Historical aerial photographs showing the study area of mid-1917 together with possible tunnel adits (based on combined air photography interpretation and cartographic evidence).
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Historical aerial photographs showing the study area of mid-1917 together with possible tunnel adits (based on combined air photography interpretation and cartographic evidence).
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To complicate matters, the landscape was filled with mining tunnels, shafts, adits, and crosscuts, any of which, in theory, could provide entry into Riese.
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Adits, shafts and coal seams from that period mark the landscape.
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These included mine entrances (two bricked up) and some collapsed pieces of the adits.
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After the closure of the mine, some shafts and adits remained open. Several incidents are known to have occurred whereby people or animals fell down holes or became stuck in adits. These include a dog and a cow, both of which were safely recovered.
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The upper two adits are still open to the trench, but the lowest one is currently blocked.
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"Adits, Caves, Karizi-Qanats, and Tunnels in Afghanistan: An Annotated Bibliography." US Army Corps of Engineers, Army Geospatial Center.
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A side benefit of driving such extensive adits is that previously unknown ore-bodies can be discovered, helping finance the enormous cost. Adits were used in Cornwall before 1500, and were important to the tin and copper mines in Cornwall and Devon because the ore-bearing veins are nearly vertical, thus acting as ingress channels for water.
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Greater horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) use disused mine adits as a winter roosting site, and other bat species feed on the site.
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Queen Louise adit, Zabrze, Poland Adits are driven into the side of a hill or mountain, and are often used when an ore body is located inside the mountain but above the adjacent valley floor or coastal plain. In cases where the mineral vein outcrops at the surface, the adit may follow the lode or vein until it is worked out, in which case the adit is rarely straight. The use of adits for the extraction of ore is generally called drift mining. Adits can only be driven into a mine where the local topography permits.
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A few yards below the adits is the old road to the U.S. ford, and the sluice gate and the foundations of a mill.
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Miner Deposita, vol. 32, 913-935. The abandoned mine portals and adits can still be seen along the cliffs that flank the Transcanada Highway.Leckie, D.A. 2017.
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There are four adits at Dolgoch; they are located between SH652044 and SH655043. Adit 1 is located close to the Lower Dolgoch Falls. It is approximately long and dog-legs to the right slightly, ending at a chamber that is open to the sky, but fenced off for safety. The other three adits are on the level above the Lower Falls, and along the walkway to the Middle Dolgoch Falls.
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Once again the tunnel was driven from adits, this time 13 adits were connected to the first railway tunnel. The canal tunnel was extended at the Diggle end to accommodate the third rail tunnel, which ran close past it. For most of its length, the new bore is to the north of the canal tunnel, but passes over the canal tunnel just inside each tunnel entrance. When the work was completed, the tunnel was long.
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They followed the ore veins underground once opencast mining was no longer feasible. At Dolaucothi they stoped out the veins and drove adits through bare rock to drain the stopes. The same adits were also used to ventilate the workings, especially important when fire-setting was used. At other parts of the site, they penetrated the water table and dewatered the mines using several kinds of machines, especially reverse overshot water- wheels.
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Because of the great quantity of underground water, it was necessary to dig horizontal adits into the hillsides to de-water the mines. Dartmoor's topography, cut with deep valleys, helped there and in many cases it was possible to dig to a reasonable depth without the need to pump out water.Harris 1972, p.38. These adits connected with shafts that were either sunk vertically downwards or followed the line of the steeply dipping lode.
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The mine consisted of several vertical shafts and horizontal tunnels, also known as adits or drives, down the hill side. It is still possible to explore some of these drives.
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A small, almost hidden adit entrance at Eylesbarrow mine, Dartmoor, Devon Most adits are designed to slope slightly upwards from the entrance so that water will flow freely out of the mine.Earl 1994, p.36. Mines that have adits can be at least partly drained of water by gravity alone or power-assisted gravity. The depth to which a mine can be drained by gravity alone is defined by the deepest open adit which is known as the "drainage adit".
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This is an adit (horizontal or sloping mine entrance) in the Johannesburg municipality, near the suburb of Roodeport. It is part of a chain of similar adits along a surface outcrop of the Roodeport gold reef of the Witwatersrand, South Africa. This is an adit (horizontal or sloping mine entrance) in the Johannesburg municipality, near the suburb of Roodeport. It is part of a chain of similar adits along a surface outcrop of the Roodeport gold reef of the Witwatersrand, South Africa.
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Stoping is considered "productive work", and is contrasted with "deadwork", the work required merely to access the mineral deposit, such as sinking shafts and winzes, carving adits, tunnels, and levels, and establishing ventilation and transportation.
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Some of headings and adits to connect the wells together were also constructed. Unexpectedly, the soft ground meant that the wells had to be lined with concrete blocks, and the work cost £38,412, against the original estimate of £14,630.
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Underground telephone in one of the mineshafts In 2002 a tunnel to demonstrate traditional mining around Wiesloch was planned. This led to the construction of an underground mining area with two adits leading into it to demonstrate iron ore mining.
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Natural rock lines the interior walls. Heavy iron doors were hung across the tunnel adits during the summer of 1975. They remain open from mid-July until October 1, weather permitting. The long tunnel is a unique man-made feature in Glacier.
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Adits are useful for deeper mines, as water only needs to be raised to the drainage adit rather than to the surface. Because of the great reduction in ongoing costs that a drainage adit can provide, they have sometimes been driven for great distances for this purpose. One example is the Milwr tunnel in North Wales, which is about ten miles (16 km) long. Other examples are the Great County Adit in Cornwall, a 40-mile (65 km)-long network of adits that used to drain the whole Gwennap mining area, and the 3.9 mile (6.2 km) Sutro Tunnel at the Comstock Lode in Virginia City, Nevada.
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On the south side of the cove there are adits cut into the cliff for the St Just Mine. His son made Porthledden into a hotel, but it did not succeed. It was sold in the 1950s to pay off family debts, and later fell into disrepair.
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There were 8 adits in Tarnowskie Góry. A 600-meter part of former "Fryderyk" adit, built in 1821-1834, is available for tourists.Zalewski, Paweł (ed.) (2008). Technika. Warsaw: Carta Blanca. . p.264 The lead-ore mining in Tarnowskie Góry stopped in 1912 because of resource shortage.
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Considerable effort had been spent constructing small tunnels to supply waterwheels to raise spoil and water from intermediate adits. By the autumn, concerned that such work was expensive, Outram abandoned building extra workfaces and concentrated on boring out from both ends. Although cheaper, the completion date was extended.
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Bralorne came into its own in the Great Depression years. In 1931 Austin C. Taylor and associates acquired the Bralorne property and financed construction of a 100-ton mill. The Bralorne Mine operated from March 1932 until 1971. In that time 3 million ounces of gold were refined from its adits.
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It roosts in caves, overhangs, disused mines, and railway tunnels. In the KwaZulu-Natal it has also been observed in damp sandstone caves, a solution cave of glacio- fluvial boulder clay, a rocky overhang over a forest stream, a rock fissure, a railway tunnel as well as from unused mine adits.
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Numerous other smaller faults affect the coalfield. The Upper Coal Measures are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield. The early coal pits were dug to the shallow seams where they outcropped, particularly in the Irwell Valley and in Atherton. The early collieries were adits or bell pits exploiting the Worsley Four Foot Mine.
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Manod Mawr North Top is a mountain in North Wales and forms part of the Moelwynion. It lies directly to the north of its parent Manod Mawr, separated by the Graig Ddu Quarry. Crossing the quarry to reach the main summit can be dangerous. There are also a few mine adits on the northern slopes.
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By 1593, coal was being exported from ports on the Dee Estuary. The trade developed swiftly and by 1616, the principle collieries were at Bagillt, Englefield, Leaderbrook, Mostyn, Uphfytton and Wepre. Most mines were horizontal adits or shallow bell pits, though a few were becoming sufficiently large to have accumulations of water and ventilation problems.
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In 1846, work commenced on a railway tunnel for the Huddersfield & Manchester Railway. It ran parallel to, and to south of the canal tunnel at a slightly higher level. From the canal tunnel, thirteen adits were driven to facilitate excavating the railway tunnel. The railway company had bought the canal company to provide access.
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In 1978, under the direction of the local history society, work on the Erzknappenstollen adit began. In 1984, visitors were able to enter the Erzknappenlochstollen. Between 1984 and 2005, further excavation projects made other parts of the mine accessible, so that both the Upper and Lower Adits (Obere and Untere Stollen) could be visited.
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Damian und Sorge, Grätz 1834, 358 p. Online (in German). Miners houses, workshops and processing plants were often connected through a system of schneekragens with the adits, so the miners did not have to shovel. The corridors, often built of dry stone, bareley reached man-high and had to be crossed cowered down or crawling.
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Copper Falls mine was a set of numerous copper mine shafts and adits south of Eagle Harbor, Michigan. The mine was established in 1846.Walter Romig, Michigan Place Names, p. 133 The mine is in Eagle Harbor Township, near the Copper Falls water fall on the Owl Creek and the Copper Falls ghost town.
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The Mount Kembla mine worked the Bulli seam which outcrops at above sea level on the side of Mount Kembla. The coal was worked through a drift mine with additional adits for ventilation and drainage. There are two main haulage roadways. The "Main Tunnel" roadway extends from the entrance in a north-westerly direction.
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It has been recorded at elevations of above sea level. Four mine adits currently in use for roosts are greater than above sea level, however, while there is only one record of this species from a lower altitude. These more recent records suggest that it prefers the afromontane savanna, only occasionally traveling to the lowland rainforests.
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Mining history, based on dated material from the mine adits and nearby historical ruins (e.g. the Qaleh- Bozorg fortress), was traced to the earliest stages of the Sassanid Empire (224-651 AD), and possibly even the latest stages of the Parthian Empire (247 BC-224 AD) (Hallier, 1972; Stöllner and Weisgerber, 2004). The Gombad and Shaft no.
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At first, the mines were open cast, because the ore veins were on the surface. But eventually these pits collected too much water and there were no powerful pumps at hand. So adits were driven to enable the water to drain out. These hand-hewn tunnels were so big, that a large man could easily walk through them.
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The mountains are riddled with adits and holes. The air is damp and full of toxic fumes from the mining process, making Nambija one of the most inhospitable places on earth. Torrential rains during the days before the disaster, softening the soil even more, made things worse. Nambija has the title of being "The World's Most Dangerous Gold Town".
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Development at that time included several to adits, and three shafts, to deep. The rock was crushed in a four-stamp mill with 600-pound stamps, and a Huntington mill. Two of the above-mentioned mines were free milling and two produced sulfide ore. Five men were engaged on the property at the time, mainly on development work.
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From the 19th century, Bärschwil was a source of gypsum. Initially the gypsum was extracted on the surface, but subsequently using underground mines accessed via adits. Until 1910, the mine was situated at Gupf, and when that was exhausted a new mine was opened at Kirchacker. At first the gypsum was removed using horse and cart.
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Bärschwil is first mentioned in 1194 as Bermeswile. From the 19th century until 1957, Bärschwil was a source of gypsum. Initially, the gypsum was extracted on the surface but, subsequently, using underground mines accessed via adits. Until 1910, the mine was situated at Gupf and, when that was exhausted, a new mine was opened at Kirchacker.
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Even before its completion, plans were in consideration for a second tunnel alongside it. When economic case became clear, Thomas Nelson, who built the first railway tunnel, was awarded the contract. As with the first tunnel, the canal tunnel was linked to the second by 21 adits which passed underneath Nicholson's tunnel, allowing spoil to be removed by boat.
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Secondly, the rock in the ore lode, which formed a 'zone of disturbance', was much softer than the surrounding rock. The typical Harz grauwacke was far harder than concrete. As a result, the majority of drainage adits followed the vein. From the shaft, main gangways, the so-called Feldortstrecken, were driven out to the boundary of the mine allotment.
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Milnthorpe, Cumbria: Cicerone. . On the northern slope of Allt-fawr is the Oakeley Quarry, the world's largest underground slate mine. On the southern slope is the large Cwmorthin Quarry. These two mines are joined underneath the summit of Allt-fawr and the extensive chambering and adits are visible on the surface of the mountain where underground workings have collapsed.
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The silver mine of Segen Gottes was first mentioned in the records in the 13th century, but is probably older. The mine was closed in the 18th century. In 1997 minining enthusiasts began opening the adits and mineshafts. The town of Haslach decided to make these witnesses of medieval mining open to the public as a show mine.
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The mills level, at the lower end, was at elevation. There were originally two pits, the upper working was known as Rhiw Fachno and the lower one was the main Cwm Machno quarry. Adits lead into the mountain from both pits to access the underground workings. About above the Rhiw Fachno pit was the quarry reservoir.
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As early as Roman times agate was being excavated on the surface of the hill. From the 15th century, during an agate boom period, the green rock was mined using adits. The Weiselberg is a magmatic volcanic plug. Its most striking rock formation is the Steinerne Schrank ("Stone Cupboard"), a wide rock face which looks like a large cupboard.
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To feed the large new works, dozens of miles of tunnels were cut to ore bodies. The adits stretch high into the mountains and down in the mountain below sea level. Large fans for ventilation, electric lights, pumps and air drills assisted the work. At No. 3 Concentrator, ore was crushed and pulverised in ball mills.
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The Gold King Mine's adits were dry for most of the mine's recent history, as the area was being drained from below by the Sunnyside Mine's American Tunnel. Sunnyside Mine closed in 1991. As part of a reclamation plan, the American Tunnel was sealed up in 1996.SGC "Reclamation", Sunnyside Gold Corporation. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
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In the past horses and pit ponies were used. In combination with shafts, adits form an important element in the ventilation of a mine: in simple terms, cool air will enter through an adit, be warmed by the higher temperature underground and will naturally exhaust from vertical shafts, some of which are sunk specifically for this purpose.Earl 1994, pp.64–65.
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It is not known if the mine workings under Warborough Road, Churston contain any linking passages to the old smugglers' tunnel due to the Warborough adits being untraceable or backfilled under the overgrown thicket. In a recent planning application regarding works at number 2 Warborough Road, it is documented that one of the deep shafts is capped underneath the property's garden.
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Before 1800 digging small reaching only surface based ore was the only technique available to the miners. In the 19th century mining changed and more than 20 adits enabled the workers to reach calamine up to 105 m below the surface. During this time the Schlangenberg-area was perforated like a Swiss cheese. More than 700 miners worked at the mining shafts.
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Wetton Low is another peak, almost due south of the village. The name Low comes from its use as a burial ground, with several tumuli. There are also a number of disused lead mines in this area, some in the form of adits. At one time a wooded area of the valley side near the Low was designated as a nature reserve.
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Quarrying operations expanded during the 1890s and 1900s, with new land leases being taken to support quarrying. In 1911 the Thingdon Quarry immediately south of Finedon was leased from Neilson's. From 1913, a number of underground adits were driven from the quarry face eastwards to access deeper ore deposits. These eventually extended to dozens of miles of tunnels and galleries running towards Irthlingborough.
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Gear Sands is a sprawling holiday camp and caravan site to the north of the town centre. At the south end of the beach are cliffs with natural arches, natural stacks and tin-mining adits. There is a youth hostel above the cliffs at Droskyn Point. Nearby is the 19th century Droskyn Castle, formerly a hotel and now divided into apartments.
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The integrity of the massif of the marble was cracked in the 20th century due to the use of dynamite. For this reason some quarries were abandoned and inundated. Now these picturesque deep quarries and adits with limpid water serve as a popular tourist attraction. The length of the quarries from north to south is 460 meters, width - up to 100 meters.
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The mine facilities are largely ruinous. The mine was not spectacularly successful but was sufficiently productive to remain in operation for nearly seventy-five years. The mine itself consisted of several vertical and horizontal shafts, of which four vertical shafts, five inclined shafts, and ten horizontal adits remain. Tailings piles appear in several places, with quantities of machinery scattered about the site.
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Current meaning of the word "Góry" is "mountains" and may be confusing. Mining industry had to wrestle with the problem of water flooding workings. To prevent it in 1788 the first steam engine was brought from England by Fryderyk Wilhelm Hrabia von Reden. The other way to drain workings was digging adits which piped the water using the difference of level.
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She was seconded as project manager of Farringdon station. The station includes platform and concourse tunnels, ticket halls, escalators, and adits built using sprayed concrete lining. In March 2017, Miller left the UK and moved to Australia to begin work on the Sydney Metro. She encourages all young women she meets to consider careers in engineering; including the children of Crossrail staff.
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Cape horseshoe bats are endemic to Cape Province in South Africa, where they inhabit shrubby coastal environments. They are nocturnal, spending the day roosting in large colonies in coastal caves or mine adits. They are often found together with other species of bat, including Geoffroy's horseshoe bat and Schreibers' long-fingered bat. They are ambush hunters, hiding among vegetation and preying mainly on beetles and moths.
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The granodiorite and quartz diorite area between Lamplugh Glacier and Reid Glacier contains most of the quartz vein gold lodes, which were produced by six mines. This is known as the Reid Inlet gold area. The Monarch Mines and the Incas Mine was discovered in 1924 by J. Ibach. The Monarch No. 1 and No. 2 veins were drift mined with 200 and 150 foot adits respectively.
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The first engine was run in September 1884, although the works were not declared to be complete until 12 April 1886. The two wells were deep, and were connected by adits which were long. Water was raised by ram pumps connected to the rotative beam engines. An additional reservoir was constructed at Mapperley, as well as a water main to link the two sites.
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J.S. Newberry visited the abandoned copper mines of the Canon del Cobre () in 1859 and discovered thousands of leaf impressions in a shale bed exposed in the roofs of the mine adits. Ash revisited the mines and confirmed in 1974 that the fossils included the conifers Brachyphyllum sp., Pagiophyllum newberryi Ward ex. Daugherty, and Araucarioxylon arizonicum Knowlton, and the cycads Otozamites macombii Newberry, 0.
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Lead and copper ore mining and slate mining has spanned centuries. Petts Quarry worked by Kirkstone Green Slate Company is just to the Ambleside side of the summit. Nearby is Hartsop Hall lead mine. Caudale slate mine is a few miles further down, on the Ullswater side, and was last worked at the beginning of the 20th century; all its adits are now blocked.
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Starvationer at Ellesmere Port Canal Museum with a demonstration of the process of legging to push the boat through the tunnels of the Worsley Navigable Levels Legging is a method of moving a boat through a canal tunnel or adit containing water. This method of navigating through canal tunnels and adits was commonly used in canal tunnels during the 18th and early 19th centuries.
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The bulk of the mineral here is magnetite, but other sulfide and minerals of copper, lead zinc and silver attracted miners. Thomas Coyle operated the mine in 1895, producing 2.6 tons of copper and 26.1 kg of silver. In 1907 the Cowley Copper Syndicate Ltd started more work cutting two more adits and winzes. However it was abandoned by 1909 as the ore was too low grade.
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The pits were grouped geographically, with clusters of pits close together working the same coal seams often under the same ownership. Many pits shared the trackways and tramways which connected them to the Somerset Coal Canal or railways for distribution. The early pits were adits where coal outcropped or bell pits where coal was close to the surface. These methods were abandoned when deep seams were mined.
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Van Barneveld, Charles E. (1913) Iron Mining in Minnesota, 199. University of Minnesota. When the mine closed, level 27 was being developed at 2,341 feet (713.5 m) below the surface and the entire underground workings consisted of more than fifty miles of drifts, adits, and raises. In 1965, US Steel donated the Soudan Mine to the State of Minnesota to use for educational purposes.
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52 bell pits have been found in Harridge Wood East, the largest with a diameter of . Adits have also been found, horizontal passages for accessing the mines or draining waters, and leats that carried water to power machinery or drained water. There are mounds of excavated material and the remains of shafts. The coal field was active from around 1300 to 1800, although some small working continued longer.
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In 1776 they both visited the largest English industrial centres, which in the second half of the 18th century were the forefront of European industry. There they learned the principles of operation of coal mines, coking plants, the use of steam engines, the construction of water channels and adits draining mining excavations. The drilling of the shafts began in October 1783. 72 miners were involved in the work.
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Newman 1999, pp.111–115 alt=Looking up a notch cut in a grassy slope leading up to a small dark entrance Four adits are referred to in the mine documents. Shallow Adit and Deep Adit both date from the early phase of working, around 1815. Shallow Adit is blocked, its position marked by a stream issuing from the hillside just to the south of the main track.
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The Combe is the site of the disused Yewthwaite lead mine and there are extensive spoil heaps and old adits and shafts. The mine opened in the late 18th century and closed in 1893. This mine area was made famous by Beatrix Potter as the location of the story "The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle", the story she dedicated to Lucy Carr, daughter of the vicar of Newlands Church, Mrs.
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The northern slopes of Scar Crags, below Long Crag, contain the remains of the Lake District’s only cobalt mine. It was opened by the Keswick Mining Company in 1846, who invested £7,000 in the project. A road and an inclined tramway were built to convey the ore down to Stoneycroft in the Newlands valley. Four adits were driven into the hillside, the longest being about 60 metres in length.
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All mining operations in the area ceased after the miners' strike of 1925. After the mines closed, workers traveled to the Phalen and Lingan mines to continue working. During the early 1980s, there was a push to develop the coal deposits extending out under the Atlantic Ocean from large adits initiated on the coast. Large scale tunnel burrowing machines were used to provide access to these high quality coal fields.
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1897 brings the long closure of Bishopley quarry, the large expansion of Bishopley Crag quarry as well as the now recorded adits and shafts of the unknown mines about the old quarry to the south. 1921, OS maps show that all work has ceased, the Bishopley Crag as well as all of the local mines (including that of the well known and larger Harehope mine) are now marked as 'disused'.
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Reith is lowered into the vast Pnume underground. He manages to free himself and hide before he can be taken by human Pnumekin, servants of the Pnume, to the Museum of Foreverness. Perplexed at finding an empty bag, they summon a Pnume Sector Warden, who consults its Master Charts, detailing all the various tunnels and hidden adits. Determining that there is one possible escape route, they leave to check it.
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The early collieries were adits, accessing the coal from outcrops on the side of a hill at Crompton Moor, Oldham Edge and Werneth, employing up to a dozen workers. Shallow pits sunk from the surface with wooden headstocks were recorded in the late 1600s. These collieries had two shafts to aid ventilation. The Chamber Colliery Company's pits were sunk around 1750 by James Lees and the company was formed in 1877.
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There were two main areas where the slate was extracted. One was called the Front Quarry, which was worked on the Front Vein and southwards; the other was called the Back Quarry, and worked the Back vein, further to the north. Both veins were worked initially as open quarries, but were then worked in chambers underground. All of the mine's chambers were west of the adits, because of the Dolwyddelan fault.
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At around 14:00 on 31 July 1902 a large amount of flame and smoke burst from the main tunnel, along with a loud noise. Other adits had smoke driven out from them. 261 men were underground at the time, but after the blast some of them managed to find their own way out. The Royal Commission produced a summary of their findings about the cause and mechanism of the disaster.
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The furnace continued to draw air through the mine and clear the after-damp. Since all drifts and adits were intakes the rescuers were able to enter the mine as the after-damp cleared. They were further hindered by roof falls caused by the explosion. Two of the resuers, Mr H O MacCabe and Mr William McMurray, pushed ahead too fast and were killed by the after-damp.
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The creek was named in the 1870s after early prospector and settler Oliver Furry. Loggers worked the slopes, and a two adits from the Britannia Creek mine opened into Furry Creek where logging camp supplied timbers for mine shoring in the early 1900s. Dams on Phyllis and Marion Lake and Furry Creek redirected water from Furry Creek to the Britannia mine for power generation. Later in the century a gravel pit operated in the area.
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Golden Gully was created by European and Chinese miners during the 19th century. With the onset of the 1851 gold rush, the miners sank shafts, adits and drives to retrieve the alluvial gold deposits which settled on an ancient buried river bed. In 1983 the National Parks and Wildlife Service nominated the site for listing under the Heritage Act. The site was under threat of damage and disturbance from proposed commercial mining operations.
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Boreholes were then drilled from the adits to a depth of , and water was raised by ram pumps powered by triple expansion steam engines. The station was the last to use wells, and when it was completed in 1905, it could produce per day. Subsequent stations used boreholes, and the first of these was completed at Burton Joyce in 1898. Three more boreholes were drilled at the site in 1908, to a depth of .
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They operated between 1880 and 1894. . The iron ore quarries to the west of the village began in 1878 on the north side of the railway and were extended south of the railway in 1880. Quarrying on these sites ceased 1897 and in 1909 ore was obtained by tunnelling at a number of locations into the quarry sides. These adits enabled mining to be done by the "pillar and stall method" until 1913.
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The department has built several significant bored tunnels designed to intercept water running down mountain slopes and divert it from urban areas in order to prevent flooding. The largest of these is the Hong Kong West Drainage Tunnel, comprising an 11-kilometre long main tunnel and 8 km of adits. It stretches from Tai Hang in the east to an outfall just north of Cyberport. It was built at a cost of HK$3.4 billion.
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Generally the seam continued underground, encouraging the settlers to dig to find coal, the precursor to modern operations. The early mines would have been drift mines or adits where coal seams outcropped or by shallow bell pits where coal was close to the surface. Shafts lined with tree trunks and branches have been found in Lancashire in workings dating from early 17th century and by 1750 brick lined shafts to 150 foot depth were common.
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Metcalfe was developed mainly during the central Victorian gold rush of 1851–1865. It is reported that in 1851, when the first miners arrived on the Mount Alexander goldfield, near Castlemaine, nuggets could be picked up without digging. Nearby reserves still bear the scars of mining activity including deep shafts and adits. In 1861 the Metcalfe road board was established, and in 1865 the Shire of Metcalfe was declared and the shire hall was constructed.
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Frederick Knight (MP) took over from his father in trying to exploit the mineral assets of the land. Several adits were driven into the rock and a shaft dug. It was a copper mine from 1845–54, although no copper was extracted, despite samples showing 60% metallic ore. It was then examined by Henry Schneider, of Schneider Hannay & Co which became the Barrow Hematite Steel Company, during 1856-57 for iron although none was found.
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Camaderry mountain contains the Luganure mineral vein which is a source of lead in the form of galena (PbS), and also contains traces of silver. In 1859 the Glendasan and Glendalough mines were connected with each other by a series of tunnels called adits, which are now mostly flooded, through the mountain. After several revivals, mining ceased in Camaderry in 1957; however, remains of the Miner's Village at Glendalough can still be seen.
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Over the ensuing years, a number of companies mined in the area, around Back Creek, Murrindal, Mt Tara, Canni Creek, Gelantipy and Mt Deddick areas. The government provided a battery but most mining ceased by 1907. Little remains to mark the sites of these mines. …At the Campbells Knob Mine near Gelantipy, where silver was mined in the 1890s, two mine adits are visible but no trace remains of the small settlement near the mine.
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Several of the Pant Mawr adits are still open, and the inclines from them to the mill are still in good condition. Much of the mill area is still intact, and the tramway track to the top of the inclines has survived. The drum house of the upper incline is ruined, but the incline and the embanking of the loop between the inclines is still extant. The drumhouse for the lower incline was demolished when the incline was extended.
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The West Twll was started in the 1840s as an opencast quarry, and by 1853 was four floors deep. Adits were cut at levels 1, 2 and 4, which were used to remove the rock and for drainage. The adit on floor 1 was long in 1855, but was destroyed as the West Twll was enlarged. That on floor 2 was originally long, but only was left by the time enlargement of the West Twll ceased.
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On the French side at Sangatte, a deep shaft with adits was made. On the English side at Shakespeare Cliff, the government allowed of diameter tunnel to be driven. The actual tunnel alignment, method of excavation and support were essentially the same as the 1975 attempt. In the 1986–87 survey, previous findings were reinforced, and the characteristics of the gault clay and the tunnelling medium (chalk marl that made up 85% of the route) were investigated.
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Their social networks with other formally employed miners help them to obtain access to underground mine workings. Other miners are properly artisanal, opening adits and driving shafts and tunnels using hand tools such as hammers, chisels and spades. They train each other and typically have little or no formal mining experience. Gold-beading quartz vein in interior of an artisanal mine near Low's Creek, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa, showing chisel marks from hand-driven chisels in working the mine.
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It proved to have insufficient capacity and a second, parallel, single-track tunnel was opened in 1871. The LNWR opened a third, double-track tunnel in 1894. Only the double-track tunnel is currently used for rail traffic, the other two are intact but disused. All four tunnels are linked by cross-tunnels or adits at strategic intervals which allowed the railway tunnels to be built without construction shafts and allowed waste material to be removed by boat.
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This entailed cutting tunnels from the mine into the neighbouring valleys, through which water could drain away downhill under gravity. The deeper the water level lay, the longer these adits needed to be. The longest of these tunnels was the Ernst August Tunnel, built in the mid-19th century, which was 26 kilometres long. It collected water from the mines in Bockswiese, Lautenthal, Zellerfeld, Clausthal and Wildemann and transported it to Gittelde on the edge of the Harz.
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Entrance in Sylwester shaft Adit Portal and ditch of the Adit Black Trout Adit (Polish: Sztolnia Czarnego Pstrąga) is the longest (600 meters) underground tourist route in Poland travelled by boats. It's a part of one of 8 adits dug in the area to drain the workings. The Black Trout Adit is located in a park in the west of the town Tarnowskie Góry. Access is by two shafts Ewa and Sylwester (the traffic is alternating).
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The vein carries along the hill for some considerable distance, and has been trenched out. This method involved excavating the vein vertically down while keeping the top open. However, ventilation becomes a problem when fire-setting is used, so three long adits were driven in from the hillside to the north. They are much wider than normal galleries, suggesting that their primary purpose was to allow circulation of air through the trench and permit safe fire-setting.
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At St. Mary's Bay the path begins to rise and fall over the soft, middle Devonian shales which have eroded to form what was once called "Mudstone Bay". On the beach below you can find many fossils. Sharkham Point was once the site of extensive iron workings and old adits can still be found, dating from the period 1790 to 1930. However many remains were covered when Sharkham Point was used as the Brixham town tip.
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Mining is a significant part of Temagami's history. The municipality was the scene of active prospecting and mining ventures throughout most of the 20th century, resulting in the creation of trenches, open cuts, open pits, adits, shafts and drifts in the regional bedrock. Commodities extracted from these mines included iron, copper, nickel, gold, arsenic, molybdenum, platinum, palladium, lead, silver, cobalt, zinc, bismuth, uranium, graphite and pyrite. The mines of Temagami are situated in a variety of geological formations.
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In north Wales, the Flintshire manors of Ewloe, Hopedale, and Mostyn and the Denbighshire manor of Brymbo were recorded as making profits from trading coal during the 14th and 15th centuries. By 1593, coal was exported from ports on the Dee estuary. Trade developed swiftly and by 1616, the principle collieries were at Bagillt, Englefield, Leaderbrook, Mostyn, Uphfytton and Wepre. Most were horizontal adits or shallow bell pits, although a few were sufficiently large to have accumulations of water and ventilation problems.
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Seams of Baryte minerals were found in three gullies about north of Hill of Stake, cut into the slope by tributaries of the River Calder, Renfrewshire. Small-scale open cast mining of the baryte began around the mid 18th century, with horizontal tunnels or adits cut to follow the seams of the mineral. Between 1859 and 1920, production was . A track was formed running around downhill to a grinding mill sited on the River Calder, where the mineral was dressed or processed.
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The northern foothills of the Rhenish Massif are characterised by the distinctive rock formation of the bare mountain slopes through which run coal-bearing layers which formed during the carboniferous period. Here the Ruhr cuts more than 50 meters deep into this Mittelgebirge. This natural erosion partly uncovered these mineable black coal deposits, which enabled their exploration and extraction using adits. However, the coal-rich layers became ever deeper as one progressed northward, which required setting up mines to extract the black coal.
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Cable being packed to the Silver Dollar Mine, 1906, E.F. Tucker, Photog.Camborne is a locality and former galena-mining town on the east side of the Incomappleux River, northeast of the head of Beaton Arm of Upper Arrow Lake in the Kootenay Country region of British Columbia. Mining became active in Camborne in 1899 with the Eva, Oyster, Beatrice and Silver Dollar mines. Camps and adits were started on the slopes as was town and millsite at the river level.
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Rowland Pugh, a local miner, discovered the "Great Lode" on 2 March 1768 and was rewarded with a bottle of whisky and a rent-free house for his lifetime. Although the ore here was of low quality, this was more than compensated for by the fact that it occurred in two large masses close to the surface. Initially ore was worked on the surface from shallow shafts, next by open-pit mining and finally underground from adits or from shafts.
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Sharkham Point Iron Mine was an iron mine at Sharkham Point, near the town of Brixham in Devon. The mine was worked for around 125 years and employed at its peak 100 workers. It was primarily an open cast mine, but five shafts and six adits are also mentioned in reports of the site. Some are still accessible today, but since the area was used as a rubbish tip in the 1950s and 60s, much of the archaeology has been covered over.
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The back vein is around thick at the surface, and increases in thickness to around at the level of floor D. To the south of it is a layer of hard rock called "whinstone", and another layer of hard rock, some separates it from the North Vein, which continues past the northern edge of the quarry. The Dolwyddelan fault crosses the site from north to south immediately to the east of the main adits, and the veins end abruptly at its location.
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Some of these contain ancient Aboriginal middens. The Tarkine played a central role in the development of Tasmania's early mining industry, and remains of early mining activity can still be seen in many rivers and creeks in the area that were mined for gold, tin and osmiridium. Nowadays the remains of approximately 600 sites of historic mining activity in the area are still evident. The majority of these mining operations were alluvial workings or small hard-rock mines, consisting often of single adits.
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The kilns are also relatively complete. The main shaft, which is open, has been built up with an extensive timber retaining wall and a large mullock dump on the down hill side. The mine workings extend up the gully to the southwest of the main shaft and numerous adits, small shafts, holes and collapsed stones are scattered throughout the bush. Several large circular open cuts, thought to be relics from the earliest tin producing days, occur towards the top of the hill.
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This incline was abandoned in 1866–7 when Bearland Wood mine was joined underground with Langham Hill pit. Mines on the tops of hills are usually sunk from above, with adits for drainage or access driven laterally to the hillside from the ore, coal or other target mineral. Bearland Wood mine was worked the other way round, with vertical working following lateral boring. Bearland Wood faced the universal mining problem of ventilation in a way which was both very old and radically new.
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In addition the mine has identified additional resources of 15,827 million tonnes grading 0.46% copper or nearly 73 million tonnes of contained copper though there is no indication how much of this may prove economic. Production in 2007 was 404,728 tonnes copper and 5,053 tonnes molybdenum. Mining is gradually moving lower and removing the ore between the barren country rock and the Braden Chimney. Access is through adits (horizontal tunnels) to shafts and other services cut in the Braden Chimney.
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The River still carries elevated levels of lead, zinc and silver in its water, mostly due to seepage from abandoned mine tailings and discharges from mine adits. At the Frongoch mine near Pont-rhyd- y-groes, Natural Resources Wales has introduced a new technique for reducing the pollution. Water is drawn away from the mine in a leat to a wetland area, where biological processes involving the vegetation immobilise much of the pollutants. A similar approach is being used at Cwm Rheidol mine, near Aberystwyth.
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The drilling, blasting and mucking out was mostly done over a two-week period, with the fitting-out taking a few more weeks. The work was done during March/April 1942, during which approximately of tunnel were excavated. Three parallel adits were driven into the hill face and then connected to a crosscut level to form a large underground shelter with an "E" shaped plan. A vertical rise to the hillside above helped ventilation and was also equipped with a ladder to serve as an emergency exit.
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The New World Mines can be visited by accessing the site through the US Forest Service Daisy or Lulu pass roads that depart from US Highway 212 about one mile east of Cooke City. The site is mostly remediated to limit the effects of acid mine drainage and all mine adits are closed off. A number of historic mining structures remain. The roads are usually accessible from the mid-July through September, but may be snow covered at any times due to the high elevation.
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The hill owes its shape to an outlying cap of hard Grenoside sandstone that has protected the softer stone beneath from erosion. The slopes below Castle Hill are formed from alternating deposits of shale and harder sandstones and form a series of slopes and benches. Five coal seams lie within the shales of the lower slopes some of which have been worked along the hillside, by adits and shafts. Workings are visible in several places and there is also evidence of old quarries that have been infilled.
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The Great County Adit, sometimes called the County Adit, or the Great Adit was a system of interconnected adits that helped drain water from the tin and copper mines in the Gwennap area of Cornwall, in the United Kingdom. Construction started in 1748 and it eventually reached a length of over of a tunnel, providing drainage to over 100 mines at an average depth of .Buckley, p.13 The adit was the brainchild of John Williams (born 1714) of Scorrier who was the manager of Poldice mine.
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Ways along the valley floors provided the main routes for exporting coal south to ports and docks such as Newport Docks, Cardiff Docks and Barry Docks. Early mining activity was mainly by levels or adits driven into coal seams from outcrops in the valley sides. Development of the coalfield proceeded very actively from about 1850, when deep mining became significant in the previously entirely rural Rhondda Valley. Coal was moved from mines on tramways to canals such as the Swansea Canal and Glamorganshire Canal.
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Two convict coal mines exist on the current hospital grounds, one is approximately 20–25 metres inside the main Watt Street entrance, named Asylum Coal Shaft No. 1. This shaft has been filled and sealed. Asylum Coal Shaft No.2 is in the courtyard behind the former military hospital, south west corner of the site; it is capped but not filled.Archeological Management Plan Both of these shafts are connected to horizontal workings at the coal seam below and to drainage adits running to the nearby seaside cliffs.
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Hedges, Carolyn. "The Tavistock Canal", Dartington Amenity Research Trust, 1975 Berwick Tunnel on the Shrewsbury Canal, opened in 1797 was the first tunnel to be built with a towpath, negating the need for legging. Legging was also the main form of propulsion used in the man-made adits in Speedwell Cavern until the boats were given electric motors. Sometimes the guide will switch off the boat's engine and leg along the roof of the cave to demonstrate how the boats used to be worked by miners.
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Project Riese In World War II, a vast tunnel system was driven into the mountains near the village of Wüstewaltersdorf (present-day Walim) at the behest of the Nazi German government. Presumably meant to serve as a Führer Headquarter replacing Wolf's Lair in East Prussia, the adits are linked to another tunnel complex beneath Książ Castle (Schloss Fürstenstein), about in the northwest, built according to plans by Hermann Giesler. Parts of the extended complex are accessible and can be visited as part of a guided tour.
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Asgard Swamp Coal Mine To the south-east of Mount Victoria lies the Asgard Swamp area, now part of the Blue Mountains National Park. The area is the site of a coal mine that was developed in the nineteenth century, but which was ultimately unsuccessful. Six adits were driven into the coal seam by Walter Mackenzie and Thomas Garret, circa 1881. A coke oven was built and it was also proposed to build a tramline from Mount Victoria, but it is not known if this ever happened.
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In 1881, The former mining captain of the Nonesuch Mine, Thomas Hooper, assessed the state of the Victoria Mine and after pumping the water from the mine, he found it to be in disrepair. Many of the tunnels and adits had collapsed and the support timbers were found rotted. He concluded that a large investment would be needed in order for the mine to run again. Because of this, it was not until the end of the nineteenth century that the mine finally reopened.
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By this time, slate was being worked on five levels, and there were two adits, one of , with a second of . The first four wagons loaded with a total of 7.4 tons of slates descended the incline on 1 August 1864, the day on which the Croesor Tramway officially opened. The first month was exceptional, with the quarry sending 284 tons of slates to Porthmadog, after which it levelled out at around 200 tons per month. Coal traffic in the reverse direction developed, some of it for the quarry and some for the quarrymen's barracks.
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Early workings tended to be in surface pits, but as the work progressed downwards, it became necessary to work underground. This was often accompanied by the driving of one or more adits to gain direct access to a Level. In some rare instances, such as Moel Fferna, there is no trace of surface workings and the workings were entirely underground. Chambers were usually driven from the bottom, by means of a "roofing shaft" which was then continued across the width of the chamber: the chamber would then be worked downwards.
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There have been a number of small mines on the towans, the most westerly was Wheal Lucy on the Black Cliff () and now built over with chalets. The sett was known as Riviere Consols or Riviere Mine and adits were driven inland from the cliff and the Carbona Lode was worked over 70 fathoms. A 4 fathom shaft was sunk on the lode and a ″rock of tin weighing 7 cwt″ was said to have been raised. The mine was abandoned because of a lack of funds to purchase an engine.
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Four areas of the vein, known as ore shoots, contained galena, an ore of lead which also contained small amounts of silver. At first the ore was mined simply by driving adits into the mountain-side. To access ore at greater depths, two longer levels were driven from lower down but further away, and then a series of shafts were sunk within the mine. The lowest point in the mine was roughly 100 m below sea level, where the surrounding andesite rock rested upon underlying shales in which the fault had not been mineralised.
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Working and technological standards improved significantly in the following years. Uranium exploration and mining concentrated in the first years after World War II on the old mining areas of the Ore Mountains and adjacent Vogtland mountains. Many uranium occurrences had long been known there and were accessible using the old adits and shafts from the silver and base metal mining of former centuries. In 1950 the giant ore deposit of Ronneburg and the medium-sized Culmitzsch deposit (both in eastern Thuringia) were discovered and in 1965 the Königstein deposit in the Elbe Sandstone Mountains.
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Predecessors of modern tunnels were adits to transport water for irrigation or drinking, and sewerage. The first Qanats are known from before 2000 B.C. The Tunnel of Eupalinos is a tunnel aqueduct long running through Mount Kastro in Samos, Greece, built in the 6th century BC to serve as an aqueduct. It is the second known tunnel to have been excavated from both ends, after the Siloam tunnel in the Palestinian neighbourhood of Silwan in eastern Jerusalem. In Ethiopia, the Siqurto foot tunnel, hand-hewn in the middle ages, crosses a mountain ridge.
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"The Collier", aquatint from a painting by George Walker in his The Costume of Yorkshire, engraved by Robert Havell 1814, showing a Matthew Murray steam locomotive (Salamanca) on the Middleton Railway Coal has been worked in Middleton since the 13th century, from bell pits, gin pits and later "day level" or adits. Anne Leigh, heiress to the Middleton Estates, married Ralph Brandling from Felling near Gateshead on the River Tyne. They lived in Gosforth and left running of the Middleton pits to agents. Charles Brandling was their successor.
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Exposed schneekragen in the Schladming Tauern, Austria A schneekragen (German for snow collar) or schneehals (snow neck) was a safety corridor characteristic for alpine mining. Covered with lumbers or roundwood, it guaranteed for a somewhat avalanche-safe access to the adits during winter. Furthermore it protected the miners from cornices and ensured the passage of deep snow areas.Albert von Muchar: Das Thal und Warmbad Gastein nach allen Beziehungen und Merkwürdigkeiten nach eigener Anschauung und zuverlässigen Quellen dargestellt für Aerzte, Körperkranke, Geschichtsforscher, Mineralogen, Metallurgen, Botaniker und für Freunde der hochromantischen Alpennatur.
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Gunheath china clay pit The river has two main tributaries, the first of which begins several hundred metres south of Hensbarrow Beacon at and heads south east past the southern edge of Gunheath china clay pit. At Carthew, the river heads south and passes Ruddlemoor and Trethowel in the Trenance Valley, where several mills and blowing houses made use of the river. This is a steep sided ‘V’ shaped valley carved through granite. A number of very minor tributaries enter this section, including springs and adits/levels at Gunheath, Lansalson, and Bojea.
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The idea for the installation was to create a laboratory to study ways to seal mine adits using bulk materials. At the same time the installation would immediately stop all pollution from the 2200 Level into Jane Creek, a tributary of Britannia Creek. Field monitoring done in 2003, using intertidal algae and mussels as ecological indicators, showed that the recovery of coastal biological communities was actually minimal. However, recovery of Britannia Creek was significant and the amount of copper and zinc in the total discharge waters declined by about 20%.
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Because most of the energy was needed to drain the mines of water and because the need for that continued to grow as mines became deeper, there were attempts early on, to dewater mines using drainage adits (Wasserlösungsstollen). This entailed driving tunnels from the mines to the valleys, through which water could drain away under gravity. The deeper the level of drainage, the longer the adit had to be. The longest of these tunnels is the Ernst August Adit, built in the mid-19th century, which is 35 kilometres long.
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South Bulli Colliery (Date unknown, within 1900-1927) (Photographer: Broadhurst, William Henry, 1855-1927, from collection of the State Library of N.S.W.) Although lying much closer to Sydney, the southern coalfields were not developed early, due to the absence of any natural port. Coal in the southern coalfields was generally more easily won than in the northern field. The coal outcropped in sea cliffs or part way up the Illawarra Escarpment and adit mining was feasible. Adits were less costly to construct and operate than the shafts and sloping drifts of the northern coalfields.
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Now, attempts were made to fundamentally solve the energy problem in the Upper Harz mines by building deeper drainage adits (such as the Ernst August Adit). In addition from the second half of the 19th century other forms of energy (steam engines) were brought into operation, initially alongside water power. In the middle of the 19th century work was carried out to optimise water flow in area of the 10 km long section between Sperberhai Dyke and Clausthal. By cutting tunnels, several ditch detours around mountains were able to be shortened considerably.
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They were later joined up underground. All three mines were entered through adits driven into quarry faces and production ceased in 1936. The ore and limestone were taken by a three foot gauge tramway operated by steam locomotives to be used in the iron works at Islip.. In the first mine the tramway was extended into the adit using horse haulage and manhandling but the gauge was found to be too wide and the tramway inside the mine was very soon narrowed to two foot six gauge. The same gauge was used in the other two mines from the start.
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The 'illegal miners', or zamazama. The overall pool of miners, that is, of men who identify as miners and wish to work in mining, includes many who are partially employed, employed by labour brokers, outsourced workers, and other part-time or unemployed miners who often live in informal settlements around the large mines. Artisanal miners are of three kinds: 'illegal' miners, artisanal miners, and peripheral or part-time miners who may shift back and forth from between formal, illegal, and artisanal mining work. Artisanal miners who gain access to formal mines through disused shafts and adits are called 'illegal miners' or zamazama.
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A series of large holes on the side of Green Side mountain, formed by the collapse of the old mine workings underneath The 18th-century mine workings began from adits driven into the sloping hillside along the line of the vein. These were known as the Top Level, Middle Level and Gilgower's Level. As each level was extended further into the hill, ore was obtained by cutting rises above the levels, or sumps below them. The ore was usually removed by overhead stoping (called "roofing" locally), that is, by cutting away the roof of a level.
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Doura Wood, the site of the Doura Coal mine and pits. Apart from direct involvement in the provision of coal from their own estates the earls provided loans to others, such as to Robert Cunninghame of Auchenharvie who developed extensive coal mining operations in the Barony of Stevenston. The results were variable, however the Earls did obtain some new lands, rents, tolls and other benefits.Hughson, Page 9 The earliest form of coal mining was at what was called adits or in Scotland, 'ingaun e'es' (ingoing eyes), in which exposed coal was mined through the coal seam itself.
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Collier Brook Bolt Works on Bag Lane dating from 1856 survives and is a Grade II listed building. Coal had been mined for several hundred years in numerous shallow shafts and adits, but took on greater importance when in 1776 Robert Vernon Atherton leased the coal rights to Thomas Guest from Leigh and John Fletcher from Bolton. In 1845 the era of deep mining commenced with the sinking of Fletcher's Lover's Lane pit at Howe Bridge. The Crombouke Day-Eye, a drift mine accessing the shallow Brassy and Crombouke mines, opened in 1870 and closed in 1907.
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Gold was found in the Dolgellau area in the 1850s and a mining rush developed. The first gold was discovered at Gwynfynydd in 1863, but it was not until 1887 that the mine was developed commercially. By this time the mine had been acquired by William Pritchard Morgan, who was to become known as the "Welsh gold king", and who paid for two police constables to protect the mine. By 1888, two hundred people were employed at the site, the gold being extracted by driving horizontal tunnels (adits) into the mountainside, with the miners working deep underground by candlelight.
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1 These mines were shallow shafts or adits that exploited the coal seams where they outcropped. The coal would have been used locally as a heating fuel or in the production of iron. This small scale mining persisted well into the late 1780s when the 4th Earl Fitzwilliam's colliery at Lawwood had only 19 "picks" or miners. The reason for the delay in development when compared to the coalfields of Northumberland and County Durham was that the area had poor access to water transport which was the only economic method of transport before the development of the railways.
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Old headframe from historic workings, Whim Creek Copper was discovered several kilometres west of the town in 1872 and gold 20 kilometres north in 1887. Copper has been mined on and off at Whim Creek over a period of 120 years. Copper was mined initially via a series of small adits and stopes into the Whim Creek and Mons Cupri deposits by artisanal miners, with records indicating that as early as 1882 small quantities of malachite, azurite, chrysocolla and other copper minerals were being won. Copper was shipped via a small port on the coast at the nearby town of Balla Balla.
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The quarry and the inclines remain largely intact, though Llyn Stwlan, which was extended in 1960 to become the upper reservoir in the Ffestiniog Power Station pumped-storage hydroelectricity scheme, sits just below the quarry and has obliterated the sixth incline, parts of the seventh, and much of the mill area. The Ffestiniog Railway's deviation around Llyn Ystradau, which is at a higher level to the original alignment, has also destroyed the lower section of the first incline. There are several adits accessible on the mountainside, but all have been fitted with metal grills to prevent entry.
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In the 1890s, long after the impetus of reef mining on the Palmer had waned, prospectors identified a system of thin quartz reefs immediately under the escarpment of the Conglomerate Range. The Best Friend, Bal Gammon and Wild Irish Girl reefs outcropped on a ridge and could be mined by adits. In 1894 John Trainor and James Burchall took over the Wild Irish Girl PC from its prospectors and after driving a tunnel struck a rich formation, the Native Girl Reef. Trainor and Burchell invested £300 in their own crushing plants to save on cartage costs.
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Old headframe for historic underground workings, Whim Creek Mine Copper was discovered several kilometres west of the town in 1872 and gold 20 km north in 1887. Copper has been mined on and off at Whim Creek over a period of 120 years. Copper was mined initially via a series of small adits and stopes into the Whim Creek and Mons Cupri deposits by artisanal miners, with records indicating that as early as 1882 small quantities of malachite, azurite, chrysocolla and other copper minerals were being won. Copper was shipped via a small port on the coast at the nearby town of Balla Balla.
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When Papplewick Pumping Station came on line, the Scotholme, Trent Bridge, and Brewhouse Yard works were abandoned, having been out of use since 1871, when the Bestwood pumping station had started to produce water. Tarbotton, who had overseen its construction, died unexpectedly on 6 March 1887, though his colleagues stated that he had worked too hard, without adequate rest and recreation, and had shown signs of stress during his final two years. A report on 1898 identified the need for another pumping station, and a site at Boughton, north of the town centre was chosen. Three wells were built to a depth of around , which were connected together by adits.
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Hadley, Nevada is an unincorporated community and company town in Nye County, Nevada, located off of State Route 376 approximately 56 miles by road north of Tonopah and approximately 66 miles by road south of Austin. The nearest town is Carvers, 5 miles to the north (8 miles by road). As mining properties at Round Mountain changed hands in the 1970s and 1980s the emphasis on the methodology of the recovery of ore swung from the adits and stopes of underground mining to the open pit. In 1987 Round Mountain Gold began expanding their operations and the need to open up additional housing for the influx of employees became apparent.
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The 1848 and 1871 tunnel portals at Diggle Three railway tunnels run parallel to each other and the canal tunnel. They are level for the whole length, which had the operational benefit of providing the only section of level track on the line where water troughs could be installed to provide steam locomotives with water without the requiring the train to stop. Both the single-track bores have ventilation shafts at Cote, Flint and Pule Hill and the double-track tunnel is ventilated via three shafts at Brunn Clough, Redbrook and Flint. Drainage adits interlink with one another, including the canal tunnel, into which water is discharged.
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Former spa buildings with the church tower at the back The very first known written reference to the village (in villa Lybnycze) comes from 1394. Silver was mined in several local adits between 1571 and 1801, but after the mining peak at the end of the 16th century it slowly declined. A spa was built and run here since the 17th century thanks to the local resource of water containing sulphur and iron, and continued for 200 years until the spring died out. The village became independent in 1850, which it has been since with the exception of 1943 - 1945 and 1976–1990, when it belonged under Hůry and Rudolfov respectively.
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The Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources created the Abandoned Mine Openings Database, which is an inventory of abandoned mine workings from both underground operations and advanced exploration in the province. In the database, over 600 mining areas have been identified, consisting of over 7,000 shafts, adits, slopes, trenches, and associated underground workings which are or once were open to the surface. The database is updated regularly whenever locations are visited, or new mine openings are identified. The inventory can be filtered by mine opening name, mine opening type, location, claim, reference map, landowner type, commodity mined, county, name of vein or seam, hazard degree and by mine opening original depth.
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Coed y Gopa is a Site of Special Scientific Interest in the preserved county of Clwyd, north Wales. Located on a prominent limestone hillside in the Vale of Clwyd in North Wales, Coed y Gopa is a popular wood managed by the Woodland Trust, with a wide variety of wildlife, coastal views, and features of historical interest.Woodland Trust - Management Plan Mine adits and natural caves provide roosts for bats and the second largest lesser horseshoe bat hibernaculum in North East Wales is present at the site, hence the designation as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). The hill fort of Castell Cawr is located within the SSSI.
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The role began as a person to represent the owner of the land, often an aristocrat, who had leased the rights to mine there to another who would 'work' the mine. One of the first formally recorded arrangements for such was at the Ironbridge Gorge in 1608, where Jesse Whittingham leased four adits from James Clifford, at a rent of £200 a year for five years. Clifford had acquired the lands of Wenlock Priory at Broseley in 1560, after the priory's dissolution in 1540. Several such monastic lands moved from traditional tenant farming to entrepreneurial mineral exploitation at this time, spurring the early industrial revolution, particularly around the Gorge.
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Entrance to Standedge Tunnel on the Huddersfield Narrow Canal Four parallel tunnels run under Standedge between Diggle and Marsden. The single canal tunnel on the Huddersfield Narrow Canal is the oldest, having been opened in 1811, and is still in use. Three railway tunnels were opened, the first in 1848, and in 1871 and 1894, but only the 1894 tunnel still carries rail traffic. The four tunnels are linked by cross-tunnels or adits at strategic intervals inside the tunnels, and the 1848 rail tunnel has been made accessible to road vehicles for use as an emergency access and evacuation route for the other tunnels.
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A limited-distribution promotional CD titled Commissioned Work for "New Adits - Festival fur Gegenwartige Musik" identifies the date and venue of the recording as April 15, 2013 at the Porgy and Bess Jazz Music Club in Vienna. Ensemble Verso was also featured at the Brucknerhaus's International Brucknerfest in 2015, performing another of Kepl's compositions (Brain). Amongst other topics covered in the interview, Kepl discusses her then-recent three-week residency at the Omi International Arts Center in New York and her reasons for forming Ensemble Verso. For the former, also see Kepl returned to the recording studio in 2014, this time in collaboration with American drummer Mark Holub.
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The distribution range of Rhinolophus megaphyllus, in taxonomic revisions separating other populations, has come to be regarded as geographically isolated to the eastern parts of Australia and New Guinea. They are found at altitudes up to 1600 metres asl. The species is common in suitable habitat in Eastern Australia, from the tropical regions of Cape York peninsula along the east coast and inland to the Great Dividing Range as far south as the more temperate climate of Victoria. The range of R. megaphyllus extended westward in Victoria during the twentieth century, aided by colonisation of abandoned mine adits, and local populations are dependent on the availability of suitable daytime refuge and maternity roosts.
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Demand for charcoal in the smelting process rapidly depleted Gwennap's ancient woodland, leaving a wild, moorland, landscape. Deep exploitation of the tin lodes was not possible with the limited technology of the early modern period as Cornish mines were wet due to the high rainfall of the area. De-watering workings at depth with 'rag and chain pumps', leather bags or 'kibbles' (metal buckets) were all ineffective. Deep lode mining was only made possible by two innovations, the first of which occurred in 1748, when John Williams of Scorrier House initiated the construction of the Great County Adit, a phenomenal feat of engineering, which drained mine workings through a system of adits.
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A problem was the large amount of underground water which limited the achievable depth and required adits to take it away – which needed finance and labour, but no Mine Leases have currently been located. The mine reopened in the 1740s as Wheal Providence: large amounts of copper ore were produced, but the investors struggled to finance a second, deeper adit. It reopened again between 1807 and 1811 as Wheal Unity or South Wheal Unity and soon began to produce the largest sheets of native copper ever seen in the country. Several of these sheets were exceptional: when sent to Redruth for sale they could make more money sold separately as curios, because of their variety of shapes and rarity.
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In 1883 George Dames and his brother Charles Richard Dames leased land in Horsecombe Vale from the Midford Castle estate and opened a mine and processing works for Fuller's earth. The mines extended nearly through four adits. In 1915 the works was taken over by the Fuller's Earth Union and despite geological problems continued until the end of World War II. At the bottom of the valley was the pan grinding works where water from Horsecombe Brook was used to make a slurry from which sand settled at the bottom of troughs. The slurry then passed through an earthenware pipe to Tucking Mill just beyond Midford, where a second stage of sedimentation took place.
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Violet Spin worked again with Dharmawan at the 2015 Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival. Also in 2015, Kepl was commissioned to compose the piece Chromaloge for string quartet by which was premiered by Violet Spin. Page 17 In March 2018 Violet Spin released their first album spin published by Swiss label spin (2018) Unit Records UTR 4829 with a concert (including a live streaming) at the historic venue of . 14 of the 15 tracks are composed by Kepl while the 15th track red & blue is credited to Violet Spin. Another of Kepl's performing groups, the ensemble Verso, had its first concert appearance in 2012 when she was commissioned to compose a work for the New Adits Festival in Klagenfurt.
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Camaderry Mountain which overlooks the upper Glendalough lake from the north shore, contains the Luganure mineral vein which is a source of lead in the form of galena (PbS), and also contains traces of silver. While the main Camaderry mines was in the neighboring Glendasan Valley, a second Miner's Village and processing facilities were constructed at the head of the Glendalough valley, which was nick-named Van Diemen's Land by the miners. In 1859 the Glendasan and Glendalough mines were connected with each other by a series of tunnels called adits, which are now mostly flooded, through the Camaderry mountain. These tunnels helped drain the mineral vein and made it easier to transport ore to Glendalough where it could be more easily processed.
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A clear recovery followed from about 1520 onwards, initially at the instigation of the Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Henry the Younger. But it was his son, Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, who gave added impetus to existing mining operations in the Upper Harz and initiated the creation of further infrastructure, especially the structures of the Upper Harz Water Regale to provide water power for the mines. In order to entice the necessary labourers, tradesmen and even mining companies to the Harz, the dukes granted 'mining freedoms' (Bergfreiheiten) based on Bohemian and Saxon practice. Because the considerable energy needed to drain the mines increased as the mines became deeper and deeper, attempts were made early on to reduce energy consumption by driving drainage adits.
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Lock 9, the most well preserved of the Rapidan Canal locks, was built into a bluff and is the most unusual on the river because the north lock chamber is solid masonry. Below lock 9 is a power-line right of way, which crosses the river at a right angle to the canal, incidentally affording a view of the site of the wooden locks that were the Old Rapidan Canal - perhaps the only place where the original canals of the 1830s have remained undisturbed and were not reconstructed in 1847. This part of the canal passes through the U.S. Gold Mine fields, and in fact there are two mine adits in the canal bed, leading into the hillside. These were apparently made after the demise of the canal.
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The two documented and recorded Copper Mine adits fed northwards from the mine below a shallow valley, into the river course directly below the Listed Mill on Mullion Mill Farm.Mines and Miners of Cornwall; XIII: The Lizard-Falmouth-Mevagissey author A. K. Hamilton Jenkin First published 1967; pp. 5–16 From there the water flows into the Cove some away. With Torchlight Cave, sometimes referred to in the 19th century as the "Great Cave", being such an important site for visiting Victorian tourists, the fact that it is now so much more difficult to reach on foot- only for short periods during the lowest tides- it is therefore a strong indicator of a rising sea level, something which is so important for the future of the Mullion Harbour.
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The late donor, John Clark, had previously facilitated tours of the mine from 1986, and appeared in an episode of the TV series Postcards which was dedicated to the Glen Osmond mines, and presented by Keith Conlon. In 2008, Ross Both and Greg Drew wrote of the Glen Osmond mines in the Journal of Australasian Mining History: "It is essential that further restoration of the [Wheal Watkins] adits be carried out so that public access will again be possible to one of Australia's most significant mining heritage sites." In 2013, Mayor David Parkin stated that "ratepayers have outlaid considerable funds on preservation of these mines over the years and it is a matter of judgment when enough is enough." As of March 2016, the mine remains closed to the public.
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With the property abandoned by the previous owners, and mounting environmental impacts due to metal laden water coming from mine adits, in 2006 the Federal Government sold the assets of former United Keno Hill Mines through the Supreme Court to an Alexco Resource Corp. (Vancouver based mining company) subsidiary for $410,000. Alexco now became the 100% owner of the Yukon Keno Hill Silver district (23,350 hectares hosting 35 prior producing mines, its own private town of Elsa, and the infrastructure), with a requirement to stop the environmental degradation and a contract to clean up past impacts. With this deal Alexco also became the sole-source clean-up contractor to the Government of Canada in charge to clean up the environmental mess left by former mining activities (estimated $60+ millions of taxpayer's monies).
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Likewise a second location with possible Roman dated exploration is Pen-lan- wen where a group of adits was found, traces of chisels and picks were obvious at the surfaces of the ambit's walls but the evidence are tenuous.The Institute of Metals 1991, 38–40; Shepherd 1980, 218 Map of the gold mine Undoubtedly the most striking feature of Dolaucothi mines is the constructions linked with hushing. Through the excavations by Lewis and Jones four main leats, a complex group of tanks and reservoirs were revealed in different areas either in direct vicinity with the mines or nearby water sources. Another crucial discovery was the fragment of a "drainage wheel", suggesting the existence of an underground wheel system similar to the well-known system of Rio Tinto in Spain.
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The lift shaft was infilled with concrete during the construction of the original Regis House. The original running tunnels north of Borough station remain, although when the Jubilee line extension was built in the late 1990s the old southbound tunnel was cut through as part of the construction works at London Bridge station in order to provide the lift shaft situated at the south end of the Northern line platforms. These running tunnels now serve as a ventilation shaft for the station and the openings for several adits to the old running tunnels can be seen in the roofs of the Northern line platform tunnels and in the central concourse between them. A construction shaft between London Bridge and King William Street, beneath Old Swan Wharf, now serves as a pump shaft for the disused sections of running tunnels.
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This is confirmed by remains found at the Roman gold mine of Dolaucothi in west Wales, when modern miners broke into much older workings during the 1930s where they found wood ashes near worked rock faces. In another part of the mine, there are three adits at different heights which have been driven through barren rock to the gold-bearing veins for some considerable distance, and they would have provided drainage as well as ventilation to remove the smoke and hot gases during a fire-setting operation. They were certainly much larger in section than was normal for access galleries, and the draught of air through them would have been considerable. Fire-setting was used extensively during opencast mining, and is also described by Pliny in connection with the use of another mining technique known as hushing.
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At the top of the footwall is a 3–4-foot (1 metre) wide vein of pale green soaprock, and at the end is what appears to be a man-made chamber guarded by a partially open passage. Behind it is a mass of pale green soaprock narrowing to a dead end. This is undoubtedly a site of underground soaprock mining, recorded in 18th century Soaprock Leases, but it was also used to store contraband such as brandy, commonly brought over from France by local smugglers. Anecdotally, for many years it was suggested that this large cave and smaller Drifts, (man-made tunnels connected to mining) visible from the Harbour, were in fact underground Adits taking water away from the Copper Mine on higher ground, but these are only short man-made interventions into the cliff side and totally unconnected.
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This coal debris was left in heaps and "crowded moist slack heat naturally, and kindle in the middle of these great heaps, often sets the coal works on fire" and that "Also from these sulphurous heaps, mixed with ironstone (for out of many of the same pits is gotten much ironstone or mine), the fires heating vast quantities of water, passing through these soughs or adits becometh as hot as the bath at Bath".Scrivenor quoting Dudley, Dudley describes two rival attempts to smelt iron with coal instigated by supporters of Parliament during the Civil War and the Interregnum. Dudley visited both sites and having examined their furnaces and production methods, when asked his opinion, informed the proprietors that they would fail. The first attempt was by Captain Buck, with the backing of many parliamentary officers including Oliver Cromwell, with technical help from Edward Dagney, an Italian.
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Speculative maps of northwestern North America published before the area was mapped placed the legendary golden cities of Quivira and Cibola in the far inland northwest. No Spanish exploration parties in search of El Dorado, "the golden one" a reference to the legendary king of a lost golden city, are known to have ever reached British Columbia, although archaeological remains point to a brief Spanish presence in the Okanagan and Similkameen regions of the province's Southern Interior. The Muchalaht, the Nuu-chah-nulth group in the area of the community of Gold River, on Vancouver Island, which is a community at the end of a fjord that drains the west coast of Vancouver Island, tell a story of Spanish arriving then burning the valley searching for gold. Prospectors searching the valley have found old crude dug adits on the pass of the White River Valley and the Gold River Valley.
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Map showing the quarry in 1919, with overlays to show historic tramways, adits and inclines, not all of which were present at any one time A sale notice produced in 1874 in preparation for an auction of the quarry and plant claimed that development work at Rhosydd had cost £150,000. The auction took place in Manchester on 27 June 1874, and the quarry was sold for just £29,500. The buyers created the New Rhosydd Slate Quarry Company Ltd on 10 October, and whereas the previous company had been dominated by Englishmen, three-quarters of the initial shares in the new company were bought by local people, from Ffestiniog, Porthmadog and the surrounding area. There were bankers, doctors, magistrates, merchants, quarry agents, solicitors and "gentlemen". The new company set its authorised capital at £80,000, consisting of 1,600 shares valued at £50 each, but only £44,000 was subscribed. Richard Hughes of Ynystowyn, Porthmadog acted as secretary until 1921, and the company office was in Ynystowyn.
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The Lowther coal mines at Whitehaven inherited by James were on the eastern edge of high ground to the west of the town (what was later known as the Howgill colliery) and worked seams which dipped westward at a gradient of about 10%. The distance to which the seams could be followed using gravity drainage by adits was therefore considerable, but limited. To continue mining without the pits flooding, Sir John had had to use horse-powered gins to raise water mechanically, but this was expensive (and increasingly so as the seams were followed deeper): Sir John, and after him James, had concerns that there were little more reserves of economically retrievable coal. In 1712 John Spedding urged Lowther to consider the adoption of pumping by steam, by "Captain Savory's invention", but nothing seems to have come of this until in 1715 Lowther discussed the problem of recovering a flooded pit with Thomas Newcomen.
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The latter two groups of strata may be separated by up to 1,000 metres. In the Central Coal Field, which is in the form of a basin, the Productive Coal Measures, if they were ever deposited, have been lost by erosion except near the centre, where they outcrop near Alloa and Clackmannan, and have been mined until recently. The Limestone Coal Group of strata have been mined only around the edge of the basin, although in the 1950s there were plans for deep mines at Airth, where two large shafts were constructed to rockhead and then abandoned, and at Gartarry Toll, which was not begun. At Manor Powis, for example, the useful seams in the Limestone Coal Group were at a depth of about 400 metres, and included valuable anthracite; the Upper Hirst was above this and as well as being mined at mid-shaft in the old colliery, was reached by a pair of sloping adits constructed near the bank of the River Forth.
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The production of the mine was very inconsistent because of the sporadic distribution of its rich ore-bodies: in 1833 George Abbot wrotein: An Essay on the Mines of England: Their Importance as a Source of National Wealth that it had made profits of over £300,000, produced 1,400 tons of ore per annum, and ranked third, in terms of profits,in a table entitled: Mines which have been continuously productive, and are still working profitably just behind Dolcoath mine and Consolidated Mines. However, in 1865 Thomas Spargo wroteon page 54 of: The Mines of Cornwall and Devon: Statistics and Observations (online at Google Books) "now part of St. Day United; idle". In the early 1790s Wheal Gorland was connected to the Great County Adit and its own existing shallow adits were adapted to drain into this deeper adit. Records show that between 1815 and 1851 the mine produced 40,750 tons of 7½% copper ore, 15 tons of black tin, and 18 tons of arsenic.
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Because of a combination of the age of the mine workings for lead in this area coupled with the short-lived nature of the various formalised cost-book companies that operated the mines, the records of the extent of workings are obscure. Most of the cost-book companies were not floated on the London Stock Exchange as was common practice at this time and, as a result, did not return reports that were then published in the contemporary Mining Journal. Dr Andrew claimed that in their assessment of the extent and impact of mine workings EirGrid had solely relied upon the information received from the GSI and EPA and did not appear to have conducted any detailed research. The GSI have admitted in correspondence concerning the extent of mine workings in the area that they “..do not necessarily capture the full extent of a feature, particularly if it is inaccessible and impractical..” and thus do not have information detailing the extent of mine workings such as shafts, trial pits, adits, stoped sections of veins and any lateral workings thereon.
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H. Steinberg, O. Somburg und G.R.B. Boocock "Der deutsch-jüdische Psychiater James Lewin - Ein zweifach vergessenes Opfer". Der Nervenarzt 2010 Lewin is probably buried in a mass grave located in the mines at Golden Mountain (Zlata Gora), where adits were used to hide the bodies of victims of NKVD operations. During his interrogation, Lewin allegedly confessed to "anti-Soviet counter revolutionary activities, spying for the Gestapo, and the planning of terrorist attacks".H. Steinberg, O. Somburg und G.R.B. Boocock "Der deutsch-jüdische Psychiater James Lewin - Ein zweifach vergessenes Opfer". Der Nervenarzt 2010 Such confessions were often extracted under torture are well-known to been factually unreliable. While some corroborated details of Lewin's life and family are accurate in the interrogation records, other details are characteristically implausible. For example, while Agro-Joint records indicate that Lewin was financially involved in exotic pet businesses during his time in Paris, the minutes of interrogation would have the reader believe that Lewin - a Jewish refugee - operated an ornamental fish store merely as cover for Gestapo meetings.
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