He turned to calcium alginate, a gelatinous substance that is made from aqueous calcium chloride and acqueous sodium alginate (a tried-and-true staple of molecular gastronomy).
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Click here to view original GIFCalcium alginate is incredible stuff.
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Instead we'd recommend using calcium alginate to make spherified cocktails.
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The Newcastle scientists created a "bio-ink" made of the substances alginate and collagen.
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I did one with a polymer sodium alginate, which is a polymer from seaweed.
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Calcium alginate is also commonly used to encase sausages, thicken food, and safely dress wounds.
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Amos DudleyDudley began by taking a mold of his teeth, which was done using alginate powder.
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As Gizmodo's Sploid pointed out, the trick to deep frying water is something called calcium alginate.
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The tiny wax droplets and the larger flow of sodium alginate all drop from the same place.
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I'm not really worried about the preservatives or thickeners, like potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, alginate or xanthan gum.
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The runny yolk is made out of beta carotene, nutritional yeast, B-vitamins, sodium alginate, and black salt.
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Cellink's ink is made from nanocellulose alginate, a biodegradable material containing wood fibres and a sugary polymer found in seaweed.
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As it turns out, the product used in some beers is actually propylene glycol alginate, which is derived from kelp.
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"We use things borrowed from the world of molecular gastronomy like alginate and agar-agar to add stability and structure," says Dobrzensky.
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And so I made that cake, chopped it up, froze it, then cast it in alginate and epoxy plastic in my living room.
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In the case of the capsules pictured, it's red and blue paraffin wax for the two finer needles, and sodium alginate in the other.
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Sodium alginate is made from the walls of algae and is used as a gelling agent in foods like jellies, ice cream, and milkshakes.
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One jet produces alginate, a biological material found in the cells of brown algae, and the other blasts out calcium chloride, an inorganic salt.
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Aaron Nesser, of Bioesters, was working with alginate, found in kelp and seaweed, to see what could be created with this new, sustainable fiber.
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The main components of the material are 3 engineered biomaterials, Li said: chitosan derived from shrimp shells, alginate extracted from algae, and a synthetic polymer.
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The "caviar" beads (actually Earl Grey tea mixed with sodium alginate) pop in my mouth, topping off each sip with a last little hit of bergamot.
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He took the classic comfort food, reduced it into a concentrate, then suspended it in a sodium alginate and calcium solution to form a starchy sphere.
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They can't have a wooden shaft or have calcium alginate, which is used in swab tips for wound care and can kill the virus, NPR reported.
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After taking molds Mazz realizes that he's run out of alginate and will need to run home where he assures us he's got a lot more.
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Cellular agriculture companies are also devising scaffolds from naturally occurring materials, such as cellulose, starch and alginate, which may be more affordable than engineering scaffolds from scratch.
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To turn their bacteria into a mine-detection system, they encapsulated them in beads of alginate, a material derived from seaweed that is permeable to vapours from explosives.
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To get the right consistency, the researchers added a jelly-like goo called alginate and stem cells extracted from donor corneas, along with some ropy proteins called collagen.
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Water and oil have a notoriously problematic relationship, and just one tiny hole in the calcium alginate casing could result in a violent oil explosion all over your pretty face.
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This made her think of molecular gastronomy, in particular the technique of using calcium chloride and sodium alginate to turn liquids into squishy, caviar-like spheres that burst delightfully on the tongue.
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Right now, the main material they've developed from alginate, a polymer derived from brown seaweeds, doesn't feel quite like cotton or polyester, or something you would make into a shirt, but Nesser said they are slowly developing it into what could be a versatile textile.
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Once the water was encased in the calcium alginate (the sphere looks a hell of a lot like mizu shingen mochi), Marcus very, very gently dipped the water ball in flour, rolled it in egg, and then oh-so-carefully covered it in a veil of panko bread crumbs.
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Sodium alginate (NaC6H7O6) is the sodium salt of alginic acid. Sodium alginate is a gum. Potassium alginate (KC6H7O6 ) is the potassium salt of alginic acid. Calcium alginate (C12H14CaO12 ), is made from sodium alginate from which the sodium ion has been removed and replaced with calcium.
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Calcium alginate is a water-insoluble, gelatinous, cream-coloured substance that can be created through the addition of aqueous calcium chloride to aqueous sodium alginate. Calcium alginate is also used for entrapment of enzymes and forming artificial seeds in plant tissue culture. "Alginate" is usually the salts of alginic acid, but it can also refer to derivatives of alginic acid and alginic acid itself; in some publications the term "algin" is used instead of alginate. Alginate is present in the cell walls of brown algae, as the calcium, magnesium and sodium salts of alginic acid.
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Alginate lyases can also be categorized based on their modes of action. Many are endolytic, generally allowing them to degrade alginate into unsaturated oligosaccharides. An exolytic mode of action, on the other hand, allows the enzyme to degrade alginate into monosaccharides.
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In enzymology, an alginate synthase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :GDP-D-mannuronate + (alginate)n \rightleftharpoons GDP + (alginate)n+1 Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are GDP-D-mannuronate and (alginate)n, whereas its two products are GDP and (alginate)n+1. This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is GDP-D- mannuronate:alginate D-mannuronyltransferase. This enzyme is also called mannuronosyl transferase.
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Alginate is a major component in the biofilms formed during mucoid P. aeruginosa infections. Alginate lyase is able to disrupt P. aeruginosa biofilm formation by degrading the alginate in the biofilm matrix, dislodging the bacteria from surfaces and allowing for more effective antibiotic use.
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The goal of the extraction process is to obtain dry, powdered, sodium alginate. The calcium and magnesium salts do not dissolve in water; the sodium salt does. The rationale behind the extraction of alginate from the seaweed is to convert all the alginate salts to the sodium salt, dissolve this in water, and remove the seaweed residue by filtration. The alginate must then be recovered from the aqueous solution.
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This material can be used for biodegradable, homogeneous, dense films that are very useful in the biomedical field. Alginate: Alginate is the most copious marine natural polymer derived from brown seaweed. Alginate biopolymer applications range from packaging, textile and food industry to biomedical and chemical engineering. The first ever application of alginate was in the form of wound dressing, where its gel-like and absorbent properties were discovered.
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Alginates are refined from brown seaweeds. Throughout the world, many of the Phaeophyceae class brown seaweeds are harvested to be processed and converted into sodium alginate. Sodium alginate is used in many industries including food, animal food, fertilisers, textile printing, and pharmaceuticals. Dental impression material uses alginate as its means of gelling.
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When applied to wounds, alginate produces a protective gel layer that is optimal for healing and tissue regeneration, and keeps a stable temperature environment. Additionally, there have been developments with alginate as a drug delivery medium, as drug release rate can easily be manipulated due to a variety of alginate densities and fibrous composition.
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Alginate dressings are produced from the calcium and sodium salts of alginic acid, a polysaccharide comprising mannuronic and guluronic acid units. Alginate is initially extracted from the cell wall of Brown seaweeds. Alginate dressings can be in the form of freeze-dried, porous (foam) sheets or flexible fibres. Flexible fibres are used to treat cavity wounds.
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Alginate dressings are useful for moderate to heavily exuding wounds. In the form of fibres trapped in a wound, alginate is readily biodegradable and can be rinsed away with saline irrigation. Subsequent removal therefore, does not destroy granulation tissue, making dressing change virtually painless. The ease of biodegradation is exploited in making alginate sutures used in surgical wound closures.
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In enzymology, a poly(beta-D-mannuronate) lyase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of alginate into various monosaccharide and polysaccharide products. Alginate lyase cleaves the glycosidic bonds of alginate via a β-elimination mechanism, in which it first converts alginate into several oligosccharides containing unsaturated uronic acids at their non-reducing ends. It then cleaves the oligosaccharides, forming 4-deosy-L- erythro-5-hexoseulose uronic acid. This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on polysaccharides.
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Four of the currently characterized alginate lyase structures belong to this class. The enzymes in this class typically belong to the PL-5, PL-15, and PL-17 families. There is only one known alginate lyase in the β-helix class: AlyGC. This enzyme is exolytic and G block specific, and it is a representative alginate lyase from the PL-6 family.
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Researchers have also been able to develop alginate microcapsules with an altered form of alginate with enhanced biocompatibility and higher resistance to osmotic swelling. Another approach to increasing the biocompatibility of the membrane biomaterial is through surface modification of the capsules using peptide and protein molecules which in turn controls the proliferation and rate of differentiation of the encapsulated cells. One group that has been working extensively on coupling the amino acid sequence Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) to alginate hydrogels demonstrated that the cell behavior can be controlled by the RGD density coupled on the alginate gels. Alginate microparticles loaded with myoblast cells and functionalized with RGD allowed control over the growth and differentiation of the loaded cells.
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While all alginate lyases have similar function, there are some variations in the type of product they form. This variation depends on the substrate specificity of the enzyme, as alginates can have M-M, G-G, or alternating M-G bonds. Therefore, some alginate lyases are G block specific, only degrading the homo-polymeric G blocks of alginate, and others are M block-specific, only degrading the homo- polymeric M blocks of alginate. Some are able to degrade both, but they may preferentially degrade one over the other.
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Several groups have also investigated the use of chitosan which is a naturally derived polycation as a potential replacement for PLL to fabricate alginate-chitosan (AC) microcapsules for cell delivery applications. However, studies have also shown that the stability of this AC membrane is again limited and one group demonstrated that modification of this alginate-chitosan microcapsules with genipin, a naturally occurring iridoid glucosid from gardenia fruits, to form genipin cross-linked alginate-chitosan (GCAC) microcapsules could augment stability of the cell loaded microcapsules. Microphotographs of the alginate- chitosan (AC) microcapsules.
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To extract the alginate, the seaweed is broken into pieces and stirred with a hot solution of an alkali, usually sodium carbonate. Over a period of about two hours, the alginate dissolves as sodium alginate to give a very thick slurry. This slurry also contains the part of the seaweed that does not dissolve, mainly cellulose. This insoluble residue must be removed from the solution.
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The systematic name of this enzyme class is poly(beta-D-1,4-mannuronide) lyase. Other names in common use include alginate lyase I, alginate lyase, alginase I, alginase II, and alginase. This enzyme participates in fructose and mannose metabolism.
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It also requires secondary dressing because wounds can quickly dry up with alginate dressing.
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Through the process of Radiation Processing, Radiation-Sterilized Honey Alginate Wound Dressing was also developed; which is for exudating burns and wounds. It is made from local honey and Sodium Alginate.De Guzman, "Radiation-Sterilized Honey Alginate Wound Dressing for Exudating Wounds and Burns." n.d.
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Alginate is also an example of imbibition since if soaked in water, it will absorb it.
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Endolytic alginate lyases, like those found in the PL-7 family, have active sites which are wide open. Exolytic alginate lyases, like those found in the PL-15 family, have a catalytic groove which is blocked on one end, forming a pocket. Due to differences in the way they fold, alginate lyases can be grouped based on whether they contain a β-jelly roll, an (α/α)n toroid, or a right-handed β-helix. Most of the currently characterized alginate lyases belong to the β-jelly roll class, in which a curved anti-parallel inner and an outer β-sheet are bonded together.
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Easy Cheese must provide a smooth uniform texture whilst maintaining its viscoelastic structure to maintain its shape after extrusion from the can. Sodium alginate is the one of the main ingredients that is responsible for Easy Cheese's pseudoplastic characteristics. More specifically, it contributes to the integrity of the gel-like network formed by the casein and salts. The newly formed network is made possible through cation binding, which converts the hydrophilic sodium alginate into hydrophobic calcium alginate.
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Alginate, or alginic acid, is a natural acidic linear polysaccharide derived from seaweed. It is composed of α-L-guluronate and β-D-mannuronate. Bulk alginate is widely used in the food industry and for medical purposes due to its unique characteristics such as high viscosity in aqueous solution and gel-forming property in the presence of calcium ions. Previous studies have also shown that alginate oligosaccharides may act as growth promoting agents on some plant cells.
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A variety of materials can be used for both the molding and casting stages of the lifecasting process. For moulding, alginate, and plaster bandages are the most popular materials. Different alginate formulas are available with different setting times and working properties. Choosing the correct formula can make the job much easier.
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Mexican Corona truck According to Sinebrychoff, a Finnish company owned by the Carlsberg Group, Corona Extra contains barley malt, corn, hops, yeast, antioxidants (ascorbic acid), and propylene glycol alginate as a stabilizer. Propylene glycol alginate is a synthetic, colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid that belongs to the same chemical class as alcohol.
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Alginate may be used in a hydrogel consisting of microparticles or bulk gels combined with nerve growth factor in bioengineering research to stimulate brain tissue for possible regeneration. In research on bone reconstruction, alginate composites have favorable properties encouraging regeneration, such as improved porosity, cell proliferation, and mechanical strength, among other factors.
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Between 100,000 and 170,000 wet tons of Macrocystis are harvested annually in New Mexico for alginate extraction and abalone feed.
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2628-2633, 2009. of the precursor silver nitrate, AgNO3 using an alginate solution as a stabilizing and reducing agent.H. Wang, X. Qiao, J. Chen and S. Ding, Colloids Surf., A, 2005, 256, 111–115 The carboxyl or hydroxyl groups on the alginate reagent form complexes during the synthesis of the AgNPs that stabilize the reaction.
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Alginate is a linear polysaccharide that has been isolated from a variety of organisms, ranging from viruses and bacteria to fungi. It is also a major component of the cell wall in brown algae and a major source of fixed carbon for other organisms. Many organisms from which alginate lyase has been isolated are found in close association with brown algae. For example, some strains of bacteria from the Paenibacillus genus were isolated from L. japonica and S. siliquatrum, and these strains were discovered to excrete alginate lyase.
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The solution is very dilute and evaporation of the water is not economic. To the sodium alginate from the initial extraction solution, a calcium salt is added. This causes calcium alginate to form with a fibrous texture; it does not dissolve in water and can be separated from it with relative ease using a metal screen.
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Propylene glycol alginate (PGA) is an emulsifier, stabilizer, and thickener used in food products. It is a food additive with E number E405. Chemically, propylene glycol alginate is an ester of alginic acid, which is derived from kelp. Some of the carboxyl groups are esterified with propylene glycol, some are neutralized with an appropriate alkali, and some remain free.
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Wound care products, such as "Flaminal Hydro" make use of an alginate hydrogel containing glucose oxidase and other components as an oxidation agent.
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Enzymes immobilised in beads of alginate gel An immobilized enzyme is an enzyme attached to an inert, insoluble material—such as calcium alginate (produced by reacting a mixture of sodium alginate solution and enzyme solution with calcium chloride). This can provide increased resistance to changes in conditions such as pH or temperature. It also lets enzymes be held in place throughout the reaction, following which they are easily separated from the products and may be used again - a far more efficient process and so is widely used in industry for enzyme catalysed reactions. An alternative to enzyme immobilization is whole cell immobilization.
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Alginate absorbs water quickly, which makes it useful as an additive in dehydrated products such as slimming aids, and in the manufacture of paper and textiles. It also is used for waterproofing and fireproofing fabrics, in the food industry as a thickening agent for drinks, ice cream, cosmetics, and as a gelling agent for jellies. Alginate is used as an ingredient in various pharmaceutical preparations, such as Gaviscon, in which it combines with bicarbonate to inhibit reflux. Sodium alginate is used as an impression-making material in dentistry, prosthetics, lifecasting, and for creating positives for small-scale casting.
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Both acid and alkaline mechanisms can break down the linkages between the mannuronate (M) and guluronate (G) monomers. Free radical oxidation is another way the alginate can be degraded in the environment. Many bacterial species produce an enzyme (alginate lyase) which can break the molecule down into single sugar components, which can act as an energy source for the organism.
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L. adamsiae is only found on the Snares Islands. Some species are of economic importance, such as Lessonia nigrescens, which is harvested for alginate.
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Larger spheres can be created using reverse spherification. After removing the jelly from the alginate bath, calcium would not continue to diffuse into the center of the sphere, therefore would not create a gel center. Longer storage time could be obtained for this product accordingly. Both the liquid for consumption and the alginate bath should be left to stand after preparing to eliminate air bubbles.
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Sodium alginate is used in reactive dye printing and as a thickener for reactive dyes in textile screen- printing. Alginates do not react with these dyes and wash out easily, unlike starch-based thickeners. As a material for micro-encapsulation. Calcium alginate is used in different types of medical products, including skin wound dressings to promote healing, and may be removed with less pain than conventional dressings.
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Ionotropic gelation occurs when units of uric acid in the chains of the polymer alginate, crosslink with multivalent cations. These may include, calcium, zinc, iron and aluminium.
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The excess salt needs to be removed before cooking. Various jellyfish foods are available on the Chinese market including artificial jellyfish products made largely from sodium alginate.
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Microbacterium oxydans is a Gram-positive bacterium from the genus of Microbacterium which occurs in human clinical specimens. Microbacterium oxydans has the ability to degrade alginate and laminarin.
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Some species yield an alginate that gives a strong gel, another a weaker gel, some may produce a cream or white alginate, while others are difficult to gel and are best used for technical applications where color does not matter.FAO FISHERIES TECHNICAL PAPER 441, Tevita Bainiloga Jnr, School of Chemistry, University College, University of New South Wales and Australian Defence Force Academy Canberra Australia Commercial grade alginate are extracted from giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera, Ascophyllum nodosum, and types of Laminaria. Alginates are also is produced by two bacterial genera Pseudomonas and Azotobacter, which played a major role in the unravelling of its biosynthesis pathway. Bacterial alginates are useful for the production of micro- or nanostructures suitable for medical applications.
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The ability of laminaria, along with other brown algae, to absorb heavy metals is a current area of interest regarding their use to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Laminaria has been shown by recent research to have a favorable mannuronic/guluronic acid residues ratio (M/G ratio) for heavy metal absorption in its alginate. This M/G ratio is the ratio between the L-gluronate (G) and D-mannuronate (M) in the alginate, a natural anionic polymer that is found in all brown algae. This alginate is able to form a gel that contains carboxyl groups that can bind heavy metal cations such as , , and , thereby allowing these metals to be removed from wastewater.
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Air bubbles inside the liquid could result in the inability of the flavourful liquid to sink when dropping into the alginate bath, creating uneven skin and weak spots in the skin.
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The ability of hydrogels to be tailored to specific needs allows them to be used as an adaptable scaffold material, that are suited for a variety of tissue or organ structures and physiological conditions. A major challenge in the use of alginate is its stability and slow degradation, which makes it difficult for the artificial gel scaffolding to be broken down and replaced with the implanted cells' own extracellular matrix. Alginate hydrogel that is suitable for extrusion printing is also often less structurally and mechanically sound; however, this issue can be mediated by the incorporation of other biopolymers, such as nanocellulose, to provide greater stability. The properties of the alginate or mixed-polymer bioink are tunable and can be altered for different applications and types of organs.
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Several groups have extensively studied several natural and synthetic polymers with the goal of developing the most suitable biomaterial for cell microencapsulation. Extensive work has been done using alginates which are regarded as the most suitable biomaterials for cell microencapsulation due to their abundance, excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability properties. Alginate is a natural polymer which can be extracted from seaweed and bacteria with numerous compositions based on the isolation source. Alginate is not free from all criticism.
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Sodium carbonate is used by the brick industry as a wetting agent to reduce the amount of water needed to extrude the clay. In casting, it is referred to as "bonding agent" and is used to allow wet alginate to adhere to gelled alginate. Sodium carbonate is used in toothpastes, where it acts as a foaming agent and an abrasive, and to temporarily increase mouth pH. Sodium carbonate is also used in the processing and tanning of animal hides.
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Microbulbifer is a genus of Proteobacteria found in high-salt environments. Members of this genus can degrade complex carbohydrates such as cellulose, alginate, and chitin. Recently, Microbulbifer degredans was renamed Saccharophagus degredans.
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Micropropagation of Ledebouria revoluta through callus culture and indirect somatic embryogenesis as well as shoot organogenesis was well established. Artificial seeds technology was successfully performed by alginate-encapsulation of this somatic embryos.
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Concentrations of approximately 25mM are used to dissolve the alginate spheres and the solution is spun down using a centrifuge so the sodium citrate can be removed and the cells can be collected.
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Alginate powder is also used frequently in general dentistry and orthodontics for making impressions of the upper and lower arches.Powers, John M. Powers. Craig's Restorative Dental Materials, 12th Edition. C.V. Mosby, 022006. p.
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Guluronic acid residues that are linked together demonstrate a high affinity for calcium ions. Sodium alginate works in conjunction with the destabilization of the casein micelle where calcium ions can interact with guluronic chains. Due to a mixture of these interactions, a gel-like structure is formed rather than a true gel structure. About 0.05–0.5% weight by volume of sodium alginate at a 5.4–5.7 range must be added to the cheese mixture to exhibit these properties during extrusion.
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Reverse spherification, for use with substances that contain calcium (e.g. milk) or have high acid/alcohol content, requires dripping the substance (containing calcium lactate or calcium lactate gluconate) into an alginate bath. A more recent technique is frozen reverse spherification, which involves pre-freezing spheres containing calcium lactate gluconate and then submerging them in a sodium alginate bath. Basic and reverse spherification methods give the same result: a sphere of liquid held by a thin gel membrane, texturally similar to roe.
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Journal of Mathematical and Fundamental Sciences. Vol 47, No 1 (2015) gamma irradiation Liu, Y., Chen, S., Zhong, L. & Wu, G., Preparation of High-Stable Silver Nanoparticle Dispersion by using Sodium Alginate as a Stabilizer under Gamma Radiation, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 78(4), pp. 251-255, 2009. UV activation,Saha, S., Pal, A., Kundu, S., Basu, S. & Pal, T., Photochemical Green Synthesis of Calcium-Alginate-Stabilized Ag and Au Nanoparticles and their Catalytic Application To 4-Nitrophenol Reduction, Langmuir, 26(4), pp.
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Some researchers believe that alginates with high-M content could produce an inflammatory response and an abnormal cell growth while some have demonstrated that alginate with high-G content lead to an even higher cell overgrowth and inflammatory reaction in vivo as compared to intermediate-G alginates. Even ultrapure alginates may contain endotoxins, and polyphenols which could compromise the biocompatibility of the resultant cell microcapsules. It has been shown that even though purification processes successfully lower endotoxin and polyphenol content in the processed alginate, it is difficult to lower the protein content and the purification processes could in turn modify the properties of the biomaterial. Thus it is essential that an effective purification process is designed so as to remove all the contaminants from alginate before it can be successfully used in clinical applications.
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Another vital factor that controls the use of cell microcapsules in clinical applications is the development of a suitable immune-compatible polycation to coat the otherwise highly porous alginate beads and thus impart stability and immune protection to the system. Poly-L-lysine is the most commonly used polycation but its low biocompatibility restricts the successful clinical use of these PLL formulated microcapsules which attract inflammatory cells thus inducing necrosis of the loaded cells. Studies have also shown that alginate-PLL-alginate (APA) microcapsules demonstrate low mechanical stability and short term durability. Thus several research groups have been looking for alternatives to PLL and have demonstrated promising results with poly-L-ornithine and poly(methylene- co-guanidine) hydrochloride by fabricating durable microcapsules with high and controlled mechanical strength for cell encapsulation.
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B.13 Alginate export porin (AEP) family 1.B.14 Outer membrane receptor (OMR) family 1.B.15 Raffinose porin (RafY) family 1.B.16 Short chain amide and urea porin (SAP) family 1.
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The alginate will form a gel in contact with the exudates of the wound and give it a strong absorbent power. There is no evidence of superior effectiveness in those with diabetic foot ulcers.
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Twenty years later, this approach was successfully put into practice in small animal models when alginate-polylysine-alginate (APA) microcapsules immobilizing xenograft islet cells were developed. The study demonstrated that when these microencapsulated islets were implanted into diabetic rats, the cells remained viable and controlled glucose levels for several weeks. Human trials utilising encapsulated cells were performed in 1998. Encapsulated cells expressing a cytochrome P450 enzyme to locally activate an anti-tumour prodrug were used in a trial for advanced, non- resectable pancreatic cancer.
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The biocompatibility of alginate gels has been studied extensively and their safety for consumption is well established. As natural polysaccharides resistant to breakdown by human digestive enzymes, alginates are classified as dietary fiber. Although undigested if eaten, the Ooho capsule will gradually decompose as the calcium diffuses out of the gel matrix in the reverse of the reaction above. CaAlg2 \+ 2NaCl → 2NaAlg + CaCl2 Because it is a single-strand polymer, alginate can be depolymerized (broken into smaller units) by a variety of chemical reactions.
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Research on material types in bone grafting has been traditionally centered on producing composites of organic polysaccharides (chitin, chitosan, alginate) and minerals (hydroxyapatite). Alginate scaffolds, composed of cross-linked calcium ions, are actively being explored in the regeneration of skin, liver, and bone. Alginate's ability to scaffold and makes it a novel polysaccharide. Even though many minerals can be adapted for bone composition, hydroxyapatite remains the dominant material, as its strength and the known Jager-Fratzl model of human bone provide a pre-existing framework for spacing and fabrication.
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Since alginate dressings require moisture to function effectively, they cannot be used for dry wounds and those covered with hard necrotic tissue. This is because it could dehydrate the wound, delaying healing and this is their major disadvantage.
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Nanoparticle size and shape can be specified by changing the ratio of alginate to silver nitrate used and/or the pH. A coating such as PVP may be added to the nanoparticles by heating and subsequent slow cooling.
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This species also lacks the ability to hydrolyze or metabolize starch, casein, lecithin, alginate or agar. Rarely did this species take up or use either commonly-utilized carbohydrates (e.g. glucose) or amino acids (e.g. glutamine) for its metabolism.
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Some innovative coextrusion processes have been developed in recent years, allowing 100% plant-based vegetarian casings to be created. Some special alginate coextrusion equipment is required to make casings that can be used in halal or kosher food making.
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Dysgonomonas alginatilytica is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non- spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Dysgonomonas which has been isolated from sea sand from Hiroshima on Japan. Dysgonomonas alginatilytica has the ability to degrade alginate.
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2885-2893, 2010. or conventional heating Chen, P., Zhang, X., Miao, Z., Han, B., An, G. & Liu, Z., In-situ Synthesis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles in Alginate Solution and their Application in Catalysis, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 9(4), pp.
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The gametophytes produce sperm and eggs to create new sporophytes. Like all phaeophytes, sea palms use the pigments chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, fucoxanthin, and carotenes in photosynthesis. Their cell walls are composed of alginate. They use laminarin and mannitol for storage.
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Dressings and creams containing silver have not been properly studied nor have alginate dressings. Biologically active bandages that combine hydrogel and hydrocolloid traits are available, however more research needs to be conducted as to the efficacy of this option over others.
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Geldanamycin is hydrophobic. Outer particle diameter varied from than less 500 to 750 µm. Alginate formed the shell of capsule and its thickness varied from 30 to 90 µm. Dibutyl sebacate or oleic acid as liquid core extracted geldanamycin well.
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As of late 2019, 15 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , 1VAV, 1UAI, 4OZX, 37PY, 4BE3, 3GNE, 5GMT, 1QAZ, 4OZV, 380O, 4NEI, and 5GKD. Alginate lyases can be categorized into different polysaccharide lyase families based on their amino acid sequences. There are 24 families, ranging from Pl-1 to PL-24, but alginate lyases are generally only found in seven: PL-5, PL-6, PL-7, PL-14, PL-17, and PL-18. The structure and amino acid sequence can help elucidate the activity of the enzyme, indicating whether it is endolytic or exolytic.
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Several groups have been dedicated towards the study of membrane permeability of cell microcapsules and although the role of permeability of certain essential elements like oxygen has been demonstrated, the permeability requirements of each cell type are yet to be determined. Sodium Citrate is used for degradation of alginate beads after encapsulation of cells. In order to determine viability of the cells or for further experimentation. Concentrations of approximately 25mM are used to dissolve the alginate spheres and the solution is spun down using a centrifuge so the sodium citrate can be removed and the cells can be collected.
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The left showing a typical product obtained from Direct Spherification, while the right showing a typical product of Reverse Spherification. Reverse spherification is a method of molecular gastronomy. This method is similar to spherification, different in that it is used to enclose liquid containing alcohol content, as well as liquid with calcium content such as milk and yogurt. When the liquid containing alcohol or calcium salt is dropped into an alginate bath, the liquid will draw itself into a spherical shape and becomes encapsulated by the gel-like membrane formed by the cross-linking of the calcium ions and the alginate polymer strands.
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Food grade alginate an approved ingredient in process and manufactured foods. Brown seaweeds range in size from the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera which can be 20-40 meters long, to thick, leather-like seaweeds from 2–4 m long, to smaller species 30–60 cm long. Most brown seaweed used for alginates are gathered from the wild, with the exception of Laminaria japonica, which is cultivated in China for food and its surplus material is diverted to the alginate industry in China. Alginates from different species of brown seaweed vary in their chemical structure resulting in different physical properties of alginates.
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Microcapsule size: (a) 608 ± 36 μm (b) 544 ± 40 μm (c) 725 ± 55 μm. From Martoni et al. (2007).Sodium Citrate is used for degradation of alginate beads after encapsulation of cells. In order to determine viability of the cells or for further experimentation.
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Cream may have thickening agents and stabilizers added. Thickeners include sodium alginate, carrageenan, gelatine, sodium bicarbonate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, and alginic acid.Dairy Fats and Related Products, edited by Adnan Tamime. This book has a great deal of technical information on cream and other dairy fat products.
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Guar gum retards ice crystal growth by slowing mass transfer across the solid/liquid interface. It shows good stability during freeze-thaw cycles. Thus, it is used in egg-free ice cream. Guar gum has synergistic effects with locust bean gum and sodium alginate.
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Implants composed of chitosan and hydroxyapatite take advantage of chitosan's biocompatibility and its ability to be molded into complex porous shapes as well as hydroxyapatite's osteoconductivity to create a composite that features all three traits. Other composites suitable for use in artificial bone are those using alginate, a biopolymer known for its scaffold-forming properties. Uses for alginate in composites include chitosan composites for bone tissue repair, bioglass composites for repairing or replacing defective or diseased bone, or ceramic- collagen composites for bone regeneration. The material used in an artificial bone implant ultimately depends on the type of implant being created and its use.
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She makes the grills with chromium chromate. She makes a print and a plat, then sculpts a mold out of alginate. She uses yellow or white 18K gold. She takes one day to make one gold tooth and refuses to recreate oral jewellery she has made in the past.
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Example of a cellulose nanofiber network. Nanofibers are fibers with diameters in the nanometer range. Nanofibers can be generated from different polymers and hence have different physical properties and application potentials. Examples of natural polymers include collagen, cellulose, silk fibroin, keratin, gelatin and polysaccharides such as chitosan and alginate.
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A promising approach to overcome this problem is through the use of cell microencapsulation therapy which has shown to enable a higher cell retention as compared to the injection of free stem cells into the heart. Another strategy to improve the impact of cell based encapsulation technique towards cardiac regenerative applications is through the use of genetically modified stem cells capable of secreting angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) which stimulate neovascularization and restore perfusion in the damaged ischemic heart. An example of this is shown in the study by Zang et al. where genetically modified xenogeneic CHO cells expressing VEGF were encapsulated in alginate-polylysine-alginate microcapsules and implanted into rat myocardium.
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The supply of M. pyrifera for alginate production relied heavily on restoration and management of natural beds during the early 1990s. Other functions such as substrate stabilization were explored in California, where the “Kelp bed project” transplanted 3-6m adult specimens to increase the stability of the harbor and promote diversity.
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Alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylic acid, tannic acid and polyphosphates can form extended networks between protein molecules in solution. The effectiveness of these polyelectrolytes depend on the pH of the solution. Anionic polyelectrolytes are used at pH values less than the isoelectric point. Cationic polyelectrolytes are at pH values above the pI.
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One method of generation of AgNPs is the reduction of the raw material, silver nitrate, to elemental silver using a reducing agent such as trisodium citrate. AgNPs are synthesized using microwave irradiation,Foliatini,, F. ,, Yoki Yulizar, and Mas Ayu Hafizah. "The Synthesis of Alginate-Capped Silver Nanoparticles under Microwave Irradiation." .
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The effect of an alginate oligosaccharide mixture (AOM) on N. oculata was studied. The growth rate of this alga was significantly increased by AOM. Moreover, AOM appeared to alleviate the algicidal effect of Cu2+ significantly. These results suggests that AOM can be used a growth promoting supplement for N. oculata culture.
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For instance, alginate polymerization is started by calcium ions in the substrate, which diffuse into the liquified bioink and permit for the arrangement of a strong gel. Drop-based bioprinting is commonly utilized due to its productive speed. However, this may make it less appropriate for more complicated organ structures.
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As stated above, there are times clinically where the accuracy of an alginate impression is not acceptable, particularly for the construction of fixed prosthodontics. Agar may be used but as discussed has a number of technical difficulties in its use. As such elastomers were developed to capture the fine detail and accuracy required.
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For those with a weaker side (such as from strokes), the arm on the stronger side is used to dress the weaker side first. When undressing, the arm or leg on the stronger side is pulled out first. The types of wound dressing are hydrocolloid dressings, hydrogel, alginate, collagen, foam, transparent and cloth.
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However, some natural occurring polymers such as chitosan, gelatin, sodium alginate, and albumin are used in some drug delivering nanocapsules. Other nanocapsule shells include liposomes, along with polysaccharides and saccharides. Polysaccharides and saccharides are used due to their non-toxicity and biodegradability. They are attractive to use as they resemble biological membranes.
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Velveeta Shells & Cheese is a shell pasta product prepared with enriched wheat flour and a milk-based cheese sauce. Additional primary ingredients in the cheese sauce include whey, water, whey protein concentrate and milk protein concentrate. The product contains under two percent of lactic acid, sodium alginate, sorbic acid, oleoresin, and other ingredients.
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Chitosan composite for tissue engineering: Blended power of Chitosan along with alginate are used together to form functional wound dressings. These dressings create a moist environment which aids in the healing process. This wound dressing is also very biocompatible, biodegradable and has porous structures that allows cells to grow into the dressing.
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The use of the best biomaterial depending on the application is crucial in the development of drug delivery systems and tissue engineering. The polymer alginate is very commonly used due to its early discovery, easy availability and low cost but other materials such as cellulose sulphate, collagen, chitosan, gelatin and agarose have also been employed.
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Arame is high in calcium, iodine, iron, magnesium, and vitamin A as well as being a dietary source of many other minerals. It also is harvested for alginate, fertilizer and iodide. It contains the storage polysaccharide laminarin and the tripeptide eisenin, a peptide with immunological activity. Lignan content in arame is noted by several sources.
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These products are considered as Medical Devices in EU and the products have to be CE marked. There is uncertain evidence whether alginate dressing is effective in the healing of venous ulcer when compared to hydrocolloid dressing or plain non-adherent dressing. It is uncertain whether therapeutic ultrasound improve the healing of venous ulcer.
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All species and strains of Pseudomonas have historically been classified as strict aerobes. Exceptions to this classification have recently been discovered in Pseudomonas biofilms. A significant number of cells can produce exopolysaccharides associated with biofilm formation. Secretion of exopolysaccharides such as alginate makes it difficult for pseudomonads to be phagocytosed by mammalian white blood cells.
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This new church was the centre of a new parish which also included Vormedal. Today, Vormedal mostly consists of large residential areas, with one primary and one lower secondary school; three kindergartens as well as a fire station and a small shopping center. Vormedal also has an alginate production facility owned by FMC Health and Nutrition.
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In the 1930s, sales surpassed $100,000 per year, and the company announced the addition of Collogel to its product line. Collogel dispersed sodium alginate in domestic water systems. Two years later the company introduced Adjunct for use in combination with K-Gel. In 1936, the company started a consulting service that would later become a separate division.
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Brown algae include a number of edible seaweeds. All brown algae contain alginic acid (alginate) in their cell walls, which is extracted commercially and used as an industrial thickening agent in food and for other uses. One of these products is used in lithium-ion batteries. Alginic acid is used as a stable component of a battery anode.
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In the 1970s, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were discovered by A.J. Friedenstein. Mesenchymal stem cell research has yielded the most promising results for craniofacial regeneration, as MSCs can be found in many types of postnatal tissues, including orofacial tissues. Alginate hydrogel, which contains nerve growth factor, has been used to deliver stem cells to tissues during regeneration.
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Chondrus crispus ('Irish moss' or carrageenan moss) is used in food additives, along with Kappaphycus and Gigartinoid seaweed. Porphyra is used in Wales to make laverbread (sometimes with oat flour). In northern Belize, seaweed is mixed with milk, nutmeg, cinnamon and vanilla to make "" ("sweet"). Alginate, agar and carrageenan are gelatinous seaweed products collectively known as hydrocolloids or phycocolloids.
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Alginic acid, or alginate, is extracted from brown algae. Its uses range from gelling agents in food, to medical dressings. Alginic acid also has been used in the field of biotechnology as a biocompatible medium for cell encapsulation and cell immobilization. Molecular cuisine is also a user of the substance for its gelling properties, by which it becomes a delivery vehicle for flavours.
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Spherification of tea Spherification of apple juice Spherification is a culinary process that employs sodium alginate and either calcium chloride or calcium glucate lactate to shape a liquid into squishy spheres, which visually and texturally resemble roe. The technique was documented by Unilever in the 1950sPotter, Jeff (2010). Cooking for Geeks: Real Science, Great Hacks, and Good Food, page 305. O'Reilly Media, Inc. .
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In April 2011, the OFT fined Reckitt Benckiser £10.2 million after it found that it had abused its dominant position in the market for the National Health Service (NHS) supply of alginate and antacid heartburn medicines. The OFT found that Reckitt Benckiser abused its dominant position by withdrawing and de-listing Gaviscon Original Liquid from the NHS prescription channel in 2005.
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Structural bio inks are used to create the framework of the desired print using materials like alginate, decellularized ECM, gelatins, and more. From the choice of material you are able to control mechanical properties, shape and size, and cell viability. These factors make this type one of the more basic but still one of the most important aspects to a Bio-printed design.
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An impression body, made from alginate impression material. A custom dental model or cast. A dental impression is a negative imprint of hard (teeth) and soft tissues in the mouth from which a positive reproduction (cast or model) can be formed. It is made by placing an appropriate material in a stock or custom dental impression tray which is designed to roughly fit over the dental arches.
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The results of meta-analyses indicate no significant difference in healing rates between hydrocolloid dressings and other dressings (including simple dressings) for venous ulcers, or for diabetic foot ulcers. There is tentative but unclear evidence for hydrocolloid dressings for superficial and partial thickness burns. Hydrocolloid dressings were, however, superior to other substrates (i.e., alginate, film, gauze, hydrofiber, silicone) for treating skin graft donor sites.
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Seaweed-covered rocks in the alt=Photo of rocks covered by dried plant matter Seaweed on rocks in alt=Photo of a rock jetty covered with seaweed Alginates are used in wound dressings (see alginate dressing), and dental moulds. In microbiology, agar is used as a culture medium. Carrageenans, alginates and agaroses, with other macroalgal polysaccharides, have biomedicine applications. Delisea pulchra may interfere with bacterial colonization.
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Collagen fibers in a cross-sectional area of dense connective tissue. Due to their high porosity and large surface area-to-volume ratio, nanofibers are widely used to construct scaffolds for biological applications. Major examples of natural polymers used in scaffold production are collagen, cellulose, silk fibroin, keratin, gelatin and polysaccharides such as chitosan and alginate. Collagen is a natural extracellular component of many connective tissues.
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Several types of interactive products are: semi-permeable film dressings, semi-permeable foam dressings, hydrogel dressings, hydrocolloid dressings, and alginate dressings. Apart from preventing bacteria contamination of the wound, they keep the wound environment moist in order to promote healing. Semi-permeable film dressing: This dressing is a transparent film made up of polyurethane. It allows the movement of water vapor, oxygen, and carbon dioxide into and out of the dressing.
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Alginate dressing: This type of dressing is made up of either sodium or calcium salt of alginic acid. This dressing can absorb high amount of discharge from a wound. Ions present in the dressing can interact with blood to produce a film that protects the wound from bacterial contamination. However, this dressing is not suitable for dry wounds, third degree burn wound, and deep wounds with exposed bone.
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At the beginning of the 20th century California kelp beds were harvested for their potash. Commercial interest increased during the 1970s and the 1980s due to the production of alginates, and also for biomass production for animal feed due to the energy crisis. However commercial production for M. pyrifera never developed. With the end of the energy crisis and the decline in alginate prices, research into farming Macrocystis declined.
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Easy Cheese exhibits pseudoplastic behaviors during extrusion of the product and is represented using the Herschel-Bulkley Model: :\sigma = K \dot\gamma^n This power law model represents a type of non- Newtonian fluid relating shear rate and shear stress with viscosity.Ma, J., Lin, Y., Chen, X., Zhao, B., & Zhang, J. (2013, December 1). Flow behavior, thixotropy and dynamical viscoelasticity of sodium alginate aqueous solutions. Food Hydrocolloids, 38, 119–128.
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Co-extrusion systems are available for the forming, clipping and linking applications. ; ConPro systems: ConPro systems (continuous production systems) are special continuous co-extrusion systems for producing sausages with alginate skin. With this application, two vacuum fillers are operated in synchronisation and their filling flows are combined into one continuous product flow. Further down the process, the continuous string is divided into individual portions or strings of portions.
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Another plant-derived mucilage is made from sodium alginate. In recent years, a synthetic size made from hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, a common ingredient in instant wallpaper paste, is often used as a size for floating acrylic and oil paints. In the size-based method, colors made from pigments are mixed with a surfactant such as ox gall. Sometimes, oil or turpentine may be added to a color, to achieve special effects.
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The process of creating a makeup prosthetic appliance typically begins with concept art, created by the artist or production. Once the actor has been chosen, the effects artist will prepare the actor for the process of taking a mold of the actor's face, head or body part. This process is called lifecasting. Lifecast molds are made from prosthetic alginate or more recently, from skin-safe platinum silicone rubber.
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"Rappers May Lose Reason To Smile." Memphis Flyer (February 7, 2007). A tooth mold is obtained by filling the alginate negative with buff stone, then the buff stone is used to fit the grill to the unique set of teeth. However, for inexpensive novelty grills, a jeweler may make an impression by having the wearer bite into dental putty or wax softened in water, or the wearer may do this themself.
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A nanofibrous scaffold made this way out of alginate and gelatin was able to support the growth of C2C12 cells. Rabbit and bovine aortic smooth muscle myoblasts were also able to adhere to the gelatin fibres. They formed aggregates on shorter fibres, and aligned tissue on the longer ones. A company called Matrix Meats is using electrospinning — a process which uses electric force to turn charged polymers into fibres for scaffolds.
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As with sodium carbonate however, mineral sources eventually replaced seaweed in iodine production. John J. McKetta Jr. Taylor & Francis, Encyclopaedia of Chemical Processing and Design: Volume 27 - Hydrogen Cyanide to Ketones Dimethyl (Acetone), 1988, p. 283 Alginate, a kelp-derived carbohydrate, is used to thicken products such as ice cream, jelly, salad dressing, and toothpaste, as well as an ingredient in exotic dog food and in manufactured goods.
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The venom is also administered with an adjuvant, like aluminium hydroxide or sodium alginate, to stimulate the immunological response. When the venom is injected, the body will produce antibodies. These will bind components – the variability of peptides – of the venom, which prevent further activity of the molecule and are ultimately removed by the immune system of the body. These antibodies are collected and purified from the blood and then packaged in mostly a liquid form.
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Instead of tedious trial and error measurements, rapid prototyping processes allow scientists and doctors the ability to scan and digitize the item or patient. Then by putting it through a CAD program, a personal custom mold can be created to fix the problem. An example of this procedure is for dental patients. Originally to fabricate an oral application, an alginate impression or a wax registration is used to fit the teeth with the mold.
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The technicians prep the area of the body, say the face, to be cast. They must cover the hair and coat the eyebrows, eyelashes, and any other hair that can't be covered with petroleum jelly. Then they must apply the alginate or other comparable substance, completely covering the molding area, keeping the mouth, nose, or both open for breathing. When that is finished, they layer the area with plaster bandages to create the cast.
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A dish of pickled spicy seaweed Edible seaweed, or sea vegetables, are seaweeds that can be eaten and used in the preparation of food. They typically contain high amounts of fiber. They may belong to one of several groups of multicellular algae: the red algae, green algae, and brown algae. Seaweeds are also harvested or cultivated for the extraction of polysaccharides such as alginate, agar and carrageenan, gelatinous substances collectively known as hydrocolloids or phycocolloids.
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Polypeptides and proteins, are polymers of amino acids and some major examples include collagen, actin, and fibrin. Polysaccharides are linear or branched polymeric carbohydrates and examples include starch, cellulose and alginate. Other examples of biopolymers include natural rubbers (polymers of isoprene), suberin and lignin (complex polyphenolic polymers), cutin and cutan (complex polymers of long-chain fatty acids) and melanin. Biopolymers have various applications such as in the food industry, manufacturing, packaging and biomedical engineering.
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Microcarriers are typically 125 - 250 micrometre spheres and their density allows them to be maintained in suspension with gentle stirring. Microcarriers can be made from a number of different materials including DEAE-dextran, glass, polystyrene plastic, acrylamide, collagen, and alginate. These microcarrier materials, along with different surface chemistries, can influence cellular behavior, including morphology and proliferation.Varani J, Dame M, Beals TF, Wass JA: Growth of three established cell lines on glass microcarriers. Biotechnol Bioeng 1983;25:1359-1372.
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Popping boba is a type of "boba" used in bubble tea. Unlike traditional boba, which is tapioca-based, popping boba is made using the spherification process that relies on the reaction of sodium alginate and either calcium chloride or calcium lactate. Popping boba has a thin, gel-like skin with juice inside that bursts when squeezed. The ingredients for popping boba generally consist of water, sugar, fruit juice or other flavors, and the ingredients required for spherification.
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Zachary A. Kuznar and Menachem Elimelech, Adhesion kinetics of Viable Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts to Quartz Surfaces, Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 6839-6845.Alexis J. de Kerchove and Menachem Elimelech, Calcium and Magnesium Cations Enhance the Adhesion of Motile and Nonmotile Pseudomonas aeruginosa on Alginate Films, Langmuir 2008, 24, 3392-3399.Sharon L. Walker, Jeremy A. Redman, and Menachem Elimelech, Role of Cell Surface Lipopolysaccharides in Escherichia coli K12 Adhesion and Transport, Langmuir 2004, 20, 7736-7746.
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Yogurt with its high calcium content, is an example of a liquid that can be used for Reverse Spherification. There are two factors that need to be or can be adjusted for successful Reverse Spherification. The first is the amount of free calcium ions and density of the liquid to be made for spherification. The amount of free calcium ions needs to be sufficient in order to form a gel-like capsule reaction with sodium alginate.
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The printing thickeners used depend on the printing technique, the fabric and the particular dyestuff . Typical thickening agents are starch derivatives, flour, gum arabic, guar gum derivatives, tamarind, sodium alginate, sodium polyacrylate, gum Senegal and gum tragacanth, British gum or dextrine and albumen. Hot-water-soluble thickening agents such as native starch are made into pastes by boiling in double or jacketed pans. Most thickening agents used today are cold-soluble and require only extensive stirring.
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ZOE cements were introduced in the 1890s. Zinc oxide eugenol is also used as an impression material during construction of complete dentures and is used in the mucostatic technique of taking impressions, usually in a special tray, (acrylic) produced after primary alginate impressions. However, ZOE is not usually used if the patient has large undercuts or tuberosities, whereby silicone impression materials would be better suited. Zinc oxide eugenol is also used as an antimicrobial additive in paint.
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One vacuum filler pumps the filling product while a second one deposits the skin (a paste containing alginate) via an annular gap. This is solidified by means of a fixing solution containing calcium ions. Depending on the degree of automation, the portions can be hung or collated or transported further for continuous thermal treatment or packaging. The most important advantage of the ConPro systems in comparison to traditional production methods is that sausage skins or casings no longer have to be changed.
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The immobilized whole cell system is an alternative to enzyme immobilization. Unlike enzyme immobilization, where the enzyme is attached to a solid support (such as calcium alginate or activated PVA or activated PEI), in immobilized whole cell systems, the target cell is immobilized. Such methods may be implemented when the enzymes required are difficult or expensive to extract, an example being intracellular enzymes. Also, if a series of enzymes are required in the reaction; whole cell immobilization may be used for convenience.
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In the industrial era, the cut pimiento was shot by a hydraulic pump into one end of each olive, simultaneously inserting the pimiento in the center while ejecting the pit out the other end. More recently, for ease of production,Patent description of stuffing manufacturing. pimientos are often puréed then formed into tiny strips, with the help of a natural gum (such as sodium alginate or guar gum). This allows olive stuffing to be mechanized, speeding the process and lowering production costs.
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Since then, a range of different natural matrices have been tested for their usefulness as an artificial ovary. Included in these are fibrin, alginate and decellularized human ovary which have shown in vitro maturation, ovary-like structure production and the production of offspring when transplanted into mice. In addition to these events being observed separately, the full process of development from the grafting of preantral follicles to the ovary through to the birth of live offspring has been demonstrated in the mouse model.
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Experiments indicated a maximum adsorption capacity of 55.2 mg g−1 for Al(III) and 3.0 mg g−1 for Cr(VI). This same strain is also known to produce an exopolysaccharide (EPS) utilized in the adsorption of nickel and copper. In order to adsorb Ni and Cu at significant levels, the strain must be immobilized in a calcium alginate beads. With this enhancement, maximum adsorption capacities range from 45.87–50.81 mg g−1 and 52.91–61.73 mg g−1, respectively.
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An alginate dressing is a natural wound dressing derived from carbohydrate sources released by clinical bacterial species, in the same manner as biofilm formation. These types of dressings are best used on wounds that have a large amount of exudate. They may be used on full-thickness burns, surgical wounds, split-thickness graft donor sites, Mohs surgery defects, refractory decubiti, and chronic ulcers. They can also be applied onto dry wounds after normal saline is first applied to the site of application.
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When amylose concentration is increased, gel stickiness decreases but gel firmness increases. When other things including amylopectin bind to amylose, the viscosity can be affected, but incorporating κ-carrageenan, alginate, xanthan gum, or low-molecular-weight sugars can reduce the loss in stability. The ability to bind water can add substance to food, possibly serving as a fat replacement. For example, amylose is responsible for causing white sauce to thicken, but, upon cooling, some separation between the solid and the water will occur.
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A laminaria stick may be used to slowly dilate the cervix to induce labor and delivery, or for surgical procedures including abortions or to facilitate the placement of an intrauterine device. The stick is made up of a bundle of dried and compressed laminaria that expands as water is absorbed. Laminaria is a source of the relatively rare element, iodine, which is commonly used to promote thyroid health. Certain carbohydrates such as mannitol, laminarin, and alginate can be extracted from laminaria.
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The bio-ink produced by the company contains cellulose and alginate, locally sourced from trees in Sweden and seaweed from the Norwegian Sea, respectively. Cellink's bio-ink technology was developed at Chalmers University. , the company's bio-inks were priced in the range of US$9 and $299, while its bioprinters were priced in the US$10,000 to $40,000 range. An integral part of the company's customer service is to train customers at their sites and ensure that they can successfully use the technology.
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Unless they form a stable sediment in the final container, the spent finings are usually discarded from the beverage along with the target compounds that they capture. Substances used as finings include egg whites, blood, milk, isinglass, and Irish moss. These are still used by some producers, but more modern substances have also been introduced and are more widely used, including bentonite, gelatin, casein, carrageenan, alginate, diatomaceous earth, pectinase, pectolyase, PVPP, kieselsol (colloidal silica), copper sulfate, dried albumen (egg whites), hydrated yeast, and activated carbon.
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Representative types of artificial cell membranes. Membranes for artificial cells be made of simple polymers, crosslinked proteins, lipid membranes or polymer-lipid complexes. Further, membranes can be engineered to present surface proteins such as albumin, antigens, Na/K-ATPase carriers, or pores such as ion channels. Commonly used materials for the production of membranes include hydrogel polymers such as alginate, cellulose and thermoplastic polymers such as hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate (HEMA- MMA), polyacrylonitrile-polyvinyl chloride (PAN-PVC), as well as variations of the above-mentioned.
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Molecular encapsulation is a technology that has the potential to provide a system for the recyclable removal of lead and other ions from polluted sources. Nano-, micro- and milli- capsules, with sizes in the ranges 10 nm-1μm,1μm-1mm and >1mm, respectively, are particles that have an active reagent (core) surrounded by a carrier (shell).There are three types of capsule under investigation: alginate-based capsules, carbon nanotubes, polymer swelling capsules. These capsules provide a possible means for the remediation of contaminated water.
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Giant kelp grows in dense stands known as kelp forests, which are home to many marine animals that depend on the algae for food or shelter. The primary commercial product obtained from giant kelp is alginate, but humans also harvest this species on a limited basis for use directly as food, as it is rich in iodine, potassium, and other minerals. It can be used in cooking in many of the ways other sea vegetables are used, and particularly serves to add flavor to bean dishes.
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Zinc L-carnosine has been used orally or as an oral rinse, lozenge or suppository. The typical clinical oral dose is 150 mg/day, containing 34 mg zinc and 116 mg L-carnosine. (The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for total zinc intake from all sources in adults is 40 mg/day.) As an oral rinse, it has been used three to four times a day, with or without swallowing, providing a total amount of 150 mg/day. A solution of 5% sodium alginate has been used.
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As a result, the acid buffering effect of sodium polyacrylate could be better than small molecular acid. Also, the binding capacity of sodium polyacrylate with calcium ions could be higher than Alg because of the high concentration of carboxylate groups and the increased flexible nature of the polymer chain. Sodium polyacrylate has been found useful in drug delivery applications. When combined with alginate (Alg), sodium polyacrylate was able to successfully encapsulate Lactobacillus plantarum MA2 and allowed better probiotic delivery compared to an Alg microcapsule.
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The oral delivery of bacterial cultures is often a problem because they are targeted by the immune system and often destroyed when taken orally. Artificial cells help address these issues by providing mimicry into the body and selective or long term release thus increasing the viability of bacteria reaching the gastrointestinal system. In addition, live bacterial cell encapsulation can be engineered to allow diffusion of small molecules including peptides into the body for therapeutic purposes. Membranes that have proven successful for bacterial delivery include cellulose acetate and variants of alginate.
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Although stock trays (metallic or plastic) come in different sizes, it is very likely that some parts will be over- or under-extended and therefore have to be modified prior to impression taking to ensure that the entirety of the mucosa is recorded accurately. Greenstick or silicone putty can be used to extend the trays if they are under-extended; this is of vital importance, as any unsupported impression material may distort until the impressions are cast. A suitable material such as alginate can be used for this purpose.
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As described above, special trays (acrylic or shellac) ensure that the secondary impressions accurately record the tissues whilst ensuring a uniform thickness of impression material throughout the tray. Different impression materials will have different thickness requirements. Alginate, for example, requires a thickness of at least 3mm to prevent distortion whereas the more elastic silicone materials can be used in thickness of 1–2 mm. Therefore, when special trays are constructed, it is the responsibility of the prescribing clinician to ask for the appropriate level of spacing between the tray and the tissues.
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Nanoparticles can enhance the effects of traditional antibiotics which a bacteria may have become resistant to, and decrease the overall minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) required for a drug. Silver nanoparticles improve the activity of amoxicillin, penicillin, and gentamicin in bacteria by altering membrane permeability and improving drug deliveryFlórez-Castillo, J.M., Ropero-Vega, J.L., Perullini, M., Jobbágy, M. Biopolymeric pellets of polyvinyl alcohol and alginate for the encapsulation of Ib-M6 peptide and its antimicrobial activity against E. coli (2019) Heliyon, 5 (6), art. no. e01872. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01872 .
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Bacterial adhesion involves the attachment (or deposition) of bacteria on the surface (solid, gel layer, etc.). This interaction plays an important role in natural system as well as in environmental engineering. The attachment of biomass on the membrane surface will result in membrane fouling, which can significantly reduce the efficiency of the treatment system using membrane filtration process in wastewater treatment plants.Alexis J. de Kerchove and Menachem Elimelech, Impact of Alginate Conditioning Film on Deposition Kinetics of Motile and Nonmotile Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Aug. 2007, p. 5227–5234.
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Chitosan hemostatic agents are often chitosan salts made from mixing chitosan with an organic acid (such as succinic or lactic acid). The hemostatic agent works by an interaction between the cell membrane of erythrocytes (negative charge) and the protonated chitosan (positive charge) leading to involvement of platelets and rapid thrombus formation. The chitosan salts can be mixed with other materials to make them more absorbent (such as with alginate), or to vary the rate of solubility and bioabsorbability of the chitosan salt. The chitosan salts are biocompatible and biodegradable making them useful as absorbable haemostats.
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Phosphoglucomutase/phosphomannomutase (PGM/PMM)- Enzymes from this subgroup can use either mannose or glucose-based phosphosugar substrates with equal efficiency. PMM/PGM enzymes are found mainly in bacterial organisms, with a total of 1,331 representatives currently listed in the PIR database. These enzymes are involved in the biosynthesis of many different carbohydrates and glycolipids, which vary depending on the organism. The best studied enzyme from this subgroup is from the bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, where PMM/PGM participate in multiple biosynthetic pathways including those of lipopolysaccharide, alginate and rhamnolipid.
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Because of its high concentration of iodine, brown kelp (Laminaria) has been used to treat goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by a lack of iodine, since medieval times.Iodine Helps Kelp Fight Free Radicals and May Aid Humans, Too Newswise, Retrieved on July 8, 2008. In 2010, researchers found that alginate, the soluble fibre substance in sea kelp, was better at preventing fat absorption than most over-the-counter slimming treatments in laboratory trials. As a food additive, it may be used to reduce fat absorption and thus obesity.
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In dentistry, syneresis is the expulsion of water or other liquid molecules from dental impression materials (alginate for example) after an impression has been taken. Due to this process, the impression shrinks a little and therefore its size is no longer accurate. For this reason, many dental impression companies strongly recommend to pour the dental cast as soon as possible to prevent distortion of the dimension of the teeth and objects in the impression. The opposite process of syneresis is imbibition, meaning, a material that absorbs water molecules from the surrounding.
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Ascophyllum nodosum is harvested for use in alginates, fertilisers, and the manufacture of seaweed meal for animal and human consumption. It has long been used as an organic and mainstream fertilizer for many varieties of crops due to its combination of both macronutrients, (N, P, and K) and micronutrients (Ca, Mg, S, Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn, etc.). It also contains cytokinins, auxin-like gibberellins, betaines, mannitol, organic acids, polysaccharides, amino acids, and proteins which are all very beneficial and widely used in agriculture. Ireland, Scotland and Norway have provided the world's principal alginate supply.
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The rhamnose moiety for mono- and di- rhamnolipids is derived from AlgC activity and the RmlABCD pathway, encoded on the rmlBCAD operon. AlgC produces sugar precursors directly for alginate and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as well as rhamnolipids. In rhamnose synthesis, AlgC produces glucose-1-phosphate (G1P) which is converted to dTDP-D-glucose by RmlA followed by conversion to dTDP-6-deoxy-D-4-hexulose and then dTDP-6-deoxy-L-lyxo-4-hexulose by RmlB and RmlC respectively. Finally, dTDP-6-deoxy-L-lyxo-4-hexulose is converted to dTDP-L-rhamnose by RmlD.
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Sodium polyacrylate can be used for microencapsulation to deliver substances like probiotics. The delivery of probiotics to the digestive system can be difficult because the viability of probiotics decreases sharply throughout the gastrointestinal tract due to strong acid conditions. Although Alginate (Alg) is the most extensively used native microcapsule matrix, combining Alg with sodium polyacrylate yields better results based on research comparing different encapsulation methods. Sodium polyacrylate is an oral safe food additive approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and has repeated carboxylate groups along its molecular chain.
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Alginate, for example, is an anionic polymer with many biomedical implications including feasibility, strong biocompatibility, low toxicity, and stronger structural ability in comparison to some of the body's structural material. Synthetic hydrogels are also commonplace, including PV-based gels. The combination of acid with a UV-initiated PV-based cross-linker has been evaluated by the Wake Forest Institute of Medicine and determined to be a suitable biomaterial. Engineers are also exploring other options such as printing micro-channels that can maximize the diffusion of nutrients and oxygen from neighboring tissues.
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In enzymology, a poly(alpha-L-guluronate) lyase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :Eliminative cleavage of polysaccharides containing a terminal alpha-L-guluronate group, to give oligosaccharides with 4-deoxy- alpha-L-erythro-hex-4-enuronosyl groups at their non-reducing ends This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on polysaccharides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is poly(alpha-L-1,4-guluronide) exo-lyase. Other names in common use include alginase II, guluronate lyase, L-guluronan lyase, L-guluronate lyase, poly- alpha-L-guluronate lyase, and polyguluronate-specific alginate lyase.
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Shortage of organ donors make artificial cells key players in alternative therapies for liver failure. The use of artificial cells for hepatocyte transplantation has demonstrated feasibility and efficacy in providing liver function in models of animal liver disease and bioartificial liver devices. Research stemmed off experiments in which the hepatocytes were attached to the surface of a micro-carriers and has evolved into hepatocytes which are encapsulated in a three-dimensional matrix in alginate microdroplets covered by an outer skin of polylysine. A key advantage to this delivery method is the circumvention of immunosuppression therapy for the duration of the treatment.
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Chemical structure of dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid that is used as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agent. The properties of the release mechanism of the encapsulated DEX in the nanoparticles through the pore of the hydrogel network is pictured. Also, the amount of DEX that was loaded into the nano-particles is demonstrated as well as the particle size range (400–600 nm) Dexamethasone (DEX) is a glucocorticoid that is used as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agent. PLGA nanoparticles loaded with DEX via oil-in-water emulsion/solvent evaporation method can be embedded in alginate hydrogel matrices.
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Materials for 3D printing usually consist of alginate or fibrin polymers that have been integrated with cellular adhesion molecules, which support the physical attachment of cells. Such polymers are specifically designed to maintain structural stability and be receptive to cellular integration. The term "bioink" has been used as a broad classification of materials that are compatible with 3D bioprinting. Hydrogel alginates have emerged as one of the most commonly used materials in organ printing research, as they are highly customizable, and can be fine-tuned to simulate certain mechanical and biological properties characteristic of natural tissue.
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Microorganisms are for example used for the biosynthesis of xanthan, alginate, cellulose, cyanophycin, poly(gamma-glutamic acid), levan, hyaluronic acid, organic acids, oligosaccharides polysaccharide and polyhydroxyalkanoates. Microorganisms are beneficial for microbial biodegradation or bioremediation of domestic, agricultural and industrial wastes and subsurface pollution in soils, sediments and marine environments. The ability of each microorganism to degrade toxic waste depends on the nature of each contaminant. Since sites typically have multiple pollutant types, the most effective approach to microbial biodegradation is to use a mixture of bacterial and fungal species and strains, each specific to the biodegradation of one or more types of contaminants.
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In 2003, the use of alginate/PLO microcapsules containing islet cells for pilot phase-1 clinical trials was permitted to be carried out at the University of Perugia by the Italian Ministry of Health. In another study, the potential of clinical application of PEGylation and low doses of the immunosuppressant cyclosporine A were evaluated. The trial which began in 2005 by Novocell, now forms the phase I/II of clinical trials involving implantation of islet allografts into the subcutaneous site. However, there have been controversial studies involving human clinical trials where Living Cell technologies Ltd demonstrated the survival of functional xenogeneic cells transplanted without immunosuppressive medication for 9.5 years.
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A range of polymeric nanocomposites are used for biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, cellular therapies. Due to unique interactions between polymer and nanoparticles, a range of property combinations can be engineered to mimic native tissue structure and properties. A range of natural and synthetic polymers are used to design polymeric nanocomposites for biomedical applications including starch, cellulose, alginate, chitosan, collagen, gelatin, and fibrin, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(caprolactone) (PCL), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), and poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS). A range of nanoparticles including ceramic, polymeric, metal oxide and carbon-based nanomaterials are incorporated within polymeric network to obtain desired property combinations.
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A depletion force is an effective attractive force that arises between large colloidal particles that are suspended in a dilute solution of depletants, which are smaller solutes that are preferentially excluded from the vicinity of the large particles. One of the earliest reports of depletion forces that lead to particle coagulation is that of Bondy, who observed the separation or 'creaming' of rubber latex upon addition of polymer depletant molecules (sodium alginate) to solution. More generally, depletants can include polymers, micelles, osmolytes, ink, mud, or paint dispersed in a continuous phase. Depletion forces are often regarded as entropic forces, as was first explained by the established Asakura–Oosawa model.
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Unlike synthetic polymers, there has been a success with a wider range of natural polymers: collagen, plasma clots, fibrin, alginate and decellularized ovarian tissue. The microenvironment of the structure should mimic that of the natural ovary, so the artificial ovary should support the follicles structurally, but also cellularly. Ovarian stromal cells are integrated into the microenvironment as they play an important role in early development of the follicles. They release various factors which positively regulate the transition of primordial follicles to primary follicles, but also release other cells which will differentiate into theca cells; those that play a supportive role for growing follicles and produce sex steroids such as androstenedione and testosterone.
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The modeling of the soft parts of dissections, teaching illustrations of anatomy, was first practised at Florence during the Renaissance. The practice of moulage, or the depiction of human anatomy and different diseases taken from directly casting from the body using (in the early period) gelatine moulds, later alginate or silicone moulds, used wax as its primary material (later to be replaced by latex and rubber). Some moulages were directly cast from the bodies of diseased subjects, others from healthy subjects to which disease features( blisters, sores, growths, rashes) were skilfully applied with wax and pigments. During the 19th century, moulage evolved into three-dimensional, realistic representations of diseased parts of the human body.
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For flavored liquids (such as fruit juices) containing no calcium, the liquid is thoroughly mixed with a small quantity of powdered sodium alginate, then dripped into a bowl filled with a cold solution of calcium chloride, or other soluble calcium salt. Only 1.25 ml of salt should be added. Just as a teaspoonful of water dropped into a bowl of vegetable oil forms a little bubble of water in the oil, each drop of the alginated liquid tends to form into a small sphere in the calcium solution. Then, during a reaction time of a few seconds to a few minutes, the calcium solution causes the outer layer of each alginated liquid sphere to form a thin, flexible skin.
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The modeling of the soft parts of dissections, teaching illustrations of anatomy, was first practiced at Florence during the Renaissance. The practice of moulage, or the depiction of human anatomy and different diseases taken from directly casting from the body using (in the early period) gelatine moulds, later alginate or silicone moulds, used wax as its primary material (later to be replaced by latex and rubber). Some moulages were directly cast from the bodies of diseased subjects, others from healthy subjects to which disease features( blisters, sores, growths, rashes) were skilfully applied with wax and pigments. During the 19th century, moulage evolved into three-dimensional, realistic representations of diseased parts of the human body.
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Natural polymers such as gelatin and alginate make for good fabrication biomaterials for carrier nanofibers because of their biocompatibility and biodegradability that result in no harm to the tissue of the host and no toxic accumulation in the human body, respectively. Due to their cylindrical morphology, nanofibers possess a high surface area-to-volume ratio. As a result, the fibers possess high drug-loading capacity and may release therapeutic molecules over a large surface area. Whereas surface area to volume ratio can only be controlled by adjusting the radius for spherical vesicles, nanofibers have more degrees of freedom in controlling the ratio by varying both the length and the cross-sectional radius.
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Finding a dental mold-making substance called alginate to be sufficient, she found her first celebrity client in Jimi Hendrix, the first of many to submit to the idea. Meeting Frank Zappa, who found the concept of "casting" both humorous and creative as an art form (though he himself had no interest in submitting to the procedure), Albritton found in him something of a patron. He moved her to Los Angeles, which she described as a veritable groupie heaven, with no lack of willing assistants eager to prepare the subjects for casting. In 1971, after her apartment was burglarized, Zappa and Albritton decided the casts should be preserved for a future exhibition, entrusting them to Zappa's legal partner, Herb Cohen, for safekeeping.
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Encapsulation of probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus casei) in alginate microspheres together with botryosphaeran and mucilages from linseed and okra increases the encapsulation efficiency, and improves the stability of the encapsulated probiotic bacteria during prolonged storage at 5°C. Gastrointestinal simulation of the microencapsulated Lactobacillus casei cells demonstrated preservation of the viability of the probiotic bacteria against low pH and bile salts. The use of botryosphaeran in microencapsulating probiotic bacteria appears to be another promising application for this β-glucan. New applications for botryosphaeran have included: biological response modifying activities of derivatized botryosphaerans; treatment of skin conditions (eczema, psoriasis, wound healing); antimicrobial activities; antinociceptive activity; as a matrix for enzyme (laccase) immobilization; as a platform for electrochemical sensors; and as a food additive (nutraceutical).
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Several of the 12,000+ varieties of seaweed in the ocean have been shown to be valuable additions to the organic garden and can be abundantly available free for those living near the coast. However, caution should be observed when collecting seaweed, particularly from areas that are liable to pollution, such as downriver (including estuaries) of industrial activities as seaweed is susceptible to contamination. There are also legal implications relating to gathering seaweed, and concerns about sustainability. In terms of soil structure, seaweed does not add a great deal of bulk, but its jelly like alginate content helps to bind soil crumbs together, and it contains all soil nutrients (0.3% N, 0.1% P, 1.0% K, plus a full range of trace elements) and amino acids.
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The approach allows fabrication of hollow self-folding tubes with unprecedented control over their diameters and architectures at high resolution. The versatility of the approach is demonstrated by employing two different biopolymers (alginate and hyaluronic acid) and mouse bone marrow stromal cells. Harnessing the printing and post-printing parameters allows attaining average internal tube diameters as low as 20 μm, which is not yet achievable by other existing bioprinting approaches and is comparable to the diameters of the smallest blood vessels. The proposed 4D bioprinting process does not pose any negative effect on the viability of the printed cells, and the self-folded hydrogel-based tubes support cell survival for at least 7 days without any decrease in cell viability.
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Work by Yaacov Agam at the Sheba Medical Center A large proportion of clinical research in Israel is conducted at Sheba. It is the main clinical trial venue for human health scientific studies conducted by the Weizmann Institute of Science, Tel Aviv University and Bar-Ilan University. In 2011, Sheba topped the list of Israeli hospitals for revenue acquired through research, at NIS 42.4 million, but came second in 2012. Scientific research at Sheba includes a study of pregnancy after transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue in a patient with ovarian failure after chemotherapy; a study of alginate-based stem cell biomaterial injected into heart attack victims that may repair heart tissue; and a study showing that heavy cell phone users are subject to a higher risks of benign and malignant tumors of the salivary gland.
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Railway headquarters accordingly announced that the line would close on 7 September 1968; at this stage a local railway manager observed that the holiday camp had extended its summer opening period by a week that year, and would close a week later. The formal announcement of closure had by this time been published, and it was considered difficult to extend the period of operation, In the event inwards trains to Heads of Ayr Holiday Camp railway station ceased on 7 September and outwards trains ceased to run after 14 September 1968. Freight services throughout the line had been discontinued on 2 March 1959,Awdry, page 90Gordon Stansfield, Ayrshire and Renfrewshire's Lost Railways, Stenlake Publishing Ltd, Catrine, 1999, except between Girvan and Dipple, where Dipple Alginate Industries had a plant.
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There have been several successful examples of this with the use of a "stem-cell- based heart patch developed by Duke University researchers," ("Popular Science"). The biomaterials that make up the patch are usually made of either biological polymers like alginate or synthetic polymers such as polylactic acid ("Nature Nanotechnology"). These materials are good at organizing the cells into functioning tissues; however they act as insulators and are poor conductors of electricity, which is a major problem especially in the heart ("Nature Nanotechnology"). Since the electrical signals that are sent between calcium ions are what control when the cardiomyocytes of the heart contract, which makes the heart beat, the stem-cell heart patch is not very efficient and not as effective as doctors would like it to be ("Popular Science").
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Microcarriers are regularly used to grow protein-producing or virus-generating adherent cell populations in the large- scale commercial production of biologics (proteins) and vaccines. Microcarrier cell culture is typically carried out in spinner flasks, although other vessels such as rotating wall microgravity bioreactors or fluidized bed bioreactors can also support microcarrier-based cultures. The advantages of microcarrier technology in the vaccine industry include (a) ease of scale-up, (b) ability to precisely control cell growth conditions in sophisticated, computer-controlled bioreactors, (c) an overall reduction in the floor space and incubator volume required for a given-sized manufacturing operation, and (d) a drastic reduction in technician labor. Several types of microcarriers are available commercially including alginate-based (GEM, Global Cell Solutions), dextran-based (Cytodex, GE Healthcare), collagen-based (Cultispher, Percell), and polystyrene-based (SoloHill Engineering) microcarriers.
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3D cultures use sponge, models or scaffolds that resemble the elements of the extracellular matrix to achieve a more natural spatial structure of the seminiferous tubules and to better represent the tissues and the interaction between different cell types in an ex vivo experiment. Different components of the extracellular matrix such as collagen, agar and calcium alginate are commonly used to form the gel or scaffold which can provide oxygen and nutrients. To propagate 3D cultures, testicular cell cultures are imbedded into the porous sponge/scaffold and allowed to colonise the structure which can then survive for several weeks to allow spermatogonia to differentiate and mature into spermatozoa. In addition, shaking 3D cultures during the seeding process allows for an increased oxygen supply which helps overcome the issue of hypoxia and so improves the lifespan of cells.
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The in vivo bioreactor (IVB) is a regenerative medicine paradigm where bone is grown in vivo. The IVB has basic elements: # Creation of a confined environment in vivo that is adjacent to a tissue locality rich in pluripotent cells, # Injection of a Hydrogel Biomaterial with the appropriate physicochemical and biophysical characteristics in this confined environment so as to predictably alter the signaling environment or trigger a process within this confined environment leading to recapitulation of developmental processes and de novo formation of a functional tissue mass, and # The harvest of the tissue from the confined site and transplantation of this tissue into another site within the patient, leading to a complete autologous tissue engineering strategy. An example of the implementation of the IVB approach was in the engineering of autologous bone by injecting calcium alginate in a sub- periosteal location. The periosteum is a membrane that covers the long bones, jawbone, ribs and the skull.
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Commercially produced sour cream contains no less than 18% milkfat before bulking agents are added, and no less than 14.4% milkfat in the finished product. Additionally, it must have a total acidity of no less than 0.5%. It may also contain milk and whey solids, buttermilk, starch in an amount not exceeding one per cent, salt, and rennet derived from aqueous extracts from the fourth stomach of calves, kids or lambs, in an amount consistent with good manufacturing practice. In addition, according to the Canadian food regulations, the emulsifying, gelling, stabilizing and thickening agents in sour cream are algin, carob bean gum (locust bean gum), carrageenan, gelatin, guar gum, pectin, or propylene glycol alginate or any combination thereof in an amount not exceeding 0.5 per cent, monoglycerides, mono- and diglycerides, or any combination thereof, in an amount not exceeding 0.3 per cent, and sodium phosphate dibasic in an amount not exceeding 0.05 per cent.
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In the microbial world, a relationship of predation can be established similar to that observed in the animal world. Considered, it has been seen that E. coli is the prey of multiple generalist predators, such as Myxococcus xanthus. In this predator-prey relationship, a parallel evolution of both species is observed through genomic and phenotypic modifications, in the case of E. coli the modifications are modified in two aspects involved in their virulence such as mucoid production (excessive production of exoplasmic acid alginate ) and the suppression of the OmpT gene, producing in future generations a better adaptation of one of the species that is counteracted by the evolution of the other, following a co-evolutionary model demonstrated by the Red Queen hypothesis.Nair, Ramith R.; Vasse, Marie; Wielgoss, Sébastien; Sun, Lei; Yu, Yuen-Tsu N.; Velicer, Gregory J. "Bacterial predator-prey coevolution accelerates genome evolution and selects on virulence-associated prey defences", Nature Communications, 2019, 10:4301.
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