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586 Sentences With "altitudinal"

How to use altitudinal in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "altitudinal" and check conjugation/comparative form for "altitudinal". Mastering all the usages of "altitudinal" from sentence examples published by news publications.

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Seen this way, measuring the converted tower at 250 floors was an act of altitudinal restraint.
In places like the western Amazon, intact forests climb mountainsides, giving species altitudinal ladders to survive climate change.
The ecoregion's wide altitudinal range results in several forest zones.
Nepenthes lowii × N. stenophylla is only known from mossy forest along summit ridges at elevations of over 1500 m, where the upper altitudinal limit of N. stenophylla overlaps the lower altitudinal limit of N. lowii.
Not all mountainous environments exhibit sudden changes in altitudinal zones. Though less common, some tropical environments show a slow continuous change in vegetation over the altitudinal gradient and thus do not form distinct vegetation zones.
Its altitudinal range is from about but it mostly occurs above .
Scientist C. Hart Merriam observed that changes in vegetation and animals in altitudinal zones map onto changes expected with increased latitude in his concept of life zones. Today, altitudinal zonation represents a core concept in mountain research.
Chinese breeders appear to be mainly altitudinal migrants within their breeding range.
Its altitudinal range is asl. Pristimantis citriogaster is threatened by habitat loss.
Their migratory patterns are sex-biased altitudinal migrations, with females inhabiting lower elevations during reproductive periods.
Pristimantis curtipes is a widely distributed and relatively common species. Its altitudinal range is asl, probably extending higher. It is found primarily in páramo habitats and, at lower end of its altitudinal range, in montane forests. When inactive, these frogs shelter under rocks on very humid grounds.
Stevens used the rule to "explain" greater species diversity in the tropics in the sense that latitudinal gradients in species diversity and the rule have identical exceptional data and so must have the same underlying cause. Narrower ranges in the tropics would facilitate more species to coexist. He later extended the rule to altitudinal gradients, claiming that altitudinal ranges are greatest at greater altitudes (Stevens 1992Stevens, G. C. (1992). The elevational gradient in altitudinal range: an extension of Rapoport's latitudinal rule to altitude.
Altitudinal zonation (or elevational zonation) in mountainous regions describes the natural layering of ecosystems that occurs at distinct elevations due to varying environmental conditions. Temperature, humidity, soil composition, and solar radiation are important factors in determining altitudinal zones, which consequently support different vegetation and animal species. Altitudinal zonation was first hypothesized by geographer Alexander von Humboldt who noticed that temperature drops with increasing elevation. Zonation also occurs in intertidal and marine environments, as well as on shorelines and in wetlands.
Thiollay, J. (1980). L'evolution des peuplements d'oiseaux le long 'dun gradient altitudinal dans l'Himalaya central. 34: 199-269.
The individual was approximately north of the previous documented extent of the species's range. Its altitudinal range is .
The altitudinal range overlaps with Pristimantis unistrigatus; in similar habitats at lower altitudes Pristimantis curtipes is replaced by the latter.
Altitudinal distribution and body resource allocation in a High Mountain social wasp (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Neotropical Entomology, 37(1), 1-7. The cloud forest environment, where some of these A. pallipes are found, contribute negatively to foraging activity and force individuals to complete life cycles with a smaller body size.Rodríguez- Jimenez, Andrea, & Sarmiento, Carlos E.. (2008). Altitudinal distribution and body resource allocation in a High Mountain social wasp (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Neotropical Entomology, 37(1), 1-7. This study along the altitudinal gradient provides insight on A. pallipes capacity to adapt morphologically to more severe conditions.
It has been observed that most mountain species, especially in the species-rich genera close to Pedaliodes, have very narrow altitudinal ranges, and are restricted to one or few mountain ranges. This leads to high turn-over of species along altitudinal gradients within a mountain range, and high turn-over between ranges. Most species appear to be more closely related to those occupying a similar altitudinal range in neighboring mountains, than to the species below or above.A.L. Viloria 1999 Studies on the systematics and biogeography of some montane satyrid butterflies (Lepidoptera).
Its natural habitat is wet mountain forest and woodland verges, and it also occurs in secondary forest. Its altitudinal range is .
About 82.5% of the country's total area lies in the warm altitudinal zone. The temperate climate altitudinal zone located between is characterized for presenting an average temperature ranging between . The cold climate is present between and the temperatures vary between . Beyond lies the alpine conditions of the forested zone and then the treeless grasslands of the páramos.
The two species of Drepanornis as well as the two species of Epimachus separated about 10 and 7 mya, respectively. While the two species of Drepanornis occupy different elevations in low- and mid-montane forests, the two species of Epimachus are altitudinal replacements in mountain forests; these two cases could represent old cases of altitudinal speciation.
The red-banded fruiteater is found in the tropical forests of Guyana and Venezuela. Its altitudinal range is from above sea level.
Scopula tessellaria guillaumei was described from the Alps of southern France, however, further research has shown that it is just an altitudinal form.
Changes in structure and composition of evergreen forests on an altitudinal gradient in the Venezuelan Guayana Shield. Revista de Biología Tropical 60(1): 11–33.
It has been introduced to other areas of the world as a fodder crop and has not in general become naturalised. Its altitudinal range is .
The further to the north, the altitudinal gradient decreases with the increase in latitude, resulting in coniferous forests at sea level at 47° N latitude.
The variability of both natural and human environments has made it difficult to construct universal models to explain human cultivation in altitudinal environments. With more established roads however, the bridge between different cultures has started to shrink. Mountainous environments have become more accessible and diffusion of ideas, technology, and goods occur with more regularity. Nonetheless, altitudinal zonation caters to agricultural specialization and growing populations cause environmental degradation.
In Taiwan, Sinolestes editus occurs near small puddles in semi-shaded brooks in mountain forests at about above sea level. In China, the altitudinal range is .
Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. The species has an altitudinal distribution of 600 to 1200 m above sea level.McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World.
Its natural habitat includes 12 U.S. states, including Alaska, and 11 Canadian provinces and territories. The altitudinal range is from 5 m to at least 2000 m.
Dusky grouse Dendragapus obscurus perform altitudinal migration mostly by walking. Emus Dromaius novaehollandiae in Australia have been observed to undertake long-distance movements on foot during droughts.
Altitudinal range of this species is 1000–1600 metres above sea level. The extreme temperatures range from an occasional -10 °C to as much to 45 °C.
They have been seen foraging at varying altitudinal levels.Boles, W.E. and Lonngmore, N.W. 1989. Altitudinal distribution of birds of Thornton Peak, north Queensland. – Sunbird 19:1-15. They often forage on the ground and use their strong feet and powerful bills to eat small, structurally-unprotected fruit under 10mm in diameter. They also eat large, structurally-unprotected fruit between 13-21mm in diameter.Pratt, T.K. and Stiles, E. W. 1985.
Tropical avian species that are altitudinal migrants include the white-ruffed manakin, resplendent quetzal, at least 16 species of raptor, and many species of hummingbird. Altitudinal migration has also been witnessed in some tropical bat species. As of 2014, there is not much information as to why tropical species migrate altitudinally, other than that it may be for food resources or reproduction, as it is for temperate bat species.
While less common in avian species in the temperate regions, altitudinal migration still plays a part in migration patterns in montane zones and is seen in most ungulates in the Rocky Mountains. Avian temperate species that migrate altitudinally include mountain chickadee, and the American dipper. Ungulates that have been observed to migrate altitudinally include roe deer, bighorn sheep, and mountain goats. Temperate bat species are also altitudinal migrants.
Lasiocroton harrisii is a species of plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. It is endemic to Jamaica and grows in thickets on limestone hills in a narrow altitudinal band.
The species has an altitudinal distribution of 1700–2100 m above sea level.Clarke, C.[M.] 1997. Another Nice Trip to Sumatra. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 26(1): 4–10.
They are assigned to two forest communities, high altitude moist and low altitude dry afromontane forest. The altitudinal gradient accounts for most of their variation in plant communities.
This species favours the herbaceous layer and low bush layer of open habitats, such as rough heather. In Britain the altitudinal range is from sea level to 700 m.
Weng, Chengyu. Response of pollen diversity to the climate-driven altitudinal shift of vegetation in the Colombian Andes. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences; 2007, Vol. 362 Issue 1478, p253-262.
These forests receive an average of 14 feet of rainfall per year and the canopy ranges from 6 to 10 meters high. Their altitudinal range is between 1600 and 2600 meters above sea level, and has been observed several times at 3100 meters elevation in Imbabura (Ecuador). Because of its altitudinal range, plate-billed mountain toucans share their ecological niche with the Andean cock-of-the-rock. Their estimated life area is 14300 km2.
The two taxa can also be distinguished on the basis of their floral morphology; the pedicels of N. villosa have a filiform bract, while those of N. edwardsiana do not. Additionally, N. edwardsiana and N. villosa differ considerably in their altitudinal distributions. The latter species generally occurs at ultrahighland elevations (2300–3240 m), whereas N. edwardsiana is found between 1500 and 2700 m. Where their altitudinal distributions overlap, they are still identifiable as distinct species.
It is very abundant near the summit of Bukit Bakar, where it grows on cuttings beside a paved road leading to a Telekom Malaysia station at the summit. There, its altitudinal distribution appears to be restricted to 450–600 m. The species is also present on Mount Tahan, which at 2187 m is the highest mountain in Peninsular Malaysia. Its altitudinal range on Mount Tahan is known to extend from 800 to 1350 m.
In regions with dry climates, the tendency of mountains to have higher precipitation as well as lower temperatures also provides for varying conditions, which enhances zonation. Some plants and animals found in altitudinal zones tend to become isolated since the conditions above and below a particular zone will be inhospitable and thus constrain their movements or dispersal. These isolated ecological systems are known as sky islands. Altitudinal zones tend to follow a typical pattern.
Podocarpus glomeratus is found in Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru at an altitudinal range between 1800 and 3600 m (in montane cloud forests). It is an indicator species of primary forest.
The species is native to rainforests in the foothills of the mountains of tropical South America. Its range includes Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. Its altitudinal range extends from .
Philippines: Volcanoes Nepenthes and more. Carnivorous Plants in the tropics, October 28, 2009. The species has a wide altitudinal distribution of 1100–2400 m above sea level.McPherson, S.R. & V.B. Amoroso 2011.
Review and analysis of altitudinal distribution of the Andean Anurans in Colombia. Zootaxa 1826: 1-25. It is threatened by habitat loss, agriculture, and livestock ranching.IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group 2019.
Altitudinal avian migration is common, and can also be found in other vertebrates, and can be seen in some invertebrates. Typical characteristics of tropical altitudinal migrants include: a high rate of frugivory or nectarvory; movement between lower elevation areas during non- breeding seasons and higher elevation areas during breeding seasons, or on a consistent annual or seasonal cycle; at least part of the population being migratory with a possible portion of the population residing at breeding sites year-round. This last characteristic can be sex-biased, as it is with juncos, in which the males are less likely to migrate than the females. The white- ruffed manakin provides a good example of an altitudinal migrant by displaying all of these traits.
From the Latin word Alpinus, from Alpes ‘Alps’.(New Oxford American Dictionary) Globally, alpine vegetation is defined zone of vegetation between the altitudinal limit for tree growth and the nival zone.(Crowden 2005) In areas where mountains can be considered typically alpine, the vegetation zones are often divided into distinct altitudinal bands. The alpine band usually consists of low growing herbaceous species given the cessation of most woody vegetation at the upper limit of the subalpine band.
For centuries, traditional fermented foods and beverages have constituted about 20% of the local diet. Depending on altitudinal variation, finger millet, wheat, buckwheat, barley, vegetable, rice, potato, and soybeans etc. are grown.
It is often found in areas of Imperata cylindrica grassland. In northern Malawi it has been recorded in pine plantations and in close proximity to human habitations. Its altitudinal range is unknown.
It has an altitudinal distribution of 0–600 m above sea level.McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia and Indochina. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
The orange ground thrush is crepuscular. It is sedentary, but makes altitudinal movements in some regions. Its call is tsip and cureek. Its song is a series of several mellow and melodious notes.
It has been theorized that the iiwi can migrate between islands and it may be why the bird has not gone extinct on smaller islands such as Molokai. Altitudinal migration complicates population assessment.
The climate of most lowland zones is arid and semiarid. The distribution of rainfall and vegetation types varies markedly throughout the country. Eritrean climate varies on the basis of seasonal and altitudinal differences.
The white-ruffed manakin (Corapipo altera) is a well known altitudinal migrant. Third year male (left) and After Third Year male (right). In the tropics, altitudinal migrations are most commonly seen among frugivores or nectarvores, such as what is seen among tropical hummingbirds, which migrate altitudinally in response to shifts in food abundance and availability. This migration pattern has been observed in neotropical birds, but has also been seen in other terrestrial, tropical montane species such as Baird's tapir and white-lipped peccary.
Plants of this species have a high commercial valueAbdullah, J. 2005. Altitudinal analyses of dipterocarps of limestone vegetation in Sarawak. Forest Research Centre, Sarawak Forestry Corporation. and are thus highly sought after by collectors.
Its altitudinal range is between sea level and a few hundred metres. It typically occurs in primary forest and forest remnants, but has also been recorded from grasslands, grass clearings, savannah and farm bush.
It is this altitudinal gradient that harbors the greatest known richness of species on the planet. At the ACA field sites university students and researchers are brought to study and observe this diverse ecosystem.
Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to about . It is an arboreal, nocturnal species and its typical habitats are primary and secondary rainforest, lowland forest and the lower regions of montane forest.
The known range consists of four sites on the eastern slopes of the Andes in South America. The sites are in Peru and Bolivia, and the maximum distance between them is , and their altitudinal range .
Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Inc. 82: 6–12. The altitudinal range of this species is often quoted as 1200–1800 m above sea level,McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes.
W. Halfwerk, C. Dingle, D. M. Brinkhuizen, J. W. Poelstra, J. Komdeur, H. Slabbekoorn. (2016). Sharp acoustic boundaries across an altitudinal avian hybrid zone despite asymmetric introgression. European Society for Evolutionary Biology. J. Evol. Biol.
Nepenthes lamii is endemic to the higher peaks of central Papua province in West Papua, New Guinea, including Doorman Top (also known simply as Mount Doorman) and Mount Erica of the Hellwig Mountains. Sizable populations of this species have been found near Tembagapura, a mining town situated at around 1900 m in the Sudirman Range. Nepenthes lamii has an altitudinal distribution of 1460–3520 m above sea level. The uppermost altitudinal limit of this species represents the highest known elevation of any Nepenthes, although Nepenthes sp.
Heating of solids, sunlight and shade in different altitudinal zones (Northern hemisphere) A variety of environmental factors determines the boundaries of altitudinal zones found on mountains, ranging from direct effects of temperature and precipitation to indirect characteristics of the mountain itself, as well as biological interactions of the species. The cause of zonation is complex, due to many possible interactions and overlapping species ranges. Careful measurements and statistical tests are required prove the existence of discrete communities along an elevation gradient, as opposed to uncorrelated species ranges.
Ecography, 26, 291-300.Grytnes, J. A., & 0\. R. Vetaas (2002) Species richness and altitude: a comparison between null models and interpolated plant species richness along the Himalayan altitudinal gradient, Nepal. American Naturalist, 159, 294-304.
McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. The species has a wide altitudinal distribution of 0 to 1100 mMcPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012.
Eupterote kalliesi is a moth of the family Eupterotidae. It is found in Sumatra in an altitudinal range of 2100-2600m. The length of its forewings is 35mm, the antennae 12 mm long, blackish and bipectinated.
S. nussia are restricted to particular altitudinal ranges, along with being a rare tree species found in the Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary. These trees can also be found distributed throughout the Himalayas, South China, Indonesia, and the Philippines.
There is, for example, a polymorph-ratio cline in D. robusta along an transect near Gatlinburg, TN passing from to 4,000 feet.Stalker H.D and Carson H.L. 1948. "An altitudinal transect of Drosophila robusta". Evolution 1, 237–48.
Nepenthes aristolochioides is endemic to Sumatra and has an altitudinal distribution of 1800–2500 m above sea level.McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
Nepenthes bongso is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra, where it has an altitudinal distribution of 1000–2700 m above sea level.Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
Cardioglossa pulchra occurs in submontane and montane forests along fast-flowing streams; at higher elevations it occurs also along forest edges. It tolerates some deforestation. Its altitudinal range is above sea level. Breeding takes place in streams.
Altitudinal Range of Sumin Reserve Forest lies between 800 metres to 1900 metres. At the top of Sumin Forest is Gari Fort. Some natural cave formation can be seen at the higher ridges of this reserve forest.
Its natural habitats are pluvial premontane and very humid premontane forests. Its altitudinal range is asl. It is threatened by habitat loss and degradation caused by agricultural expansion and logging; introduced species might also be a threat.
Its natural habitat is the humid Yungas forest. The altitudinal range is asl. The frogs in the type locality were found on the ground near rocky seeps along a densely forested hillside parallel to a large river.
Studies have shown a decreased risk of nest predation at higher altitudes, which may explain the seasonal (breeding season—non- breeding season) altitudinal migration of some passerine birds. An experiment using 385 nests at varying locations on the Atlantic slope of Costa Rica showed decreased predation at increasing altitudes, with predation highest at intermediate altitudes. This hypothesis proposes that altitudinal migration may have evolved among some species as a response to nest predation, as a way lower the risk. Studies have also shown that elevation of home range influences breeding time.
Myersiohyla liliae occurs in primary forest and its edge with savanna, near large bromeliads. Its altitudinal range is above sea level. Individuals call from terrestrial bromeliads, and perhaps also from arboreal bromeliads. Myersiohyla liliae is a rare species.
"Thayer's Kingsnake", kingsnake.com. Retrieved February 21, 2020. The typical habitat of this snake is rocky hillsides, valleys and deserts in mountainous regions as well as woodlands, oak forests and grassy areas. Its altitudinal range is above sea level.
Movement behaviour varies between individuals, and may be partly migratory (being an altitudinal migrant), dispersive or permanently resident (Marchant and Higgins 1993). They tend to slip away at the first sign of human intrusion (Ferguson-lee and Christie 2001).
The species grows terrestrially on peaty soil in open, steep forest. It has an altitudinal distribution of 300–600 m above sea level. It is possible that its range extends into the nearby Cardamom Mountains of Cambodia.Mey, F.S. 2010.
This species is known from very humid premontane and low humid montane forest. One male was collected from a bromeliad. Its altitudinal range is asl. It is threatened by habitat loss and degradation caused by agricultural expansion and logging.
Parnassius apollonius and allied species This species is found from a broad altitudinal zone (500 to 3,000 m). Adults fly over dry mountain slopes in May, June and July depending on the altitude. Larval host plants include Pseudosedum, and Rosularia species.
The bird's altitudinal range is from sea level up to about . It is a forest bird, typical habitat being lowland and montane moist evergreen forest with bamboos, often near streams and in ravines, but it also occurs in drier tropical forests.
The natural habitat of the scaly-breasted cupwing is subtropical moist montane forest. Within that habitat it is usually found near water. The species undertakes some altitudinal migration, moving closer to sea level during the winter over some of its range.
B. hedraiantheroides grows naturally only (endemic) in a restricted area of the wet tropics region of northeastern Queensland, Australia. It grows as an understory shrub or small tree in rainforests and sclerophyll forests, from an altitudinal range near sea level to .
The blue-throated toucanets live in humid mountain forests in Costa Rica and western Panama. Its natural altitudinal range is from 2,500 ft (762 m) to 7,600 ft (2,316 m) above sea level and it is generally common within its range.
Nepenthes gymnamphora is a tropical pitcher plant native to the Indonesian islands of Java and Sumatra. It has a wide altitudinal range of above sea level.McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java.
This armadillo is endemic to the tropical northern part of South America. Its range includes lowland parts of Venezuela and Colombia where its altitudinal range is above sea level. Its habitat is the Llanos, a vast grassy plain that periodically floods.
This species of toad has a very limited range of a merely few square kilometers at the type locality, in the Páramo de Mucubají, in the Sierra de Santo Domingo, Venezuelan Andes. Its altitudinal (height) range is 2,300 - 3,500 meters asl.
Its natural habitats are evergreen forests. One individual was found from a grassy bog above the tree line. The altitudinal range, based on just two localities, is asl. Threats to this little known species are unknown but might include wood extraction.
It is nocturnal. It altitudinal range is (to 1,800 m in Colombia) above sea level. Dendropsophus microcephalus is a very abundant species throughout its range. There are no significant threats to this species that also occurs in many protected areas.
Campanula jacobaea are founded in the islands of Santo Antão, São Vicente, São Nicolau and Santiago. The main altitudinal distribution is between 600 m and 1000 m. The plant is a mesophytic species, found in humid and sub-humid areas.
A number of species engage in movement that could be defined as altitudinal migration as part of their mating or reproductive behaviors. For example, in male white-ruffed manakins, migratory behavior has shown to lessen social status and mating success at leks the following breeding season. Most hummingbird species at Monteverde increase altitude during the wet season in order to breed. Of the 16 species of neotropical raptors (including the Andean condor Vultur gryphus), that are known to be altitudinal migrants, most breed in the high Andes and migrate to lowland areas during non-breeding seasons.
Nepenthes villosa usually occurs at ultrahighland elevations, , whereas N. edwardsiana is found between . Where their altitudinal distributions overlap, they are still identifiable as distinct species. Nepenthes macrophylla was originally described in 1987 as a subspecies of N. edwardsiana by Johannes Marabini.Marabini, J. 1987.
The Moreau's sunbird is endemic to the mountainous parts of Tanzania where its habitat is montane forest. Its altitudinal range is between in most parts of its range, but it occurs up to in the Udzungwa Mountains in the Eastern Arc Mountains.
It consists of forest interpolated with steep precipitous hills, deep valleys, jungle streams, ripping rivulets, natural salts licks, with an altitudinal zone of 200 m to 800 m. Dampa Tiger Reserve is a part of Project Tiger funded by the Government of India.
Its boundaries are between 12° 30' and 14° 44' southern latitude and between 67° 30' and 69° 51' western longitude. The area under conservation covers an altitudinal gradient ranging from 180 to 5,760 meters above sea level and covers a variety of ecosystems.
This species is mainly resident, apart from seasonal local or altitudinal movements, but P. p. holomelaena is migratory, spending the southern winter north of the breeding range. The nominate race P. p. pristoptera of the mountains of northern Ethiopia moves south after breeding.
Optic nerve damage is progressive and insidious. Eventually 75% of patients will develop some peripheral field defects. These can include nasal step defects, enlarged blind spots, arcuate scotomas, sectoral field loss and altitudinal defects. Clinical symptoms correlate to visibility of the drusen.
Natural habitats of Rhinella poeppigii are cloud forests on the Andean slopes, and tropical moist forest in the Amazonian foothills. It is typically found near streams and standing water. Its altitudinal range is asl. There are no threats to this reasonably abundant species.
The Sulawesi thrush is endemic to the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia. Its habitat is evergreen montane forest and moss-forest and its altitudinal range lies between . Four subspecies are recognised; C. t. abditiva from the northern part of the island; C. t.
Brachycephalus ferruginus is a species of frogs in the family Brachycephalidae. It is endemic to southern Brazil and only known from its type locality, Pico Marumbi, in the Serra do Mar in Morretes, Paraná state. Its altitudinal range is above sea level.
The natural habitats of Eleutherodactylus ruthae are xeric pine forest and mesic forest. Its altitudinal range is from sea level asl. Males call from closed underground chambers where the eggs are also laid. This rarely encountered frog is believed to be declining.
Pristimantis pycnodermis primarily inhabits paramos but it can also occur in meadows and pastures in upper cloud forests. Specimens have been found under rocks and logs. The altitudinal range is above sea level. Development is probably direct, without free-living tadpole stage.
Gastrotheca andaquiensis is endemic to Colombia and Ecuador on the eastern foothills of the Andes. It is an arboreal frog occurring in cloud forest in foliage near water where there are trees with plenty of epiphytic growth. Its altitudinal range is between about .
Pseudopaludicola ceratophyes is a locally abundant leaf-litter species inhabiting primary flooding forest with close canopy, possibly also more open/edge areas. The altitudinal range is above sea level. The eggs are deposited in shallow pools. It is locally affected by habitat loss.
One adult female Bulmer's fruit bat weighed 600 g (1.3 lb). Bulmer's fruit bat is a cave-dweller that occurs in mid-montane forests. Its altitudinal range is at least 1800 to 2400 m (5800–7900 ft). It is probably an obligate frugivore.
Sometimes it is seen with herds of domestic animals, searching dung for beetles. It roosts singly or in pairs in trees, in groups on rock cliffs, often at sites of breeding colonies. The wattled ibis is predominantly sedentary, undertaking only local, altitudinal movements.
In addition, the predicted global change will also affect the mountains, producing an upward altitudinal displacement of the environmental conditions. It is presumed that T. lugens, being a strict high mountain species, will be negatively affected by these micro- and macroclimatic changes.
Ingerana reticulata has been found among rocks next to small rivers and brooks within tropical moist forest. Its altitudinal range is probably about above sea level. Development might be direct (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage), as in its relatives.
The glacier rat (Rattus richardsoni) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is endemic to the New Guinea Highlands near Puncak Trikora (=Mt. Wilhelmina) and Puncak Jaya (=Carstensz Pyramid), West Papua, Indonesia. Its altitudinal range is above sea level.
This bird of the high Andes ranges from western Peru and central Chile to northwestern Argentina. Its altitudinal range is in the northern part of its range but descends to further south. Typical habitat is Polylepis woodland and open country with scrub.
Results of project: Altitudinal changes in distribution of resident and migrant birds in Monteverde, Costa Rica as a possible indicator of climate change. Centro Científico Tropical. San José, Costa Rica. while other bird species occurring in lower elevations have started to move upwards.
Nepenthes kerrii is native to Tarutao National Marine Park in Satun Province, southern Thailand. Reports of this species from the Malaysian island of Langkawi are considered conspecific. The species has an altitudinal range of 400–500 m above sea level.McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012.
The black-tailed leaftosser is found in the tropical rainforests of South America to the east of the Andes Mountains. Its range includes Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru and the northern tip of Bolivia. Its altitudinal range is up to about .
The black oropendola is endemic to humid forests of northwestern South America. Its range includes northwestern Colombia, as far east as the Magdalena River, and the extreme southeastern part of Panama, a total area of occupancy of about . Its altitudinal range is up to about .
Plants 5(2): 23. (previously identified as N. mindanaoensis), and N. micramphora, and in the same altitudinal range as N. hamiguitanensis.Gronemeyer, T., A. Wistuba, V. Heinrich, S. McPherson, F. Mey & A. Amoroso 2010. Nepenthes hamiguitanensis (Nepenthaceae), a new pitcher plant species from Mindanao Island, Philippines.
It is found throughout a wide altitudinal range and is almost always epiphytic in nature, primarily growing in mossy forest. The specific epithet fusca is derived from the Latin word fuscus, meaning "dark brown" or "dusky", and refers to the colour of the pitchers.
The species occurs in the altitudinal range of 400–500m, surviving in areas where the hottest month is 32–36 °C and 3–7 °C in the coldest month, being moderately tolerant of frosts. Generally located in areas averaging 200–350mm of rainfall per year ().
However, S. cynpisea flies at different altitudes enter Diapause at the same time and stop producing eggs at the same time in the season.Blanckenhorn, W. U. (1998). Altitudinal differentiation in the diapause response of two species of dung flies. Ecological Entomology 23, 1-8.
Prosopis flexuosa is endemic to arid regions of South America. Its range includes western Argentina, northern Chile and possibly the southern part of Bolivia. Its altitudinal range is from sea level to about . It has two types of habitat, lowland dry forests and gallery forests.
Rosette plants growing in moss Nepenthes insignis is endemic to Western New Guinea and a number of nearby islands in Cenderawasih Bay. It has an altitudinal distribution of 0–850 m above sea level.McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes.
As a result of falling average temperatures the distribution areas, e.g. of the downy oak, became divided. From now on the influence of settled human forms of settlement becomes increasingly noticeable. This gives us our modern life zones which is controlled by altitudinal zonation.
The white-necked laughingthrush is native to tropical southeastern Asia. Its range includes central and northern Thailand, eastern Myanmar, western Laos and Yunnan province in southwestern China. Its altitudinal range is between . It typically occurs in lowland and montane broad-leaved forest and scrubland.
Nepenthes lingulata is endemic to the Barisan Mountains that line the western side of Sumatra. It is known only from the type locality, south of Padang Sidempuan in North Sumatra. The species has an altitudinal distribution of 1700–2100 m above sea level.McPherson, S.R. 2009.
Because of this, changes in climate and seasonality (decrease or increase) would affect a large portion of tropical species and have the potential to cause a trophic cascade on the community-level. Furthermore, climate change may cause seasonal storms and rainfall patterns to change, shifting the timing and/or need for altitudinal migration in the future by shifting availability of resources, which is believed to be a driving cause of altitudinal migration. The upward shift of species caused by climate change also holds the potential to cause both mountaintop extinction and lowland biotic attrition. This is because the lowland tropics lack species that can cope with increasing temperatures.
Nepenthes rajah has an altitudinal distribution of 1500–2650 m a.s.l. and is thus considered an (ultra) highland or Upper Montane plant. In the upper limit of its range, night-time temperatures may approach freezing and day-time maxima rarely exceed 25 ℃.Clarke 1997, p. 2.
Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. On Mount Mulu, N. vogelii occurs in a narrow altitudinal band (1200 to 1500 m) where its distribution does not overlap with those of the likewise epiphytic N. fusca and N. hurrelliana, which grow below 1200 m and above 1500 m, respectively.
Telmatobius arequipensis is a species of frog in the family Telmatobiidae. It is endemic to southern Peru (Arequipa Region, Moquegua Region, and/or Puno Region). It has an altitudinal range of asl. Two subspecies have been described, Telmatobius arequipensis arequipensis and Telmatobius arequipensis natator Vellard, 1955.
Due to the paucity of records for this species, most information about their habitat is circumstantial. It has been hypothesized by BirdLife International that these birds are altitudinal migrants due to their diet. This bird can tolerate secondary forest but it is usually restricted to foothill forest.
The species' natural habitats are humid lowland, premontane, and montane forests. It occurs in bushes and trees along forest- covered streams. Its altitudinal range is asl in Colombia, somewhat narrower elsewhere. Cochranella euknemos is generally threatened by deforestation in Panama, and east of the Panama Canal, chytridiomycosis.
Nepenthes flava is only known from a single mountain in the Barisan Mountains of North Sumatra, Indonesia. In the interests of conservation, the exact locality has not been disclosed. The species has an altitudinal distribution of 1800–2200 m above sea level.McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012.
Strabomantis ingeri, or Inger's robber frog, is a species of frog in the family Craugastoridae. It is found on the eastern and western slopes of the Cordillera Oriental, Colombia (Cundinamarca, Santander, and Norte de Santander Departments). Its altitudinal range is asl. It might occur in adjacent Venezuela.
The Tunebos explored and occupied the Piedemonte and the Llanos Altos of the state, starting from the Sierra Nevada of El Cocuy and the savannas of Casanare, following their tradition of occupying three altitudinal levels and bringing a large part of the Chibcha element to the region.
Ischnocnema holti inhabits forests, ravines, and high-altitude grasslands. Its altitudinal range in Itatiaia is above sea level, although a male was heard calling at 1670 m in . In Serra dos Órgãos it occurs above . Males call from vegetation up to 4 m above the ground.
Nepenthes murudensis is endemic to the summit area of Mount Murud in Sarawak, Borneo, and is the only Nepenthes species endemic to the Kelabit Highlands.Bourke, G. 2010. Captive Exotics Newsletter 1(1): 4–7. It has an altitudinal distribution of 2000–2423 m above sea level.
It has an altitudinal distribution of approximately 600 to 800 m. Nepenthes clipeata is perhaps the most endangered of all Nepenthes species, with only an estimated 15 plants remaining in the wild as of 1995Simpson, R.B. 1995. Nepenthes and conservation. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 12: 111-118.
Raorchestes parvulus is typically found in evergreen forest, but it can also be found in grassland with heath forest. Individuals are mostly found in trees and dense vegetation, both away from water and near streams. The altitudinal range is above sea level. Males call from the vegetation.
Alcalus rajae occurs in primary undisturbed and secondary forests near seepage areas close to small and slow-moving streams and swamps. Its altitudinal range is . Its morphology (fully webbed toes and absence of tympanic annulus) suggests that it is aquatic. It is probably an egg-laying species.
Nepenthes gantungensis is endemic to the Philippine island of Palawan. It has only been recorded from the upper slopes of Mount Gantung in Brooke's Point municipality, where it has an altitudinal distribution of 1600–1784 m above sea level.Guerini, M. 2011. 2010: new species of Carnivorous Plants.
Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. The altitudinal distribution of Heliamphora ranges from 860 m above sea level for populations of H. neblinae on Cerro Avispa to as much as 2994 m for plants of H. hispida growing near the summit of Pico da Neblina in Cerro de la Neblina.
The yellow-vented woodpecker is native to northwestern South America. Its range extends from upland Venezuela, through the eastern, central and western ranges of the Andes in Colombia to Ecuador and Peru. It is an upland species, its altitudinal range being from , but it is seldom seen below .
In: Danser, B.H. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 1–15. Nepenthes reinwardtiana has an unusually wide altitudinal distribution of 0–2200 m, being both a "lowland" and "highland" plant. There are many different colour forms, ranging from green to dark red.
At higher elevations, the forests are dominated by coigüe de Magallanes and lenga. The Carretera Austral runs through the middle of the park and includes a stretch of hairpin turns (Cuesta Queulat), along which can be observed altitudinal zones of vegetation in the park. Cuesta Queulat - Queulat National Park.
Cardioglossa melanogaster occurs in montane forests, including areas with dense secondary growth. Its altitudinal range is above sea level. Breeding takes place in streams, along which the males call. Tadpoles have been found in streams with very slow current within forest fragments and in degraded areas with farms nearby.
This species is native to Central America and South America. Its range extends from central Panama southwards to northwestern Ecuador and Venezuela. It occurs on the borders of moist woodland, in the canopy of primary forest and in tall secondary forest. Its altitudinal range is up to about .
Its natural habitat is primary lower montane forest where it prefers forest clearings and forest and river edges. The altitudinal range is above sea level. Males call at night, perched on leaves and stems some 1–3 m above the ground. There are no known threats to this species.
Found in ground cavities, their nests are found to have a maximum diameter of 50 cm with a maximum of 16,500 individuals.Rodríguez- Jimenez, Andrea, & Sarmiento, Carlos E.. (2008). Altitudinal distribution and body resource allocation in a High Mountain social wasp (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Neotropical Entomology, 37(1), 1-7.
Proceratophrys melanopogon is endemic to the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro in southeastern Brazil. Records from Minas Gerais probably refer to Proceratophrys mantiqueira. It is found in forests, living among the leaf litter and breeding in small streams. Its altitudinal range is above sea level.
Vegetation varies considerably due to the large altitudinal range within the park. There is some lower montane forest (now mainly lost to agriculture). Between 2400 and 2500 m, there is Neoboutonia forest. From 2500 to 3200 m Arundinaria alpina (bamboo) forest occurs, covering about 30% of the park area.
In addition to the factors described above, there are a host of other properties that can confound predictions of altitudinal zonations. These include: frequency of disturbance (such as fire or monsoons), wind velocity, type of rock, topography, nearness to streams or rivers, history of tectonic activity, and latitude.
The black honey-buzzard occurs on the island of New Britain, part of the Bismarck archipelago in Papua New Guinea. Its habitat consists of primary rainforest, usually in hilly areas. Its altitudinal range extends to . The population is estimated to be between 6000 and 15 000 mature individuals.
Nepenthes naga is known only from a small population in the Barisan Mountains of North Sumatra. It grows epiphytically in mossy montane forest and has an altitudinal distribution of 1500–2000 m above sea level.McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java.
Carolina Villagrán Moraga is a Chilean biologist known for her work on Quaternary biogeography. Her works include models for the past extent of different altitudinal zonations in Chile and on the origin of the Chilean flora. She is part of the Faculty of Science for the University of Chile.
A robust upper pitcher growing in mossy montane forest Nepenthes macrophylla is known with certainty only from the summit area of Mount Trusmadi in Sabah, Borneo, despite the presence of a number of nearby peaks (such as Mount Pinesowitan) that fall within its altitudinal range. However, there are unconfirmed reports that it also grows "on the summit of a neighbouring peak". Older sources list a number of different values for the altitudinal distribution of N. macrophylla, with some giving a narrow range of 2200–2400 m and others a much wider span of 2000–2600 m. It is now known that this species occurs between 2200 m and the summit at 2642 m.
Altitudinal migration, as a short-distance migration pattern, has been easier to trace than long-distance patterns. Still, while the proximate causes and physiological adaptations for migrations are well understood, determining the ultimate causes have been difficult. This difficulty has been linked to limited success of mark and recapture techniques used to track migratory species. There are many hypotheses for why altitudinal migration may occur, including correlations between food abundance and nutrition-the need to migrate in order to meet specific needs associated with varying abundance and nutrition; reproduction-breeding sites being at elevations different than those of non-breeding sites; anthropogenic-species being increasingly driven to higher altitudes due to human actions.
Distribution map of Brunfelsia plowmaniana. Brunfelsia plowmaniana is known from humid forests in the Provinces of Salta and Jujuy in northwestern Argentina, and the Departments of Santa Cruz, Cochabamba and La Paz (Inquisivi Province) in Bolivia. It grows at altitudes of 1500–3200 m on the predominantly North–South ridges separated by dry to arid scrub in the intervening valleys, perhaps mostly at the lower altitudinal range in the southern part of the distribution and the upper altitudinal range to the north. It has never been collected in the neighbouring Provinces of Sud Yungas, Nor Yungas and Larecaja in the relatively well-explored central and northern parts of the Department of La Paz.
Phillips's kangaroo rat is endemic to Mexico. Its range extends from the central part of the State of Durango southwards to the northern part of the State of Oaxaca. At one time, it was present in the Valley of Mexico, but has since died out there. Its altitudinal range is from .
It is found along the Tian Shan and Himalayas, in temperate forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. The species ranges across Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tibet, Turkmenistan, and Vietnam. They make altitudinal movements in the Himalayas, descending in winter.
It feeds by gleaning insects as it deliberately moves through the forest canopy. Birds are mostly resident year-round, but there may be some altitudinal and short distance migration. Hutton's vireo may join a mixed- species flock for the winter. The scientific name commemorates the US surveyor William Rich Hutton.
In the lowlands it is abundant near emergent or overhanging vegetation, it is an altitudinal migrant. At a maximum length of 5 cm it is too small to be of any interest to fisheries but it is collected for the aquarium trade. It is the type species of the genus Psilorhynchus.
Nepenthes jacquelineae is endemic to the Barisan Mountains that line the western side of Sumatra. More specifically, it is known only from the Indonesian province of West Sumatra. It usually occurs as an epiphyte, but also grows terrestrially. The species has an altitudinal distribution of 1700–2200 m above sea level.
The species has an altitudinal distribution of 1000 to 1500 m above sea level. Nepenthes vogelii typically occurs as an epiphyte in submontane or tall lower montane forest. The type specimen was found growing terrestrially among moss in wet kerangas forest. The plant was sympatric with N. stenophylla and N. veitchii.
Restricted to an altitudinal range of 350 to 400 m, the species occurs in riverine rainforest on metamorphic rocks on the Barron River near Kuranda, Queensland and in particular near the village of Myola. Invasive weeds have prevented the expansion of the remaining rainforest habitat. Seedlings are washed away by floods.
Its natural habitats are very humid montane forest, but it has also been found in open fields and very modified areas. It always occurs near streams. Its altitudinal range is in Colombia and in Ecuador. Hyloxalus lehmanni is common in Colombia, but has dramatically declined in Ecuador, possibly due to chytridiomycosis.
Hyperolius mitchelli inhabit dry forest, farm bush, and low- intensity farmland. Its altitudinal range is from lowlands to above sea level. Breeding takes place in permanent and temporary ponds in rather open forest and farm bush. The clutch size is 50–100 eggs, which are laid on vegetation over water.
A nesting female can catch up to 2,000 insects per day. The chicks leave the nest after 20 days. The birds are altitudinal migrants, generally being found at altitudes of 2850–3500 m between April and September, but remaining above 3100 m during the breeding season from November to February.
It is endemic to the southern Appalachian Mountains in the Southeastern United States, where it is found within the states of Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Tennessee. The salamander's altitudinal range extends to 1,550 m. Its natural habitat is temperate Appalachian forests. The species is threatened by habitat loss.
Elfin forests occur at high elevations which are generally associated with low vertebrate biodiversity. Hummingbirds and bats make up large proportion of vertebrates in some areas, usually as altitudinal migrants during seasonal shifts, such as for reproduction, or in response to food abundance. Other vertebrate species mostly include small rodents.
P. riefferii is native to the lower and mid-level mountain forests on the eastern side of the Andes in South America. Its range extends from southern Venezuela to northern Peru and its altitudinal range is between above sea level. This species is more often seen in small flocks than some other fruiteaters.
The Cape rock thrush (Monticola rupestris) is a member of the bird family Muscicapidae. This rock thrush breeds in eastern and southern South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. It is a common endemic resident, non-migratory apart from seasonal altitudinal movements in some areas. This species breeds in mountainous rocky areas with scattered vegetation.
Nepenthes izumiae has only been recorded from two peaks north of Bukittinggi in the Barisan Mountains of West Sumatra, Indonesia. In the interests of conservation, the exact locality was not disclosed in the formal description. The species has an altitudinal range of 1700–1900 m above sea level.McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012.
It represents the uppermost altitudinal limit for this species and for all Nepenthes. This material also consists of both male and female parts and is designated as Lam 1654. Both of Lam's specimens represent greatly stunted, dwarf plants. They are deposited at Herbarium Bogoriense (BO), the herbarium of the Bogor Botanical Gardens.
Ceuthomantis duellmani occurs in montane dwarf forest that is completely covered by mosses and other epiphytes. Males call from concealed sites under the ground, or hidden inside roots and holes of trees (and are extremely difficult to locate). Its altitudinal range is at least asl. Ceuthomantis duellmani is abundant on the Sarisariñama tepui.
Its natural habitats are tropical moist lowland forests. In Columbia its altitudinal range is above sea level; in Panama it might reach higher. It is a locally common, terrestrial frog. The eggs are deposited in leaf-litter; both parents carry the tadpoles to leaf axils, usually bromeliads, where they complete their development.
Caecilia inca is a subterranean species inhabiting lowland moist tropical forest. The exact location of the type locality is uncertain, as is consequently its altitudinal range. The area around the type locality has probably been degraded by agricultural activities and urbanization, but there is no information of population trend of this species.
Its altitudinal range is asl. The eggs are laid on vegetation and in rock crevices. E. pinchoni are moderately common in suitable habitat, but such stream habitats are limited in extend and continue to decline in quality. The species is also threatened by pollution from pesticides used in banana plantations and domestically.
The species was originally known from lowland tropical forest as well as from rocky streambeds in ravines on mountain slopes at elevations of above sea level, although further sampling has extended its altitudinal range to . In 2018 it was assessed as "Least Concern" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
Mannophryne lamarcai is a species of frog in the family Aromobatidae. It is endemic to Venezuela and inhabits a narrow altitudinal band in the Ziruma mountains between the states of Zulia, Falcón and Lara. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forest and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.
The black-breasted puffleg's response to microhabitats variations is extremely sensitive. It has been suggested that the species is under competitive disadvantage for the same ecological niche with others hummingbird species, specifically the Gorgeted sunangel, and that avoidance of forest borders is used to mitigate the stress imposed by the seasonal altitudinal migrations.
This sparrow is endemic to the Tumbes Region of South America. Its range extends from the La Libertad Region of northwestern Peru to the Loja Province of southwestern Ecuador. Its altitudinal range is up to about . Its typical habitat is dry scrub, open dry woodland, and semi-desert with cacti and bushes.
Ballinger, R. E. (1979). Intraspecific variation in demography and life history of the lizard, Sceloporus jarrovi, along an altitudinal gradient in southeastern Arizona. Ecology, 60(5), 901-909. Most lizards encountered and hunted by Cooper's hawks are fairly small but, despite being more scarcely selected, snake prey may show greater size variation.
In altitudinal migrant populations, downhill movements occur during or immediately following heavy, multi-day rainstorms starting as early as July, and continuing through the latter half of the year . Once birds reach lower-elevation non-breeding areas, they remain there until uphill migration in February. Males are more likely to migrate than females .
The collared grosbeak ranges from fairly common to scarce within its range. The species summers and breeds at an elevation of . It engages in altitudinal movements, by winter traveling to as low as or even to . This grosbeak occurs in mixed and coniferous forests, commonly around stands of maple, oak or rhododendron.
This is counter to what is expected since high altitude populations grow slower than low altitude ones in their respective environments. Similar to the results of this study, most of the known instances of countergradient variation are associated with a latitudinal or altitudinal gradient having an effect on growth rate (see Examples section).
The red whip snake is native to Bulgaria, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestinian Territory, Syria, and Turkey. It is typically found on dry rocky areas such as coastal plains with low scrub, bushes and other vegetation. It is also found on agricultural land and in gardens, and its altitudinal range is from sea level up to .
The barred fruiteater is native to mountainous parts of South America. Its range extends from Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador to Peru and Bolivia and its altitudinal range is from , going higher than any other fruiteater. It usually moves through the forest singly or in pairs, but at particularly fruitful trees, several birds may congregate.
The fiery-throated fruiteater is found in humid tropical forests on the eastern slopes of the Andes. Its range extends from southern Colombia, through Ecuador to northern Peru, and its altitudinal range is from above sea level, although it has been observed at Cerros del Sira, in the Ucayali Region of Peru, at around .
Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. Where recent literature provides an altitudinal distribution that falls outside the range given in Pitcher Plants of the Old World, the discrepancy is noted. All major islands within a species's geographic range are included. Smaller surrounding islands are listed separately under "Minor islands", though these lists are not exhaustive.
Fossil evidence suggests Palaeolama was primarily adapted to low-temperate, arid climates and preferred open, forested, and high altitude mountainous regions. The distribution of fossil evidence suggests that they had an altitudinal range limited exclusively by their dietary (vegetation) requirements. Population density is shown to be highly dependent upon access and availability of subsistence resources.
Mansions and hotels on the steep cliffs. Although the fracturing process is not yet known, the altitudinal statistical analysis indicates that the caldera had formed just before the eruption. The area of the island was smaller, and the southern and eastern coastlines appeared regressed. During the eruption, the landscape was covered by the pumice sediments.
The lower parts of the mountains are covered by an alpine plant association of Valdivian temperate rainforest, where plant species such as Chusquea coleou and Nothofagus dombeyi are common. The tree line, lying around elevation, is mostly made up of Nothofagus pumilio.Lori D Daniels, Thomas T Veblen. Altitudinal treelines of the southern Andes near 40ºS.
Nepenthes glabrata is endemic to Central Sulawesi, where it grows terrestrially in open, high forest. It has an altitudinal distribution of 1600 to 2100 m above sea level. At one location, N. glabrata has been found growing alongside N. maxima and Drosera burmannii at 1600 m.Evans, D.P. 2009. New Cultivars: Nepenthes maxima ‘Lake Poso’.
Nepenthes mikei is endemic to the Indonesian island of Sumatra, where it has been recorded from only two mountains: Mount Pangulubao in North Sumatra and Mount Bandahara in Aceh. Its altitudinal distribution extends from 1100 to 2800 m above sea level.McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java.
Nepenthes diatas is restricted to Mount Bandahara and thus this hybrid only occurs on that mountain. This cross is common between 2300 and 2700 m, where the altitudinal ranges of the two species overlap. It was first reported in 1998. This hybrid is similar to N. mikei and also produces mostly black lower pitchers.
Climbing plants growing among ferns Nepenthes eustachya is endemic to the Indonesian provinces of North Sumatra and West Sumatra; its natural range stretches from Sibolga to the Padang Highlands. It has an altitudinal distribution of 0–1600 m above sea level.McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java.
Nepenthes spectabilis is endemic to the Indonesian provinces of North Sumatra and Aceh. Its natural range stretches from the Lake Toba region in the south to Mount Kemiri in the north. It has an altitudinal distribution of 1400–2200 m above sea level. Nepenthes spectabilis grows in mossy forest and stunted upper montane forest.
The climate shows altitudinal zonation, with temperatures ranging from in the valleys to freezing temperatures above . Precipitation is seasonal and mostly falls during summer, at higher elevations in the form of hail and snow. Trees grow at lower elevations, while only ichu and quinua are present above . Alfalfa and maize are cultivated at lower altitudes.
Rhaebo haematiticus (formerly Bufo haematiticus) is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is found in eastern Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, northwestern Venezuela (Serranía del Perijá), and northwestern Ecuador. Its altitudinal range is from sea level to asl. Its natural habitats are primary tropical moist forest and submontane humid forest.
It is mostly known from lower montane evergreen forest at , but also up to in the Itatiaia National Park. In addition it is found in near sea-level in Bahia and São Paulo.F. Olmos in litt. (1999) Seasonal migration or dispersal is suspected, though this may amount to little more than short altitudinal movements.
Gunnera magellanica is a perennial rhizomatous dioeceous herb native to Chile, Argentina and the Falkland Islands, and Andean areas of Peru, Ecuador. In the southern part of its range it grows in damper parts of the Magellanic Forests, and shrub formations on Tierra del Fuego, with an altitudinal range from sea level to 1500m.
Population growth is leading to environmental degradation in altitudinal environments through deforestation and overgrazing. The increase in accessibility of mountainous regions allows more people to travel between areas and encourage groups to expand commercial land use. Furthermore, the new linkage between mountainous and lowland populations from improved road access has contributed to worsening environmental degradation.
The grey- hooded parakeet is native to the southern Andean Yungas, its range extending from southern Bolivia to northern Argentina, and possibly the northern fringes of Chile. It is a bird of arid shrubby or wooded habitats, wooded ravines, and dense shrubby areas near villages or agricultural land. Its altitudinal range is from about .
Regional dynamics of a patchily distributed herbivore along an altitudinal gradient. Ecological Entomology 30: 1-8. González-Megias, A., Gómez, J.M. & Sánchez-Piñero, F. 2004. Ecology of the high mountain chrysomelid Timarcha lugens Rosenhauer (Chrysomelidae). In: Jolivet, P.; Santiago-Blay, J.A. & Schmitt, M. (eds.) New developments in the biology of Chrysomelidae, págs. 553-563.
Pseudoeurycea rex occurs in coniferous forests of the temperate forest zone, par-like forest, and above tree line in open bunchgrass communities; its altitudinal range is above sea level, although it mostly occurs above . It can survive in degraded forest. Development is direct, without free-living larval stage. The types were collected from under logs.
In terms of attitudinal range, this species may live at many elevations with no strong altitudinal preferences noted, although they tend to be absent above the montane tree line. The species has been recorded exceptionally nesting at above sea level in Kashmir.Shelley, B.A.G. (1895). The nesting of the Long- eared Owl (Asio otus) in India.
Altitudinal Range of the Fambong Lho lies between 1524 metres to 2749 metres. At the top of Fambong Lho WLS is Chuli hamlet. No human habitat is there between the log house of Fambong Lho and Chuli trekkers hut. Gangtok is in the eastern side of this place and Khangchendzonga National Park in its west.
At the onset of symptoms, ophthalmoscope examination can differentiate AION from PION. If optic nerve head involvement is observed, it is AION. PION does not produce optic atrophy that is observable via ophthalmoscope until four to eight weeks after onset. In addition, AION often shows a characteristic altitudinal defect on a Humphrey Visual Field test.
The ashy chinchilla rat is endemic to land at high elevations in southeastern Peru, southwestern Bolivia, northern Chile and northwestern Argentina. Its altitudinal range is from about above sea level. It lives in rocky areas, digging its burrows at the base of bushes, under rocks, among shale or at the base of stone walls.
Nepenthes pervillei (; after Auguste Pervillé, French plant collector) is the only pitcher plant found in the Seychelles, where it is endemic to the islands of Mahé and Silhouette. It grows in rocky areas near granitic mountain summits, its roots reaching deep into rock fissures. The species has an altitudinal range of 350–750 m above sea level.McPherson, S.R. 2009.
The species is native to Peru, Chile, eastern Bolivia and northeastern Argentina. Its altitudinal range is between about . More common habitat types occupied are high mountain terrain with rocky outcrops, stones, scrub, grassland and alpine tundra, including páramo and puna grassland. It is sometimes found in the upper parts of the tree zone, plantations and woodland patches.
The grey headed parakeet has a widely varied diet of different species of leaf buds, seeds, fruit, berries, and flowers. It is often seen in flocks or family parties, with larger groups reported. It is usually a resident bird, with some seasonal altitudinal movement in response to food availability. It often gathers in large flocks to roost at dusk.
The grey-crowned flatbill is native to the Amazon region of South America. Its range includes Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela. Its maximum altitudinal range extends to or locally higher. It generally inhabits the middle and upper canopy of the rainforest as well as forest edges, river valleys and tall secondary forest growth.
The Angolan African dormouse (Graphiurus angolensis) is a species of rodent in the family Gliridae. Found in central and north Angola and western Zambia, it has been recorded from seven localities over an altitudinal range from above sea level. Its natural habitat is tropical dry forests. Although the population size is unknown, it is thought to be generally uncommon.
The species is locally common in Thailand, a population that may contain approximately 1,000 individuals. The bat is found in broad leaved mixed deciduous to evergreen forest in a wide altitudinal range in Thailand, including in a number of protected conservation areas. The croslet horseshoe bat is recorded from Myanmar, Salaween River, Thailand, Western Malaysia, and Lao PDR.
The only accessible location from which this hybrid is known is the Kinabalu summit trail, between Layang-Layang and the helipad, where it grows at about in a clearing dominated by Dacrydium gibbsiae and Leptospermum recurvum trees. N. × kinabaluensis has an altitudinal distribution of to .Steiner, H. 2002. Borneo: Its Mountains and Lowlands with their Pitcher Plants.
The slaty-headed parakeet (Psittacula himalayana) is the only psittacid species to exhibit altitudinal migration. The species' range extends from Pakistan, to Western Himalayas in India through Nepal and Bhutan and up to the Eastern Himalayas in the northeastern Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. They descend to the valleys in winter, approximately during the last week of October.
221 and 233-34. Regarded as nationally scarce and vulnerable, more than 75% of the population is found in the high Cairngorm mountains including the boulder field plateau of Braeriach and in upper Glen Doll. It is found as high as in Glen Einich."Altitudinal limits of British and Irish vascular plants" (rtf) Botanical Society of the British Isles.
C. rufifacies can be found in a wide variety of human habitats. The fly is native to Australia and has been recently expanding greatly in distribution. Its wide distribution is due to natural dispersal and transportation through airplanes, boats, or automobiles. It occupies an altitudinal range from sea level to 1,250 m, 1,400 m, or 2,100 m.
Diagram from Macfarlane's 1908 monograph showing hot and cold air currents on Mount Kinabalu. The approximate altitudinal distribution of N. edwardsiana is indicated on the right. The El Niño climatic phenomenon of 1997 to 1998 had a catastrophic effect on the Nepenthes species of Mount Kinabalu. The dry period that followed severely depleted some natural populations.
The park is in the Altai alpine meadow and tundra and Altai steppe and semi-desert ecoregions. These ecoregions are exhibit the complete altitudinal vegetation zones from steppe to alpine tundra. These ecoregions exhibit very high diversity because they are at the biogeographic divide between Siberia to the north and the cold deserts of Central Asia to the south.
It is also the 24th (according to some authorities the 27th) endemic bird species for Sri Lanka. The habitat of the Serendib scops owl is in the southern rain forests of Sri Lanka. There is an altitudinal range from 30 to 50 metres. This owl has no competition from other nocturnal birds, the territories are completely different.
Mount Murud, and Bukit Batu Lawi) and one in southwestern Sabah.Bourke, G. 2010. Captive Exotics Newsletter 1(1): 4–7. Nepenthes muluensis has not been recorded from the nearby summit of Mount Benarat, although this is a limestone peak and mostly lies outside the known altitudinal distribution of the species, which is 1700 to 2400 m above sea level.
Nepenthes bellii is endemic to the Philippines. It is common on Dinagat and northern Mindanao; its presence in southern Mindanao is "poorly documented" due to ongoing conflicts. As such, it is native to at least the provinces of Surigao del Norte and Surigao del Sur. It has an altitudinal distribution of 0–800 m above sea level.
Comprising an area of , The New Amarambalam Wildlife Sanctuary is the largest wildlife sanctuary of Kerala in South India. Since it shows very high altitudinal gradation from to , the protected area is coupled with high rainfall and thick forest cover. Amarambalam continues with the Silent Valley National Park, and also forms a part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.
Allobates kingsburyi (common name: Kingsbury's rocket frog) is a species of frog in the family Aromobatidae. It is endemic to the Amazonian slopes of the Andes in Ecuador, near the Reventador volcano and in the Pastaza River trench. Its natural habitats are tropical premontane forest within a relatively narrow altitudinal zone, asl. It is threatened by habitat loss.
The greater flowerpiercer occurs around the tepuis (flat-topped mountains) that are found in the southeastern part of Venezuela and the adjoining areas of northern Brazil, eastern Bolivia and western Guyana. Its altitudinal range is from but it is most common above . It typically occurs in clearings and edges of montane forest, in shrubland and stunted woodland.
Raorchestes coonoorensis, also known as the Coonore bushfrog or Coonoor bush frog, is a species of frogs endemic to the Western Ghats, India. It is reported from its type locality, Sim's Park in Coonoor (hence its name), with an additional observation from Kothagiri; both locations are in the state of Tamil Nadu. Its altitudinal range is asl.
Altitudinal migration is common on mountains worldwide, such as in the Himalayas and the Andes. Many bird species arid regions across southern Australia are nomadic; they follow water and food supply around the country in an irregular pattern, unrelated to season but related to rainfall. Several years may pass between visits to an area by a particular species.
The pale- footed bush warbler usually associates with Themeda grasslands. The habitat and altitudinal limit for pale-footed bush warbler slightly vary from place to place. For example, in Thailand, its habitat is known as grassland and scrub from foothills up to 1800 m. In China, its habitat is known as woodland up to 1525 m.
Nepenthes klossii is endemic to the Indonesian province of Papua in New Guinea. It has been recorded from the regencies of Merauke and Paniai, as well as the lower slopes of Puncak Jaya. The species has a wide altitudinal distribution, ranging from 930McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Australia and New Guinea.
There are many documented examples of migratory range shifts along an elevation gradient among temperate species. While these migrations are more understood in temperate regions, and far less understood among tropical ecosystems and species, there are documented cases. Altitudinal migration is typically seen among taxa found in montane areas. Generally, as elevation increases, the species richness decreases.
This species is native to southeastern Australia. It is found in the states of New South Wales, Victoria, the eastern part of Southern Australia and Tasmania, where it only occurs on Rodondo Island. Its habitat is in the vicinity of fresh water and its altitudinal range extends from sea level to near the top of Mount Kosciuszko.
Below this altitudinal range the Central American pygmy owl (Glaucidium griseiceps) occurs; above it, the Andean pygmy owl (Glaucidium jardinii) occurs. Its epithet nubicola is Latin for “cloud-inhabiting”, because this species is restricted to very humid cloud forests.Robbins, M.B. & Stiles, F.G. (1999). A new species of pygmy-owl (Strigidae: Glaucidium) from the Pacific slope of the northern Andes.
The Mount Lyell salamander (Hydromantes platycephalus) is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, United States. It is found in a range of microhabitats, such as rock exposures, talus and rock fissures, and under rocks or in caves or crevices. Its altitudinal range is above sea level.
O. destructor occurs on the eastern slopes of the Andes in South America, its altitudinal range being . Its range extends from southern Colombia and Ecuador to Peru, Bolivia and northwestern Argentina. Its habitat is tropical and subtropical forest and montane forest, and in Bolivia it has mostly been found in the Yungas, a transitional forest zone.
The northern grass mouse is found in Trinidad and Tobago and in the mountains of northern and southern Venezuela, eastern Colombia and northern Brazil. Its altitudinal range is from . It is a terrestrial species usually found in evergreen and deciduous forests but sometimes in savannah. It favours moist areas near streams with rocks and scrubby vegetation.
Gaur Vellaiyan Falls are waterfalls located in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu. These falls are 52 feet or 16 metres high are noted for their beauty and are found on the Kilavari Trail located near Kodaikanal. The waterfalls are considered an ideal picnic spot and high altitudinal meadows surrounding the waterfalls add to their beauty.
The plumage on the face is grey with a slight red ring on each side of the face. The species feeds in the undergrowth of semi- tropical rainforest. It is an altitudinal migrant, spending the summer months above 1000 m and moving below 600m in the winter. The Emei Shan liocichla is considered vulnerable by the IUCN.
Horvath's rock lizard is native to northwestern Croatia, Slovenia and the adjoining parts of northeastern Italy and southern Austria. It has also been reported to be present in southern Germany. It may be under-reported because of its close resemblance to the more common wall lizard Podarcis muralis with which it co-exists in the lower part of its altitudinal range.
Its range extends across the entire Sudan region and the southern part of the Sahel, from Guinea Bissau to Eritrea and northern Tanzania. It inhabits open, dry areas, scrubland, the edges of woodland, especially Combretum woodland and Hagenia forest, savannah with scattered trees and suburban gardens. Its altitudinal range is from sea level to about , and even higher on Mount Kenya.
The yellow-crested woodpecker occurs in equatorial Central and Western Africa. Its range extends from western Kenya to Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon, and southward to northwestern Angola. Its altitudinal range is from . Its habitat is dense primary or secondary rainforest, as well as drier forests, forest edges, and plantations of cocoa or coffee where there are some remaining large trees.
Nepenthes spathulata is native to the islands of Java and Sumatra. In Sumatra, it has been recorded from the Indonesian provinces of Jambi, South Sumatra, Bengkulu, and Lampung. Its natural range stretches from Mount Tanggamus in the south to Lake Kerinci in the north. It has a wide altitudinal distribution, having been recorded from elevations of 1100 to 2900 m above sea level.
Birds of the High Andes. Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen. Other eagle-like forest raptors such as solitary eagles (Buteogallus solitarius), whose mountainous range (similar to the black-and- chestnut) barely abuts the altitudinal range with ornate hawk-eagle, have strongly different dietary preferences (i.e. snakes) while other Buteogallus species tend to be much more aquatically based both in diet and habitat preferences.
This species is found in the mountainous areas of southwestern Bolivia, northwestern Argentina and northern Chile. It has a wide altitudinal range, occurring at in Jujuy Province in Argentina, and at in Potosí Department in Bolivia. The only species of octodontid found in the higher parts of its range, it inhabits dry rocky areas with tall cacti, shrubs and herbs.
The forest giant squirrel is native to tropical western and central Africa. Its range extends from Sierra Leone to western Kenya, and southwards to northern Angola and northern Tanzania. It is a lowland species with a maximum altitudinal limit of about . It occurs in primary forest, secondary forest and fringing forest as well as plantations and agricultural land and gardens with trees.
Members of the subgenus Alpinobombus, including B. hyperboreus, live in grasslands and shrub land in high Arctic and alpine areas, otherwise known as the Arctic tundra. They are distributed in the Arctic, Palearctic, and western Nearctic regions. The distribution of the species in terms of altitude varies depending on the season. During the summer, B. hyperboreus makes use of the entire altitudinal range ().
In 2014, a study of the vascular plants along the altitudinal gradient and investigation routes of Gyebangsan (Mt.) in Korea. Out of all the 510 surveyed taxonomic groups, the rare and endangered plants constituted 24 taxa in total. Only one taxon was classified as 'Endangered' species (EN), Oplopanax elatus and vulnerable species (VU) included Picea jezoensis, Thuja koraiensis and Iris odaesanensis.
There is also strong evidence to support these movements were, in some cases, directional with respect to an outside force. Investigations are also taking place on current forest migration based on recent information. These studies are generally directed to the altitudinal shifts in forest species on mountains. The conclusion drawn from these studies is that forest populations are increasing in altitudes.
Places such as Tingtibi and Nabji-Korphu is a very important habitat of the rufous-necked hornbill (Aceros nipalensis). The park is also a home to the populations of endangered great hornbill and wood snipe. Majority of the birds recorded in the park are altitudinal migrant species who uses the park as a seasonal migration route between their summer and winter habitats.
In northern Sarawak, the species is known from Mount Api, Mount Buli, Mount Mulu, Mount Murud, Bukit Batu Lawi, Bukit Batu Tiban, the Hose Mountains, the Tama Abu Range, and Bario. The species has also been recorded from peaks in Brunei, including Bukit Pagon. Nepenthes lowii has an altitudinal distribution of 1650 to 2600 m above sea level.Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997.
Nepenthes bokorensis is known with certainty only from the Mount Bokor massif in Bokor National Park, Kampot Province, Cambodia, where it has an altitudinal distribution of 800–1080 m above sea level. Three populations are known from the mountain. An as yet undetermined specimen (Aug. Chevalier 36411) suggests that the species may also be present in other parts of the Dâmrei Mountains.
Société de la faune et des parcs du Québec(2000), pp. 3-4 Although the mountain stands at only , the conditions on the summit are a bit harsher than at the bottom, which in consequence causes altitudinal zonation. As the altitude increases, the vegetation passes from sugar maple, bitternut hickory at the base, to northern red oak, sugar maple on the summit.
Although their flight is fast, they are reluctant to fly. In the Nilgiri hills they are altitudinal migrants and are found in the higher reaches only during summer.Illustration by 227x227pxThe nest is made in rotting trees or stumps that are easy to carve and pulverize using their bills. The male and female take turns to excavate the nest using their bills.
Nepenthes benstonei is endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. It is known with certainty only from the summits of low hills in Kelantan and northern Terengganu, and from Mount Tahan in Taman Negara, Pahang. The species has a relatively wide altitudinal range of 150 to 1350 m above sea level. Nepenthes benstonei grows terrestrially among open, secondary vegetation, where it is exposed to direct sunlight.
A small number of straggling young Ural owls may occur irregularly down in southeastern Europe outside of the typical range of the species. Some circumstantial evidence was reported of Ural owls moving downhill in mountains in Japan when snowfall was heavy.Hotta, M., Maekawa, M., Takizawa, K., & Hosono, T. (2002). Altitudinal movement of ural owls Strix uralensis in relation to snow depth.
Generally, despite higher densities of the Ural in some mountainous parts of central and eastern Europe, the tawny owl is far more numerous in all countries of that region than the Ural owl.Vrezec, A. L. (2003). Breeding Density and Altitudinal Distribution of Ural, Tawny and Boreal Owls in North Dinaric Alps (Central Slovenia). J. Raptor Res, 37(1), 55-62.
Geodorcus helmsi is the most widespread of the ten Geodorcus species, having been collected from Karamea on the northern West Coast of New Zealand to the south of the South Island, as far as Tapanui in West Otago. It has also been collected from islands in Fiordland and from Stewart Island. Adults have a wide altitudinal range, from sea level to 1400 m.
The upper altitudinal limit of N. longifolia is given as 1200 m in a comparison table on page 158 of Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, but appears as 1100 m elsewhere in the book, and this latter value is the one included in subsequent works on the genus.McPherson, S.R. 2011. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
Such forests make up the tree line in most of the Pyrenees, reaching 2400 metres. The Scots pine plays the same part in the other peninsular mountains, both siliceous and limy. It is accompanied and superseded at high altitude by piornales, dwarf junipers, and hummocky high mountain thickets. Their lower altitudinal limit remains patchy, having been extended at the expense of deciduous forests.
It inhabits mountainous chaparral west of the Rocky Mountains, from the United States to Baja peninsula Mexico. It has been introduced to British Columbia in Canada, and some areas of Washington state in the USA. It can be found up to above sea level. It is a non-migratory species; however some populations may be altitudinal migrants in some mountain ranges.
Cardioglossa oreas occurs in montane forests, often in bamboo forests; it also occurs in degraded habitats containing trees. It is typically found in areas around fast-flowing streams, its breeding habitat. Its altitudinal range is above sea level. Cardioglossa oreas is common within its small range, but the distribution of this species is severely fragmented and its forest habitat is declining.
Bufotes pewzowi occurs in dry steppes, grasslands, semi-deserts and deserts, and in mountains from foothills through all altitudinal belts up to subalpine meadows, perhaps to over above sea level. The tadpoles develop in oases, ponds, and pools. It is a very common species that can be found in very disturbed habitat. No major threats to this species are known.
Hyloxalus littoralis (in Spanish: ranita silbadora) is a species of frog in the family Dendrobatidae. It is endemic to Peru where it is known from Lima (the type locality, a small pond found in front of the beach), Huánuco, and Ancash Regions. Population near Lima was an introduction one and may now be extinct. It natural altitudinal range is asl.
Ataq (), alternately spelled Attaq, is a small city and the capital of Shabwah Governorate in Yemen. Ataq is 458 km south east of Sana'a. The difference in elevation of the city is about 70 m with generally partially flat topography with altitudinal variation in the range of 1120–1190 m.a.s.l. Its population was around 37,315 according to a 2004 census.
This manakin is found from Panama, Colombia and Trinidad south and east to the Guianas and Brazil and northern Peru. It is not found south of the Amazon or the Ucayali Rivers. It is a common bird of forests, second growth and plantations. Their upper altitudinal limit is usually about 3,600 ft (1,100 m), but they are occasionally found has high as c.
These severe, high altitude climate conditions extend parasite diapause for about a month compared to the lowland host colonies, which allows the P. atrimandibularis to usurp colonies that are more developed. Since Polistes social parasites are very rare, these altitudinal migrations also give them an advantage. The migrations promote encounters between the two sexes and give more opportunities for matings between non-relatives.
Arosa Lenzerheide is located in northern and central Grisons. It extends from the innermost Schanfigg via Urdental to the neighboring western valley with Lenzerheide, Parpan–Valbella and Churwalden. The ski area covers an altitudinal range of . Outstanding summits with aerial tramways and panoramic restaurants are the Weisshorn and the Parpaner Rothorn which also marks the highest point of the ski area.
The unicolored blackbird is native to South America where its range extends from northern Bolivia and southern Brazil to northern Argentina, including much of the lower Amazon region. It is found in marshes, near the edges of ponds and lakes and in adjacent grassland, and its altitudinal range is up to about . It is especially common in the Brazilian Pantanal.
Phrynobatrachus hylaios is a lowland species but avoids the littoral zone; its altitudinal range extends to above sea level, if not higher. It is found in and around Raphia swamps, ditches, marshes, and small pools in forests, degraded secondary habitats, and gallery forests. Breeding takes place in still water. It is a very common and adaptable species that is not facing serious threats.
Eggs of Phoenicurus moussieri MHNT Although largely resident, some show limited migratory behaviour, particularly altitudinal migration by those breeding at high altitudes moving to lower levels in winter. Vagrants have reached north to Great Britain (Dinas Head, Pembrokeshire; April 1988Dudley, S. P. et al. (2006). The British List: A Checklist of Birds of Britain (7th edition). Ibis 148: 526–563.
The dusky caenolestid inhabits alpine and páramo forests in northern and western Colombia, Ecuador, and western Venezuela. It can occur in an altitudinal range of above the sea level. The IUCN classifies it as least concern given its wide distribution and presumably large numbers. The caenolestid faces competition from the wandering small-eared shrew, and is thus rare, in montane regions of Ecuador.
Pseudagkistrodon rudis is a common species that inhabits montane meadows, riparian areas of brooks, valleys, road sides, shrubs, and rock piles. Its altitudinal range is above sea level. The species is traded in significant numbers, which might present a localized threat. However, the overall population of this widespread species is stable and its conservation status is assessed as "Least Concern".
Citing unpublished work by Tirira and Percequillo, the 2009 IUCN Red List reports that Mindomys is known from eleven specimens collected at four localities in northwestern Ecuador, and that its altitudinal range extends from above sea level, but does not give details. The species occurs in moist, montane forest on the foothills of the western Andes.Tirira, 2007, p. 171; Tirira et al.
The Ganzu vole is endemic to mountainous regions of China where it is found in the provinces of Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Hubei, Qinghai and Ningxia. Its typical habitat is moist forest with an abundance of mosses and its altitudinal range is above sea level. It seems to occupy the ecological niche that red-backed voles (Eothenomys sp.) occupy at lower altitudes.
The scales range in colour from pale to brown, to bicoloured (brown with dark brown) and have fragile edges. Sori occur in two rows along each side of the pinnule midvein and are covered by firm indusia. A. archboldii has a wide altitudinal distribution and has been collected in habitats ranging from forest to alpine shrubbery. One variety, A. archboldii var.
Das Taublatt 63: 18. Further populations of this species may be present in the Diuata Mountains and other adjacent highland areas. Recent field observations place the altitudinal distribution of N. surigaoensis at 800–1200 m above sea level, although Elmer's original description gives an elevation of approximately 1750 m ("5750 feet" in the original). Nepenthes surigaoensis grows terrestrially on mountain ridges.
Of the 15 species of crane, the blue crane has the most restricted distribution of all. Even species with lower population numbers now (such as Siberian or whooping cranes) are found over a considerable range in their migratory movements. The blue crane is migratory, primarily altitudinal, but details are little known. The blue crane is partially social, less so during the breeding season.
The wide altitudinal range of this ecoregion hosts a range of plant communities. The highest elevations (above 1,500 m) are covered with conifer forests, with a mixed broadleaf vegetation and occurring at lower elevations. The conifer zone is dominated by the Norway spruce, silver fir, and European black pine with an admixture of European beech. Dinaric calcareous block fir forest grows on limestone outcrops.
Elaeocarpus angustifolius can be found in the subtropical rainforest regions of the eastern Australian states of Queensland and New South Wales. Its range extends to New Caledonia, the Northern Territory and New Guinea. It is a large tree that can grow up to 50 metres tall, usually with an elaborate buttressed trunk and roots. The altitudinal range is from near sea level to 1100 metres.
The black-chested fruiteater is native to the Andean region of South America. Its range extends on the eastern side of the Andes from southern Colombia, through Ecuador, to northern Peru; it is found in montane forests and its altitudinal range is . It also occurs as separate populations locally on the western side of the Andes at Cajamarca and in the south of Marañón Province.
At present, N. peltata has only been recorded from the upper slopes of Mount Hamiguitan on the Philippine island of Mindanao. Much of the surrounding region has not been explored for Nepenthes, therefore this species may yet be found in other parts of southern Mindanao. Nepenthes peltata has an altitudinal distribution that stretches from 865 m above sea level to the summit at 1635 m.McPherson, S. 2009.
For example, the rainbow pitta is not found above . Other species may occur at much higher elevations, including, for example, the rusty-naped pitta, which has been found up to . The altitudinal preferences varies in the fairy pitta across its range, it can be found up to in Taiwan but stays at lower altitudes in Japan. As well as natural habitats, pittas may use human- altered spaces.
On Mount Hamiguitan, N. micramphora is sympatric with N. alata (sensu lato), N. justinaeGronemeyer, T., W. Suarez, H. Nuytemans, M. Calaramo, A. Wistuba, F.S. Mey & V.B. Amoroso 2016. Two new Nepenthes species from the Philippines and an emended description of Nepenthes ramos. Plants 5(2): 23. (previously identified as N. mindanaoensis), and N. peltata, and grows in the same altitudinal range as N. hamiguitanensis.
Nepenthes of Mount Kinabalu. Sabah National Parks Publications No. 2, Sabah National Parks Trustees, Kota Kinabalu. The only accessible location from which this hybrid is known is the Kinabalu summit trail, between Layang-Layang and the helipad, where it grows at about 2900 m in a clearing dominated by Dacrydium gibbsiae and Leptospermum recurvum trees. Nepenthes × kinabaluensis has an altitudinal distribution of 2420 to 3030 m.
They are separated by thin discontinuous breccias, sporadic tuff horizons and local lenses of fluvial, lacustrine and glacial sediment. This volcanic edifice forms a broad, oval-shaped, north-south trending lava plateau that local streams flow on. It measures long and wide with a net altitudinal reach of only . The south and west sides of the plateau are marked by a well-defined but dissected escarpment.
The ecoregion's altitudinal range, and its central location between Europe's climatic regions, support a variety of plant communities and species. The ecoregion has 4,500 native vascular plant species, including 400 endemic species. The forests on the lower slopes are mostly deciduous broadleaf trees, including the oaks Quercus robur, Quercus petraea, Quercus pubescens. Broadleaf sclerophyllous evergreen trees are found in southern valleys adjacent to Mediterranean-climate regions.
The hero shrew is found in tropical rainforest in the Congo Basin and nearby mountains, over an altitudinal range of 700 to 2230 m. It appears to be dependent on forest habitat. In the mountains it is often present near streams. Its range includes Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda, but apparently does not extend west of the Oubangi River.
Globularia amygdalifolia is a western hygrophyte occurring on Santo Antão, São Nicolau, Santiago, Fogo and Brava, but is absent from São Vicente. It is mainly occurring in the subhumid and humid zones, but it has also been reported from the arid zone on Santiago. The main altitudinal distribution is between 400 m and 2200 m. The species has been recorded from below 100 m on Santiago.
Plants such as Helixanthera intermedia which had a lot of nectar were defended more vigorously. Being small birds they may be killed by attack from insects like praying mantises too Although resident in many areas, they may make altitudinal movements in response to rains. In some areas they move to the foothills during the monsoons and move to the higher regions after the rains.
E. vespertilio is found on all mainland states except Victoria, mainly in open woodlands but extends to arid areas and rainforest margins. It is found in the Kimberley, Pilbara and northern Goldfields-Esperance regions of Western Australia. throughout most of the Northern Territory and Queensland, northern South Australia and north eastern New South Wales. It found in an altitudinal range from near sea level to .
Nepenthes lamii reaches a maximum height of around 4 m, although plants growing towards the upper altitudinal limit of this species are greatly stunted shrublets. The stem, which may be branched, is rounded or angular in cross section and has internodes up to 8 cm long. Leaves are thinly coriaceous and sessile. The lamina (leaf blade) is most commonly linear, but may also be lanceolate.
Kinkajous range from east and south of the Sierra Madres in Mexico, throughout Central America to Bolivia east of the Andes and the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil. Their altitudinal range is from sea level to 2500 m. They are found in closed-canopy tropical forests, including lowland rainforest, montane forest, dry forest, gallery forest and secondary forest. Deforestation is thus a potential threat to the species.
Habitat loss is most likely to have caused its endangerment, but altitudinal migration and specialization could have also played a role. It seems to inhabit higher and wider places with its main food resource being insects, seeds and berries. Instead of remaining high in the trees, it tends to travel through the shrubberies on the ground. There are also no remnants of its skeleton stored anywhere.
Litoria humboldtorum inhabits primary tropical moist forest, but it can also be found in partly logged and regenerating areas of forest. These frogs are typically found near water or road margins, perched on vegetation 2–6 m above the ground. The altitudinal range is asl. Litoria humboldtorum is an uncommon species, but it appears to be reasonably adaptable, and no threats have been identified.
Silverstoneia erasmios is a species of frog in the family Dendrobatidae. It is endemic to Colombia where it is known from the Cordillera Occidental and Cordillera Central in the Antioquia Department. Validity of this species is uncertain; females are indistinguishable from Silverstoneia nubicola but males are unknown. Its higher altitudinal range (to asl) than Silverstoneia nubicola (maximum elevation ) suggests that it might be a distinct species.
Hyalinobatrachium pallidum (common name: Guacharaquita glass frog, in Spanish ranita de cristal pálida) is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is endemic to Venezuela. It is known from its type locality, Guacharaquita between La Grita and Páramo de La Negra in the Táchira state, and from a number of sites in the Sierra de Perijá, Zulia state. Its altitudinal range is asl.
Lehmann's poison frog is endemic to Colombia where it is found in tropical forests in the drainage of the Anchicayá River to the west of Dagua in Valle del Cauca Department, as well as in one locality in Chocó Department, all on the slopes of the Cordillera Occidental. Its altitudinal range is . There are several separate populations and the total area of occupancy is less than .
P. semenowi populations typically exist near regions of high altitude around the Mediterranean basin. However, on occasion, they may also be found around the Caspian basins. The distribution of P. semenowi is patchy as a result of its altitudinal migration patterns. During the winter, the wasps ascend to a higher altitude; in the spring, however, they descend to the lowlands to find host colonies.
Gastrotheca dunni is a common and adaptable species that occurs in primary and secondary forests and grasslands, as well as anthropogenic habitats such as plantations, farmland, and urban gardens. Its altitudinal range is above sea level. The female broods her eggs in a pouch on her back, then carries the tadpoles to a pool where they develop further. This species is facing no major threats.
338x338px Quercus humboldtii, commonly known as the Andean oak, Colombian oak or roble, is a species of oak in the beech family found only in Colombia and Panamá. It is named for Alexander von Humboldt. It grows in the mountains with an altitudinal range from 1,000 to 3,200 m. It is found on all three Colombian Andean mountain ranges and some lowland inter-Andean regions.
The southernmost species, the paradise riflebird of Australia, lives in sub-tropical and temperate wet forests. As a group the manucodes are the most plastic in their habitat requirements, with in particular the glossy-mantled manucode inhabiting both forest and open savanna woodland. Mid-montane habitats are the most commonly occupied habitat, with thirty of the forty species occurring in the 1000–2000 m altitudinal band.
Mount Kenya has several altitudinal ecological zones, between the savanna surrounding the mountain to the nival zone by the glaciers. Each zone has a dominant species of vegetation. Many of the species found higher up the mountain are endemic, either to Mount Kenya or East Africa. There are also differences within the zones, depending on the side of the mountain and aspect of the slope.
Bulmer's fruit bat is a cave-dweller that occurs in mid-montane forests. It has been found living in a cave at 2300 m elevation. Its altitudinal range is at least 1800 – 2400 m. It occurs in the Maoke Range Alpine Heathlands Global 200 Ecoregion Bulmer's fruit bat was first described from 12,000-year-old fossils found in the central highlands in Chimbu Province, Papua New Guinea.
Katun is located in the Altai alpine meadow and tundra ecoregion (WWF ID# PA1001). This ecoregion displays a complete sequence of altitudinal vegetation zones in central Siberia including steppe, forest-steppe, mixed forest, sub-alpine vegetation and alpine vegetation. The region is also an important habitat for endangered the snow leopard and its prey. The Katun Reserve has an Alpine climate (Köppen climate classification (ET)).
Its natural habitats are lakes, ponds, and marshes in flat, open areas, such as grassland and flooded habitats. They are able to cross land areas. In Venezuela, its altitudinal range is from sea level up to above sea level, whereas in Colombia it is . The female carries the eggs on her back, from where the hatching tadpoles emerge into water where the development continues.
The habitat of A. koschevnikovi is limited to the tropical evergreen forests of the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and Sumatra. They do not live in tropical evergreen rain forests which extend into Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, and Vietnam. This area is associated with a change from wet seasonal evergreen rain forests to mixed moist deciduous forests. Its altitudinal distributions extend from sea level to about 1600 meters.
White-naped crane Mongol Daguur has a total area of and is located between 46°06' to 46°52'N and 116°11' to 118°27'E. Its altitudinal range is between above sea level. It consists of a core area of about surrounded by a buffer zone of and a transition area of . Habitats present include temperate steppe, rocky outcrops, sand dunes and marshes.
At the very least, Lehman argues, the altitudinal life zones would shift, and a change in the distribution of vegetation utilized by herbivorous dinosaurs would have probably resulted. By the end of the Judithian, North America had 7.7 million km2 of land area, but by the end of the Lancian it had reached 17.9 million km2, nearly the modern value of 22.5 million km2.
Euryoryzomys lamia, also known as the buffy-sided oryzomysMusser and Carleton, 2005 or monster rice rat, is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is found only in central Brazil, where it lives in forest enclaves within the cerrado. The species' known altitudinal range is from 700 to 900 m. The main threats to its survival are the destruction and fragmentation of its forest habitat.
This species is endemic to the southern tip of South America. Its range extends from southern Argentina and central Chile, including Mocha Island and Chiloé Island, to the Strait of Magellan. Its habitat is the forests of Nothofagus, Saxegothaea and bamboo found in this region, as well as tussock grassland, marshes and wet meadows; its altitudinal range is from sea level to the tree line.
The range is located in southwestern Colombia on the western flank of the West Andes in south central Cauca Department, on the border with Nariño Department. It includes the villages of El Naranjal, Las Pilas, La Belleza, Lusitania and Santa Clara within the municipality of Argelia. The altitudinal range varies between and . The western border consists of the upper basins of the Timbiquí and Guapi Rivers.
Gorillas spend long hours feeding on plant matter every day. Gorillas are stable apes as they stay together for months and years at a time, much like the structure of a family. Groups of eastern lowland gorillas are usually larger than those of western gorillas. The eastern lowland gorilla has the widest altitudinal range of any of the gorilla subspecies, being found in mountainous, transitional and lowland tropical forests.
The northern caenolestid occurs in and around alpine and secondary forests. The populations appear to have been divided into two parts – the Andes of western Colombia and northcentral Ecuador. It occurs in an altitudinal range of in Colombia, though in Ecuador it has been recorded at a height of . In 2008, the IUCN classified the northern caenolestid as Vulnerable because it is known only from an area of .
Due to its restricted range within the fynbos biome of South Africa's Western Cape, this sunbird is associated with Ericas and proteas. It breeds when the heath flowers, typically in May. The male defends its territory aggressively, attacking and chasing intruders. This tame species is a common breeder across its limited range, and is an altitudinal migrant, moving to higher altitudes during the southern summer in search of flowers.
The climate and ecology of different locations on the globe naturally separate into life zones, depending on elevation, location, and latitude. The generally strong dependency on elevation is known as altitudinal zonation: the average temperature of a location decreases as the elevation increases. The general effect of elevation depends on atmospheric physics. However, the specific climate and ecology of any particular location depends on specific features of that location.
The Asian gray shrew is native to southeastern Asia. It is present in Cambodia, southeastern China, northern India, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam, and possibly Indonesia. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to about . It inhabits a wide range of habitat types, including lowland and montane rainforest, bamboo forest, scrubland, herbaceous vegetation, and secondary forest adjoining streams and rivers.
Most individuals winter at lower altitudes within breeding range. Northwest race lahulensis appears to be resident or to descend to foothills of Himalayas, whereas nominate race either undertakes altitudinal movements or migrates to non-breeding areas farther south. Non-breeders recorded from plains of south China, India south to west Bengal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, north Thailand, Laos and north Vietnam. Migrants arrive back on breeding territories by early May.
The upper limit of the alpine band often gives way to bare rock and permanent snow which continues on to the summit. In Tasmania, such distinctive altitudinal bands do not occur. Typically the tree line is not well defined and usually located close to the mountain summits, often no more than a few hundred meters below. There is no permanent snow lie and vegetation continues to the summits.
Herds of Asiatic Elephants often pass through the bamboo plantations of this nature reserve when migrating between the core and buffer areas of Jim Corbett National Park. Altitudinal and geographical variations and diverse flora combined with direct connectivity with Jim Corbett National Park on one side and the Nainital Forest Division on the other makes this reserve a natural tiger-leopard and birding corridor of strategic conservation value.
Atelopus longirostris is historically known from the western slopes of the northern Ecuadorian Andes in the provinces of Esmeraldas, Imbabura, Pichincha, and Cotopaxi, at elevations between above sea level. Tapia and colleagues give a slightly different historic range that includes Imbabura, Cotopaxi, Pichincha, and Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas Provinces and a narrower altitudinal range, . Atelopus longirostris inhabits lowland (but see above) and montane tropical rainforests. Breeding takes place in streams.
However, each generation is estimated to be about 6.6 years. Parallels in altitudinal migration with the equally solitary mockingbird might be taken as indication that the breeding activity peaked around March through April. In captivity, the female generally lays two white eggs in a nest box 1–2.5 m above ground. The incubation lasts from 14 to 17 days, and the young birds fledge after around 14 to 20 days.
Their breeding habitat is coniferous or mixed forest areas throughout North America, ranging from subarctic taiga to high-altitude mountain forests in Mexico and Central America south to Panama. Northern birds usually migrate farther south; southern populations are permanent residents or altitudinal migrants, moving only a short distance downslope to avoid severe winter weather in the mountains. These birds forage on the ground. In winter, they often forage in flocks.
They are most abundant in mesic to wet forests at higher elevations. These birds are altitudinal migrants; they follow the progress of flowers as they develop at increasing altitudes throughout the year. It has also been noted that birds on Mauna Kea, Hawaii Island, likely make daily trips from lower elevations to feed on nectar. Seeking food at low elevation exposes them to low elevation disease organisms and high mortality.
Ornis Fennica, 81(2), 65-74. Similarly, the tawny owl and Ural owl are largely segregated by altitudinal range and habitat in eastern Europe (i.e. the Carpathian mountains) and Poland, with little evidence that this is due to interspecific competition or predation but rather the suitably of the montane habitats. Here the tawny owl tends to occur at lower elevations while the Ural owl occupies the foothill forests at higher elevations.
Nepenthes longifolia occurs in the Indonesian province of West Sumatra and may also be present in North Sumatra. It grows terrestrially in dense, shady lowland or submontane forest on steep sandstone slopes and ridges. As a result of developing against such inclined surfaces, the leaves of rosette plants often assume an almost vertical orientation. The species has an altitudinal distribution of 300 to 1100 m above sea level.
Nepenthes eymae is endemic to the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. It has been recorded from the provinces of Central Sulawesi (including the East Peninsula) and West Sulawesi. Many of the peaks in these regions are poorly known and may support as-yet undiscovered populations of N. eymae. The species has a wide altitudinal distribution of 1000 to at least 2000 m above sea level, typically being found above 1400 m.
Upper pitchers of N. inermis from Mount Belirang Nepenthes inermis is endemic to a number peaks in the Barisan Mountains that line the western side of Sumatra. More specifically, it is known only from the Indonesian provinces of West Sumatra and Jambi. The species has an altitudinal distribution of above sea level. It usually grows as an epiphyte in mossy forest, but also occurs terrestrially in stunted upper montane vegetation above .
During the day, the tadpoles were hiding under stones or dead leaves in the riverbed. Cardioglossa melanogaster is most abundant in the higher part of its altitudinal range. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by agricultural encroachment (including plantations of tree crops), expanding human settlements, and extraction of wood for firewood and building materials. It occurs in the Bafut-Ngemba Forest Reserve in Cameroon, although this reserve requires improved protection.
This species is endemic to the Arabian Peninsula. Its range includes several widely separated locations in northwestern, central and southwestern Saudi Arabia, the Farasan Islands in the Red Sea, western and southern Yemen, the United Arab Emirates and northern Oman. Its altitudinal range runs from sea level to about . It is a common species where the conditions are suitable and is found in oases, springs, irrigation ditches, watercourses, ponds and gardens.
Its natural habitats are lowland moist forests as well as premontane and lower montane wet forests; its altitudinal range is from near sea level to above sea level. The tadpoles develop in streams. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by landslides (impacting streams) as well as from farming, logging, and human settlements. It occurs in some protected areas, including the La Muralla and Pico Bonito National Parks.
This species is native to the southern tip of South America, its range extending from Valparaíso in Chile southwards to Tierra del Fuego and southwestern Argentina. In the northern part of its range it is found in the Andean foothills at altitudes of up to , but further south, its altitudinal range descends to the sea. It is usually found near water, on lake shores, riverbanks, streamsides and on coasts.
Glass frog embryos are able to hatch in regards to environmental cues with risk factors. Egg clutches of glass frogs are always usually laid on the undersides of Heliconia leaves. H. orientale is located and distributed throughout the Central Eastern ranges of the Cordillera de la Costa (the coastal mountain range) in Venezuela and Tobago Island with an altitudinal range of 190 to 1200 meters. Its natural habitats are tropical rainforests.
Craugastor talamancae is a species of frog in the family Craugastoridae. This anuran is found in Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Panama. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest. According to accounts of J.M. Savage and of C. Michael Hogan, this frog is considered to have an altitudinal niche between 16 and 646 metres.
The species name "susaguae" is taken from the Susaguá River in which hydrographic basin the frog has been found. Susaguá is Chibcha, the language spoken by the Muisca who inhabited the area where the toad has been found; the Reserve Forest of Zipaquirá and Cogua, Colombia. It has an altitudinal range of to above sea level, and it might occur more widely than is currently known.Rueda, J.V. 2004.
Mantophryne louisiadensis occurs in lowland rainforest and cloud forest at elevations below . There are no recent observations of this species, but it does not appear to be facing major threats. Suitable habitat appears to be plentiful as Rossel Island is very largely covered by primary or slightly disturbed rainforest and this species ranges across the entire altitudinal range of the island. It is not known to occur in any protected area.
The Teide violet (Viola cheiranthifolia) can be found right up to the summit of the volcano, making it the highest flowering plant in Spain.J.M. Fernandez-Palacios and J.P de Nicolas, Altitudinal pattern of vegetation variation on Tenerife, J. Veg. Sci. 6, 1995, pp. 183–190 These plants are adapted to the tough environmental conditions on the volcano such as high altitude, intense sunlight, extreme temperature variations, and lack of moisture.
Pristimantis altamazonicus occur in closed-canopy, primary tropical forests, and occasionally in flooded or secondary forests. While they may be found in leaf-litter during the day, they are more typically perched on, and call from, low vegetation in the forest at night. The altitudinal range is above sea level Although habitat loss can be a local threat, Pristimantis altamazonicus as a species is not facing major threats.
His Moroccan work also included studies on the altitudinal zonation of the mountain regions there and the phytogeography of the desert climate, in particular the argan tree (Argania spinosa). Other work included studies of association in equatorial forests, which led to a biogeographical classification of climate, in which he drew comparisons between Australia and homologous zones of the Mediterranean. In biosystematics he developed a classification scheme for vascular plants.
Some are surprisingly hardy (Pinus hartweggi, Pinus rudis, Pinus ayacahuite, etc.), tolerating temperatures as low as -30 °C. These trees occur on very tilted slopes and plain valleys. Mexican conifers from temperate and cool climates which are being cultivated in other countries for paper industry according to altitudinal, latitudinal and climatic characteristics: Near or on the Equator at high altitudes: Pinus leiophylla in Kenya. Pinus montezumae in Kenya.
Bayswater Three-week-old Litoria moorei tadpoles, backyard pond, Bayswater South-west corner of Western Australia, from as far north as the Geraldton Sandplains, to the Esperance Plains on the south coast of WA. A population exists on Rottnest Island. The species is one of the most well known frogs found in urban Perth areas. The estimated altitudinal range of the species is from 0–600 m asl.
The distribution of rainfall and vegetation types varies markedly throughout the country. Eritrean climate varies on the basis of seasonal and altitudinal differences. Based on variations in temperature Eritrea can be broadly divided into three major climate zones: a temperate zone, a subtropical climate zone and a tropical climate zone. Eritrea can be divided into three major climate zones : the central highlands, the coastal region, and the western lowlands.
Orangutans have large home ranges and low population densities, which complicates conservation efforts. Population densities depend to a large degree on the abundance of fruits with soft pulp. Sumatran orangutan will commute seasonally between lowland, intermediate, and highland regions, following fruit availability. Undisturbed forests with broader altitudinal range can thus sustain larger orangutan populations; conversely, the fragmentation and extensive clearance of forest ranges breaks up this seasonal movement.
Animals also exhibit zonation patterns in concert with the vegetational zones described above. Invertebrates are more clearly defined into zones because they are typically less mobile than vertebrate species. Vertebrate animals often span across altitudinal zones according to the seasons and food availability. Typically animal species diversity and abundance decrease as a function of elevation above the montane zone because of the harsher environmental conditions experienced at higher elevations.
Bighorn sheep migrate between high mountains, where they are safer from predators, and valleys where there is more food in winter. Altitudinal migration is a short-distance animal migration from lower altitudes to higher altitudes and back. It is commonly thought to happen in response to climate and food availability changes as well as increasingly due to anthropogenic influence. These migrations can occur both during reproductive and non- reproductive seasons.
Pseudoeurycea aurantia occur in pine cloud forests and in barren open lands at higher altitudes; the altitudinal range is above sea level. It has been found under rocks, the bark of logs, and in or under decaying wood. Reproduction is through direct development; one female was found guarding a clutch of 22 eggs under the bark of a log. The species is extremely common within its small range.
The southern gray-cheeked salamander (Plethodon metcalfi) is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae endemic to the area where North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia adjoin each other in the southeastern United States. The species has a known altitudinal range of 256 to 1,295 m in the mountains of the region. Where their ranges overlap, it hybridizes with P. jordani and P. teyahalee. Its natural habitat is temperate forests.
In 2010, camera traps recorded a tiger pair at elevations of . As of 2015, the tiger population in Bhutan was estimated at 89 to 124 individuals in a survey area of . In 2008, a tiger was recorded at an elevation of in Jigme Dorji National Park, which is the highest altitudinal record of a tiger known to date. In 2017, a tiger was recorded for the time in Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary.
The Cape wagtail (Motacilla capensis), also known as Wells's wagtail, is a small insectivorous bird which is widespread in southern Africa. It frequents water's edge, lawns and gardens. It is a mostly resident, territorial species, but has been known to undertake limited altitudinal migration or form flocks outside of the breeding season. Like other wagtails they are passerine birds of the family Motacillidae, which also includes the pipits and longclaws.
The course objectives are to document and quantitatively inventory, for the first time, the existing biodiversity of this habitat located at approximately 1000 meters in altitude. The Maderas volcano offers a unique altitudinal gradient and mountain top to assess this tropical mountain wilderness, but also human impacts including climate change and invasive species. This course teaches expedition skills, and makes use of the nearby Ometepe field station as the base.
The Ethiopian white- footed mouse is endemic to the Ethiopian highlands where it occurs on either side of the Great Rift Valley, with a separate smaller population in the mountains in the northern part of the country, where it was studied in detail in the Degua Tembien district. Its habitat is primarily upland forests and scrubland, but it also inhabits rough grassland and pasture, at an altitudinal range of between about .
The long-footed water rat is endemic to the eastern half of the island of New Guinea. Its range includes the Owen Stanley Range, Mount Dayman, Mount Sisa, and Mount Victory in Papua New Guinea, and its altitudinal range extends from . Relatively few specimens of this rat have been observed, and its habitat includes secondary forest and old gardens, and it is presumed to be also present in primary forest.
In the north it is more often found on slightly alkaline soils (pH 7 – 8); in the south on acid soils (pH 4 – 5). It has little resistance to frost conditions, but may endure a sporadic light frost where it occurs at its altitudinal limits. Usually the climate is rather humid in these mountains of northeastern Mexico. It is nowhere abundant in its scattered range, and always occurred mixed with e.g.
The speckle-chested piculet is endemic to Peru. It has a rather limited range, being only known from the central Huallaga Valley and certain parts of the Utcubamba Valley in the foothills of the eastern Andes in Peru. Its altitudinal range is between about . Its main habitat is primary moist lowland forest and moist montane forest with vines, epiphytes and bamboos, but it also occurs in secondary growth forests, and thickets in cultivated areas.
The gray-collared chipmunk inhabits mountain coniferous forests in central and eastern Arizona and in central and western New Mexico. Its range extends from the Bill Williams Mountains, San Francisco Mountains and White Mountains to the Datil Mountains, Magdalena Mountains and San Mateo Mountains. Its altitudinal range is but it is primarily found between . The gray-collared chipmunk is found in ponderosa pine and spruce-fir forests, often up to the timberline.
The slaty flowerpiercer, Diglossa plumbea, is a passerine bird endemic to the Talamancan montane forests. This is a common bird in mountain forest canopy and edges, and especially in sunlit clearings and areas with flowering shrubs, which can include gardens. The lower altitudinal limit of its breeding range increases from 1200 m in the north of Costa Rica to 1900 m in the southern mountains. It is found well above the timberline in páramo habitat.
Nepenthes hamata is endemic to the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, where it has been recorded primarily from the eastern portion of Central Sulawesi province (including large parts of the East Peninsula). The species has a known altitudinal distribution of 1400–2500 m above sea level. Nepenthes hamata may grow terrestrially or as an epiphyte. It is found in lower and upper montane mossy forest and among scrub vegetation on mountain ridges and summits.
This species is one of the most widely distributed salamanders in North America, second only to the tiger salamander. Its altitudinal range runs from sea level up to , spanning a wide variety of vegetational zones. The range includes isolated endemic populations in Monterey Bay and Santa Cruz, California. The distribution reconnects in northeastern Sierra Nevada running continuously along the Pacific Coast to Juneau, Alaska, with populations dotted along the Taku and Stikine River valleys.
The Tsangpo Valley sightings may be anomalous, only indicating winter visitation. The bird observed in Dzeng was in an environment alien to the species' normal coniferous forest environs, and both the Dzeng and Tse individuals had atypically pale underparts, indicating they may have been nominate S. leucopsis, but with genetic introgression traits from Przevalski's nuthatch. S. przewalskii inhabits coniferous montane forest of spruce or fir. Its altitudinal range commonly approaches a forest's tree line.
The term is not precise, but typically refers to topography where the peaks rise at least to above the surrounding terrain (as opposed to above sea level). The summits usually do not reach the tree line and were not glaciated after the last glacial period. In contrast, Hochgebirge is used to refer to mountain ranges rising above approximately to . The delineation corresponds with the differentation between Montane and Alpine level according to altitudinal zonation.
Myrceugenia rufa is endemic to Chile where it is restricted to coastal areas from Coquimbo Region southwards to San Antonio Province. Its altitudinal range is , and it grows on coastal cliffs or within about of the coast, usually occurring in deep creaks and inaccessible places in remnants of forested areas. It is often found growing among other species of myrtle. The fruits are often attacked by insects which feed on the flesh and seeds.
The long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum Baird 1849, Salish: šl̓šl̓če)Originally described as Ambystoma macrodactyla. is a mole salamander in the family Ambystomatidae. This species, typically 4.1–8.9 cm (– in) long when mature, is characterized by its mottled black, brown and yellow pigmentation, and its long outer fourth toe on the hind limbs. The distribution of the long-toed salamander is primarily in the Pacific Northwest, with an altitudinal range of up to .
The Tatra vole lives at altitudes of 650 to 2350 m above sea level. The habitat occupied by the species is either humid rocky meadows in the subalpine zone or climax upper montane forest. Its distribution range is insular and fragmented as a consequence of landscape altitudinal structure and habitat heterogeneity. The population of the Tatra vole has been estimated to 200,000–250,000 individuals and no population fluctuation or population outbreaks were recorded.
It usually grows terrestrially, but can also occur as an epiphyte in pockets of moss on tree trunks. The species occurs sympatrically with N. gymnamphora and N. singalana. It grows with the former in montane forest and swamps dominated by Pandanus species that line the shoreline of a crater lake. The altitudinal distribution of N. gymnamphora on Mount Tujuh (1800–2100 m) overlaps that of N. aristolochioides, but no natural hybrids have been observed.
It is thought that rivers may play a role as the geographic barriers to Charis, not unlike the river barrier hypothesis used to explain the high rates of diversity in the Amazon basin—though this hypothesis has been disputed. Dispersal-mediated allopatric speciation is also thought to be a significant driver of diversification throughout the Neotropics. Allopatric speciation can result from mountain topography. Climatic changes can drive species into altitudinal zones—either valleys or peaks.
The bearded bellbird is native to Venezuela (as well as adjacent parts of Colombia and Guyana), Trinidad and Tobago and northeastern Brazil, where it occurs in humid forests and woodland. It is mainly resident, but some populations take part in altitudinal migrations; breeding at altitudes of up to and spending the non- breeding season in the lowlands. There are two subspecies; the nominate taxon, P. a. averano, in northeastern Brazil and P. a.
One of only nine species of amphibian in the Arabian Peninsula, the Dhofar toad is found in Yemen, Oman, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. It is also present on the Farasan Islands and other islands, and its altitudinal range is from sea level up to about . Its typical habitat is wet places, springs, pools, streams, canals, ditches, irrigated land, gardens and oases, but it is sometimes found far from any permanent water.
Hyloxalus pulchellus is found in the inter-Andean páramos of northern Ecuador and adjacent Colombia (Nariño and Cauca Departments) and on the eastern slopes of the Andes from southern Colombia south in Ecuador to the headwaters of the Pastaza River. Colombian source does not include Nariño but does include Putumayo Department. Its altitudinal range is asl; at the higher end of this range it is the only frog species of this kind.
This species is known only from a high altitude strip of land in Junín Region in Peru. It has previously also been recorded in the Huancavelica Region but recent surveys of that area have failed to find it. It has very specific habitat requirements; it needs mineral-rich, boggy terrain where such cushion plants as Distichia grow, with crags and rocky slopes nearby. Its altitudinal range is about to the snowline at around .
Leptopelis fiziensis have been found in transitional forest in the forest-savanna mosaic, near a stream at the edge of montane forest, and dense low bush at the edge of a clearing in dry forest. There is also a record from riverine forest within pristine miombo woodland, but this might refer to another species. They are typically found on shrubs and trees some above the ground. The altitudinal range is above sea level.
It consists of rugged, mountainous terrain and represents the highest altitudinal extent of the Cross River gorilla's distribution, with the highest point at above sea level. Only about half of its land is a prime gorilla habitat, while the rest includes grassland or cultivation not suitable for the species. Due to its sanctuary status, it was expected to be provided with a conservator and eco-guards to enforce wildlife laws within its perimeters.
If undisturbed, it utilizes regular "tracks" to visit feeding sites over the course of the day; these tracks vary according to season. It is apparently a resident bird; there is no indication even for altitudinal migrations. The species, like many tanagers, joins mixed- species feeding flocks. Those in which N. rourei was observed to participate were usually led by Sirystes and contained chestnut-crowned becards and rufous-headed tanagers as "core" species.
This frog is endemic to Colombia and Ecuador, being found on the western slopes of the Western Cordilleras and the Central Cordilleras in Colombia, and in the Ecuadorean provinces of Carchi, Cotopaxi, Pichincha and Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas. Its altitudinal range is between . It is to be found in foliage in swamps and near streams, in cloud forest, by forest edges, in pastures and by roadsides, but never far from forests.
Blind skinks are insectivorous and feed on arthropods and earthworms. Blind skinks are characterized by their fossorial or burrowing habits. They can dig their own burrows, use old burrows or other openings in the ground, or dwell under the leaf litter or logs. Species of the genus Dibamus are frequently found in primary and secondary forests in a wide range of altitudinal variation (from the sea level to approximately 1300 meters above sea level).
Insuetophrynus is a monotypic genus of frogs in the family Rhinodermatidae. The sole species is Insuetophrynus acarpicus, also known as Barrio's frog. It is endemic to Chile and only known from few localities on the Valdivian Coast Range between Chanchán in the Los Ríos Region in the south and Queule (southernmost Araucanía Region) and Colequal Alto in the north; the fourth locality is Mehuín, which is the type locality. The altitudinal range is asl.
Through much of their range, mountain hawk-eagles are typically sedentary but both adults and young hawk-eagles sometimes also disperse in descent from higher grounds in winter and it may be characterized as a partial migrant. There are several recorded cases of the species wandering in north India down into Indo-Gangetic plains. In Bhutan, fragmentary information suggest short-distance altitudinal movements are not infrequent.Juhant, M. A., & Bildstein, K. L. (2017).
The mountain chiffchaff or eastern chiffchaff (Phylloscopus sindianus) is a species of leaf warbler found in the Caucasus (P. s. lorenzii) and Himalayas (P. s. sindianus), and is an altitudinal migrant, moving to lower levels in winter. The nominate subspecies is similar to the Siberian chiffchaff, but with a finer darker bill, browner upperparts and buff flanks; its song is almost identical to the common chiffchaff, but the call is a weak psew.
The humidity of certain zones, including precipitation levels, atmospheric humidity, and potential for evapotranspiration, varies with elevation and is a significant factor in determining altitudinal zonation. The most important variable is precipitation at various elevations. As warm, moist air rises up the windward side of a mountain, the air temperature cools and loses its capacity to hold moisture. Thus, the greatest amount of rainfall is expected at mid-altitudes and can support deciduous forest development.
Odorrana morafkai is known over an altitudinal range of above sea level, from lowland forests to montane cloud forests dominated by evergreen or bamboo and evergreen vegetation. It is typically observed near streams on rocks, leaf litter, herbaceous vegetation, or trees as high as 4 m above the ground. The tadpoles likely develop in streams, as in other Odorrana. Although not considered threatened, this species is likely to be suffering from habitat loss.
It will gather in large concentrations on fruiting trees, plucking berries from the tree but also feeding on the ground. It makes some altitudinal movements to take advantage of ripe cereals and fruit at lower elevations in late summer. Threats Historical declines resulted from intensive exploitation of laurel forests. The extent of forest loss has slowed, although fragmentation has continued in some areas as forests are exploited for poles and tool handles.
The spangled drongo is the only drongo to be found in Australia. These birds are altitudinal and latitudinal migrants, and in the high altitude areas around Brisbane in Queensland, they arrive in late spring and leave with their new crop of juveniles in mid-summer. Nests are cup shaped in open spaces, where it is difficult for predators to access without being seen, 75% up the canopy. Each year, they produce 3-5 young.
B. integrifolia is widely distributed, in both geographical and ecological terms. According to Alex George, "it spans a wider geographical and climatic range than any other species." Thiele and Ladiges make a similar claim: that its distribution "is a broader latitudinal, altitudinal and ecological amplitude than any other species, with the possible exception of B. spinulosa." It occurs along almost the entire eastern coast of Australia, from Geelong, Victoria to Proserpine, Queensland.
The highest level below the snowline is dominated by lichen and bryophytes. Below this lies a zone of small trees and shrubs which develops into montane forest, principally in western valleys and on well-irrigated eastern slopes, which occurs below . Tree heights develop from near the top to up to below ; below , subtropical rainforest is present, with temperatures between and up to of rainfall. Fauna is similarly distributed, with distinct altitudinal zonation present.
It is common in the foothills and middle elevations of Central America, breeding mainly between 400–600 m on the Caribbean slope and up to 1500 m on the Pacific slopes. Some populations are partial altitudinal migrants, meaning that some individuals migrate to lower elevations during the wet (non-breeding) season . This is a species of wet forest, mainly restricted to primary forest, but sometimes occupying adjacent clearings and tall secondary growth.
The species' ecology has been studied in detail in the croplands of the Degua Tembien district in Tigray, where it commonly occurs in crop fields, domestic and peri-domestic habitats in wider altitudinal range (1500 m up to 2700 m). Being a nocturnal and burrowing species, it prefers crop fields with vertisols. Likewise, the multimammate mouse possibly contributes to a significant portion to the rodent diet of night-active raptors such as Barn owl.
This rodent is native to South America where it occurs in the high Andes of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. Its altitudinal range is between . Its range includes the Cordillera Central in Colombia where there is a separate population, and extends through the Cordillera Occidental and Cordillera Oriental of Ecuador, to the Andes of northern Peru, as far south as Junin. Its typical habitat is moist subalpine forest and páramo, a high altitude grassland.
After 1972, Leigh left his teaching position at Princeton and solely dedicated his time to his research with the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. While working with STRI, Leigh was sent around the world to compare altitudinal gradients in tropical forests that included the Ivory Coast of Madagascar and montane forests in India. During this time, Leigh was also based in Barro Colorado Island by STRI from 1969 to 2011 to conduct research on the island.
The long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum, Baird 1849)Originally described as Ambystoma macrodactyla. is a mole salamander in the family Ambystomatidae. This species, typically 4.1–8.9 cm (1 3/5–3½ in) long when mature, is characterized by its mottled black, brown and yellow pigmentation, and its long outer fourth toe on the hind limbs. The distribution of the long-toed salamander is primarily in the Pacific Northwest, with an altitudinal range of up to .
Nepenthes hamiguitanensis is endemic to the summit ridge of Mount Hamiguitan in San Isidro, Davao Oriental, Mindanao, Philippines. It has an altitudinal distribution of 1200–1600 m above sea level, being particularly common at elevations above 1400 m. The species grows terrestrially in primary montane forest and forest margins. It is not found in the so-called Bonsai Forest, a region of stunted vegetation on the plateau below the summit ridge of Mount Hamiguitan.
The genus Cettia has the widest distribution of the family, reaching from Western Europe across Asia to the Pacific islands of Fiji and Palau. Most of the species in the genus are sedentary, but the Asian stubtail is wholly migratory and the Japanese bush warbler and Cetti's warbler are partly migratory over much of their range. A few species, such as the pale- footed bush warbler, are altitudinal migrants. The species are small, stubby birds.
The yellow-tufted woodpecker is native to northern South America. Its range includes eastern Colombia, western and southern Venezuela, the Guianas, northern and central Brazil, eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru and eastern Bolivia. Its altitudinal range is from sea level to about , and even higher in Ecuador. It is a species of open humid forest, both varzea and terra firme forest, and is also found in secondary forest, woodland verges and burnt out areas with isolated standing trees.
Nepenthes northiana is endemic to the Kuching Division of Sarawak, particularly the hills around the village of Bau. The species has an altitudinal distribution of 0 to 500 m above sea level and is restricted to limestone substrates. Nepenthes northiana growing in large clumps on the limestone cliffs of Bau Nepenthes northiana generally grows in exposed sites on near-vertical limestone cliffs with permanent water seepage. Less commonly it occurs in secondary vegetation on small hills.
Cabot's tragopan is endemic to mountain ranges in southeastern China where it is present in the provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi and Zhejiang. Its typical habitat is subtropical evergreen forest and other forests with a mix of deciduous and coniferous trees. Its altitudinal range is and it is also present above the treeline. Populations are fragmented as it has limited ability to disperse and seems not to move across gaps in forest cover of over .
B. H. Danser united the species "[w]ith some hesitation" in his 1928 monograph "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies". He suggested that N. villosa is a stunted form of N. edwardsiana from higher elevations, which flowers at a "juvenile stage of development". Danser acknowledged that the indumentum of N. villosa is more dense than that of N. edwardsiana, but noted that it "is a difference only of degree". The two taxa differ considerably in their altitudinal distributions.
This migration is altitudinal, with birds moving to lower altitudes during the winter (April to September), and is much more pronounced in the southern parts of the range. In Malawi birds descend to the shores of lake Malawi (), birds in South Africa and Mozambique move as low as sea-level, and may move from their breeding sites. In Malawi studies established that the males remained in their breeding territories, while the females moved away during the winter.
A stunted tree growing in the "Bonsai Forest" of Mount Hamiguitan Nepenthes micramphora has only been recorded from the highland slopes of Mount Hamiguitan, Davao Oriental, in the extreme southeast of Mindanao island in the Philippines. Much of the surrounding region has not been explored for Nepenthes, and this species may therefore be present in other parts of southern Mindanao. Its altitudinal distribution extends from 1100 m above sea level to the summit at 1635 m.
Scutiger sikimmensis is an alpine toad living near streams, oxbow lakes, seepages, and stream-fed marshes as well as the surrounding forest and grassland habitats. Breeding takes place in streams in May–June or June–August; males call from under the rocks at night. The altitudinal range differs between sources; the lower limit is about and the upper limit above sea level. The species is common in the Indian part of its range but rare in Tibet.
Myrceugenia colchaguensis is endemic to the coastal region of Chile and has a distribution that extends from the province of Valparaiso to Cautín. Although this range is wide, it is also extremely patchy as it is present only in a number of small subpopulations in coastal areas, one or two in the Chilean Central Valley and possibly one in the Andes. Its altitudinal range is . It prefers humid habitats and usually grows among other members of the family Myrtaceae.
The isolated higher and cooler forests of the island are home to a rich and distinctive set of plants of both Asian and Australian origin. There are especially large numbers of Nepenthes pitcher plants (>15 species), rhododendrons, and orchids. This ecoregion also contains important areas of forest on limestone upland, especially Mount Api which has clear altitudinal zones of differing vegetation. Long Pasia in the Meligan Range and the Usun Apau plateau have important areas of high-altitude wetland.
The high humidity environment of many caves also favours springtails and there are numerous cave adapted species, including one, Plutomurus ortobalaganensis living down the Krubera Cave. Anurida maritima on water The horizontal distribution of springtail species is affected by environmental factors which act at the landscape scale, such as soil acidity, moisture and light. Requirements for pH can be reconstructed experimentally. Altitudinal changes in species distribution can be at least partly explained by increased acidity at higher elevation.
A total of approximately 380 species of vascular plants have been found in the park, as well as 182 species of vertebrates, 24 mammals, 142 birds, 2 reptiles, 2 amphibians and 12 fish. Many of these species are on the Swedish red list of endangered species, notably the large carnivores. The vegetation follows a fairly strict altitudinal zonation, as a result of the climate, and implying a similar zonation of fauna, although this is often less strict.
Certhia is the genus of birds containing the typical treecreepers, which together with the African and Indian spotted creepers make up the family Certhiidae. The typical treecreepers occur in many wooded parts of the North Temperate Zone. They do not normally migrate other than for local movements, such as altitudinal migrations in the Himalayan species. The treecreepers are small woodland birds, very similar in appearance (so they can present serious identification problems where two species occur together).
L. pustulatus is endemic to Brazil where it is found in the Cerrado, a tropical savannah area, in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Ceará and Maranhão. It is usually found in the vicinity of water bodies, and is an adaptable species, able to tolerate disturbed areas including gardens and urban locations. Its altitudinal range is between about . Much of its habitat consists of seasonally flooded areas in the Araguaia, Tocantins, Xingu and Parnaíba river systems.
Specifically, it has been found on Mount Lumarku, Mount Mulu, Mount Murud, and mountains of the Meligan Range near Long Pasia (including Mount Rimau). It has a wide altitudinal distribution of 1300 to 2400 m above sea level. On Mount Murud (2423 m), N. hurrelliana is common on the summit ridge above 2100 m, but becomes rarer with increasing elevation as this brings with it more stunted and exposed vegetation. Populations from the summit ridge of Mount Lumarku (c.
Some species of tubenoses (Procellariiformes) such as albatrosses circle the earth, flying over the southern oceans, while others such as Manx shearwaters migrate between their northern breeding grounds and the southern ocean. Shorter migrations are common, including altitudinal migrations on mountains such as the Andes and Himalayas. The timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day length. Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the sun and stars, the earth's magnetic field, and mental maps.
The nutrient content of soils at different elevations further complicates the demarcation of altitudinal zones. Soils with higher nutrient content, due to higher decomposition rates or greater weathering of rocks, better support larger trees and vegetation. The elevation of better soils varies with the particular mountain being studied. For example, for mountains found in the tropical rainforest regions, lower elevations exhibit fewer terrestrial species because of the thick layer of dead fallen leaves covering the forest floor.
In Pakistan, the breeding range of the dusky crag martin overlaps that of the subspecies P. f. peloplasta of pale crag martin, but that species breeds much higher in the mountains. This altitudinal separation means that it is not known whether the two closely related martins could hybridise, which would cast doubts as to whether they were distinct species. Dusky crag martins from Burma and Thailand have been described as a separate darker subspecies, P. c.
This Lesotho northern park protects a high-altitude, patch of rugged wilderness, including one of Lesotho's few stands of indigenous forest with a number of rare undergrowth plants that are unique to this woodland habitat. Here indigenous "ouhout" (Leucosidea) trees of significant size are preserved. The park has an altitude ranging from and is considered mostly sub- alpine. The diversity of habitat types is exceptionally wide and derived from the large altitudinal range that the park has.
Altitudinal range: 0–1600 m. Leptopteris superba has a predominantly southern distribution, occurring from Mt. Te Aroha southwards, apart from an isolated record (Rawlings 1972) from c. 700 m in Waipoua Forest (CHR 191223) and a 19th-century collection by E.M. Smith from Little Barrier Island (AK 119092). In the North Island it is common in montane forest from Te Aroha to Wellington, occurring from about 250 m up to 1400 m on Maungapōhatu in the Urewera Ranges.
Altitudinal range: 10–950 m. The species has a predominantly northern distribution. It is abundant in much of the North Island, especially in lowland and montane areas, from 10 to 950 m, but is uncommon in truly coastal regions, especially on the east coast and in Taranaki. In the South Island it is more common in lowland regions, but extends locally to 925 m in montane areas of inland Marlborough; it is absent from much of the high country.
Pseudoeurycea gadovii, commonly known as Gadow's false brook salamander or Gadow's salamander, is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to Mexico and occurs on and near the volcanoes Pico de Orizaba and Cofre de Perote in central region of Veracruz as well as on the slopes of La Malinche on the Tlaxcala-Puebla border. Its natural habitats are pine-oak forests and bunchgrass above the treeline. Its altitudinal range is above sea level.
Maoriblatta novaeseelandiae in forest habitat This species is found in native lowland forests throughout the North Island and in coastal regions of northern areas of the South Island. Collection records exist from the Three Kings Islands in the north to Kaikoura in the south. Its altitudinal range is from sea level to 600 m on the North Island. It is found among grasses and beneath rotten logs, stones and debris, where it eats decaying plant material.
Its habitat is low deciduous forest, whose average temperatures of 20 °C and an annual rainfall of 800 mm, and a well-marked dry season of between 7 and 8 month. This type of forests are in an altitudinal range of 0 to 1700 meters above sea level. They grow on rocky soils deficient in nutrients, cliffs and steep mountains. The plant is resistant up to 10 °C, and grows in full sun or partial shade.
Dayboro, SE Queensland, Australia The Lewin's honeyeater prefers the wetter parts of eastern Australia, from northern Queensland to central Victoria. It is found in both rainforest and wet sclerophyll forest, and often wanders into more open woodland. It is a common bird, and its call is often heard in these areas. It is a rather sedentary species, tending to stay in the same area all year round, although some altitudinal migration, to lower elevations in the cooler winter months, occurs.
The black-and-white species is more similar to an Accipiter in proportions than the ornate species, having relatively less expansive wings and somewhat more elongated looking tail. Juveniles are told from the similar juvenile black-and-chestnut eagle by their smaller size and by having more extensive spots and barring on the under wing (giving the differences in altitudinal range, overlap in distribution is likely very minimal).Ridgely, R. S., & Greenfield, P. J. (2001). The birds of Ecuador. Vol.
Despite his inability to do fieldwork in Central and South America, his first book was called The Birds of Santa Marta and focused on a particular region of Colombia.Walter Edmond Clyde Todd, Melbourne Armstrong Carriker (1922) The Birds of the Santa Marta Region of Colombia: A Study in Altitudinal Distribution, Annals of the Carnegie Museum. Todd's research was based entirely on the collections of bird skins he had amassed at the Carnegie Museum. He was awarded a Brewster medal in 1925.
The dam and plant design follows a format common to many dams in Laos (similar to, for example, the Nam Theun 2 Dam and the Nam Theun-Hinboun Dam), and involved an inter-catchment water transfer, between the Houay Ho River, and a small tributary of the Xe Kong River, exploiting the altitudinal difference between the two to generate power. The turbine array comprises two Francis Type turbines of 75 MW each, and a single Pelton Type turbine of 2.1 MW.
More northerly populations of Lewis's woodpecker, northern flicker, Williamson's sapsucker, red-breasted sapsucker and red-naped sapsucker all move southwards in the fall in North America. Most woodpecker movements can be described as dispersive, such as when young birds seek territories after fledging, or eruptive, to escape harsh weather conditions. Several species are altitudinal migrants, for example the grey-capped woodpecker, which moves to lowlands from hills during the winter months. The woodpeckers that do migrate do so during the day.
The ecoregion's altitudinal range, and its various climatic regions (maritime temperate to the west, continental in the center, and Mediterranean to the east) support a variety of plant communities and species. The ecoregion has 3500 native plant species, including 200 endemic species. The forested foothills of the southern slope, known as the Pre-Pyrenees, have a transitional Mediterranean climate with dry summers. Characteristic trees include evergreen Holm oak (Quercus ilex) and deciduous Quercus faginea, Quercus pubescens, Tilia platyphyllos, and Acer opalus.
At least 21 Aerangis species are endemic to Madagascar, including Aerangis fastuosa with the other Aerangis species distributed in tropical Africa, Ceylon and the Comoros. Aerangis fastuosa is widespread across the island and has been found between the east coastal plain and the central plateau (highlands). The provinces in which Aerangis fastuosa has been documented include Antananarivo, Fianarantsoa, Toamasina and Toliara. Aerangis fastuosa has an altitudinal range of around 900m – 1500m, although other sources suggest its range is wider being around 100m – 1500m.
Callisto basistrigella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is found in the south-eastern Alps, ranging from the Dolomites (Italy) in the west to the Julian Alps (Slovenia) in the east and the Carnic Alps and Lienzer Dolomiten (Austria) in the north. The habitats are related to the dwarf-shrub zone and include subalpine meadows, rock formations and scree with Salix-bushes and shrubs. The species is restricted to limestone with an altitudinal range from about 1,200 to 2,300 meters.
N. reinwardtiana, and N. stenophylla growing in an exposed site along a logging road to Mount Murud in Sarawak Nepenthes fusca is endemic to Borneo, where its range stretches from Central Kalimantan to northwestern Sabah. The species is confined to north- western Borneo. The species has a wide altitudinal distribution and is typically found at elevations of 1200 to 2500 m above sea level. However, N. fusca has occasionally been reported from lowland hills down to 600 mClarke, C.M. & C.C. Lee 2004.
The isolation has significant implications for these natural habitats. The American Southwest region began warming up between ∼20,000–10,000 years BP and atmospheric temperatures increased substantially, resulting in the formation of vast deserts that isolated the Sky Islands. Endemism, altitudinal migration, and relict populations are some of the natural phenomena to be found on sky islands. The complex dynamics of species richness on sky islands draws attention from the discipline of biogeography, and likewise the biodiversity is of concern to conservation biology.
The Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary was proclaimed by the Cameroonian government on April 3, 2008. It protects 19.44 km2 of land, and is located between the Mbulu and Nijikwa forests in western Cameroon. It consists of rugged, mountainous terrain and represents the highest altitudinal extent of the Cross River gorilla's distribution, with the highest point at above sea level. Only about half of its land is a prime gorilla habitat, while the rest includes grassland or cultivation not suitable for the species.
The species has an altitudinal distribution of 1000–1600 m above sea level. It grows sympatrically with N. spectabilis and a natural hybrid between these species has been recorded. Nepenthes rigidifolia has been evaluated as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. This agrees with an informal assessment carried out in 2006 by Hernawati and Pitra Akhriadi, who also classified the species as Critically Endangered based on the IUCN criteria and using field data collected by the "Nepenthes Team" of Andalas University.
Charles Clarke cites its altitudinal range as 380 to 1800 m above sea level, with a habitat near the port town of Sibolga constituting the lower extreme and Mount Pangulubao the upper extreme. However, according to Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek, N. tobaica can grow at altitudes of up to 2750 m. Rosette plants growing terrestrially This species typically grows terrestrially in exposed areas. Nepenthes tobaica commonly grows in forest edges, where it is often sympatric with species of Leptospermum and Rhodomyrtus.
The ecoregion covers an area of and is bisected by the Kali Gandaki River, which has gouged the world's deepest river valley through the Himalayan Range. It forms a critical link in the chain of interconnected Himalayan ecosystems, where altitudinal connectivity between the habitat types is important for ecosystem function. The soil is composed of alluvium deposited over the ages by the rivers that drain this young mountain range. At lower elevations, the ecoregion is flanked by the Terai-Duar savannas and grasslands.
The Sonoran green toad is endemic to the counties of Pima and Pinal in Arizona in the south western United States and to northern Mexico. In the United States its range extends from near Mobile southwards to the San Cristobal Wash and the Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument and eastwards to the Mission San Xavier del Bac and the Altar Valley. In Mexico its range is from the west-central part of Sonora State northwards. Its altitudinal range is from .
Strata exhibit changes in lithology and the direction of paleocurrents, and a severe drop in relative sea level. At the very least, Lehman argues, the altitudinal life zones would shift, and a change in the distribution of vegetation utilized by herbivorous dinosaurs would have probably resulted. By the end of the Judithian, North America had 7.7 million km2 of land area, but by the end of the Lancian it had reached 17.9 million km2, nearly the modern value of 22.5 million km2.
Adult photographed in West Sikkim, India The species has been recorded from northern Pakistan (Hazara and Murree Hills) but the population here may have been extirpated and then in the Himalayan regions of India from western Uttar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh extending into Nepal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and Bhutan (where it is relatively common). It is also found in southeastern Tibet and northern Myanmar. It is found in coniferous and dry- deciduous forest with rocky boulders and cliffs. May make altitudinal movements seasonally.
Latitudinal, altitudinal, and local variation have been partially ascribed to environmental influences such as flowering season length, temperature, nesting substrate availability, and risk of predation or parasitism. For eusociality to be expressed, the summer breeding season must provide time for consecutive production of both worker and reproductive broods. Thus, obligately eusocial species are restricted to environments characterized by long breeding seasons. Communal and solitary species are usually limited to short breeding seasons, and facultative eusocial species are represented in more various environments.
Above a certain elevation the rising air becomes too dry and cold, and thus discourages tree growth. Even though rainfall may not be a significant factor for some mountains, atmospheric humidity or aridity can be more important climatic stresses that affect altitudinal zones. Both overall levels of precipitation and humidity influence soil moisture as well. One of the most important factors that control the lower boundary of the Encinal or forest level is the ratio of evaporation to soil moisture.
Guardabarranco ("ravine-guard") is Nicaragua's national bird. Nicaragua is home to a rich variety of plants and animals. Nicaragua is located in the middle of the Americas and this privileged location has enabled the country to serve as host to a great biodiversity. This factor, along with the weather and light altitudinal variations, allows the country to harbor 248 species of amphibians and reptiles, 183 species of mammals, 705 bird species, 640 fish species, and about 5,796 species of plants.
This bird is relatively large with a long tail. Its bill is strikingly short while the throat is whitish and darker underparts. Sichuan treecreeper sings aloud with a rapid and high-pitched trill. This species is believed to be a relict species breeding in open old- growth stands of the conifer Faber's fir (Abies fabri) at high altitude (2,500-2,830 m), although it is thought to undertake localized altitudinal migrations in the winter (occurring down to at least 1,600 m).
The lesser fish eagle has been known to live in India and the Kashmir region, spanning eastward into Nepal, China, and other parts of Southeast Asia. In India, they are restricted to the Himalayan foothills and move north-eastern. Adults move south of the Himalayan mountain ranges, but remain partial and altitudinal in the Himalayas throughout the year. They have been known to live in a variety of widespread locations such as Bangladesh and Nepal, to Cambodia, Indonesia, and Vietnam.
The golden- breasted fulvetta is found from central Nepal through Bhutan, northern India and Myanmar to western China and northern Vietnam. It is an altitudinal migrant, moving from breeding grounds at to foothills as low as , and occasionally down to , in the winter. Golden-breasted fulvettas are found in broad-leaved evergreen forests and montane bamboo where they forage at a low height for insects, moving in groups of as many as 30 individuals in winter, and often join mixed-species foraging flocks.
In monarch butterflies, for example, wing chitin is metabolically inert after it has been built, so it can reflect the isotopic composition of the environmental water at the time and location of wing growth. This then creates a record of butterfly origin and can be used to determine migration distance. This approach can also be used in bats and birds, using hair and feathers, respectively. Since rainwater becomes depleted as elevation is increased, this method can also track altitudinal migration.
Hypericum hirsutum is a perennial herb which prefers free-draining, neutral to base-rich soils. It grows in open or partially shaded habitats such as rough and ungrazed grassland, clearings and rides in woodland, on the banks of rivers and road verges. In Britain it has an altitudinal range from sea level to in Cumberland. At the very northern extreme of its range, in south-western Finland it grows in the open, lime rich situations and does not grow in shade.
Upper (left) and lower (right) molar rows of a specimen from Cerro Azul, PanamaGoldman, 1918, plate VI Transandinomys bolivaris is an uncommon species. Its known distribution extends from northeastern Honduras, on the Caribbean seaboard, through eastern Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, into coastal western Colombia and northwestern and west-central Ecuador. It has been found near sea level and the upper altitudinal records are at nearly in Panama and in Ecuador. This distribution coincides with that of the humid Transandean forest.
Grey-bellied tesia in India Tesias live in the undergrowth of forest, usually montane broadleaf forest. They have a preference for damp forest, and are often found near water, particularly the Chestnut-headed and slaty-bellied tesias, although they use a range of microhabitats within the forest, including patches of bamboo or nettles. The three northern species are altitudinal migrants, breeding up to 4,000 m but wintering as low as 150 m. The two southern species are resident within their range.
S. ucayalensis is found on the eastern side of the Andes in South America. Its range extends from southern Colombia and southern Ecuador, through western Brazil to northern Peru, and completely surrounds the range of S. melanops. Its habitat varies, with specimens being found in primary terra firme (non- flooded) lowland humid forest in Brazil, in undergrowth growing where primary forest had been cut back, and in cloud forest where the trees are clad in mosses and bromeliads. Its altitudinal range is between .
This species inhabits the broadest range of habitats of any living bear species. They seem to have no altitudinal preferences and have been recorded from sea level to an elevation of (the latter in the Himalayas). In most of their range, brown bears generally seem to prefer semiopen country, with a scattering of vegetation that can allow them a resting spot during the day. However, they have been recorded as inhabiting every variety of northern temperate forest known to occur.
More specifically, plants are known from a footpath near Paka Cave and several places along an unestablished route on a southeast ridge, which lies on the west side of the Upper Kolopis River.Kurata 1976, p. 65. The only accessible location from which this hybrid is known is the Kinabalu summit trail, between Layang-Layang and the helipad, where it grows at about 2900 m in a clearing dominated by Dacrydium gibbsiae and Leptospermum recurvum trees. Nepenthes × kinabaluensis has an altitudinal distribution of 2420 to 3030 m.
The species has an altitudinal range of a.s.l. and is thus considered a highland or sub-alpine plant. Due to its localised distribution, N. rajah is classified as an endangered species by the IUCN and listed on CITES Appendix I. The species was collected by Hugh Low on Mount Kinabalu in 1858, and described the next year by Joseph Dalton Hooker, who named it after James Brooke, the first White Rajah of Sarawak. Hooker called it "one of the most striking vegetable productions hither-to discovered".
Salamandra atra pasubiensis lives only on the Pasubio massif, in the Venetian Prealps, Northeast Italy. All documented and reliable records are from two adjacent small valleys on the southern slope of the massif, and refer most probably to a single population. The known area of occupancy is less than 2 km2 and the altitudinal range is 1450–1800 m. There are a few other reports of alpine salamanders from other parts on the Pasubio massif and from the nearby Carega massif, but all these records are unconfirmed.
Naina Devi Himalayan Bird Conservation Reserve (Devanagari: नैना देवी हिमालयन बर्ड कोन्सेर्वसोन रिज़र्व ) is a wildlife reserve in the Nainital district of the state of Uttarakhand in India. This reserve forest is located in Kumaon region of Uttarakhand and placed inside Nainital forest division. Nainital forest division at present has several birding trails and forest patches consisting of temperate broad-leaf forests to alpine grasslands to rhododendron shrubberies. Wide altitudinal variation supports a very large segment of avian fauna to inhibit in this forest range.
Lok et al (2010) Many species have a narrow altitudinal and ecological niche, with certain species specializing in specific habitats, such as seasonally inundated habitats, rocky slopes, swamps, natural or man-made clearings, etc. Species in the genus Cecropia are some of the most abundant pioneer tree species in natural tree-fall gaps inside primary forests. Its geographic distribution extends along the Pacific and Atlantic Mexican coasts and in Central and South American forests, and are found over an elevation range of 0 to 2,600 m.
Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Inc. 81: 12–17. Nepenthes edwardsiana has an altitudinal distribution of 1500–2700 m above sea level. Anthea Phillipps and Anthony Lamb note that plants growing in the Racemobambos bamboo forest on Mount Tambuyukon produce some of the longest and finest pitchers, having a pronounced waist and ranging in colour from pink to reddish-orange. On the Marai Parai plateau of Mount Kinabalu, N. edwardsiana grows amongst shrubs up to 5 m high. Pitchers on these plants rarely exceed 30 cm.
Cerro El Pital is a mountain in Central America, on the border of El Salvador and Honduras. It is located from the town of La Palma at a height of above sea level, and is the highest point in Salvadoran territory. Cerro El Pital is in the middle of a cloud forest that has an average annual temperature of . It is one of the most popular tourist draws in El Salvador, with great biodiversity in a wide altitudinal range containing many endangered species of flora and fauna.
Nepenthes talangensis growing in mossy upper montane forest Nepenthes talangensis is thought to be endemic to the area around Mount Talang in the Indonesian province of West Sumatra; it has been recorded from Mount Talang itself and from nearby Bukit Gombak. A population of apparently tetraploid plants is known. Although Nerz and Wistuba wrote in their formal description that N. talangensis is restricted to elevations above 2200 m, the species is now known to have a wider altitudinal distribution of 1800–2500 m.McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012.
The species generally grows terrestrially, but may also be epiphytic at higher elevations. It has been recorded from a wide variety of habitats, including heath forest, river banks, exposed sites such as cliff faces and landslides, and disturbed or recovering secondary vegetation (such as previously logged dipterocarp forest). Towards the upper end of its altitudinal range, N. eymae is found among the ridge and summit vegetation of upper montane forest. The species occurs in both shaded and exposed sites, but grows best in the latter.
The species is relatively widespread in New Guinea, ranging across the entire length of the island and occurring in both Papua New Guinea and the Indonesian portion of the island (Western New Guinea). As such, its conservation status is listed as Least Concern on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Nepenthes neoguineensis grows on river edges, river gravel bars, ridge crests, and rarely in open grassland or disturbed forest. It has a wide altitudinal distribution, occurring from sea- level to an elevation of , occasionally .
Grazing in winter, Yellowstone National Park: Bison use their heads to clear out snow for the grass Bison are migratory and herd migrations can be directional as well as altitudinal in some areas. Bison have usual daily movements between foraging sites during the summer. In the Hayden Valley, Wyoming, bison have been recorded traveling, on average, per day. The summer ranges of bison appear to be influenced by seasonal vegetation changes, interspersion and size of foraging sites, the rut, and the number of biting insects.
Jankaea heldreichii is endemic to the northern and eastern slopes of Mount Olympus in Greece. It typically grows in damp cracks and crevices on limestone rocks on the northern and eastern sides of the mountain, especially near streams. Its altitudinal range is between but it is most common between . It is a relict species from the tertiary period; it once had a more widespread distribution but as the climate changed, suitable habitat for the plant dwindled, and it became confined to its present range.
Rhinella spinulosa is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae that is found in the Andean Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru. Rhinella spinulosa has a wide altitudinal range, from the sea level to asl, and it occurs in a range of habitats: scrubland and grassland in the Andes, and forested areas in the more southern parts of its range; it has also been recorded from arable areas. It breeds in temporary ponds, altiplano lagoons, and slow flowing streams. Where it occurs it tends to be abundant.
Strabomantis anatipes (vernacular name: anatipes robber frog) is a species of frog in the family Craugastoridae. It is found in the Mira River drainage in extreme northern Ecuador and in adjacent southern Colombia (Nariño, Cauca, and Valle del Cauca Departments) in foothills and lower cloud forest on the Pacific lowlands and slopes of the Cordillera Occidental. It altitudinal range is asl. Specific name refers to the extensive foot webbing of the species: it is a compound of the Latin anatis (of a duck) and pes (foot).
In the Himalaya Campanula modesta and Cyananthus microphyllus reach even higher, probably setting the altitudinal record for the family at 4800 m. Several species are associated with freshwater, such as Lobelia dortmanna, an isoetid common in oligotrophic lakes in the boreal zone of North America and Europe, and Howellia aquatilis, an elodeid growing in ponds in SW North America. There is usually abundant, white latex, but occasionally the exudate is clear and/or very sparse, as in Jasione. Tubers occur in several genera, e.g. Cyphia.
The central part of the city is located on the fluvial terrace of the Bahlui River (the so-called Palat Terrace). From this nucleus, the city evolved after the medieval times toward south and north on the Bahlui River floodplain and on the adjacent hills. The southern part of the city lies on the Iași Ridge () (the northernmost hill of the Bârlad Plateau). Considering the present day extension of the administrative boundaries, the city territory has an altitudinal extension of , between the 34.5 m a.s.l.
In the 2000s, the SAU declined to 1176 hectares but remained at a much higher level than in 1988. Field crops occupy more than half the space (650 hectares - stable over ten years), the rest being mainly devoted to livestock farming (476 ha in 2010). The cultivation of the olive has been practiced in the commune for centuries to a limited extent. The soil of the commune is at the altitudinal limit for the olive tree, which can hardly be grown beyond 650 metres.
The reserve gets above 600 species of resident and migrating birds throughout the year. Being a part of the trans- Himalayan birding corridor, the reserve gets both plain and mountain birds during latitudinal and altitudinal migration patterns. Some Himalayan animal species like Himalayan Black Bear, Himalayan weasel, Yellow-throated Pine Marten, Himalayan Goral and Serow also visit the reserve especially during the winter months. Indian leopards in this reserve inhabit the craggy cliffs and gorges to avoid interaction with the dominant predator, the Royal-Bengal Tiger which prefers the thickly forested valleys and lowlands.
Mountain climate is one of the unique features of the Andes and other high altitude reliefs The climate of Colombia is characterized for being tropical presenting variations within six natural regions and depending on the altitude, temperature, humidity, winds and rainfall. The diversity of climate zones in Colombia is characterized for having tropical rainforests, savannas, steppes, deserts and mountain climate. Mountain climate is one of the unique features of the Andes and other high altitude reliefs where climate is determined by elevation. Below in elevation is the warm altitudinal zone, where temperatures are above .
Mount Mantalingajan in 2007, photographed from the township of Ransang, Rizal Province Nepenthes mantalingajanensis has only been recorded from the summit region of Mount Mantalingajan on the island of Palawan in the Philippines. It is likely to also be present on the ridge that connects Mount Mantalingajan to its lower peaks, but confirmation of this would require further exploration. The altitudinal distribution of this species extends from 1700 m above sea level to the summit at 2085 m. The typical habitat of N. mantalingajanensis is upper montane forest and scrub vegetation.
Other notable locations include the Kimanis–Keningau Road that runs through the Crocker Range and the summit area of Mount Apo Dari (where it grows at 1500 m). On Mount Mulu in Sarawak, N. fusca (found below 1200 m) appears to occupy a discrete altitudinal zone from N. vogelii (1200–1500 m) and N. hurrelliana (above 1500 m), both of which are also epiphytes. In the Hose Mountains of central Sarawak, N. fusca is typically found growing as an epiphyte in lower montane forest at 700–1200 m.Lee, C.C. 2002.
Large-billed parrotlets are found in southeastern Colombia to northern Peru and western Brazil. There is a small population on São Sebastião Island. Though they do not fully migrate, it has been suggested that large-billed parrotlets are altitudinal migrants: abundance of the species in lowland areas increased during winter and spring; this is likely because during these seasons, the main plants of the large-billed parrotlets' diet were budding and providing more food. Large-billed parrotlets tend to inhabit forest edges, riparian woodlands, and degraded or deforested areas.
He published the results of a biological survey of the San Francisco Mountain region and desert of the Little Colorado in 1890, including the idea of "life zones" he had developed on the expedition. Merriam's concept of seven altitudinal "life zones" distinguished by differences in temperature and humidity was an important idea. In 1899, he helped organized the Harriman Alaska Expedition, with Edward Harriman, in which they explored coast of Alaska for two months, from Seattle to Siberia. Subsequently, he was named president of the American Ornithologists' Union in 1902.
Smaller lakes in its basin include Lago Bianco, Lago di Saoseo, and Lago di Val Viola. From north to south, the valley descends from an altitude of to , passing through different altitudinal zones. The surrounding mountains of the Bernina Range and the Livigno Alps include the Piz Palü, , Piz Cambrena, , Piz Varuna, , and Piz Lagalb, . Bernina Express train passing Lago Bianco near Ospizio Bernina station The metre gauge Bernina railway from Tirano over the Bernina Pass into the Engadine Pontresina and St. Moritz region is the only rail link between Italy and eastern Switzerland.
The species is endemic to the mountains and foothills of the southwestern part of the Arabian Peninsula, being restricted to southwestern Saudi Arabia and western Yemen. It is found in a range of woodland habitats including, at lower altitudes, patches of Ficus, date palm and Pandanus. It is present in evergreen riparian forested corridors, on shading trees in coffee plantations, in orchards, on terraced cropland with isolated trees, and in woods and spinneys of Acacia, juniper, olive and Dracaena. Its altitudinal range is from sea level to but it probably only breeds between about .
Vipera kaznakovi inhabits the forested slopes of mountains, the beds of wet ravines, and post- forested clearings. It has been recorded from azalea and scumpea-Cornelian cherry groves; mixed-subtropical forests with an evergreen underwood; chestnut groves; beech, willow, and alder woods; and from polydominant forests near river terraces and on large growing-over scree. At the upper limit of its altitudinal distribution this snake reaches the coniferous forests zone, but is not found deep in this forest type. It has been recorded from the ecotone of beech-fir forest and motley grass.
These hotspots have numerous endemic species. India, for the most part, lies within the Indomalayan realm, with the upper reaches of the Himalayas forming part of the Palearctic realm; the contours of 2000 to 2500m are considered to be the altitudinal boundary between the Indo-Malayan and Palearctic zones. India displays significant biodiversity. One of seventeen megadiverse countries, it is home to 7.6% of all mammalian, 12.6% of all avian, 6.2% of all reptilian, 4.4% of all amphibian, 11.7% of all fish, and 6.0% of all flowering plant species.
A small rosette plant growing among leaf litter Nepenthes rhombicaulis is known from a number of peaks in the Indonesian province of North Sumatra, particularly around Lake Toba. Plants that appear to match the description of N. rhombicaulis have also been recorded from Mount Bandahara in Aceh. The species is known with certainty only from the Mount Pangulubao complex and Mount Lubukraya, although Shigeo Kurata suggested that it is likely to be more widespread in the Lake Toba region. Nepenthes rhombicaulis has an altitudinal distribution of 1600–2000 m above sea level.McPherson, S.R. 2009.
Pristimantis prolixodiscus is a species of frog in the family Craugastoridae. It is found in the northern Cordillera Oriental in Colombia and adjacent Táchira, Barinas, and Mérida states of Venezuela. Its natural habitats are cloud forests (including secondary forest) and sub-páramo bush land where it occurs in terrestrial bromeliads. It is an abundant species, and although it is facing some threat from deforestation for agricultural development, illegal crops, logging, and human settlement, these are unlikely to be serious threats, especially in the higher parts of its altitudinal range ( asl).
The aggregating wasps are sometimes found to be in small groups of individuals from different nests. Due to the fact that dry season aggregates of P. pacificus have been found in evergreen old growth forests, a place distinct from where they nest, it has been suggested that this behavior is evidence of altitudinal migration. The benefits to this type of seasonal migration could be that wasps in these cooler high elevation conditions have lower metabolic needs and costs. This behavior is similar to migrating behavior observed in temperate zone Polistes wasps during winter.
He developed the concept of "life zones" to classify biomes found in North America along an altitudinal sequence corresponding to the zonal latitudinal sequence from Equator to Pole. In mammalogy, he is known as an excessive splitter, proposing, for example, tens of different species of North American brown bears in several genera. Later in life, funded by the Harriman family, Merriam's focus shifted to studying and assisting the Native American tribes in the western United States. His contributions on the myths of central California and on ethnogeography were particularly noteworthy.
378 Species that have no long-distance migratory relatives, such as the waxwings Bombycilla, are effectively moving in response to winter weather and the loss of their usual winter food, rather than enhanced breeding opportunities.Cocker, 2005. p. 326 In the tropics there is little variation in the length of day throughout the year, and it is always warm enough for a food supply, but altitudinal migration occurs in some tropical birds. There is evidence that this enables the migrants to obtain more of their preferred foods such as fruits.
This VDC have one high school named Ratna Higher Secondary School, one Health Post, Post Office, Agriculture and Veterinary Center. The altitudinal distribution and ecological distribution is the beauty of this VDC. Tea (Beautiful tea Garden in Bokre), Large Cardamom, Chiraito, Ginger, Orange, Cabbage are major cash crop and Paddy, Maize, Potato, Wheat are food crops of this VDC. The VDC is also part of Tinjure Milke Jaljale (TMJ) also called capital of Rhododendron from where you can see panoramic view of Himalayan Range with Mt. Kanchanjunga, Mt Kumbhakarna, Mt. Makalu and Mt Everest.
The physical characteristics and relative location of the mountain itself must also be considered in predicting altitudinal zonation patterns. The Massenerhebung effect describes variation in the tree line based on mountain size and location. This effect predicts that zonation of rain forests on lower mountains may mirror the zonation expected on high mountains, but the belts occur at lower elevations. A similar effect is exhibited in the Santa Catalina Mountains of Arizona, where the basal elevation and the total elevation influence the elevation of vertical zones of vegetation.
It is found here foraging at marshes, swamps, lagoons, shallow lakes, flooded pastures, ponds and other moist ground; but also perches in tree branches near or above the water to roost. It has also been sighted in upland marshes, usually up to 600m in elevation; and at small remnant pools in desiccated lagoons and on dry grasslands. Further, this ibis commonly occurs near human habitation and other manmade features; including damsTorrico-Bazoberry D. 2015. First record of Theristicus caerulescens (Aves: Threskiornithdae) in the Yungas ecoregion, new altitudinal record and new record for Cochabamba Department, Bolivia.
However, this is technically difficult to do, and the resolution appears to be too poor to track small altitudinal changes. Deuterium is most useful in tracking movement of species between areas with large continental water variation, because species movement can be complicated by the similarity of local water δD values between different geographic regions. For example, source water from Baja California may have the same δD as water from Maine. Further, a proportion of the hydrogen isotope composition within the tissue can exchange with water and complicate the interpretation of measurements.
Taudactylus diurnus is native to Australia, and was found in the Blackall, Conondale, and D’Aguilar Ranges. The species resided in the altitudinal range of 350 to 800 meters above sea level. The Mount Glorious day frog vanished from the D’Aguilar Range in 1975, followed by its disappearance from the Blackall Range in 1978 and lastly from the Conondale Range in early 1979. D’Aguilar Range, Conondale Range, and Kondalilla Falls still remain protected habitats within the Australian National Parks system, although no new evidence of the frog has been found.
This region seems to include both mountain areas with alpine tundra and lowland forests, essentially all the area outside the natural range of Norway spruce forests. This ecoregion thus shows a very large range of climatic and environmental conditions, from the temperate forest along the fjords of Western Norway to the summit of Galdhøpiggen, and northeast to the Varanger Peninsula. The area above the conifer treeline is made up of mountain birch Betula pubescens- czerepanovii (fjellbjørkeskog). The Scots pine reaches its altitudinal limit about lower than the mountain birch.
Astronaut view of Thimphu Thimphu is situated in the constricted, linear valley of the Raidāk River, which is also known as the Thimphu River (Thimpu Chuu). While the surrounding hills are in an altitudinal range of (warm temperate climate between and cold temperate zone between ), the city itself has an altitude range varying between and . It is these two variations in altitude and climate which determine the habitable zones and vegetation typology for the valley. The valley, however, is thinly-forested and is spread out to the north and west.
Northern slopes of Bogd Khan Mountain viewed from Ulan-Bator Satellite image of Bogd Khan Mountain (centre) with Ulan-Bator at top left Bogd Khan has a total area of and is located between 47°43' to 47°54'N and 106°46' to 107°10'E. Its altitudinal range is between above sea level. It consists of a core area of about surrounded by a buffer zone and certain transition areas. The northern slopes of Bogd Khan Mountain are covered with dense coniferous forests while the southern side is bare rock.
An important quenching process in atmospheric physics can be seen in the altitudinal variation of auroral emissions. At high altitudes (above ~200 km), the red 630.0 nm emission of atomic oxygen dominates, whereas at altitudes in the E-layer the green 557.7 nm emission is more intense. Both practically disappear at altitudes below 100 km. This variation occurs due to the unusually long lifetimes of the excited states of atomic oxygen, with 0.7 seconds for the 557.7 nm and almost two minutes for the 630.0 nm emission (both forbidden transitions).
" Between 1995 and 1997, the building was stripped to its skeleton. The building's new appearance was designed by Philip Johnson and Costas Kondylis. Although the building stands at 44 stories, Trump had referred to it as being 52 stories. Trump explained that newer apartment buildings commonly had lower ceilings compared to office buildings, and stated that the 583-foot building was approximately as tall as a 60-floor building; the New York Times wrote, "Seen this way, measuring the converted tower at 52 floors was an act of altitudinal restraint.
Whereas N. surigaoensis is only known from shady lower montane forest, N. merrilliana is commonly associated with more open sites where it is exposed to strong or direct sunlight. Altitudinal distribution is another distinguishing feature; N. merrilliana is a true lowlander growing from sea level to 900 m, and is often found below 500 m. Nepenthes surigaoensis also bears close affinities to N. bellii. It is not easily confused with this species, however, because it is much larger in all respects, particularly in the size of its pitchers and inflorescence.
The distribution of the long-toed salamander is primarily in the Pacific Northwest, with an altitudinal range of up to . It lives in a variety of habitats including temperate rainforests, coniferous forests, montane riparian zones, sagebrush plains, red fir forests, semi-arid sagebrush, cheatgrass plains, and alpine meadows along the rocky shores of mountain lakes. It lives in slow-moving streams, ponds and lakes during its aquatic breeding phase. The long-toed salamander hibernates during the cold winter months, surviving on protein energy reserves stored in the skin and tail.
A highly experienced naturalist, K.L. Tinley (in litt., 16 May 2013) confirms that “I frequently saw [Eastern Green Tinkerbird] when I climbed the footpath through the forest once a month [1969-1972] to the highest plateau to collect and record the phenology of the summit grasslands”. This footpath approximately ran from the Murombedzi Waterfall (18° 29’ S, 34°0 2’ E, ca 850 m asl) up to the summit on the south-west side of the massif (with complete altitudinal sequence of wet, closed-canopy forest up to ca 1800 m asl). No other records exist from Gorongosa Massif.
The lowlands of Central Europe contain the Central European mixed forests ecoregion, while the mountains host the Alps conifer and mixed forests and Carpathian montane conifer forests ecoregions. An important factor in the local climate and ecology of Central Europe is the elevation: an increase of elevation by causes the average air temperature to drop by and decreases the amount of water that can be held by the atmosphere by 30%. This decrease in temperature and increase in rainfall result in altitudinal zonation, where the land can be divided into life zones of similar climate and ecology, depending on elevation.
Until recently, Bhutanitis ludlowi was poorly known, and despite recent studies, its biology and distribution are still not entirely known. The taxon was originally known from a series of five specimens collected in Bhutan during 1933-1934 by the botanists Frank Ludlow and George Sheriff. Four of these specimens were referred to in the type description, which contained little information on the species' biology other than they were collected at an altitudinal range of 2000–2200 metres in forest. In 1992, Chou claimed that a specimen of B. ludlowi had been collected in Yunnan and had been lodged in a Chinese collection.
The experience of amaurosis fugax is classically described as a temporary loss of vision in one or both eyes that appears as a "black curtain coming down vertically into the field of vision in one eye;" however, this altitudinal visual loss is relatively uncommon. In one study, only 23.8 percent of patients with transient monocular vision loss experienced the classic "curtain" or "shade" descending over their vision. Other descriptions of this experience include a monocular blindness, dimming, fogging, or blurring. Total or sectorial vision loss typically lasts only a few seconds, but may last minutes or even hours.
The campo rupestre ("rupestrian grassland") is a discontinuous montane subtropical ecoregion occurring across three different biomes in Brazil: Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Caatinga. Originally, campo rupestre was used to characterize the montane vegetation of the Espinhaço Range, but recently this term has been broadly applied by the scientific community to define high altitudinal fire-prone areas dominated by grasslands and rocky outcrops. Photo depicting grassy vegetation typically occurring in the campo rupestre Picture depicting rocky vegetation typically occurring in the campo rupestre Photo showing the shrubby vegetation typically occurring in the campo rupestre Lychnophora ericoides in the campos rupestres habitat.
He would become a naturalized citizen of the United States during 1943. With taxonomist David D. Keck and physiologist William Hiesey, he formed the first interdisciplinary effort to combine genetics, ecology and systematics in order to understand the ecological genetics of the evolutionary process in California plants. The project lasted 20 years during which they performed some of the classic experiments in plant ecology in which they looked at species formation across Altitudinal zonation using experimental plots at Stanford (near sea level), at Mather in Sacramento County (at about 4,600 feet), and at Timberline in the Sierra Nevada (at about 10,000 feet).
The long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) is a mole salamander in the family Ambystomatidae. This species, typically long when mature, is characterized by its mottled black, brown, and yellow pigmentation, and its long outer fourth toe on the hind limbs. Analysis of fossil records, genetics, and biogeography suggest A. macrodactylum and A. laterale are descended from a common ancestor that gained access to the western Cordillera with the loss of the mid-continental seaway toward the Paleocene. The distribution of the long- toed salamander is primarily in the Pacific Northwest, with an altitudinal range of up to .
The wide altitudinal range, highly dissected and complex terrain, and representation of 6 ecoregions and 2 zoogeographical realms within the national park create a notable biodiversity, with diverse flora and fauna species found in various ecosystems, habitats, and plant communities. The native plants and animals include several rare endangered species listed in Schedule 1 of the 'Forest and Nature Conservation Act of Bhutan, 1995' implemented in the 'Forest and nature conservation Rules of Bhutan, 2006,' Ecolex.org: Forest and Nature Conservation Act of Bhutan, 1995, with link to full text−. Ecolex.org: Forest and nature conservation Rules of Bhutan, 2006, with link to full text−.
Bactrian camels in the Gobi desert The Caucasus mountains, which run between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, are a particularly rich mix of coniferous, broadleaf, and mixed forests, and include the temperate rain forests of the Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests ecoregion. Central Asia and the Iranian plateau are home to dry steppe grasslands and desert basins, with montane forests, woodlands, and grasslands in the region's high mountains and plateaux. In southern Asia the boundary of the Palearctic is largely altitudinal. The middle altitude foothills of the Himalaya between about 2000–2500 m form the boundary between the Palearctic and Indomalaya ecoregions.
Trillium govanianum (Hindi name: nag chhatri) is a high-value medicinal herb belonging to the family Melanthiaceae and is mainly distributed from Pakistan to Bhutan between the altitudinal ranges of 2500–4000 metres above sea level across the Himalayan region. It is a native species of the Himalayas, usually preferring shady areas in the forest for its profuse growth. The plant is a small herb and can be identified by its three leaves in one whorl at the summit of the stem and a solitary, purple flower in the centre. Leaves are broadly ovate, acute and conspicuously stalked.
B. robustus is only known from the Tekapo, Pukaki and Ohau river catchments in the Mackenzie Basin. It can be found as far south as Lake Benmore (44°20′29″S 170°12′42″E) and as far north as the upper Fork Stream (43°58′24″S 170°24′04″E). The altitudinal distribution of Brachaspis robustus is between 352 m (1,155 ft) on the lower Ohau River and 1,060 m (3,480 ft) the upper Fork Stream. Detailed searches since 1980 have been carried out throughout the Mackenzie Basin and a good understanding of its current distribution is now known.
Life and crop zones according to Merriam (1898) In 1886, he became the first chief of the Division of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy of the United States Department of Agriculture, predecessor to the National Wildlife Research Center and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. In 1883, he was a founding member of the American Ornithologists' Union. He was one of the original founders of the National Geographic Society in 1888. He developed the concept of "life zones" to classify biomes found in North America along an altitudinal sequence corresponding to the zonal latitudinal sequence from Equator to Pole.
Forests in Almora over hills The region is immensely rich with 4000 species of plants, having remarkable diversity in its natural vegetation by virtue of its being at a great range of elevation. In addition to its climatic variations, particularly in temperature and precipitation associated with the alignment and altitudes of ranges and nature of valleys, determine the altitudinal growth and variety of vegetation. The flora of this region may be classified into tropical, Himalayan sub-tropical and sub alpine and alpine vegetation. The alpine and sub alpine zones are considered as the most natural abode of the largest number of medicinal plants.
Forests of Canary Island Pine (Pinus canariensis) with Canary Island juniper (Juniperus cedrus) occur from , covering the middle slopes of the volcano and reaching an alpine tree line lower than that of continental mountains at similar latitudes.Gieger, Thomas and Leuschner, Christoph. Altitudinal change in needle water relations of the Canary pine (Pinus Canariensis) and possible evidence of a drought-induced alpine timberline on Mt. Teide, Tenerife, Flora – Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 199(2), 2004, Pages 100-109yJ.M. Fernandez- Palacios, Climatic response of plant species on Tenerife, the Canary islands, J. Veg. Sci. 3, 1992, pp.
The Eastern Himalayas is the region encompassing Bhutan, northeastern India, and southern, central and eastern Nepal. The region is geologically young and shows high altitudinal variation. It has nearly 163 globally threatened species including the one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), the Wild Asian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis (Arnee)) and in all 45 mammals, 50 birds, 17 reptiles, 12 amphibians, 3 invertebrate and 36 plant species. Conservation International 2006 Ecosystem Profile: Eastern Himalayas Region, 2005 The relict dragonfly (Epiophlebia laidlawi) is an endangered species found here with the only other species in the genus being found in Japan.
The two greatest human pressures infiltrating the Serranía appear to be along the Caquetá River - Miraflor - Piamonte - Puerto Bello road and the Pitalito - Mocoa road. Farming, hunting and cultivation pressures from environmentally poor crops such as coca and maize are the major threats to conservation in the region. The steep sided slopes, combined with an extensive altitudinal gradient of the Serranía de los Churumbelos have created a number of different ecosystems and micro-habitat zones in the area. The myriad of ecosystems and habitats helps to explain to some extent the large scale spatial biodiversity of the Serranía.
Although the species is found in most of the countries making up the mainland of Southeast Asia, it appears to be rare throughout its range, its population being highly localized where it is found. The bird nests predominantly in montane forest at an altitudinal range from up to nearly , with some seasonal height adjustment, down to around in winter. Its apparent localization within its range makes rigorous estimates of its population difficult, but its habitat is threatened by deforestation and the species appear to be in decline. It has been classified as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
The characteristics of this species are: a dark reticulation enclosing pale spots in the groin and the concealed surfaces of the thighs; distinct labial stripes and a distinct, superficial Tympanum; the eyelid and the heel either having nonconical or subconical tubercles; the absence of vocal slits in males and a polymorphic dorsal pattern. Pristimantis permixtus is a moderately sized frog. Size varies between populations with southern populations being smaller. Males measure from in snout–vent length and females ; in a southern population, at the lower altitudinal limit of the species, males measured in snout–vent length and females only , on average.
Being a species of tropical distribution, A. pallipes is found in the central and northern regions of South America and is commonly restricted to the high- altitude mountain forests and open fields at over 3000m in altitude.Hermes, Marcel Gustavo and Kohler, Andreas. The genus Agelaia Lepeletier (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae) in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Rev. Bras. entomol.[online]. 2004, vol.48, n.1 [cited 2014-09-25], pp. 135-138Rodríguez- Jimenez, Andrea, & Sarmiento, Carlos E.. (2008). Altitudinal distribution and body resource allocation in a High Mountain social wasp (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Neotropical Entomology, 37(1), 1-7.
Lake Teletskoye Natural Park of Belukha A vast area of 16,178 km2—Altai and Katun Natural Reserves, Lake Teletskoye, Mount Belukha, and the Ukok Plateau—comprises a natural UNESCO World Heritage Site entitled Golden Mountains of Altai. As stated in the UNESCO description of the site, "the region represents the most complete sequence of altitudinal vegetation zones in central Siberia, from steppe, forest-steppe, mixed forest, subalpine vegetation to alpine vegetation". While making its decision, UNESCO also cited Russian Altai's importance for preservation of the globally endangered mammals, such as snow leopard and the Altai argali. Siberian ibex also live in these mountains.
Partial migration can form a large percentage of the migration behaviour of birds in some regions; in Australia, surveys found that 44% of non-passerine birds and 32% of passerines were partially migratory. Altitudinal migration is a form of short-distance migration in which birds spend the breeding season at higher altitudes and move to lower ones during suboptimal conditions. It is most often triggered by temperature changes and usually occurs when the normal territories also become inhospitable due to lack of food. Some species may also be nomadic, holding no fixed territory and moving according to weather and food availability.
The Central Nevada mid-slope woodland and brushland ecoregion at of elevation is analogous in altitudinal range to other woodland areas in Nevada. However, continuous woodland is not as prevalent on the mountains of central Nevada as in other woodland ecoregions, such as ecoregions 13d and 13q. Pinyon-juniper grows only sparsely through the shrub layer due to combined effects of past fire, logging, and local climate factors, including lack of summer rain and the pattern of winter cold air inversions. Where extensive woodlands do exist, understory diversity tends to be very low, especially in closed canopy areas.
Mount Kenya was an active volcano in the Pliocene, 2.5-5 million years ago (mya). 5 mya the Mediterranean Sea was dry and the dunes of the Sahara were much further south; the area that is now Kenya was an arid savanna. By 3.7 mya the climate was much wetter than it is at present, and the broad pattern of vegetation in East Africa established, although there would still be much variation in species and altitudinal distribution due to climatic oscillations. 2.5 mya the first of 21 major ice ages in the northern hemisphere during the Quaternary occurred.
Side Wood is described as one of the best examples of an upland birch Betula pubescens – sessile oak Quercus petraea woodland in West Cumbria. The trees of Ennerdale are important as an example of altitudinal succession. The vegetation changes from "native upland birch-oak woodland at 120 m" on the shores of the lake, through "sub-montane heaths and grasslands to montane heaths along the summit ridge at an altitude of 890 m". Above the woodland is gently sloping heathland dominated by heather, bell heather and bilberry; the associated grasses are sheep’s-fescue, common bent, mat-grass, tormentil and heath bedstraw.
Of the more than 9 million Yi people, over 4.5 million live in Yunnan Province, 2.5 million live in southern Sichuan Province, and 1 million live in the northwest corner of Guizhou Province. Nearly all the Yi live in mountainous areas, often carving out their existence on the sides of steep mountain slopes far from the cities of China. The altitudinal differences of the Yi areas directly affect the climate and precipitation of these areas. These striking differences are the basis of the old saying that "The weather is different a few miles away" in the Yi area.
The Mussau fantail is restricted to a single island in the Bismarck Archipelago, and the Kadavu fantail has a similarly restricted distribution in the Kadavu Group of Fiji. Most fantails, particularly the tropical or insular forms, are sedentary and undertake no migration. Some northern and southern species undertake a variety of movements; the yellow-bellied fantail of the Himalayas is an altitudinal migrant, breeding between 1500 and 4000 metres, but moving to lower altitudes (as low as 180 m) in the winter. Some Australian fantails undertake seasonal migrations, although these show considerable variation even within individual species.
Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Biosphere Reserve, which encompasses the states of Puebla and Oaxaca in Mexico, was established as reserve in 1998 covering an area of , with an altitudinal range of . It is in the valley of the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán-Quiotepec. The six rivers which flow through the reserve are the Tomellín, Chiquito, Las Vueltas, Salado, Zapotitán and Río Grande of the Papaloapan watershed, which finally flow into the Gulf of Mexico. On account of wide variation in topography and annual rainfall, the micro-climatic conditions in the reserve has created a biosphere reserve, which is very rich in flora and fauna.
It is a resident breeder in the Caribbean coastal lowlands from southern Mexico to central Costa Rica, both slopes of southern Costa Rica and Panama, and the Pacific lowlands of Colombia and north-eastern Ecuador. Though it usually stays below ASL, it has also been recorded as much as ASL, for example in the Serranía de las Quinchas of Colombia. It may in fact be more common at such high altitudes at particular times or in particular places, but its altitudinal movements are insufficiently understood. The species is common across its large range and not considered threatened by the IUCN.
Centrosaurus apertus.Thomas M. Lehman, in a study of Late Cretaceous dinosaur distribution, concluded that they were "remarkably provincial," with herbivorous dinosaurs exhibiting "persistent latitudinal and altitudinal zonation" in "[d]istinctive endemic associations." Provincialism was even present during the turbulent faunal turnover of the Maastrichtian stage, when the Laramide Orogeny triggered "the most dramatic event that affected Late Cretaceous dinosaur communities in North America prior to their extinction." This turnover event saw specialized and highly ornamented centrosaurines and lambeosaurines be replaced by more primitive upland dinosaurs in the south while northern biomes became dominated by Triceratops with a greatly reduced hadrosaur community.
The research she conducted in Antarctica created a fascination with lichens for Quihot, which became the focus of her work for the next forty years. She has studied with groups of international scholars researching various lichen species at diverse altitudinal and latitudinal environments, examining the different effects of UVA radiation and UVB radiation. She has written over 200 articles in scientific journals and three lichen species Menegazzia wandae, Pseudocyphellaria wandae, and Strigula wandae have been named in her honor. She teaches in the Faculty of Medicine in the School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, at the Universidad de Valparaíso.
Blue cranes are birds of the dry grassy uplands, usually the pastured grasses of hills, valleys, and plains with a few scattered trees. They prefer areas in the nesting season that have access to both upland and wetland areas, though they feed almost entirely in dry areas. They are altitudinal migrants, generally nesting in the lower grasslands of an elevation of around 1,300 to 2,000 m and moving down to lower altitudes for winter. Though historically found in areas of low human disturbance, the blue crane is currently thriving in the highly transformed agricultural areas of the Western Cape.
The extra-virgin olive oil Terra d'Otranto is produced in the area between the Ionian and the Adriatic Sea, between the Murge in the province of Taranto and the Serre next to Lecce. This territory includes all the cities and villages of the province of Lecce, in the eastern part of the province of Taranto and in the municipalities of Brindisi, Cellino San Marco, Erchie, Francavilla Fontana, Latiano, Mesagne, Oria, San Donaci, San Pancrazio Salentino, San Pietro Vernotico, Torchiarolo and Torre Santa Susanna in the northern part of Salento. The limit of the altitudinal range is 517 m. above sea level.
It is located and located in three regions: the Huánuco Region (Puerto Inca Province), the Pasco Region (Oxapampa Province) and the Ucayali Region (Atalaya Province and Coronel Portillo Province). El Sira Communal Reserve is located in the east-central area of Peru, part of the Eastern Cordillera of the Andes, within the sub-Andean belt; between latitudes 09º 03' and 10º 22' and longitudes 74º 05' and 74º 48'. The SCR presents an altitudinal gradient from 130 to 2250 meters above sea level and is influenced by the basins of the Ucayali, Pachitea and Pichis rivers.Plan Maestro de la Reserva Comunal El Sira.
Due to the wide altitudinal range of this ecoregion the highest elevations (above 1,000 m) are covered with conifer forests, with a mixed broadleaf vegetation and maquis shrubland occurring lower. The conifer zone is dominated by the Norway spruce, silver fir and European black pine with the admixture of the European beech. The dominant species of the lower zones include various deciduous oaks (Quercus frainetto, Q. pubescens, Q. cerris), Carpinus orientalis, Fraxinus ornus with Cotinus coggygria, Paliurus spina-christi, Cercis siliquastrum. Evergreen trees and maquis shrubs (Quercus ilex, Pinus halepensis, Pistacia terebinthus, P. lentiscus, Juniperus oxycedrus, J. macrocarpa, Arbutus unedo, A. andrachne, Nerium oleander) become predominant near the coast.
Nepenthes sibuyanensis is endemic to Sibuyan Island in the Philippines, where it grows on Mount Guiting-Guiting, neighbouring Mount Mayo, as well as the ridge that connects these two mountains. The altitudinal distribution given for this species varies considerably between sources: Vlastik Rybka, Romana Rybková and Rob Cantley give a range of 1200–1800 m above sea level, while the authors of the describing paper and Stewart McPherson give narrower ranges of 1500–1800 m and 1250–1500 m, respectively. According to Rybka, Rybková and Cantley, the species is sympatric with the tiny N. argentii at around 1600–1770 m.Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997.
View of wildlife in the park Kasanka holds undoubtedly some of the finest birding in Africa’ according to Dr Ian Sinclair, one of Africa’s leading ornithologists. With over 330 species recorded in this relatively small area without altitudinal variation, one will find it difficult to argue with this statement. Kasanka is blessed with a wide variety of habitats, each hosting its own community of bird species, many of which are rare or uncommon. A boat-trip along the Luwomwba River, or any other major river in the park may reveal Pel’s fishing owl, African finfoot, half-collared kingfisher, Ross’ turaco and Böhm’s bee-eater.
Liguria is home to the most diverse collection of plant life throughout the whole of Italy. The Val d'Aveto, part of the Ligurian section of the Apennines, is located in a particularly favorable environment for a number of climatical, geographic e geological reasons.Flora della Val d'Aveto Flora della Val d'Aveto (Italian language) The Ligurian Apennine is the border between the fitogeographic regions of Middle Europe and the Mediterranean; it connects the Alpine and peninsular Apennine ranges. For these reasons, plus the noteworthy altitudinal gradient (from about 350 metres asl at the confluence with the Trebbia up to the about 1800 of Monte Maggiorasca) different plant species from diverse environments thrive here.
A Blue-eared kingfisher photographed inside the wildlife sanctuary Dehing Patkai rainforest harbours about 293 bird species, belonging to 174 genera and 51 families. The majority is resident (63.7%), some are winter visitors (23.1% ), and very few are summer visitors (2.5%). About 10.7% are altitudinal migrants, coming mainly from the higher reaches of the western, central and eastern Himalayas. Avifauna includes slender-billed vulture, white-winged duck, greater adjutant, lesser adjutant greater spotted eagle, yellow-vented warbler, broad-billed warbler, white-naped yuhina, white-cheeked partridge, great hornbill, brown hornbill, Oriental darter, osprey, kalij pheasant, grey peacock pheasant, besra, black baza and hill myna.
Through years of evolution, flora of the lowland rainforest, typical from Sarapiquí and Tortuguero, had an altitudinal migration to 500–600 m high, and flora of the highlands did not descent to less than 300 m. At Místico Arenal Hanging Bridges Park, the junction between the two types of ecosystems forming a transitional vegetation strip with high biodiversity occurred. In this park, it is possible to observe highland bird species, such as bellbirds, and species of trees such as yema huevo, cirri and pilón. Lowland species (such as toucans and crested guans) and trees such as caobilla, fruta dorada and maquenque are also observable.
Generally, the Ural is more broadly adaptive to taiga and similarly conifer based forests than are tawny owls and is also somewhat more likely to be active during daylight. In eastern Europe, the Ural species tends to occur more so at higher elevation in montane forest such as the Carpathian Mountains, especially those with extensive old growth of beech trees, while the tawny owls tend to occur at lower elevations and more mixed forest with fewer glades in these areas.Vrezec, A. L. (2003). Breeding Density and Altitudinal Distribution of Ural, Tawny and Boreal Owls in North Dinaric Alps (Central Slovenia). J. Raptor Res, 37(1), 55-62.
Puriri is endemic to New Zealand and can be found in the upper half of the North Island from North Cape to the Waikato and Upper Thames, and from thence in small numbers southwards to Mahia Peninsula (39°10′S) on the east coast and Cape Egmont (39°27′S) on the west (rare inland south of latitude 37). Its altitudinal range is from sea-level to 800 m (or 2500 ft) above sea-level. Puriri tends to be associated with fertile or volcanic soils, and early settlers often sought out and burned puriri rich areas to obtain good farmland.A.C. Dykgraaf (1992) Princely puriri.
Speckled Hummingbird in Bellavista Cloud Forest Reserve, Ecuador The speckled hummingbird (Adelomyia melanogenys), is a species of hummingbird. It inhabits Neotropical montane cloud forests at elevations of 1,000–2,500 meters and is confined to the Andes of Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela; as well as to some isolated montane forest in western Ecuador and Venezuela. In Ecuador, it ranges across both eastern and western slopes of the Andes and occupies a broad altitudinal range from subtropical forests (1400 m) to cloud forests (3000 m). In addition, one isolated population inhabits the Chongón Colonche cordillera in coastal evergreen montane forest (600 m) located ca.
Pollen studies show that these valleys consisted mostly of grasses and shrubs around 25,000–22,000 years BP. A low occurrence of beech (Nothofagus menziesii) pollen (dated to 25,742–22,988 years BP) suggests a refugium in this area. Another line of evidence was found in the fossilized remains of ground beetles dating back to 25,742–22,988 years BP. Because these beetles are normally associated with tree line habitats, their location suggests an altitudinal tree limit during the glacial period. Based on these lines of evidence, beech forest may have been more common in lower elevation areas of the Howard Valley during periods of glacial advance.
Pherosphaera hookeriana is a dwarf conifer that has been recorded to grow up to 5 meters, but in exposed and harsh environments it may only attain a height of 0.5 meters (Minchin 1983). The foliage of Pherosphaera hookeriana is well adapted to the high altitudinal ranges it occupies, with small imbricate scale leaves, the stomata are restricted to the adaxial surface and protected by a marginal leaf frill (Hill and Brodribb 1999). The species is generally dioecious, with the reproductive organs occurring on specialised leaves arranged in cone like structures. Pollen is wind dispersed and seed ripening occurs by late April (Wood & Rudman 2015).
Pherosphaera hookeriana was listed as rare under the Tasmanian Threatened species protection act of 1995 under the old name Microstrobos niphophilus, in 2001 it was changed to vulnerable. The chance of the whole species being destroyed in a single large scale disturbance is negligible given the species geographic range. However the chance of local extinction in individual stands or subpopulations appears to be increasing (the Lake Mackenzie fire in early 2016 is evidence of the fire threat to montane conifers). Populations occurring at lower altitudinal ranges close to flammable vegetation communities are considered to be at extreme risk of fire damage over the coming decades.
Zominthos ceramic workshop from the NW In 1982, the Greek archaeologist Yannis Sakellarakis unveiled a large, two-story Minoan building at an altitude slightly below 1200m.Ζώμινθος, το ΒΗΜΑ onLine, 25 Νοεμβρίου 2007, archived The building's unusual size and careful construction, which incorporates some features pertinent only to palatial architecture,Ζώμινθος: τεχνολογική πρωτεύουσα των Μινωιτών, Ελευθεροτυπία onLine, 1 Οκτωβρίου 2007 has attracted the interest of archaeologists. The significance of the discovery is emphasized even further by the fact that it lies considerably above the altitudinal limit of Minoan and modern Cretan settlements. Excavations have unearthed only a small part of the building and are still under way.
Located to the south west of the Brisbane city area, the scenic rim consists of three major dormant volcanos to the west of the Brisbane River. These volcanoes now make up the highlands that include Toowoomba, Cunningham's Gap and Mt Superbus, and were once three of the largest shield volcanoes to exist on the planet. The altitudinal change throughout the area ranges from 300 to 1500 metres above sea level, creating cooler temperatures. As a result, the areas to the base of the mountains are dominated by warm, subtropical rainforests, which progress into cool, temperate rainforests developing as the altitude increases and temperature drops.
This can have major effects on altitudinal and polar limits of tree growth and also on the distribution of vegetation that requires large quantities of moisture. In Australia, for example, remnants of rainforest are almost always found on east-facing slopes which are protected from dry westerly wind. Similarly, in the northern hemisphere a south-facing slope (more open to sunlight and warm winds) will therefore generally be warmer and drier due to higher levels of evapotranspiration than a north-facing slope. This can be seen in the Swiss Alps, where farming is much more extensive on south-facing than on north-facing slopes.
Sierra de Manantlán. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory Ecological characteristics The Reserva de la Biosfera Manantlan is located to the extreme north of the inter-tropical zone. The climate in the region is influenced by various factors in addition to its latitude, such as its proximity to the coast, the effect of its landform – orographic shade – and the breadth of the altitudinal range, which partly goes to explain the high regional biodiversity and the presence of numerous plant formations ranging from tropical forests to those of temperate-cold climates. The Reserva de la Biosfera Manantlan's varied and complex plant cover harbours a great wealth of flora.
The national park covers an area of about 483 km² forming the western part of the Dihang- Dibang Biosphere Reserve. The terrain is rugged with an altitudinal range of 750 to 3064 m at the highest point, the Mouling Peak. The Siyom river flows along the Western fringes of the park and several small rivers such as the Siring, Krobong, Semong and Subong drain into the Siang river near the eastern boundary of the park. The park is under the administrative control of the Divisional Forest Office located in Jengging and the nearest major towns are Along and Pasighat, 130 km and 185 km from the park.
The park receives massive annual rainfall. Moist westerlies from the Tasman Sea form Orographic precipitation when they reach Mount Taranaki and the adjacent Pouakai and Kaitake ranges. Since the area has high annual rainfall and a mild coastal climate there is a lush rainforest covering the foothills, a forest that is nationally significant for the total absence of beech trees (genus Nothofagus). A rich northern rata/rimu/broadleaf forest is present, although the entire park ecosystem displays distinct patterns of altitudinal zonation – the former two large species of tree are common at lower elevations whereas kamahi tends to dominate the stunted high altitude forest.
Gentianella concinna, an endemic plant of the Auckland Islands The botany of the islands was first described in the Flora of Lord Auckland and Campbell's Islands, a product of the Ross expedition of 1839–43, written by Joseph Dalton Hooker and published by Reeve Brothers in London between 1843 and 1845. The vegetation of the islands sub- divides into distinct altitudinal zones. Inland from the salt-spray zone, the fringes of the islands predominantly feature forests of southern rata Metrosideros umbellata, and in places the subantarctic tree daisy (Olearia lyallii), probably introduced by sealers. Above this exists a subalpine shrub zone dominated by Dracophyllum, Coprosma and Myrsine (with some rata).
Climate change could be causing migration patterns to shift into an earlier time frame, coinciding with an earlier start of the growing period. This means that migratory species may leave lower altitudes for higher-altitude breeding sites while those breeding sites still lack the necessary resources. Some species that have shorter migratory paths may be able to return to the lower elevations and wait, but run the risk of running out of the resources in that lower altitude, such as food and cover, that may only be available for a short, set period of time. Over 30% of birds and other species in montane forests show altitudinal migration patterns.
Circumstantial evidence from the novel presence of individuals at Incachaca Lake in the Chapare Province of Bolivia suggests that this species may migrate between the geographically separated northern Bolivian and other South American populations, and may use Incachaca as a resting place en route. Since no subspecies have been noted for this species, the world population is probably kept genetically homogenous by short migrations of individuals between the two geographically separated subpopulations. However, it remains unknown whether this species has regular migration patterns. Incidentally, the species’ discovery at Lake Incachaca was its first recorded occurrence in the cloud forest ecoregion and was also a new altitudinal record.
The dominant vegetation of this ecoregion is sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), often associated with various Agropyron species or fescue grass. At its upper altitudinal limit, the shrub steppe grades into the bordering mountain ecoregions, namely the South Central Rockies forests, the Colorado Rockies forests and the Wasatch and Uinta montane forests. Ecotones between the shrub steppe and mountain forests may occur as high as in some areas. Between mountain ranges, this ecoregion grades into the Northern short grasslands to the east and in a very small portion to the north, the Colorado Plateau shrublands to the south, and the Great Basin shrub steppe in a very small portion in the far west.
Dodonidia helmsii was once widespread in New Zealand, including the Wellington and Auckland area, but has become significantly rarer over the last 50 years. There are two causes: the increasing rarity in lowland areas of the sedges that are its food plant, and the introduction of predatory wasps to New Zealand that prey on its larvae. Forest ringlets have disappeared from forest below 400 m altitude, but are still found at 600 m or higher, the altitudinal limit for the German and common wasps. This species has been classified as having the "At Risk, Relict" conservation status under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.
Baruunturuun has a continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dwb) closely bordering on a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dwc) with warm summers and bitterly cold winters even for Mongolia, owing to very strong altitudinal temperature inversions from drainage of cold air into the western valleys.Bayasgalan Gerelchuluun and Ahn Joong-Bae; ‘Air temperature distribution over Mongolia using dynamical downscaling and statistical correction’, International Journal of Climatology; 34:2464-2476 (2014) The average minimum temperature in January is , and temperatures as low as have been recorded. Temperatures in summer can be hot; the maximum temperature recorded is . Much precipitation falls in the summer as rain, with some snow in the spring and autumn.
The southern climbing mouse is found on the eastern slopes of the Andes in South America. Its range extends from Jujuy Province in northwestern Argentina northwards to Santa Cruz Department in central Bolivia and La Paz Department in northwestern Bolivia. Its altitudinal range is between about , occurring at lower altitudes in Argentina and higher ones in La Paz, where it shares some of the valley systems with Gardner's climbing mouse (Rhipidomys gardneri) but generally occurs at higher elevations than that species. Its typical habitat is the Yungas forest that occurs in the densely wooded valleys, but in Argentina it also occurs in montane, transitional and lowland forests.
The ecoregion's altitudinal range supports several plant communities. The lowlands are characterized by broadleaf deciduous forests, with English oak (Quercus robur), sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa), European ash (Fraxinus excelsior), lindens (Tilia platyphyllos and Tilia cordata), wych elm (Ulmus glabra), and maples (Acer pseudoplatanus and Acer platanoides). Characteristically Mediterranean evergreen trees and shrubs, including holm oak (Quercus ilex), cork oak (Quercus suber), sweet bay (Laurus nobilis), strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo), and Rhamnus alaternus, can be found in warm and well-drained areas like limestone outcrops. Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) is common on Atlantic coastal dunes in northern Portugal and western Galicia, and further inland on rocky dry slopes.
Most species are migratory, with northern species being long-distance migrants and more southerly species often being altitudinal migrants breeding at high altitude and moving lower down in winter. They are small insectivores, the males mostly brightly coloured in various combinations of red, blue, white, and black, the females light brown with a red tail. Recent genetic studies have shown that the genus Phoenicurus is not monophyletic, but may be made so by the inclusion of Chaimarrornis and Rhyacornis within Phoenicurus;Sangster, G., Alström, P., Forsmark, E., & Olsson, U. (2010). Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae).
At the lower range of its altitudinal cline, E. coccifera has been observed growing to in height, but it is more commonly measured at around , especially in sheltered sites on the Central Plateau and in Mt. Field National Park. Whilst individual and population tree height is the primary change in Eucalyptus coccifera at higher altitudes, observational studies have shown that with increasing altitude, the degree of leaf and bud glaucousness intensifies. This is most likely linked to the increased frost resistance of E. coccifera with increasing altitude. The juvenile foliage of E. coccifera is also more likely to persist for longer at high altitude.
The Pindus Mountains mixed forests constitute a terrestrial ecoregion of Europe according to both the WWF and Digital Map of European Ecological Regions by the European Environment Agency. It belongs to the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome, and is in the Palearctic realm. The Pindus Mountains mixed forests are situated in the montane parts of the southern Balkans in the wide altitudinal range above 300–500 m. They cover Taygetus on the Peloponnesus in the south, occur in the mountain ranges of Central Greece (including the Pindus), eastern Albania and the southwestern part of North Macedonia, extend to the Drin River valley in the north and occupy 39,500 km² (15,300 sq.
For example, birds that engage in altitudinal migration might make "trial runs" lasting a few hours that would induce physiological changes that would improve their ability to function at high altitude. Woolly bear caterpillars (Grammia incorrupta) infected with tachinid flies increase their survival by ingesting plants containing toxins known as pyrrolizidine alkaloids. The physiological basis for this change in behaviour is unknown; however, it is possible that, when activated, the immune system sends signals to the taste system that trigger plasticity in feeding responses during infection. Reproduction Hatch rates for red-eyed tree frog tadpoles depends on predation The red-eyed tree frog, Agalychnis callidryas, is an arboreal frog (hylid) that resides in the tropics of Central America.
The plantations are generally in the altitudinal range of , bordering with Colombia. Better grades are noted at elevations of or higher but these elevations are characterized by slower growth and lower productivity. The fertile region in the highland areas consisted of Táchira, Mérida, and Trujilo, known as the Andean frontier region, and are suitable for growing coffee which could be exported from the Maracaibo's port. This resulted in increased production of coffee in the 19th century. The Duaca region in particular is different from other coffee growing regions in the country; here the growers were, including the wealthy “haciendas”, till 1916, supported the privatization of land with the objective of forcing higher wages for the labour.
It is the only nature reserve in the Asia-Pacific region to contain a full altitudinal array of ecosystems ranging through marine areas, mangroves, tidal and freshwater swamp forest, lowland and montane rainforest, alpine tundra, and equatorial glaciers. At 4884 meters, Puncak Jaya (formerly Carstensz Pyramid) is the tallest mountain between the Himalayas and the Andes. Birdlife International has called Lorentz Park “probably the single most important reserve in New Guinea”.Birdlife International, 1999, retrieved 14 May 2010 It contains five of World Wildlife Fund's "Global 200" ecoregions: Southern New Guinea Lowland Forests; New Guinea Montane Forests; New Guinea Central Range Subalpine Grasslands; New Guinea Mangroves; and New Guinea Rivers and Streams.
The large Indian civet ranges from Nepal, northeast India, Bhutan, Bangladesh to Myanmar, Thailand, the Malay peninsula and Singapore to Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and China. In Nepal, large Indian civet was recorded up to in the Himalayas, which constitutes the highest altitudinal record in this country. In China, the wild large Indian civet population declined drastically by 94–99% since the 1950s following deforestation, due to hunting for the fur trade, use of its musk glands as medicine and for the perfume industry. By the 1990s, it was largely confined to the north of Guangdong Province in southern China, but has not been recorded in Hainan Island during surveys between 1998 and 2008.
Panoramic view of Vikos Gorge. The Vikos Gorge, with a length of , walls that range from deep, and a width ranging from to just a few meters at its narrowest part, is listed by the Guinness Book of Records as the deepest canyon in the world in proportion to its width, though some gorge lobbyists contest that claim. The main part of the gorge stretches from the village of Vikos to Monodendri, and attains a depth of about .Amanatidou: p. 17 The landscape of the 20 km long gorge, 12 km οf which belongs to the park's core zone,Hanlidou, Kokkini 1997, p. 2 presents a diverse relief and is characterized by abrupt altitudinal changes.
Fledgling pink-sided dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis mearnsi) at about 1 month after hatching, Yellowstone National Park Their breeding habitat is coniferous or mixed forest areas throughout North America. In otherwise optimal conditions they also utilize other habitat, but at the southern margin of its range it can only persist in its favorite habitat. Northern birds migrate further south, arriving in their winter quarters between mid-September and November and leaving to breed from mid-March onwards, with almost all of them gone by the end of April or so. Many populations are permanent residents or altitudinal migrants, while in cold years they may choose to stay in their winter range and breed there.
The Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve is located to the extreme north of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The climate in the region is influenced by various factors in addition to its latitudinal location, such as its proximity to the coast, the effect of its landform – orographic shade – and the breadth of the altitudinal range, which partly explains the high regional biodiversity and the presence of numerous plant formations ranging from tropical forests to those of temperate-cold climates. The Sierra de Manantlán’s varied and complex plant cover harbours a great wealth of flora. There are over 2900 species of vascular plants belonging to 981 genera (see Plants of the Reserva de la Biosfera Manantlan) for a growing list.
In the stratosphere, starting above about 20 km, the temperature increases with height, due to heating within the ozone layer caused by capture of significant ultraviolet radiation from the Sun by the dioxygen and ozone gas in this region. Still another region of increasing temperature with altitude occurs at very high altitudes, in the aptly-named thermosphere above 90 km. Because in an ideal gas of constant composition the speed of sound depends only on temperature and not on the gas pressure or density, the speed of sound in the atmosphere with altitude takes on the form of the complicated temperature profile (see illustration to the right), and does not mirror altitudinal changes in density or pressure.
Evidence supports the possibility that migrants have a competitive advantage compared to non-migrant (sedentary) species, due to increased foraging ability over a larger area, resulting in greater food and nutrient uptake. It's been shown that diet differs between non-migratory and migratory species in large-scale analyses and species-pair comparisons of frugivorous tropical birds. While this hypothesis is supported, and has been the most accepted, it fails to explain why altitudinal migrants return to lower elevations, or if it is done in response to shifting food resources. It has been proposed that weather- related resource availability may trigger the elevational migration of some species, such as the white-ruffed manakin during storms.
Green frog Lithobates clamitans unexpectedly grows faster in montane populations Countergradient variation, originally termed "contra-gradient variation", was coined by Richard Levins in his 1968 book Evolution in Changing Environments. Levins first used the term when describing patterns of body size across an altitudinal gradient in populations of Drosophila, and since then many other instances of countergradient variation have been discovered. A study by Keith Berven and others was the first to find countergradient variation in a vertebrate. Specifically, they found that in comparing montane, high altitude, populations to lowland, low altitude populations of the green frog (Lithobates clamitans, formerly Rana clamitans), rates of growth and development were higher in the montane populations.
The Ethiopian Highlands Environmental changes such as deforestation could increase local temperatures in the highlands thus could enhance the vectorial capacity of the anopheles. Anopheles mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of a number of diseases in the world, such as, malaria, lymphatic filariasis and viruses that can cause such ailments, like the O'nyong'nyong virus. Environmental changes, climate variability, and climate change are such factors that could affect biology and ecology of Anophelse vectors and their disease transmission potential. Climate change is expected to lead to latitudinal and altitudinal temperature increases. Global warming projections indicate that the best estimate of surface air warming for a “high scenario” is 4 C, with a likely range of 2.4-6.4 C by 2100.
Niels K. Krabbe with an imperial snipe chick Niels Kaare Krabbe (born 1 July 1951) is an ornithologist and bird conservationist for many years based at the Vertebrate Department of the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen and tutored by Jon Fjeldså. His research interests include various aspects of ornithology, especially bioacoustics, conservation, and systematics and altitudinal replacements of Scytalopus tapaculos. He has worked extensively in the Andes, especially Ecuador, and wrote the passerine section of Birds of the High Andes (1990) and the accounts of most Andean species in Threatened Birds of the Americas (1992). He has helped build up a large tissue collection in the Zoological Museum and has authored or coauthored several bioacoustic publications and peer-reviewed papers in scientific journals.
Nepenthes leonardoi is endemic to the Philippine island of Palawan. It has only been recorded from the upper slopes of a single mountain system centred on Schom- carp Peak (also known as Shumkat Peak or Shumkak Peak); it grows on the peak itself as well as on its eastern ridge, which extends in the direction of Narra municipality. The presence of this species on the easterly ridge connecting Schom-carp Peak with the Brow Shoulder massif could not be confirmed by the describing authors, but they suggested it is likely to grow there and possibly on the massif itself. The altitudinal distribution of N. leonardoi ranges from at least 1300 m above sea level to the summit of Schom- carp at 1490 m.
Nepenthes hamiguitanensis is sympatric with N. justinae (previously identified as N. mindanaoensis) and grows in the same altitudinal range as N. micramphora and N. peltata; the latter two species are typically found in more open areas, where they are exposed to higher levels of incident light. Despite this, no natural hybrids involving N. hamiguitanensis have been observed with certainty; it has been suggested that the flowering times of N. hamiguitanensis and the other Nepenthes species of Mount Hamiguitan may differ. The describing authors assessed the conservation status of N. hamiguitanensis as Vulnerable based on the IUCN criteria. They pointed out that N. hamiguitanensis is far more localised than N. micramphora and N. peltata, which occur at several sites on the mountain and are represented by larger populations.
Nest Record and Dietary Items for the Black Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus tyrannus) from the Yucatan Peninsula. Journal of Raptor Research, 27 (2):121-122. Meanwhile, black-and-white hawk-eagles have been indicated to show a preference for slightly smaller birds than those selected by ornate hawk-eagles, such as medium-to-large passerines, pigeons and smallish toucans (such as aracaris and toucanets), though capable of preying on adult ducks and even monkeys quite as large as those taken by the ornate. The most similar hawk-eagle by diet is the closely related black-and- chestnut eagle, as this often hunts gamebirds such as cracids and procyonids like the ornate, but this species has a different altitudinal range being found in forests in the high montane forests, usually at a minimum elevation of .
Sikkim is situated in an ecological hotspot of the lower Himalayas, one of only three among the ecoregions of India. The forested regions of the state exhibit a diverse range of fauna and flora. Owing to its altitudinal gradation, the state has a wide variety of plants, from tropical species to temperate, alpine and tundra ones, and is perhaps one of the few regions to exhibit such a diversity within such a small area. Nearly 81 per cent of the area of Sikkim comes under the administration of its forest department. Sikkim is home to around 5,000 species of flowering plants, 515 rare orchids, 60 primula species, 36 rhododendron species, 11 oak varieties, 23 bamboo varieties, 16 conifer species, 362 types of ferns and ferns allies, 8 tree ferns, and over 900 medicinal plants.
Most of the galliform birds are more or less resident, but some of the smaller temperate species (such as quail) do migrate over considerable distances. Altitudinal migration is evidently quite common amongst montane species, and a few species of subtropical and subarctic regions must reach their watering and/or foraging areas through sustained flight. Species known to make extensive flights include the ptarmigans, sage-grouse (Centrocercus), crested partridge, green peafowl, crested argus, mountain peacock-pheasant (Polyplectron inopinatum), koklass pheasant (Pucrasia macrolopha), Reeves's pheasant and (Syrmaticus reevesii). Other species—most of the New World quails (also known as the toothed quails), the enigmatic stone partridge (Ptilopachus petrosus) of Africa, guineafowl, and eared pheasants (Crossoptilon)—are all notable for their daily excursions on foot which may take them many miles in a given day.
Between 40 and 50% of the 61 species of Cecropia are montane or submontane Andean, with the majority of species in the northern part of the Andes, in Colombia and Ecuador. The Andean region is regarded as the center of species richness and speciation because of the additional 25% of lowland taxa that reach the eastern or western foothills of the Andes. Therefore, only about 25% of the species occur outside of the Andean region. A map of the distribution of Cecropia can be found in the article written by Berg and Rosselli, 2005. Most species of Cecropia are lowland humid/rainforest species occurring from sea level to 1,300 m in altitude, while submontane species occupy an altitudinal range from 1,300-2,000 m, and montane species are found in cloud forest from 2,000-2,600 m.
After making an approximately overnight flight from Guangzhou, China, the aircrew made an early morning approach to Narita Airport outside Tokyo.Accident Description Aviation Safety Network Other traffic landing just ahead of the accident aircraft reported "wind shear at an altitude of under 600 meters," and this information was relayed to the FedEx aircrew. Surface winds at the time of the accident were reported from 320° at 26 knots gusting to 40.Weather at Narita at the time of accident: 2009/03/22 21:30Z RJAA 320 26G40KT 9999 FEW020 12/M02 Q0999 WS R34L NOSIG After making a hard landing on runway 34L, the plane bounced three times, coming back down on its nose gear first (a condition called "porpoising") resulting in the loss of directional and altitudinal control.
They also roost in dense foliage of trees, usually on a branch next to the trunk, or in dense, scrubby brush. The distribution of the species is largely concurrent with the distribution of eastern deciduous woodlands, probably discontinuing at the Rocky Mountains in the west and in northern Mexico in the south due to the occupation of similar niches by other screech owls and discontinuing at the start of true boreal forest because of the occupation of a similar niche by other small owls (especially boreal owls (Aegolius funereus). Eastern screech owls may be found from sea level up to in elevation in the eastern Rocky Mountains and up to in the eastern Sierra Madre Oriental Mountains, although their altitudinal limits in the Appalachian Mountains, near the heart of their distribution, is not currently known.
Evidence of drainage ditches at Kuk Swamp on the borders of the Western and Southern Highlands of Papua New Guinea shows evidence of the cultivation of taro and a variety of other crops, dating back to 11,000 BP. Two potentially significant economic species, taro (Colocasia esculenta) and yam (Dioscorea sp.), have been identified dating at least to 10,200 calibrated years before present (cal BP). Further evidence of bananas and sugarcane dates to 6,950 to 6,440 BCE. This was at the altitudinal limits of these crops, and it has been suggested that cultivation in more favourable ranges in the lowlands may have been even earlier. CSIRO has found evidence that taro was introduced into the Solomon Islands for human use, from 28,000 years ago, making taro cultivation the earliest crop in the world.
As water cannot retain its liquid phase in the lunar environment because of its own vapour pressure and the ultra-high vacuum prevailing there, it can be found in solid (ice) and gaseous (vapour) phases. While the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3), a payload by NASA, on board Chandrayaan I lunar orbiter has detected, by mapping almost 97% of the lunar surface using remote sensing techniques, the presence of water in ice form in higher latitudes especially in the polar caps, the CHACE payload in the lunar impactor (MIP) has directly detected water in its gaseous form along 14 degree E meridian from 45 degree N to 90 degree S latitude, with a latitudinal resolution of around 0.10 and altitudinal resolution of ~ 250 m from 98 km altitude till impact .
Bossons Glacier in 2014 Bossons Glacier in 1830 Bossons Glacier in 1890 Bossons Glacier and Taconnaz Glacier from Aiguille du Midi, 2009 The Bossons Glacier is one of the larger glaciers of the Mont Blanc massif of the Alps, found in the Chamonix valley of Haute-Savoie département, south-eastern France. It is fed from icefields lying on the northern side of Mont Blanc, and descends down close to the Aiguille du Midi and ends on the southern side of the Arve valley, close to the town of Chamonix. It has the largest altitudinal drop of all the alpine glaciers in Europe, and formerly extended much further down the valley than it does today. It is now approximately 7.5 km long, with a surface area of approximately 10 km².
Pampas Grande is located on the Jalca altitudinal floor, this factor and its proximity to the tropics make the temperature vary considerably in one day. The climate is characterized by being cold, with dry summers (May-September) with sunny days that have average temperatures of 17 ° C, however the thermal sensation can reach 24 degrees. During the night the temperature drops and ranges between 8 ° C, which produces meteorological frosts that form a thin layer of frost on the vegetation. In winter (October- March) the days are cloudy with frequent drizzles and heavy rains, the average temperature reaches 14 ° C and can drop to 5 ° C. Given the location with reference to sea level, the area is a cold area with good qualities for the development of various high Andean crops, which are favored with an average temperature of 12 ° C.
While they generally occupy the lowlands to 500m and locally to 1100m, interspecies aggression between the rufous-capped antthrush and F. analis has been observed to induce altitudinal displacement, with F. colma fleeing to higher and drier ravines and ridges while the F. analis occupy the lower lands. Additionally, in Manu, the black-faced antthrush, being both larger and more population-dense, dominate over the rufous-capped antthrush. While the two species frequently overlap due to F. colma's large distribution, the song of the F. colma has been reported to induce an aggressive response from the black-faced antthrush while the song of the black-faced antthrush causes recession of the rufous-capped antthrush, indicating further interspecies aggression. Other than interspecies aggression, the driving factor controlling the rufous-capped antthrush’s distribution is poorly understood, as they are believed to be a sedentary species.
The most common vertebrates are sunbirds and sugarbirds, subsidized by nectar provided by plants. But in terms of plants this veld type is extremely rich: based solely on the large number (64) of threatened species, this veld type is classified as Endangered. Some 140 species of plant are categorized as endemic to this vegetation type – they occur nowhere else on earth. This high richness can be explained by the topography (greater relief means more habitats), the proximity to the sea (which limits the variation in climate, so that species occur in narrower zones on the mountain, thus packing more communities and species into the same altitudinal range), and the long isolation of the Peninsula mountains from the other mountains (so that fewer species are shared with neighbouring mountains at Kogelberg, Hottentots Holland and Piketberg, resulting in more unique species).
This species breeds in upland to montane oak (Quercus) and other broadleaved forests and similar wooded areas in temperate to tropical southern Asia, from Pakistan, Central India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka east to Indonesia and southern China. Many populations are resident, but some Himalayan birds are partial migrants that winter in peninsular India sometimes even occurring in arid habitats. Other populations may make altitudinal movements but in parts of the eastern Himalayas such as Bhutan, they have been found to occur all year round, and can be found up to and above 2,000 m ASL. During the non-breeding season, they are seen in the plains and lower elevations (September to March in India) when they prefer well wooded areas of relatively mature secondary forests, abandoned plantations and overgrown gardens, usually near water and streams including wooded gorges.
Snow & Perrins (1998) pp. 1399–1400 "Corsican nuthatch" However, the two species of rock nuthatches are not strongly tied to woodlands: they breed on rocky slopes or cliffs, although both move into wooded areas when not breeding.Snow & Perrins (1998) pp. 1404–1406 "Eastern Rock Nuthatch" In parts of Asia where several species occur in the same geographic region, there is often an altitudinal separation in their preferred habitats. Nuthatches prefer a fairly temperate climate; northern species live near sea level whereas those further south are found in cooler highland habitats. Eurasian and red-breasted nuthatches are lowland birds in the north of their extensive ranges, but breed in the mountains further south; for example, Eurasian nuthatch, which breeds where the July temperature range is , is found near sea level in Northern Europe, but between altitude in Morocco.
595–602 Within the Las Cañadas caldera and at higher altitudes, plant species endemic to the Teide National Park include: the Teide white broom (Spartocytisus supranubius), which has white flowers; Descurainia bourgaeana, a shrubby crucifer with yellow flowers; the Canary Island wallflower (Erysimum scoparium), which has violet flowers; and the Teide bugloss (Echium wildpretii), whose red flowers form a pyramid up to in height. The Teide daisy (Argyranthemum teneriffae) can be found at altitudes close to above sea level, and the Teide violet (Viola cheiranthifolia) can be found right up to the summit, making it the highest flowering plant in Spain.J.M. Fernandez-Palacios and J.P. de Nicolas, Altitudinal pattern of vegetation variation on Tenerife, J. Veg. Sci. 6, 1995, pp. 183–190 These plants are adapted to the tough environmental conditions on the volcano, such as high altitude, intense sunlight, extreme temperature variations, and lack of moisture.
The Serra do Alvão at sunset The park is located in the Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro provinces, in the district Vila Real, divided between the municipalities of Vila Real (parishes of Borbela, Lamas de Olo and Vila Marim) and Mondim de Basto (parishes of and Bilhó), occupying an area of 7220 hectares or . The highest peak in natural park is Caravelas, above sea level, and the lowest point is Lousa along the Rio Olo, roughly above sea level. There is an altitudinal range of , and the park is divided into two zones: an elevated area along the Rio Olo watershed that mostly corresponds to the parish of Lamas de Olo, and a lower area that includes Ribeira de Fervença and the Olo watershed in the parish of Ermelo. The transition between the two is marked by a sudden drop associated with the Fisgas waterfall.
Endemic to the highlands of Mexico north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, the red warbler has three disjunct populations that correspond to the three subspecies: from southwestern Chihuahua to northern Nayarit, from southern Jalisco and southern Hidalgo to Oaxaca, and from Guerrero into southern Oaxaca in the Sierra Madre del Sur. It is fairly common to common in the country's interior and on adjacent slopes, where it occurs at elevations ranging from above sea level; it does not occur along either coast. It is an altitudinal migrant, moving from higher humid or semi- humid pine, pine-oak and fir forests in the breeding season to lower elevations, often in oak forests, in the winter. It is among the most common of the small birds in its woodland habitat, second only to the golden-crowned kinglet in fir forests in one study and the third most common warbler in oak- conifer woodlands in another.
Gieger, Thomas and Leuschner, Christoph, Altitudinal change in needle water relations of the Canary pine (Pinus Canariensis) and possible evidence of a drought-induced alpine timberline on Mt. Teide, Tenerife, Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 199(2), 2004, Pages 100-109y At higher altitudes, the Las Cañadas caldera provides sufficient shelter for more fragile species such as the Canary Island cedar (Juniperus cedrus), and the Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis) to grow.J.M. Fernandez-Palacios, Climatic response of plant species on Tenerife, the Canary islands, J. Veg. Sci. 3, 1992, pp. 595–602 The most dominant plant species in the Teide National Park are the Teide white broom (Spartocytisus supranubius), which has a white and pink flower; the Canary Island wallflower (Erysimum scoparium), which has white and violet flowers; and the Teide bugloss (Echium wildpretii), whose red flowers form a pyramid up to 3m in height. The Teide daisy (Argyranthemum teneriffae) can be found at altitudes close to 3,600m above sea level.
These rainforests contain one of the most complete and diverse living records of the major stages in the evolution of land plants, from the very first land plants to higher plants (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms). The TTA and surrounding Walter Hill Range area has in general maintained high habitat values due to the fact that it is located in a protected area (Wet Tropics of Queensland World Heritage Area), has maintained reasonable habitat integrity with suitable structural and species diversity, has good connectivity with other suitable habitat including lowland-highland connectivity, and contains lowland habitats that are locally rare. The most extensive remnant of Complex Mesophyll Vine Forest (Type 1A) now remaining in virgin condition in the wet tropics is found on the plateau adjacent to the junction of Downey Creek with the South Johnstone River at altitudes of between . It is assumed that the Downey Creek area lies near the upper altitudinal limits of Type 1A.
Species has been collected from leaf litter in both the habitats. The collection site at Machedi has a patchy Cedrus forest along with agricultural land surrounding the site; moreover the area has lot of anthropogenic activities with a dry type of environment (mean temperature during collection period 32 °C, relative humidity 36.62%, annual rain fall 970 mm and thickness of leaf litter 2.1 cm). The collection site at Sarthal has dense Cedrus forest with abundant leaf litter, no agricultural land, it remains snow clad from November to beginning of March and has very limited anthropogenic activities with only nomads visiting the area (mean temperature during collection period 22 °C, relative humidity 66.38%, annual rain fall 1476 mm and thickness of leaf litter 3.9 cm) with comparatively wet environment. This zone where the species is distributed is a transitional zone between sub temperate and temperate Himalaya and geographically it penetrates in to the Palearctic realm (whose boundary in Southern Asia is largely altitudinal, where an altitude of 2000–2500 meters above mean sea level forms the boundary between Palearctic and Indomalayan realms).
On 25 September 2009, ISRO announced that the MIP had discovered water on the Moon just before impact. This announcement was made after the discovery of water was announced on 24 September 2009 by Science magazine by the NASA payload Moon Mineralogy Mapper carried on board Chandrayaan-1. MIP discovered water on the Moon before NASA's Moon Mineralogy Mapper, the announcement of this discovery was not made until NASA confirmed it. This gave the answer to the millennia-old question whether there is water on or in Earth's moon when it led to the discovery of water in its vapour phase by the CHACE (CHandra's Altitudinal Composition Explorer) payload on board the Moon Impact Probe (MIP) and complementarily in its solid phase by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) payload on board the main orbiter in the Chandrayaan I mission. This ‘discovery-class-of-finding’ by CHACE was achieved by direct in situ measurement of the lunar atmosphere during the descend journey of the MIP to the Lunar South Pole, while M3 discovered water in ice form by remote sensing techniques.
Protected areas of Nepal The protected areas of Nepal cover mainly forested land and are located at various altitudes in the Terai, in the foothills of the Himalayas and in the mountains, thus encompassing a multitude of landscapes and preserving a vast biodiversity in the Palearctic and Indomalayan realms. Nepal covers in the central part of the Himalayas. Altitudes range from in the south-eastern Terai to at Sagarmatha within a short horizontal span. This extreme altitudinal gradient has resulted in 11 bio-climatic zones ranging from lower tropical below to nival above in the High Himalayas, encompassing nine terrestrial ecoregions with 36 vegetation types. Botanists recorded 1,120 species of non-flowering plants and 5,160 species of flowering plants. Nepal ranks 10th in terms of richest flowering plant diversity in Asia. Zoologists recorded 181 mammal species, 844 bird species, 100 reptile species, 43 amphibian species, 185 freshwater fish species, and 635 butterfly species. In recognition of the magnitude of biodiversity the Government of Nepal has established a network of 20 protected areas since 1973, consisting of ten national parks, three wildlife reserves, six conservation areas and one hunting reserve.Bhuju, U. R., Shakya, P. R., Basnet, T. B., Shrestha, S. (2007).

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