"An application programmer should not need to know or care about where functionality is actually provided," says Bryant Eastham, President of OpenDOF Project.
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The parts of Java that Oracle wants to be paid for are the Application Programmer Interfaces, or A.P.I.s, which are the instruction sets that enable one computer to share the data and behavior of another.
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So, all the work of keeping up with changes relies on the application programmer.
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The MUI application programmer interface has been cloned by the Zune toolkit used in the AROS Research Operating System.
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This is in contrast to CGI, which is an earlier application (gateway) interface designed to let the application programmer avoid the complexity of sockets and long-running service processes when poor scalability and high overhead are acceptable. The SCGI protocol leverages the fact that the client has already parsed and validated the HTTP request, and canonically communicates the request to the SCGI server while letting the application programmer avoid parsing ambiguities and protocol edge cases. This avoids the complicated header-parsing and header-combining rules from RFC2616, saving significant complexity in the SCGI server process.
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Information Processing Language (IPL) is a programming language created by Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, and Herbert A. Simon at RAND Corporation and the Carnegie Institute of Technology about 1956. Newell had the job of language specifier-application programmer, Shaw was the system programmer, and Simon had the job of application programmer-user. The code includes features intended to help with programs that perform simple problem solving actions such as lists, dynamic memory allocation, data types, recursion, functions as arguments, generators, and cooperative multitasking. IPL invented the concept of list processing, albeit in an assembly-language style.
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Application-level support is provided through the pseudo-device , which provides access to the hardware drivers through a standard ioctl interface. This simplifies the writing of applications and removes the need for the application programmer to understand the operational details of the actual hardware that will be used.
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MCAPI is a language-independent, processor and operating system agnostic communications protocol used to program multi-core devices. MCAPI provides three modes of communication: messages, packets, and scalars. MCAPI is a message-passing application programmer interface, together with protocol and semantic specifications for how its features must behave in any implementation. The primary goals for any MCAPI implementation are extremely high performance and low memory footprint.
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David Caminer, OBE (26 June 1915 – 19 June 2008) has been called "the world's first corporate electronic systems analyst" and "the world's first software engineer". He carried out the systems analysis and charting for the world's first routine business computer job. He was a British computer engineer who developed the world's first business computer, LEO (Lyons Electronic Office). He was also called "the first business application programmer".
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Configuring Nut/OS and Nut/Net is quite simple. After download of the source packages the Nut/OS configurator has to be executed which will build the needed libraries for the selected hardware configuration. Application programmers will now use these Nut/OS and Nut/Net libraries to write its own software. Beside of the Nut/OS libraries the application programmer can use the standard C libraries.
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Most event-driven programming environments already provide this main loop, so it need not be specifically provided by the application programmer. RPG, an early programming language from IBM, whose 1960s design concept was similar to event-driven programming discussed above, provided a built-in main I/O loop (known as the "program cycle") where the calculations responded in accordance to 'indicators' (flags) that were set earlier in the cycle.
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The GUI client is written in Qt, a C++ toolkit for application development. It lets application developers target all major operating systems (Windows, Linux/Unix, Mac) with a single application source code. Qt provides a platform-independent API to all central platform functionality: GUI, database access, networking, file handling, etc. The Qt library encapsulates the different APIs of different operating systems, providing the application programmer with a single, common API for all operating systems.
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The main issue in approximate computing is the identification of the section of the application that can be approximated. In the case of large scale applications, it is very common to find people holding the expertise on approximate computing techniques not having enough expertise on the application domain (and vice versa). In order to solve this problem, programming paradigms have been proposed. They all have in common the clear role separation between application programmer and application domain expert.
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The DirectSound architecture features a concept of the "ring buffer" which would be continuously played in a cycle. The application programmer creates the sound buffer then continuously queries its state through the "read cursor" and updates it with the "write cursor". There are two types of buffers - a "streaming" buffer, which holds continuous sounds such as background music, and a "static" buffer which holds short sounds. On supported sound cards, DirectSound would try to use "hardware accelerated" buffers, i.e.
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Proprietary language compilers (such as COBOL and ALGOL) would use the database description file to create database-related elements in the object code of the compiled program. These compilers used language extensions to provide a more natural interface to the database by the programmer. A number of intrinsic functions were inserted by the compiler to ensure the program and database used the same definition of database structures. Originally, DMSII maintained a data dictionary that the application programmer referenced in its source code.
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Of course, there are many possible solutions to this difficulty, but often the application programmer does not want to deal with low level details such as binary file formats. Structured storage provides an abstraction known as a stream, represented by the interface `IStream`. A stream is conceptually very similar to a file, and the `IStream` interface provides methods for reading and writing similar to file input/output. A stream could reside in memory, within a file, within another stream, etc.
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In the 1970s, IBM introduced fixed block architecture (FBA) for mainframes. At the programming level, these devices do not use the traditional CHR addressing, but reference fixed-length blocks by number, much like sectors in mini-computers. More correctly, the application programmer remains unaware of the underlying storage arrangement, which stores the data in fixed physical block lengths of 512, 1024, 2048, or 4096, depending on the device type. For some applications, FBA not only offers simplicity, but an increase in throughput.
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The application programmer uses API specified command types to indicate the usage or purpose of the command in an application user interface. Common types are BACK, EXIT, ITEM, SCREEN. The idea of the command abstraction is to make applications more portable across various mobile devices. Application developers should use the command types properly to indicate the purpose of an operation, and device implementation then places the operation to the common location for a given type in a device's specific user interface style.
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A common aspect of an ABI is the calling convention, which determines how data is provided as input to or read as output from computational routines; examples are the x86 calling conventions. Adhering to an ABI (which may or may not be officially standardized) is usually the job of a compiler, operating system, or library author; however, an application programmer may have to deal with an ABI directly when writing a program in a mix of programming languages (or even different compilers for the same language).
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A column is used as a store for the value and has a timestamp that is used to differentiate the valid content from stale ones. According to the CAP theorem, distributed data stores cannot guarantee consistency, as availability and partition tolerance are more important issues. Therefore, the data store or the application programmer will use the timestamp to find out which of the stored values in the backup nodes are up- to-date. Some data stores, like Riak, may use the more sophisticated vector clock instead of the timestamp to resolve stale information.
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Struts provides the controller (a servlet known as `ActionServlet`) and facilitates the writing of templates for the view or presentation layer (typically in JSP, but XML/XSLT and Velocity are also supported). The web application programmer is responsible for writing the model code, and for creating a central configuration file `struts-config.xml` that binds together model, view, and controller. Requests from the client are sent to the controller in the form of "Actions" defined in the configuration file; if the controller receives such a request it calls the corresponding Action class that interacts with the application-specific model code.
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Consistency in database systems refers to the requirement that any given database transaction must change affected data only in allowed ways. Any data written to the database must be valid according to all defined rules, including constraints, cascades, triggers, and any combination thereof. This does not guarantee correctness of the transaction in all ways the application programmer might have wanted (that is the responsibility of application-level code) but merely that any programming errors cannot result in the violation of any defined database constraints.C. J. Date, "SQL and Relational Theory: How to Write Accurate SQL Code 2nd edition", O'reilly Media, Inc.
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A number of languages have been designed for the purpose of replacing application-specific scripting languages by being embeddable in application programs. The application programmer (working in C or another systems language) includes "hooks" where the scripting language can control the application. These languages may be technically equivalent to an application-specific extension language but when an application embeds a "common" language, the user gets the advantage of being able to transfer skills from application to application. A more generic alternative is simply to provide a library (often a C library) that a general-purpose language can use to control the application, without modifying the language for the specific domain.
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The source for the data structures was maintained in an ordinary CANDE source file. That source was then compiled with the DASDL compiler, which created the dictionary (description file) if none existed prior. If a dictionary did exist, the new design indicated by the source file was incorporated into the dictionary; the programs to copy the data from the old file structure(s) and write to the new file structure(s) were automatically generated (a database reorganization task). The application programmer merely needed to re-compile his application source (typically COBOL) against the new description file and the programmer could take advantage of new data elements in the structures.
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As well as identifying rows/records using logical identifiers rather than disk addresses, Codd changed the way in which applications assembled data from multiple records. Rather than requiring applications to gather data one record at a time by navigating the links, they would use a declarative query language that expressed what data was required, rather than the access path by which it should be found. Finding an efficient access path to the data became the responsibility of the database management system, rather than the application programmer. This process, called query optimization, depended on the fact that queries were expressed in terms of mathematical logic.
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The Climate and Forecast (CF) conventions are metadata conventions for earth science data, intended to promote the processing and sharing of files created with the NetCDF Application Programmer Interface (API). The conventions define metadata that are included in the same file as the data (thus making the file "self-describing"), that provide a definitive description of what the data in each variable represents, and of the spatial and temporal properties of the data (including information about grids, such as grid cell bounds and cell averaging methods). This enables users of data from different sources to decide which data are comparable, and allows building applications with powerful extraction, regridding, and display capabilities.
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The balloon graphics and resizing were supplied by the operating system itself. The balloon content when displayed in text typically was sourced entirely from resources, as they could be added fairly easily using Apple's Rez resource compiler or third- party software like Resourcerer. Apple also supplied a custom editor application to simplify the process, which displayed a list of only those objects that required balloons, and edited the text inside a balloon shape to give the developer a somewhat rough idea of how the resulting balloon would be displayed. Additionally, there was a system level API that could be utilized by the application programmer to directly create and display balloons containing text, graphics, or a mixture of both.
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