be managed better, said Van der Merwe.
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The researchers discovered that twice as much water was trapped on land from 2002 to 2014 than was pumped out of aquifers.
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Then I read another report that found that half the world's natural, freshwater aquifers are emptying faster than they can be filled.
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India's dependence on groundwater and the country's failure to replenish aquifers have exacerbated the crisis, said V.K. Madhavan chief executive of WaterAid.
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" In 2015, Famiglietti's team used Grace to determine that more than half of the world's largest aquifers were "past sustainability tipping points.
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Better regulation of groundwater use and a concerted policy of recharging depleted aquifers will do more for water security than large reservoirs.
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To treat groundwater contaminated with gasoline, workers force oxygen into aquifers, which causes the gasoline to break down into less harmful components.
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The project has faced pushback from affected cities and watershed management agencies, citing concerns that the pipeline crosses important rivers and aquifers.
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Climate change, in turn, is making the rains more erratic, which limits rooftop rainwater harvesting, and fuels floods that contaminate some aquifers.
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These companies are ransacking lands that are part of America's heritage for our children — our wild places, our rivers and our aquifers.
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This, in turn, will unlock funds to help pay for measures begun to provide water, like desalination plants and drilling into aquifers.
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The June-September rains are relied on to replenish reservoirs, recharge aquifers and for half of all farmland that does not have irrigation.
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In many countries people can pump as much water as they like from underground aquifers, because rules are either lax or not enforced.
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Iran's Qanat system tapped into alluvial aquifers and transported water underground across vast valleys helping sustain agricultural life and settlements in arid areas.
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Environmentalists are also concerned that the acids and chemicals used in matrix acidizing could further dissolve delicate limestone formations that protect the aquifers.
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Storage systems in cities have fallen into disuse; aquifers under farmland are depleted year by year faster than the monsoons can refill them.
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In fact, it has declined in the past few years, because the aquifers supplying Himalayan rivers have been shrinking as winter precipitation drops.
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But if there is a lake under Mars' south pole, that may mean there are even more aquifers we just haven't detected yet.
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The most plausible explanation, say the researchers, is that they're connected by underground aquifers, and not through channels or rivers on the surface.
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However, respite has come not from the skies, nor the ground nor ocean through technological tricks to tap subterranean aquifers and desalinate seawater.
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Bangalore was built around a series of lakes that acted as rainwater reservoirs and recharged the aquifers, providing a renewable source of water.
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Most North American aquifers lie beneath the Western United States and date back to the beginning of the continent as we know it.
|
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Aquifers in arid areas, like the Sahara Desert, have a long hydraulic memory and may take millennia to respond to current climate shifts.
|
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Desert aquifers are normally deeper underground, allowing them to remain more independent from changes on the surface (except in areas with heavy irrigation).
|
|
But changing weather patterns produce less rain during the growing season, and the underground aquifers that feed the state's crop are drying out.
|
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As a result, even after this wet year, rural communities, groundwater aquifers and forest ecosystems will still feel the effects of the drought.
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To make up for loss of snowpack, we need to build infrastructure that enables us to use excess runoff to recharge groundwater aquifers.
|
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In Tulare county, as water available for irrigation slowed to a trickle, farmers drilled into the underground aquifers to pump water for their fields.
|
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Proposals for CO2 storage sites have included placing the gas in empty underground aquifers, old oil wells and unminable coal seams, among other places.
|
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McCaulay cited valuable aquifers and unique biodiversity, including rare species of parrots, butterflies, frogs, snails, and ferns, as reasons to protect the remote area.
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Some 670,000 acre-feet of municipal wastewater is used each year in California for agricultural and landscape irrigation, and increasingly for recharging groundwater aquifers.
|
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In the West Bank, some 60 million cubic meters of untreated sewage pollute the Mountain and Coastal Aquifers, streams and the Mediterranean Sea annually.
|
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Pumps to sanitize the water supply sit idle for lack of fuel, while maintenance agencies tasked with chlorinating aquifers go without salaries and supplies.
|
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Fifteen years ago, those wells and aquifers started running dry after the Saudis had tapped them to excess to irrigate wheat fields in desert.
|
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Chemical pesticides, fertilizers and industrial chemicals — whole cocktails of them — are making their way into sloughs, rivers, lakes, streams, aquifers, wells and even rain.
|
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But the worst declines were in Asia and the Middle East, where some of the planet's oldest aquifers were already running out of water.
|
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In the first half of the 20th century Tokyo sank by four metres as Tokyoites not yet hooked up to mains water drained aquifers.
|
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Activists were also concerned the pipeline could pollute many of the 2,500 aquifers, key sources of fresh water, within a mile of the proposed route.
|
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About 97% of the water on earth is salty; the rest is replenished through seasonal rainfall or is stored in underground wells known as aquifers.
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And for water retention in the absence of snowpacks, California has to get creative with catching the stormwater and funneling it back into desiccated aquifers.
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Expansion followed in areas less suited for corn production—often environmentally sensitive or marginal land where inadequate rainfall left farms reliant on already-overdrawn aquifers.
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Its research shows that, despite 99% compliance on paper, only 40% of buildings actually do trap rainwater and store it or inject it into aquifers.
|
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"It's complicated," says Brandon Dugan, a geophysicist and associate professor with the Colorado School of Mines, who has been studying offshore freshwater aquifers since 2002.
|
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The extreme rising sea level has been shown to lead to an increase in sinkholes throughout parts of Florida as saltwater rushes into coastal aquifers.
|
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How does this InSAR satellite technique differ from the traditional ground monitoring of aquifers, that require people or instruments to physically collect data from wells?
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With an irrigation infrastructure that has suffered from years of under-investment and neglect, the city relies heavily on pumping up water from underground aquifers.
|
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This has its upsides for sure—increased carbon sequestration, for one—but it also means that less water will wind up back in our aquifers.
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It means no information about how much fresh water will be polluted or depleted from drinking water supplies, including rivers, lakes, reservoirs and underground aquifers.
|
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California's Orange County, meanwhile, is pumping millions of gallons a day reclaimed from sewer effluent into aquifers, where it is filtered naturally before being drunk.
|
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The problem is driven by the millions of Indonesians who rely on drawing water up from aquifers that lay beneath the city's foundation to survive.
|
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Meanwhile, aquifers are being depleted faster than they can replenish naturally, local conservationists have warned, even as some lawmakers push for deregulation of their use.
|
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Yet these borewells' impact on the water table, plus untrammelled urban development, have led to a drastic depletion of natural aquifers and a countrywide water crisis.
|
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That could be welcome news for some as the storm replenishes aquifers in the state that have been low on water, CNN meteorologist Tom Sater said.
|
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A canal roughly the width of the highway itself rims the Tamiami's north-facing side, catching freshwater and diverting it east, to aquifers along the coast.
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"That could illuminate a network of underground aquifers that would hopefully be more convenient and then aid us in deciding where humans would land," says Green.
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But since 2014, the state has had a law against depleting aquifers, and farmers soon won't be able to take out more water than goes in.
|
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While laws exist to limit drilling of new wells and prevent overuse, Espinoza Hilario said aquifers are around 300 percent overexploited, with extraction fast outpacing replenishment.
|
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Just as ice piling up adds mass to an area, so does water accumulating in lakes, reservoirs, or aquifers, pushing the axis away from an area.
|
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Local-level solutions could include increased use of solar-powered pumping stations and small dams that hold rainwater, allowing aquifers to be replenished, the ICRC said.
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India relies not on rivers but on underground aquifers for some two-thirds of its irrigation and for more than three-quarters of its drinking water.
|
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From its deepest aquifers to its biggest rivers, India is one of the most water-challenged countries in the world, according to the World Resources Institute.
|
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The city floods rapidly because only 4% to 9% of its rainfall seeps into natural aquifers that hold water underground, said Srikantaiah, the Bangalore water expert.
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Srikantaiah is also pushing for the creation of a million small recharge wells dug throughout the city, to capture monsoon runoff and channel it into aquifers.
|
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On the reverse side, the nation's thermoelectric power plants withdraw up to 170 billion gallons of fresh water each day from rivers, lakes, streams, and aquifers.
|
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"Other technologies short of desalination, like wastewater treatment, groundwater recharge, the capture of rainwater and storm water to recharge aquifers, aren't necessarily particularly expensive," she says.
|
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To supply its citizens, it draws on the Salt and Verde rivers to the east, groundwater aquifers, and the Lake Mead reservoir on the Colorado River.
|
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Maybe bet on a hangover: The state's reservoirs are underfilled, its mountains were undersnowed, and its over-tapped aquifers are sporting a record number of new wells.
|
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Runoff from dairy farms and other agricultural activities, like irrigation with a mixture of water and nitrates, seeps into the aquifers, elevating nitrogen levels in the water.
|
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Designed to slow the movement of water through grasses and soils, they replenished aquifers and springs and helped the grasslands retain more water, allowing biodiversity to flourish.
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The southwest monsoon that spans from June to September delivers nearly 70 percent of rains that India needs to water its farms and recharge reservoirs and aquifers.
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They would have been appalled at the green revolution's other consequences, which include soil erosion, a plundering of aquifers and toxic water in much depleted water tables.
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By doing this kind of InSAR monitoring, we can make sure that we are keeping our aquifers healthy, like what we saw in the Santa Clara Valley.
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All such schemes have one aim in common: to capture runoff that would otherwise escape to the sea, and storing it in underground aquifers for later use.
|
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From about the 1930s to the 1970s, farmers overpumped water through Orange County's underground aquifers, the bodies of porous rock that act as a natural filtration system.
|
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The monsoon, the lifeblood of the country's $2 trillion economy, delivers nearly 70 percent of rains that India needs to water farms and recharge reservoirs and aquifers.
|
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Humans are consuming and polluting resources – aquifers and ice caps, fertile soil, forests, fisheries and oceans – accumulated over geological time, tens of thousands of years or longer.
|
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But unlike Jakarta, Washington's sinking has nothing to do with aquifers or rising sea levels -- it's actually because of an ice sheet from the last ice age.
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The water we drink, including that pumped into plastic bottles, comes from streams, rivers and aquifers — the dumping grounds for coal mining, gas fracking and oil refinement.
|
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But more importantly, there may be other such freshwater aquifers like it throughout the world, a potentially huge natural resource on a planet with a steadily growing population.
|
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In the long term, companies could move past oil and instead bury their CO2 permanently underground in saline aquifers and other geological repositories, thus helping with climate change.
|
|
Flash flooding fears The rainfall could be welcome news for some as the storm replenishes aquifers in the state that have been low on water, CNN meteorologists said.
|
|
That means nearly half of the planet's aquifers are projected to be depleted to varying degrees within a century, which could reduce water access for millions of people.
|
|
Climate change will also interfere with the remaining aquifers on timescales longer than a century, said the authors, led by Mark Cuthbert, a groundwater expert at Cardiff University.
|
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At least 20103% of residents tap into aquifers, either because they are not connected to mains water or, if they are, because their supply is unreliable and dirty.
|
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Now they have protocols for measuring the projects' benefits based on three criteria: improving water quality, refilling underground aquifers and boosting flows of water into rivers and streams.
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That has helped to build some support for measures to save the state's shrinking aquifers, a lifeline for communities in western Kansas, though not yet any decisive action.
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Diverting and tapping water from streams and springs, exhausting underground aquifers, and overloading watersheds with pesticides, rodenticides, and fertilizers are other ways that illegal grows decimate the environment.
|
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A government think tank last year predicted the city - like others in India, including New Delhi - could run out of usable groundwater as early as 22018 as aquifers deplete.
|
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Brine from desalination plants that tap brackish lakes, aquifers or rivers far inland is harder to treat than brine from coastal plants that can be piped into the seas.
|
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In the U.S., 45% of the water pulled from reservoirs, rivers, oceans and underground aquifers is used to cool thermal (fossil fuel) and nuclear power plants for electricity production.
|
|
The United States has a vast network of underground saline aquifers that could, in theory, permanently store centuries' worth of CO2 from all our existing coal and gas plants.
|
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Here's the other troubling bit: It's unclear exactly when some of these stressed aquifers might be completely depleted — no one knows for sure how much water they actually contain.
|
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Perhaps Mr Szyszko, a forestry professor, agrees with one local forestry official who says that Bialowieza, weakened by climate change, emptying aquifers and pestilence, "can't survive without man's help".
|
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The city is sinking—a process known as land subsidence—because residents and industries have been draining aquifers, often illegally, to the point that the land is now collapsing.
|
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Their research on firn aquifers in Southeast Greenland, published in Frontiers in Earth Science, shows that the water in the firn aquifer they studied did eventually reach the ocean.
|
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Bottled water in Canada comes from aquifers near the Great Lakes, where it's pumped for $3.71 per million litres by companies that later sell it for a massive profit.
|
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But in places like Florida and California, the company has been accused of contributing to the depletion of spring-fed aquifers and selling a public resource at a profit.
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Forests and other natural habitats produce oxygen, help prevent both drought and flooding, refill aquifers and serve as a living gene bank for agricultural improvement, among many other benefits.
|
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At stake is the area's sensitive natural resources—the pipeline would cross two key aquifers that supply drinking water for millions and feed Austin's iconic Barton Springs swimming hole.
|
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For example, they improve water quality by removing excess materials, they recharge aquifers and they even help to prevent soil erosion – especially in areas that are prone to flooding.
|
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Also, the recent absence of snow cover on the Apennine mountain range that is the main source of Rome's water means less water has seeped into the city's aquifers.
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Making matters worse, most residents and businesses rely on wells that drain underground aquifers for their water supplies, resulting in the city sinking by 5-10 cm each year.
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Production of the stuff burns through 3 percent of the world's natural gas annually, releases tons of carbon into the atmosphere, and runs off into rivers and streams and aquifers.
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But conservationists and campaigners say these efforts will fail unless the government also separates water rights from land ownership, and empowers communities to manage and use groundwater, and recharge aquifers.
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One of the lesser-known causes of sea level rise is the pumping of groundwater out of aquifers for irrigation and other uses, which eventually ends up in the oceans.
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Rocks are one major problem, according to Saurav Kumar Suman, administrative head of Tikamgarh district, who said Bundelkhand's rocky terrain stops rain water from percolating into aquifers and recharging groundwater supplies.
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The basins beneath the Central Valley are being depleted, and the ground is actually sinking, which in turn means these aquifers will be able to store less water in the future.
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These vast underground aquifers—many lying beneath the agricultural heartland of the Central Valley—can hold at least three times as much usable water as all the surface storage areas combined.
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Most experiments involve pumping CO2 into sandstone or deep aquifers, though there are concerns that the gas could eventually escape and reenter the atmosphere — whether through human error or seismic activity.
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Yet few visitors would know that all the water in their taps comes from boreholes sunk into aquifers - underground reservoirs of freshwater that are also used by residents, businesses and agriculture.
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Kusum Athukorala, former chair of the Sri Lanka Water Partnership, said the loss of sand also means less water-storage capacity in rivers, and less water flowing in to restore aquifers.
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But according to Cuthbert's team, extreme flooding and drought in humid areas has a more immediate effect on aquifers because the water table in those regions is close to the surface.
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To ensure food security for the continent's 1.3 billion - and growing - population, countries need to manage their water resources more efficiently, from harvesting rainwater to maintaining aquifers, or underground water basins.
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To ensure food security for the continent's 1.3 billion - and growing - population, countries need to manage their water resources more efficiently, from harvesting rainwater to maintaining aquifers, or underground water basins.
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Florida's extremely porous geology raised fears among environmentalists and Florida residents that well stimulation could more easily lead to contamination of underground aquifers, the source of drinking water for almost all Floridians.
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Beijing is ranked as the fifth most water-stressed city in the world, the study notes, and as China continues to urbanize, the stress on subterranean aquifers is only set to worsen.
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Like Dakota Access, the Keystone XL Pipeline had been the subject of environmental concern from activists, residents and indigenous tribes who worried that the pipeline would pollute as many as 2,500 aquifers.
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Between 40 and 60 percent of the state's water is pumped out of aquifers, and the underground reservoirs are being wrung dry faster than surface water can trickle down to rehydrate them.
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Before water can be properly priced, however, it needs to be clear who owns it (or, more precisely, who has the right to extract how much from rivers, aquifers and so on).
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This is mainly due to the fact that the technology required to map them in 3D — Controlled Source Electromagnetic (CSEM) surveying — has only been recently applied to the study of offshore aquifers.
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A strong new groundwater law requires local managers to make sure people aren't depleting aquifers, but that doesn't necessarily mean those managers will ask people to start installing meters on their pumps.
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Environmentalists, however, complain that the dams have harmed the river's ecosystem, and that pressure has shifted from the river itself to its increasingly polluted tributaries and underground aquifers, which are shrinking alarmingly.
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They will be mapping the whole world on a 12-day repeat, meaning we could see how the ground is moving everywhere on earth and track nearly all aquifers, every 12 days.
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The cash could help governments carry out work such as improving mapping of aquifers in their countries, to understand where improved irrigation is possible and how much water is available, Hatibu said.
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As sea levels creep higher, the coastal megalopolis continues to pump too much water from its underlying aquifers, causing the land to collapse by almost a foot a year in some places.
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But as pressures on water supplies from climate change and rapid urbanization grow, along with data showing that groundwater aquifers are quickly being depleted across the globe, that has begun to change.
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But as pressures on water supplies from climate change and rapid urbanization grow, along with data showing that groundwater aquifers are quickly being depleted across the globe, that has begun to change.
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The entire Adonis Valley is underlain with porous karst stone foundations, jagged rocks ubiquitous throughout the country that give rise to the limestone caves, underwater aquifers and springs spread across Lebanon's mountain ranges.
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Most of the snow is made in a short burst at the start of the season; the water is only temporarily held on the slopes before it flows back into streams and aquifers.
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Despite being a necessity for life, clean, drinkable water can be extremely hard to come by in some places where war has destroyed infrastructure or climate change has dried up rivers and aquifers.
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Despite the heavy downpours that come each rainy season, Mexico City, a mega-city of 21.3 million people, depends on depleting aquifers and has long struggled with providing enough water to its inhabitants.
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An assessment by the Texas Water Development Board determined that the city could expect to run out of water by 2020 if it continued to rely on pumping groundwater out of its aquifers.
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In addition, the EPA is extending deadlines by which companies have to stop putting additional ash in waste facilities if groundwater pollution spikes or if the waste facilities are too close to aquifers.
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And it's places like this where cooperation among countries matters most, Villar said, as climate change is likely to put further stress on surface water resources, making shared ground aquifers ever more important.
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As bucolic as the canals appear, intense exploitation of the area's aquifers over the last 50 years has depleted springs, prompting the authorities to replenish the waterways from a nearby sewage treatment plant.
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LONDON (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - Efforts to share rivers, lakes and aquifers that cross national boundaries are falling short, raising a growing risk of conflict as global water supplies run low, researchers warned on Thursday.
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For example, in certain areas in Mexico and Indonesia, there is a lot of subsidence [a term referring to the sinking of land that permanently damages aquifers] and that is due to groundwater pumping.
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Those solutions include changing farming practices so the soil retains more moisture and nutrients, harvesting rainwater, re-charging aquifers, conserving wetlands that capture runoff and decontaminate water, restoring floodplains and turning rooftops into gardens.
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Trees catch rain as it falls, serving as a filtering and cleansing mechanism as the water makes its way downward into the underground aquifers that we humans depend on for our fresh-water supplies.
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The heavy contamination of supplies near the surface was forcing more cities to dig thousands of feet underground for clean water, and that was taxing the capacity of those deep aquifers, Professor Guan said.
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A draft Groundwater Bill, 2017 proposed a new regulatory framework that recognized the fundamental right to water, the need for decentralized control and protection of aquifers, and sought to give control to local users.
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This will not only reduce river levels, but as the water percolates into the land it should provide another benefit, helping to recharge aquifers that have been depleted statewide because of pumping for agriculture.
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The study's 120 recommendations include a warning that reinjection of waste water into aquifers, a source of freshwater, must not be permitted until investigations can determine whether risks can be managed to acceptable levels.
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The state plan, due by December, will look at how saltwater intrusion affects not just Maryland's agricultural lands but also its aquifers, infrastructure, wetlands and more, said Jason Dubow of the Department of Planning.
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The state plan, due by December, will look at how saltwater intrusion affects not just Maryland's agricultural lands but also its aquifers, infrastructure, wetlands and more, said Jason Dubow of the Department of Planning.
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A more realistic policy might be to use the surface reservoirs, not simply for supplying water to farms and cities during the dry summer months, but also for recharging aquifers during the wet winter months.
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Opponents want the pipeline, if not rejected outright, to be re-routed well away from Nebraska's Sandhills region, named for its sandy soil, which overlies one of the largest freshwater aquifers in the United States.
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What's next: India's government warned in 2018 that 21 Indian cities would run out of groundwater by 2020, placing almost 100 million citizens at risk unless urgent steps were taken to protect and replenish aquifers.
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Starting with Terra in 1999, NASA has launched a fleet of Earth-observing satellites that collect data on everything from temperature and precipitation to underground aquifers and ocean currents and soil moisture to wildfires and storms.
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Arizona, for instance, has policies to promote "water banking" — in which farmers, cities, and other users have incentives to percolate down into sub-surface aquifers to use for later, during periods when surface water is scarce.
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Environmentalists feared a major spill from the proposed Keystone XL pipeline could contaminate the Ogallala Aquifer, one of the world's largest aquifers, which supplies drinking water to more than 2 million people in the Great Plains.
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The images, turned into a GIF, show how the ground in the southern part of the world&aposs fifth largest economy rises and falls when groundwater is pumped in and out of aquifers beneath the surface.
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"The available studies are more than enough to state that the aquifers are subject to destructive overexploitation," Víctor Hugo Alcocer Yamanaka, the technical subdirector for the National Water Commission, or Conagua, wrote in response to questions.
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Jay Famiglietti, a hydrologist at J.P.L. who focuses on tracking changes in groundwater — water stored in underground aquifers around the world — worked as a professor at the University of Texas at Austin in the late 13s.
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Water percolating down through the flooded land would also help recharge aquifers, which, having been severely depleted by pumping for agriculture, are subject to a new state groundwater law requiring that they eventually be made sustainable.
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"We may see all other drought signals improve, but we may see those aquifers and well levels still lingering for quite some time just because of how slow those deep water supplies take to replenish," said Fuchs.
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The Bredasdorp basin, along with similar offshore aquifers found along portions of every other continent, was documented in a 24 paper in Nature by scientists from Flinders University and the National Centre for Groundwater Research and Training.
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Areas that have minimal on-the-ground monitoring, can be monitored with this satellite technique, and we can better understand how much water is being extracted from our aquifers—and that can inform policies for reducing pumping.
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If Drax were to scale up the technology, Drax Power CEO Andy Koss says a pipeline could be built to deliver the CO2 to disused North Sea oil or gas fields or aquifers, for long-term sequestration.
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Bolivia declared a state of emergency in November amid protests and conflicts over the use of aquifers as the country's worst drought in 25 years prompted water rationing and slashed harvests, requiring a sharp rise in imports.
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Unlike many other cities, which can draw their water supplies from various sources like underground aquifers or through desalination plants, Cape Town gets more than 99 percent of its water supply from dams that rely on rain.
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Last year, instead of focusing on "low-hanging fruit" like tapping into local aquifers, the city concentrated on building temporary desalination units, said Kevin Winter, a water expert at the University of Cape Town's Future Water Institute.
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The problem is compounded by the techniques that farmers and cities have developed to get around such water shortages: When rivers run low, they can tap into deep aquifers or pump water from hundreds of miles away.
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The province's lakes, streams, and aquifers are so abundant that it may feel like it'll never run out, and until recently, the province was giving water away to private companies for just fractions of pennies on the liter.
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Los Angeles, which built its growth on water sucked from the distant Owens and Colorado rivers, is looking to capture stormwater and more rain to recharge its own aquifers as climate change and competition threaten its old supplies.
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Modi's budget has allocated a record $217 billion in the federal budget to expand irrigation and recharge aquifers - two thirds of that could come from overseas loans At stake are both Modi's political future and his growth ambitions.
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It says its own supply (which is drawn from local aquifers) is tainted with cancer-causing radium—three times the limit set by the Environmental Protection Agency, or the EPA—and it's been getting worse year after year.
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In the Central Valley, which contributes around 8 percent of the food produced in the US, people have sucked so much water out of underground aquifers that in some places the land has dropped by nearly four feet.
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Some 20115 percent of the population of six million live along or near the northern Mediterranean coast and depend on fresh water pumped via its pipelines from vast aquifers further south, where Libya's abundant oil reserves also lie.
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While the costs of tapping offshore aquifers would likely dwarf the expense of traditional water well drilling, they would arguably be a small price to pay compared to the financial blow the region could face on Day Zero.
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But it's not just about ice: the GRACE satellites can also help us monitor droughts by measuring how underground aquifers change during dry periods, as well as the general distribution of water in soil, lakes, rivers, and glaciers.
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The province's lakes, streams, and aquifers are so abundant that it may feel like it'll never run out, and until recently, the province was giving water away to private companies for just fractions of pennies on the litre.
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"The available data shows no long-term decline in the aquifer's water level and no unacceptable water quantity impact on the bedrock and overburden aquifers within the vicinity of Nestle's wells," the spokesperson wrote in an emailed statement.
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The Trump administration is also working to rescind the Clean Water Rule, and exclude from protection small wetlands, streams and floodplains that collectively recharge our aquifers, lessen risk of flooding, trap sediments, reduce run-off and sequester pollutants.
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The downpours top up the aquifers that slake the thirst of tens of millions of people in Brazil's cities and irrigate the farmlands that feed them, even those thousands of miles away and far from the rainforest itself.
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Second, while most of the saline aquifers (porous, brine-filled rocks deep underground) that are being discussed for large-scale CCS have not yet been explored in any detail, the reservoirs from which EOR draws are much better understood.
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MIAMI — With geology akin to a wet sponge and fragile underground aquifers that supply almost all its drinking water, Florida has never been considered part of the agitated battle over fracking as a technology for extracting oil and gas.
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Ibama said the companies behind the dam project had failed to supply information on the impact it would have on aquifers, on deforestation, the destruction of plant and animal life and the loss of farm land for indigenous communities.
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Drinking municipal tap water means connecting yourself to your local water system, where the goals are to think holistically about the conservation of natural resources, replenish local aquifers, and build a resilient infrastructure to distribute water to the public.
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India's so-called sand mafia, operating in collusion with local officials, has also contributed to the problem by illegally removing sand — important to allow water to percolate into underground aquifers — from riverbeds to supply concrete for India's construction boom.
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CAPE TOWN, South Africa (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - Cape Town is planning to launch a new fund by the end of 2400 that will improve its water supply by restoring the native shrubland plants covering the region's watersheds and aquifers.
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What's happening: Of the 34 areas with prominent changes in freshwater availability, 8 of them were found to be due to climate change, and 14 were from other human activities, such as sucking groundwater out of aquifers for crops.
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This proposed law calls for a new reservoir below Lake Okeechobee, which would be able to contain overflow and store water that would be used for agriculture, to replenish the ecosystem during low tides, and drinking water in aquifers.
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The proposal would regulate a mining method called in-situ recovery, which involves injecting a solution into aquifers containing uranium and bringing that solution to the surface for processing — a method criticized by environmentalists as posing wider contamination risks.
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The Persian qanat This vital irrigation system consists of 11 qanats -- the ancient method of "tapping alluvial aquifers at the heads of valleys, and conducting the water along underground tunnels by gravity, often over many kilometers," according to UNESCO.
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"[There is] no doubt such strong and directional lowering of levels of groundwater aquifers and superficial waters is caused by mining activities," he said, adding many native plants have disappeared from the region and the old oak trees are dying.
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Surficial, coastal aquifers are already being contaminated by saltwater intrusion on account of the Everglades being too dry, and as the oceans continue to creep up without enough freshwater recharge from the wetlands, the threat is expected to get worse.
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Cowart, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGOThe going theory is that the outflow channels were formed by water bursts from subterranean aquifers, but scientists haven't been able to rule out other possibilities, namely lava or debris flows (like highly porous mud).
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Measures taken in sponge cities include covering buildings with green roofs and facades, and creating urban wetlands and trenches to filter run-off water that can be used to replenish aquifers, irrigate gardens and urban farms, flush toilets and clean homes.
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These are called "firn aquifers," and occur when surface-level glacier ice melts in the summer, then keeps its liquid state year-round—thanks to snow that creates a blanket on top of it, trapping it beneath the surface, Poinar said.
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Jordan and the Palestinian Authority are already entitled to 120 million cubic meters of water a year from the Jordan river and West Bank aquifers but this is not enough to meet demand, particularly in Jordan, which regularly suffers from shortages.
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One of the places machine learning is turning out to be the most beneficial is in the environmental sciences, which have generated huge amounts of information from monitoring Earth's various systems — underground aquifers, the warming climate, or animal migration, for example.
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In the past, residents have been banned from digging wells within 100 meters (328 feet) of each other, but wells are now routinely dug 5 to 10 meters (16-32 feet) apart, sucking ever more water from the aquifers, said Khan.
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"They were not very sensitive to environmental problems, and they extracted a lot of freshwater from the aquifers," said Sonia Silvestri, a senior researcher at the University of Bologna who has done extensive work on sea level rise in Venice.
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Aquifers across the globe are beginning to quietly dry up under the compounded strain of increased food production and a two-decade stretch that now includes the 2111 warmest years in recorded history, sending farmers plumbing deeper for deposits of water.
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A policy of unregulated pumping on the Arabian Peninsula had, in 40 years, drained aquifers that had taken 20,000 years to form, leaving thousands of acres fallow and forcing Saudi Arabia and others to outsource much of their agricultural production.
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But over the next 100 years, climate-related rainfall changes could disrupt the process of "recharge," the term for groundwater replenishment, in an estimated 44 percent of aquifers on the planet, according to a study published Monday in Nature Climate Change.
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Mains water, which is desirable in its own right, may stop people without access to it from draining aquifers, which causes land to subside; parts of Jakarta are sinking by 25cm a year, much faster than its sea is swelling.
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"The reality of climate change and sea level rise means this is increasingly going to become an issue for delta cities as sea water intrudes into rivers and aquifers, especially during drought and where groundwater is already depleted," she said.
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"The reality of climate change and sea level rise means this is increasingly going to become an issue for delta cities as sea water intrudes into rivers and aquifers, especially during drought and where groundwater is already depleted," she said.
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Photographer Mette Lampcov visited the hard-hit, unincorporated towns of Cantua Creek, Three Rocks, and Seville, all of which rely on either contaminated surface water or aquifers, to shine a light on the dangers and difficulties faced by residents living with unsafe water.
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" The report depicts a global food system increasingly disrupted by "rapid freeze-thaw cycles in spring and fall, soil degradation, depletion of fossil water aquifers, intensified spread of agricultural pests and diseases, and damage to shipping infrastructure as a consequence of flooding.
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Fewer than one in three of the world's transboundary rivers and lake basins and just nine of the 350 aquifers that straddle more than one country have cross-border management systems in place, according to a new index by the Economist Intelligence Unit.
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The goal is to store 86,000 acre-feet a year in nearby reservoirs and aquifers—more than enough, officials say, to meet the demand of the growing population and decrease reliance on the dwindling Virgin River, currently Washington County's primary water source.
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On my way to the ranch, along the I-5 corridor in the central part of the state, I pass more than a dozen signs lobbying for protections for surface water and aquifers, paid for by a group called Families Protecting the Valley.
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Silicon Valley personifies this spirit, too: Its chip fabrication plants contaminated groundwater aquifers, adding 19 federal Superfund sites to Santa Clara county and leaving countless workers—mostly women, mostly immigrant, very deliberately not unionized—with severe health problems and little recourse or compensation.
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Farming fish in the desert might sound counterintuitive but Algeria hopes to tap the huge aquifers beneath the Sahara - that covers about 80 percent of the country - as it seeks new ways to feed its growing population and diversify its oil based economy.
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"Through this tool, the regulator can easily tell when water levels in the aquifers are going down, and that way it will be easier to control the amount of water that can be extracted for industrial use at any given time," he said.
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It makes products that permeate daily life around the globe, like baby formula, coffee, ice cream, pet food and bottled water, and activists blame it for draining aquifers, fueling obesity with fatty and sugary foods and littering the world with plastic packaging.
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The world is expected to face a 40 percent shortfall in water availability by 2030, according to the U.N. With underground aquifers crucial to the planet's fresh water supply, governments are under pressure to better manage common resources to avoid potential conflicts.
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Water still courses through streams and seeps into aquifers, bees still pollinate our roof-deck zucchini plants, and an inestimable number of raccoons and opossums thrive in perpetual gratitude for our uniquely human habit of throwing garbage into convenient dispensers lining the sidewalks.
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The result: "25 percent of the total water that is withdrawn from aquifers, rivers and lakes exceeds the amount that can be replenished" by nature, according to Claudia Sadoff, a water specialist who prepared a report for the World Bank on Iran's water crisis.
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A good friend of mine even shared the phone number of one of many borehole companies that are working non-stop around the city to tap into the three main aquifers -- natural underground water storage areas made from layers of permeable rock -- beneath Cape Town.
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The crisis, which has forced the government to access non-renewable sources from fossilized aquifers, is made worse by contributing factors such as climate change, population increase and the poor state of the distribution network, which is blamed for water losses of up to 40 percent.
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Jacobo Espinoza Hilario, who works on water issues for the International Habitat Coalition, a nonprofit network that deals with housing issues, said part of the problem is the government not enforcing regulations for new developments, especially those on hilltops that could replenish badly depleted aquifers below.
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We also know to some certainty where they were used the most ... airports and firefighting ... so we are able to use our GIS mapping to overlay that with the water systems and aquifers to go out to the communities and test before people there realize it.
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We've already overpumped the aquifers that lie beneath most of the world's breadbaskets; without the means to irrigate, we may encounter a repeat of the nineteen-thirties, when droughts and deep plowing led to the Dust Bowl—this time with no way of fixing the problem.
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Experts warn that blocking the river and building the dam, which will require flattening up to 500 acres of hillside forest, will not only stifle the river flow and destroy natural habitats but endanger a vast underground network of aquifers that feed Beirut's primary water source, the Jeita spring.
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While these reservoirs also exist outside of Greenland—in the Arctic and in mountain glaciers around the world—Poinar described Greenland as "more of a wildcard" in terms of how its melting ice could ultimately contribute to sea level rise, so understanding these firn aquifers is very important.
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Much has changed since I was in grade school, but the concept of the water cycle surely has not: For hundreds of millions of years, a finite amount of fresh, potable water has cycled through rivers, streams and aquifers, into the atmosphere and back down to the ground.
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A study on urban water in sub-Saharan Africa, released by The Nature Conservancy in July, said 28 cities could improve water supplies for more than 80 million residents by investing in conservation, including forest protection and good farming practices on land that drains into rivers, lakes and aquifers.
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RIO DE JANEIRO (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - Hailed as the gold standard for sharing natural resources, a landmark deal between four countries to manage one of the world's largest aquifers has stalled, Brazilian and Argentinian officials said, raising questions over how states will handle disputes over increasingly valuable fresh water.
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For much of the rainy season and the months that follow, many households use hand pumps to extract from the shallow aquifers under their properties and provide for at least some of their needs, but the more the valley is tarmacked over the less the groundwater is replenished.
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The target of the GOP's fury is the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), a last-ditch option for communities whose aquifers have been tainted by manure that seeps into the ground and makes its way into the wells that many rural districts rely on for drinking water.
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Rick Colwell, a scientist at Oregon State who works on the Deep Carbon Observatory's deep life census, told Gizmodo the observatory began by trying to understand how microbes living hundreds or even thousands of meters below the surface could be used to do things like, say, clean up polluted aquifers.
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They hammered out creative ways to bring solar power, sewage treatment and clean water to the impoverished Gaza Strip, where the lights are out more than they are on, the aquifers are befouled, and raw sewage has been pouring into the Mediterranean — sometimes overwhelming a nearby Israeli desalination plant with pollution.
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Ray Gagnon, executive director of the water district, told reporters that the district was working to protect all of its facilities in the "inundation zone," and preparing other sources of water, including aquifers, recovery wells, groundwater wells and the county's interconnect with the nearby Grand Strand Water and Sewer Authority.
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Ray Gagnon, executive director of the water district, told reporters that the district is working to protect all of its facilities in the "inundation zone," and preparing other sources of water, including aquifers, recovery wells, groundwater wells and the county's interconnect with the nearby Grand Strand Water and Sewer Authority.
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Ray Gagnon, executive director of the water district, told reporters that the district is working to protect all of its facilities in the "inundation zone," and preparing other sources of water -- including aquifers, recovery wells, groundwater wells and the county's interconnect with the nearby Grand Strand Water and Sewer Authority.
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If the dark streaks are formed by shallow aquifers seeping to the surface, future astronauts exploring Mars could theoretically use these streaks to find water that could be used as a resource, according to David Stillman, a geophysicist at Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado, who was not involved with the study.
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A recent study—conducted by researchers from the University at Buffalo, in conjunction with NASA, UC Berkeley, and Purdue University—shows that a new technique of satellite monitoring is an effective method of tracking water levels in aquifers, improving our understanding of these water supplies and helping us to manage them sustainably.
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California's water managers have the unenviable task of trying to balance numerous conflicting issues—from water rights inherited from a century ago to overdrafting and recharging of aquifers, recycling wastewater, diverting river flows, dismantling dams, conflicts between agricultural and residential needs, a rapidly expanding urban population, and pressure to conserve the natural environment.
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One of the largest aquifers in the world, the Ogallala, which runs through eight Plains states, is not a vast subterranean lake, as one might imagine, but a 174,000-square-mile layer of waterlogged earth, moving and twisting through strata of dry rock like a wet article of clothing in the laundry bin.
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Groundwater testing company Harden Environmental Services concluded in a 2016 report that "the water taking by [Nestle] results in the depressurization" of the aquifer that the water is being pumped from, which could turn wells or septic tanks in the area into routes for contaminants in other areas and aquifers to fill the void.
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But even more moderate sea level rises will be a problem: it means higher tides, more nuisance flooding, more washed-out roads, more saltwater intrusion into drinking water aquifers, more corroded electrical lines, more septic tanks leaking bacteria-laden waters into the streets, and, of course, higher, more damaging storm surges when hurricanes hit.
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Congress and President Obama should pass updated legislation creating inside the United States Geological Survey a vigorous water data agency with the explicit charge to gather and quickly release water data of every kind — what utilities provide, what fracking companies and strawberry growers use, what comes from rivers and reservoirs, the state of aquifers.
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The Ford site would also utilize one of the first Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) systems in the U.S. An energy-saving technology popular in the Netherlands and Scandinavia (where it's used at Stockholm's main airport), ATES pumps groundwater—which essentially remains the same temperature year-round—out of deep aquifers to heat and cool buildings.
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For these reasons, we call on the EPA to clearly state in its report the logical conclusion of its own findings: that specific mechanisms associated with fracking activities place our aquifers and drinking water at increased risk of harm, and that evidence exists of harm already inflicted on drinking water resources, caused directly by fracking and its related activities.
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These will include a loss of fresh water for millions of people whose aquifers depend on rapidly melting glaciers, a collapse in fish population, and rising seas that will displace huge numbers of people, according to reporting from the news agency Agence France-Presse (AFP), which obtained a draft of a special report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
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"It is not uncommon for estimated spill volumes to be revised at spill sites as more information about the nature and extent of contamination is discovered during the cleanup effort,"Brian Walsh, Environmental Scientist Manager for the South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources told VICE News in a statement The department maintains that no surface water bodies or drinking water aquifers were impacted by the spill.
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