The treatments include generic Flonase, the antihistamine nasal spray azelastine, and the generic versions of Xyzal, a pill-based antihistamine, and Singulair.
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For instance, stinging nettle works just as fast as any antihistamine for hay fever, without any of the downside of the antihistamine.
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Participants either wore two antihistamine-treated lenses, two regular lenses without the antihistamine, or one of each - but they didn't know what they were wearing.
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Researchers randomly assigned 100 adults with itchy hives to have daily treatment with either an antihistamine (levocetirizine, brand name Xyzal) and prednisone, or the antihistamine and a sugar pill.
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After a tablet of an antihistamine (cetirizine), the hives disappeared.
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Treatment typically includes antihistamine and medications to lessen the itching.
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I had a mild cold and had taken an antihistamine.
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Taking a non-drowsy antihistamine prior to drinking wine may help.
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My GP had no answers, but figured that an antihistamine couldn't hurt.
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Antihistamines help by blocking the effect of histamines, hence the term antihistamine.
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But the ones you take before bed contain doxylamine succinate, an antihistamine.
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Diclegis is a combination of the antihistamine doxylamine and pyridoxine, or vitamin B6.
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But apple cider vinegar doesn't really have any antihistamine properties, Dr. Wolbert says.
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The antihistamine is not supposed to be given to children younger than 2.
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The first drug that the company is testing is Loratadine (a common antihistamine).
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Taking an over-the-counter antihistamine before sex may also help reduce symptoms.
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"I just upped my antihistamine to try to break through it," she said.
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Clinton revealed in the session that she had increased her intake of antihistamine.
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Bayer, the maker of Clarityn, an antihistamine drug, has a popular pollen-forecasting app.
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"Did you take what he said was an antihistamine?" prosecutor M. Stewart Ryan asked.
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Devonte, boy in viral photo, missing Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine that can cause drowsiness.
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Premethadone, codeine, diazepam and an antihistamine were found in his system, the report said.
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Other drugs linked to overdose deaths were benzodiazepines; diphenhydramine, an antihistamine; and gabapentin, an anticonvulsant.
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The toxicology report also found traces of an anti-depressant and antihistamine in her system.
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"W-21 could be an antihistamine, extremely powerful one, maybe an anti-inflammatory," Virani said.
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Pence suffers from seasonal allergies and the only medication he takes is Claritin, an antihistamine.
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She testified she had a cold at the time and Cosby offered her an antihistamine.
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Clements also takes Phenergan, which acts as an antihistamine, and Tizanidine, which treats muscle spasms.
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Antihistamine eye drops and saline eye drops to flush out your eyes are your best bet.
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He took medicine for high cholesterol, the antihistamine and the antacid medicine, but that was it.
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Taking an over-the-counter antihistamine can reduce the itching, as can a strong topical cortisone ointment.
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You can also apply a topical antihistamine or analgesic cream, but check with a medical professional first.
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But if you've heard that taking an antihistamine like Claritin or Zyrtec helps control blushing, think again.
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Doctors often prescribe an oral corticosteroid, like prednisone, along with an antihistamine to treat mild itchy rashes.
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If melatonin doesn't work, she says an antihistamine, such as diphenhydramine, can help with sleep as well.
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Benadryl is a type of antihistamine, meaning it works by blocking the molecular signal known as histamine.
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One of the drug's main ingredients is an antihistamine, so this stuff can very easily make you drowsy.
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If swimmers do develop a rash, they should use antihistamine creams, calamine lotion and take an oatmeal bath.
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In her testimony, Lasha said she had a cold at the time, and Cosby offered her an antihistamine.
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Then he offered her what he said was an antihistamine to help her cold, and some almond liqueur.
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The antihistamine-containing lenses, developed and tested by Johnson & Johnson, significantly quieted eye allergy symptoms, researchers reported in Cornea.
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And, a very small laboratory study found that Reishi can have an antihistamine-like effect and help people with allergies.
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Her medications include a thyroid medication, a blood thinner, an antihistamine for seasonal allergies, and B-12 for mild anemia.
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Plus, she adds, even mild allergic reactions may warrant treatment, which may mean keeping an antihistamine like Benadryl in your bag.
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But for children younger than 2 years old, avoid over-the-counter cough and cold medications that contain a decongestant or antihistamine.
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Ngo recommends an antihistamine or decongestant before bedtime, or placing nasal strips on your nose to open the passageways for easy drainage.
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Dr. Wolbert usually recommends that patients take an antihistamine, like Zyrtec or Xyzal, before a workout or as part of their daily routine.
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If you have allergies, the struggle to stop the constant drip-drip-drip with an antihistamine can lead to bad breath, as well.
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She had a cold, so Cosby offered her a pill that he described as an antihistamine and gave her a shot of amaretto.
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In both groups, the provider gave patients a cream that she said was an antihistamine to reduce the allergic reaction and decrease itching.
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Many of these preparations contain several different drugs, including a cough suppressant, a decongestant, an antihistamine and a medicine for pain and fever.
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Depending on the cause, the best treatment may involve an oral antihistamine, nose drops, a vaporizer or, if an infection is found, antibiotics.
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Cosby says he gave Constand one and a half tablets of Benadryl -- an over-the-counter antihistamine that can cause drowsiness -- to relieve stress.
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In the process, he overcame numerous obstacles, including the failure of Alzheimer's treatment Dimebon, which used to be sold as an antihistamine in Russia.
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School staff members quickly administered his asthma inhaler, gave him two doses of an antihistamine, and injected him with an Epipen to prevent anaphylaxis.
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The reaction can last anywhere from 15 minutes to an hour, but if she takes an antihistamine — her only treatment — the reaction time is less.
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Thinking the boy became ill from "other issues," Zagelbaum gave his son a dose of an antihistamine, which also made him feel sick, Emma says.
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There are people who have to take an antihistamine in order to drink red wine because they've built up an intolerance to them over time.
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So as the skies cloud with yellow horror dust, and pollen counts skyrocket, grab a tissue, pop an antihistamine, and hope that winter returns soon.
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The report said doxylamine, an antihistamine that causes drowsiness and can be used as a sleep aid, was detected but not confirmed in his liver.
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He has already shown that after conditioning with the antihistamine drug desloratadine, the green drink reduces immune responses and symptoms in people allergic to dust mites.
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Some people can experience the side-effects of one antihistamine more than the other, so if you're not feeling great, try a different one, Murphy says.
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At the same time, FDA testing of Lean Lean Syrup found it did contain an antihistamine and sedative called doxylamine, which isn't mentioned on the label.
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There are conventional medications for morning sickness that are considered safe for pregnancy, such as vitamin B6 and doxylamine, an antihistamine sold under brands like Unisom.
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Pediatricians recommend skipping medicines with antihistamine altogether for children younger than 6 and using them with great caution for kids between 6 and 12 years old.
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Once that was ruled out, we might give her an antihistamine and watch her for a couple of hours to see if the symptoms went away.
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The antihistamine is used mainly for the treatment of seasonal allergies, bites, stings and rashes and has often proved to cause sedation, according to the DrugBank database.
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But of significant concern to me is that Clinton told reporters Tuesday that she "just upped my antihistamine load to try to break through" her latest allergy exacerbation.
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TMZ obtained a copy of O'Neill's autopsy report, and it says he died of intoxication from a mix of methadone, codeine, diazepam (generic Valium) and doxylamine (an antihistamine).
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Benadryl: This over-the-counter antihistamine medication is usually taken for allergies, but it&aposs also been shown to help reduce symptoms of nausea and vomiting while pregnant.
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According to Philadelphia magazine, the Montgomery County Coroner's Office determined that Tech 9 (né Akhiym Mickens) died of an overdose of diphenhydramine, an antihistamine found in medicine like Benadryl.
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Authorities say the boy died of both homicidal asphyxia and a heavy dose of an antihistamine— commonly found in Benadryl —before the fire was set at their Meriden home.
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They can also worsen certain conditions, like glaucoma or asthma, so you should really talk to your doctor if you're thinking of taking an antihistamine regularly, Dr. Barone says.
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Also known as sizzurp, lean, or dirty Sprite, purple drank is a cocktail of soda, cough syrup, and H1 antihistamine — that help counter the side effects of the drug.
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Also known as sizzurp, lean, or dirty Sprite, purple drank is a cocktail of soda, cough syrup, and H2000 antihistamine — that help counter the side effects of the drug.
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On Tuesday, the NTSB said investigators found that the amount of the antihistamine known as Benadryl in the pilot's system had the "impairing effect" equivalent to a intoxicated driver.
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To that point, many allergy sufferers might balk at taking an antihistamine medication before a run, such as Zyrtec or Benadryl, because they tend to make you feel very drowsy.
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Antihistamine recommendations for young children surged, however, rising more than 10-fold for kids under 4 years old and more than 5-fold for children 4 to 5 years old.
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The woman immediately showered and took Benadryl — an antihistamine that can help with itching and swelling — before she was evaluated by emergency personnel and driven to the hospital by her husband.
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From the mid-603s through early 260s, over 22012 million women worldwide took Bendectin, a combination antihistamine and vitamin B221 supplement, approved to treat morning sickness but allegedly caused birth defects.
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Typical ingredients include a cough suppressant, an expectorant and an antihistamine, when better hydration or drinking hot tea with honey may be all someone really needs to quell a nagging cough.
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But if you're someone whose allergy symptoms extend "beyond the nose," such as a skin rash, then you would benefit from an oral antihistamine, such as Allegra, before your run, Dr. Chang says.
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After a massive hive breakout, trouble breathing, a swift trip to the ER, shot of antihistamine, and passing out, it's safe to say holiday nut cracking is off his list of holiday activities!
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He acknowledged giving Constand 1-1/2 pills of the antihistamine Benadryl to relax her and said the two engaged in heavy "petting," including fondling each other's genitals, Cheltenham Police Chief John Norris testified.
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NYC Dermatologist, Dr. Hadley King, MD, also told INSIDER that taking an oral antihistamine regularly on a daily basis for a period of time can treat current hives as well as prevent new ones.
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A caveat from Silvers: If the reaction, like Sergei's, is mild, doesn't seem to be getting worse, and is mainly just a runny nose or itchy eyes, taking an antihistamine before smoking may help.
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Thumbs up: Soothing throats A study of 139 children found that honey did a better job of easing nighttime coughs and improving sleep than both the popular cough suppressant dextromethorphan and the antihistamine diphenhydramine (Benadryl).
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Tramp was given emergency shots of antihistamine and steroids and received fluids, according to a GoFundMe page, which is collecting funds for the dog, who was rescued just a month ago from the Arizona Humane Society.
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Oxycodone is a painkiller, Hydrocodone is also known as Vicodin, Diazepam is commonly called Valium, Temazepam treats anxiety or sleeplessness, Alprazolam is known as Xanax, and Doxylamine is a sedating antihistamine often used as a sleep aid.
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Jennifer, 38, had been drunk at the time of the crash, and Sarah, 38, and two of their children had in their systems a significant amount of an antihistamine that can cause drowsiness, law enforcement officials said.
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The judge's decision came after Kozlowski pleaded guilty to spiking his then-wife's coffee with diphenhydramine, which is an antihistamine used to treat allergies and insomnia, in July 2018, several months after she filed for divorce in May 2018.
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If you tend to have other allergy symptoms and this seems to be a likely cause of your postnasal drip, your doctor might recommend a steroid nasal spray such as fluticasone, or an antihistamine spray or a combination spray, Poetker says.
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If you're really miserable, you could also try using a 1% hydrocortisone cream a couple times a day until the bite subsides, or taking an antihistamine like Zyrtec or Allegra for a week if you're having an outsize reaction, Dr. Rogers says.
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Here's what you need: fever reducer, children's antihistamine like Benadryl, cortisone cream to soothe rashes and itching, a children's antacid, triple antibiotic ointment, eye drops, bandages and earplugs that offer child-specific sizes like Mack's silicone ear plugs to alleviate cabin pressure.
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The autopsy further found "traumatic injury to [Gabriel's] brain, neck and eyes that is consistent with an acceleration-deacceleration injury," the warrant states, adding that a nonprescription antihistamine was also found in the child's bloodstream, though his parents allegedly told investigators they never gave Gabriel the drug.
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The only real way to treat alcohol intolerance is to stop drinking alcohol; and if you are allergic to something in alcohol, you might be able to take an antihistamine drug before drinking, or find a drink that doesn't include the thing that causes a reaction (but, of course, talk to your doctor first).
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Avro Life Science co-founders Keean Sarani and Shak Lakhani Avro Life Science co-founders Keean Sarani and Shak Lakhani The two initially toyed with a multivitamin patch for daily health, but through the sniffles, watery eyes and sneezes of perennial allergy sufferers the two hit on the idea of an antihistamine patch to cure their own ailments.
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The doc just released a letter in response to all the hysteria over Clinton's fainting spell and it includes a list of the drugs she's currently taking: - Armor Thyroid (for hypothyroidism)- Coumadin (blood thinner)- Levaquin (antibiotic) for 10 days- Clarinex (antihistamine for allergies)- B12 The candidate's cholesterol count is 189 (103 LDL, 56 HDL) and her blood pressure is 100/70 -- all within normal parameters for a 68-year-old woman.
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That list of drugs includes:the antiviral valacyclovir, which could have applications in Alzheimer's diseasethe antidepressant phenelzine, which could be used in concussion, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, traumatic brain injury and strokesilver diamine fluoride, for dental cavitiesthe antihistamine clemastine fumarate, for multiple sclerosisRead more:We talked to the CEO of a $1.5 billion startup making 'smart' pills about how the tech could help patients whose insurers deem them 'too risky'A wave of private-equity cash has poured into doctors' practices.
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Embramine (a.k.a. Mebryl, Bromadryl) is an antihistamine and anticholinergic.
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Repinirast (INN; marketed under the tradename Romet) is an antihistamine.
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Zolamine is an antihistamine and anticholinergic used as an antipruritic.
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Flunarizine is a diphenylmethylpiperazine derivative related to the antihistamine hydroxyzine.
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Tolpropamine is an antihistamine and anticholinergic used as an antipruritic.
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Setastine (Loderix) is an antihistamine used to treat allergies and rhinitis.
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Thonzylamine (or neohetramine) is an antihistamine and anticholinergic used as an antipruritic.
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Hydroxyethylpromethazine is an antihistamine with anticholinergic properties. It is structurally analogous to promethazine.
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4-Methyldiphenhydramine is an antihistamine and anticholinergic. It is structurally analogous to diphenhydramine.
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Piroheptine (brand name Trimol) is an anticholinergic and antihistamine used as an antiparkinsonian agent.
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Antihistamine drugs can be taken orally and nasally to control symptoms such as sneezing, rhinorrhea, itching, and conjunctivitis. It is best to take oral antihistamine medication before exposure, especially for seasonal allergic rhinitis. In the case of nasal antihistamines like azelastine antihistamine nasal spray, relief from symptoms is experienced within 15 minutes allowing for a more immediate 'as-needed' approach to dosage. There is not enough evidence of antihistamine efficacy as an add-on therapy with nasal steroids in the management of intermittent or persistent allergic rhinitis in children, so its adverse effects and additional costs must be considered.
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Methdilazine (Dilosyn, Tacaryl) is a first-generation antihistamine with anticholinergic properties of the phenothiazine class.
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In the United Kingdom, the active component of Benadryl is the antihistamine acrivastine or cetirizine.
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Moxastine (also known as mephenhydramine) is an antihistamine and anticholinergic. It was developed in Czechoslovakia and sold in hydrochloride form as an antihistamine (Alfadryl). It is, with 8-chlorotheophylline, a component of cocrystal/salt moxastine teoclate (mephenhydrinate) used as antiemetic (Theadryl; Kinedryl (with caffeine)).
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Oxomemazine is an antihistamine and anticholinergic of the phenothiazine chemical class for the treatment of cough.
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Naldecon, a brand name for phenylephrine, is an antihistamine and decongestant commonly prescribed in the 1950s.
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Ophthalmic antihistamines (such as azelastine in eye drop form and ketotifen) are used for conjunctivitis, while intranasal forms are used mainly for sneezing, rhinorrhea, and nasal pruritus. Antihistamine drugs can have undesirable side-effects, the most notable one being drowsiness in the case of oral antihistamine tablets. First-generation antihistamine drugs such as diphenhydramine cause drowsiness, while second- and third-generation antihistamines such as cetirizine and loratadine are less likely to. Pseudoephedrine is also indicated for vasomotor rhinitis.
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Isopromethazine is an antihistamine and anticholinergic of the phenothiazine chemical class. It is structurally analogous to promethazine.
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Thiazinamium metilsulfate (INN) or thiazinam is an antihistamine. The USAN is thiazinamium chloride (with a different counterion).
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When combined with antihistamine drug therapy, they also appear useful for treating urticarial diseases such as hives.
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Dexbrompheniramine is an antihistamine with anticholinergic properties used to treat allergic conditions such as hay fever or urticaria. It is the pharmacologically active dextrorotatory isomer of brompheniramine. It was formerly marketed in combination with pseudoephedrine under the name Drixoral in the US and Canada. It is an alkylamine antihistamine.
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Fexofenadine, sold under the brand name Allegra among others, is an antihistamine pharmaceutical drug used in the treatment of allergy symptoms, such as hay fever and urticaria. Therapeutically, fexofenadine is a selective peripheral H1-blocker. Fexofenadine is classified as a second-generation antihistamine because it is less able to pass the blood–brain barrier and cause sedation, compared to first-generation antihistamines. It has also been called a third-generation antihistamine, although there is some controversy associated with the use of the term.
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Oxomemazine/guaifenesin is a sedative antihistamine plus expectorant.Oxomemazine, drugs.comToplexil, drugs.com It is a combination of oxomemazine and guaifenesin.
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Doxylamine is a first-generation antihistamine sleep aid with weak hypnotic and calming effects first reported in 1949.
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A similar search had previously led to the synthesis of the first SSRI, zimelidine, from brompheniramine, also an antihistamine.
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Etymemazine is an antipsychotic, antihistamine and anticholinergic drug of the phenothiazine chemical class, structurally related to cyamemazine and methotrimeprazine.
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Deptropine (Brontina) also known as dibenzheptropine, is an antihistamine with anticholinergic properties. It is usually marketed as the citrate salt.
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Azatadine/pseudoephedrine (Trinalin) is an antihistamine and decongestant formulation. It is a combination drug containing azatadine maleate and pseudoephedrine sulfate.
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Chlorphenoxamine (Phenoxene) is an antihistamine and anticholinergic used as an antipruritic and antiparkinsonian agent. It is an analog of diphenhydramine.
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Due to the anticholinergic and antihistamine effects of dosulepin anticholinergic and antihistamine medications may have their effects potentiated by dosulepin and hence these combinations are advised against. Dosulepin may have its postural hypotensive effects potentiated by diuretics. Anticonvulsants may have their efficacy reduced by dosulepin due to its ability to reduce the seizure threshold.
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Tripelennamine acts primarily as an antihistamine, or H1 receptor antagonist. It has little to no anticholinergic activity. In addition to its antihistamine properties, tripelennamine also acts as a weak serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI). Because of its SRI properties, tripelennamine was used as the basis for the development of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine (Prozac).
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Dixyrazine, also known as dixypazin (oxalate), sold under the brand names Ansiolene, Esocalm, Esucos, Metronal, and Roscal, is a typical antipsychotic of the phenothiazine group described as a neuroleptic and antihistamine. It was first introduced in Germany in 1969. It is used as a neuroleptic, anxiolytic, and antihistamine in doses between 12.5 and 75 mg a day.
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Benadryl is a brand name for a number of different antihistamine medications used to stop allergies, including diphenhydramine, acrivastine and cetirizine. It is sold by Johnson & Johnson. In the United States and Canada, it is the first-generation antihistamine diphenhydramine. Some products marketed in Australia and New Zealand as a cough medicine with the Benadryl name contain diphenhydramine.
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Antihistamine pretreatment (e.g. 25–50 mg diphenhydramine, 30 minutes prior to administration) is recommended to minimize the risk of an allergic reaction.
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Carbinoxamine/pseudoephedrine is an antihistamine and decongestant combination, marketed as Rondec, Ceron and Coldec. It contains two active ingredients: carbinoxamine and pseudoephedrine.
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Pyroxamine (INN), also known as pyroxamine maleate (USAN) (developmental code names AHR-224, NSC-64540), is an antihistamine and anticholinergic related to diphenylpyraline.
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Bromazine (trade names Ambodryl, Ambrodil and others), also known as bromodiphenhydramine, is an antihistamine and anticholinergic. It is a brominated form of diphenhydramine.
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Quifenadine (, trade name: Phencarol, Фенкарол) is a 2nd generation antihistamine drug, marketed mainly in post-Soviet countries. Chemically, it is a quinuclidine derivative.
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These exacerbations most often appear due to NSAID hypersensitivity reactions rather than NSAID-induced allergic reactions. The antihistamine azelastine, applied as a nasal spray, may be effective for vasomotor rhinitis. Fluticasone propionate or budesonide (both are steroids) in nostril spray form may also be used for symptomatic treatment. The antihistamine cyproheptadine is also effective, probably due to its antiserotonergic effects.
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Cyanoacetamide is used in spectrofluorimetric methods to determine the activity of antihistamine H1 receptor antagonistic drugs such as ebastine, cetirizine dihydrochloride and fexofenadine hydrochloride.
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Hydroxyzine (Vistaril) is classified as an antihistamine. It has anti-anxiety effects and works in conjunction with many benzodiazepines. It has no amnesic properties.
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Dexbrompheniramine is a first generation antihistamine that reduces the effects of the neurotransmitter histamine in the body; sneezing, itching, watery eyes, and runny nose.
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Other benzo-fused heterocyclic compounds can be derived from 2-carboxybenzaldehyde, including isoindolinones and phthalazinones, with a variety of pharmacological properties, such as the antihistamine azelastine.
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Currently most people who use an antihistamine to treat allergies use a second-generation drug. The first generation of antihistamine drugs became available in the 1930s. This marked the beginning of medical treatment of nasal allergies. Research into these drugs led to the discovery that they were H1 antagonists and also to the development of H2 antagonists, where H1 antihistamines affected the nose and the H2 antihistamines affected the stomach.
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Brompheniramine, sold under the brand name Dimetapp among others, is an antihistamine drug of the propylamine (alkylamine) class. It is indicated for the treatment of the symptoms of the common cold and allergic rhinitis, such as runny nose, itchy eyes, watery eyes, and sneezing. It is a first-generation antihistamine and one of the drugs of highest anticholinergic activity. It was patented in 1948 and came into medical use in 1955.
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Pipoxizine () is a first-generation antihistamine as well as serotonin antagonist of the diphenylmethylpiperazine group related to hydroxyzine. It was investigated as a bronchodilator but was never marketed.
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Rupatadine is a non-sedating antihistamine. However, as in other non sedating second-generation antihistamines, the most common side effects in controlled clinical studies were somnolence, headaches and fatigue.
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Oxetorone (INN), as oxetorone fumarate (USAN) (brand names Nocertone, Oxedix), is a serotonin antagonist, antihistamine, and alpha blocker used as an antimigraine drug. Association with hyperprolactinemia has been described.
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Bamipine (trade name Soventol) is a pharmaceutical drug acting as an H1 antihistamine with anticholinergic properties. It is used as an antipruritic ointment. No oral use is known.: Bamipine.
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Methapyrilene is an antihistamine and anticholinergic of the pyridine chemical class which was developed in the early 1950s. It was sold under the trade names Co-Pyronil and Histadyl EC.The Birmingham Post Archive. thefreelibrary.com It has relatively strong sedative effects, to the extent that its primary use was as a medication for insomnia rather than for its antihistamine action. Together with scopolamine, it was the main ingredient in Sominex, Nytol, and Sleep-Eze.
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People who do not respond to the maximum dose of H1 antihistamines may benefit from increasing the dose, then to switching to another non-sedating antihistamine, then to adding a leukotriene antagonist, then to using an older antihistamine, then to using systemic steroids and finally to using ciclosporin or omalizumab. H2-receptor antagonists are sometimes used in addition to H1-antagonists to treat urticaria, but there is limited evidence for their efficacy.
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Hydroxyzine (Atarax) is an antihistamine originally approved for clinical use by the FDA in 1956. In addition to its antihistamine properties hydroxyzine possesses anxiolytic properties and is approved for the treatment of anxiety and tension. Its sedative properties are useful as a premedication before anesthesia or to induce sedation after anesthesia. Hydroxyzine has been shown to be as effective as benzodiazepines in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder, while producing fewer side-effects.
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Doxepin is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). It acts as a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) (a reuptake inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine), with additional antiadrenergic, antihistamine, antiserotonergic, and anticholinergic activities.
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Etodroxizine (INN) (brand names Vesparax, Drimyl, Indunox, Isonox) is a first- generation antihistamine of the diphenylmethylpiperazine group which is used as a sedative/hypnotic drug in Europe and South Africa.
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Thenalidine is an antihistamine with anticholinergic properties used as an antipruritic drug. It was withdrawn from the US, Canadian, and UK markets in 1963 due to a risk of neutropenia.
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According to the Sheriff-Coroner's office, the only drugs in her system when she died were small amounts of two common over-the-counter drugs, acetaminophen (Tylenol) and the antihistamine Benadryl.
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Pirolate (CP-32,387) is an antihistamine drug with a tricyclic chemical structure which was patented as an "antiallergen". It was never marketed and there are very few references to it in the literature.
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Both alcohol and the antihistamine cetirizine impaired performance in the test measures, and their effects were additive. The non- sedating antihistamine loratadine had no effect on any of the measures studied. The arrow version of the flanker test has also been evaluated as a method of detecting impairment due to alcohol and drugs in drivers at the roadside, demonstrating the importance of selective attention skills to spatial abilities such as vehicle operation. Various psychiatric and neurological conditions also affect performance on flanker tasks.
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Chlorcyclizine (Di-Paralene, Mantadil, Pruresidine, Trihistan) is a first- generation antihistamine of the diphenylmethylpiperazine group marketed in the United States and certain other countries. It is used primarily to treat allergy symptoms such as rhinitis, urticaria, and pruritus, and may also be used as an antiemetic. In addition to its antihistamine effects, chlorcyclizine also has some anticholinergic, antiserotonergic, and local anesthetic properties. It also has been studied as a potential treatment for various flaviviruses like Hepatitis C and Zika Virus.
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Captodiame (INN), also known as captodiamine, is an antihistamine sold under the trade names Covatine, Covatix, and Suvren which is used as a sedative and anxiolytic. The structure is related to diphenhydramine. A 2004 study suggested captodiame may be helpful in preventing benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome in people discontinuing benzodiazepine treatment. Free full text with registration In addition to its actions as an antihistamine, captodiamine has been found to act as a 5-HT2C receptor antagonist and σ1 receptor and D3 receptor agonist.
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Perathiepin is a neuroleptic drug of the tricyclic family which was developed in the 1960s but was never marketed. In animal studies it was found to possess central depressant, antihistamine, antiserotonergic, and analgesic effects.
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Rupatadine is a second generation antihistamine and PAF antagonist used to treat allergies. It was discovered and developed by J. Uriach y CiaPatents: , , and is marketed as Rupafin and under several other trade names.
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Allium cepa, the common onion, is the active content of Mederma. Onions contain a readily availablequercetin - Google Product Search and highly researched bioflavonoid with antihistamine and antiproliferative effects on both normal and malignant cells.
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Cyproheptadine, sold under the brand name Periactin among others, is a first- generation antihistamine with additional anticholinergic, antiserotonergic, and local anesthetic properties. It was patented in 1959 and came into medical use in 1961.
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Dexchlorpheniramine is an antihistamine, or an antagonist of the histamine H1 receptor. A study found that dexchlorpheniramine had a Ki value of 20 to 30 μM for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors using rat brain tissue.
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On the other hand, second generation antihistamines do not cross the blood-brain barrier, thus eliminating sedating effects. Currently, there is a lack of association between prenatal antihistamine exposure and birth defects. Antihistamines during pregnancy have not been linked to birth defects; however, further research is necessary for some antihistamine medications to determine safety during pregnancy. It is suggested that women speak to their healthcare professionals before taking any over-the-counter or prescription medication while pregnant to ensure that there are no adverse health outcomes.
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On March 3, 2016, less than 48 hours after McClendon was charged, the Justice Department filed motions and dismissed McClendon's indictment. On June 8, 2016, the Oklahoma medical examiner officially ruled the crash which killed shale pioneer McClendon was an accident. According to the autopsy report, no alcohol was involved in the accident, but an unspecified amount of the over the counter first-generation antihistamine and short-term sedative drug Doxylamine (which is used as an antihistamine or to treat insomnia) was found in Mr. McClendon's system.
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George Rieveschl (January 9, 1916 – September 27, 2007) was an American chemist and professor. He was the inventor of the popular antihistamine diphenhydramine (Benadryl), which he first made during a search for synthetic alternatives to scopolamine.
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Betamethasone/dexchlorpheniramine (trade names Betadexin, Celestamine) is a drug containing betamethasone and dexchlorpheniramine maleate to treat allergic conditions. Betamethasone is a steroid to relieve itches and inflammation while dexchlorpheniramine maleate is an antihistamine to treat urticaria.
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Different studies have reported on antihistamine use in children, with various studies finding evidence that certain antihistamines could be used by children 2 years of age, and other drugs being safer for younger or older children.
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Homochlorcyclizine (INN) is an antihistamine of the diphenylmethylpiperazine group which has been marketed in Japan since 1965. It is used in the treatment of allergies and other conditions. It also has some anticholinergic, antidopaminergic, and antiserotonergic properties.
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Schering-Plough developed loratadine as part of a quest for a potential blockbuster drug: a nonsedating antihistamine. By the time Schering submitted the drug to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for approval, the agency had already approved a competitor's nonsedating antihistamine, terfenadine (trade name Seldane), and, therefore, put loratadine on a lower priority. However, terfenadine had to be removed from the U.S. market by the manufacturer in late 1997 after reports of serious ventricular arrhythmias among those taking the drug. Loratadine was approved by the FDA in 1993.
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Acrivastine is a medication used for the treatment of allergies and hay fever. It is a second-generation H1-receptor antagonist antihistamine (like its base molecule triprolidine) and works by blocking histamine H1 receptors. This non- sedating antihistamine is sold under the brand name Benadryl Allergy Relief in the United Kingdom by McNeil Laboratories. It should not be confused with Benadryl Once a Day which has cetirizine as the active ingredient and is also sold by McNeil in the UK, nor with the American Benadryl, which uses diphenhydramine as its active ingredient.
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Serious side effects may include QT prolongation. It is unclear if use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe. Hydroxyzine works by blocking the effects of histamine. It is a first generation antihistamine in the piperazine family of chemicals.
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It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe. How it works is not clear, but it may involve blocking certain adrenergic and serotonin receptors. Chemically, it is a tetracyclic antidepressant (TeCA). It also has strong antihistamine effects.
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Azatadine (Optimine) is a first-generation antihistamine and anticholinergic that was launched by Schering-Plough in 1973. It was patented in 1967. It has been succeeded by both loratadine and desloratadine. and marketing approvals have been widely withdrawn.
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More significant side effects may include sleepiness. It is unclear if use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe. It is an antihistamine and mast cell stabilizer. Olopatadine was patented in 1986 and came into medical use in 1997.
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Ze339 brand extract is not an antihistamine and represents a symptomatic treatment with very different properties. In-vitro studies show that petasins in Ze339 brand extract inhibit leukotriene biosynthesis and block degranulation in activated mast cells and eosinophils.
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Dimetindene is an antihistamine/anticholinergic. It is a first generation selective H1 antagonist. Dimetindene is an atypical first generation H1 antagonist as it only minimally passes across the blood-brain barrier. Dimetindene is also an M2 receptor antagonist.
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It is in the second- generation antihistamine family of medication. Loratadine was patented in 1980 and came to market in 1988. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Loratadine is available as a generic medication.
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Omalizumab is indicated for chronic spontaneous urticaria in adults and adolescents (>12 years old) poorly responsive to H1-antihistamine therapy. When administered subcutaneously once every four weeks, omalizumab has been shown to significantly decrease itch severity and hive count.
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Phenamidine is an antiprotozoal drug of the amidine class used in veterinary medicine. It is used to treat Babesia infection (babesiosis) dogs, horses, and cattle. Because the drug causes frequent allergic reactions, it is usually combined with an antihistamine.
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Atiprosin (AY-28,228) is an antihypertensive agent which acts as a selective α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist. It also possesses some antihistamine activity, though it is some 15-fold weaker in this regard than as an alpha blocker. It was never marketed.
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1990, 21, (2), pp. 55-56. Used as an antihistamine, pheniramine may be generated via several different pathways. One synthesis is to hydroformylate functionalized olefins. This reaction proceeds by reacting phenylacetonitrile with 2-chloropyridine in the presence of a base.
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Buclizine is an antihistamine and anticholinergic of the diphenylmethylpiperazine group. It is considered to be an antiemetic, similar to meclizine. In the United Kingdom, buclizine is one of three drugs contained in Migraleve tablets, marketed by McNeil Healthcare at migraine sufferers.
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Promethazine is a first-generation antihistamine. It is used to treat allergies, trouble sleeping, and nausea. It may help with some symptoms associated with the common cold. It may also be used for sedating people who are agitated or anxious.
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The thesis contained a diagram of the apparatus used to demonstrate, on frog hearts, the humoral transmission of the effects of vagus stimulation. This diagram is now known throughout the world for, slightly modified, it has appeared in all editions of The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics by Louis Goodman and Alfred Gilman. After the war, Bain returned to experimental work, and devised a technique for the quantitative assessment in man of antihistamine agents. He measured the area of a wheal provoked by the intradermal injection of histamine before, and at various times after, an antihistamine drug.
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The original formula for Actifed contained pseudoephedrine hydrochloride 60 mg as the nasal decongestant and triprolidine hydrochloride 2.5 mg as the antihistamine. However, in response to widespread laws requiring products containing pseudoephedrine to be kept behind the pharmacy counter, Pfizer changed Actifed's U.S. formula in late 2006 to contain phenylephrine HCl 10 mg as the nasal decongestant and chlorpheniramine maleate 4 mg as the antihistamine. Many users of the old formula have complained that the new formula is not as effective at relieving their symptoms. Other brands available behind the counter that use the old formula include Genac and Aprodine.
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Pimethixene is an antihistamine and anticholinergic of the thioxanthene chemical class that is often used to treat hyperactivity, anxiety, sleep disorders, and allergy. It is also used for anesthesia and as a bronchodilator (to dilate the bronchi and bronchioles for more airflow).
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The clinical efficacy of bilastine in allergic rhinitis (AR) and urticaria has been assessed in 10 clinical assays in which over 4,600 patients were involved. All of them compared bilastine with placebo and another second generation antihistamine with confirmed efficacy (active comparator).
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Dexchlorpheniramine (trade name Polaramine) is an antihistamine with anticholinergic properties used to treat allergic conditions such as hay fever or urticaria. It is the pharmacologically active dextrorotatory isomer of chlorpheniramine. It was patented in 1962 and came into medical use in 1959.
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Amedalin (UK-3540-1) is an antidepressant which was synthesized in the early 1970s, but was never marketed. It is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, with no significant effects on the reuptake of serotonin and dopamine, and no antihistamine or anticholinergic properties.
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At high doses mice quickly died.Williamson E. M. (ed) "Major Herbs of Ayurveda", Churchill Livingstone 2002 A water extract of the root bark showed analgesic activity in rats. Antihistamine and anti-inflammatory properties were found in ethanolic extract of Ricinus communis root bark.
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Chlorpheniramine maleate, an H1-blocking antihistamine, relieves histamine-induced allergic edema of respiratory mucosa. Codeine phosphate, by its action on the cough center in the medulla, helps reduce excessive frequency and intensity of cough bouts, which allows the patient to rest or sleep.
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Etybenzatropine (INN), also known as ethybenztropine (USAN, BAN) and tropethydrylin, is an anticholinergic/antihistamine marketed under the trade names Panolid, Ponalid, and Ponalide, which is used as an antiparkinsonian agent. Like its analogue benzatropine, it may act as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor.
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Mizolastine (Mizollen) is a once-daily, non-sedating antihistamine. It blocks H1 receptors and is commonly fast-acting. It does not prevent the actual release of histamine from mast cells, it just prevents it binding to receptors. Side effects can include dry mouth and throat.
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Vicks 44M Pediatric (or 44M) is an oral combination therapy for breathing difficulties. Active ingredients include dextromethorphan, pseudoephedrine and chlorpheniramine. The combination of antihistamine, de-congestant and cough suppressant is designed to relieve the symptoms of several minor breathing complaints, such as the common cold.
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Desloratadine is a selective H1-antihistamine which functions as an inverse agonist at the histamine H1 receptor. At very high doses, is also an antagonist at various subtypes of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. This effect is not relevant for the drug's action at therapeutic doses.
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Diphenhydramine is effective in treatment of allergies. , it was the most commonly used antihistamine for acute allergic reactions in the emergency department. By injection it is often used in addition to epinephrine for anaphylaxis. Its use for this purpose had not been properly studied .
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Other side effects may include dry mouth and wheeziness. It is a first-generation antihistamine and works by blocking the H1 receptor. Chlorphenamine was patented in 1948 and came into medical use in 1949. It is available as a generic medication and over the counter.
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The usual strengths are 60, 90, and 120 mg. Common trade names for the extended-release tablets are Didor Continus, Codidol, Codi- Contin, Dicodin (made in France and the major product containing the tartrate salt), Contugesic, DHC, and DHC Continus. Dihydrocodeine is available in Japan as tablets which contain 2.5 mg of dihydrocodeine phosphate and caffeine, the decongestant d,l-methylephedrine HCl, and the antihistamine chlorpheniramine, and packets of granules which effervesce like Alka-Seltzer with 10 mg of dihydrocodeine with lysozyme and chlorpheniramine, marketed for OTC sale as New Bron Solution-ACE. These two formulations may have once contained phenyltoloxamine citrate as the antihistamine component.
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Treatment of rat mite dermatitis is on a symptomatic basis. Generally, an oral antihistamine, a topical corticosteroid, gamma benzene hexachloride, benzyl benzoate, or crotamiton is used to provide relief. Some patients however require no treatment. Bug sprays containing DEET can help prevent bites during an active infestation.
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Triazolam (Halcion) is the most well-known treatment for insomnia. It is a highly effective drug, which can be used in conjunction with an antihistamine. It is similar to diazepam and is a popular choice for many different dentists. Triazolam is typically used for shorter appointments.
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More serious side effects include low blood pressure and urinary retention. It is not generally recommended in young children or those with glaucoma. Cyclizine appears to be safe during pregnancy but has not been well studied. It is in the anticholinergic and antihistamine family of medications.
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Fenethazine (INN) (brand names Anergen, Contralergial, Ethysine, Etisine, Lisergan, Lysergan; former developmental code names RP-3015, SC-1627, WY-1143), or phenethazine, is a first-generation antihistamine of the phenothiazine group. Promethazine, and subsequently chlorpromazine, were derived from fenethazine. Fenethazine, in turn, was derived from phenbenzamine.
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Daledalin (UK-3557-15) is an antidepressant which was synthesized and trialed for depression in the early 1970s, but was never marketed. It is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, with no significant effects on the reuptake of serotonin and dopamine, and no antihistamine or anticholinergic properties.
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Carbinoxamine is an antihistamine and anticholinergic agent. It is used for hay fever, vasomotor rhinitis, mild urticaria, angioedema, dermatographism and allergic conjunctivitis. Carbinoxamine is a histamine antagonist, specifically an H1-antagonist. The maleic acid salt of the levorotatory isomer is sold as the prescription drug rotoxamine.
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Bisulepin is strong and relatively selective antihistamine (H1 antagonist) with hypnotic, antiadrenergic and very weak anticholinergic and antiserotonergic effects. Bisulepin is marketed in the Czech Republic and Slovakia under the trademark Dithiaden as tablets and injections. The registered active form is the trans- (i.e. E-) isomer.
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Additionally, a study showed butterbur extract to be an effective treatment for hay fever without the sedative effect of the antihistamine cetirizine, if taken four times daily.Schapowal, A. Butterbur was also shown to be comparably effective as fexofenadine when compared to placebo for reducing symptoms of allergic rhinitis.
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Later, the two have dinner and George gives Bree an antihistamine to help with her hives. George walks Bree back to her room and puts her to bed. As Bree sleeps, George watches her and takes off his tie. Bree wakes up hours later to find George watching her.
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Dimenhydrinate (marketed as Gravol in Canada and Dramamine in the United Kingdom and the United States) is an over-the-counter (OTC) antihistamine indicated for the prevention and relief of nausea and vomiting from a number of causes. It is an H1 receptor antagonist that demonstrates anticholinergic activity.
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Side effects are typical of an old (first-generation) antihistamine: tiredness in adults, agitation in children, mydriasis (dilation of the pupils). These effects are rare when bamipine is applied topically as an ointment. Allergic and hypersensitivity reactions are also rare. Acute eczema can be worsened by bamipine ointment.
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They have been surpassed by proton pump inhibitors (PPIs); the PPI omeprazole was found to be more effective at both healing and alleviating symptoms of ulcers and reflux oesophagitis than the H2 blockers ranitidine and cimetidine.. A correction was published in European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 1996;8:192. H2 antagonists are a type of antihistamine, although in common use the term "antihistamine" is often reserved for H1 antagonists, which relieve allergic reactions. Like the H1 antagonists, some H2 antagonists function as inverse agonists rather than receptor antagonists, due to the constitutive activity of these receptors. The prototypical H2 antagonist, called cimetidine, was developed by Sir James Black at Smith, Kline & French - now GlaxoSmithKline - in the mid-to-late 1960s.
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Often these treatments include an antihistamine oral pill, nasal spray, or eye drops. Other treatments include an allergy shot, which keep the allergic response to a minimum. For more severe reactions an epinephrine injection is carried around. This injection will be taken if the person is going into anaphylactic shock.
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Dextroamphetamine may be used together with an antihistamine or an antimuscarinic. Concerns include their addictive potential. Those involved in high-risk activities, such as SCUBA diving, should evaluate the risks versus the benefits of medications. Promethazine combined with ephedrine to counteract the sedation is known as "the Coast Guard cocktail".
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Pirquinozol (SQ-13,847) is a drug which was investigated as an antiallergen and antiasthmatic agent in the early 1980s but was never marketed. Notably, pirquinozol is not an antihistamine, though it does block the release of histamine evoked by allergens, and it does not bind to β-adrenergic receptors either.
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Cyclizine is a piperazine derivative with histamine H1-receptor antagonist (antihistamine) activity. The precise mechanism of action in inhibiting the symptoms of motion sickness is not well understood. It may have effects directly on the vestibular system and on the chemoreceptor trigger zone. Cyclizine exerts a central anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) action.
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Serious side effects may include allergic reactions. Use in pregnancy appears safe but has not been well studied while use in breastfeeding is of unclear safety. It is believed to work in part by anticholinergic and antihistamine mechanisms. Meclizine was patented in 1951 and came into medical use in 1953.
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Regular antihistamines are not generally efficacious. One particular antihistamine, cyproheptadine (Periactin), has been found to be useful. The tricyclic antidepressant doxepin has been found to be effective blocking agents of histamine. Finally, a medication named ketotifen, which keeps mast cells from discharging histamine, has also been employed with widespread success.
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After this, they must maintain their clean and dry regime and apply an emollient ointment (not cream) to moisturize the skin. This should be applied after each bowel movement and at night. Continue until no longer needed. At any time, persons may use antihistamine treatments orally, to control the itching.
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The most well-known of these are two of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, paroxetine (Paxil) and fluoxetine (Prozac) as well as the antihistamine diphenhydramine (Benadryl), and the antidepressant bupropion (Wellbutrin, also known as Zyban). Other drugs, such as rifampicin and dexamethasone, induce CYP450 isozymes and thus increase the conversion rate.
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Eye drop of emedastine Emedastine (trade name Emadine) is a second generation antihistamine used in eye drops to alleviate the symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis. It acts as a H1 receptor antagonist. It works by blocking the action of histamine that causes allergic symptoms. It is used in form of the difumarate.
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Bepotastine (Talion, Bepreve) is a 2nd generation antihistamine. It was approved in Japan for use in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria/pruritus in July 2000 and January 2002, respectively. It is currently marketed in the United States as an eye drop under the brand-name Bepreve, by ISTA Pharmaceuticals.
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Chlorphenamine (CP, CPM), also known as chlorpheniramine, is an antihistamine used to treat the symptoms of allergic conditions such as allergic rhinitis (hay fever). It is taken by mouth. The medication takes effect within 6 hours and lasts for about a day. Common side effects include sleepiness, restlessness, and weakness.
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Dermographism can be treated by substances which prevent histamine from causing the reaction (i.e. an antihistamine). These may need to be given as a combination of H1 antagonists, or possibly with an H2-receptor antagonist such as cimetidine. Over-the-counter vitamin C, 1000 mg daily, increases histamine degradation and removal.
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Zipeprol is a centrally acting cough suppressant developed in France in the 1970s.Patent It is not a morphinan derivative (in contrast to codeine and dextromethorphan). Zipeprol acts as a local anaesthetic and has mucolytic, antihistamine and anticholinergic properties. It is sold with several brand names such as Zinolta and Respilene.
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Cetirizine, sold under the brand name Zyrtec among others, is a second- generation antihistamine used to treat allergic rhinitis (hay fever), dermatitis, and urticaria. It is taken by mouth. Effects generally begin within an hour and last for about a day. The degree of benefit is similar to other antihistamines such as diphenhydramine.
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Obocell bottle Obocell was a brand name drug by Irwin, Neisler & Co. containing 5mg dextroamphetamine phosphate and 25mg methapyrilene; an enantiopure dibasic central nervous system (CNS) stimulant combined with a first generation H1-antihistamine in the same tablet. It was marketed during the 1950s and 1960s as an anti-obesity/weight loss medication.
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Treatment for accidental ingestion of fish products by allergic individuals varies depending on the sensitivity of the person. An antihistamine such as diphenhydramine may be prescribed. Sometimes prednisone will be prescribed to prevent a possible late phase Type I hypersensitivity reaction. Severe allergic reactions (anaphalaxis) may require treatment with an epinephrine pen, i.e.
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Benadryl-brand diphenhydramine tablets Diphenhydramine is a first-generation antihistamine used to treat a number of conditions including allergic symptoms and itchiness, the common cold, insomnia, motion sickness, and extrapyramidal symptoms. Diphenhydramine also has local anesthetic properties, and has been used as such in people allergic to common local anesthetics such as lidocaine.
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As a "non-sedating" antihistamine, loratadine causes less (but still significant, in some cases) sedation and psychomotor retardation than the older antihistamines because it penetrates the blood/brain barrier to a smaller extent. Other possible side effects include headache and antimuscarinic effects such as urinary retention, dry mouth, blurred vision, and gastrointestinal problems.
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An antihistamine, such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl), may be prescribed. Sometimes prednisone will be prescribed to prevent a possible late-phase type I hypersensitivity reaction. Severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) may require treatment with an epinephrine pen, i.e., an injection device designed to be used by a non- healthcare professional when emergency treatment is warranted.
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Meclizine, sold under the brand names Bonine among others, is an antihistamine used to treat motion sickness and the feeling like the world is spinning (vertigo). It is taken by mouth. Effects generally begin in an hour and last for up to a day. Common side effects include sleepiness and dry mouth.
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Incidence may be on the rise, although this may also be attributed to better monitoring. Nevertheless, the condition has been regarded as emerging infectious disease. There are no permanent effects to people from this condition. Orally administered hydroxyzine, an antihistamine, is sometimes prescribed to treat swimmer's itch and similar dermal allergic reactions.
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Coricidin, Coricidin 'D' (decongestant), or Coricidin HBP (for high blood pressure), is the name of a drug marketed by Schering-Plough that contains dextromethorphan (a cough suppressant) and chlorpheniramine maleate (an antihistamine). It is now owned by Bayer. Varieties of Coricidin may also contain acetaminophen (an analgesic/antipyretic) and guaifenesin (an expectorant).
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Isothipendyl is a 1st generation H1 antagonist (antihistamine) and anticholinergic used as an antipruritic. It is nowadays scarcely used in the 1st line relief of allergies due to the anticholinergic side effect of somnolence but does have some limited use through topical application in the relief of insect bites and related itching (pruritus).
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Trimipramine is a very potent antihistamine; it has the third highest affinity for the H1 receptor (Ki = 0.27 nM) after mirtazapine (Ki = 0.14 nM) and doxepin (Ki = 0.24 nM) among the TCAs and tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs). The TeCA mianserin (Ki = 0.40) and the TCA amitriptyline (Ki = 1.0) are also very potent H1 receptor antagonists, whereas other TCAs and TeCAs are less potent. These TCAs and TeCAs, including trimipramine, are far more potent than the standard antihistamine diphenhydramine (approximately 800 times for doxepin and 250 times for trimipramine), and are among the most potent antihistamines available. Trimipramine is also an antagonist of the H2 receptor with lower potency and has been found to be effective in the treatment of duodenal ulcers.
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Hydroxyzine, sold under the brand names Atarax and others, is a medication of the antihistamine type. It is used in the treatment of itchiness, anxiety, and nausea, including that due to motion sickness. It is used either by mouth or injection into a muscle. Common side effects include sleepiness, headache, and a dry mouth.
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Coricidin, Coricidin D, or Coricidin HBP, is the brand name of a combination of dextromethorphan and chlorpheniramine maleate (an antihistamine). Varieties may also contain acetaminophen and guaifenesin. Codral is a brand name manufactured by Johnson & Johnson and sold primarily in Australia and New Zealand. Codral is the highest-selling cold and flu medication in Australia.
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Common side effects include sleepiness, poor coordination and an upset stomach. Its use is not recommended in young children or the elderly. There is no clear risk of harm when used during pregnancy; however, use during breastfeeding is not recommended. It is a first generation H1-antihistamine and works by blocking certain effects of histamine.
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Treatment for accidental ingestion of soy products by allergic individuals varies depending on the sensitivity of the person. An antihistamine such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl) may be prescribed. Prednisone may be prescribed to prevent a possible late phase Type I hypersensitivity reaction. Severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) may require treatment with a bronchodilator and epinephrine pen, i.e.
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It was patented in 1943 and came into medical use in 1949. It is used in over-the-counter combination products to treat the common cold and menstrual symptoms. It is also the active ingredient of the topical antihistamine creams Anthisan and Neoantergan sold for the treatment of insect bites, stings, and nettle rash.
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Sominex is the trademarked name for several over the counter sleep aids. Two different formulations of Sominex are available, depending upon the market. Both formulations contain a significant dose of a first generation antihistamine with hypnotic properties. In the United States, Sominex is marketed by Prestige Brands and has as its active ingredient diphenhydramine hydrochloride.
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Common side effects include headache, sleepiness, change in taste, and sore throat. It is unclear if use is safe during pregnancy or breastfeeding. It is a second-generation antihistamine and works by blocking the release of a number of inflammatory mediators including histamine. Azelastine was patented in 1971 and came into medical use in 1986.
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Higher concentrations are found in the skin than in the plasma. Cetirizine, although less sedating, is non- dialyzable and possesses similar antihistamine properties. The other metabolites identified include a N-dealkylated metabolite, and an O-dealkylated 1/16 metabolite with a plasma half-life of 59 hours. These pathways are mediated principally by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5.
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Hemorrhagic stroke is a rare but serious complication of thrombolytic therapy. If a patient has had thrombolysis before, an allergy against the thrombolytic drug may have developed (especially after streptokinase). If the symptoms are mild, the infusion is stopped and the patient is commenced on an antihistamine before infusion is recommenced. Anaphylaxis generally requires immediate cessation of thrombolysis.
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Cetirizine's primary indication is for hay fever and other allergies. Because the symptoms of itching and redness in these conditions are caused by histamine acting on the H1 receptor, blocking those receptors temporarily relieves those symptoms. Cetirizine is also commonly prescribed to treat acute and (in particular cases) chronic urticaria, more efficiently than any other second-generation antihistamine.
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PPPA, or 3-phenoxy-3-phenylpropan-1-amine, is a drug which is described as an antidepressant. It was derived by Eli Lilly from the antihistamine diphenhydramine, a 2-diphenylmethoxyethanamine derivative with additional properties as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), and has been the basis for the subsequent discovery of a number of other antidepressant drugs.
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Oxatomide, sold under the brand name Tinset among others, is a first- generation antihistamine of the diphenylmethylpiperazine family which is marketed in Europe, Japan, and a number of other countries. It was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1975. Oxatomide lacks any anticholinergic effects. In addition to its H1 receptor antagonism, it also possesses antiserotonergic activity similarly to hydroxyzine.
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Oxaprotiline is a racemic compound composed of two isomers, R(−)- or levo- oxaprotiline (levoprotiline; CGP-12,103-A), and S(+)- or dextro- oxaprotiline (dextroprotiline; CGP-12,104-A). Both enantiomers are active, with the levo- form acting as an antihistamine and the dextro- form having an additional pharmacology (see above), but with both unexpectedly still retaining antidepressant effects.
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Antihistamines can alleviate some of the milder symptoms of an allergic reaction, but do not treat all symptoms of anaphylaxis. Antihistamines block the action of histamine, which causes blood vessels to dilate and become leaky to plasma proteins. Histamine also causes itchiness by acting on sensory nerve terminals. The most common antihistamine given for food allergies is diphenhydramine.
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Many people, especially as they age, experience lightheadedness if they arise too quickly from a lying or seated position. Lightheadedness often accompanies the flu, hypoglycaemia, common cold, or allergies. Dizziness could be provoked by the use of antihistamine drugs, like levocetirizine, or by some antibiotics or SSRIs. Nicotine or tobacco products can cause lightheadedness for inexperienced users.
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Astemizole (marketed under the brand name Hismanal, developmental code R43512) was a second-generation antihistamine drug that has a long duration of action. Astemizole was discovered by Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1977. It was withdrawn from the market globally in 1999 because of rare but potentially fatal side effects (QTc interval prolongation and related arrhythmias due to hERG channel blockade).
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A large number of medications are potent inhibitors of CYP2D6. Some types of medications known to inhibit CYP2D6 include certain SSRIs and tricyclic antidepressants, some antipsychotics, and the commonly available antihistamine diphenhydramine. Therefore, the potential of interactions exists between dextromethorphan and medications that inhibit this enzyme, particularly in slow metabolizers. Dextromethorphan is also metabolized by CYP3A4.
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Strict dietary avoidance of the causal nut(s) remains the mainstay of treatment for nut-allergic individuals. If the food is accidentally ingested and a systemic reaction (anaphylaxis) occurs, then epinephrine should be used. People with potential anaphylaxis are recommended to carry auto-injectors at all times. Less severe reaction may be dealt with by taking an antihistamine tablet.
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July 2012. N-methylaminoethanol plays a role as a building block for the synthesis of crop protection compounds and pharmaceuticals, such as in the first stage of the reaction sequence to the antihistamine and antidepressant mianserin (Tolvin) and to the non-analgesic Nefopam (Ajan).A. Kleemann u. J. Engel, Pharmazeutische Wirkstoffe: Synthese, Patente, Anwendungen, 2. überarb. u. erw. Aufl.
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Triprolidine is an over-the-counter antihistamine with anticholinergic properties. It is used to combat the symptoms associated with allergies and is sometimes combined with other cold medications designed to provide general relief for flu-like symptoms. As with many antihistamines, the most common side effect is drowsiness. It was patented in 1948 and came into medical use in 1953.
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In January 2004, Constand went to Cosby's house in Elkins Park, Pennsylvania after a night out with friends. Constand stated that Cosby listened to her complaints about stress. According to Constand, Cosby gave her three blue pills he claimed would help her relax. Cosby later, in a deposition, would state that the pills were the over-the- counter antihistamine, Benadryl.
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Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine mainly used to treat allergies. It can also be used for insomnia, symptoms of the common cold, tremor in parkinsonism, and nausea. It is used by mouth, injection into a vein, injection into a muscle, or applied to the skin. Maximal effect is typically around two hours after a dose, and effects can last for up to seven hours.
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A 1985 review of antihistamine pharmacokinetics found that the elimination half-life of diphenhydramine ranged between 3.4 and 9.3 hours across five studies, with a median elimination half-life of 4.3 hours. A subsequent 1990 study found that the elimination half-life of diphenhydramine was 5.4 hours in children, 9.2 hours in young adults, and 13.5 hours in the elderly.
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Profenamine (INN; also known as ethopropazine (BAN); trade names Parsidol, Parsidan, Parkin) is a phenothiazine derivative used as an antiparkinsonian agent that has anticholinergic, antihistamine, and antiadrenergic actions. It is also used in the alleviation of the extrapyramidal syndrome induced by drugs such as other phenothiazine compounds, but, like other compounds with antimuscarinic properties, is of no value against tardive dyskinesia.
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Propiomazine (Largon, Propavan, Indorm, Serentin, Dorevane, Dorevan) is an antihistamine blocking H1 receptors. It is used to treat insomnia, and to produce sleepiness or drowsiness and to relieve anxiety before or during surgery or other procedures and in combination with analgetics also during labor. Propiomazine is a phenothiazine, but is not used as a neuroleptic because it does not block dopamine receptors well.
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Pipofezine, sold under the brand name Azafen or Azaphen, is an antidepressant approved in Russia for the treatment of depression. It was introduced in the late 1960s and is still used today. Pipofezine has been shown to act as a potent inhibitor of the reuptake of serotonin. In addition to its antidepressant action, pipofezine has sedative effects as well, suggesting antihistamine activity.
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It is sold under a variety of brand names including Toplexil by Aventis. It is sold over the counter in France, Egypt, Algeria, South Korea and the UAE. The oxomemazine ingredient (antihistamine) is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), either for over the counter or prescription use. French travelers use it as a sleeping aid for long flights.
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Sid changes the topic, which Deborah thanks him for. She apologises to Jimmi, but he walks away from her. When a family needs advice on an illness, Deborah is unsure of what to tell them, and asks Emma Reid (Dido Miles) for advice; she then asks her if antihistamine tablets can affect a pregnancy the next day, as she is unsure.
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Mebhydrolin (INN) or mebhydroline is an antihistamine. It is not available in the United States, but it is in various other countries under the brand names Bexidal (BD) and Diazolin (RU). It is used for symptomatic relief of allergic symptoms caused by histamine release, including nasal allergies and allergic dermatosis. Mebhydrolin has been shown to magnify the performance-deficit effects of alcohol.
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Chlorphenamine is often combined with phenylpropanolamine to form an allergy medication with both antihistamine and decongestant properties, though phenylpropanolamine is no longer available in the US after studies showed it increased the risk of stroke in young women. Chlorphenamine remains available with no such risk. Chlorphenamine may be combined with the opioid hydrocodone. Chlorphenamine/dihydrocodeine immediate- release syrups are also marketed.
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With isonitriles instead of potassium cyanide, 2-carboxybenzaldehyde and primary aromatic amines react in methanol to form substituted isochromen-1-ones, which are converted to isoindolinones with traces of acid. Synthese von Isochromenonen durch 3-Komponentenreaktion mit Isocyaniden Synthesis pathways for the isoquinoline derivative quinisocaine (acting as a local anesthetic) and the antihistamine azelastine are also based on 2-carboxybenzaldehyde as starting material.
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There is little evidence supporting the efficacy of antihistamine for the relief of dermatitis. Sedative antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine, may be useful in those who are unable to sleep due to eczema. Second generation antihistamines have minimal evidence of benefit. Of the second generation antihistamines studied, fexofenadine is the only one to show evidence of improvement in itching with minimal side effects.
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Ebastine is a H1 antihistamine with low potential for causing drowsiness. It does not penetrate the blood–brain barrier to a significant amount and thus combines an effective block of the H1 receptor in peripheral tissue with a low incidence of central side effects, i.e. seldom causing sedation or drowsiness. It was patented in 1983 and came into medical use in 1990.
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Cloperastine (INN) or cloperastin, also known as cloperastine hydrochloride (JAN) (brand names Hustazol, Nitossil, Seki) and cloperastine fendizoate (or hybenzoate), is an antitussive and antihistamine that is marketed as a cough suppressant in Japan, Hong Kong, and in some European countries. It was first introduced in 1972 in Japan, and then in Italy in 1981. The precise mechanism of action of cloperastine is not fully clear, but several different biological activities have been identified for the drug, of which include: ligand of the σ1 receptor (Ki = 20 nM) (likely an agonist), GIRK channel blocker (described as "potent"), antihistamine (Ki = 3.8 nM for the H1 receptor), and anticholinergic. It is thought that the latter two properties contribute to side effects, such as sedation and somnolence, while the former two may be involved in or responsible for the antitussive efficacy of cloperastine.
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Anaphylactoid reactions range from urticaria and itching, to bronchospasm and facial and laryngeal edema. For simple cases of urticaria and itching, an oral or intravenous antihistamine such as diphenhydramine is appropriate. For more severe reactions, including bronchospasm and facial or neck edema, albuterol inhaler, or subcutaneous or IV epinephrine, plus diphenhydramine may be needed. If respiration is compromised, an airway must be established prior to medical management.
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Amixetrine (INN) (brand name Somagest; developmental code name CERM-898) is a drug that was formerly marketed in France but is now no longer sold. According to various sources it has been said to be an anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antispasmodic, anticholinergic, antihistamine, and antiserotonergic, but its definitive indications and pharmacology are unclear. The drug was first synthesized in 1969 and was introduced in France in 1972.
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The name was first used by a digital marketing company, NetResult Ltd., which was an early producer of websites and related digital marketing materials, founded in Brighton in 1995. Their clients included major companies such as Schering-Plough (for a website about the Clarityn antihistamine). They were located directly above the premises of a pioneering internet service provider, Pavilion Internet, which was later acquired by Easynet.
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In 1951, AHP launched Antabuse, a drug for the treatment of alcoholism, as well as the antihistamine Phenergan. Ansolyen was launched the next year as a high blood pressure medication. The anticonvulsant Mysoline was introduced in 1954. Other drugs introduced during this time include Isordil, a vasodilator for treatment of angina, Dryvax, a freeze-dried smallpox vaccine, and Ovral, a combined oral contraceptive pill.
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Foundation of Laboratorios Almirall SA was founded in 1943 in Spain. In 1979 the company launched gastroprokinetic clebopride in Spain, the first product from the company’s internal R&D; team. In 1984 the business launched antacid product, almagate, in Spain, as well as anti-inflammatory piketoprofen in 1985 and antihistamine ebastine and cinitapride in 1985. In the same year, Almirall opened its first subsidiary, based in Belgium.
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Tripelennamine, sold under the brand name Pyribenzamine by Novartis, is a drug that is used as an antipruritic and first-generation antihistamine. It can be used in the treatment of asthma, hay fever, rhinitis and urticaria, but is now less common as it has been replaced by newer antihistamines. The drug was patented at CIBA, which merged with Geigy into Ciba-Geigy, and eventually becoming Novartis.
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Antihistamine agents are the typically prescribed drug for the treatment of physical urticaria. They block the effect of histamine, a compound produced by the body which forms a part of the local immune response consequently causing inflammation. Some research has suggested that the use antihistamines and antagonist in synergy are better for the treatment of physical urticarias.Breathnach SM, Allen R, Ward AM, et al.
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While zimelidine had a very favorable safety profile, within a year and a half of its introduction, rare case reports of Guillain–Barré syndrome emerged that appeared to be caused by the drug, prompting its manufacturer to withdraw it from the market. After its withdrawal, it was succeeded by fluvoxamine and fluoxetine (derived from the antihistamine diphenhydramine) in that order, and the other SSRIs.
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Epinastine (brand names Alesion, Elestat, Purivist, Relestat) is a second- generation antihistamine and mast cell stabilizer that is used in eye drops to treat allergic conjunctivitis. It is produced by Allergan and marketed by Inspire in the United States. It is highly selective for the H1 receptor and does not cross the blood-brain-barrier. It was patented in 1980 and came into medical use in 1994.
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Ketotifen is a selective antihistamine – that is, an inverse agonist of the histamine H1 receptor (Ki = 0.166 nM) – and mast cell stabilizer. In addition, ketotifen has weak anticholinergic (Ki = 204 nM for ) and antiserotonergic (Ki = 38.9 nM for 5-HT2A) activity. However, at the dosages in which it is typically used clinically, both the anticholinergic and antiserotonergic activity of ketotifen are said not to be appreciable.
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Mepyramine, also known as pyrilamine, is a first generation antihistamine, targeting the H1 receptor as an inverse agonist. It rapidly permeates the brain often causing drowsiness. It also has anticholinergic properties. However, its anticholinergic potency is negligible compared to its antihistaminergic activity; it has an H1 to muscarinic Ki ratio of 130,000 to 1, compared to a ratio of 20 to 1 for diphenhydramine.
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Analgesic/sedative combinations are widely used (e.g., analgesic/antihistamine combinations, analgesic/barbiturate combinations such as Fiorinal). In addition analgesic/caffeine combinations are popular such as the aspirin-caffeine combination or the aspirin, acetaminophen and caffeine combinations. Frequent use (daily or skipping just one day in between use for 7–10 days) of any of the above analgesics may, however, lead to medication overuse headache.
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Though they tend not to sting unless a violent struggle occurs, they nonetheless violently protect their nests and can sting repeatedly. As a result, increased efforts into pest control have occurred. Because the chance of colony disturbance and resulting stings is great, the species is recommended to be controlled during outbreaks. The recommended treatment of stings is antihistamine ointments and tablets to reduce reactions.
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Antihistamines (or "histamine antagonists") inhibit the release or action of histamine. "Antihistamine" can be used to describe any histamine antagonist, but the term is usually reserved for the classical antihistamines that act upon the H1 histamine receptor. Antihistamines are used as treatment for allergies. Allergies are caused by an excessive response of the body to allergens, such as the pollen released by grasses and trees.
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Diphenylpyraline (DPP; sold as Allergen, Arbid, Belfene, Diafen, Hispril, Histyn, Lergobine, Lyssipol, Mepiben, Neargal) is a first-generation antihistamine with anticholinergic effects of the diphenylpiperidine class. It is marketed in Europe for the treatment of allergies. DPP has also been found to act as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor and produces hyperactivity in rodents. It has been shown to be useful in the treatment of Parkinsonism.
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Orphenadrine (sold under many brand names worldwide) is an anticholinergic drug of the ethanolamine antihistamine class; it is closely related to diphenhydramine. It is used to treat muscle pain and to help with motor control in Parkinson's disease, but has largely been superseded by newer drugs. This substance is considered a dirty drug due to its multiple mechanism of action in different pathways. It was discovered and developed in the 1940s.
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Phenindamine (Nolahist, Thephorin) is an antihistamine and anticholinergic closely related to cyproheptadine. It was developed by Hoffman-La Roche in the late 1940s. It is used to treat symptoms of the common cold and allergies, such as sneezing, itching, rashes, and hives. Its efficacy against some symptoms of opioid withdrawal was researched in the 1950s and 1960s in a number of countries; William S. Burroughs' book Junkie mentions this technique.
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The American Home Products company sponsored Front Page Farrell, promoting a variety of its products by rotating commercials. The products included Kolynos toothpaste and tooth powder, Anacin pain reliever, Kriptin antihistamine, Freezone corn remover, Heet liniment, Dristan and Primatene cold remedies, Preparation H hemorrhoid treatment, Neet hair remover, Infrarub balm, Black Flag insect repellent, Aerowax floor wax, Wizard room deodorizer, Sani-Flush toilet cleaner, and Easy-Off oven cleaner.
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Diphenhydramine was discovered in 1943 by George Rieveschl, a former professor at the University of Cincinnati. In 1946, it became the first prescription antihistamine approved by the U.S. FDA. In the 1960s, diphenhydramine was found to inhibit reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin. This discovery led to a search for viable antidepressants with similar structures and fewer side effects, culminating in the invention of fluoxetine (Prozac), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).
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In allergic angioedema, avoidance of the allergen and use of antihistamines may prevent future attacks. Cetirizine is a commonly prescribed antihistamine for angioedema. Some patients have reported success with the combination of a nightly low dose of cetirizine to moderate the frequency and severity of attacks, followed by a much higher dose when an attack does appear. Severe angioedema cases may require desensitization to the putative allergen, as mortality can occur.
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A wide variety of pharmaceuticals have been used in trials attempting to reduce headshaking in horses. Many may have averse side-effects and may also be banned from use in show horses. Cyproheptadine is an antihistamine and serotonin antagonist which has been effective in significantly reducing headshaking symptoms in many horses. It can be used alone or in conjunction with carbamazepine, an anticonvulsant used to treat nerve pain in humans.
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In 1937, Daniel Bovet and Anne-Marie Staub discovered the first antihistamine (Neuroleptic). In 1951 Paul Charpentier synthesized chlorpromazine (Neuroleptic). Different perspectives on the causes of psychological disorders arose. Some believed that stated that psychological disorders are caused by specific abnormalities of the brain and nervous system and that is, in principle, they should be approached for treatments in the same way as physical illness (arose from Hippocrates's ideas).
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The antihistamine is helpful in cases where allergy or common cold is the reason for the cough; it is also a potentiator of opioids, allowing enhanced suppression of cough, analgesia, and other effects from a given quantity of the drug by itself. In various places in the world, cough and cold preparations containing codeine and chlorphenamine are available. In the drug Coricidin, chlorphenamine is combined with the cough suppressant dextromethorphan.
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Most studies of antihistamines reported on people who are younger, so the effects on people over age 65 are not as well understood. Older people are more likely to experience drowsiness from antihistamine use than younger people. Also, most of the research has been on white people and other ethnicities are not as represented in the research. The evidence does not report how antihistamines affect women differently than men.
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The scientists based their search on the template of the antihistamine drug diphenhydramine hydrochloride, commonly known as Benadryl. After many failures, the research team synthesized a group of compounds called aryloxyphenylpropylamines. Upon testing, a member of the group, fluoxetine hydrochloride, proved to affect only the neurotransmitter serotonin. This compound became the first selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and the active ingredient in the vastly popular and effective drug Prozac.
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The primary cause has to be treated, or the exacerbation may persist and relapse. Topical steroids are the primary category of medications used to treat exfoliative dermatitis. A sedative antihistamine may be a useful adjunct for pruritic patients, since it helps patients to sleep at night, thus limiting nocturnal scratching and excoriations. Antimicrobial agents often are used if an infection is suspected to be precipitating or complicating exfoliative dermatitis.
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Cunninghamella elegans is a microbial model of mammalian drug metabolism. The use of this fungus could reduce the over-all need for laboratory animals. C. elegans is able to transform the tricyclic antidepressants amitriptyline and doxepin, the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapine, the muscle relaxant cyclobenzaprine, the typical antipsychotic chlorpromazine as well as the antihistamine and anticholinergic methdilazine and azatadine. It is also able to transform the antihistamines brompheniramine, chlorpheniramine and pheniramine.
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Flunarizine is a selective calcium antagonist with moderate other actions including antihistamine, serotonin receptor blocking and dopamine D2 blocking activity. Compared to other calcium channel blockers such as dihydropyridine derivatives, verapamil and diltiazem, flunarizine has low affinity to voltage- dependent calcium channels. It has been theorised that it may act not by inhibiting calcium entry into cells, but rather by an intracellular mechanism such as antagonising calmodulin, a calcium binding protein.
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Dristan 12-Hour Nasal Spray and Dristan Cold Multi-Symptom Tablets are medications made by Pfizer. Dristan 12-Hour Nasal Spray is a nasal decongestant, the active ingredient of which is oxymetazoline hydrochloride 0.05%. Dristan Cold Multi-Symptom Tablets contain three active ingredients: acetaminophen, USP 325 mg (a pain reliever and fever reducer), chlorpheniramine maleate, USP 2 mg (an antihistamine), and phenylephrine HCl, USP 5 mg (a nasal decongestant).
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Hirszfeld was the first to foresee the serological conflict between mother and child, which was confirmed by the discovery of the Rhesus factor. Upon this basis he developed, in the last years of his life, an "allergic" theory of miscarriage and recommended antihistamine therapy. Hirszfeld also investigated tumors and the serology of tuberculosis. His discovery of the infectious agent of paratyphoid C had far-reaching consequences for differential diagnosis.
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Morphine is administered prior to, during, and for two hours after infusion of dinutuximab and dinutuximab beta to manage the severe pain that this drug causes. An antihistamine and an anti-inflammatory are also given before, during, and after to manage the infusion reaction. Women who are pregnant or who might become pregnant should not take dinutuximab or dinutuximab beta, because it is very likely to cause harm to a fetus.
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In common use, the term antihistamine refers only to compounds that inhibit action at the H1 receptor (and not H2, etc.). Clinically, H1 antagonists are used to treat certain allergies. Sedation is a common side-effect, and some H1 antagonists, such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and doxylamine, are also used to treat insomnia. Second-generation antihistamines cross the blood–brain barrier to a much lower degree than the first ones.
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A variety of factors have been shown to affect subject's performance on flanker tasks. Acute administration of antihistamine or alcohol severely impairs CRT in test measures, a deficit which Ramaekers et al. (1992) found to carry over to driving tests. The study used an on-the-road driving tests, and several laboratory tests including the letter version of the Eriksen task to assess the effects of two antihistamines and alcohol on driving skills.
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Pheniramine (trade name Avil among others) is an antihistamine with anticholinergic properties used to treat allergic conditions such as hay fever or urticaria. It has relatively strong sedative effects, and may sometimes be used off-label as an over-the-counter sleeping pill in a similar manner to other sedating antihistamines such as diphenhydramine. Pheniramine is also commonly found in eyedrops used for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. It was patented in 1948.
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Terfenadine acts as a peripherally- selective antihistamine, or antagonist of the histamine H1 receptor. It is a prodrug, generally completely metabolized to the active form fexofenadine in the liver by the enzyme cytochrome P450 3A4. Due to its near complete metabolism by the liver immediately after leaving the gut, terfenadine normally is not measurable in the plasma. Terfenadine itself, however, is cardiotoxic at higher doses, while its major active metabolite is not.
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Meclizine is a first-generation antihistamine (nonselective H1 antagonist) of the piperazine class. It is structurally and pharmacologically similar to buclizine, cyclizine, and hydroxyzine, but has a shorter half-life of six hours compared to cyclizine and hydroxyzine with about 20 hours (though half-life should not be confused with duration). It is used as an antivertigo/antiemetic agent, specifically in the prevention and treatment of nausea, vomiting, and dizziness associated with motion sickness.Clinical Pharmacology.
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Panadol night is a GlaxoSmithKline painkiller intended for use at night. It consists of 500 milligrams of paracetamol, 25 milligrams of diphenhydramine hydrochloride (a sedating antihistamine) and other "non-hazardous ingredients"PANADOL NIGHT TABLETS Safety Data Sheet , SDS Number 109998, GlaxoSmithKline, Approved/Revised 08-Dec-2006 It is sold in Australia, Cyprus United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand and the Middle East. It became available as an over the counter medication in the UK in 1996.
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Ketotifen, sold under the brand name Zaditor among others, is a second- generation noncompetitive H1-antihistamine and mast cell stabilizer. It is most commonly sold as a salt with fumaric acid, ketotifen fumarate, and is available in two forms. In its ophthalmic form, it is used to treat allergic conjunctivitis. In its oral form, it is used to prevent asthma attacks or anaphylaxis, as well as various mast cell, allergic-type disorders.
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According to the 2014 American practice parameters, treatment involves a stepwise approach. Step 1 consists of second generation, H1 receptor blocking antihistamines. Systemic glucocorticoids can also be used for episodes of severe disease but should not be used for long term due to their long list of side effects. Step 2 consists of increasing the dose of the current antihistamine, adding other antihistamines, or adding a leukotriene receptor antagonist such as montelukast.
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The antihistamine promethazine (Phenergan) may also have a positive effect on hepatic metabolism of dihydrocodeine as it does with codeine. Higher doses of promethazine may interfere with most other opioids with the exception of the pethidine family (Demerol and the like) by this or other unknown mechanisms. As with all drugs, side-effects depend on the person taking the medication. They can range in severity from mild to extreme, from headaches to difficulty breathing.
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Retrieved on 2011-11-20. Antihistamine effectiveness for sleep may decrease over time, and anticholinergic side-effects (such as dry mouth) may also be a drawback with these particular drugs. While addiction does not seem to be an issue with this class of drugs, they can induce dependence and rebound effects upon abrupt cessation of use. However, people whose insomnia is caused by restless legs syndrome may have worsened symptoms with antihistamines.
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Antihistamine derivatives were used to treat surgical shock and later as neuroleptics. Although in 1955 reserpine was shown to be more effective than placebo in alleviating anxious depression, neuroleptics were being developed as sedatives and antipsychotics. Attempting to improve the effectiveness of chlorpromazine, Kuhn in conjunction with the Geigy Pharmaceutical Company discovered the compound "G 22355", later renamed imipramine. Imipramine had a beneficial effect in patients with depression who showed mental and motor retardation.
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Specific investigations later found that the pilot of Flight 121 may have been intoxicated. The brother of the pilot stated that four hours before the crash the captain of the flight had been drinking alcohol. The investigation also revealed that the captain had insufficient rest prior to the flight and that he had consumed an above-therapeutic level of antihistamine prior to the flight. Air Fiji's Standard Operating Procedure was also found to be inadequate.
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Thornton and Bonato noted, "Pre- and inflight adaptive efforts, some of them mandatory and most of them onerous, have been, for the most part, operational failures." To date, the most common intervention is promethazine, an injectable antihistamine with antiemetic properties, but sedation can be a problematic side effect. Other common pharmacological options include metaclopromide, as well as oral and transdermal application of scopolamine, but drowsiness and sedation are common side effects for these medications as well.
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Cyclizine was developed in the American division of pharmacy company Burroughs Wellcome (today GlaxoSmithKline) during a research study involving many drugs of the antihistamine group. Cyclizine was quickly clinically found as a potent and long-acting antiemetic. The company named the substance – or more precisely cyclizine's hydrochloride form which it usually appears in – "marezine hydrochloride" and started to sell it in the United States under trade name Marezine. Selling was begun in France under trade name Marzine in 1965.
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Treatment is aimed at reducing itching and minimizing existing lesions because rubbing and scratching exacerbate LSC. The itching and inflammation may be treated with a lotion or steroid cream (such as triamcinolone or Betamethasone) applied to the affected area of the skin. Night-time scratching can be reduced with sedatives and antihistamines. Doxepin is often prescribed, as it offers both antihistamine properties and is also effective at reducing the (itch scratch cycle) associated with the obsessive psychosomatic behavioral symptoms.
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Quinupramine (brand names Kevopril, Kinupril, Adeprim, Quinuprine) is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) used in Europe for the treatment of depression. Pharmacologically, quinupramine acts in vitro as a strong muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist (anticholinergic) and H1 receptor antagonist (antihistamine), moderate 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, and weak serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. It has negligible affinity for the α1-adrenergic, α2-adrenergic, β-adrenergic, or D2 receptor. Clinically, quinupramine is reported to be stimulating similarly to imipramine, desipramine, and demexiptiline.
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Non-sedating antihistamines that block histamine H1 receptors are the first line of therapy. First-generation antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine or hydroxyzine, block both brain and peripheral H1 receptors, and cause sedation. Second-generation antihistamines, such as loratadine, cetirizine or desloratadine, selectively antagonize peripheral H1 receptors, and are less sedating, less anticholinergic, and generally preferred over the first-generation antihistamines. Fexofenadine, a new-generation antihistamine that blocks histamine H1 receptors, may be less sedating than some second-generation antihistamines.
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Dexbrompheniramine/pseudoephedrine (trade name Drixoral) is a combination medication that contains the antihistamine dexbrompheniramine maleate and the decongestant pseudoephedrine sulfate. It was used to treat symptoms associated with allergies and colds such as itchy and watery eyes, runny nose, nasal and sinus congestion, and sneezing. Because it contains pseudoephedrine, its purchase in the United States was severely restricted by the Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005 over fears that any product containing pseudoephedrine can be used to make methamphetamine.
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In April 1982, Brandon Dyment was in an auto accident on a highway. A doctor soon came to the scene, and Dyment was taken to the hospital by a Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) officer. At the hospital a blood sample was taken from him for medical purposes while unconscious. When Dyment woke up, and while still suffering from a concussion from the accident, he told the doctor that he had been drinking and had taken antihistamine tablets.
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Doxylamine is a first-generation antihistamine used as a short-term sedative and hypnotic (sleep aid) or in combination formulations to provide night-time allergy and cold relief. It provides a calmative effect in preparations containing the analgesics paracetamol (acetaminophen) and codeine. It is prescribed in combination with vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) to prevent morning sickness in pregnant women. Its fetal safety rating is "A" (no evidence of risk) in Briggs' Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk.
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Horse-fly bites can be painful to humans. Usually, a wheal (raised area of skin) occurs around the site, and other symptoms may include urticaria (a rash), dizziness, weakness, wheezing, and angioedema (a temporary itchy, pink or red swelling occurring around the eyes or lips); a few people experience an allergic reaction. The site of the bite should be washed and a cold compress applied. Scratching the wound should be avoided and an antihistamine preparation can be applied.
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Perlapine, sold under the brand names Hypnodine and Pipnodine, is a hypnotic and sedative of the tricyclic group which is marketed in Japan. It acts primarily as a potent antihistamine, and also has anticholinergic, antiserotonergic, antiadrenergic, and some antidopaminergic activity. The drug has relatively weak affinity for the dopamine D2 receptor ( = 1,803 nM) and, in accordance, is said to be ineffective as an antipsychotic. However, it retains higher affinity for the dopamine D1 receptor ( = 198 nM).
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Laborit's ideas on anesthesia included potentiated anaesthesia, lowering basal metabolism and lowering body temperature (so-called artificial hibernation). He advocated the use of procaine, synthetic antihistamines, Diparcol (diethazine), tetraethylammonium bromide and vitamin B1. He did not like to use morphine. In his years in Bizerte he became interested in the use of the antihistamine promethazine to make patients more relaxed before surgery and in contributing to anesthesia, observations that were the forerunner of his later interest in chlorpromazine.
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4-Chloroaniline is used in the industrial production of pesticides, drugs, and dyestuffs. It is a precursor to the widely used antimicrobial and bacteriocide chlorhexidine and is used in the manufacture of pesticides, including pyraclostrobin, anilofos, monolinuron, and chlorphthalim. 4-Chloroaniline can be also used in the manufacture of some benzodiazepine drugs as well as the antihistamine dorastine, the antiarhythmic lorcainide, and the antifungal ontianil. 4-Chloroaniline can exhibit antimicrobial action against some bacteria and molds.
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Marion Merrell Dow and its predecessor Marion Laboratories was a U.S. pharmaceutical company based in Kansas City, Missouri from 1950 until 1996. The company specialized in bringing to market drugs that had been discovered but unmarketed by other companies including Cardizem which treats arrhythmias and high blood pressure, Carafate (an ulcer treatment), Gaviscon (an antacid), Seldane (a withdrawn antihistamine), Nicorette (anti-smoking gum) and Cepacol mouthwash.Marion Merrell Dow, Inc., International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 9.
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Promethazine, a phenothiazine derivative, is structurally different from the neuroleptic phenothiazines, with similar but different effects. It acts primarily as a strong antagonist of the H1 receptor (antihistamine) and a moderate mACh receptor antagonist (anticholinergic), and also has weak to moderate affinity for the 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, D2, and α1-adrenergic receptors, where it acts as an antagonist at all sites, as well. Another notable use of promethazine is as a local anesthetic, by blockade of sodium channels.
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Because the compounds in valerian produce central nervous system depression, they should not be used with other depressants, such as ethanol (drinking alcohol), benzodiazepines, barbiturates, opiates, kava, or antihistamine drugs. Although no liver problems are normally encountered with valerian use, there have been case studies in which hepatotoxicity has been observed in apparently hypersensitive individuals following short-term use (e.g. one month). As an unregulated product, the concentration, contents, and potential contaminants in valerian preparations cannot be easily determined.
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Other sleep remedies that may be considered "sedative-hypnotics" exist; psychiatrists will sometimes prescribe medicines off-label if they have sedating effects. Examples of these include mirtazapine (an antidepressant), clonidine (generally prescribed to regulate blood pressure), quetiapine (an antipsychotic), and the over-the-counter sleep aid diphenhydramine (Benadryl – an antihistamine). Off-label sleep remedies are particularly useful when first-line treatment is unsuccessful or deemed unsafe (for example, in patients with a history of substance abuse).
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Desipramine, sold under the brand name Norpramin among others, is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) used in the treatment of depression. It acts as a relatively selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, though it does also have other activities such as weak serotonin reuptake inhibitory, α1-blocking, antihistamine, and anticholinergic effects. The drug is not considered a first-line treatment for depression since the introduction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants, which have fewer side effects and are safer in overdose.
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Allergies are mediated through IgE signaling which triggers mast cell degranulation. Many forms of cutaneous and mucosal allergy are mediated in large part by mast cells; they play a central role in asthma, eczema, itch (from various causes), and allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis. Antihistamine drugs act by blocking histamine action on nerve endings. Cromoglicate-based drugs (sodium cromoglicate, nedocromil) block a calcium channel essential for mast cell degranulation, stabilizing the cell and preventing release of histamine and related mediators.
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The nausea usually is transient and subsides quickly. Hives can range from a minor annoyance to severe, and a single dose of antihistamine may give complete relief. Anaphylactic shock and subsequent cardiac arrest and sudden death are very rare, but because they occur within minutes, a health care provider who uses fluorescein should be prepared to perform emergency resuscitation. Intravenous use has the most reported adverse reactions, including sudden death, but this may reflect greater use rather than greater risk.
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Several narcotic and opiate-containing drug preparations, such as those containing hydrocodone and codeine are combined with an anticholinergic agent to deter intentional misuse. Examples include Hydromet/Hycodan (hydrocodone/homatropine), Lomotil (diphenoxylate/atropine) and Tussionex (hydrocodone polistirex/chlorpheniramine). However, it is noted that opioid/antihistamine combinations are used clinically for their synergistic effect in the management of pain and maintenance of dissociative anesthesia (sedation) in such preparations as Meprozine (meperidine/promethazine) and Diconal (dipipanone/cyclizine), which act as strong anticholinergic agents.
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Fluacizine, sold under the brand name Phtorazisin, is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) of the phenothiazine group which is or was marketed in Russia. Unlike other phenothiazines, fluacizine is not an antipsychotic, and can actually reverse catalepsy and extrapyramidal symptoms induced by antidopaminergic agents like antipsychotics, reserpine, and tetrabenazine as well as potentiate amphetamine-induced stereotypy. It is known to act as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, antihistamine, and anticholinergic. The drug was developed in the 1960s and was marketed in the 1970s.
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Loratadine is a tricyclic antihistamine, which acts as a selective inverse agonist of peripheral histamine H1 receptors. The potency of second generation histamine antagonists is (from strongest to weakest) desloratadine (Ki 0.4 nM) > levocetirizine (Ki 3 nM) > cetirizine (Ki 6 nM) > fexofenadine (Ki 10 nM) > terfenadine > loratadine. However, the onset of action varies significantly and clinical efficacy is not always directly related to only the H1 receptor potency, as concentration of free drug at the receptor must also be considered.
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Levocabastine (trade name Livostin or Livocab, depending on the region) is a selective second-generation H1 receptor antagonist which was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1979. It is used for allergic conjunctivitis. As well as acting as an antihistamine, levocabastine has also subsequently been found to act as a potent and selective antagonist for the neurotensin receptor NTS2, and was the first drug used to characterise the different neurotensin subtypes. This has made it a useful tool for the study of this receptor.
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Consultation of a medical professional is recommended for those who intend to take antihistamines for longer-term use. Although people typically use the word “antihistamine” to describe drugs for treating allergies, doctors and scientists use the term to describe a class of drug that opposes the activity of histamine receptors in the body. In this sense of the word, antihistamines are subclassified according to the histamine receptor that they act upon. The two largest classes of antihistamines are H1-antihistamines and H2-antihistamines.
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Researchers began a process of rational drug design to isolate antihistamine-derived compounds that would selectively target these systems. The first such compound to be patented was zimelidine in 1971, while the first released clinically was indalpine. Fluoxetine was approved for commercial use by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1988, becoming the first blockbuster SSRI. Fluoxetine was developed at Eli Lilly and Company in the early 1970s by Bryan Molloy, Klaus Schmiegel, David T. Wong and others.
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Trimipramine, sold under the brand name Surmontil among others, is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) which is used to treat depression. It has also been used for its sedative, anxiolytic, and weak antipsychotic effects in the treatment of insomnia, anxiety disorders, and psychosis, respectively. The drug is described as an atypical or "second-generation" TCA because, unlike other TCAs, it seems to be a fairly weak monoamine reuptake inhibitor. Similarly to other TCAs however, trimipramine does have antihistamine, antiserotonergic, antiadrenergic, antidopaminergic, and anticholinergic activities.
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Drugs that can trigger an oculogyric crisis include neuroleptics (such as haloperidol, chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, olanzapine), carbamazepine, chloroquine, cisplatin, diazoxide, levodopa, lithium, metoclopramide, lurasidone, domperidone, nifedipine, pemoline, phencyclidine ("PCP"), reserpine, and cetirizine, an antihistamine. High-potency neuroleptics are probably the most common cause in the clinical setting. Other causes can include Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency Korenke, GC; Christen, HJ; Hyland, K; Hunneman, DH; Hanefeld, F (1997). "Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency: an extrapyramidal movement disorder with oculogyric crises".
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Antazoline is a 1st generation antihistamine with anticholinergic properties used to relieve nasal congestion and in eye drops, usually in combination with naphazoline, to relieve the symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis. To treat allergic conjunctivitis, antazoline can be combined in a solution with tetryzoline. The drug is a Histamine H1 receptor antagonist: selectively binding to but not activating the receptor, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous histamine and subsequently leading to the temporary relief of the negative symptoms brought on by histamine.
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The duration of the visible blistering caused by varicella zoster virus varies in children usually from 4 to 7 days, and the appearance of new blisters begins to subside after the fifth day. Chickenpox infection is milder in young children, and symptomatic treatment, with sodium bicarbonate baths or antihistamine medication may ease itching. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is widely used to reduce fever. Aspirin, or products containing aspirin, should not be given to children under 16 with chickenpox, as this is linked to Reye syndrome.
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Tofenacin is an antidepressant drug with a tricyclic-like structure which was developed and marketed in the United Kingdom and Italy in 1971 and 1981, respectively, by Brocades-Stheeman & Pharmacia (now part of Astellas Pharma). It acts as a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, and based on its close relation to orphenadrine, may also possess anticholinergic and antihistamine properties. Tofenacin is also the major active metabolite of orphenadrine and likely plays a role in its beneficial effects against depressive symptoms seen in Parkinson's disease patients.
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Excess radioiodine that does not get absorbed into the thyroid gland is eliminated by the body in urine. Some people with hyperthyroidism may experience a slight allergic reaction to the diagnostic radioiodine and may be given an antihistamine. The person returns 24 hours later to have the level of radioiodine "uptake" (absorbed by the thyroid gland) measured by a device with a metal bar placed against the neck, which measures the radioactivity emitting from the thyroid. This test takes about 4 minutes while the uptake % (i.e.
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Bilastine (sold under the brand names BILLASI and Blexten, among others), is a second-generation antihistamine medication which is used in the treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and urticaria (hives). It exerts its effect as a selective histamine H1 receptor antagonist, and has an effectiveness similar to cetirizine, fexofenadine, and desloratadine. It was developed in Spain by FAES Farma. Bilastine is approved in the European Union for the symptomatic treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and urticaria, but it is not approved for any use in the United States.
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Zimelidine (INN, BAN) (brand names Zimeldine, Normud, Zelmid) was one of the first selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants to be marketed. It is a pyridylallylamine, and is structurally different from other antidepressants. Zimelidine was developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s by Arvid Carlsson, who was then working for the Swedish company Astra AB. It was discovered following a search for drugs with structures similar to brompheniramine (it is a derivative of brompheniramine), an antihistamine with antidepressant activity. Zimelidine was first sold in 1982.
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Terfenadine is an antihistamine formerly used for the treatment of allergic conditions. It was brought to market by Hoechst Marion Roussel (now Sanofi- Aventis) and was marketed under various brand names, including Seldane in the United States, Triludan in the United Kingdom, and Teldane in Australia. It was superseded by fexofenadine in the 1990s due to the risk of a particular type of disruption of the electrical rhythms of the heart (specifically cardiac arrhythmia caused by QT interval prolongation) and has been withdrawn from markets worldwide.
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Terfenadine, in addition to its antihistamine effects, also acts as a potassium channel blocker (Kv11.1 encoded by the gene hERG). Since its active metabolite is not a potassium channel blocker, no cardiotoxicity is associated with fexofenadine. Sudden toxicity is possible even after years of use without problems as a result of an interaction with other medications such as erythromycin, or foods such as grapefruit. The addition of, or a dosage increase in, these CYP3A4 inhibitors makes it harder for the body to metabolize and remove terfenadine.
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Dosulepin, also known as dothiepin and sold under the brand name Prothiaden among others, is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) which is used in the treatment of depression. Dosulepin was once the most frequently prescribed antidepressant in the United Kingdom, but it is no longer widely used due to its relatively high toxicity in overdose without therapeutic advantages over other TCAs. It acts as a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) and also has other activities including antihistamine, antiadrenergic, antiserotonergic, anticholinergic, and sodium channel-blocking effects.
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The flowering plant Carpobrotus glaucescens is useful to ease the pain from a sting If no signs of an allergic reaction are present, an ice pack or commercially available sprays are used to relieve the pain. Stingose is also recommended to treat a jack jumper sting. Other treatments include washing the stung area with soap and water, and if continuous pain remains for several days, antihistamine tablets are taken for one to three days. Emergency treatment is needed in a case of a severe allergic reaction.
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H1 antagonists, also called H1 blockers, are a class of medications that block the action of histamine at the H1 receptor, helping to relieve allergic reactions. Agents where the main therapeutic effect is mediated by negative modulation of histamine receptors are termed antihistamines; other agents may have antihistaminergic action but are not true antihistamines. In common use, the term "antihistamine" refers only to H1-antihistamines. Virtually all H1-antihistamines function as inverse agonists at the histamine H1-receptor, as opposed to neutral antagonists, as was previously believed.
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Antihistamines suppress the activity of the histamine. Diphenhydramine, a first-generation H1 receptor antagonist or medicine that combats the H1 receptor that is associated with many allergic reactions, has been found to be the most potent antihistamine for this particular disease. Patients prescribed 50 milligrams four times per day have been able to sustain normal exposure to the sun without suffering a reaction. Patients with less potent forms of solar urticaria such as fixed solar urticaria can be treated with the medication fexofenadine, which may also be used prophylactically to prevent recurrence.
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It became widely used in the investigation and management of peptic ulcers. His paper describing this test, Effect of Large Doses of Histamine on Gastric Secretion of HCl, became the single most cited paper in the British Medical Journal between 1945 and 1989. Before the test each subject was given an antihistamine which blocked all of the effects of histamine apart from its effect on gastric acid secretion. This observation formed the basis for the work of Sir James Black in developing drugs which selectively blocked the effect of histamine in stimulating gastric acid production.
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Bilastine, or 2-[4-[2-[4-[1-(2-ethoxyethyl) benzimidazol-2-yl] piperidin-1-yl] ethyl] phenyl]-2-methylpropionic acid, is a novel molecule with a molecular weight of 463.6 daltons and a chemical structure similar to piperidinyl-benzimidazole. Bilastine can be therefore classified into the same chemical group as many of the new antihistamines on the market, although it is not structurally derived, nor is it a metabolite or enantiomer of any of them, but an original molecule designed with the intent of fulfilling all the requirements of a second-generation antihistamine.
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Allergy blood tests measure the presence of IgE antibodies to specific foods, pollens, mites, animals, insects and other environmental factors. (IgE, short for "immunoglobulin E", is the antibody that triggers food allergy symptoms.) The doctor looks at the test results to help determine if the patient has allergies. Allergy blood tests are not affected by antihistamine use and can be performed for people with extensive rashes that prevent using skin prick tests. For babies and young children, a single needle stick for allergy blood testing is often more gentle than several skin tests.
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Mirtazapine is a very strong H1 receptor inverse agonist and, as a result, it can cause powerful sedative and hypnotic effects. A single 15 mg dose of mirtazapine to healthy volunteers has been found to result in over 80% occupancy of the H1 receptor and to induce intense sleepiness. After a short period of chronic treatment, however, the H1 receptor tends to desensitize and the antihistamine effects become more tolerable. Many patients may also dose at night to avoid the effects, and this appears to be an effective strategy for combating them.
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Medical treatment with anti-vertigo medications may be considered in acute, severe exacerbation of BPPV, but in most cases are not indicated. These primarily include drugs of the antihistamine and anticholinergic class, such as meclizineand hyoscine butylbromide (scopolamine), respectively. The medical management of vestibular syndromes has become increasingly popular over the last decade, and numerous novel drug therapies (including existing drugs with new indications) have emerged for the treatment of vertigo/dizziness syndromes. These drugs vary considerably in their mechanisms of action, with many of them being receptor- or ion channel-specific.
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Many doctors commonly recommend a combined treatment of a warm compress applied to the eyes (to relieve muscle tension, relax the muscles, and reduce swelling), a small dosage of antihistamine (to reduce any swelling that may be caused by an allergic reaction), increased bed rest and decreased exposure to computer screens, televisions, and harsh lighting (to allow muscles to rest), and monitoring caffeine intake (as too much caffeine can cause an adverse reaction such as eye twitching, but a controlled dose can serve as an effective treatment by increasing blood flow).
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Tannic acid is still used in pharmaceutical applications to produce albumin tannate which is used as an antidiarrheal agent. Tannic acid is also used to produce tannate salts of certain antihistamine and antitussive products to impart increased stability or slow release properties to the active pharmaceutical ingredient. Further to this, tannic acid is the principal but perhaps minimally effective ingredient in anti-allergy sprays. Tannins have also been reported to exert many physiological effects, such as to accelerate blood clotting, reduce blood pressure, decrease the serum lipid level, produce liver necrosis, and modulate immunoresponses.
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First aid for fire ant stings includes external treatments and oral medicines. There are also many home remedies of varying efficacy, including immediate application of a solution of half bleach and half water, or aloe vera gel – the latter of which is also often included in over-the-counter creams that also include medically tested and verified treatments. External, topical treatments include the anesthetic benzocaine, the antihistamine diphenhydramine, and the corticosteroid hydrocortisone. Antihistamines or topical corticosteroids may help reduce the itching and will generally benefit local sting reactions.
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The first synthetic antimicrobial drug, arsphenamine, discovered in 1909 by Sahachiro Hata in the laboratory of Paul Ehrlich, is not toxic to bacteria until it has been converted to an active form by the body. Likewise, prontosil, the first sulfa drug (discovered by Gerhard Domagk in 1932), must be cleaved in the body to release the active molecule, sulfanilamide. Since that time, many other examples have been identified. Terfenadine, the first non-sedating antihistamine, had to be withdrawn from the market because of the small risk of a serious side effect.
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However, terfenadine was discovered to be the prodrug of the active molecule, fexofenadine, which does not carry the same risks as the parent compound. Therefore, fexofenadine could be placed on the market as a safe replacement for the original drug. Loratadine, another non-sedating antihistamine, is the prodrug of desloratadine, which is largely responsible for the antihistaminergic effects of the parent compound. However, in this case the parent compound does not have the side effects associated with terfenadine, and so both loratadine and its active metabolite, desloratadine, are currently marketed.
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Methaqualone was first synthesized in India in 1951 by Indra Kishore Kacker and Syed Husain Zaheer, for use as an antimalarial medication. By 1965, it was the most commonly prescribed sedative in Britain, where it has been sold legally under the names Malsed, Malsedin, and Renoval. In 1965, a methaqualone/antihistamine combination was sold as the sedative drug Mandrax in Europe, by Roussel Laboratories (now part of Sanofi S.A.). In 1972, it was the sixth-bestselling sedative in the US, where it was legal under the brand name Quaalude.
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Nordoxepin is pharmacologically active similarly to doxepin, but relative to doxepin, is much more potent and selective as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. In general, the demethylated variants of tertiary amine TCAs like doxepin are much more potent inhibitors of norepinephrine reuptake, less potent inhibitors of serotonin reuptake, and less potent in their antiadrenergic, antihistamine, and anticholinergic activities. Nordoxepin is formed from doxepin mainly by CYP2C19 (>50% contribution), while CYP1A2 and CYP2C9 are involved to a lesser extent, and CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 are not involved. Hydroxylation of doxepin and nordoxepin is mediated mainly by CYP2D6.
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American Society of Health- System Pharmacists (AHFS) Drug Information 2014, Antihistamine Drugs. pgs 1-8. To minimize the risk of particular adverse effects, doxylamine should not be used when taking any medication classified as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), and should be used with caution, if at all, when certain medical conditions are present. Because doxylamine is small enough on a molecular weight basis to pass into breastmilk, women should not breastfeed while using products with doxylamine as this may lead to adverse effects in the breastfed infant.
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The sting of the median wasp is comparable to many other wasp species and should be treated with a cold compress and an antihistamine to reduce swelling unless a more serious allergic reaction occurs. D. media is attracted to sweet foods and as such may fly near food when people are eating. Median wasps are easily scared off and do not usually become aggressive. This species is more likely to be seen as a pest when it invades a new area due to its impact on the environment.
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Piperoxan, also known as benodaine, is a drug which was the first antihistamine to be discovered. This compound, derived from benzodioxan, was prepared in the early 1930s by Daniel Bovet and Ernest Fourneau at the Pasteur Institute in France. Formerly investigated by Fourneau as an α-adrenergic- blocking agent, they demonstrated that it also antagonized histamine-induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs, and published their findings in 1933. Bovet went on to win the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his contribution, and one of their students, Anne-Marie Staub, published the first structure- activity relationship (SAR) study of antihistamines in 1939.
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Common adverse effects reported with belimumab include nausea, diarrhea, and fever, as well as hypersensitivity and infusion-site reactions, which were severe in 0.9% of patients. Regulatory agencies recommend that patients be treated with an antihistamine prior to a belimumab infusion.European Medicines Agency: Benlysta Summary of Product Characteristics Because belimumab is an immunosuppressant, more serious infections and deaths were reported among patients treated with the drug than among those treated with placebo. No interaction studies have been carried out, but combining belimumab with other immunosuppressants—especially those targeting B lymphocytes, such as anti-CD20 therapies—could increase the risk of severe infections.
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Latrepirdine (INN, also known as dimebolin and sold as Dimebon), is an antihistamine drug which has been used clinically in Russia since 1983. Research was conducted in both Russia and western nations into potential applications as a neuroprotective drug to treat Alzheimer's disease and, possibly, as a nootropic, as well. After a major phase III clinical trial for Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment failed to show any benefit, three other AD trials continued.Novel Alzheimer's Drug Flops, MedPage Today, March 03, 2010 Major industry-based development in this indication essentially stopped after another Phase III trial suffered the same fate in 2012.
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In the 1970s, recreational drug users discovered that combining pentazocine with tripelennamine (a first-generation ethylenediamine antihistamine most commonly dispensed under the brand names Pelamine and Pyribenzamine) produced a euphoric sensation. Since tripelennamine tablets are typically blue in color and brand-name Pentazocine is known as Talwin (hence "Ts"), the pentazocine/tripelennamine combination acquired the slang name Ts and blues. After health-care professionals and drug-enforcement officials became aware of this scenario, the mu-opioid-antagonist naloxone was added to oral preparations containing pentazocine to prevent perceived "misuse" via injection, and the reported incidence of its recreational use has declined precipitously since.
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Beth's fiancé, Kirk Sutherland (Andrew Whyment), rushes into Dr. Gaddas' room upon arrival while she is conducting an examination of another patient who is partially-clothed at the time. When she comes to see Beth, she diagnoses hives, recommends she avoids non-scented bath products in the future and prescribes her some antihistamine tablets. She assures an anxious Kirk that Beth will live, after realising how panic-stricken he was about Beth. In September 2014, Kylie returns to see Dr. Gaddas to ask for a re-supply of the medication that Max had been diagnosed with for his ADHD.
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The first-line therapy in ColdU, as recommended by EAACI/GA2 LEN/EDF/WAO guidelines, is symptomatic relief with second-generation H1- antihistamines. if standard doses are ineffective increasing up to 4-fold is recommended to control symptoms. The second-generation H1-antihistamine, rupatadine, was found to significantly reduce the development of chronic cold urticaria symptom without an increase in adverse effects using 20 and 40 mg. Allergy medications containing antihistamines such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl), cetirizine (Zyrtec), Loratadine (Claritin), cyproheptadine (Periactin), and fexofenadine (Allegra) may be taken orally to prevent and relieve some of the hives (depending on the severity of the allergy).
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The work which eventually led to the discovery of fluoxetine began at Eli Lilly and Company in 1970 as a collaboration between Bryan Molloy and Robert Rathbun. It was known at that time that the antihistamine diphenhydramine shows some antidepressant-like properties. 3-Phenoxy-3-phenylpropylamine, a compound structurally similar to diphenhydramine, was taken as a starting point, and Molloy synthesized a series of dozens of its derivatives. Hoping to find a derivative inhibiting only serotonin reuptake, an Eli Lilly scientist, David T. Wong, proposed to retest the series for the in vitro reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine.
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MS Contin tablets are known as misties, and the 100 mg extended- release tablets as greys and blockbusters. The "speedball" can use morphine as the opioid component, which is combined with cocaine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, or similar drugs. "Blue Velvet" is a combination of morphine with the antihistamine tripelennamine (Pyrabenzamine, PBZ, Pelamine) taken by injection, or less commonly the mixture when swallowed or used as a retention enema; the name is also known to refer to a combination of tripelennamine and dihydrocodeine or codeine tablets or syrups taken by mouth. "Morphia" is an older official term for morphine also used as a slang term.
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The Royal Hobart Hospital in Hobart, Tasmania offers a desensitisation program for people who are prone to severe anaphylactic reactions to M. pilosula stings. The nature of treatment for a Myrmecia sting depends on the severity of stingose, and the use of antihistamine tablets are other methods to reduce the pain. Indigenous Australians use bush remedies to treat Myrmecia stings, such as rubbing the tips of bracken ferns onto the stung area. Carpobrotus glaucescens is also used to treat stung areas, using juices that are squeezed and rubbed onto the area, which quickly relieves the pain from the sting.
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Anyone who saw W. A. Bain setting up a spinal cat, a modified Langendorff Heart, or a cat nerve-muscle preparation, could not fail to be impressed by his skill, elegance and speed. He could cut down, clean and cannulate the femoral vein of a cat, with scalpel and forceps only, before blood had had a chance to ooze. Three main themes run through his published work-the functioning of the autonomic nerves, the inactivation of the sympathetic transmitter, and the assessment of antihistamine drugs. Bain's PhD thesis was submitted in 1932 with the title, Studies on the Comparative Physiology of the Heart.
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Actifed is a registered trademark for a combination antihistamine and nasal decongestant medication used for cold and allergy symptoms. Developed in 1958 by Burroughs Wellcome & Company (now part of GlaxoSmithKline), the product was later acquired by Pfizer, and was most recently sold by Johnson & Johnson (Although GlaxoSmithKline still owns Actifed brand in some countries). In the U.S., the formula was changed in 2006 due to a change in the legal environment; at the same time, distribution of the product was limited to certain stores. The United States Food and Drug Administration, FDA, lists Actifed as discontinued.
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Methylscopolamine or methscopolamine, usually provided as the bromide or nitrate salt, is an oral medication used along with other medications to treat peptic ulcers by reducing stomach acid secretion.Drugs.com: Methscopolamine Proton pump inhibitors and antihistamine medications have made this use obsolete. It can also be used for stomach or intestinal spasms, to reduce salivation, and to treat motion sickness. Methscopolamine is also commonly used as a drying agent, to dry up post-nasal drip, in cold, irritable bowel syndrome and allergy medications Methscopolamine, a methylated derivative of scopolamine, is a muscarinic antagonist structurally similar to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
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Difluoropine (O-620) is a stimulant drug synthesised from tropinone, which acts as a potent and selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Difluoropine is unique among the tropane-derived dopamine reuptake inhibitors in that the active stereoisomer is the (S) enantiomer rather than the (R) enantiomer, the opposite way round compared to natural cocaine. It is structurally related to benztropine and has similar anticholinergic and antihistamine effects in addition to its dopamine reuptake inhibitory action. Difluoropine has some stimulant effects in animals, although it is significantly less powerful than many of the potent phenyltropane derived stimulant drugs such as WIN 35,428 and RTI-55.
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Antihistamines, which are commonly used to treat allergy symptoms, interfere with skin tests, as they can prevent the skin from reacting to the allergens being tested. People who take an antihistamine need either to choose a different form of allergy test or to stop taking the antihistimine temporarily before the test. The period of time needed can range from a day or two to 10 days or longer, depending on the specific medication. Some medications not primarily used as antihistamines, including tricyclic antidepressants, phenothiazine-based antipsychotics, and several kinds of medications used for gastrointestinal disorders, can similarly interfere with skin tests.
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Barbara Schildkrout, MD, a board-certified psychiatrist and clinical instructor in psychiatry at the Harvard Medical School described her subjective experience of clouding of consciousness, or what she also called "mental fog", after taking a single dose of the antihistamine chlorpheniramine for her cottonwood allergy while on a cross- country road trip. She described feeling "out of it" and being in a "dreamy state". She described a sense of not trusting her own judgment and a dulled awareness, not knowing how long time went by. Clouding of consciousness is not the same thing as depersonalization even though sufferers of both compare their experience to that of a dream.
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A series of drugs in development looks to disrupt the inflammation process by selectively targeting an ion channel in the inflammation signaling cascade known as KCa3.1. In a preclinical study in rats and mice, inhibition of KCa3.1 disrupted the production of Th1 cytokines IL-2 and TNF-∝ and decreased colon inflammation as effectively as sulfasalazine. Neutrophil extracellular traps and the resulting degradation of the extracellular matrix have been reported in the colon mucosa in ulcerative colitis patients in clinical remission, indicating the involvement of the innate immune system in the etiology. Fexofenadine, an antihistamine drug used in treatment of allergies, has shown promise in a combination therapy in some studies.
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In treating depression, it was theorized that substances that could enhance norepinephrine transmission, such as tricyclic antidepressants (TCA), could diminish the symptoms of clinical depression. The origins of nisoxetine can be found within the discovery of fluoxetine (Prozac, by Eli Lilly). In the 1970s, Bryan B. Molloy (a medicinal chemist) and Robert Rathbun (a pharmacologist) began a collaboration to search for potential antidepressant agents that would still retain the therapeutic activity of TCAs without undesirable cardiotoxicity and anticholinergic properties. The antihistamine drug diphenhydramine was found to inhibit monoamine uptake in addition to antagonizing histamine receptors, and this inhibition of monoamine uptake became a potential application for treating depression.
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Bilastine is not significantly metabolized in humans and is largely eliminated unchanged both in urine and feces – a third and two thirds of the administered dose, respectively, according to a Phase I mass-balance study with radiolabeled bilastine. Bilastine does not readily cross the blood brain barrier and is not metabolized by the liver. Ninety six percent of the administered dose is eliminated within 24 hours. In relation to its antihistamine effect, oral doses of 20 mg daily of bilastine, measured as skin wheal-and-flare surface areas for 24 h, bilastine is capable of inhibiting 50% of the surface areas – throughout the whole administration interval.
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The Florida State Boxing Commission failed to administer a post-fight urinalysis, adding to speculation that the bottle contained an unsanctioned substance. Lewis claimed at various times that the bottle was filled with peppermint schnapps or Perrier to help Pryor deal with an upset stomach. It was later revealed in an interview with former Lewis- trained boxer Luis Resto that Lewis would break apart antihistamine pills used to treat asthma and pour the medicine into the water, giving Lewis's fighter greater lung capacity in the later rounds of a fight. Others say that there was a mixture of cocaine, honey and orange juice in the bottle.
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A history of drug testing. In R. H. Coombs & L. J. West (Eds.), Drug testing: Issues and options (pp. 3–21). Oxford: Oxford University Press, In another report, however, the Navy stated that pilot error, possibly caused by an excessive dosage of brompheniramine, a cold medicine, in the blood of pilot Marine 1st Lt. Steve E. White, of Houston, Texas, "may have degraded the mental and physical skills required for night landings." The report described brompheniramine as "a common antihistamine decongestant cold medicine ingredient."Washington, D.C., "Cold Medicine a Contributing Factor: Nimitz Crash Blamed on Pilot Error", Associated Press, The Washington Post, Tuesday 10 August 1982, page A-4.
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For those who have severe anaphylactic reactions, a prescribed medicine such as doxepin, which is taken daily, should help to prevent and/or lessen the likelihood of a reaction and thus, anaphylaxis. There are also topical antihistamine creams which are used to help relieve hives in other conditions, but there is not any documentation stating they will relieve hives induced by cold temperature. Cold hives can result in a potentially serious, or even fatal, systemic reaction (anaphylactic shock). People with cold hives may have to carry an injectable form of epinephrine (like Epi-pen or Twinject) for use in the event of a serious reaction.
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State-dependent retrieval is demonstrated when material learned under one State is best recalled in that same state. A study by Carter and Cassady (1998) showed this effect with antihistamine. In other words, if you study while on hay fever tablets, then you will recall more of what you studied if you test yourself while on antihistamines in comparison to testing yourself while not on antihistamines after having studied on antihistamines. A study by Block and Ghoneim (2000) found that, relative to a matched group of healthy, non-drug-using controls, heavy marijuana use is associated with small but significant impairments in memory retrieval.
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Wal-Hist, store-brand antihistamine medication from Walgreens Richelieu Foods is a private-label company producing frozen pizza, salad dressing, marinades, and condiments for other companies, including Hy-Vee, Aldi, Save-A-Lot, Sam's Club, Hannaford Brothers Co., BJ's Wholesale Club (Earth's Pride brand) and Shaw's Supermarkets (Culinary Circle brand). McBride plc is a Europe-based provider of private-label household and personal care products. In 2007, there was a recall in the United States of more than 60 million cans of pet food sold under more than 100 brand names made by Menu Foods. The mass recall revealed that competing brands are often made by the same manufacturer.
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Itching can also be relieved by antihistamine or by a steroid cream. Many traditional remedies have been suggested for bee stings including damp pastes of tobacco, salt, baking soda, papain, toothpaste, clay, garlic, urine, onions, aspirin or even application of copper coins.Beverly Sparks, "Stinging and Biting Pests of People" Extension Entomologist of the University of Georgia College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences Cooperative Extension Service. As with jellyfish stings, ammonia and ammonia-containing liquids, such as window cleaner, are often suggested as a way to immediately cleanse the skin and remove excess venom, and sweat itself (which also contains small amounts of ammonia) may provide some small relief.
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Chloropyramine is a classical first-generation antihistamine drug approved in Eastern European countries (like Russia) for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis, allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, and other atopic (allergic) conditions. Related indications for clinical use include angioedema (Quincke's edema), allergic reactions to insect bites, food and drug allergies, and anaphylactic shock. Chloropyramine is known as a competitive reversible H1 receptor antagonist (also known as an H1 inverse agonist), meaning that it exerts its pharmacological action by competing with histamine for the H1 subtype histamine receptor. By blocking the effects of histamine, the drug inhibits the vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and tissue edema associated with histamine release in the tissue.
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A combination of pseudoephedrine decongestant with triprolidine antihistamine was the cold medicine carried on board the Apollo missions and prescribed by the flight surgeon. Years later when this became available over the counter as Actifed, the makers of Actifed hired Schirra as a television commercial spokesman, based on the notoriety of his Apollo 7 in- space head cold. During later Apollo missions, he served as a consultant to CBS News from 1969 to 1975. He joined Walter Cronkite to co-anchor the network's coverage of the seven Moon landing missions, starting with Apollo 11 (joined by Arthur C. Clarke) and including the ill-fated Apollo 13.
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Proxicromil acts as an inhibitor of this process, competing with IgE antibodies for binding with the FcεRI receptors, thereby reducing the irritation caused by histamines. The substance was found to reduce allergic reactions and the severity of clinical diseases when administered just before the onset. Furthermore, the antihistamine blocks the elicitation of adoptively transferred EAE, an allergic brain inflammation reaction, and it shows a reducing effect on the severity of skin irritation. The inhibiting effect of Proxicromil on the high-affinity FcεRI disables bonding to the IgE antigen and that way blocks the release of mediators such as histamine that would normally give an allergic response.
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The antihistamine hydroxyzine failed to demonstrate superiority over placebo in treatment of people with IC in a randomized, controlled, clinical trial. Amitriptyline has been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms such as chronic pelvic pain and nocturia in many people with IC/BPS with a median dose of 75 mg daily. In one study, the antidepressant duloxetine was found to be ineffective as a treatment, although a patent exists for use of duloxetine in the context of IC, and is known to relieve neuropathic pain. The calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporine A has been studied as a treatment for interstitial cystitis due to its immunosuppressive properties.
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Cetirizine crosses the blood–brain barrier only slightly, and for this reason, it produces minimal sedation compared to many other antihistamines. A positron emission tomography (PET) study found that brain occupancy of the H1 receptor was 12.6% for 10 mg cetirizine, 25.2% for 20 mg cetirizine, and 67.6% for 30 mg hydroxyzine. (A 10 mg dose of cetirizine equals about a 30 mg dose of hydroxyzine in terms of peripheral antihistamine effect.) PET studies with antihistamines have found that brain H1 receptor occupancy of more than 50% is associated with a high prevalence of somnolence and cognitive decline, whereas brain H1 receptor occupancy of less than 20% is considered to be non-sedative.
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Formerly prescription-only in many countries, cetirizine is now available without prescription in most countries. In some countries it is available over-the-counter only in packages containing seven or ten 10 mg doses. Like many other antihistamine medications, cetirizine is commonly prescribed in combination with pseudoephedrine, a decongestant. These combinations are often marketed using the same brand name as the cetirizine with a "-D" suffix (Zyrtec-D, Virlix-D, etc.) Cetirizine is marketed under the brand names Alatrol, Alerid, Alzene, Cetirin, Cetzine, Cezin, Cetgel, Cirrus, Histec, Histazine, Humex, Letizen, Okacet (Cipla), Reactine, Razene, Rigix, Sensahist (Oethmann, South Africa), Triz, Zetop, Zirtec, Zirtek, Zodac, Zyllergy, Zynor, Zyrlek, and Zyrtec (Johnson & Johnson), among others.
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Niaprazine (INN) (brand name Nopron) is a sedative-hypnotic drug of the phenylpiperazine group. It has been used in the treatment of sleep disturbances since the early 1970s in several European countries including France, Italy, and Luxembourg. It is commonly used with children and adolescents on account of its favorable safety and tolerability profile and lack of abuse potential. Originally believed to act as an antihistamine and anticholinergic, niaprazine was later discovered to have low or no binding affinity for the H1 and mACh receptors (Ki = > 1 μM), and was instead found to act as a potent and selective 5-HT2A and α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist (Ki = 75 nM and 86 nM, respectively).
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IMS National Sales Perspectives & National Prescription Audit, 2005, 2006 Although it does not release financial data, $150 million in sales were tracked by an independent consulting company during 2005, reportedly doubling the previous years' figures. Prasco has licensed generic versions of a variety of brand-name prescription drugs, including the antihistamine Allegra, progestin Cyclessa (used in combined oral contraceptive pills), the insomnia medication Ambien, GERD medication Protonix, Advair Diskus, and others allowing them to be the leading authorized generic company with over 18 licensed products. The company has also funded public opinion research in the field of generic drugs, including a 2005 Roper Public Affairs & Media study that found a majority of Americans support the availability of generic alternatives.
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Glenmark Pharmaceuticals announced that it entered into an exclusive licensing agreement with Australia's Sequirus to commercialize its nasal spray Ryaltris™ which is a fixed-dose combination nasal spray of an antihistamine and a steroid, as a treatment for seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR). Ryaltris (olopatadine hydrochloride [665 mcg] and mometasone furoate [25 mcg]), formerly GSP 301 Nasal Spray, has been conditionally accepted by the FDA as the brand name. In June 2020, the company launched a potential COVID-19 drug Favipiravir under the brand name FabiFlu in India after studies found that there was some benefit of the drug in COVID-19 treatment. In August 2020, they also rolled out a higher strength version of FabiFlu.
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Dimetapp is a brand of over-the-counter cold and allergy medicines manufactured by Pfizer (formerly Wyeth). At one point, Dimetapp as a household word referred to a single combination preparation marketed to relieve symptoms of the common cold, containing brompheniramine (an antihistamine) and phenylephrine (decongestant replacing the formerly used pseudoephedrine, which itself replaced phenylpropanolamine). Variants were created, including Dimetapp DM with the addition of dextromethorphan (an antitussive or cough suppressant). Dimetapp Elixir and Colour Free Elixir are intended to relieve nasal congestion, runny nose, itchy watery eyes and sneezing, whereas Dimetapp DM and Dimetapp DM Colour Free Elixir are intended for colds with dry coughs and also to treat whooping cough.
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They agree only after Voratur takes a dose of antihistamine himself (having commissioned Enli to steal it) and survives. One of the Worlders testing the first batch of home- made drug dies from it. The Lagerfeld scan is unable to pinpoint a specific place in the Worlder brain where shared reality nests, and Ann concludes that it did not evolve and is not genetic; David Allen refuses to believe this, and begins to suspect a conspiracy between Bazargan and the high priests of World. Aboard the Zeus, Johnson and the other crew make the decision to push Orbital Object #7 out of orbit and towards Space Tunnel 438, in the hopes of breakthroughs during the five-day journey.
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Hydroxyzine was found to have no adverse effects on memory in relation to lorazepam, which caused several deficiencies in the capacity of memory storage. In a comparative study with lorazepam on memory effects, patients who had taken hydroxyzine experienced sedative effects like drowsiness, but recalled that they felt capable, attentive and able to continue with a memory test under these conditions. Conversely, those under the effects of lorazepam felt unable to continue due to the fact they felt out of control with its effects; 8 out of 10 patients describing tendencies of problems with balance and control of simple motor functions. Somnolence with or without vivid dreams or nightmares may occur in users with antihistamine sensitivities in combination with other CNS depressants.
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One study found that the elimination half-life of hydroxyzine in adults was as short as 3 hours, but this may have just been due to methodological limitations. Although hydroxyzine has a long elimination half-life and produces antihistamine for as long as 24 hours, the CNS effects of hydroxyzine and other antihistamines with long half-lives seem to diminish after 8 hours. Administration in geriatrics differs from the administration of hydroxyzine in younger patients; according to the FDA, there have not been significant studies made (2004), which include population groups over 65, which provide a distinction between elderly aged patients and other younger groups. Hydroxyzine should be administered carefully in the elderly with consideration given to possible reduced elimination.
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Cyanodothiepin (developmental code name BTS-56424) is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) acting as a potent and highly selective (over norepinephrine and dopamine uptake) inhibitor of the reuptake of serotonin that was never marketed. It also has moderate affinity for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and weak/negligible affinity for the α1-adrenergic, 5-HT2A, D1, and D2 receptors; the H1 receptor has not been assayed, but cyanodothiepin is less sedating than the related drug cianopramine, suggesting that its antihistamine activity is not as pronounced as other TCAs. Cyanodothiepin is active in the forced swimming test (FST), implying that it may possess antidepressant properties in humans. However, it is only weakly active compared to cianopramine and imipramine in monoamine depletion-based tests of antidepressant potential.
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Other measures that may be used second line include: decongestants, cromolyn, leukotriene receptor antagonists, and nonpharmacologic therapies such as nasal irrigation. Topical decongestants may also be helpful in reducing symptoms such as nasal congestion, but should not be used for long periods, as stopping them after protracted use can lead to a rebound nasal congestion called rhinitis medicamentosa. For nocturnal symptoms, intranasal corticosteroids can be combined with nightly oxymetazoline, an adrenergic alpha-agonist, or an antihistamine nasal spray without risk of rhinitis medicamentosa. Nasal saline irrigation (a practice where salt water is poured into the nostrils), may have benefits in both adults and children in relieving the symptoms of allergic rhinitis and it is unlikely to be associated with adverse effects.
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In 2003, the name was changed from the University of Cincinnati Medical Center to the University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center to better reflect its missions in education and research. In 2010, the Academic Health Center became an integral part of the newly formed UC Health organization. AHC's national reputation for biomedical research includes the development of the first live, attenuated polio vaccine by Albert Sabin, who worked on the project at both the University of Cincinnati and the affiliated Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. Other achievements include definitive studies of the health effects of lead in children and development of the popular antihistamine Benadryl by George Rieveschl, who was working in the chemistry department at the time of his discovery.
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Diproqualone is a quinazolinone class GABAergic and is an analogue of methaqualone developed in the late 1950s by a team at Nogentaise de Produits Chimique. It was marketed primarily in France and some other European countries. It has sedative, anxiolytic, antihistamine and analgesic properties, resulting from its agonist activity at the β subtype of the GABAa receptor, antagonist activity at all histamine receptors, inhibition of the cyclooxygenase-1 enzyme, and possibly its agonist activity at both the sigma-1 receptor and sigma-2 receptor (the function of these receptors and their clinical relevance has not yet been determined). Diproqualone is used primarily for the treatment of inflammatory pain associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis,[1] and more rarely for treating insomnia, anxiety and neuralgia.
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A similar tablet called "A.C. & C." (which stands for Acetylsalicylic acid with Caffeine and Codeine) containing 325–375 mg of acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) instead of acetaminophen is also available without a prescription. Codeine combined with an antihistamine, and often caffeine, is sold under various trade names and is available without a prescription. These products are kept behind the counter and must be dispensed by a pharmacist who may limit quantities. Names of many codeine and dihydrocodeine products in Canada tend to follow the narcotic content number system (Tylenol With Codeine No. 1, 2, 3, 4 &c;) mentioned below in the section on the United States; it came to be in its current form with the Pure Food & Drug Act of 1906.
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Alimemazine (INN), also known as trimeprazine, (brand names Nedeltran, Panectyl, Repeltin, Therafene, Theraligene, Theralen, Theralene, Vallergan, Vanectyl, and Temaril), commonly provided as a tartrate salt, is a phenothiazine derivative that is used as an antipruritic (it prevents itching from causes such as eczema or poison ivy, by acting as an antihistamine). It also acts as a sedative, hypnotic, and antiemetic for prevention of motion sickness. Although it is structurally related to drugs such as chlorpromazine, it is not used as an antipsychotic. In the Russian Federation, it is marketed under the brand name Teraligen for the treatment of anxiety disorders (including GAD), organic mood disorders, sleep disturbances, personality disorders accompanied by asthenia and depression, somatoform autonomic dysfunction and various neuroses.
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The medical justification for these combination drugs was that the CNS stimulant elevates mood and suppresses appetite, while the CNS depressant mitigates many of the adverse effects of the CNS stimulant without simultaneously reducing its therapeutic benefits. Typically the CNS stimulant within these combination drugs was racemic amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, or methamphetamine as various single or mixed salts, and phenmetrazine hydrochloride (Preludin) was also marketed albeit less frequently. Typically the CNS depressant within these combination drugs was a single barbiturate salt, especially pentobarbital sodium and sodium amobarbital (Amytal), although meprobamate (Miltown), a minor tranquilizer, and methaqualone hydrochloride (Quaalude), a non-barbiturate sedative were also sometimes used. Some less common combination drug formulations included a CNS stimulant combined with multiple vitamins and minerals, a first generation antipsychotic (Eskatrol was popular), or a first generation antihistamine (Obocell-TF).
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Soothing mild cases during pregnancy consists mainly of the application of topical moisturising creams or aqueous/emollient ointments. Class I or II corticosteroid creams and ointments are used in more aggressive cases, and oral (systemic) corticosteroids can be used to treat very severe cases—although the benefits of a pregnant woman's ingesting high- potency corticosteroids must be weighed carefully against possible (and mostly unknown) risks to the developing fetus or fetuses. Rarely, in unusually persistent and distressing cases, some women have had their labor induced as soon as they are considered to be at term (37 weeks). Antihistamine tablets may be prescribed to provide relief from the itch, although they are generally considered much less effective than corticosteroid treatments, and may decrease itching through blocking histamine release as well as improving sleep quality.
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For example, peas and broad beans contain the natural chlorinated plant hormone 4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid (4-Cl-IAA); and the sweetener sucralose (Splenda) is widely used in diet products. , at least 165 organochlorides had been approved worldwide for use as pharmaceutical drugs, including the natural antibiotic vancomycin, the antihistamine loratadine (Claritin), the antidepressant sertraline (Zoloft), the anti-epileptic lamotrigine (Lamictal), and the inhalation anesthetic isoflurane.MDL Drug Data Report (MDDR), Elsevier MDL, version 2004.2 Rachel Carson brought the issue of DDT pesticide toxicity to public awareness with her 1962 book Silent Spring. While many countries have phased out the use of some types of organochlorides such as the US ban on DDT, persistent DDT, PCBs, and other organochloride residues continue to be found in humans and mammals across the planet many years after production and use have been limited.
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Analgesics are frequently used in combination, such as the paracetamol and codeine preparations found in many non-prescription pain relievers. They can also be found in combination with vasoconstrictor drugs such as pseudoephedrine for sinus-related preparations, or with antihistamine drugs for allergy sufferers. While the use of paracetamol, aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and other NSAIDS concurrently with weak to mid-range opiates (up to about the hydrocodone level) has been said to show beneficial synergistic effects by combatting pain at multiple sites of action, several combination analgesic products have been shown to have few efficacy benefits when compared to similar doses of their individual components. Moreover, these combination analgesics can often result in significant adverse events, including accidental overdoses, most often due to confusion that arises from the multiple (and often non-acting) components of these combinations.
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"The Neuropharmacology of Hallucinogens: a technical overview ". Erowid, v3.1 (August 2005). LSD, like many other drugs of recreational use, has been shown to activate DARPP-32-related pathways. The drug enhances dopamine D2 receptor protomer recognition and signaling of D2–5-HT2A receptor complexes, which may contribute to its psychotic effects. LSD has been shown to have low affinity for H1 receptors, displaying antihistamine effects. The crystal structure of LSD bound in its active state to a serotonin receptor, specifically the 5-HT2B receptor, has been elucidated for the first time in 2017. The LSD-bound 5-HT2B receptor is regarded as an excellent model system for the 5-HT2A receptor and the structure of the LSD- bound 5-HT2B receptor was used in the study as a template to determine the structural features necessary for the activity of LSD at the 5-HT2A receptor.
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Regarding curative medicine, it was in 1911 that it took off at the Institut Pasteur, when Ernest Fourneau created the Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, which he directed until 1944, and from which emerged numerous drugs, among which one can mention the first pentavalent arsenical treatment (Stovarsol), the first synthetic alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonist (Prosympal), the first antihistamine (Piperoxan), the first active drug on heart rate (Dacorene) or the first synthetic no-depolarising muscle relaxant (Flaxedil). The discovery of the therapeutic properties of sulfanilamide by Tréfouël, Nitti and Bovet, in the laboratory of Fourneau, paved the way for the sulfamidotherapy.Jean-Pierre Fourneau, « Ernest Fourneau, fondateur de la chimie thérapeutique française : Feuillets d'album », 1987, Revue d'histoire de la pharmacie, n° 275, pp. 335-355.Marcel Delépine, « Ernest Fourneau (1872-1949) : Sa vie et son œuvre », extrait du Bulletin de la Société chimique de France, Paris, Masson, s.d.
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On February 4, 2011, Harper and Obama issued a "Declaration on a Shared Vision for Perimeter Security and Economic Competitiveness" and announced the creation of the Canada–United States Regulatory Cooperation Council (RCC) "to increase regulatory transparency and coordination between the two countries." Health Canada and the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under the RCC mandate, undertook the "first of its kind" initiative by selecting "as its first area of alignment common cold indications for certain over-the-counter antihistamine ingredients (GC 2013-01-10)." On December 7, 2011, Harper flew to Washington, met with Obama and signed an agreement to implement the joint action plans that had been developed since the initial meeting in February. The plans called on both countries to spend more on border infrastructure, share more information on people who cross the border, and acknowledge more of each other's safety and security inspection on third-country traffic.
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Pryor came out with far greater energy in the 12th round, but Arguello attempted to match him blow for blow. In the 13th round Arguello hit Pryor with a tremendous punch, easily the hardest blow of the fight, but Pryor danced away and out of trouble. Once again between rounds Pryor's notorious cornerman Panama Lewis, well known for cheating and doing anything to win, could be heard requesting the second bottle, and telling an aide "No, not that one, the one I mixed", when the aide offered the water bottle that had been used throughout the rest of the fight. As in the 12th round, Pryor once again came out with a burst of energy in the 14th round after Panama Lewis broke another ammonia spirit under his nose and give him to drink water mixed with possibly antihistamine pills to have a longer lung capacity in the later rounds according to Luis Resto, another Panama Lewis fighter.
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In the United States, Seldane was brought to market in 1985 as the first nonsedating antihistamine for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. In June 1990, evidence of serious ventricular arrhythmias among those taking Seldane prompted the FDA to issue a report on the risk factors associated with concomitant use of the drug with macrolide antibiotics and ketoconazole. Two months later, the FDA required the manufacturer to send a letter to all physicians, alerting them to the problem; in July 1992, the existing precautions were elevated to a black box warning and the issue attracted mass media attention in reports that people with liver disease or who took ketoconazole, an antifungal agent, or the antibiotic erythromycin, could suffer cardiac arrhythmia if they also took Seldane. In January 1997, the same month when the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) had earlier approved a generic version of Seldane made by IVAX Corporation of Miami, the FDA recommended terfenadine-containing drugs be removed from the market and physicians consider alternative medications for their patients.
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Other drugs from this series show antispasmodic and antihistamine effects, but most research was put into researching analgesics. The structure-activity relationships of this family of drugs was investigated extensively, with dextromoramide representing the optimisation of several different structural features; (i) at the 1-amide group only the pyrrolidine and dimethylamide substituents were active, with pyrrolidine being more potent (ii) the alkyl chain was more potent when methylated, 3-methylation was more potent than 4-methylation, and in the 3-methyl analogues the dextro isomer was more active (iii) while morpholine, dimethylamine, pyrrolidine and piperidine were all active at the 4-amine group, morpholine was the most active (iv) any substitution on the phenyl rings reduces activity. So dextromoramide, with a pyrrolidine ring on the 1-amide position, a dextro methyl group on the 3-position of the alkyl chain, a morpholine ring around the 4-amine group, and both phenyl rings unsubstituted, was by far the most potent out of all the compounds in this series and was the only one that became widely used in medicine (although the racemic mix racemoramide saw some limited use).
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