The source uses the symbol for the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative for the fricative part of this sound (), but also indicates the sound to be prevelar. Zulu and Xhosa have a voiceless lateral affricate as an allophone of their voiceless velar affricate. Hadza has an ejective velar lateral affricate as an allophone of its velar ejective affricate. Indeed, in Hadza this contrasts with a palatal lateral ejective affricate, .
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A voiced labiodental affricate ( in IPA) is a rare affricate consonant that is initiated as a voiced labiodental stop and released as a voiced labiodental fricative .
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Especially in broad transcription, the voiceless post-palatal affricate may be transcribed as a palatalized voiceless velar affricate ( or in the IPA, `k_x'` or `k_x_j` in X-SAMPA).
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Distinct from other dialects of Shoshoni is the Gosiute use of the interdental affricate [t̪θ] in the place of the strident alveolar affricate [ts]. Speakers of Gosiute may also drop the initial [h].
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It represented a voiced alveolo- palatal sibilant [ʑ]. It is also used in the former Latin alphabet for the Dungan language to represent the voiceless retroflex affricate (tʂ) or the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate (tɕ).
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6 Nevertheless, among younger speakers, it appears as though /dʒ/ and /dz/ are in the process of merging to [dʒ]. Similarly, /tʃ/ is a voiceless postalveolar affricate [tʃ], and /ts/ a voiceless alveolar affricate [ts].
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Features of the voiced palatal affricate: It is not a sibilant.
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A voiced bilabial affricate ( in IPA) is a rare affricate consonant that is initiated as a bilabial stop and released as a voiced bilabial fricative . It has not been reported to occur phonemically in any language.
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A voiced epiglottal affricate ( in IPA) is a rare affricate consonant that is initiated as an epiglottal stop and released as a voiced epiglottal fricative . It has not been reported to occur phonemically in any language.
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A voiceless bilabial affricate ( in IPA) is a rare affricate consonant that is initiated as a bilabial stop and released as a voiceless bilabial fricative . It has not been reported to occur phonemically in any language.
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It is palatalized to [ʃ] before [j], and lenited to [s˯] intervocalically. /dʒ/ is a voiced postalveolar affricate [dʒ], and /dz/ a voiced alveolar affricate [dz]. Before [i] it is optionally palatalized [dz] in free variation with [dź].Chafe, 1967, p.
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Due to influence from indigenous languages, such as Nahuatl, the set of affricates in Mexican Spanish includes a voiceless alveolar affricate and a voiceless alveolar lateral affricate , represented by the respective digraphs and , as in the words ('hardware store') and ('from [the city of] Coatzacoalcos'). Even words of Greek and Latin origin with ⟨tl⟩, such as and , are pronounced with the affricate: , (compare , in Spain and other dialects in Hispanic America).
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108 Tsani commonly represents the voiceless alveolar affricate , like the pronunciation of in "tsunami".
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109 Dzili commonly represents the voiced alveolar affricate , like the pronunciation of in "pads".
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107 Chini commonly represents the voiceless postalveolar affricate , like the pronunciation of in "chance".
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This letter represents the voiced palato-alveolar affricate . It can be romanized as ⟨dž⟩.
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A voiceless labiodental affricate ( in IPA) is a rare affricate consonant that is initiated as a labiodental stop and released as a voiceless labiodental fricative . The XiNkuna dialect of Tsonga has this affricate, as in "hippopotamuses" and aspirated "distance" (compare "tortoise", which shows that the stop is not epenthetic), as well as a voiced labiodental affricate, , as in "chin". There is no voiceless labiodental fricative in this dialect of Tsonga, only a voiceless bilabial fricative, as in "finished". (Among voiced fricatives, both and occur, however.) German has a similar sound in Pfeffer ('pepper') and Apfel ('apple').
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119 Jani commonly represents the voiced palato-alveolar affricate , like the pronunciation of in "hedge".
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See article. is used in the Polish and Sorbian alphabets for , the voiced alveolo-palatal affricate, as in dźwięk . is never written before a vowel ( is used instead, as in dziecko 'child'). is used in the Polish alphabet for a voiced retroflex affricate (e.g. 'jam').
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114 Ch'ari is a palato-alveolar ejective affricate ejective consonant and is pronounced as hard Chini.
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A phonetic phenomenon is the intervocalic weakening of the Italian soft g, the voiced affricate (g as in judge) and soft c, the voiceless affricate (ch as in church), known as attenuation, or, more commonly, as deaffrication. Between vowels, the voiced post-alveolar affricate consonant is realized as voiced post-alveolar fricative (z of azure): → . This phenomenon is very evident in daily speech (common also in Umbria and elsewhere in Central Italy): the phrase la gente, 'the people', in standard Italian is pronounced , but in Tuscan it is . Similarly, the voiceless post-alveolar affricate is pronounced as a voiceless post-alveolar fricative between two vowels: → .
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The voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate, voiced post-alveolar affricate or voiced domed postalveolar sibilant affricate, is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with (formerly the ligature ), or in some broad transcriptions , and the equivalent X-SAMPA representation is `dZ`. Alternatives commonly used in linguistic works, particularly in older or American literature, are , , , and . It is familiar to English speakers as the pronunciation of in jump.
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The voiced retroflex sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , sometimes simplified to or . It occurs in such languages as Polish (the laminal affricate dż) and Northwest Caucasian languages (apical).
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In Xhosa, it may be used to write , , or , though it is sometimes limited to , with and distinguished as and . is used in Dutch and Norwegian to write the sound . is used in the Shona language to write the whistled sibilant affricate . is used in Juǀʼhoan for the uvularized affricate .
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In southern dialects of Vietnamese, represents a voiceless retroflex affricate . In the northern dialects, this sound is pronounced , just like what represents. was formerly considered a distinct letter of the Vietnamese alphabet, but today is not. is used in the orthography of Basque, where it represents an apical voiceless alveolar affricate .
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When aspirated consonants are doubled or geminated, the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release. An aspirated affricate consists of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release. A doubled aspirated affricate has a longer hold in the stop portion and then has a release consisting of the fricative and aspiration.
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Among communities of Istanbul Greek origin in Greece, the use of dark L has been stigmatized and is avoided. This is less the case with the postalveolar affricate, which is a development which is shared with various other Greek dialects; Istanbul Greeks often preserve usage of the postalveolar affricate even when surrounded by Standard Greek.
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Skolt Sami uses Ʒ/ʒ (ezh) to mark the alveolar affricate , thus Ǯ/ǯ (ezh-caron or edzh (edge)) marks the postalveolar affricate . In addition to Č, Š, Ž and Ǯ, Skolt Sami also uses the caron to mark palatal stops Ǧ and Ǩ . More often than not, they are geminated: vuäǯǯad "to get".
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A less common notation indicates the release of the affricate with a superscript: : This is derived from the IPA convention of indicating other releases with a superscript. However, this convention is more typically used for a fricated release that is too brief to be considered a true affricate. Though they are no longer standard IPA, ligatures are available in Unicode for eight common affricates :. Any of these notations can be used to distinguish an affricate from a sequence of a stop plus a fricative, which exists in some languages such as Polish.
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The voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate or voiceless domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with , or (formerly the ligature ). The alternative commonly used in American tradition is . It is familiar to English speakers as the "ch" sound in "chip".
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In all Slavic languages that use the Cyrillic alphabet, except Russian, Che represents the voiceless postalveolar affricate . In Russian, Che usually represents the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate , like the Mandarin pronunciation of j in pinyin. However, in a few words, it is pronounced as , like in . In Russian, in a few words, it represents (like English in "shape"): .
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It occurs in such languages as Hungarian and Skolt Sami, among others. The voiced palatal affricate is quite rare; it is mostly absent from Europe as a phoneme (it occurs as an allophone in most Spanish dialects), with the aforementioned Uralic languages and Albanian being exceptions. It usually occurs with its voiceless counterpart, the voiceless palatal affricate.
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The dental ejective affricate is a type of consonantal sound. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is .
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Maithili has four classes of stops, one class of affricate, which is generally treated as a stop series, related nasals, fricatives and approximant.
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It occurs in languages such as Mandarin Chinese, Polish, Serbo-Croatian, Albanian and Russian, and is the sibilant equivalent of voiceless palatal affricate.
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Mexican Spanish and some other Latin American dialects have adopted from the native languages the voiceless alveolar affricate and the cluster (originally an affricate ) represented by the respective digraphs and , as in the names Atzcapotzalco and Tlaxcala. In these dialects, even words of Greek and Latin origin with , such as and , are pronounced with the affricate: , (compare , in Spain and other dialects in Latin America). The sound also occurs in European Spanish in loanwords of Basque origin (but only learned loanwords, not those inherited from Roman times), as in abertzale. In colloquial Castilian it may be replaced by or .
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An affricate is a consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative, generally with the same place of articulation (most often coronal). It is often difficult to decide if a stop and fricative form a single phoneme or a consonant pair.Peter Roach, English Phonetics and Phonology Glassary , 2009 English has two affricate phonemes, and , often spelled ch and j, respectively.
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The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are `d_-'` or `d_-_j` and `J\_+`, respectively. There is also a dedicated symbol , which is not a part of the IPA. Therefore, narrow transcriptions of the voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant affricate include , , and . This affricate used to have a dedicated symbol , which was one of the six dedicated symbols for affricates in the International Phonetic Alphabet.
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The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are `t_-'` or `t_-_j` and `c_+`, respectively. There is also a dedicated symbol , which is not a part of the IPA. Therefore, narrow transcriptions of the voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant affricate include , and . This affricate used to have a dedicated symbol , which was one of the six dedicated symbols for affricates in the International Phonetic Alphabet.
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Aspirated consonants do not occur before breathy vowels, and glottalized consonants only occur before modally voiced vowels. Nasal consonants only occur before nasal vowels. Voiced plosives are prenasalized in intervocalic position. Consonant clusters include NC, where N is a nasal and C is a voiceless plosive or affricate, and SC, where S is a sibilant and C is a tenuis plosive or affricate.
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Szadzenie ( is a regional phonological feature of the Polish language. It consists in replacement or merger of dental affricate (c, dz) and dental fricative (s, z) into their retroflex counterparts i.e. retroflex affricate (cz, dż) and retroflex fricative (sz, ż), respectively. Szadzenie is an example of hypercorrection and exaggerated avoidance of Mazurzenie which is phonetically marked as rural and incorrect.
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The voiceless retroflex lateral affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is .
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More phones now appear in intervocalic contexts. The additions to the phonetic inventory are the voiced stop , the nasal , the voiceless affricate , and the liquid .
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The voiceless palatal affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are and , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is `c_C`. The tie bar may be omitted, yielding in the IPA and `cC` in X-SAMPA. This sound is the non-sibilant equivalent of the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate.
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The voiced palatal affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are and , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is `J\_j\`. The tie bar may be omitted, yielding in the IPA and `J\j\` in X-SAMPA. This sound is the non-sibilant equivalent of the voiced alveolo-palatal affricate.
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Doulos SIL glyphs for Majuscule and minuscule ĝ. Ĝ or ĝ (G circumflex) is a consonant in Esperanto orthography, representing a voiced postalveolar affricate (either palato-alveolar or retroflex), and is equivalent to a voiced postalveolar affricate or a voiced retroflex affricate . While Esperanto orthography uses a diacritic for its four postalveolar consonants, as do the Latin-based Slavic alphabets, the base letters are Romano-Germanic. Ĝ is based on the letter g, which has this sound in English and Italian before the vowels i and e (with some exceptions in English), to better preserve the shape of borrowings from those languages (such as ĝenerala from general) than Slavic đ would.
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In Juǀʼhoan it is used for the ejective affricate . For its use in the Wade–Giles system of Romanization of Chinese, see Wade–Giles → Empty rime.
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The velar ejective affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is .
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The alveolar ejective affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is .
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The dialects of Colorado River east of Chemehuevi have lost . The dialects east of Kaibab have collapsed the nasal-stop clusters with the geminated stops and affricate.
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The voiceless velar lateral fricative is a very rare speech sound. As one element of an affricate, it is found for example in Zulu and Xhosa (see velar lateral ejective affricate). However, a simple fricative has only been reported from a few languages in the Caucasus and New Guinea. Archi, a Northeast Caucasian language of Dagestan, has four voiceless velar lateral fricatives: plain , labialized , fortis , and labialized fortis .
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Different phonetic realizations of the same phoneme are called allophones. Specific allophonic variations, and the particular correspondences between allophones (realizations of speech sound) and phonemes (underlying perceptions of speech sound) can vary even within languages. For example, speakers of Quebec French often express voiceless alveolar stops (/t/) as an affricate. An affricate is a stop followed by a fricative and in this case sounds like the English 'ch' sound.
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In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-16 is used to represent the unvoiced alveolar or palatal affricate, such as /tʃ/ or /tɕ/, or otherwise as needed..
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This sound is also written , , , , or . In Catalan orthography it represents . In Juǀʼhoan it is used for the ejective affricate . is used in Juǀʼhoan for the uvularized ejective .
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The voiceless palatal affricate occurs in such languages as Hungarian and Skolt Sami, among others. The consonant is quite rare; it is mostly absent from Europe (with the Uralic languages and Albanian being exceptions). It usually occurs with its voiced counterpart, the voiced palatal affricate. There is also the voiceless post-palatal affricateInstead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar".
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The voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are , , and .
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In phonology, the ts–ch merger is the merger of the voiceless alveolar affricate and the voiceless postalveolar affricate . In Russian, it is the merger of the consonants rendered by letters Che and Tse. If the shift is towards Tse, it is called tsokanye (); the shift towards Che is called chokanye (). It is a regular sound change of Lower Sorbian, but not Upper Sorbian, as seen in the difference between Lower Sorbian and Upper Sorbian , both meaning "time".
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"Ch" is frequently used in transliterating into many European languages from Greek, Hebrew, Yiddish, and various others. In Mandarin Chinese ch is used in Pinyin to represent an aspirated voiceless retroflex affricate .
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Features of the voiceless palatal affricate: It is not a sibilant. The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar .
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Tsan is a letter of the Greek alphabet occurring only in Arcadia, shaped like Cyrillic И; it represents an affricate that developed from labiovelars in context where they became t in other dialects.
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Jota Vaqueira, traditional song in Paḷḷuezu The Asturian spelling Ḷḷ ḷḷ, called "che vaqueira" is used where l.l has sometimes been used if it is imposible to write ḷḷ. It can be a voiceless retroflex affricate [tʂ], a voiced retroflex plosive [ɖ] or a voiced retroflex affricate [dʐ], and it corresponds to standard palatal lateral approximant /ʎ/, dritten Ll ll and called "elle". The latter spelling is current in publications of the Paḷḷuezu literary revival that has been underway since approximately 2006.
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Although most affricates are homorganic, Navajo and Chiricahua Apache have a heterorganic alveolar-velar affricate (Hoijer & Opler 1938, Young & Morgan 1987, Ladefoged & Maddeison 1996, McDonough 2003, McDonough & Wood 2008, Iskarous, et.al. 2012). Wari’ and Pirahã have a voiceless dental bilabially trilled affricate [t̪ʙ̥] (see #Trilled affricates). Other heterorganic affricates are reported for Northern Sotho (Johnson 2003) and other Bantu languages such as Phuthi, which has alveolar–labiodental affricates and , and Sesotho, which has bilabial–palatoalveolar affricates and . Djeoromitxi (Pies 1992) has and .
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C̈, c̈ in lower case, also called C with diaeresis, is a letter in the Chechen language. It represents the voiceless postalveolar affricate /t͡ʃ/, like the English pronunciation of ch in the word chocolate. The original letter representing the voiceless postalveolar affricate consonant in Chechen was ç, but was changed to c̈ just as ş was changed to s̈. It is also used in the digraph c̈h in the Yanesha' language; c̈h represents /t͡ʂ/, and ch (without the diaeresis) represents /t͡ʃ/.
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While this is an allophone of a single phoneme to speakers of Quebec French, to speakers of Belgian French this is heard as a stop followed by a fricative, or in other words as two different phonemes. This was accomplished by asking Belgian French speakers to repeat an utterance containing this affricate backwards, which resulted in the production of two separate sounds. If these speakers understood the affricate as a single sound, an allophone meant to stand in for the standard pronunciation [t], and not as two consecutive sounds, they would have reproduced the affricate exactly as is when they repeated the utterance backwards. It is important not to mistake allophones, which are different manifestations of the same phoneme in speech, with allomorphs, which are morphemes that may sound different in different contexts.
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Ljudevit Gaj first used this digraph in 1830. It is also used in some languages of Africa and Oceania where it represents a prenazalized voiced postalveolar affricate or fricative, or . In Malagasy, it represents .
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This letter represents the voiced alveolo-palatal affricate . It can be romanized as ⟨đ⟩. Aside from some constructed languages, it was used chiefly in northeastern European Russia by the Komi language of the Komi peoples.
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The voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with or (formerly with or ). The voiceless alveolar affricate occurs in many Indo-European languages, such as German, Kashmiri, Marathi, Pashto, Russian and most other Slavic languages such as Polish and Serbo-Croatian; also, among many others, in Georgian, in Japanese, in Mandarin Chinese, and in Cantonese. Some international auxiliary languages, such as Esperanto, Ido and Interlingua also include this sound.
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For simplicity, this article uses only the term "post-palatal". in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiceless palatal affricate, though not as back as the prototypical voiceless velar affricate. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as , (both symbols denote a retracted ) or (advanced ) - this article uses only the first symbol. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are `c_-_C_-` and `k_+_x_+`, respectively.
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The voiced uvular affricate is a rare type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are and . The tie bar may be omitted, yielding .
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The palato-alveolar ejective affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet with . In some languages it is equivalent to a palatal ejective.
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It is also used in Hausa Boko. The Wade-Giles and Yale romanizations of Chinese use for an unaspirated voiceless alveolar affricate . Wade-Giles also uses for the aspirated equivalent . These are equivalent to Pinyin and , respectively.
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The voiced dental non-sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are , , and . The sound is a frequent allophone of .
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The voiced velar affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in very few spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are and , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is `g_G`. The tie bar may be omitted, yielding in the IPA and `gG` in X-SAMPA. The voiced velar affricate has not been reported to occur phonemically in any language, but it is reported as an allophone of /g/ (usually realized as a voiced velar plosive) in some dialects of English English.
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The body of the tongue is raised towards the palate. This is similar to the "domed" English postalveolar fricative sh. Because the tongue is "peeled" from the roof of the mouth from back to front during the release of these stops, there is a fair amount of frication, giving the ty something of the impression of the English palato-alveolar affricate ch or the Polish alveolo-palatal affricate ć. That is, these consonants are not palatal in the IPA sense of the term, and indeed they contrast with true palatals in Yanyuwa.
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The tables below show common sound changes involved in lenition. In some cases, lenition may skip one of the sound changes. The change voiceless stop > fricative is more common than the series of changes voiceless stop > affricate > fricative.
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The voiced velar lateral affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . This consonant exists in the Laghuu, Hiw and Ekagi languages.
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The alveolar lateral ejective affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is (or ), and in Americanist phonetic notation it is (lambda bar).
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Horrocks (2010: 274) Consonants , , which were initially pronounced as aspirates and , developed into fricatives An intermediate stage of has been proposed by some, but there is no specific evidence to support this () and .A transitional affricate stage, e.g. , is also possible.
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In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-245 is used to represent a voiced palatal affricate, fricative, or approximant, such as /dʑ/, /ʑ/ or /j/, and is otherwise assigned as needed. It is also used for the number 0..
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In Modern Hebrew, צ tsade represents a voiceless alveolar affricate . This is the same in Yiddish. Historically, it likely represented a pharyngealized ; which became in Ashkenazi pronunciation. A geresh can also be placed after tsade (), giving it the sound , e.g. chips.
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Timbisha stops (including the affricate) and nasals are voiced and lenited between vowels, are voiced in nasal-stop clusters, and are lenited (but not voiced) following . Voiceless vowels are not as common in Timbisha as they are in Shoshoni and Comanche.
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Ze with diaeresis (Ӟ ӟ; italics: Ӟ ӟ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It is used only in the Udmurt language, where it represents the voiced alveolo- palatal affricate . It is usually romanized as ⟨đ⟩ but its ISO 9 transliteration is ⟨z̈⟩.
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The voiceless palatal lateral affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. There are two ways it can be represented: either by using the IPA as ⟨⟩, or by using the non-IPA sign for the voiceless palatal lateral fricative as ⟨⟩.
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Jasa (in Aragonese: ChasaWith the own phonetics of the Aragonese, spelling "j" is pronounced as deaf palatal affricate, which reflect the written testimonies in contemporary Aragonese, cfr. Fuellas d’informazión d’o Consello d’a Fabla Aragonesa , n.º 190 (marzo-abril 2009), p. 24 and note 21, pp.
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In Icelandic, the represents either the sound combination (similar to a voiceless alveolar lateral affricate) or , depending on the context. It occurs in the words (fell, small mountain), (mountain), and (glacier, ice cap), and consequently in the names of many geographical features, including Eyjafjallajökull.
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In other languages, voiceless fricatives become affricates ; see for example Xhosa.Jeff Mielke, 2008. The emergence of distinctive features, p 139ff This is similar to the epenthetic stop in words like dance () in many dialects of English, which effectively is fortition of fricative to affricate .
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There is also a non-IPA letter ("t", plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ), used especially in sinological circles. It is common for the phonetic symbol to be used to represent voiceless postalveolar affricate or other similar affricates, for example in the Indic languages. This may be considered appropriate when the place of articulation needs to be specified and the distinction between plosive and affricate is not contrastive. There is also the voiceless post-palatal plosiveInstead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar".
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The phoneme represented by the letter ق in texts is a point of contention. The letter, which in Classical Arabic represented either a voiceless pharyngealized velar stop or a voiceless uvular stop, most likely represented some kind of post- alveolar affricate or velar plosive in Andalusian Arabic. The vowel system was subject to a heavy amount of fronting and raising, a phenomenon known as imāla, causing to be raised, probably to or and, particularly with short vowels, in certain circumstances, particularly when i-mutation was possible. Contact with native Romance speakers led to the introduction of the phonemes , and, possibly, the affricate from loanwords.
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In Slovenian, it occurs only in loanwords, mainly from Serbo-Croatian (such as the surname Handanović), and denotes the same sound as Č, i.e. the voiceless palato-alveolar affricate. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet equivalent is Ћ (23rd letter). Macedonian uses Ќ as a partial equivalent (24th letter).
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In the case of coronals, the symbols are normally used for the stop portion of the affricate regardless of place. For example, is commonly seen for . The exemplar languages are ones that have been reported to have these sounds, but in several cases they may need confirmation.
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Retrieved on 2010-12-08.LINGUIST List 8.45: Bilabial trill. Linguistlist.org. Retrieved on 2010-12-08. There is also a very rare voiceless alveolar bilabially trilled affricate, (written in Everett & Kern) reported from Pirahã and from a few words in the Chapacuran languages Wari’ and Oro Win.
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Cche (Ꚇ ꚇ; italics: Ꚇ ꚇ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It was used in the old Abkhaz alphabets, where it represents the voiceless retroflex affricate . The letter was invented by baron Peter von Uslar. In 1862 he published his linguistic study "Абхазский язык".
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Che or Cha (Ч ч; italics: Ч ч) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It commonly represents the voiceless postalveolar affricate , like in "switch". In English, it is romanized most often as but sometimes as , like in French. In German, it can be transcribed as .
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Phonological features in Kurmanji include the distinction between aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops and the presence of facultative phonemes. For example, Kurmanji Kurdish distinguishes between aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops, which can be aspirated in all positions. Thus contrasts with , with , with , with , and the affricate with .
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Abkhazian Dze (Ӡ ӡ; italics: Ӡ ӡ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It is used in the Abkhazian language where it represents the voiced alveolar affricate , pronounced like in "pods". This letter was also used in one 1937 proposal (not adopted) for the Karelian Cyrillic alphabet.
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Xá means "shah", and chá means tea. At the beginning of words, and are usually voiceless palato-alveolar fricatives, but is a voiceless palato-alveolar affricate in northern Portugal. The sound happens in other cases in Southeastern Brazil but disappeared in the rest of the Portuguese-speaking world.
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The corresponding affricate can be written with or in narrow IPA, though is normally used in both cases. In the case of English, the sequence can be specified as as is normally apical (although somewhat palatalized in that sequence), whereas alveolo-palatal consonants are laminal by definition. An increasing number of British speakers merge this sequence with the voiceless palato-alveolar affricate : (see yod- coalescence), mirroring Cockney, Australian English and New Zealand English. On the other hand, there is an opposite tendency in Canadian accents that have preserved , where the sequence tends to merge with the plain instead: (see yod-dropping), mirroring General American which does not allow to follow alveolar consonants in stressed syllables.
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In Vulgar Latin, the original diphthong first began to be pronounced as a simple long vowel . Then, the plosive before front vowels began, due to palatalization, to be pronounced as an affricate, hence renderings like in Italian and in German regional pronunciations of Latin, as well as the title of Tsar. With the evolution of the Romance languages, the affricate became a fricative (thus, ) in many regional pronunciations, including the French one, from which the modern English pronunciation is derived. Caesar's cognomen itself became a title; it was promulgated by the Bible, which contains the famous verse "Render unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's, and unto God the things that are God's".
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The voiceless glottal affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are and , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is `?_h`. The tie bar may be omitted, yielding in the IPA and `?h` in X-SAMPA.
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For example: m' andâ ('I have walked'), m' stâ tâ sintí ('I am feeling'), m' labába ('I had washed'). Before plosive or affricate consonants this nasality becomes homorganic nasal of the following consonant. For ex.: m' bêm ('I came'), m' têm ('I have'), m' tchigâ ('I arrived'), m' crê ('I want').
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It represents the voiceless postalveolar affricate (as in English "church") in Albanian, Azerbaijani, Crimean Tatar, Friulian, Kurdish, Tatar, Turkish (as in ', ', ', '), and Turkmen. It is also sometimes used this way in Manx, to distinguish it from the velar fricative. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨ç⟩ represents the voiceless palatal fricative.
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Many words in Dzongkha are monosyllabic. Syllables usually take the form of CVC, CV, or VC. Syllables with complex onsets are also found, but such an onset must be a combination of an unaspirated bilabial stop and a palatal affricate. The bilabial stops in complex onsets are often omitted in colloquial speech.
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These initials have also merged in Southwest Mandarin, but as . Most other Mandarin varieties distinguish these initials. The Middle Chinese retroflex initials have merged with affricate initials in non-Mandarin varieties, and also in Southwest Mandarin and most Lower Yangtze varieties. However, the Nanjing dialect retains the distinction, like northern Mandarin varieties.
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The reconstruction of Proto-Semitic phonology includes an emphatic voiceless alveolar lateral fricative or affricate for '. This sound is considered to be the direct ancestor of Arabic ', while merging with in most other Semitic languages. The letter itself is distinguished a derivation, by addition of a diacritic dot, from ص ṣād (representing /sˤ/).
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The Old English fricatives had voiceless and voiced allophones, the voiced forms occurring in certain environments, such as between vowels. In Early Middle English, partly by borrowings from French, they split into separate phonemes: . See Middle English phonology – Voiced fricatives. Also in the Middle English period, the voiced affricate took on phonemic status.
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Elfdalian is comparable to Swedish and Norwegian in the number and the quality of vowels but also has nasal vowels. It has retained the Old Norse dental, velar and labial voiced fricatives. Alveolo-palatal affricate consonants occur in all (Swedish ', north of Siljan) dialects. The realization of is , an apical alveolar trill.
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In the Latin-based orthographies of many European languages, the letter is used in different contexts to represent two distinct phonemes that in English are called hard and soft . The sound of a hard (which often precedes the non- front vowels or a consonant) is usually the voiced velar plosive (as in gangrene or golf) while the sound of a soft (typically before , , or ) may be a fricative or affricate, depending on the language. In English, the sound of soft is the affricate , as in general, giant, and gym. A at the end of a word usually renders a hard (as in "dog"), while if a soft rendition is intended it would be followed by a silent (as in "change").
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During the 16th century, the three voiced sibilant phonemes—dental , apico-alveolar , and palato-alveolar (as in Old Spanish fazer, casa, and ojo, respectively) lost their voicing and merged with their voiceless counterparts: , , and (as in caçar, passar, and baxar respectively). The character ⟨ç⟩, called ⟨c⟩ cedilla, originated in Old Spanish but has been replaced by ⟨z⟩ in the modern language. Additionally, the affricate lost its stop component, to become a laminodental fricative, . As a result, the sound system then contained two sibilant fricative phonemes whose contrast depended entirely on a subtle distinction between their places of articulation: apicoalveolar, in the case of the , and laminodental, in the case of the new fricative sibilant , which was derived from the affricate .
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Dzwe (Ꚃ ꚃ; italics: Ꚃ ꚃ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It resembles an intact longer Cyrillic Dze (Ѕ ѕ Ѕ ѕ), but perhaps was derived from the Greek letter ζ. Dzwe was used in the Abkhaz language where it represented the voiced alveolo-palatal affricate . This was replaced by the digraph Ӡә.
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Mendoza is a Basque surname, also occurring as a place name. The name Mendoza means "cold mountain", derived from the Basque words mendi (mountain) and (h)otz (cold) + definite article '-a' (Mendoza being mendi+(h)otza). The original Basque form with an affricate sibilant (/ts/, Basque spelling /tz/) evolved in Spanish to the current form.
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Khakassian Che (Ӌ ӌ; italics: Ӌ ӌ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. Its form is derived from the Cyrillic letter Che (Ч ч Ч ч). Khakassian Che is used in the alphabet of the Khakas language , as its name suggests. It represents the voiced postalveolar affricate , like the pronunciation of in "jump".
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In the orthography of Nambikwara it represents a glottalized . In Juǀʼhoan it is used for the uvularized-release . is used in the Hungarian alphabet for , a voiceless palatal affricate; in Hungarian, digraphs are considered single letters, and acronyms keep them intact. In the orthography of Xhosa, represents and the similar in the Algonquian Massachusett orthography.
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In Azeri, Crimean Tatar, Kurmanji Kurdish, and Turkish stands for the voiced counterpart of this sound, the voiced postalveolar affricate . In Yabem and similar languages, such as Bukawa, stands for a glottal stop . Xhosa and Zulu use this letter to represent the click . In some other African languages, such as Berber languages, is used for .
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European Portuguese normally replace the trigraph ⟨tch⟩ with ⟨ch⟩ : chau, checo, República Checa, etc. Both Spanish and Portuguese use ⟨zz⟩ (never as – this sequence appears only in loanwords from Japanese, e.g., adzuki) for some Italian loanwords, but in Portuguese may sometimes not be pronounced as affricate, but having an epenthetic or ; e.g., Sp. and Port.
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Some Esperanto grammars, notably Plena Analiza Gramatiko de Esperanto,Kalocsay & Waringhien (1985) Plena analiza gramatiko de Esperanto, §17, 22 consider dz to be a digraph for the voiced affricate , as in "edzo" "husband". The case for this is "rather weak".van Oostendorp, Marc (1999). Syllable structure in Esperanto as an instantiation of universal phonology.
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In the syllable coda, the nasals merge into one sound. Phonetically, its realization varies between alveolar and velar . merges with so sheep and cheap are pronounced alike. The outcome of the merger varies and can be either a fricative (both cheap and sheep sound like sheep) or an affricate (both cheap and sheep sound like cheap).
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Abkhazian Che with descender (Ҿ ҿ; italics: Ҿ ҿ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. Its form is derived from the Cyrillic letter Abkhazian Che (Ҽ ҽ Ҽ ҽ) by the addition of a descender. Abkhazian Che with descender is used in the alphabet of the Abkhazian language, where it represents the retroflex ejective affricate .
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The voiceless palatal lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in a few spoken languages. This sound is somewhat rare; Dahalo has both a palatal lateral fricative and an affricate; Hadza has a series of affricates. In Bura, it is the realization of palatalized and contrasts with . The IPA has no dedicated symbol for this sound.
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The first line of the first edition of Ossetian newspaper Rastdzinad with the letter Dzze in the title (1923) Dzze (Ꚉ ꚉ; italics: Ꚉ ꚉ) is a letter of the old Abkhaz alphabet, old Ossetic and the old Komi alphabet. It represents the voiced alveolo-palatal affricate (d͡ʑ). In Ossetian, it was later replaced with digraph dz (currently дз).
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Tswe (Ꚏ ꚏ; italics: Ꚏ ꚏ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It is drawn by adding a long tail to the bottom of the letter tse (Ц ц Ц ц). Tswe is used in an old orthography of the Abkhaz language, where it represents the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate . It is a Cyrillic letter corresponding to Цә.
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Phonotactically, this sound does not occur after long vowels, diphthongs or . It differs from a true labiodental affricate in that it starts out bilabial but then the lower lip retracts slightly for the frication. The sound occurs occasionally in English, in words where one syllable ends with "p" and the next starts with "f", like in "helpful" or "stepfather".
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Tse (Ц ц; italics: Ц ц), also known as Ce, is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It commonly represents the voiceless alveolar affricate , like the pronunciation of zz in "pizza". In the standard Iron dialect of Ossetic, it represents the voiceless alveolar sibilant fricative /s/. In other dialects, including Digoron, it has the same value as in Russian.
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The letter ζ represents the voiced alveolar fricative in Modern Greek. The sound represented by zeta in Greek before 400 BCE is disputed. See Ancient Greek phonology and Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching. Most handbooks agree on attributing to it the pronunciation (like Mazda), but some scholars believe that it was an affricate (like adze).
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Dzhe or Gea (Џ џ; italics: Џ џ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script used in Macedonian and varieties of Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Montenegrin, and Serbian) to represent the voiced postalveolar affricate , like the pronunciation of j in “jump”. Dzhe corresponds in other Cyrillic alphabets to the digraphs дж or чж, or to the letters Che with descender (Ҷ ҷ), Che with vertical stroke (Ҹ ҹ), Khakassian Che (Ӌ ӌ), Zhe with breve (Ӂ ӂ), Zhe with diaeresis (Ӝ ӝ), or Zhje (Җ җ). In the Latin version of Serbo-Croatian, it corresponds with the digraph dž which, like the digraphs lj and nj, is treated as a single letter, including in crossword puzzles and for purposes of collation. Abkhaz uses it to represent the voiced retroflex affricate .
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It has been reported to occur phonemically in a dialect of Teke, but similar claims in the past have proven spurious. The XiNkuna dialect of Tsonga features a pair of affricates as phonemes. In some other languages, such as Xhosa, affricates may occur as allophones of the fricatives. These differ from the German bilabial- labiodental affricate , which commences with a bilabial p.
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The amount of devoicing is variable, but the fully voiceless variant tends to be alveolo-palatal in the sequence: . It is a fricative, rather than a fricative element of an affricate because the preceding plosive remains alveolar, rather than becoming alveolo-palatal, as in Dutch., . The first source specifies the place of articulation of after as more front than the main allophone of .
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The velar lateral ejective affricate is a rare type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . It is found in two forms in Archi, a Northeast Caucasian language of Dagestan, plain and labialized . It is further forward than velars in most languages, and might better be called prevelar.
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In most European languages written in the Latin script, such as in Romance and Germanic languages, appears almost exclusively in the digraph . In French, Occitan, Catalan and Portuguese, represents or ; in Spanish, it represents . replaces for before front vowels and , since in those languages represents a fricative or affricate before front vowels. In Italian represents (where is the semivowel allophone of ).
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The upper-group lacks the affricate sound кьI. Although Andi is usually non written, there are attempts to write the language using Russian Cyrillic script. Speakers generally use Avar or Russian as their literary language(s). Andi has 7 different series of localization: the meaning "inside" changes by number (singular -ла/-а, plural -хъи: гьакъу-ла 'in a home', гьакъоба-хъи 'in houses').
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Che with diaeresis (Ӵ ӵ; italics: Ӵ ӵ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. Its form is derived from the Cyrillic letter Che (Ч ч Ч ч). Che with diaeresis is used only in the alphabet of the Udmurt language, where it represents the voiceless palato-alveolar affricate , like the pronunciation of in "chicken". It is the thirtieth letter of this alphabet.
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Many languages, such as English, have two sibilant types, one hissing and one hushing. A wide variety of languages across the world have this pattern. Perhaps most common is the pattern, as in English, with alveolar and palato- alveolar sibilants. Modern northern peninsular Spanish has a single apico- alveolar sibilant fricative , as well as a single palato-alveolar sibilant affricate .
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Nez Perce has , believed to be the lateral affricate in the proto-language. Nez Perce, like Kutenai, lies in the eastern periphery of the Northwest Linguistic area. Another typological analysis investigates the lexical category of preverbs in Kutenai. This lexical category distinguishes neighboring Algonquian languages, found to the east of the Kootenay Rocky Mountains and near the Kutenai linguistic area.
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Phonetically, it is evident, for example, the predominance of vowel or similar (written a), instead of unstressed (written e). In Canzés, instead of Milanese nasalization of vowel, there is a velar nasal (written n) with abbreviation of the vowel. There are no geminate consonants in words, excepting half-geminate affricate (written z), that never change to . The final consonants are always voiceless.
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Other languages which use the Cyrillic alphabet usually represent this sound by the character combination ЧЬ. Ć is the same as the Sanskrit च (a palatal sound, although IAST uses the letter c to denote it). The letter is also used in unofficial Belarusian Łacinka where it represents the palatalized alveolar affricate . In Ladin it represents [tʃ] when preceded by [ʃ] (e.g. desćiarié, [deʃtʃariˈe]).
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The palatal lateral ejective affricate is a rare type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . It is a rare sound, found in Dahalo, a Cushitic language of Kenya, and in Hadza, a language isolate of Tanzania. In Dahalo, contrasts with alveolar , and in Hadza it contrasts with velar , an allophone of .
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Tsse (Ꚑ ꚑ; italics: Ꚑ ꚑ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. The shape of the letter originated as a ligature of the Cyrillic letters Te (Т т Т т) and Es (С с С с. Its form resembles a T with an ogonek attached on its bottom. Tsse is used in the Abkhaz language, where it represents the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate .
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Dje (Ђ ђ; italics: Ђ ђ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. Dje is the sixth letter of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, used in Serbo-Croatian to represent the voiced alveolo-palatal affricate . Dje corresponds to the Latin letter D with stroke (Đ đ) in Gaj's Latin alphabet of Serbo-Croatian and is so transliterated. When strokes are unavailable, it is transliterated as .
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'Kje (or ') (Ќ ќ; italics: Ќ ќ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script, used only in the Macedonian alphabet, where it represents the voiceless palatal plosive , or the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate . Kje is the 24th letter in this alphabet. It is romanized as or sometimes . Words with this sound are most often cognates to those in Serbo-Croatian with / and in Bulgarian with , or .
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Che with vertical stroke (Ҹ ҹ; italics: Ҹ ҹ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. Its form is derived from the Cyrillic letter Che (Ч ч Ч ч). Che with vertical stroke is used in the alphabet of the Azeri language and Altai language, where it represents the voiced postalveolar affricate , like the pronunciation of in "jump". The corresponding letter in the Latin alphabet is .
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In Portuguese, ch represents . Ch is pronounced as a voiceless postalveolar affricate in both Castillian and Latin American Spanish, or a voiceless postalveolar fricative in Andalusian. Ch is traditionally considered a distinct letter of the Spanish alphabet, called che. In the 2010 Orthography of the Spanish Language, Ch is no longer considered a letter of its own but rather a digraph consisting of two letters.
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The uvular ejective affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . It is a phoneme in some Indigenous languages of the Americas such as Wintu. It was also a phoneme in the original version of the constructed language Ithkuil and is used allophonically in several Northeast Caucasian languages.
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Yeísmo () (literally "Y-ism") is a distinctive feature of certain languages, many dialects of the Spanish language in particular. This feature is characterized by the loss of the traditional palatal lateral approximant phoneme (written ) and its merger into the phoneme (written ), usually realized as a palatal approximant or affricate. It is an example of delateralization. In other words, and represent the same sound when yeísmo is present.
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Old Portuguese had seven sibilants: lamino-alveolar affricates (⟨c⟩ before ⟨e/i⟩, ⟨ç⟩ elsewhere) and (⟨z⟩); apico-alveolar fricatives (⟨s⟩, or ⟨ss⟩ between vowels) and (⟨s⟩ between vowels); palato-alveolar fricatives (⟨x⟩) and , earlier (⟨j⟩, also ⟨g⟩ before ⟨e/i⟩); and palato-alveolar affricate (⟨ch⟩). This system was identical to the system of Old Spanish, and Portuguese followed the same path as Old Spanish in deaffricating the sibilants and into lamino-alveolar fricatives that still remained distinct from the apico-alveolar consonants. This produced a system of six fricatives and one affricate, which is still maintained in small parts of northeast Portuguese province of Trás-os-Montes and in the adjacent Mirandese language; but in most places, these seven sounds have been reduced to four. Everywhere except in the above-mentioned parts of Trás-os-Montes, the lamino-alveolar and apico-alveolar fricatives merged.
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This is easier to use on a keyboard, and the familiarity of graphemes used for Spanish reduces the possibility of confusion. For example, to represent the palatal nasal /ɲ/ in the word meaning 'nothing', Italian norms require a digraph, thus gnent, whereas the Spanish system provides a uniquely interpretable single grapheme familiar to Chipileños schooled in Mexico: ñent. Some considerations: a) the grave accent is used with è and ò to indicate that the pronunciation of the vowel is open, e.g. [ɛ] spècho (mirror) and [ɔ] stòrder (twist); b) the acute accent is used to indicate an undetermined tonic accent c) ‘zh’ is used to indicate the voiceless dental fricative (θ) e.g. giazh (ice) d) ‘ch’ is used to represent the voiceless postalveolar affricate (t͡ʃ) e.g., (converse), ranch (spider) or (cheese) e) ‘ge’ or ‘gi’ is used for the voiced postalveolar affricate (ʤ) which does not exist in Spanish orthography.
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Zhe with diaeresis (Ӝ ӝ; italics: Ӝ ӝ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. Its form is derived from the Cyrillic letter Zhe (Ж ж Ж ж). Zhe with diaeresis is used only in the alphabet of the Udmurt language, where it represents the voiced postalveolar affricate , like the pronunciation of in "jam".Алатырев В. И. Краткий грамматический очерк удмуртского языка It is usually romanized as ⟨dž⟩.
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Tlingit has a complex phonological system, compared to Indo-European languages such as English or Spanish. It has an almost complete series of ejective consonants accompanying its stop, fricative, and affricate consonants. Tlingit's only missing ejective consonant in the Tlingit series is pronounced , and the language is also notable for having several laterals but no voiced and for having no labials in most dialects, except for and in recent English loanwords.
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Te Tse (Ҵ ҵ; italics: Ҵ ҵ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. The shape of the letter originated as a ligature of the Cyrillic letters Te (Т т Т т) and Tse (Ц ц Ц ц). Te Tse is used in the Abkhaz alphabet, where it represents the alveolar ejective affricate . The letter is ordered between Ц and Ч. In English, Te Tse is commonly romanized as .
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For example, Chipewyan has laminal dental vs. apical alveolar ; other languages may contrast velar with palatal and uvular . Affricates may also be a strategy to increase the phonetic contrast between aspirated or ejective and tenuis consonants. According to Kehrein, no language contrasts a non-sibilant, non-lateral affricate with a stop at the same place of articulation and with the same phonation and airstream mechanism, such as and or and .
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Tche (Ꚓ ꚓ; italics: Ꚓ ꚓ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. The shape of the letter originated as a ligature of the Cyrillic letters Te (Т т Т т) and Che (Ч ч Ч ч). Tche is used in the old Abkhaz alphabet, where it represents the palato-alveolar ejective affricate . It is a Cyrillic letter corresponding to Ҷ. Also Tche is used in the old Komi language alphabet.
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In Modern Hebrew, which uses the Hebrew alphabet, the letter gimel () typically has the sound within Hebrew words, although in some Sephardic dialects, it represents or when written with a dagesh (i.e., a dot placed inside the letter: ), and when without a dagesh. An apostrophe-like symbol called a Geresh can be added immediately to the left of a gimel (i.e., ) to indicate that the gimel represents an affricate ).
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His PhD dissertation, A Lingua Pirahã e Teoria da Sintaxe, completed in 1983, was written under the direction of Dr. Charlotte Chamberlland Galves. This dissertation provided a detailed Chomskyan analysis of Pirahã. On one of his research missions in 1993, Everett was the first to document the Oro Win language, one of the few languages in the world to use the rare voiceless dental bilabially trilled affricate (phonetically, ).
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The sequence occurs in English, but it has no special function and simply represents a sequence of and . It occurs word-initially only in some loanwords, such as tsunami and tsar. Most English-speakers do not pronounce a in such words and pronounce them as if they were spelled and or , respectively. was used in the orthography of medieval Basque for a voiceless postalveolar affricate ; this is now represented by .
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Usage of this letter is similar to dž in Slovak or Czech. In Hungarian, even though these three characters are put together to make a different sound, they are considered one letter, and even acronyms keep the letter intact. As one can see from the examples above and below, it is almost exclusively used in foreign loanwords, to represent the voiced postalveolar affricate (j/soft g in English).
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The stops, p, t, k, and the affricate, c, can be pronounced either voiced or unvoiced, but the symbols used for writing these sounds all correspond to the unvoiced pronunciation, e.g. p not b, t not d, etc. The phoneme /t͡s/ is represented by c, as it is in various other languages. Long vowels are denoted with either a macron, as in ā, or a circumflex, as in â.
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In IPA, so so is pronounced as [s] at the beginning of a syllable and are pronounced as [t̚] at the end of a syllable. In the acrophony of the Thai script, so (โซ่) means ‘chain’. Old Thai had the voiced retroflex affricate sound /dʐ/. When the Thai script was developed, cho ching was slightly modified to create distinct letter for /dʐ/, which is now known as so so.
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In English, the plosive in the affricate , as in the word church, is farther back than an alveolar due to assimilation with the postalveolar fricative . In narrow transcription, may be transcribed . In General American English, the in the word eighth is farther front than normal, due to assimilation with the interdental consonant , and may be transcribed as . Languages may have phonemes that are farther back than the nearest IPA symbol.
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The śuddha alphabet comprises 8 plosives, 2 fricatives, 2 affricates, 2 nasals, 2 liquids and 2 glides. Additionally, there are the two graphemes for the retroflex sounds and , which are not phonemic in modern Sinhala, but which still form part of the set. These are shaded in the table. The voiceless affricate (ච ) is not included in the śuddha set by purists since it does not occur in the main text of the Sidatsan̆garā.
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The Jianyang and Jian'ou dialects are often taken as representative. Although coastal Min varieties can be derived from a proto-language with four series of stop or affricate initials at each point of articulation (e.g. , , and ), Northern Min varieties contain traces of two further series, one voiced and the other voiceless. In Northern Min dialects, these initials have a different tonal development from other stops and affricates, though the details vary between varieties.
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A less common phonetic phenomenon is the realization of "voiceless s" (voiceless alveolar fricative ) as the voiceless alveolar affricate when preceded by , , or . → . For example, il sole (the sun), pronounced in standard Italian as , would be in theory pronounced by a Tuscan speaker . However, since assimilation of the final consonant of the article to the following consonant tends to occur in exactly such cases (see "Masculine definite articles" below) the actual pronunciation will be usually .
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While there are dedicated Unicode codepoints, U+01C7 (LJ), U+01C8 (Lj) and U+01C9 (lj), these are included for backwards compatibility (with legacy encodings for Serbo-Croatian which kept a one-to-one correspondence with Cyrillic Љљ) and modern texts use a sequence of Basic Latin characters. and are used in several languages. See article. is used in Asturian for a sound that was historically but which is now an affricate, .
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Some other dialects, particularly Attic Greek, have (long ) in the same words (e.g. vs. 'sea', or vs. 'four'). The sounds in question are all reflexes of the proto- Greek consonant clusters or . It is therefore believed that the local letter sampi was used to denote some kind of intermediate sound during the phonetic change from the earlier plosive clusters towards the later sound, possibly an affricate , forming a triplet with the Greek letters for and .
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In English, most commonly represents the affricate . In Old English, the phoneme was represented orthographically with and . Under the influence of Old French, which had a similar phoneme deriving from Latin , English scribes began to use (later ) to represent word-initial in Old English (for example, iest and, later jest), while using elsewhere (for example, hedge). Later, many other uses of (later ) were added in loanwords from French and other languages (e.g.
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The Spanish digraph ch (the phoneme ) is pronounced in most dialects. However, it is pronounced as a fricative in some Andalusian dialects, New Mexican Spanish, some varieties of northern Mexican Spanish, informal Panamanian Spanish, and informal Chilean Spanish. In Chilean Spanish this pronunciation is viewed as undesirable, while in Panama it occurs among educated speakers. In Madrid and among upper- and middle-class Chilean speakers it is pronounced as the alveolar affricate .
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When, during the Greek Dark Ages (c. 1200 BC–800 BC), Doric Greek was introduced to the Peloponnese, the older Arcadocypriot Greek language apparently survived in Arcadia. Arcadocypriot never became a literary dialect, but it is known from inscriptions. Tsan is a letter of the Greek alphabet occurring only in Arcadia, shaped like Cyrillic И; it represents an affricate that developed from labiovelars in context where they became t in other dialects.
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The acoustic difference between an affricate and a stop + fricative consonant cluster is the rate of increase in the amplitude of the frication noise (i.e. the rise time); affricates have a short rise time, consonant clusters have a longer rise time between the stop and fricative . The velar aspiration is also found on a labialized velar (orthographic ). There is variation within Navajo, however, in this respect: some dialects lack strong velar frication having instead a period of aspiration.
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This phenomenon occurs because voiced fricatives have developed from lenition of plosives or fortition of approximants. This phenomenon of unpaired voiced fricatives is scattered throughout the world, but is confined to nonsibilant fricatives with the exception of a couple of languages that have but lack . (Relatedly, several languages have the voiced affricate but lack , and vice versa.) The fricatives that occur most often without a voiceless counterpart are – in order of ratio of unpaired occurrences to total occurrences – , , , and .
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The plosives undergo lenition after certain prefixes and prepositions. The ejective consonants px tx kx become the corresponding plosives p t k; the plosives and affricate p t ts k become the corresponding fricatives f s h; and the glottal stop ’ disappears entirely. For example, the plural form of po "s/he" is ayfo "they", with the p weakening into an f after the prefix ay-. Lenition has its own significance when the plural prefix can optionally be omitted.
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As with the vocabulary, Kwambi morphology is basically similar to Ndonga. Some of the differences that exist are predictable due to phonological differences. For example, grammatical forms associated with Bantu noun class 7 consistently have an affricate in Kwambi where Ndonga has a fricative, which for example can be seen in the local names of the dialects themselves: Otshikwambi vs. Oshindonga. Nevertheless, not all differences are due to differences in the phoneme inventories of the two dialects.
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In some inscriptions, z represented a Vulgar Latin sound, likely an affricate, formed by the merging of the reflexes of Classical Latin , and : for example, ' for ' "January", ' for ' "deacon", and ' for ' "today".Ti Alkire & Carol Rosen, Romance Languages: A Historical Introduction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 61. Likewise, sometimes replaced in words like ' for ' "to baptize". In modern Italian, z represents or , whereas the reflexes of ' and ' are written with the letter g (representing when before i and e): ', '.
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The postalveolar affricate does occur in other Greek dialects, such as Cypriot Greek; however, it does not elsewhere correspond to Standard Greek (as Istanbul Greek does) but instead to palatalized before front vowels. Likewise, the velarized lateral is a characteristic of Northern Greek speech before back round vowels and , but not before front vowels, In A. Ralli, B. D. Joseph, M. Janse and A. Karasimos, (Eds.), e-Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Modern Greek Dialects and Linguistic Theory (pp. 124-136). Chios. whereas it has been shown to extend to front vowels in the Istanbul dialect. Among the community of Istanbul Greeks who have moved to Athens, the velar lateral has attained a negative stigmatization as it varies noticeably from Standard Greek, and thus many speakers have stopped using it, although the same has not occurred with ; whereas the velar lateral is not common outside of Istanbul among Greek dialects, the postalveolar affricate is not limited to Istanbul Greeks, and in fact many Standard Greek speakers will also produce it before back round vowels.
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Unuk River Chinook Salmon Studies, Alaska Department of Fish and Game In Tlingit it is called Joonáx̱, the meaning of which is obscure but may have to do with dreaming (cf. aawajoon “he dreamed”). It is occasionally referred to as Oonáx̱, which is a reduced form. The USGS reports that a 1906 publication said the correct name for the river is “Junuk” or “Junock”, but it is unclear whether the initial sound is supposed to be an affricate or an approximant .
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Cape Verdean Creole's phonological system comes mainly from 15th-through-17th-century Portuguese. In terms of conservative features, Creole has kept the affricate consonants and (written "j" (in the beginning of words) and "ch", in old Portuguese) which are not in use in today's Portuguese, and the pre-tonic vowels were not reduced as in today's European Portuguese. In terms of innovative features, the phoneme (written "lh" in Portuguese) has evolved to and the vowels have undergone several phonetic phenomena.
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Franklin's proposed alphabet included nineteen letters to represent consonants. This set consisted of four new letters, in addition to fifteen letters from the existing English alphabet: b, d, f, g, h, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, z. New letters were proposed to replace the English digraphs ng, sh, voiced th, and voiceless th. New consonant digraphs based on these new letters were used to represent the affricate sounds of ch in cherry and j in January.
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Teetłʼit Gwìchʼin Kʼyùu Gwiʼdìnehtłʼèe Nagwant Trʼagwàłtsàii: A Junior Dictionary of the Teetl'it Gwich'in Language. Department of Culture and Communications, Government of the Northwest Territories. . In Alaska of the United States, Gwichʼin is spoken in Beaver, Circle, Fort Yukon, Chalkyitsik, Birch Creek, Arctic Village, Eagle, and Venetie. The ejective affricate in the name Gwichʼin is usually written with symbol U+2019 RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK, though the correct character for this use (with expected glyph and typographic properties) is U+02BC MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE.
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Plains Cree's Standard Roman Orthography (SRO) uses fourteen letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet to denote the dialect's ten consonants (p, t, c, k, s, m, n, w, y and h) and seven vowels (a, i, o, ā, ī, ō and ē). Upper case letters are not used. The stops, p, t, k, and the affricate, c, can be pronounced either voiced or unvoiced, but the symbols used for writing these sounds all correspond to the unvoiced pronunciation, e.g. p not b, t not d, etc.
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The Tirunelveli Tamil Dialect (TTD) has on the whole 41 phonemes of which 31 are segmental and the remaining 10 are suprasegmental.Kamatchinathan, p. 1 Nellai Tamil also preserves archaic kinship terms that other dialects have long discarded. However, the most unusual feature of the Tamil spoken in the Tirunelveli region is that the medial "c" is pronounced as a voiceless palatal affricate as in Old Tamil (like the Sanskrit j) and has not undergone the change to the dental "s" as in most other dialects.
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Phonetically, word-final are realized exactly the same as . In most cases, they are realized the same as the main allophones of (i.e. voiceless), but when the next word begins with a vowel and is pronounced without a pause, they are realized the same as the main allophones of , i.e. voiced and are resyllabified, that is, moved to the onset of the first syllable of the next word (the same happens with , which becomes , and the non-native affricate , which is also voiced to ).
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The situation in German education may be representative of that in many other European countries. The teaching of Greek is based on a roughly Erasmian model, but in practice, it is heavily skewed towards the phonological system of German or the other host language. Thus, German-speakers do not use a fricative for θ but give it the same pronunciation as τ, , but φ and χ are realised as the fricatives and . ζ is usually pronounced as an affricate, but a voiceless one, like German z .
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In phonology, affricates tend to behave similarly to stops, taking part in phonological patterns that fricatives do not. Kehrein analyzes phonetic affricates as phonological stops.Kehrein (2002) Phonological Representation and Phonetic Phasing A sibilant or lateral (and presumably trilled) stop can be realized phonetically only as an affricate and so might be analyzed phonemically as a sibilant or lateral stop. In that analysis, affricates other than sibilants and laterals are a phonetic mechanism for distinguishing stops at similar places of articulation (like more than one labial, coronal, or dorsal place).
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The in Adagio may be realized as , even though the "soft" of Italian represents an affricate . Similarly, English-speaking musicians render the Italian word mezzo as , as in the commonly used Italian loan-word pizza, though the Italian pronunciation is , with a voiced , rather than a voiceless . The name of the principal male character in Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew is spelled , intended to be the Italian name Petruccio (), reflecting more conventional English pronunciation rules that use to represent . However, the name is commonly pronounced , as though Shakespeare's spelling were genuinely Italian.
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Labiodental consonants are made by the lower lip rising to the upper teeth. Labiodental consonants are most often fricatives while labiodental nasals are also typologically common. There is debate as to whether true labiodental plosives occur in any natural language, though a number of languages are reported to have labiodental plosives including Zulu, Tonga, and Shubi. Labiodental affricates are reported in Tsonga which would require the stop portion of the affricate to be a labiodental stop, though Ladefoged and Maddieson (1996) raise the possibility that labiodental affricates involve a bilabial closure like "pf" in German.
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That may be considered appropriate when the place of articulation needs to be specified, and the distinction between plosive and affricate is not contrastive. There is also the voiced post-palatal plosiveInstead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "post-palatal". in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back than the place of articulation of the prototypical palatal consonant but not as back as the prototypical velar consonant.
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Arguably, the best known example of this sound change is yeísmo, which occurs in many Spanish and some Galician dialects. In accents with yeísmo, the palatal lateral approximant merges with the palatal approximant which, phonetically, can be an affricate (word-initially and after ), an approximant (in other environments) or a fricative (in the same environments as the approximant, but only in careful speech). In Romanian, the palatal lateral approximant merged with centuries ago. The same happened to the historic palatal nasal , although that is an example of lenition.
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Shubi is a Bantu language spoken by the Shubi people in north-western Tanzania. It may use labiodental plosives , (sometimes written ȹ, ȸ) as phonemes, rather than as allophones of . Peter Ladefoged wrote: :We have heard labiodental stops made by a Shubi speaker whose teeth were sufficiently close together to allow him to make an airtight labiodental closure. For this speaker this sound was clearly in contrast with a bilabial stop; but we suspect that the majority of Shubi speakers make the contrast one of bilabial stop versus labial-labiodental affricate (i.e.
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The Latin letters B, C, D are used only as parts of digraphs, while F, Q, W, X, Z are not used at all. (Older books wrote modern and as and , respectively.) The letter L and the digraph are only used in words adopted from Spanish, words influenced by Spanish phonology, or non-verbal onomatopoeias. The Spanish digraph is not used in Guarani. Despite its spelling, the digraph is not the Spanish affricate sound (English "ch" as in "teach"), but a fricative (English "sh" as in ship, French "ch" as in chapeau).
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In Altai, it represents the voiced alveolo-palatal affricate /dʑ/. Che with vertical stroke corresponds in other Cyrillic alphabets to the digraphs or , or to the letters Che with descender (Ҷ ҷ), Dzhe (Џ џ), Khakassian Che (Ӌ ӌ), Zhe with breve (Ӂ ӂ), Zhe with diaeresis (Ӝ ӝ), or Zhje (Җ җ). From 1958 until 1991, it was used in the Azerbaijani alphabet to represent ; in this alphabet it is found in the name of Azerbaijan: «». The Azerbaijani Cyrillic alphabet and continue to be used to write Azerbaijani in Dagestan.
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The voiceless velar lateral affricate is an uncommon speech sound found as a phoneme in the Caucasus and as an allophone in several languages of eastern and southern Africa. Archi, a Northeast Caucasian language of Dagestan, has two such affricates, plain and labialized , though they are further forward than velars in most languages, and might better be called prevelar. Archi also has ejective variants of its lateral affricates, several voiceless lateral fricatives, and a voiced lateral fricative at the same place of articulation, but no alveolar lateral fricatives or affricates.The Archi Language Tutorial.
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The result of applying the rules described in the standard is almost identical to the transcription defined by the Royal Thai General System of Transcription. One exception is preceding a syllable initial vowel by ⟨'⟩, representing the Thai null consonant อ, obviating the need to insert a dash in some words to preserve syllable boundaries. The other exception is the retention of the aspiration characteristic of the alveolo-palatal affricate. So while Thai ฉ, ช, and ฌ, are represented by ⟨ch⟩ as in RTGS, the Thai letter จ is written as ⟨c⟩.
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However common it is, this pronunciation is considered sub-standard. Only in one case, in the grammatical ending (which corresponds to English -y), the fricative pronunciation of final is prescribed by the Siebs standard, for instance ('important'), 'importance'. The merger occurs neither in Austro-Bavarian and Alemannic German nor in the corresponding varieties of Standard German, and therefore in these regions is pronounced . Many speakers do not distinguish the affricate from the simple fricative in the beginning of a word, in which case the verb ('[he] travels') and the noun ('horse') are both pronounced .
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In the orthography used in Guinea before 1985, was used in Pular (a Fula language) for the voiced bilabial implosive , whereas in Xhosa, Zulu, and Shona, represents the implosive and represents the plosive . is used in Cornish for an optionally pre-occluded ; that is, it is pronounced either or (in any position); (before a consonant or finally); or (before a vowel); examples are mabm ('mother') or hebma ('this'). is used in Sandawe and romanized Thai for , and in Irish it represents . is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for the voiced labiodental affricate .
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The name is spelled Chichén Itzá in Spanish, and the accents are sometimes maintained in other languages to show that both parts of the name are stressed on their final syllable. Other references prefer the Maya orthography, Chichʼen Itzaʼ (pronounced ). This form preserves the phonemic distinction between chʼ and ch, since the base word chʼeʼen (which, however, is not stressed in Maya) begins with a postalveolar ejective affricate consonant. The word "Itzaʼ" has a high tone on the "a" followed by a glottal stop (indicated by the apostrophe).
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III, CUP 2000, p. 39. (For example, spellings such as wijf and paradijs for wife and paradise can be found in Middle English.) The consonantal / was sometimes used to transliterate the Hebrew letter yodh, representing the palatal approximant sound /j/ (and transliterated in Greek by iota and in Latin by ); words like Jerusalem, Joseph, etc. would have originally followed the Latin pronunciation beginning with /j/, that is, the sound of in yes. In some words, however, notably from Old French, / was used for the affricate consonant , as in joie (modern "joy"), used in Wycliffe's Bible.
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The voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are , , and , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are `t_s\` and `c_s\`, though transcribing the stop component with (`c` in X-SAMPA) is rare. The tie bar may be omitted, yielding or in the IPA and `ts\` or `cs\` in X-SAMPA. Neither nor are a completely narrow transcription of the stop component, which can be narrowly transcribed as (retracted and palatalized ) or (advanced ).
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In some pre- Unified Silla transcriptions of Korean proper nouns, Chinese affricate and fricative sibilants appear interchangeable. This has been interpreted as some stage of Old Korean having lacked the Middle Korean distinction between and . The hyangga poems, however, differentiate affricates and fricatives consistently, while the Chinese distinction between the two is faithfully preserved in Sino-Korean phonology. Koreans thus clearly distinguished from by the eighth century, and Marc Miyake casts doubt on the notion that Korean ever had a stage where affricates and fricatives were not distinct.
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Modern Slavic languages written in the Cyrillic alphabet make little use of digraphs apart from for , for (in Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Bulgarian), and and for the uncommon Russian phoneme . In Russian, the sequences and do occur (mainly in loanwords) but are pronounced as combinations of an implosive (sometimes treated as an affricate) and a fricative; implosives are treated as allophones of the plosive /d̪/ and so those sequences are not considered to be digraphs. Cyrillic has few digraphs unless it is used to write non-Slavic languages, especially Caucasian languages.
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The crossed d was introduced by Serbian philologist Đuro Daničić in 1878 for use in Serbo-Croatian in his Dictionary of the Croatian or Serbian Language, replacing the older digraphs dj and gj.Maretić, Tomislav. Gramatika i stilistika hrvatskoga ili srpskoga književnog jezika, p. 14-15. 1899. Daničić modeled the letter after the Icelandic and Anglo-Saxon letter eth, albeit representing a different sound, the affricate . In 1892 it was officially introduced in Croatian and Slavonian schools (in the Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia where the Croatian language was official) and so definitively added to Gaj’s Latin alphabet.
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The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are `J\_+` and `d_-'` or `d_-_j`, respectively. There is also a non-IPA letter ("d" with the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ), used especially in Sinological circles. is a less common sound worldwide than the voiced postalveolar affricate because it is difficult to get the tongue to touch just the hard palate without also touching the back part of the alveolar ridge. It is also common for the symbol to be used to represent a palatalized voiced velar plosive or palato- alveolar/alveolo-palatal affricates, as in Indic languages.
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Ejective-contour clicks, also called sequential linguo-glottalic consonants, are consonants that transition from a click to an ejective sound, or more precisely, have an audible delay between the front and rear release of the click. All click types (alveolar , dental , lateral , palatal , retroflex , and labial ) have linguo-glottalic variants, which occur as both stops and affricates, and may be voiced. At least a voiceless linguo-glottalic affricate is attested from all Khoisan languages of southern Africa (the Khoe, Tuu, and Kx'a language families), as well as from the Bantu language Yeyi from the same area, but they are unattested elsewhere.
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The transcriptions she uses are or (velar) and or (epiglottal).Technically they should have superscript or, in broader transcription, , but a precomposed Unicode glyph is only available for , and in most fonts the other combinations look bad. (It is not clear if the is written because the rear release is actually an affricate, or because it better distinguishes these from the homorganic/uvular case, as in broad transcription may be used for either a velar or a uvular fricative.) In Gǀui, which has a velar release, the fricative is actually lateral, and so may be narrowly transcribed as (or ).
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Eskayan shares all the same phonemes as Boholano-Visayan (the particular variety of Cebuano spoken on Bohol) and even includes the distinctive Boholano voiced palatal affricate that appears in Visayan words such as maayo (‘good’). With the exception of this phoneme, Eskayan shares the same basic phonology as Cebuano- Visayan, Tagalog and many other Philippine languages. The phonotactics of Eskayan, on the other hand, are quite different from those of Boholano-Visayan and Philippine languages generally. This can be seen in Eskayan words such as (‘eel’), (‘face’), (‘knee’) and (‘flower’) that contain consonant sequences like , , , and which do not feature in Philippine languages.
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The voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are , , and , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are `d_z\` and `J\_z\`, though transcribing the stop component with (`J\` in X-SAMPA) is rare. The tie bar may be omitted, yielding or in the IPA and `dz\` or `J\z\` in X-SAMPA. Neither nor are a completely narrow transcription of the stop component, which can be narrowly transcribed as (retracted and palatalized ), or (both symbols denote an advanced ).
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The scientific transliteration system is roughly as phonemic as is the orthography of the language transliterated. The deviations are with щ, where the transliteration makes clear that two phonemes are involved, and џ, where it fails to represent the (monophonemic) affricate with a single letter. The transliteration system is based on the Gaj's Latin alphabet used in Serbo-Croatian, in which each letter corresponds directly to a Cyrillic letter in Bosnian, Montenegrin and Serbian official standards, and was heavily based on the earlier Czech alphabet. It was codified in the 1898 Prussian Instructions for libraries, or Preußische Instruktionen (PI).
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In the Latin-based orthographies of many European languages (including English), a distinction between hard and soft occurs in which represents two distinct phonemes. The sound of a hard (which often precedes the non-front vowels , and ) is that of the voiceless velar stop, (as in car) while the sound of a soft (typically before , and ), depending on language, may be a fricative or affricate. In English, the sound of soft is (as in the first and final c’s in " _c_ ircumferen _c_ e"). There was no soft in classical Latin, where it was always pronounced as .
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All Balto-Slavic languages that use the Latin alphabet, as well as Albanian, Hungarian, Pashto, several Sami languages, Esperanto, Ido, Interlingua, and Americanist phonetic notation (and those aboriginal languages of North America whose practical orthography derives from it) use to represent , the voiceless alveolar or voiceless dental sibilant affricate. In Hanyu Pinyin, the standard romanization of Mandarin Chinese, the letter represents an aspirated version of this sound, . Among non-European languages that have adopted the Latin alphabet, represents a variety of sounds. Yup'ik, Indonesian, Malay, and a number of African languages such as Hausa, Fula, and Manding share the soft Italian value of .
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The most common type of palatal consonant is the extremely common approximant , which ranks as among the ten most common sounds in the world's languages. The nasal is also common, occurring in around 35 percent of the world's languages,Ian Maddieson (with a chapter contributed by Sandra Ferrari Disner); Patterns of sounds; Cambridge University Press, 1984. in most of which its equivalent obstruent is not the stop , but the affricate . Only a few languages in northern Eurasia, the Americas and central Africa contrast palatal stops with postalveolar affricates - as in Hungarian, Czech, Latvian, Macedonian, Slovak, Turkish and Albanian.
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In spite of some modifications in the 19th century, the Bengali spelling system continues to be based on the one used for Sanskrit, and thus does not take into account some sound mergers that have occurred in the spoken language. For example, there are three letters (, , and ) for the voiceless postalveolar fricative , although the letter retains the voiceless alveolar sibilant sound when used in certain consonant conjuncts as in "fall", "beat", etc. The letter also retains the voiceless retroflex sibilant sound when used in certain consonant conjuncts as in "suffering", "clan", etc. Similarly, there are two letters ( and ) for the voiced postalveolar affricate .
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Serbian personal names are usually romanized exactly the same way as place names. This is particularly the case with consonants which are common to other Slavic Latin alphabets - Č, Ć, Š, Ž, Dž and Đ. A problem is presented by the letter Đ/đ that represents the affricate (similar to the "dj" sound in "jam"), which is still sometimes represented by "Dj". The letter Đ was not part of the original Gaj's alphabet, but was added by Đuro Daničić in the 19th century. A transcribed "Dj" is still sometimes encountered in rendering Serbian names into English (e.g.
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In English, hyperforeignisms are seen in loanwords from many different languages. Many examples of hyperforeignisms are isolated examples, rather than ones showing a particular pattern applied to multiple words and phrases, though some patterns can be identified. Replacement with postalveolar fricatives and is one common mark of hyperforeignisms in English. This leads to pronouncing smörgåsbord (with initial in Swedish) as , parmesan (from French ) as (the cheese itself is Italian, and this pronunciation may also have been influenced by the Italian word for the cheese, parmigiano, which has a postalveolar affricate: ), and Mandarin Chinese terms like Beijing (with , which sounds like to English speakers) with : .
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In phonetics, palato-alveolar (or palatoalveolar) consonants are postalveolar consonants, nearly always sibilants, that are weakly palatalized with a domed (bunched-up) tongue. They are common sounds cross-linguistically and occur in English words such as ship and chip. The fricatives are transcribed (voiceless) and (voiced) in the International Phonetic Alphabet, while the corresponding affricates are (voiceless) and (voiced). (For the affricates, tied symbols or unitary Unicode symbols are sometimes used instead, especially in languages that make a distinction between an affricate and a sequence of stop + fricative.) Examples of words with these sounds in English are shin , chin , gin and vision (in the middle of the word).
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Most authors refer to this language by the names Nawat or Pipil. However, Nawat (along with the synonymous Eastern Nahuatl) has also been used to refer to Nahuatl language varieties in southern Veracruz, Tabasco, and Chiapas, states in the south of Mexico, that like Pipil have reduced the earlier /t͡ɬ/ consonant (a lateral affricate) to a /t/.Ligorred, E: Lenguas Indígenas de México y Centroamérica Those Mexican lects share more similarities with Nawat than do the other Nahuatl varieties. Pipil specialists (Campbell, Fidias Jiménez, Geoffroy Rivas, King, Lemus, and Schultze, inter alia) generally treat Pipil/Nawat as a separate language, at least in practice.
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The Italian name, Lucia, follows Italian spelling rules, which say that "c" is pronounced as a post-alveolar affricate (the same sound that is written as "ch" in English) when it appears before a front vowel (in this case, "i"). That pronunciation is correctly represented in Japanese kana as るちあ. When attempting to transliterate the kana back into Latin characters, some people, unaware of the Italian spelling of the name, tried using the English "ch" to represent that consonant, resulting in the incorrect spelling "Luchia". ; : :Hanon is the Mermaid Princess of the South Atlantic Ocean and keeper of the aquamarine (水色 mizu-iro "water-color") pearl.
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The cuatrillo The cuatrillo with comma Cuatrillo (capital: Ꜭ, small: ꜭ) (Spanish for "little four") is a letter of several colonial Mayan alphabets in the Latin script that is based on the digit 4. It was invented by a Franciscan friar, Alonso de la Parra, in the 16th century to represent the velar ejective consonant found in Mayan languages, and is known as one of the Parra letters. A derivative of the cuatrillo by adding a comma diacritic, Ꜯ ꜯ was used for the alveolar ejective affricate found in the same languages. The cuatrillo is encoded in Unicode at the code points and , respectively.
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The dialect in many towns and villages in the Wādī (valley) and the coastal region is characterised by its -yodization, changing the Classical Arabic reflex to the approximant . That resembles some Eastern Arabian and Gulf dialects, including the dialects of Basra in Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain other Arab Emirates. In educated speech, is realised as a voiced palatal plosive or affricate in some lexical items which are marked [+ religious] or [+ educated] (see below). The reflex is pronounced as a voiced velar in all lexical items throughout the dialect. In some other Arabic dialects, is realised as a voiceless uvular plosive in certain marked lexemes [+ religious], [+ educational]: “Qur’an”.
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The Byzantines had a unique o-u ligature (Ȣ) that, while originally based on the Greek alphabet's ο-υ, carried over into Latin alphabets as well. This ligature is still seen today on icon artwork in Greek Orthodox churches, and sometimes in graffiti or other forms of informal or decorative writing. Gha (ƣ), a rarely used letter based on Q and G, was misconstrued by the ISO to be an OI ligature because of its appearance, and is thus known (to the ISO and, in turn, Unicode) as "Oi". The International Phonetic Alphabet formerly used ligatures to represent affricate consonants, of which six are encoded in Unicode: and .
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Pulmonic-contour clicks, also called sequential linguo-pulmonic consonants, are consonants that transition from a click to an ordinary pulmonic sound, or more precisely, have an audible delay between the front and rear release of the click. All click types (alveolar , dental , lateral , palatal , retroflex , and labial ) have linguo-pulmonic variants, which occur as both stops and affricates, and are attested in four phonations: tenuis, voiced, aspirated, and murmured (breathy voiced). At least a voiceless linguo-pulmonic affricate is attested from all Khoisan languages of southern Africa (the Khoe, Tuu, and Kx'a language families), as well as (reportedly) from the Bantu language Yeyi from the same area, but they are unattested elsewhere.
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According to Nubia Tobar, who interviewed some of the last speakers of the language, there were six oral vowels organized into three basic levels of openness: high, medium and low, and three positions: anterior, central and posterior, each of which with its corresponding glottalized and elongated. The 22 consonants were p, ph (aspirated), t, th (aspirated), t (palatal), ts (Africa), k, kh (aspirated), kw (velar) b, d, and (voiceless palatal sound), g, m, n, n, f, s, z (voiced alveolar fricative), h (voiceless glottal fricative), che (palatal affricate), and the glide w. The language was thought lost until two elderly speakers were located in the 1990s. Presumably the language is now extinct.
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The highly variable sj sound varies between and on the Finnish mainland, often close to sh in English shoe. In the Åland Islands, its realization is similar to the velar (and often labialized) pronunciations of nearby parts of Sweden. The historic k sound before front vowels and the tj sound, in modern Central Swedish a fricative , is an affricate or in all Finland Swedish dialects, close to ch in English chin, except for some Åland Swedish, in which it is a simple fricative. The tonal word accent, which distinguishes some minimal pairs in most dialects of Swedish and Norwegian, is not present in Finland Swedish (except around the parish of Snappertuna, west of Helsinki).
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T-comma (majuscule: Ț, minuscule: ț) is a letter which is part of the Romanian alphabet, used to represent the Romanian language sound , the voiceless alveolar affricate (like ts in bolts). It is written as the letter T with a small comma below and it has both the lower-case (U+021B) and the upper-case variants (U+021A). The letter was proposed in the Buda Lexicon, a book published in 1825, which included two texts by Petru Maior, and , introducing ș for and ț for .Marinella Lörinczi Angioni, "Coscienza nazionale romanza e ortografia: il romeno tra alfabeto cirillico e alfabeto latino ", La Ricerca Folklorica, No. 5, La scrittura: funzioni e ideologie. (Apr.
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If the vowel length is unknown, a breve as well as a macron are used in historical linguistics (Ā̆ ā̆ Ē̆ ē̆ Ī̆ ī̆ Ō̆ ō̆ Ū̆ ū̆). Some typefaces differentiate Cyrillic style (top) and Latin style breve (bottom) In Cyrillic script, a breve is used for Й. In Belarusian, it is used for both the Cyrillic Ў (semivowel U) and in the Latin (Łacinka) Ŭ. Ў was also used in Cyrillic Uzbek under the Soviet Union. The Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet uses a breve on Ӂ to represent a voiced postalveolar affricate (corresponding to before a front vowel in the Latin script for Moldovan). In Chuvash, a breve is used for Cyrillic letters Ӑ (A-breve) and Ӗ (E-breve).
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Dze (Ѕ ѕ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script, used in the Macedonian language to represent the voiced alveolar affricate , like the pronunciation of ⟨ds⟩ in "needs". It is derived from the letter dzelo or zelo of the Early Cyrillic alphabet, and it was used historically for Old Church Slavonic, Ukrainian, Russian, and Romanian. Although fully obsolete everywhere in the Cyrillic world by the 19th century, the letter zelo was revived in 1944 by the designers of the alphabet of the then-codified Macedonian language. As the Macedonian language is central to the Balkan Linguistic Union, the phonetical need for this individual letter is consistent with the phoneme's presence in Greek (τζ), and Albanian (x), both non-Slavic neighbours to the Macedonian language.
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The phoneme written Л л is pronounced as a voiced alveolar lateral fricative mostly by the Circassians of Kabardino and Cherkessia, but many Kabardians pronounce it as an alveolar lateral approximant in diaspora.Phonetic Structures of Turkish Kabardian (page 3 and 4) The series of labialized alveolar sibilant affricates and fricatives that exist in Adyghe became labiodental consonants in Kabardian, for example the Kabardian words мафӏэ "fire", зэвы "narrow", фыз "wife" and вакъэ "shoe" are pronounced as машӏо , зэжъу , шъуз and цуакъэ in Adyghe. Kabardian has a labialized voiceless velar fricative which correspond to Adyghe , for example the Adyghe word "тфы" ( "five" is тху () in Kabardian. In the Beslenei dialect, there exists an alveolar lateral ejective affricate which corresponds to in literary Kabardian.
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Tangsuyuk is a dish that was first made by Chinese immigrants in the port city of Incheon, where the majority of ethnic Chinese population in South Korea live. It is derived from Shandong-style tángcùròu (), as Chinese immigrants to Korea mostly had Shandong ancestry, including those that had first migrated to Northeastern China. Although the Chinese characters meaning "sugar" (), "vinegar" (), and "meat" () are pronounced dang, cho, and yuk in Korean, the dish is called tangsuyuk, not dangchoyuk, because the word tangsu derived from the transliteration of Chinese pronunciation tángcù , with the affricate c in the second syllable weakened into fricative s . The third syllable ròu () was not transliterated, as Sino-Korean word yuk () meaning "meat" was also commonly used in Korean dish names.
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Majuscule and minuscule ċ glyphs in Doulos SIL Ċ (minuscule: ċ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed from C with the addition of a dot. It is used in Maltese to represent a voiceless palato-alveolar affricate, equivalent to English ch (), for which many other languages use Č. It is used in modern transcripts of Old English for the same reason, to distinguish it from c pronounced as , which otherwise is spelled the same. Its voiced equivalent is Ġ. Ċ was formerly used in Irish to represent the lenited form of C. The digraph ch, which is older than ċ in this function in Irish, is now used. Ċ is also used in the Latin version of Chechen language and Karmeli language as of 1992.
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The size of click inventories ranges from as few as three (in Sesotho) or four (in Dahalo), to dozens in the Kxʼa and Tuu (Northern and Southern Khoisan) languages. Taa, the last vibrant language in the latter family, has 45 to 115 click phonemes, depending on analysis (clusters vs. contours), and over 70% of words in the dictionary of this language begin with a click.L&M; 1996, p 246 Clicks appear more stop-like (sharp/abrupt) or affricate-like (noisy) depending on their place of articulation: In southern Africa, clicks involving an apical alveolar or laminal postalveolar closure are acoustically abrupt and sharp, like stops, whereas labial, dental and lateral clicks typically have longer and acoustically noisier click types that are superficially more like affricates.
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The most frequent character with cedilla is "ç" ("c" with cedilla, as in façade). It was first used for the sound of the voiceless alveolar affricate in old Spanish and stems from the Visigothic form of the letter "z" (ꝣ), whose upper loop was lengthened and reinterpreted as a "c", whereas its lower loop became the diminished appendage, the cedilla. It represents the "soft" sound , the voiceless alveolar sibilant, where a "c" would normally represent the "hard" sound (before "a", "o", "u", or at the end of a word) in English and in certain Romance languages such as Catalan, Galician, French (where ç appears in the name of the language itself, '), Ligurian, Occitan, and Portuguese. In Occitan, Friulian and Catalan ç can also be found at the beginning of a word (', ') or at the end (').
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This symbol later dropped out of alphabetic use, but survived in the form of the numeral symbol sampi (modern ). As an alphabetic character, it has been attested in the cities of Miletus, Ephesos, Halikarnassos, Erythrae, Teos (all situated in the region of Ionia in Asia Minor), in the island of Samos, in the Ionian colony of Massilia, and in Kyzikos (situated farther north in Asia Minor, in the region of Mysia). In Pontic Mesembria, on the Black Sea coast of Thrace, it was used on coins, which were marked with the abbreviation of the city's name, spelled . The sound denoted by this letter was a reflex of the proto-Greek consonant clusters , , , or , and was probably an intermediate sound during the phonetic change from the earlier plosive clusters towards the later sound, possibly an affricate similar to .
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For a long time, it was known as a trait of the Andalusian dialect, and it seems to have reached Madrid and other cities of central and northern Spain only in the last 100 years or so. Since more than half of the early settlers of Spanish America came from Andalusia, most Spanish-speaking regions of the Americas have yeísmo, but there are pockets in which the sounds are still distinguished. Native-speakers of neighboring languages, such as Galician, Astur-Leonese, Basque, Aragonese, Occitan and Catalan, usually do not feature yeísmo in their Spanish since those languages retain the phoneme. A related trait that has also been documented sporadically for several hundred years is rehilamiento (literally "whizzing"), the pronunciation of as a sibilant fricative or even an affricate , which is common among non-native Spanish speakers as well.
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This same phoneme is rendered as by many authors, including Canfield and Lipski, using the convention of the Revista de Filología Española. That phoneme, in most variants of Mexican Spanish, is pronounced as either a palatal fricative or an approximant in most cases, although after a pause it is instead realized as an affricate . Also present in most of the interior of Mexico is the preservation (absence of debuccalization) of syllable-final ; this, combined with frequent unstressed vowel reduction, gives the sibilant a special prominence. This situation contrasts with that in the coastal areas, on both the Pacific and the Gulf Coastal sides, where the weakening or debuccalization of syllable-final is a sociolinguistic marker, reflecting the tension between the Mexico City norm and the historical tendency towards consonantal weakening characteristic of coastal areas in Spanish America.
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The nasalisation of vowels and consonants in Mixtec is an interesting phenomenon that has had various analyses. All of the analyses agree that nasalization is contrastive and that it is somewhat restricted. In most varieties, it is clear that nasalization is limited to the right edge of a morpheme (such as a noun or verb root), and spreads leftward until it is blocked by an obstruent (plosive, affricate or fricative in the list of Mixtec consonants). A somewhat more abstract analysis of the Mixtec facts claims that the spreading of nasalization is responsible for the surface "contrast" between two kinds of bilabials ( and , with and without the influence of nasalization, respectively), between two kinds of palatals ( and nasalized —often less accurately (but more easily) transcribed as —with and without nasalization, respectively), and even two kinds of coronals ( and , with and without nasalization, respectively).
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For the fricatives š , ž , and the affricate č only, the caron is used in most northwestern Uralic languages that use the Latin alphabet, such as Karelian, Veps, Northern Sami and Inari Sami (though not in Southern Sami). Estonian and Finnish use š and ž (but not č), but only for transcribing foreign names and loanwords (albeit common loanwords such as šekki or tšekk 'check'); the sounds (and letters) are native and common in Karelian, Veps and Sami. In Italian, š, ž, and č are routinely used as in Slovenian to transcribe Slavic names in the Cyrillic script since in native Italian words, the sounds represented by these letters must be followed by a vowel, and Italian uses ch for , not . Other Romance languages, by contrast, tend to use their own orthographies, or in a few cases such as Spanish, borrow English sh or zh.
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Florian Coulmas, 1991, The writing systems of the worldWilliam Schniedewind, Joel Hunt, 2007. A primer on Ugaritic The final consonantal letter of the alphabet, s2, has a disputed origin along with both "appended" glottals, but "The patent similarity of form between the Ugaritic symbol transliterated [s2], and the s-character of the later Northwest Semitic script makes a common origin likely, but the reason for the addition of this sign to the Ugaritic alphabet is unclear (compare Segert 1983:201-218; Dietrich and Loretz 1988). In function, [s2] is like Ugaritic s, but only in certain words – other s-words are never written with [s2]."Ugaritic, in The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia The words that show s2 are predominantly borrowings, and thus it is often thought to be a late addition to the alphabet representing a foreign sound that could be approximated by native /s/; Huehnergard and Pardee make it the affricate /ts/.
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The affricate /ts/ is treated as a unit rather than two successive consonants. /m/ bilabial nasal can occur in all syllable positions. /n/ dental nasal environment: syllable initial and final and syllabic : nanan ‘cooked sweet potato’ : ntama [n'tama] ‘cooked’ /ŋ/ velar nasal environment: syllable initial and final and syllabic : ngenge ‘baby, youngest child in family’ : song ‘cough’ : ngurang [ŋ'guraŋ] ‘matured, grew up’ /l/ voiced alveolar palatalized lateral environment: syllable initial and final : laman ‘so that, in order to’ : menal ‘bitter, astringent tasting’ /R/ voiced alveolar flap environment: syllable initial and (rarely) final : ria ‘ginger’ : makerker ‘shoddy’ /w/ voiced bilabial approximant environment: syllable initial and final : waswas ‘chop with knife’ : taw ‘person’ : madaylaw ‘tiring’ /y/ voiced palatal approximant environment: syllable initial and final : yukyuk ‘kind of spirit’ : sumyu ‘finger, toe’ : advy ‘expression of pain’ Stress patterns Primary stress in Tawbuid is either final or penultimate. Most words are stressed unpredictably, and in some speakers, all syllables seem to be equally stressed.
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