Ovules are produced on the adaxial surface of the cone scales.
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Uredinia were epiphyllous, amphigenous to mostly adaxial and yellowish orange to mostly cinnamon.
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Adaxial and abaxial midveins of one pinnule also show different widths, epidermal morphologies, and differing degrees of cutinization.
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Dead leaf sheaths persist at the base of the grass. The erose ligules measure . The conduplicate leaf blades are in diameter, with glabrous abaxial surfaces and scabrous adaxial surfaces. The abaxial sclerenchyma is composed of three to seven strands that form a continuous band and the adaxial sclerenchyma is absent.
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Lamina papyraceous, green when dried, glabrous, terminal segment similar to the lateral ones, without bulbil on the adaxial surface.
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Once the leaf primordial cells are established from the SAM cells, the new axes for leaf growth are defined, one important (and more studied) among them being the abaxial-adaxial (lower-upper surface) axes. The genes involved in defining this, and the other axes seem to be more or less conserved among higher plants. Proteins of the HD-ZIPIII family have been implicated in defining the adaxial identity. These proteins deviate some cells in the leaf primordium from the default abaxial state, and make them adaxial.
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The plant lacks auricles. The membraneous and erose ligules are long and are glabrous or pubescent. The grey-green leaf blades are long and wide, with a pubescent adaxial surface and an abaxial surface pubescent with hairs about one quarter the length of those on the adaxial surface. The leaf margins are smooth or serrated.
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The establishment of leaf dorsiventrality is important since the dorsal (adaxial) surface of the leaf is different from the ventral (abaxial) surface.
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The taxonomy of Matricaria is controversial and very confused. Several species are classified either in Tripleurospermum or Matricaria depending on the interpretation of the author. The distinction is made according to the number of the seed ribs: Tripleurospermum has one adaxial and two lateral seed ribs, while Matricaria has four or five adaxial seed ribs. A reassessment of the nomenclature of Matricaria L. and Tripleurospermum Sch. Bip.
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In the epidermis of third-year leaves, the densest silica deposition was observed in silica cells of both the adaxial and abaxial epidermises as in first-year leaves.
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The larva leaves the mine through a slit made in the blotch section. Pupation takes place in a cocoon, usually made on the adaxial leaf surface of adjacent leaves.
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The overlapping petals are arranged in a broad cup shape. The 4-8 petals are oval. The sepals have bristles on the adaxial surface. When solitary, flowers are arranged on scape.
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The leaves are obovate or oblanceolate, sometimes narrow oblanceolate. They are cuneate and decurrent at base. The adaxial surface smooth of the petiole is 0.5 to 3 cm. The flowers are white.
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Phyllocnistis drimiphaga is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known only from cloud forests above 2000 m in Cordillera de Talamanca and Central Conservation Area in Costa Rica. 1=Life history of Phyllocnistis drimiphaga. A Leaf mines on abaxial side of leaf surface with white square enclosing early mine, arrow pointing to pupal cocoon fold B close-up view of early mine, arrow pointing to egg shell remains C same as figure B, but showing frass pattern (photo taken with sunlight projecting through the leaf from behind) D nearly mature old mine on adaxial side E nearly mature old mine on abaxial side (photo taken from adaxial side) F opened mine showing mature sap-feeding larva in situ G opened young pupal cocoon fold, showing cocoon-spinning larva in situ H pupal cocoon fold on adaxial mine I opened cocoon fold showing pupa in situ (dorsal view) J protruded and attached pupal shell (arrow) on pupal cocoon fold on abaxial leaf mine K opened cocoon pupal fold on adaxial mine showing Ageniaspis cocoons in situ.
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It is a dioecious shrub approximately tall, its shoots and adaxial leaf surfaces covered with scattered stalked glands less than half a millimetre long. Its petiole is long and wide, with its stipules well differentiated, united with the petiole for . Its adaxial surface is subglabrous, eglandular, while the abaxial surface has scattered stalked glands especially on its primary and secondary veins. Inflorescences are terminal on short lateral shoots (brachyblasts); racemes are pendent, and the peduncle is long, with scattered stalked glands.
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The laminar adaxial surface is covered in insect-trapping glands. Each rosette produces 1–4 raceme inflorescences, which are long. Each inflorescence bears 30–50 white flowers, with flowering occurring from March to June.
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Adaxial leaf surface of P. bicolor Leaves are narrow, and vary in shape from being lanceolate to slightly ovate. They are typically 2–8 cm long and 5-18mm wide, margins are flat or distinctly recurved, with an obtuse to subacute apex. They are alternately arranged along the stem, and, as the name suggests, are most distinct in the contrasting colours of the leaf surfaces. The adaxial surface being a glossy dark green colour, and the abaxial surface being light green to silver-grey in colour.
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Typically exists as a shrub 1-3m tall. Leaves up to twice as long as wide, about 25-60mm long, and 15-30mm wide. The leaf apex is obtuse. Sparse stellate hairs persist on the adaxial surface.
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This species of Ribes is distinct form both R. andicola and R. colandina because of its ovate to elliptical leaves with a very poorly developed lateral lobe and its aberrant indument. The two latter species have leaves with pubescence on both the adaxial and abaxial surface and the adaxial leaf surface is matt green, whereas R. sanchezii has a shiny dark green upper leaf surface and pubescence abaxially restricted to the primary and secondary veins. Ribes sanchezii also has strongly resupinate fruits, whereas the fruits of R. andicola and R. colandina are pendulous.
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Festuca altaica is a densely tufted perennial grass. The tufts are connected by short rhizomes. The flowering stems (culms) are usually tall, but may reach . The upper (adaxial) surface of the leaves is densely covered with short hairs.
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In the angle (adaxial) between the leaf and the stem, is the axil. Here can be found buds (axillary buds), which are miniature and often dormant branches with their own apical meristem. They are often covered by leaves.
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Its strongly pouched ultimate segments mean it can be confused only with G. dicarpa. From that species, G. alpina can be distinguished by: the absence of stellate scales with patent branches on the β costae; the strongly convex adaxial surface of the ultimate segments; only 0–1 (rarely 2) pseudodichotomous forks in the pinnae (excluding growth from pinna buds); the absence of accessory leaflets around the rachis bud; and pinna buds that usually extend, often more than once. In contrast, G. dicarpa has: stellate scales with patent branches (curled in Chatham Islands’ plants) on the abaxial and/or adaxial surfaces of the β costae; complanate or weakly convex adaxial surface of the ultimate segments; 1–4 (rarely 0 or 5) pseudodichotomous forks in the pinnae (excluding growth from pinna buds); usually accessory leaflets around the rachis bud; and pinna buds that extend only occasionally and rarely more than once.
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The seeds are small, from 2 to 4 mm long, and winged, with the wing being 8 to 12 mm in length. They also contain small adaxial resin vesicles. Seed germination is epigeal; the seedlings have four to six cotyledons.
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The stamens are 9+1, and the style is flattened with a brush- like beard along the adaxial side. The stigma has a bearded tip. The ovary is densely covered with short, weak, soft hairs. It flowers from April to May.
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The hindwings are whitish grey or grey. The larvae feed on Symplocos anomala and Symplocos sumuntia. They mine the leaves of their host plant. They mine the adaxial (toward the center) epidermis of the leaf, forming a narrow, long serpentine mine.
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The leaf-blades on the other hand are acute and are long and wide. They are also flat, linear and have an adaxial bottom which is hispid and tipped. Panicles are erect, narrow and dense. They can either be long or .
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The trees have characteristic straight, smooth barked stems. Leaves are narrow-ovate to elliptic in shape, and have slightly serated margins. Leaves are also stalked and alternately arranged. On the adaxial surface, leaves are dark green with deeply impressed veins.
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Stomata therefore play the important role in allowing photosynthesis without letting the leaf dry out. In a typical leaf, the stomata are more numerous over the abaxial (lower) epidermis than the adaxial (upper) epidermis and are more numerous in plants from cooler climates.
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All grasses have three anthers. The ovaries are glabrous with occasionally hispidulous apices on which hairs persist when ovaries become caryopses. The oblong caryopses have adaxial grooves. The linear hila vary in length from half as long to as long as the caryopses.
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Rosette of Crinum mauritianum, showing the narrow, grooved, light green leaves. Crinum mauritianum has long, narrow, stiff (slightly succulent) leaves, that are initially held erect and often curve upwards. The leaves are light green, and strongly canaliculate (grooved) on the upper, adaxial side.
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Nilssonia leaves can have entire margins, irregularly dissected margins or clearly divided leaflets. The lamina or the leaflets are attached to the midrib or rachis on the 'upper' (adaxial) side of the leaf. Parallel veins exit the midrib, with no fusion of veins.
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The adaxial and abaxial surface of the leaf is covered with yellowish or purplish spines that grow from purple wart-like structures. In some cases they are covered with bristles. The upper leaves are smaller and bract-like. "Meconopsis horridula" has deciduous leaves.
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R. piliferus on the other hand has sepals that are hairy on both the adaxial and abaxial surfaces. It is a robust, summer-green, rhizomatous plant. The plant has numerous branched rhizomes. The rhizomes are fleshy, stout, and 10–12 mm in diameter.
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The name Retrophyllum is derived from the Latin retro, meaning "backward" or "reversed", and the Greek phyllos, meaning "leaf". The name refers to the unique phyllotaxis where the adaxial surfaces of the leaves face up on one side of the shoot and down on the other.
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Leaf sheaths are glabrous or pilose with hairs long, and lack auricles. The membranous and glabrous ligules are long. Leaf blades are long and wide, with an adaxial surface covered with hairs up to long and a glabrous abaxial surface. Margins are smooth or slightly serrated.
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Typically exists as a shrub or tree 2-15m tall. Leaves generally more than twice as long as wide, about 40-110mm long, and 20-30mm wide. The leaf apex is normally acute. The adaxial surface is glabrescent, and is occasionally stellate-pubescent, smooth or wrinkled.
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Bright violet flowers are about long with the stamens exerted. Tillandsia caput-medusae does not have any free water retention in its overlapping leaves because its abaxial and adaxial leaf bases provides trichomes which coats the leaves. The significance of trichome is to enhance leaf permeability.
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It is also used for anthocyanin study experiments, especially with reference to abaxial and adaxial anthocyanic concentration. A recent study has revealed honeycomb-like microstructures on the taro leaf, which makes the leaf superhydrophobic. The measured contact angle on this leaf in this study is around 148°.
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Operculum: Operculum calcareous, nearly circular, dome-shaped, minutely granulose, paucispiral; white in colour with green margin except at adaxial side. Inner side of operculum simple, dark brown with spiral line. External anatomy: Head with snout, cephalic lappets, cephalic tentacles and eystalks. Outer lip of mouth forming thick oral disk.
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Arrows indicating fragmentary vegetative leaves at nodes. A-056. Scale bar = 1 cm. Fig. 33. Adaxial view of a bract attached to a strobilar axis showing leaf blade bearing a distal segment (white arrow) and many marginal elongate segments (black arrow). Hu-22. Scale bar = 2 mm. Fig. 34.
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The cordate base to the adaxial sepal is a feature distinguishing it from many other Velleias. A full description of the plant is given in Flora of Australia online. The species was first described as Velleia lyrata by the botanist Robert Brown in 1810 and the name has never been revised.
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It is a common small tree with opposite leaves that are dark green on the adaxial (upper or dorsal) leaf surface and lighter on the abaxial (lower or ventral) surface and oblanceolate with a rounded or obtuse apex. The specific epithet ', Latin for "fetid" refers to the unpleasant scent of the flowers.
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More specifically, the abaxial surface of the sepal is moderately to densely covered in fine, pilose hair. The adaxial surface of the sepal is glabrous on the proximal part and sparely hairy to glabrous near the distal part. The stems hold one flower apiece. These features distinguish it from the R. piliferus.
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These longitudinal strands occasionally merge into interrupted or continuous bands. Bands of confluent strands that reach veins are known as "pillars". The adaxial sclerenchyma tissue sometimes forms strands that are opposite or extend to epidermal veins. Some strands form "girders" together with the abaxial sclerenchyma tissue that connect epidermides at some or all veins.
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Monopteryx is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Faboideae. Members of this genus produce hydroxypipecolic acids in their leaves. Monopteryx can be distinguished from other members of the Dipterygeae by the fact that: > the two adaxial sepals are almost completely united and cover the floral > bud.
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Characteristic features of this plant include dark green leaves with a glossy adaxial surface and purple abaxial surface. These leaves are circular with deeply divided lobes. Their basal leaves are deciduous. The stem of this species can be used as a distinguishing feature as it has reflexed hairs that are pressed towards the stem.
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The leaves are glossy green on the upper (abaxial) surface, and dull grey on the lower (adaxial) surface. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit. The specific epithet fargesii commemorates Paul Guillaume Farges (1844–1912), a French missionary and botanist who sent many plant specimens back to Europe, where they were unknown at that time.
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Asplenium ceterach (syn. Ceterach officinarum) is a fern species commonly known as Rustyback. It is characterised by a short rhizome which gives rise to several green fronds that have a pinnated lamina with trichomes on the abaxial (lower) surface, but not the adaxial (upper) one. These trichomes (hairs) are orange-brown in colour, hence the name "rustyback".
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In adaxial view, about 2.0 mm above the attachment point to the strobilar axis, the bract blade possesses a linear depression (Fig. 42A, arrow 3) indicating the position where the abaxial sporangia were once attached. Corresponding to this example, abaxial sporangia are pendulous at the bract 3.3 mm away from the node of the strobilar axis (Fig.
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Line drawings of fertile units. A, adaxial view of a bract from Fig. 33. Arrow 1 showing a distal segment of bract, arrow 2 lateral segments of bract, arrow 3 depression marking position of sporangial attachment, arrow 4 vertical depressions possibly representing epidermal cells. B, abaxial view of a bract showing lateral segments and basal pendulous sporangia (arrow).
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The nectaries are localised at the bases of the antesepalous stamens and are formed by the receptacle. Pelargonium has only one nectary gland on the adaxial side of the flower. It is hidden in a tube-like cavity which is formed by the receptacle. Flower morphology is conserved within Geraniaceae, but there is a large diversity in floral architecture.
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Multiple stipes (25–40), 9–46 cm long, with fronds up to 65 cm in length, arise from long creeping rhizomes 2.5–3.5 mm in diameter. Scaly rounded pinnules 1–2 mm across, with flat adaxial surfaces and strongly recurved into an abaxial pouch, hold sori of 2–4 sporangia. G. abscida growing in its typical exposed alpine habitat.
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They are herbaceous procumbent glabrous plants. They are mostly blackened when they are dry. Their stems are 5–40 cm in length and they have 4-alate leaves. Ovate leaves 7–25 mm in length and 3–16 mm wide, with a crenate edge; petiolate. Solitary axillary flowers, pedicles 8-20 (-26) mm in length, basally bibracteolate; 5-lobed calyx, with unequal lobes, more or less free to the base, imbricate, the adaxial lobe widely lanceate to ovate, 5-9.5 mm long and 3–6 mm wide, slightly accrescent, the 2 middle lobes longer and overlapping, the 2 abaxial lobes nearly the same size as the adaxial and overlapping the middle lobes; 5-lobed corolla, 7–8 mm long, yellow with purple at the throat, bearded at the mouth; 4 fertile stamens.
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Plants (10–)30–100(–160) cm. Stems viscid. Leaves: petiole 1.5–4.5(–8) cm, glandular-hirsute; leaflet blade ovate to oblanceolate-elliptic, (0.6–)2–6 × 0.5–3.5 cm, margins entire and glandular-ciliate, apex acute to obtuse, surfaces glandular-hirsute. Racemes 5–10 cm (10–15 cm in fruit); bracts (often deciduous), trifoliate, 10–25 mm, glandular-hirsute. Pedicels 6–30 mm, glandular-hirsute. Flowers: sepals green, lanceolate, 5–10 × 0.8–1.2 mm, glandular-hirsute; petals arranged in adaxial semicircle before anthesis, radially arranged at anthesis, bright yellow, sometimes purple basally, oblong to ovate, 7–14 × 3–4 mm; stamens dimorphic, 4–10 adaxial ones much shorter with swelling proximal to anthers, green, 5–9 mm; anthers 1.4–3 mm; ovary 6–10 mm, densely glandular; style 1–1.2 mm.
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Quercus delgadoana was determined as a new species because, unlike Q. eugeniifolia with fruit with annual maturation, this species has fruit with biennial maturation. In addition, this new species can be distinguished from other similar species such as Q. laurina and Q. affinis because it has more secondary veins, a revolute blade margin, and an adaxial leaf surface without stellate trichomes.
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The petiole mechanically links the leaf to the plant and provides the route for transfer of water and sugars to and from the leaf. The lamina is typically the location of the majority of photosynthesis. The upper (adaxial) angle between a leaf and a stem is known as the axil of the leaf. It is often the location of a bud.
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Cadia is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Faboideae. Unlike most plants in the Faboideae, it has radially symmetrical flowers. In related species with bilateral symmetry, such as those of Lupinus, the dorsal (upper or adaxial) part of the flower expresses one or more genes in the Cycloidea (CYC)/Dichotoma (DICH) family.
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The sprawling spreading shrub typically grows to a height of . The stems are covered in fine velvety, erect, spreading white hairs and stipules with a length of . The green phyllodes occur in whorls of 8 to 11 and are slightly flattened or straight with a length of and have an obscure adaxial nerve. It blooms from September to October and produces yellow flowers.
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It is a dioecious shrub, approximately tall; its shoots and adaxial leaf surfaces being sparsely pubescent to glabrous. Its petioles are moderately pubescent; its trichomes approximately long. Its petiole is long and 1mm wide. Its inflorescences are terminal on short lateral shoots (brachyblasts); its racemes are pendent, while the peduncle is and densely pubescent with numerous simple hairs that are 1 mm long.
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Oreobolus pectinatus is a perennial sedge which forms dense cushions growing from 10 to 100 mm high. The stems are densely packed, much branched at base, leafy. Median nerve and two lateral nerves of the leaves are visible at widest part of lamina, while on the adaxial only the median nerve is prominent. Both surfaces of the lamina have abundant stomata.
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The species is perennial and have culms that are tall by wide. Leaves are cauline; leaf sheaths are purple in colour and are longer than the stem while leaf-blades are × and are stiff with adaxial bottom that is also scaberulous. Its ligule is cylindrical and is long. The species' panicle is open and is long with whorled and distant branches.
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The leaves of A. xizangensis are simple. Leaflets are typically between 23 – 24 cm long, broadly ovate, cordate at their bases, rounded and obtuse at their apexes, and finely-toothed on their margins. Each has 5 basal veins, and 4 or 5 pairs of lateral veins. Smaller veins are barely noticeable on the leaf's upper (adaxial) surface, while being slightly prominent on the under (abaxial) side.
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Aristotelia serrata leaves have distinguishable traits. Leaves are thin, deeply and sharply serrated, light or dark green on adaxial surface, often pinkish green on abaxial surface, veins distinct on both surfaces, size between 5-12 x 4–8 cm. The leaves, are disposed in opposite or subopposite pairs. They have drawn-out, pointed tips and prominent veins forming an obvious net-like vein pattern on both sides.
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They are ciliate, meaning they have small hairy projections emerging from the margins of the leaf, while the apices, or tips of the leaves, are acuminate, meaning they taper to a point. The adaxial (i.e. upper) surfaces of the leaves are nearly hairless or sparsely hairy, while the abaxial (i.e. lower) surfaces are sparsely hairy with the veins being more villous, or covered in shaggy hairs.
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Cercospora arachidicola only infects peanut plants, causing symptoms of brown lesions with chlorotic rings on the stems, leaves, and petioles. The first macroscopic symptoms usually appear on the adaxial surface of the lower leaves about 30 to 50 days after planting. Further damage can lead to premature defoliation and even yield loss. Signs include tufts of silvery, hair-like spores on lesions during humid weather.
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Astrolepis is a small genus of ferns in the family Pteridaceae. It was formed in 1992 from species previously placed in Cheilanthes and Notholaena. The name is derived from the Greek words ἄστρον (), meaning "star," and λεπίς (), meaning "scale," referring to the star-like scales on adaxial blade surfaces. Members of the genus are commonly known as star-scaled cloak ferns and are native to the Americas.
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Monotoca glauca is an evergreen, densely branched shrub or small tree with slender branches, often 2–3 m tall. Leaves are similar to Cyathodes glauca, however are not in whorls. Venation tends to be spreading or palmate, characteristic of the genus. Leaves are elliptic with a point, and are usually 1.5 cm long, with a yellowish- green, glabrous adaxial surface, and glaucous abaxial surface.
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The shrub typically grows to a height of and has sparsely haired, resinous and ribbed branchlets. Like most species of Acacia it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. The crowded, erect and evergreen phyllodes are sometimes subverticillate, terete and straight with a length of and a thickness of with an inconspicuous yellowish nerve on adaxial surfaces. It blooms between August and September producing yellow coloured flowers.
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R. acraeus has been mistaken for R. piliferus but minute morphological differences distinguish each plant as its own species. R. acraeus has finely crenate (wavy-toothed) leaves and bract margins. The plant also has a glabrous peduncle and 6 to 7 sepals that are glabrous on the adaxial surface and hairy on the abaxial surface. Glabrous means that it is smooth, glossy, and not hairy.
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Pitchers consisted of a tubular base, expanded middle section, constriction around the mouth, and a vertical, spoon-shaped lid. A single wing ran down the adaxial side of each pitcher. Three to five parallel major veins were present on the pitchers, along with a few intercostal veins and numerous small veinlets. Two unusual bag-like structures were present on each pitcher, one on either side of the central wing.
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It has imparipinnate leaves, with 9 - 15 toothed, oblong leaflets, which are approximately 2 –11 cm long. The adaxial surface of the leaves is dark green and shiny, and the abaxial surface is hairy and glaucous green in colouration. The rachis of the leaves is often red. The scape is 10 – 15 cm long and bears a globular, terminal inflorescence, of 20 – 25 mm diameter, with 70 – 100 flowers.
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The leaves themselves are glossy on the adaxial surface, i.e. the upper-side, and a deep yellowish-green to dark green in colour. They are borne almost horizontally from the branchlet. They are the longest leaves in the genus, typically measuring 3.5 to 12.5 cm, though they can be as short as 1.5 cm, by 3.2 to 5 mm wide, though they sometimes are as narrow as 1.5 mm.
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Monotoca scoparia is a lignotuberous shrub that grows usually between 30–120 cm high. The alternating leaves are erect and prickly, and narrowly oblong to elliptic in shape. Leaves are 0.6-2.2 cm long and 1–4 mm wide. The adaxial (upper) surface of the leaf is dark green in colour and the abaxial (lower) surface in a pale green to whitish colour, with 3-5 prominent veins.
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The erect prickly shrub typically grows to a height of . It resembles Acacia urophylla but has some subtle differences including trowel shaped phyllodes that have a distinctive gland angle along the barely scalloped or notched adaxial marginh. The phyllodes have a length of and a width of with two main nerves per fact with a few less prominent lateral nerves. It blooms in September and produces yellow flowers.
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Symptoms on Tomato Leaf. Photograph provided by Elizabeth Bush, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. The tomato leaf mold fungus is a specific pathogen of tomato plant Lycopersicon, this pathogen has restricted host range (host specific pathogen) that only infects tomatoes, mainly in greenhouses. The symptoms of this disease commonly occurs on foliage, and it develops on both sides of the leaf on the adaxial and abaxial surface.
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Permian permineralised glossopterid reproduction organs found in the central Transantarctic Mountains suggest seeds had an adaxial attachment to the leaf-like mega-sporophyll. This indicate Glossopteridales can be classified as seed ferns and is important in determining the status of the group as either close relatives or ancestors of the angiosperms. Midrib-less forms were common in the Early Permian whereas midrib forms were more common in the Late Permian.
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Corolla lobes are imbricate in bud, or rarely valvate, and usually much shorter than the corolla tube. Stamens are inserted on the corolla tube, alternating with corolla lobes. The four stamens are didynamous, members of each pair often connivent, the adaxial stamen is usually staminodial or absent; rarely with five fertile stamens or with two fertile and three staminodial stamens. The stigma is bilobed, and usually sensitive; a style is present.
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Ziziphus nummularia (jujube bush) flower Ziziphus nummularia is a species of Ziziphus native to the Thar Desert of western India and southeastern Pakistan and south Iran. Ziziphus nummularia is a shrub up to or more high, branching to form a thicket. The leaves are rounded like those of Ziziphus jujuba but differ from these in having a pubescence on the adaxial surface. The plant is commonly found in agricultural fields.
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In ferns, sporangia are typically found on the abaxial surface (underside) of the leaf and are densely aggregated into clusters called sori. Sori may be covered by a structure called an indusium. Some ferns have their sporangia scattered along reduced leaf segments or along (or just in from) the margin of the leaf. Lycophytes, in contrast, bear their sporangia on the adaxial surface (the upper side) of leaves or laterally on stems.
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Two separate regions of condensation are critical. At the pointed tip of the spore (the hilum) closest to the supporting basidium, Buller's drop accumulates as a large, almost spherical water droplet. At the same time, condensation occurs in thin film on the adaxial face of the spore. When these two bodies of water coalesce, the release of surface tension and the sudden change in the center of mass leads to sudden discharge of the basidiospore.
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The flat and conduplicate leaf blades are involute or convolute and are sometimes glaucous or pruinose. The abaxial surfaces of leaf blades are glabrous or scabrous and occasionally pubescent or puberulent. The adaxial surfaces of leaf blades are typically scabrous, though occasionally are hirsute or puberulent. The abaxial sclerenchyma tissue forms longitudinal strands that vary in presence from the margins and opposite of the midvein to adjacent to some or every lateral vein.
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Acacia simsii is a smooth shrub which grows to a height of 1 to 4 metres. The phyllodes are linear to narrowly elliptic, straight (sometimes incurved) and 5–14 cm long, 2–7 mm wide. They have pointed tips and are leathery, with 3 or 4 main nerves and few longitudinal minor nerves in between. There is a gland 0–2 mm above the pulvinus, and up to five others along the adaxial margin.
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In leaves, the vascular bundles are located among the spongy mesophyll. The xylem is oriented toward the adaxial surface of the leaf (usually the upper side), and phloem is oriented toward the abaxial surface of the leaf. This is why aphids are typically found on the undersides of the leaves rather than on the top, since the phloem transports sugars manufactured by the plant and they are closer to the lower surface.
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The leaves can be described as having pinnate venation with obtuse or rounded leaf blade bases, rounded leaf apices, sub-entire blade margins, and glabrous surface. A leaf's abaxial surface is dull, pale and its adaxial surface is shiny, dark green with a leathery feeling upon touch. There is also sometimes white tissue that borders larger veins adaxially. The plant is evergreen and its leaves are persistent throughout all seasons unlike deciduous plants.
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302x302pxTortula muralis forms greyish- green cushions no more than tall, with tongue-shaped leaves possessing acute to rounded leaf apices that approach a point. The leaf margins are narrowly recurved near their apex, and are distally bordered with two to four thicker rows of cells that bear or lack papillae. The costa are long, sometimes excurrent, and lack an adaxial pad of cells. They are narrow distally, with hexagonal distal laminal cells measuring 10-15 µm wide.
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The sex organs are developed in pairs from the adaxial nodal cell at the upper nodes of the primary lateral branches, the oogonium being formed above the antheridium. They are sufficiently large to be easily seen with the naked eye, especially the bright orange or red antheridium. Many species are dioecious. In others the monoecious condition is complicated by the development of the antheridium before the formation of the oogonium, thus preventing fertilization by antherozoids of the same alga.
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The pectinate leaves are twisted at their petioles in opposite directions on each side of the shoot causing the adaxial sides of the leaves face up on one side of the shoot and down on the other side. The leaf blades are most commonly 10-18 millimeters long and 3-5 millimeters wide. They are ovate-lanceolate or ovate- elliptic in shape with visible midribs and entire margins. Stomata can be found on both surfaces of the leaf.
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The pectinate leaves are twisted at their petioles in opposite directions on each side of the shoot causing the adaxial sides of the leaves face up on one side of the shoot and down on the other side. The leaf blades are usually 15-25 millimeters long, 3-5 millimeters wide and ovate-lanceolate or ovate-elliptic in shape. Juvenile leaves are often larger. The narrow midrib of the leaf is conspicuous on the abaxial side.
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The species also has small (20 microns) irregular epidermal guard cells on the adaxial ("top") side of the leaf and bigger (24 microns) dome-shaped epidermal/guard cells on the abaxial side along with leaf stomata that are hemiparacytic (traits only shared with D. calycinum). The calyx is persistent, 2-3mm in size. The fruit 10-15 mm, not glaucous, loosely arranged. The plant flowers in Zhōngguó/China in March and April, fruiting from October to December. Var.
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Abaxial view of sporangia along vertically central area of strobilar axis indicating their attachment at the same level (marked by dotted line). A fertile unit consists of a bract and numerous sporangia. In adaxial view, the blade of the bract is attached to a strobilar axis and elongate wedge-shaped in outline (Fig. 33). On its surface, there are many linear depressions which may represent the remains of the epidermal cells (Figs 34, 42A, arrow 4).
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A vein is made up of a vascular bundle. At the core of each bundle are clusters of two distinct types of conducting cells: ; Xylem: Cells that bring water and minerals from the roots into the leaf. ; Phloem: Cells that usually move sap, with dissolved sucrose(glucose to sucrose) produced by photosynthesis in the leaf, out of the leaf. The xylem typically lies on the adaxial side of the vascular bundle and the phloem typically lies on the abaxial side.
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Buds are ellipsoid, red-brown, and resinous. Leaves (needles) are five per bundle (fascicle), sometimes four, spreading to ascending-upcurved, 4–9 cm long (rarely 10), 0.6-1.0 mm in diameter, straight, slightly twisted, pliant, dark green to blue-green, and persist 3–5 years. The upper surface ('adaxial' - facing toward the stem of the plant) is conspicuously whitened by narrow stomatal lines. The lower surfaces ('abaxial' - facing away from the stem of the plant) are without evident stomatal lines.
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Metaplexis plants are vines that reach 8 m high; are rhizomatous and have underground woody organs that constitute a pattern. Leaf- blades are herbaceous, about 5–10 cm long and 4.6 cm wide, ovate, basally cordate, acute apex attenuated, adaxial glabrous and are abaxially sparsely pubescent. The inflorescences are extra-axillary, solitary, almost as long as the adjacent leaves. The plants have 6-20 flowers, simple, with the peduncle longer than the pedicels which are practically obsolete and slightly pubescent on the whole surface.
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A reproductive cone, Lepidostrobus variabilis The reproductive organs of the Lepidodendrids consisted of strobili or cones on distal branches in the crown. In Synchysidendron the cones occur on late-formed crown branches, while in Diaphorodendron the cones occur on deciduous lateral branches. The cones could grow to be considerably large, as in Lepidostrobus goldernbergii specimens are over long. The cones consist of a central axis with sporophylls arranged helically; sporangia are on the adaxial surface of the sporophylls and are upturned distally to overlap sporophylls above.
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A unique feature of this genus among plants of similar age is the manner in which the sporangia (spore-forming organs) were borne. Fertile stems had terminal 'strobili', structures very superficially resembling an ear of wheat, which consisted of four vertical rows of fan- shaped leaf-like organs (sporophylls), each with a stalked sporangium on the side facing the stem (adaxial). The flattened sporangia were almost round and split (dehisced) along a distally thickened margin into two equal parts. The sporophylls may have had vascular tissue.
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It is believed that in early plants with leaves, the leaves just had one type of surface - the abaxial one. This is the underside of today's leaves. The definition of the adaxial identity occurred some 200 million years after the abaxial identity was established. One can thus imagine the early leaves as an intermediate stage in evolution of today's leaves, having just arisen from spiny stem-like outgrowths of their leafless ancestors, covered with stomata all over, and not optimized as much for light harvesting.
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The abaxial surface is heavily coated in fine white hairs, and occasionally the adaxial surface will also have a sparse coating of white hairs. Abaxial leaf surface of P. bicolor Flowering occurs in spring. The attractive flowers typically occur at the nodes, and may be solitary, terminal or occur in small groups. The flowers are bell shaped, and the perianth consists of 5 sepals, which are 5-6mm long and slightly curve inwards at the apex, the lower surface is coated in fine white hairs.
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The epidermis serves several functions: protection against water loss by way of transpiration, regulation of gas exchange and secretion of metabolic compounds. Most leaves show dorsoventral anatomy: The upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) surfaces have somewhat different construction and may serve different functions. The epidermis tissue includes several differentiated cell types; epidermal cells, epidermal hair cells (trichomes), cells in the stomatal complex; guard cells and subsidiary cells. The epidermal cells are the most numerous, largest, and least specialized and form the majority of the epidermis.
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A hastula is a flap of tissue borne at the insertion of the blade on the petiole on the upper, lower, or both leaf surfaces Bifurcate fronds may also develop. The extinct Devonian seed plant Cosmosperma polyloba demonstrated the early evolutionary diversification of frond branching patterns, presenting both bifurcate and trifurcate types. Some ferns, like members of the group Ophioglossales have a unique arrangement -- such as a single fleshy or amorphous leaf. Adaxial (left) and abaxial (right) surfaces of a pinnate fern frond (Blechnum appendiculatum).
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I.asprella male flower A densely branched deciduous shrub, growing up to 3 m tall. The long shoots glabrous, brown, and slender, while the short shoots green with significant white lenticels. Leaves thin-chartaceous, glandular-punctate on the back, ovate, 4 to 5 cm in length, 1.5 to 2.5 cm broad. Leaf apex acuminate, leaf base cuneate, leaf margin sermlate, hirsute on adaxial nerves and nearly glabrous beneath. Petioles 3 to 8 mm long. Reticulate veins with 6 to 8 pairs of pinnate lateral veins.
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Orites acicularis is a yellow-green coloured, woody, rounded shrub growing to approximately 1–1.5 m (3.28–4.92 ft) in height and 0.5–1 m (1.64–3.28 ft) in width, with many ascending branches. The leaves are of a conspicuous yellow-green colour; they are glabrous, sclerophyllous, approximately 10-35mm long, and rounded. They taper to a sharp point, which is typically more yellow than the rest of the leaf. The adaxial surface of the leaf has a shallow central groove, and the leaf margins are entire.
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Hoya bilobata is an evergreen perennial that is generally found trailing, but can have a climbing habit that grows to 24 inches or longer. H. bilobata can be considered either an epiphyte or a lithophyte. The H. bilobata leaves have a variable, sub- orbicular or broadly elliptic shape, with the leaf base being rounded to sub- acute and the leaf apex being obtuse-rounded. The adaxial surface of the leaves are a dull, olive-green colour with the abaxial surface being a lighter green.
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Like most members of the Lamiales the flowers are zygomorphic. The (B) inflorescences are terminal erect 15–30 cm long panicles of ~5 cm long flowers. (C) The thick fused calyx is covered by a brown hairy indumentum and the fused calyx tube is the same length as its calyx lobes, except in P. catalpifolia and P. elogata where the lobes are shorter than the calyx tubes. The corolla has 5 fused lobes with a shorter adaxial bilobed lip and a somewhat longer abaxial trilobed lower lip.
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L. nivalis also has 1–2 cauline leaves which are long; both leaf types are grass-like, flat, linear, straight and possess parallel veins. The leaf tips are obtuse, acuminate, involute, caducous and slightly swollen. Both the blade adaxial and abaxial surfaces are glabrous, with sparse, white, non-glandular hairs along the blade margins. The inflorescence of Luzula nivalis is congested in a single, dark, many-flowered head 0.8–1.0 × 0.6–0.9 cm in size; between 5–60 small flowers can be found in each inflorescence.
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Trees are single-stemmed, between 2 and 8 m tall with stems 2.5 to 3.9 (occasionally up to 4.5) cm in diameter. The fruit is creamy white, 4.8–6.3 mm in diameter. The species was first described in 2006 from material collected in 2003. It is related to C. pauciramosa, and is characterized by the following features: narrow semiorbicular flat leaves that are covered on the adaxial surface by white wax; a small irregular palman; long and erect inflorescences; and small, white, smooth fruits.
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It forms a boundary between the plant and the external environment. The epidermis serves several functions: it protects against water loss, regulates gas exchange, secretes metabolic compounds, and (especially in roots) absorbs water and mineral nutrients. The epidermis of most leaves shows dorsoventral anatomy: the upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) surfaces have somewhat different construction and may serve different functions. Woody stems and some other stem structures such as potato tubers produce a secondary covering called the periderm that replaces the epidermis as the protective covering.
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It has been recorded that the petals of Gentiana kochiana and Kalanchoe blossfeldiana bloom via volatile turgor pressure of cells on the plant's adaxial surface. During processes like anther dehiscence, it has been observed that drying endothecium cells cause an outward bending force which led to the release of pollen. This means that lower turgor pressures are observed in these structures due to the fact that they are dehydrated. Pollen tubes are cells which elongate when pollen lands on the stigma, at the carpal tip.
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Leaf dimensions range from 5–30 mm long and 1.5–2.5 mm wide, and are observed to be simple, alternate and evergreen. Their shape is highly variable, commonly occurring as linear, narrow elliptic or narrow obovate but always exhibiting a spiky aristate apex. Leaf margins are flat to recurved, with the abaxial (lower) surface a darker shade than the adaxial (upper) surface. Leaf blades occur at right angles to the petiole, which is short and appressed to the stem, with pointed, soft, brown stipules occurring at the leaf base.
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Palea, in Poaceae, refers to one of the bract-like organs in the spikelet. The palea is the uppermost of the two chaff-like bracts that enclose the grass floret (the other being the lemma). It is often cleft at the tip, implying that it may be a double structure derived from the union of two separate organs. This has led to suggestions that it may be what remains of the grass sepals (outer perianth whorl): specifically the two adaxial members of the three membered whorl typical of monocots.
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The rhizomes are often stout, creeping, ascending, or erect, and sometimes scandent or climbing, with nonclathrate scales at apices. Fronds are usually monomorphic, less often dimorphic, or sometimes scaly or glandular, but less commonly hairy. Petioles have numerous round, vascular bundles arranged in a ring, or rarely as few as three; the adaxial bundles are largest. Veins are pinnate or forking, free to variously anastomosing; the areoles occur with or without included veinlets; sori are usually round, acrostichoid (covering the entire abaxial surface of the lamina) in a few lineages; usually indusiate, or sometimes exindusiate.
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Orites acicularis has evolved a number of characteristics to assist with protection from solar radiation in excess of its photosynthetic requirements. Two such adaptations are its abaxial pseudohypodermis and its bundle sheath extensions. Bundle sheath extensions are formed when sclerenchyma and/or collenchyma cells around a bundle sheath extend to both the adaxial and abaxial epidermis layers of a leaf. The evolution of these bundle sheath extensions in species restricted to open vegetation in the family Proteaceae suggests that it is a recurring adaptation to provide protection against the high levels of solar radiation present.
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It is 12-15mm wide in the middle, but 5-6mm wide at the end where it joins the leaf blade. The adaxial side of the petiole, the upper surface, is flat, and it has scattered appressed hyaline (glassy-looking) scales, with ciliate hairs along their margins. Both left and right edges of the petiole have short, flat, brown, blunt, triangular, 5-8mm long spines down their entire length, these spines reduce in size as they march towards the leaf blade. The sheath is coloured dark, chocolate brown.
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The shape of the ligule is awl-shaped and occurs singly. The leaves of S. apoda contain a cuticle layer on their adaxial surfaces and they do not have hairs on their abaxial surfaces. The internodes of S. apoda branches can be used to classify the branches as reproductive or vegetative, as the internodes are extended on vegetative branches. Selaginella apoda adventitious and primary roots contain a root cap at their tips, have the ability to branch when growing, are white, and possess root hairs, located in close proximity to the tips.
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Each sporangium bears 64 spores. The plants are diploid, with a chromosome number of 2n = 54. Within the heart of its range, in Mexico, A. incana is both the most widespread member of the genus and the most variable. Some of the characteristics observed to vary are the size of segments (reduced to wide), the density of adaxial farina, the shape and color of the blade axes (zigzag rather than straight, and dark purplish rather than black), and the joint at the base of leaf segments (more sharply defined).
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Wheat is unusual among plants in having more stomata on the upper (adaxial) side of the leaf, than on the under (abaxial) side. It has been theorised that this might be an effect of it having been domesticated and cultivated longer than any other plant. Winter wheat generally produces up to 15 leaves per shoot and spring wheat up to 9Wheat Growth Guide and winter crops may have up to 35 tillers (shoots) per plant (depending on cultivar). Wheat roots are among the deepest of arable crops, extending as far down as 2m.
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S. huangkuangensis, S. songziensis, S. oblongifolius, S. sp.1 and S. sp.2. Generally speaking, these taxa were regarded as possessing fertile axes with nodes and internodes, whorls of bracts that are decurrent and terminally curved towards the strobilar axis or occasionally bifurcate at tips; each bract has one or two variously shaped adaxial sporangia with a short stalk. One noticeable character is the so- called ‘lines of ornamentation on the surface of the sporangium’ in some species. Feng & Ma also suggested that the reproductive organ of Hamatophyton Gu & Zhi, 1974 be replaced by Sphenophyllostachys.
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It is widely assumed pitfall traps evolved by epiascidiation (infolding of the leaf with the adaxial or upper surface becoming the inside of the pitcher), with selection pressure favouring more deeply cupped leaves over evolutionary time. The pitcher trap evolved independently in three eudicot lineages and one monocot lineage, representing a case of convergent evolution. Some pitcher plant families (such as Nepenthaceae) are placed within clades consisting mostly of flypaper traps, indicating that some pitchers may have evolved from the common ancestors of today's flypaper traps by loss of mucilage.
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In the bud Tetradenia riparia leaves had their upper surfaces turned toward the stem and the . The lower surface is ' ("away from the axis"), and the upper surface is adaxial'. Viburnum ' Welwitschia mirabilis presents an example of an ' growth unusual in so large a plant species. Schematic diagrams of the ' arrangement of the cotyledons and radicle in a seed of Erysimum s on the surface of the stem of the infructescence of a strawberry Geranium incanum flowers are ', having five axes of symmetry, as opposed to the two axes of symmetry of the flowers of most species of the related genus Pelargonium.
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The leaves of a lateral shoot are further twisted at their petioles to form two pectinate rows in a horizontal plane around the shoot. The leaf petioles in Retrophyllum are uniquely twisted on the lateral shoots in opposite directions on each side of a shoot orienting the leaf blades with the adaxial or ventral surface upwards on one side of the shoot and the abaxial or dorsal surface upwards on the opposite side of the shoot. The leaf blade varies in shape from lanceolate to narrowly ovate. The leaves have conspicuous midribs and are amphistomatic with stomata present on both sides.
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The two adjacent petals, the wings, surround the two bottom petals. The two bottom petals are fused together at the apex (remaining free at the base), forming a boat-like structure called the keel. The stamens are always ten in number, and their filaments can be fused in various configurations, often in a group of nine stamens plus one separate stamen. Various genes in the CYCLOIDEA (CYC)/DICHOTOMA (DICH) family are expressed in the upper (also called dorsal or adaxial) petal; in some species, such as Cadia, these genes are expressed throughout the flower, producing a radially symmetrical flower.
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Cercospora arachidicola (the anamorph stage) survives as stroma or mycelium in crop residue. Primary infection usually occurs after a period of rain, where the leaf is continually wet, and the pathogen thrives in areas of high relative humidity and moderate temperature (25-30 °C). The anamorph stage is dominant due to the fact that ascospores produced in pseudothecia, which is embedded in plant tissue, during the teleomorph stage, (Mycosphaerella arachidis) are not often produced in nature. Conidia are the most important primary source of inoculum, and are produced on stromatic tissue of the adaxial leaf surface, infecting the leaves of the peanut plants.
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Flower of Narcissus showing an outer white corolla with a central yellow corona (paraperigonium) Flower of Passiflora incarnata showing corona of fine appendages between petals and stamens An additional structure in some plants (e.g. Narcissus, Passiflora (passion flower), some Hippeastrum, Liliaceae) is the corona (paraperigonium, paraperigon, or paracorolla), a ring or set of appendages of adaxial tissue arising from the corolla or the outer edge of the stamens. It is often positioned where the corolla lobes arise from the corolla tube. The pappus of Asteraceae, considered to be a modified calyx, is also called a corona if it is shaped like a crown.
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Fluorescence image (Ft value) of adaxial leaf surface The development of fluorometers allowed chlorophyll fluorescence analysis to become a common method in plant research. Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis has been revolutionized by the invention of the Pulse-Amplitude-Modulation (PAM) technique and availability of the first commercial modulated chlorophyll fluorometer PAM-101 (Walz, Germany). By modulating the measuring light beam (microsecond-range pulses) and parallel detection of the excited fluorescence the relative fluorescence yield (Ft) can be determined in the presence of ambient light. Crucially, this means chlorophyll fluorescence can be measured in the field even in full sunlight.
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Pherosphaera hookeriana is a dwarf conifer that has been recorded to grow up to 5 meters, but in exposed and harsh environments it may only attain a height of 0.5 meters (Minchin 1983). The foliage of Pherosphaera hookeriana is well adapted to the high altitudinal ranges it occupies, with small imbricate scale leaves, the stomata are restricted to the adaxial surface and protected by a marginal leaf frill (Hill and Brodribb 1999). The species is generally dioecious, with the reproductive organs occurring on specialised leaves arranged in cone like structures. Pollen is wind dispersed and seed ripening occurs by late April (Wood & Rudman 2015).
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The economically important host of Albugo occidentalis is spinach (Spinacia oleracea); although the oomycete has also been reported to affect plants of the genus Chenopodium, the genus including the crop plant quinoa. This pathogen causes white rust or white blister of spinach. It is unrelated to the basidiomycete rusts biologically, but appears somewhat similar on the surface of the leaf, sometimes causing the plant to form white or yellow blister-like pustules on leaves. The early stage, a milder chlorosis, is found on the on abaxial face, but if the white rust is allowed to thrive, it can blister and be visible on the adaxial surface as well.
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The leaf has a different texture on each side; the abaxial (top) side of the leaf is hairy while the adaxial (bottom) side is smooth. The leaf's blade has an inversely-ovate to oblong-round shape and is approximately 4 to 7 centimeters long and approximately 1 millimeter wide. The upper sides of the leaves have a hairy, shaggy texture with glandular hairs, while the undersides of the leaves have thread-like trichomes that measure 2 to 2.5 millimeters long and are of golden color. The stipules are rectangular and have membranous schlitzblättrig with the slit measuring up to 7 millimeters long and about 6 millimeters wide.
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This erect stance helps to avoid rot due to the swamp like nature of the white sand savannahs and also ensures that the plant can stay above water if minor flooding occurs to maintain efficient access to sunlight. Over time, while approaching maturity, the blades narrow to 0.5–1 mm in width and grow to a length of 80–150 mm. their new morphology is cuneate (wedge shaped) at the base of the leaves and becomes acute approaching the apex. Being a carnivorous plant, the leaves are coated with both stalked glands, which secrete a sweet mucilage to attract potential prey, and sessile glands, which are both located on the adaxial surface.
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Ornithogalum species are perennial bulbous geophytes with basal leaves. Sensu lato, the genus has the characteristics of the tribe Ornithogaleae as a whole, since the tribe is monotypic in that sense. Sensu stricto, the genus is characterised by long linear to oblong-lanceolate (lance-shaped) leaves, sometimes with a white longitudinal band on the adaxial (upper) side, an inflorescence that is corymbose or pseudocorymbose, tepals that are white with a longitudinal green band only visible on the abaxial (lower) side, a capsule that is obovate or oblong, and truncate with six noticeable ribs in section and seeds that are globose with a prominently reticulate (net-like pattern) testa. The bulbs are ovoid with free or concrescent scales.
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Dehydration protection provided by a maternal cuticle improves offspring fitness in the moss Funaria hygrometrica and in the sporophytes of all vascular plants. In angiosperms the cuticle tends to be thicker on the top of the leaf (adaxial surface), but is not always thicker. The leaves of xerophytic plants adapted to drier climates have more equal cuticle thicknesses compared to those of mesophytic plants from wetter climates that do not have a high risk of dehydration from the under sides of their leaves. "The waxy sheet of cuticle also functions in defense, forming a physical barrier that resists penetration by virus particles, bacterial cells, and the spores and growing filaments of fungi".
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Robust, annual herb, grows up to 85 cm height. Stem erect, woody at the base, terete, 0.5–3 mm diameter, branched, densely pilose when young, sparsely pilose when mature, round, green gradually turning to deep purple, internodes up to 8 cm long. Leaves strictly cauline, alternate, simple, sessile, 1–5.5 cm x 0.5–2 cm, variable in shape and size, the basal leaves spatulate, lyrate, middle leaves linear oblong, apex subobtuse, upper leaves sagittate, apex acute, margins undulate, dentate, recurved, pigmented with deep purple color; glossy on adaxial side, leaf base auriculate, lobed, upper leaves somewhat clasping at the base, sparsely pilose on both sides with wavy hairs of unequal height. Peduncle up to 23 cm long, solitary or branched, with 1-4 homogamous heads.
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Very similar to, and sometimes mistaken for, Epacris serpyllifolia, Archeria comberi has a number of key characteristics that enable its identification, especially the distinct pink, tubular flowers, with pink and yellow stigma and stamen, and fused sepals. These flowers are situated on a short stalk close to the end of each flowering branch. When not in flower, this species is characterised by: woody branches and branchlets with scattered hairs, rounded woody capsules with a star like opening during dispersal, small(~ 3–4 mm), waxy, round with a pointed tip, green and often red leaves arranged in whorls around the stem. With usually 3 faint almost parallel veins, each leaf generally has a light green abaxial surface, predominantly green, sometimes red adaxial surface and a red edge.
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The gametophyte is the first and dominant phase of two alternating phases in a bryophyte's life cycle. This part of the life cycle consists of protonema (the preliminary stage where the propagule develops green thread-like filaments), the rhizoids (filaments growing beneath the bryophyte that help anchor the bryophyte to its substratum), the stem, the leaves, its reproductive structure (archegonium in female plants, antheridium in male plants), and the calyptra (a thin tissue that forms from the venter of an archegonium and protects the sporangium as it develops). Pogonatum urnigerum has a wine-red stem. A leaf of P. urnigerium measures 2.5-6mm in length and consists of a unistratose lamina with many lamellae on the upper surface (adaxial side) of the leaf (30-46 lamellae stacked with pillars of 4-7 cells each).
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Illicium peninsulare tree is a Small tree, with height up to 10 m, and girth up to 60 cm. The Leaves are Leathery, stiff and tough, but somewhat flexible. They are elliptic, in shape with a midrib impressed above and very prominent below, apex acute to short acuminate, and base attenuate. The Petioles are 11-20 mm long, grooved on adaxial surface. Flowers are axillary on young growth, generally solitary and the pedicels are 1-7 mm long at anthesis. The Perianth parts are 15-25 mm, yellowish white in color. The outermost perianth parts broadly ovate, reduced, 2-2.9-3.5 by 2.8-3.5-4.8 mm and the largest perianth parts ovate, 6.5-7.9-9.6 by 5-6.2-7 mm. The innermost perianth parts ovate, 3.5 by 1.6 mm.
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Medinilla theresae is an endemic species of flowering evergreen shrub or liana in the family Melastomataceae, occurring on ultramafic soils on the dwarf forests of Mt. Redondo, Dinagat Island at 700-840 elevation, and at Mt. Hamiguitan, Philippines at growing at 900 m elevation on the edges of upper montane forest, which reaches up to the 'mossy-pygmy' forest with elevation ranges of 1160−1200 m and 1460−1600 m elevation, respectively. This terrestrial, cauliflorous shrub can grow erect at 1.5 m high. The species whorled leaves, flowers which are 4-merous, and the pendulous inflorescences likened the species to M. pendula. However, it differed from the latter on distinct secondary veins on the leaves adaxial surface, the inflorescences which are cauline or axillary, and its straight anthers.
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Inflorescence (as above) The authors describe the plants as having solitary stems (but sometimes with basal shoots), maximum: 2 m tall and 40 mm in diameter. There are typically 18 leaves; leaf sheaths are not known in their entirety, they are extended above the petioles into "ocreas" (extensions of the leaf sheath), which are 200 mm long. Petioles are 1.36 m long, 4 mm wide at the apices, with widely spaced, recurved, thorns. Leaf blades are approximately 800 mm wide, split into 12 segments, these with straight sides; middle segment not wider than the others (and not split with no petiolules) 465 mm long, 65 mm wide at the apex; indentations leading to adaxial folds 5 mm deep, those leading to abaxial folds 3 mm deep, indentations deeper on lateral segments.
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Tricolpate pollen of Caltha obtusa, polar view, showing the three characteristic slitsCaltha species are hairless, dwarf to medium size (1–80 cm high) perennial herbs, with alternate leaves. These leaves are simple (in all Northern Hemisphere species), or have one pair of lobes at the base (in C. sagittata) which is mostly oriented at a straight angle to the larger top lobe but is sometimes in the same plane (in some of its northern populations), or the basal lobes are merged with the top lobe to form two (occasionally three) appendages (in all remaining species) which are attached next to the midvein, with the adaxial surfaces of top lobe and appendages facing each other. This condition of the Southern Hemisphere species is referred to as diplophylly. All species have stalked basal leaves, and some also have one or few leaves on the flowerstalk.
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The corolla is ochroleucous (whitish), tinged or veined with dull lilac or purple; banner 4¾–6 mm, moderately recurved (45–85°); wings nearly as long; very obtuse keel, 3½–4 mm. The pods are small, sessile, puberulent to strigose, spreading to declined, often humistrate, in profile ovoid-oblong, straight or a trifle incurved, obtuse at base, abruptly acute at apex to short-mucronate, thickened, incompletely to fully bilocular (2-celled), cordate in cross-section, trigonous or compressed-triquetrous, the lateral faces flat, the dorsal (upper or adaxial) face narrower and sulcate (grooved), carinate by the ventral suture, the dorsal suture shallowly to deeply sulcate; thin, papery, green to stramineous (brownish) valves strigulose, 4–7 mm long, 1½ -2½ mm in diameter, deciduous from receptacle, dehiscence primarily basal and occurs after falling. The ovary is strigulose and contains a few seeds (ovules 4–8).
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The four petals are mostly creamy white, oblong-ovate, consist of a more yellowish straight and narrow claw and a wide plate. The forward directed lower (abaxial) pair is long and 2½–3 mm (0.10-0.12 in) wide the upper ⅔ deeply incised to create nine or ten finger-like lobes, often themselves ones or even twice split into two lobes (also described as a lacerate margin). The upper (adaxial) pair is long and 3½–5 mm (0.12-0.20 in) wide, less deeply incised with four to six finger-like lobes. The tube-shaped nectaries are yellow, but become purple when drying and are 1-5½ mm (0.02–0.12 in) long. There are six to fifteen stamens that reach beyond the petals, consist of purple 1–1⅓ cm (0.4-0.5 in) filaments topped by purple, 1–1½ mm (0.04–0.06 in) long anthers, which do not coil when the pollen is released.
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The genus Selaginella has been subjected to taxonomic treatments, including the arrangement of a plant's sporangia as well as the types of spores the plant species produces. In terms of phylogenetics, S. apoda falls under the S. pallescens OPHA clade, species that are native to the American continent and have one type of sporophyll in the form of a megaspore network. In the family Selaginellaceae, microsporangia are larger than the megasporangia and the strobili are quadrangular in shape or flat. Selaginella apoda, under the synonymous name of Lycopodium apodum, can be identified by stomata spread across the plane of the adaxial sides of its leaves, the leaf margins of the plant are all similar to each other, the diameter of their megaspores within the range of 0.29 – 0.35 millimeters, and the plant has acute to attenuate apices on at least 5 of their leaves.
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