When I work on my photos, I'm mostly using the healing brush tool in Adobe Lightroom, which lets you take smoother skin from one part of the picture and graft it over another, in the effort to make it less fruit-textured: the cheeks, achenes of the nose, avocado escarpments of forehead and chin.
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These fruiting heads consistently had five ray achenes and 3 6 smaller pappose disc achenes.
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After the flower withers the fruits develop into flat, beaked achenes, several achenes gathered into a star-shaped bunch.
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Hemizonia conjugens. Jepson Manual. Disc achenes germinate sooner than those from ray florets. Many achenes drop into the soil seed bank.
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In late spring, long, to shaped fruits called achenes are released. The green achenes have 8 to 10 prominent veins and become dark brown when ripe.
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Stigmas 3 (occasionally 2 on 0-5%(-15%) of perigynia that have viable achenes). Achenes trigonous (lenticular if stigmas 2). Inconspicuous Carex klamathensis is easily confused with Carex hassei, which typically has 2 stigmas per flower and lenticular achenes. Unfortunately, populations of Carex hassei sympatric with Carex klamathensis in the Klamath Region often have a mix two- and three-styled flowers that produce viable lenticular and trigonous achenes, respectively.
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The fruit is a unique schizocarp made of five (or three) achenes, in the lower part the achenes are inside the calyx, while the upper part (the stylar beak) is the style of the flower, looking like a kind of long beak over the achenes. When the fruit is mature the style breaks into five (or three) hygroscopically active (ready to absorb water) bristles that curl, causing the achenes to be released.
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The fruit is a fuzzy capsule containing about five achenes.
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The large size of their achenes facilitates this expanding root growth.
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Flowering occurs between November and May and the fruit are bristly achenes.
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The fruits are in the form of achenes with broadly winged margins.
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Inside the fruit sac are ellipsoid achenes, the seed of the plant.
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The fruits are achenes, each long. The pappi are brown, about long.
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The fruits are achenes. The species is under protection in the Czech Republic.
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Plane trees are wind-pollinated. Male flower-heads fall off after shedding their pollen. After being pollinated, the female flowers become achenes that form an aggregate ball. The fruit is a multiple of achenes (plant systematics, Simpson M. G., 2006).
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The fruit is a cluster of dry, slender, leathery achenes 0.6-2 cm long.
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The achenes are hairy with reddish pappus hairs. It flowers from July until September.
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Its achenes are reddish brown and its flowers grow in whorls of 12-25.
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The fruits are brown, three-sided achenes. The flowers bloom from June to August.
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The calyx lengthens after flowering and the fruit is a cluster of pale brown achenes.
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Achenes about long, and not hairy; pappus to long. It grows easily from stem cuttings.
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Receptacle convex to subulate, chaffy, the scarious chaff not embracing the smooth dorsally compressed achenes.
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Fruits are tiny, flattened achenes with a ring of pappus bristles, falling off as a unit.
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The achenes are winged with no hairs and have long beaks that are curved or recurved.
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The stigma protrudes slightly from the corolla. The fruit is a spherical cluster of achenes (nutlets).
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C. aplina has achenes, which are hard, dry fruit which contain a single seed. As the seed matures, the achenes loosen towards the top and develops a fluffy appearance. The seeds are 1.5–2 mm long, compressed laterally and germination can occur after 2 to 4 weeks.
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Females do not have persistent fruits. The female has hairy achenes that are 2–4 mm long.
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Cnidium monnieri produces compound umbels of white five-stellate flowers from April to July. The plants produce achenes.
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Achenes are dark reddish brown almost black. Rumex sanguineus flower in the summer in moist and riparian habitat.
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It has 3 tubercles and small glossy/reddish brown achenes that are up to 3mm x 2.5mm big.
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In the center of the flower are up to 75 thin stamens. The fruit is a cluster of achenes.
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N. N. Tzvelev & Andrey Aleksandrovich Fedorov, Flora of Russia, Achenes fusiform, transversely rugose, with five broad, rounded ribs. Pappus white.
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The achenes are dispersed by the wind, and the plant can also spread by vegetative growth from stolons or rhizomes.
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Underneath the flowers is a whorl of bracts. Fertilized flowers produce achenes with 2 sterile chambers and one fertile chamber.
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Fruits: Achenes can vary between and in length, are smooth and bear a pappus of to long with white hairs.
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The base of the tepals are truncate. The achenes or fruit of the plant are dark reddish-brown or almost black.
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Solitary stamen, upright wooly ovaries with no style. ;Seeds: Achenes oval to elliptical, flattened, densely hairy and enveloped in wooly bracts.
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The achenes are dispersed through animal vectors and through hydrochory (dispersal through wind, water, or gravity). The achenes germinate only under light, and with or without available fluid, but the period of their germination is shorter when they are submersed in water. Temperature is a factor, with 100% germination occurring at . Germination is reduced in anaerobic conditions.
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The plant is a perennial and stoloniferous herb, with glossy trifoliate leaves 15–150 mm long and usually 3–12 mm wide, with 2–5 acutely toothed lobes. The flowers are solitary with 5–7 petals and reddish-purple achenes. The plant flowers from December to March; it fruits in March, with the achenes persisting until September.
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The heads are followed by cluster of small, wispy achenes. The plant often branches and grows in a clump with multiple stems.
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Nectar is produced from tissue at the base of the staments. Their fruits are in the form of winged, three-angled achenes.
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The fruit is an achene. The achenes arising from the disc florets have pappi of white scales.Deinandra conjugens. Flora of North America.
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Female flowers with included ovary and short styles. Seeds (achenes) enclosed by the calyx.David Bramwell and Zoë Bramwell. Wild Flowers of the Canary Islands.
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Flowers from May until July. The achenes are smooth ribbed, beakless, with similar pappus to Tragopogon pratensis. It exudes a milky juice from its stem.
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Pollinated florets produce three-sided seeds (achenes) that are glossy blackish-brown when ripe, long by wide. The stem of the inflorescence and the stems of the pistillate spikes are very short at blooming time, but lengthen a great deal by the time the seed matures, so that the clusters of achenes overtop the withered staminate spike and the stem is always longer than the leaves.
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The blooming period occurs from mid-spring to mid-summer and lasts about 2–3 months for a colony of plants. The small achenes are bullet-shaped (tapered at the base, but truncate at the top). Each achene has 5 small scales and a tuft of 5 hairs at its apex; the hairs are longer than the scales. These achenes are distributed by the wind.
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The perigynia (also called utricles) are green to brownish, long, contracted to a beak long. Stigmas are 3 and achenes trigonous. 2n = 68, 70–72, 74.
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Leaves are pinnately lobed. Flower heads have yellow ray flowers and yellow-orange disc flowers. Achenes are black. The species grows in forests and chaparral brushlands.
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Unlike those of most other Artemisia, the achenes of this species are topped with pappi.Artemisia papposa. Flora of North America.Blake, Sydney Fay & Cronquist, Arthur John 1950.
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The flowers have tepals, as it is difficult to differentiate between the petals and sepals. Flowers are in the deltoid shape. Its fruits are brown and achenes.
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The inflorescences are loose with 4 to 30 daisy-like flower heads, white with a yellow center, up to in diameter. In most subspecies, the ligules of the ray florets are about 8 mm long, pure white, female and form fertile achenes, which are triangular to horn-like winged. The achenes of the yellow tubular central flowers are sterile and one-winged. The pappus is always irregularly crown-shaped.
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Sepals with smooth ribs quite unlike the muricate (warty) ribs of the similar E. cordifolius. Achenes probably with 3 facial glands. Most specimens seem to have few flowers.
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The fruit is a hairless, speckled, four- angled achene about 3 millimeters long. There is usually no pappus, but some achenes have vestigial pappus structures on their flat tops.
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Achenes are less than 0.9 mm long.Nuttall, Thomas. 1818. Genera of North American Plants 2: 208.Weddell, Hugh Algernon. 1857. Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle 9(3–4): 516.
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The species of genus Bassia are annuals or perennial subshrubs. Their leaves are variable. The flowers are normally inconspicuous, in spike-like inflorescences without bracteoles. The fruits are achenes.
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Achenes oblong 3 mm, pappus of 1 row of plumose, dense, appressed, caduceus, shiny brown hairs 2- to 3- branched and united at the base into clusters. Fl. V-VIII.
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Achenes arising from the ray florets are light-colored and tipped with pappi, while those from the disc florets at the center of the flower head are darker and lack pappi.
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Cabobanthus polysphaerus grows as a herb, measuring up to tall. The sessile leaves are oblong and measure up to long. The capitula feature about 5 purple flowers. The fruits are achenes.
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It is branched, with very narrow, needle-like leaves. Flower heads have yellow ray flowers and yellow disc flowers. Achenes are black. The species grows in dry locations in desert regions.
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Leaves are narrowly triangular, with the widest part at the tip. Flower heads have yellow ray flowers and yellow disc flowers. Achenes are black. The species grows in forests and chaparral brushlands.
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It has numerous yellow flower heads with both ray florets and disc florets. Fruits are dry achenes bearing barbs that get caught in fur or clothing, thus aiding in the plant's dispersal.
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Inflorescence is up to 45 mm long. Flowers are white, some hermaphroditic (male and female together) but others pistillate (female only). Achenes are brown, triangular in cross-section, up to 4 mm long.
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On male plants, the flower filaments are the most showy part of the hanging flowers, being yellow to greenish yellow in color and 3.5-5.5 mm long. The filaments end in anthers 2–4 mm long that are mucronate to acuminate in shape with purple colored stigma. After blooming, female plants if fertilized, produce green fruits called achenes. Each flower that is fertilized typically produces (3-)7 to 13 achenes that are not reflexed and sessile or nearly so in tight clusters.
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Pedicels 1.5 - 2 – 3 cm long. Corolla white, 1 - 1.5 cm in diameter, stamens 18, achenes 1 - 1.5 mm long, having usually 3 glands in oblique row in the upper part of the body.
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This plant displays as a branched herb with cylindrical, grayish roots, growing up to 70 cm tall. The solitary flower heads are in diameter, with yellow florets. The achenes are compressed and narrowly winged.
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The fruits are fuzzy brown achenes only one or two millimeters long which turn gluey when wet.Flora of North America, Vol. 20 Page 641 Crocidium Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 335, plate 118. 1834.
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These are followed by small achenes with hairy bristles. These are dispersed by wind and become entangled on tree branches by their bristles. Mistletoes in this genus, Misodendrum, are the only wind-dispersed hemiparasites.
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The achenes are beaked and some species have feathery hairs attached to them. A common name for anemones is "wind flowers". Anemone is derived from the Greek word anemoi, which in English means "winds".
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The achenes are compressed and narrowly winged. in Kerala, India This species grows commonly in moist places in warm temperate to tropical areas worldwide. It is widely distributed throughout India, Nepal, China, Thailand, and Brazil.
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It flowers from July until September in the northern hemisphere. The achenes are grey, tipped with bristles. The pappus is white with equal length hairs. Similar to Mycelis muralis but showing more than 5 florets.
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Achenes have a course network of raised decorations on the surface.Camelbeke, K., M. T. Strong & P. Goetghebeur. 1997. Scleria amazonica, a new species of Scleria section Scleria (Cyperaceae) from Venezuela. Novon 7(2): 98–101.
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The fruit produced by the flowers are lenticular achenes and are enclosed by the calyx. There are two species in this genus; this one native to California, and the other Hesperocnide sandwicensis, native to Hawaii.
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The flower has hairy bluish or purple lance-shaped sepals with greenish tips. The fruits are long achenes borne in a cluster. This plant is generally found on limestone soils in glades and prairies.Clematis fremontii.
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The fruit is an achene; achenes from the disc florets may have a pappus of scales.Flora of North America, Calycadenia fremontii A. Gray in W. H. Emory, Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. 2(1): 100. 1859.
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Flora Neotropica 64: 1–112. Vegetatively, resembles E. andrieuxii, nut differs by having distinct pellucid lines, a usually paniculate inflorescence and by achenes with beaks that are at most 1/3 as long as the body.
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Cabobanthus bullulatus grows as a herb, measuring up to tall, occasionally to . The almost sessile leaves are oblong to oblanceolate and measure up to long. The capitula feature about 10 mauve florets. The fruits are achenes.
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Capitula 5–8 mm in diameter, gathered in lax raceme. Ligulate flowers with 1–4 staminodia. Achenes glabrous or sparsely pilose. Grows in lower mountain belt, at the altitudes of 800–1100 meters above sea level.
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Their color is green-yellowish. The seeds are brown achenes with a diameter of only 0.6–0.8 mm. Their thousand-kernel weight (TKW) averages around 0.03 g (in comparison, wheat has a TKW of approximately 45 g).
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The dry fruits of Sanguisorba. These contain the achenes which contain the seeds. Use is made of its extensive root system for erosion control, as well as a bioremediator, used to reclaim derelict sites such as landfills.
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It flowers throughout the summer and early fall. The achenes are 2–3 mm long, four-angled, with faint lengthwise stripes. The fluffy pappus bristles are 11–13 mm long. After flowering and setting seed, it dies.
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Until recently, it was believed that the species of the genus Anemone also lack nectar. The fruits are most commonly free, unfused achenes (e.g. Ranunculus, Clematis) or follicles (e.g. Helleborus, Eranthis, Nigella), but a berry in Actaea.
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Heterotheca comes from Ancient Greek héteros "other, different" and thḗkē "case, chest", and refers to the fact that, in some species in the genus, the cypselae (achenes containing seed) of the disk and ray florets have different shapes.
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The disc florets are bisexual with a five-lobed corolla. The achenes of the ray florets are three-angled and have two or three wings; those of the disc florets are flattened and have one or two wings.
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Inflorescence is branched 2 or 3 times, bearing spikelets that are red, orange or straw- colored. Achenes are egg-shaped, about 4 mm (about 0.16 inches)across.Flora of North America v 23 p 53Steudel, Ernst Gottlieb von. 1855.
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Its fruits are achenes which were historically used as food by Native Americans, including the Pomo and Miwok, who baked them or ground them into flour. The foliage exudes a fragrant oil, hence the common name of tarweed.
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The stalks below the heads are covered with scattered, simple and gland-tipped black hairs and contain a milky substance. The pale yellow flowers are produced during all of the summer months. The fruit are dark brown achenes.
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The inflorescence is made up of several bundles (fascicles) of one to three flowers. The flowers have persistent tepals, either arranged in a narrow tube with unequal lobes or bell-shaped with equal segments. The fruits are wingless achenes.
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Stamens usually 18, anthers 1.5 mm long, as long as the filaments. Achenes 2.5 – 3 mm long x 1 - 1.2mm wide, distinctly ribbed only in the lower part of the body, the upper third without ribs, lateral glands absent.
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It is very similar to the more widespread C. parryi but has leaves that are pubescent on both surfaces, and a distinctive pappus attached to the achenes, long narrow bristles instead of the short scales characteristic of C. parryi.
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The leaf blades are divided into several pointed lobes which are entire or subdivided. The herbage is often very hairy. The flowers have up to 10 yellow petals, though some lack petals. The achenes develop in a cylindrical head.
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Style whole filiform to the base ovarium . The style does not extend beyond the scales of the throat and a capitate stigma. Four Nuculas with a thick ring-shaped collar at the base. The fruits are small obovate achenes.
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Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. and Warburg, E.F. 1968 Excursion Flora of the British Isles Second Edition. Cambridge The upper leaves are stalkless, smaller and less lobed. All leaves are red tinged. The achenes are short beaked, spindle shaped and black.
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Stem either branching or below the corymbose summit, 15-45(70)cm high; not strongly scented; heads as much as 1.5 cm in diameter, conical in shape and greenish yellow in color; achenes sharply angled. Used as substitute for chamomile.
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When flowering, the plant can become top heavy. This problem is alleviated when grown in groups, as the bipinnate leaves interlock, and the colony supports itself. The achenes become blackish, are smooth or short-bristly. Their shape is spindle-like.
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They resemble berries, but they are actually achenes protected by enlarged and colored petals. The fruits are produced from May to August, but they are inedible as their seeds are poisonous. The number of chromosomes the plant has is 40.
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Twelve to twenty bright yellow ray florets, tubes long, rays x with four veins. A dull-yellow to brown disc floret, corolla long, all hairless and expanding from the middle. ;Fruits and reproduction: Achenes long, ribbed with no hairs. Pappus long.
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Once pollinated, the florets develop into achenes or drupes, in which the seeds are enclosed by a layer of endocarp. From this perspective, the fig is an enclosure with tens to thousands of fruits within it.Galil, J. (1977). "Fig biology".
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The flowering period extends from June through August. The flowers are hermaphrodite and are pollinated by insects (usually bees, wasps and butterflies) (entomogamy). The fruits are achenes long, each with a feathery yellow pappus. Seed dispersal is by wind (anemochory).
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The center is filled with yellow disc florets with purple anthers. The fruits are small achenes of two types. The ray florets yield hairy, curved fruits with no pappus, while the disc florets yield fruits with a long, hairlike pappus.
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It flowers from June until September. The flowers are pollinated by insects (usually bees, wasps and butterflies) (entomogamy) and are hermaphrodite (self fertilization or autogamy). The fruits are hairy cylindrical achenes about 7 to 8 mm long. They ripen from September through October.
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Aggregate fruit globular, echinate, 6 – 8 mm in diameter. Achenes flat, subovately-cuneate, 3 x 1.5 mm with 3 - 5 (usually 3) lateral ribs and 2 - 3 oblong and further 3 - 5 small round glands. Stylar beak usually straight, approximately 0.75 mm.
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Involcre is 3 to 5 millimeters long and about 2 millimeters in diameter. Pale to bright yellow ray florets and 4 veined spreading disc florets that turn red brown. ;Fruits: Ribbed achenes 2 millimeters long and without hairs. Pappus 3.5 millimeters long.
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These bisexual florets have obtuse and irregular anther bases. They have pistillate ray florets that can be yellow or white. From these pistillates, they produce achenes, which are indehiscent and angled. The pappus, a modified calyx, is not present or extremely small.
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When fruits do not open and release their seeds in a regular fashion, they are called indehiscent, which include the fruits achenes, caryopsis, nuts, samaras, and utricles.Jones, Samuel B., and Arlene E. Luchsinger. 1979. Plant systematics. McGraw-Hill series in organismic biology.
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Leaves are lanceolate, up to 30 cm long. The inflorescence typically takes up the upper half of the shoot, the flowers green, pink or red, in whorls of up to 30 flowers. Achenes are reddish-brown, up to 3 mm long.Murbeck, Svante Samuel. 1899.
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Aggregate fruit globular, 0.7 – 0.9 cm in diameter, achenes 3 mm long x 1 mm wide, having 3 – 4 ribs and usually 6 glands in 2 rows. Young leaves are red and brown, older leaves green.Haynes, R. R. & L. B. Holm-Nielsen. 1994. The Alismataceae.
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These give the leaves the silvery appearance from which the plant gets its name. The flowers are produced singly on 5–15 cm long stems, 1.5-2.5 cm diameter with five (rarely up to seven) yellow petals. The fruit is a cluster of dry achenes.
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The sparsity of the hairs is a useful distinction from A. anserina, which is more densely hairy. The flowers are produced singly on 5–15 cm long stems, 2–3.5 cm diameter with five yellow petals. The fruit is a cluster of dry achenes.
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Flower petals are each up to 12 mm (0.5 inches) long, yellow with prominent red veins visible on the back but not on the front. Achenes are hemispheric with a persistent straight or curved beak. The species is closely related to R. occidentalis.Benson, Lyman David.
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Cosmos parviflorus attains a height of up to 100 cm (40 inches). Leaves are deeply divided into narrow linear segments. Ray florets red, pink or white, the colors sometimes mixed in the same population. Achenes are barbed, causing them to lodge in fur or clothing.
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The sepals are obovate (with the base slightly tapered) and by . When they are pollinated, the green pistils in the middle of the flower become a rounded to slightly lengthened seed head. The seeds are achenes, with an almost round body and a beak.
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Later the plant forms a seed head that resembles that of the dandelions but is distinctly larger. The seeds themselves (known as achenes) are 2–4 cm long but featherweight, weighing about 8 mg each on average. There is some natural variation between the central and peripheral achenes in the seedhead, with the peripheral ones being generally darker and heavier, and having a higher concentration of phenolic compounds; this may enhance their survival potential. T. dubius, large seedhead Western salsify is quite similar to the generally commoner meadow salsify, T. pratensis, but the bracts which show behind the flower head, a distinctive feature of salsifies, are longer and more noticeable.
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The involucre is 13 mm length, and 8 mm diameter and has four lines of involucral scale. The achene has about 4 mm length and 1.3 mm diameter and lanceolate shape. There is no pappus. It blooms from June to September; the fruits (achenes) mature in November.
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Flowers sessile or nearly so, having the pedicels only 1 – 2 mm long. Corolla white, usually 2.5 cm in diameter, stamens 20 - 24, anthers as long or broadly shorter as the filaments. Achenes claviform, short- beaked, with 4 - 5 facial ribs and usually 1 facial gland.
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The flower has four tiny sepals and no petals. The fruit is an achene. This species can be distinguished from the common Thalictrum fendleri by the size and texture of its leaflets and smaller number of achenes. This species is native to the Piceance Basin of Colorado.
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The daisy-bush grows as a dense shrub up to 2 m high. The sticky leaves are pointed and narrow-linear, 10–30 mm long and less than 3 mm wide. The white flowers develop on the ends of the branches. The fruits are hairy achenes.
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Species placed in the genus Reynoutria are robust erect perennial plants, growing from rhizomes. They are usually monoecious, with mostly bisexual flowers, but also some unisexual flowers. The petals of the flowers are dry and paperlike when mature. The fruits are achenes with threefold sharp edges.
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Each flower head is lined with phyllaries which are coated in large bulbous resin glands. They are hairy and sticky in texture. The head contains many yellow disc florets surrounded by three to 10 golden yellow ray florets. The ray and fertile disc florets produce achenes of different shapes.
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The inflorescence is either a panicle made up of a few racemes or a single raceme. The flowers usually have five greenish-white tepals and eight stamens, included within the flower. They are either bisexual or have the gynoecium poorly developed. The fruits are in the form of achenes.
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On petioles, stolons, calyxes, and fruit trusses, elongated lesions may form and interfere with water transport in the plant, weakening the plant and making it more susceptible to invasion by a secondary organism. The fungus may infect the fruit in the form of black seed disease, discoloring the achenes.
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The flowers are hermaphrodite The outer flowers are ligulate, bright yellow and feminine, while the inner ones are tubular, dark yellow and bisexual. The diameter of the flower varies from . The flowering period extends from May through late September. The fruits are glabrous achenes with hairy appendages (pappus).
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The large, slightly convex receptacle shows numerous, yellowish orange, hermaphrodite disc florets and two whorls of yellow ray florets. The long, villous, involucral bracts end in an apical sharp-pointed spine. The flowering period extends from May through July. Fruits are achenes of about 2–2,5 millimeters of length.
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Flowers have 150–200 stamens. The fruit occurs in heads rounded to subcylindric in shape, with pedicels long. The achenes are ellipsoid in shape, not winged, covered with villous hairs, with beaks curved that reflex as they age and long, feather-like. Generally, the fruit persists into fall.
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Most recently Zhang et al. (2017) recovered these relationships using whole plastid genomes: The sister relationship between Dryadoideae and Rosoideae is supported by the following shared morphological characters not found in Amygdaloideae: presence of stipules, separation of the hypanthium from the ovary, and the fruits are usually achenes.
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The sepals are usually white, often with a distinct blue tint. The flower center is filled with many yellow- anthered stamens. The fruits are woolly achenes. This is a plant of mountainous environments such as the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada, extending from the coniferous forests to alpine elevations.
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A central cluster of pale yellow flowers is surrounded by petal-like white, papery bracts. These appear between September and February in the species' native range. These are followed by small dry achenes that have silky hairs. The species occurs in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania.
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Pineberry is a hybrid cross from Fragaria chiloensis and Fragaria virginiana. First found in South America around 2002, they are now grown in Belgium and exported from the Netherlands. A pineberry is smaller than a common strawberry, measuring between . When ripe, it is almost completely white, but with red "seeds" (achenes).
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Plants that spend more time out of water at the waterline are tougher and have shorter leaves. The plant bears two inflorescences, the staminate type being a rounded white filamentous ball and the pistillate type a sphere of thick, green, pointy peduncles. The fruits are small green or brown achenes.
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Species of Koenigia are annual or perennial herbaceous plants, growing from taproots. The flowers are arranged in terminal or axillary inflorescences. The flowers have pale tepals: white, greenish to yellowish white or pink. The seeds are borne in achenes that are usually brown or black in colour and not winged.
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The Dryadoideae subfamily of the Rosaceae consists of four genera,. all of which contain representative species with root nodules that host the nitrogen- fixing bacterium Frankia.. They are subshrubs, shrubs, or small trees with a base chromosome number of 9, whose fruits are either an achene or an aggregate of achenes.
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The inflorescence is a wide array of flower heads. A dioecious species, the male and female plants produce different flower types which are similar in appearance. The flowers and foliage are glandular. Female flowers yield fruits which are ribbed achenes, each with a fuzzy body long and a pappus about long.
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Nectar runs down from the glands and accumulates on the floor of the flower as a result of continuing secretion. The fruit are little pear-shaped capsules which contain numerous achenes attached to fine feathery strands which aid their dispersal by the wind. Often, only a few seeds are viable.
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Creeping groundsel is easily dispersed by wind-blown seed, stem fragments, and dumped garden waste. Achenes are 3 millimetres to 4 millimetres long, ribbed or grooved with short hairs in the grooves and a tapering cylindrical shape. The parachute- like hairs, the pappus, are 5 millimetres to 7 millimetres long.
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Emilia sonchifolia completes its life cycle in approximately 90 days. There are two types of seed, which are defined by the color of the achene. The first, a female outer circle of florets of a flower head produces red and brown achenes. The second is the inner, off-white hermaphrodite florets.
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The chromosome number is 2n=38. The flowering season is between May and August (Central Europe). The hairy flowers are composed of yellow disc florets in the center and orange-yellow ray florets at the external part. The achenes have a one-piece rough pappus which opens in dry conditions.
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Cotula is a genus of flowering plant in the sunflower family.Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 2: 891-892 in LatinTropicos, Cotula L. It includes plants known generally as water buttons or buttonweeds. The species within this genus can vary extensively in their habit, leaf division, involucre, receptacle and achenes.
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The base of each flower head is up to 1.6 centimeters (0.64 inches) wide. The head contains 8 to 21 yellow ray florets each up to 2 centimeters (0.8 inch) long. At the center are many yellow disc florets, sometimes 200 or more. The fruits are dry achenes only a few millimeters long.
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Members of Steviopsis are perennial herbs that have heads composed entirely of disk flowers, a pappus of capillary bristles, narrow corollas with spreading lobes, and glands on the cypselae (achenes). The base chromosome number is x=10, which distinguishes it in part from the morphologically similar Brickellia. The genus is endemic to Mexico.
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The base of the flower head has several floral bracts that appear light green and glabrous. Flowers bloom in late summer or early fall for approximately 3–4 weeks. The flower does not seem to emit noticeable scent. After the blooming period, flowers are replaced by dark achenes with tufts of white hair.
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Its achene has a longitudinal ridge, may have black spots on either side, and are distributed by the wind. They are ovoid; slightly flattened, but curved in shape. A plant may have buds, flowers, and achenes simultaneously. Roots are a thick deep taproots that contain a white latex that is apparent when cut.
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Each flower has five calyx lobes, five broad, shallowly-notched petals, thirty stamens, many pistils and a separate gynoecium. The fruit is a receptacle containing several glossy, pale brown achenes. The plant may reproduce by seed or vegetatively by sprouting new shoots from its caudex. Sulphur cinquefoil flowers from June to August.
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Flower base is tubular (7–9 mm long), extending into sepals and white corolla lobes (3.8–5 mm long). Flowers come out in October. Fruits (6–8 cm long × 4–6 cm wide) which are sometimes viviparous and exhibit cryptogeal (i.e. plant burrows under the soil) germination, are green leathery berries or achenes.
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Sepals may be any color. The pistils have one ovule. The flowers have nectaries, but petals are missing in the majority of species. The fruits are ovoid to obovoid shaped achenes that are collected together in a tight cluster, ending variously lengthened stalks; though many species have sessile clusters terminating the stems.
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Aldama is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family. The genus was originally described to include one (later two) species of subtribe Helianthinae that were characterized by having pales that tightly enclosed the cypselae (achenes) (see Feddema, 1971).Feddema, C. Re-establishment of the genus Aldama (Compositae-Heliantheae). Phytologia 21: 308-314. 1971.
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The inflorescences are leafy, narrow, and sparse. The capitula are less than 5 millimeters in diameter. The pistillate flowers range in number from 6 to 10 and the disk flowers range from 15 to 30, and they are generally yellowish, but sometimes red. The fruits produced are resinous achenes up to 1.5 millimeters long.
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Lawrence's goldfinch feeds almost entirely on seeds of shrubs and forbs. During the nesting season, it eats seeds of annuals, strongly favoring the common fiddleneck. Birders seeking Lawrence's goldfinch are advised to know this plant. At other seasons in California, it predominantly eats chamise achenes and also berries of mistletoe (Phoradendron) and California Buckthorn.
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5mm long. The body of the perigynia is inflated around the achene and has 5-9 nerves. The achenes (fruits) are yellow-brown color and 1.5-2mm long x 1mm wide. Below each perigynia is a pistilate scale, this scale is accuminate or rough awned at the tip and between 2.9-9.8mm long x .3-.
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The genus is distinguished from other genera in tribe Astereae mainly by the structure of the fruit. These achenes or cypselas are roughly club-shaped but usually incurved and flattened. They often have a membranous rim or wing around the edge that is sometimes wavy or fringed. The pappus is less than one millimeter long in most species.
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All leaves are hairless, base stalkless, ear-shaped, arrow-shaped or semi-stem-clasping. Blue flower-heads are bore on top of the stem and branches arranged in loose corymbose inflorescence, each flower head containing ray flowers but no disc flowers. Achenes light brown, oblanceolate, long 2.3 mm, width of 1 mm. Pappus white, thin, hairy, 3 mm long.
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Rainiera stricta is an herbaceous perennial with both basal and cauline, alternate, petiolate leaves. It has 30-70 discoid heads arranged in a raceme-like or thyrse-like capitulescence. The disk florets are about 5 per head, and have yellow, sometimes purple-tinged corollas. The cypselae (achenes) are glabrous and have a pappus of white or straw-colored bristles.
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Adenanthos is a genus of around 30 species in the plant family Proteaceae. Endemic to southern Australia, they are evergreen woody shrubs with solitary flowers that are pollinated by birds and, if fertilised, develop into achenes. They are not much cultivated. Common names of species often include one of the terms woollybush, jugflower and stick-in-the-jug.
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They generally have few branches, and those there are tend to be upright. Their leaves are somewhat grass-like. Flower colour varies within the genus, with some yellow species, and some bronze or purple. Seeds are achenes and are borne in a globe like that of a dandelion but larger, and are dispersed by the wind.
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Spenceria ramalana is the lone species in the plant genus Spenceria, known by two varieties. S. ramalana grows from 18–32 cm. tall, and puts out yellow flowers from July through August; bearing fruit (yellowish-brown achenes) from September to October. The Chinese name, ma ti huang [马蹄黄], can be translated to mean "yellow horseshoe".
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Lamina parts of the leaves are x , narrow oblanceolate to elliptic, apex acuminate, base attenuate-cuneate to obtuse, margin subentire or crenulate, coriaceous, with glandular stinging hairs; midrib raised above; secondary_nerves 8-11 pairs; tertiary nerves distantly obliquely percurrent. Flowers with inflorescence axillary panicles, drooping, to long. Flowers are unisexual, subsessile. Fruit and seed are achenes.
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Phytologia 68(4): 316 distribution map on page 316 Grindelia sublanuginosa is a branching herb up to tall. Leaves are olive-green, up to long, with small teeth along the edges. Flower heads contain 8-21 yellow or yellow-orange ray flowers surrounding numerous small disc flowers. The achenes are distinctive in the genus in being tetragonal.
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The plants produce one peduncle with one solitary flower or 2-5 flowered cymes. Fruits in heads fusiform in shape, with 7–20 cm long pedicels. Fruits called achenes measure 2.5-3.5 mm long and 2–2.5 mm wide with a rounded outline and flat in shape, densely woolly, not winged also with straight 1.5 mm long beaks.
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Adenanthos is a genus of around 30 species in the plant family Proteaceae. Endemic to southern Australia, they are evergreen woody shrubs with solitary flowers that are pollinated by birds and, if fertilised, develop into achenes. They are not much cultivated. Common names of species often include one of the terms woollybush, jugflower and stick-in-the-jug.
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The flower heads are arranged in clusters (panicles). Each flower head has 13 to 23 ray florets with pale to dark blue or purple petals (laminae), and 19 to 33 disc florets that start out yellow and eventually turn purplish-red. The whole flowerhead measures across. The seeds are achenes with bristles at their tips (cypselae).
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The plant is similar to Adonis annua but is more robust with large flowers, 2–3 cm in diameter, usually with narrow and oblong petals , dark scarlet sepals that are attached to the petals. It can distinguished by its mottled black achenes having a rounded bulge just below the peak. It blooms in spring and summer.
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Types of dry fruits include achenes, capsules, follicles or nuts. Dry fruits can also be separated into dehiscent and indehiscent fruits. Dry dehiscent fruits are described as a fruit where the pod has an increase in internal tension to allow seeds to be released. These include the sweet pea, soybean, alfalfa, milkweed, mustard, cabbage and poppy.
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The leaves are glandular and lobed. The plant flowers in September through November, with clusters of heads at the ends of branches and on top of the main stem. Each head contains 8-15 yellow disc flowers but no ray flowers. The old heads turn dry and tan and remain on the plant after the achenes have dispersed.
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They appear in clusters of 2 to 6 which grow upward from various points on the main stem to approximately the same height with the outer flowers opening first. The phyllaries are purplish. There are no ray florets and the disc florets are purple or mauve colored. ;Fruits: Achenes 3 to 4 millimeters long, ribbed and not hairy.
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The flowers are hermaphroditic, and pollination is by insects. The fruits are ockery achenes, rod-shaped and with light ribs. They have a length of 10-17mm and a width of 1-3mm without counting the beak (with beak up to 55mm in length). When going to fruit, a ball of fluff gives the plant its name "goatsbeard".
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Cirsium is a genus of perennial and biennial flowering plants in the Asteraceae, one of several genera known commonly as thistles. They are more precisely known as plume thistles. These differ from other thistle genera (Carduus, Silybum and Onopordum) in having feathered hairs to their achenes. The other genera have a pappus of simple unbranched hairs.
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The terminal spike is either all male or male with a few female flowers at the bottom. Each female spike has 10 to 40 female flowers, each about apart. Each spike is on its own stalk (pedicel), and each succeeding spike is shorter than the previous one. As the female flowers develop into seeds (achenes), the stalk droops or nods downwards.
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It is the only United Kingdom dandelion type flower with grass like leaves. The flower heads are 5 cm wide. They only open in the morning sunshine, hence the name 'Jack go to bed at noon'. The achenes are rough, long beaked pappus radiating outwards interwoven like a spider's web of fine white side hairs (referred to as a "Blowball").
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Buried seed can remain viable in the soil seed bank for at least seven years and possibly for up to twenty years or more. Yearly seed production and seed dormancy are highly variable depending on environmental conditions. The slender and smooth achenes are about 3 mm long and are brown with gray markings. They are tipped with a pappus of slender bristles.
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Helianthus anomalus has been considered a potential source of alternate fuel. The need for alternate fuel sources has been a pressing issue over the past ten years, and sunflower oil is one of the possible candidates. Among the 51 species of the genus Helianthus, H. anomalus shows promise because of its high oil concentration, linoleic fatty acid concentration and its large achenes.
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The species is monoecious, and the inflorescence is composed of staminate (male) flower heads with the pistillate heads located below and in the axils of leaves. This bloom period is from June through November. The pistillate heads yield fruits which are achenes located within oval-shaped greenish-brown burs about half a centimeter long. The burs are hairy and sometimes spiny.
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Bracts shorter or longer than the pedicels. Pedicels 1 - 2.5 cm long, sepals broadly ovate, ribbed, 4 – 6 mm long, petals white, corolla 3 – 4 cm in diameter. Stamens usually 24. Aggregate fruit globular, shortly echinate, achenes compressed, 3 mm long x 1 mm wide, having 3 - 5 ribs and 3 glands placed usually in one row, beak 0.4 - 0.5 mm long.
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Ficaria is a small genus of several species of plants in the family Ranunculaceae, which were previously grouped with Ranunculus. The genus includes Ficaria verna, known as fig buttercup or lesser celandine, and related species. The name "Ficaria" is Classical Latin for fig. Plants in the genus are closely related to true buttercups, but generally have only three sepals and swollen smooth achenes.
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The large white buttercup is an herbaceous plant 30 – 100 cm tall, with glabrous stem with many branches. The leaves are palmate, each divided into five segments with dentate margin. Flowers are organized into cymes; each flower has a calyx with five sepals, a corolla with five white petals, many stamens with yellow anthers and many styles. Fruits are hooked achenes.
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It is erect, up to 45 cm tall with silky, bristly or woolly hairs. Leaves are thick and leathery, simple but sometimes lobed, up to 12 cm long. Flowers are bell—shaped, borne one at a time at the tips of branches, pale yellow sometimes with a purplish tinge. Achenes are hairy, with a feathery beak up to 6 cm long.
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They are elliptical to egg-shaped, light brownish achenes with a length of about and a diameter of . There may be about 100–500 seeds per fruit. The seed coat consists of a thin, waxy, parchment- like and easily removable testa (husk) and a brownish, membranous tegmen. The cotyledons are usually unequal in size, and the endosperm is minimally present.
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Rosa gymnocarpa is a shrub growing up to in height. Its stem is covered with long, straight spines which may or may not be abundant. The pink or white fragrant flowers are flat and open-faced with five petals in most any shade of pink to almost lavender. Its fruit is a red rose hip containing hard tan achenes that contain the seeds.
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The inflorescence is made up of a few spherical flower heads each around a centimeter wide. The female flower heads develop into spherical fruit clusters each made up of many hairy, maroon-red-woolly achenes. The tough and coarse-grained wood is difficult to split and work. It has various uses, including acting as a meat preparation block for butchers.
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Corolla white, about 1.5 cm in diameter, stamens 12, achenes numerous in echinate head, nutlets grey-brown, 2.5 - 3.5 mm long x 1 - 1.3 mm wide, broadly keeled, with 2 winged ribs alternating with 3 non-winged ribs; facial gland single, close to the beak, indistinct or quite absent. Mature specimens may have between 10 - 30 leaves. most of them differing in shape and size.
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Cecropia species have staminate and pistillate flowers on separate trees, more commonly referred to as a dioecious species. The fruits are achenes enveloped by a fleshy perianths, oblongoid, elliptic, (sub)obovoid or (sub)ovoid. The pericarp is tuberculate in most species, although it is smooth in some species. Seeds can be viable for more than five years and germinate when triggered by full sunlight and changing temperatures.
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They are rounded off into a short, 0.5 to 1.7 mm long, but distinctly pronounced rostrum. The inner achenes are up to 18 mm long, their yellowish beaks are 4 to 5 (rarely to 10) mm long. A pappus is missing or it consists only of two to three awn-like, 1 to 3 mm large bristles.Erich Oberdorfer : Plant sociology excursion flora for Germany and adjacent areas .
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Their blades are deeply lobed or divided into three leaflets, often with toothed or lobed edges. Flowers have 3 to 5 tiny yellow petals just 1 or 2 millimeters long studded on the bulbous nectary; some flowers lack petals. The plant is most easily identified in its fruiting stage, when the infructescence is a spherical cluster of several tiny disc-shaped achenes with compressed, bristly sides.
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Flowers bloom from midsummer through early autumn. Fruits (achenes) are green with purple markings. Roots are fibrous, shallow, and adventitious off the stem in moist areas or when in contact with the soil. The plant is often mistaken for stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), but can be distinguished by the lack of trichomes, or stinging hairs, and the lower amount of branching of the inflorescences.
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Below the head is an involucre of glabrous green bracts long with brownish edges. Flowering mostly occurs from late spring to early summer. The seed-like achenes are long and have ten "ribs" along their edges but lack a pappus. Ox-eye daisy is similar to shasta daisy (Leucanthemum × superbum) which has larger flower-heads ( wide) and to stinking chamomile (Anthemis cotula which has smaller heads ( wide).
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It is mainly bee-, bug- and beetle-pollinated. Ants play an important role in seed dispersal and the fully ripe fat achenes are a delight for pigeons which settle down to feed in large flocks. The species is of taxonomic interest as it has some rather unusual and unique features not existing in any other Centaurea. For example, the marginal florets are funnel- shaped with crenate margins.
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Achenes are covered in fine silky hair. This species is common in the northern parts of South Africa and kwaZulu-Natal and was first described by Carl Peter Thunberg (1743-1828), the celebrated Swedish naturalist. "Clema" is Greek for a liane, and the Latin specific name "brachiata" means "provided with arms" since the right-angled and opposite branching habit resembles arms sticking out of a torso.
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It is a perennial herb forming a dense tuft of erect, ridged stems up to tall. There are a few short, thick, hairlike leaves at the base. At the tip of each stem is the inflorescence, a clublike spikelet less than a centimeter long which is composed of a few tiny flowers. The flowers produce smooth dark fruits that are achenes no more than long.
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The inflorescence is one or more flower heads with purplish bases up to 6 centimeters wide. There are no ray florets, just an array of reflexed phyllaries around the purple-brown center packed with disc florets. This center, containing the receptacles, lengthens to several centimeters in length as the fruits develop. The fruits are achenes each a few millimeters long, some tipped with pappi of tiny scales.
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Water pennywort has stems that spread horizontally and can float on water. Leaves grow on petioles up to 35 cm long, and are round to kidney-shaped, with 3-7 lobes and crenate to entire margins. Flowers are small, pale greenish white to pale yellow, and come in umbels of 5-13. Fruits are small achenes that can float, helping the seeds to disperse.
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The ovoid fruit has a rough surface, and each fruit is divided into many achenes, each achene surrounded by a fleshy perianth and growing on a fleshy receptacle. Most selectively bred cultivars have seedless fruit, whereas seeded varieties are grown mainly for their edible seeds. Breadfruit is usually propagated using root cuttings. Breadfruit is closely related to the breadnut, from which it might have been naturally selected.
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It has lance-shaped, wavy-margined leaves and bears a branching inflorescence of clustered or singular flowers, each pale pink flower only one or two millimetres across. The clustered fruits that appear afterwards are tiny club-shaped, ridged achenes less than 3 mm long. This is a hardy plant, growing in arid, rocky, or disturbed areas, and often showing up as a roadside weed.
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Unusual among Lamiaceae, the four stamens and the pistil are not pushed under the upper lip of the corolla, but lie over the inferior lip. After entomophilous pollination, the corolla falls off and four round achenes develop inside the bilabiate calyx. Basil is sensitive to cold, with best growth in hot, dry conditions. It behaves as an annual if there is any chance of a frost.
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Prairie Sunflower H. petiolaris has flower heads reminiscent of those of a common sunflower, H. annuus. The fruits of the flowers are known as achenes. The flower head contains 10-30 yellow ray florets, surrounding 50-100 dark red-brown disc florets, and green, lanceolate phyllaries (bracts). The center of the flower has hints of white due to the presence of white hairs on the chaff.
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The female flowers occur as groups of 1 to 4 per sheathed bundle, and the outer tepals are ovate to oblong and 4-6 mm in fruit, while the inner tepals are broadly triangular and , 5-6 mm in fruit. The achenes (dry 1-seeded fruits not opening at maturity) are 4-6 by 2-3 mm, and shiny. It flowers all year round.
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Legume of Vicia angustifolia The ovary most typically develops into a legume. A legume is a simple dry fruit that usually dehisces (opens along a seam) on two sides. A common name for this type of fruit is a "pod", although that can also be applied to a few other fruit types. A few species have evolved samarae, loments, follicles, indehiscent legumes, achenes, drupes, and berries from the basic legume fruit.
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A new species of Eclipta (Compositae: Heliantheae) and its allies in eastern Asia. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 35 108-18; includes photo of type specimen at Kyoto University National Science Museum herbarium in Japan, collected in Thailand Eclipta angustata was for years regarded as part of the species E. prostrata before being recognized as a distinct species in 2007. It differs in having sessile leaves, subovate achenes, and conspicuous tubercules.
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Flowers have no petals, but instead have 5-9 petal- like sepals that are white, blue-tinted white or yellow in color. The flowers usually have 40 to 80 stamens but can have up to 100. After flowering, fruits are produced in rounded heads with long pedicels. When the fruits, called achenes, are ripe they are ellipsoid to ovate in outline, flat in shape and long and wide.
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A diaspore of seed plus elaiosome is a common adaptation to seed dispersal by ants (myrmecochory). This is most notable in Australian and South African sclerophyll plant communities. Typically, ants carry the diaspore to their nest, where they may eat the elaiosome and discard the seed, and the seed may subsequently germinate. Achenes of a dandelion (Taraxacum) A diaspore of seed(s) plus fruit is common in plants dispersed by frugivores.
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The flower head is surrounded by bracts (sometimes mistakenly called sepals) in two series. The inner bracts are erect until the seeds mature, then flex downward to allow the seeds to disperse. The outer bracts are often reflexed downward, but remain appressed in plants of the sections Palustria and Spectabilia. Some species drop the "parachute" from the achenes; the hair-like parachutes are called pappus, and they are modified sepals.
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There is fossil evidence in the form of hemp achenes and pollen found preserved in distinct horizons between layers of fen peat and Scorpidium-Sphagnum peat that this plant was once cultivated at Askham BogBradshaw RHW, Coxon P. 1981. New fossil evidence for the past cultivation and processing of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in eastern England. New Phytologist 89: 503–510.Gearey BR, Hall AR, Bunting MJ et al. 2005.
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This is a perennial herb forming a basal patch of woolly grayish oval-shaped leaves a few centimeters long and many slender erect stems up to 40 centimeters tall. It is dioecious, with male and female plants producing different types of flowers. Both flower types are clustered in many flower heads with whitish phyllaries. The female plants produce fruits which are achenes with a soft pappus a few millimeters long.
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The elliptically shaped fruits are 5 angled achenes which are black-brown in color and 3–4 mm long. Pappus is white and about 5 mm long. This species flowers and fruits in July through November in China. Eupatorium fortunei, in Vietnam Museum of Ethnology In Chinese, the name is Pei-lan (佩蘭), and in ancient literatures, it is also referred to as Lan-tsao (蘭草).
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Each flower has five petals joined to form a tube. After pollination the flowers become silky achenes with a ring of feathery bristles. Plants in the closely related genus Craspedia are also known by the common name "billy buttons" but have their flowers on small stalks rather than attached directly to the receptacle ("sessile") as in Pycnosorus. There is some evidence that the two genera may in fact be monophyletic.
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Individual species are cosexual (with several types of hermaphroditic conditions) or dioecious, and are either wind-pollinated (anemophilous) or self-pollinating (autogamous). Two predominantly apomictic species are also known. Flower-like reproductive units are composed of small collections of minute stamen- and/or pistil-like structures that may each represent very reduced individual flower, so that the reproductive units may be pseudanthia. The non-fleshy fruits are follicles or achenes.
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Like other Senecios, the 10-30 papilla occur stigmatically into pericarp; each usually with four-pored pollen, the grains in polar view 30-35 micrometers when fully expanded. :Seeds The achenes can be 2.5 to 3.5 millimeters (0.1 to 0.15 in) long, are straight and shallowly grooved; with hairless smooth ribs while the grooves are covered with hairs. The silky white, umbrella-like pappus readily detaches from the fruit when ripe.
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Each stalk terminates in a flowerhead about ½" across. This flowerhead consists of several spreading ray florets that are truncate with 5 teeth at their tips; these florets are bright golden yellow. The base of each flowerhead consists of 9-18 floral bracts in a single series; these bracts are lanceolate and about ¼" in length. They are erect while the flowerhead is blooming, but eventually become reflexed when the achenes mature.
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A strawberry aggregate accessory fruit damaged by a mouse eating the seeds (achenes). Seed predation, often referred to as granivory, is a type of plant- animal interaction in which granivores (seed predators) feed on the seeds of plants as a main or exclusive food source,Hulme, P.E. and Benkman, C.W. (2002) "Granivory", pp. 132–154 in Plant animal Interactions: An Evolutionary Approach, ed. C.M. Herrera and O. Pellmyr.
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Anemone cylindrica is an upright growing, clump forming herbaceous plant species in the genus Anemone and family Ranunculaceae. Plants grow tall, flowering early summer but often found flowering till late summer, the flowers are greenish-white. After flowering, the fruits are produced in a dense rounded columned spikes long. When the fruits, called achenes, are ripe they have gray-white colored, densely woolly styles, that allow them to blow away in the wind.
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Anemone virginiana is an upright growing herbaceous plant species in the genus Anemone and family Ranunculaceae. It is a perennial that grows tall, flowering from May until July, the flowers are white or greenish-white. After flowering the fruits are produced in a dense rounded thimble shaped spikes long and wide. When the fruits, called achenes, are ripe they have gray-white colored, densely woolly styles, that allow them to blow away in the wind.
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Seed head and seeds – MHNT The ray florets have female characteristics, and eventually develop to become thin brown achenes with a marginal wing utilized for wind dispersal. Insect pollinators including bees, butterflies, and skippers help to cross-fertilize flowers to produce seeds. 20 to 30 seeds are created in each flower head. Each seed is about 9 to 15 mm long, 6–9 mm wide, flattened in shape, with a thickness of 1 mm.
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These branching patterns suggest that plants seldom reproduce more than 4 times before dying. Fruits: Flowers produce plumed achenes which are wind-dispersed. Reproduction occurs synchronously over the entire population on Mount Kenya, at intervals of 5 to 29 years, making D. keniodendron a mast year species. Communities: In the alpine zone of Mount Kenya, Dendrosenecio keniodendron is the dominant woody species, forming evenly sized and evenly aged dense stands with nearly closed canopies.
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It is pentaploid (having five sets of chromosomes), and produces seeds asexually like many other Taraxacum species. After pollination the flower closes, later opening as the familiar spherical seedhead or "clock", as in other dandelions. The seedhead consists of many single-seeded fruits or achenes, each attached to a pappus of fine hairs that acts as a parachute to enable wind-dispersal of the seeds, sometimes over long distances. The seeds remain dormant till autumn.
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Fimbristylis miliacea is an annual sedge which grows in clumps of erect stems up to about half a meter in height surrounded by fans of narrow flat leaves. The top of each stem is occupied by an array of spikelets, each borne on a long peduncle. The spikelet is spherical to ovate and reddish brown in color. The spikelets flower and then develop tiny fruits, which are brown achenes about a millimeter long.
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The inflorescence is made up of one or more flower heads at the top of the stem. Each head has a bell-shaped involucre of bristly, glandular phyllaries at the base, a center of black-tipped yellow disc florets, and a fringe of 8 to 12 golden ray florets roughly 1 centimeter long. The fruit is a club-shaped achene just under a centimeter long; achenes arising from the disc florets have pappi of scales.
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The bract is well below the flower, small and ones incised. The only flower at the tip of the stem is 2½–6½ cm in diameter. The sepals are white or white tinged with pink on the inner surface, while the outer surface is often pink, red, or purple. The many, single carpels, and the single-seeded, dry and indehiscent fruits (called achenes), that they develop into, are covered in dense silky hairs.
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The species is monoecious, with the flowers borne in separate unisexual heads: staminate (male) heads situated above the pistillate (female) heads in the inflorescence. The pistillate heads consist of two pistillate flowers surrounded by a spiny involucre. Upon fruiting, these two flowers ripen into two brown to black achenes and they are completely enveloped by the involucre, which becomes a bur. The bur, being buoyant, easily disperses in the water for plants growing along waterways.
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Trimerous flowers have three sepals of variable size, and in male flowers six to many stamens. Tetramerous flowers have four sepals of 5 mm long at most and either four or eight stamens. In female flowers the sepals are united at their base to form a calyx tube, and have one or two styles, that are finely divided like an ostridge feather. One or two achenes may develop in each flower, within the inflating calyx.
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Individuals of this species can be recognized by their yellow flowers, with alternate oval shaped leaves. H. anomalus produces achenes for fruits. A 2001 study done on multiple species of Helianthus showed the average height of the plant to be 1.2m, with an average leaf length of 9.69 cm. Their average root length of 6.45 cm is an adaptation to their dry environment; they have to be able to acquire water from deep within the soil.
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Before founding Akeneo, Frédéric de Gombert, Benoit Jacquemont and Nicolas Dupont had worked together at the open source company, Smile. They began developing a single product database to compete with Excel and brought Yoav Kutner onboard in founding Akeneo. The name comes from the Greek word akene, like the achenes' fruits that contains all the fruits' information and spread them along the winds. The company started producing a system for managing product information for use across distribution channels.
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A member of Carex sect. Ovales, it is commonly confused with other closely related species such as Carex molesta, C. molestiformis, and C. cumulata. These species share general fruiting characteristics, with "broad perigynia that tend to be widest near the middle of the body and achenes that are broadly elliptic to round". C. cumulata has perigynia that are more rhombic due to its narrowed wings beyond the middle of the perigynia and the nearly cuneate base.
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Microseris lanceolata has the form of a tufted rosette of toothed lanceolate leaves. The flower appears in Spring, which is a yellow head of florets, similar to flatweed (Hypochaeris radicata) or dandelion (Taraxacum). The flower stalk is pendulous before flowering, becoming erect for flowering to attract pollinators and again with the ripening of the seed head. The seed heads ripen to a cluster of fluffy, tan achenes, each having a crown of fine extensions called a pappus.
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Microseris walteri has the form of a tufted rosette of toothed lanceolate leaves. The flower appears in Spring, which is a yellow head of florets, similar to flatweed (Hypochaeris radicata) or dandelion (Taraxacum). The flower stalk is pendulous before flowering, becoming erect for flowering to attract pollinators and again with the ripening of the seed head. The seed heads ripen to a cluster of fluffy, tan achenes, each having a crown of fine extensions called a pappus.
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Black-bindweed is a herbaceous vine growing to long, with stems that twine clockwise round other plant stems. The alternate triangular leaves are 1.5–6 cm long and 0.7–3 cm broad with a 6–15 (–50) mm petiole; the basal lobes of the leaves are pointed at the petiole. The flowers are small, and greenish-pink to greenish white, clustered on short racemes. These clusters give way to small triangular achenes, with one seed in each achene.
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These are about 12 mm long and may be 1 – 3 mm across, linear in shape, having a margin rolled toward the reverse, and are fragrant when crushed. Older leaves may lose the woolly covering and become smooth and green. The yellow florets are supported by white bracts at the flowerhead. The fruit produced are achenes, 1.5 – 2 mm long, the pappus are bristles twice this length; this assists in the dispersal of the seeds by wind.
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The inflorescence is a usually solitary sunflower- like flower head with a base up to 6 centimeters wide lined with several ray florets, each of which are 2 to 6 centimeters long. The yellow ray florets extend outwards and then become reflexed, pointing back along the stem. The disc florets filling the button-shaped to conical to cylindrical center of the head are greenish yellow. The fruits are achenes each about half a centimeter long tipped with a pappus of scales.
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Hemp is possibly one of the earliest plants to be cultivated. An archeological site in the Oki Islands near Japan contained cannabis achenes from about 8000 BC, probably signifying use of the plant. Hemp use archaeologically dates back to the Neolithic Age in China, with hemp fiber imprints found on Yangshao culture pottery dating from the 5th millennium BC.Barber, E. J. W. (1992). Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean.
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The five outer bracts are partially joined for about half their length. The numerous fruits are seed-like (they consist of inner involucral bracts each enclosing and fused with individual ray achenes), with a few narrow scales at their tip. They make this genus one of the most prolific of the summer annuals, with seedlings coming up constantly. The genus displays a large number of haploid chromosome numbers are based on 4 basic chromosome numbers (x = 9, 10, 11, 12).
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Pilea fontana, the lesser clearweed, is an herbaceous plant which is very similar to Pilea pumila (both occupying an almost identical range covering most of North America east of the Rocky Mountains). They can be distinguished by the appearance of the mature achenes. The bloom season runs from July to September and the plant can be seen throughout the Northeastern US and Canada. The fruit is a flattened, teardrop-shaped up to 1/6 inch long and 75-85% as wide.
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The flower stalk may also be cobwebby at the base, and bears two or three alternate pinnatifid leaves with irregular lobes. It is topped by a flat-headed panicle, each individual flower-head being up to in diameter. The flower-head has a single row of linear-lanceolate green bracts, eight to sixteen yellow ray-florets and a central mound of orange-yellow disk florets. Both ray and disk florets are followed by brown achenes set in tufts of white hair.
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Fruit-eating bats typically carry the diaspore to a favorite perch, where they eat the fruit and discard the seed. Fruit-eating birds typically swallow small seeds but, like bats, may carry larger seeded fruits to a perch where they eat the fruit and discard the seed. Diaspores such as achenes and samarae are dispersed primarily by wind; samaras are dispersed also by sailing or tumbling as they fall in still air. Drift fruits and some others are dispersed by water.
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The achenes have a dandelion-like groups of prickly hairs called a pappus which help spread its seeds by the wind.BMP: TANSY RAGWORT (Senecio jacobaea) by The WeedWise ProgramRagwort - Control and removal advice by The Donkey Sanctuary The number of seeds produced may be as large as 75,000 to 120,000, although in its native range in Eurasia very few of these would grow into new plants and research has shown that most seeds do not travel a great distance from the parent plant.
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The lanceolate shaped phyllaries are imbricate, with 3-seriate edges, the outer phyllaries are very short, only 1–2 mm wide, and green or purple-tinged. The florets are white, red-purple, or pink, with corolla about 5 mm wide and the corolla is covered with yellow glands. The fruits are black-brown, 5-angled, hairless achenes, that are elliptic in shape and about 3.5 mm long, and are covered with yellow glands. The 5 mm long pappus are white.
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In G. Davidse, M. Sousa Sánchez & A.O. Chater (eds.) Flora Mesoamericana. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F. The genus includes both annual and perennial species, mostly with erect 3-sided stems and 3-ranked leaves. The achenes bear a beak-like tubercule (hence the name “beak-rush”, although the plants are sedges, not rushes) and are sometimes subtended by bristles. Many of the species are similar in vegetative appearance, and mature fruits are needed to make a positive identification.
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Caraway, also known as meridian fennelCaraway and Persian cumin (Carum carvi), is a biennial plant in the family Apiaceae,USDA Plants Classification Report: Apiaceae native to western Asia, Europe, and North Africa. The plant is similar in appearance to other members of the carrot family, with finely divided, feathery leaves with thread-like divisions, growing on stems. The main flower stem is tall, with small white or pink flowers in umbels. Caraway fruits, commonly (erroneously) called seeds, are crescent-shaped achenes, around long, with five pale ridges.
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After flowering fruits called achenes are formed in a small cluster, each achene is 3.5–5 mm long, lacks wings and has a straight or partly curved beak that is 1–1.5 mm long. Both the Latin and common names reference the leaf shape, which is thinner and with distinctive serration when compared to A. quinquefolia. It is native to the eastern United States in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia. Anemone lancifolia is normally found growing in rich damp soils in woods.
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One stem can produce as many as 14 flowering panicles, some at the ends of the stems, others in the axils of the leaves. Flowers are grouped into spikes in the panicles, each spike with both pistillate (female) and staminate (male) flowers. Female flowers are surrounded by perigynia up to 6 mm long, each with a beak at the end up to 3 mm long. Achenes are triangular in cross section, up to 2.5 mm long, often with a distinctive indentation on each side.
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The flower heads are white, and, although each head is 5 to 6 mm across, 5 to 25 heads together form showy flat-topped clusters. These clusters are on short peduncles which barely exceed the foliage, and since many branches often bloom at once, the entire plant is generally covered in a blaze of white. Achenes directly sown after the last frost grow to flowering in 8 to 12 weeks, and continue until killing frost. The mounding form is encouraged by early pinching of the young plants.
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A rosette may produce several flowering stems at a time. The flower heads are 2–5 cm (1" to 2") in diameter and consist entirely of ray florets. The flower heads mature into spherical seed heads sometimes called blowballs or clocks (in both British and American English)"blowball" entry, Collins Dictionary"Blowball", InfoPlease Dictionary"Clock", American Heritage Dictionary containing many single-seeded fruits called achenes. Each achene is attached to a pappus of fine hair-like material which enables wind-aided dispersal over long distances.
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At the base of each petal is usually one nectary gland that is naked or may be covered by a scale. Anthers may be few, but often many are arranged in a spiral, are yellow or sometimes white, and with yellow pollen. The sometimes few but mostly many green or yellow carpels are not fused and are also arranged in a spiral, mostly on a globe or dome-shaped receptacle. The fruits (in this case called achenes) may be smooth or hairy, winged, nobby or have hooked spines.
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Mexico City. The main characteristic of the flowers is that they are grouped in small heads or in solitary inflorescences, on peduncles up to 15 cm long, they are liguladas of yellow colors to red. In the flowers of the disc: 150 to 250 in the simple heads, in the doubles it shows different degrees of transformation in ligules, yellow to orange corollas, of 8 to 10 mm in length. The fruits and seeds are: linear achenes 7 to 10 mm long, smooth or slightly covered with stiff hairs at the corners.
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The flowers are golden yellow, glossy, and 2–3 cm diameter, usually with five petals, and the flower stem is finely grooved. The gloss is caused by the smooth upper surface of the petal that acts like a mirror; the gloss aids in attracting pollinating insects and thermoregulation of the flower's reproductive organs.Buttercups focus light to heat their flowers and attract insects New Scientist 25 February 2017 The fruit is a cluster of achenes 2.5–4 mm long. Creeping buttercup has three- lobed dark green, white-spotted leaves that grow out of the node.
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An average fruit consists of 27% edible seed coat, 15% edible seeds, 20% white pulp (undeveloped perianth, rags) and bark and 10% core. The fruit matures during the rainy season from July to August. The bean-shaped achenes of the jackfruit are coated with a firm yellowish aril (seed coat, flesh), which has an intense sweet taste at maturity of the fruit. The pulp is enveloped by many narrow strands of fiber (undeveloped perianth), which run between the hard shell and the core of the fruit and are firmly attached to it.
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The flower head is encompassed by between 10 and 18 white ray florets, each with a three-toothed shape; the florets tend to curve downwards around the edges and may occasionally have pistils, although these do not produce fruit. Beneath the flower proper, oval bracts of the plant form an involucre, with soft hairs on each; further bracts are bristled and sit at right angles to the flowers. ;Fruits: The fruits are achenes (with no pappus). They are wrinkled, ribbed with ten ridges, and have small glandular bumps across the surface.
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Around 1990, John L. Strother was revising the six North American genera of the subtribe Ecliptinae in the sunflower family (Asteraceae) for publication in Systematic Botany Monographs. He carefully examined species in the genus Wedelia, and decided that "something was looking odd and different" in some of the specimens. For one, the achenes (fruits) did not have a thin winged membrane around the edge as other species in the genus were supposed to have. Strother decided that the plant was actually a new and previously unnamed genus of plant.
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They are long and broad, with a petiole. They are simple and occur alternately on branch, having a slender and grooved shape above and a glabrous, glandular shape at the apex below. The lamina is glabrous and coriaceous; trinerved from base, the midrib is raised above the leaf plane and lateral nerves are present in 8-10 parallel pairs, appearing prominently slender; the tertiary nerves are obscured and reticulate. The fruits are small stalkless figs in diameter, light green initially, ripening to syconium red or purple, with smooth achenes.
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Fleischmannia species were traditionally included as part of the large Eupatorium, recognized in the broad sense based on achenes with five ribs and a pappus of capillary bristles. Fleischmannia is distinguished morphologically by having the inner surface of the corolla lobes markedly papillate (requires magnification to see), the carpopodia symmetrical and stopper-shaped, and the involucres small and with 3 series of subimbricate bracts. The number of flowers per head is typically 20 or more (up to 50). Many species are herbs and somewhat weedy, and have leaves with long petioles.
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Agoseris is native to North America, South America and the Falkland Islands.Flora of North America Mountain- or false dandelion Agoseris Rafinesque, Fl. Ludov. 58. 1817. In general appearance, Agoseris is reminiscent of dandelions and are sometimes called mountain dandelion or false dandelion. Like dandelions the plants are (mostly) stemless, the leaves forming a basal rosette, contain milky sap, produce several unbranched, stem-like flower stalks (peduncles), each flower stalk bearing a single, erect, liguliferous flower head that contains several florets, and the flower head maturing into a ball-like seed head of beaked achenes, each achene with a pappus of numerous, white bristles.
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Bracts at the base ovate and lengthened to a long point, up to 6 cm long with broad membranous margins. Pedicels 2 – 3 cm long, sepals green, later yellow with about 30 ribs, during ripening enlarging to a length of 10 – 12 mm and fully covering the aggregate fruit. Petals white, 5 – 8 mm long, corolla 1.6 - 1.8 cm in diameter, about 30 stamens. Aggregate fruit 1 - 1.5 cm in diameter, achenes clariform about 3 mm long x 1 mm wide, usually with 3 facial ribs and 3 glands in an oblique row in the upper half of the body.
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The leaves are glossy with erect stinging hairs, particularly on the leaf veins, and are elliptic in shape, 6 to 13 cm long, and 3 to 8 cm wide. Male and female flowers sometimes on separate trees, appearing yellowish green from November to June on small panicles from the leaf axils. The fruit are unevenly shaped nuts or achenes, resembling a mass of white grubs; they mature from January to March. The fruit would be edible for humans if not for the stinging hairs; they are eaten by many rainforest birds, including the regent bowerbird and the Torresian crow.
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It produces triangular stems reaching heights between and , and generally does not form clumps as some other sedges do. It grows from a dense rhizome network which produces a mat of fine roots thick enough to form sod, and includes aerenchyma to allow the plant to survive in low- oxygen substrates like heavy mud.US Forest Service Fire Ecology The inflorescence bears a number of spikes with one leaflike bract at the base which is longer than the inflorescence itself. The fruits are glossy achenes, and although the plant occasionally reproduces by seed, most of the time it reproduces vegetatively, spreading via its rhizome.
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Typically, the core of the ball is 1 cm in diameter and is covered with a net of mesh 1 mm, which can be peeled off. The ball is 2.5–4 cm in diameter and contains several hundred achenes, each of which has a single seed and is conical, with the point attached downward to the net at the surface of the ball. There is also a tuft of many thin stiff yellow-green bristle fibers attached to the base of each achene. These bristles help in wind dispersion of the fruits as in the dandelion.
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The achenes are ovoid to ellipsoid in shape and not laterally compressed, 3.5–5 mm long, glabrous, very strongly veined, with 1.5 to 3 mm long beaks, ripening in mid summer. Plants are grown in shade gardens for their attractive lacy foliage that is reminiscent of columbines or maiden hair fern. The males produce more showy flowers than the female plants, blooming in early spring with the flowers and foliage rising out of the ground in club- like clusters with the basel leaves unfolding first. Plants start to flower before the compound leaves have completely unfolded.
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Sagittaria lancifolia L. The plant is conspicuous for its large, lance-shaped leaves which grow up from underground rhizomes and its showy, white three-petaled flowers which form at the end of long, thick stalks. Each flower has three green sepals, three white or pink-tinged petals, at least six stamens, and pistils which may be in separate flowers. The plant likes to grow in fresh or brackish water and is commonly found in ditches, marshes, swamps and along the shores of lakes and streams. Sagittaria lancifolia reproduces both asexually through spreading rhizomes and sexually through reproduction of copious achenes, a dry fruit each of which carries a single seed.
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Like the other 13 species members of its genus, Eriophyllum latilobum presents generally alternate leaves ranging from entire to nearly compound. The flower heads are grouped in radiate, flat-topped heads, with an hemispheric to nearly conic involucre. Phyllaries are either free, or more or less fused, their receptacle flat, but naked and conic in the center. The ray flowers (the "petals") have yellow ligules entire to lobed. Fruits are 4-angled cylindric achenes in the outer flowers, but are generally club-shaped for the inner flowers; the pappus is somewhat jagged.Mooring, Madroño 38:213–226, (1991) Eriophyllum latilobum occurs as a subshrub between 20 and 50 centimeters in height.
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Like all docks, Rumex venosus is considered edible, but the young leaves tend to be too sour to be palatable. Since the leaves and shoots remain tender for most of the growing season, docks make good cooked vegetables, similar to beet shoots, but will likely require multiple boiling to remove some of the bitter taste. The achenes can be boiled into a mush or ground into a flour, but the process of removing the seeds from the chaff is too time consuming to be worth the effort. Docks contain high levels of vitamin C and beta-carotene, with Rumex crispus having the highest levels, greater than that of oranges and carrots respectively.
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Infrutescence and Achenes The common alder is used as a pioneer species and to stabilise river banks, to assist in flood control, to purify water in waterlogged soils and to moderate the temperature and nutrient status of water bodies. It can be grown by itself or in mixed species plantations, and the nitrogen-rich leaves falling to the ground enrich the soil and increase the production of such trees as walnut, Douglas fir and poplar on poor quality soils. Although the tree can live for up to 160 years, it is best felled for timber at 60 to 70 years before heart rot sets in. On marshy ground it is important as coppice-wood, being cut near the base to encourage the production of straight poles.
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Leaves with canaliculate petioles, blades lanceolate, narrowly to broadly ovate, sharp on the tip, decumbent or rarely abrupt on the base, 18 – 24 cm long x 2 – 9 cm wide, with terrestrial forms usually only 10 x 2 cm having 5 - 7 veins and distinct pellucid lines. Stem below cylindrical, between whorls triangular in cross-section, often alate, 35 – 120 cm long. Inflorescence racemose or paniculate having 4 - 15 whorls. Bracts on base connate, longer than the pedicels (up to 3.5 cm). Pedicels 0.5 – 2 cm long. Sepals 4 – 6 mm long, petals about twice as long, the diameter of the corolla 1.2 - 1.5 cm. Usually 12 stamens, achenes 2 x 1.5 mm with one, rarely 2 glands separated by a rib. Stylar beak bent back - reaching usually 1/4 of the body.CONABIO. 2009.
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Clematis aristata, known as Australian clematis, wild clematis, goat's beard or old man's beard, is a climbing shrub of the family Ranunculaceae, found in eastern Australia in dry and wet forests of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. In spring to early summer it produces mass displays of attractive star-shaped flowers usually borne in short panicles with each flower up to 70 mm diameter and possessing four narrow white or cream tepals. Fertile male and female reproductive structures occur in flowers of separate plants (dioecy) making this species an obligate outcrosser with pollen movement among plants most likely facilitated by insects. Each seed head (or infructescence) on female plants consists of multiple achenes (an aeterio) with each seed bearing a plumose awn 2–4.5 cm long promoting dispersal by wind.
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Stem erect, longer than the leaves, glabrous or rarely scabrous, 30 – 80 cm long. Inflorescence racemose having 3 - 9 whorls containing 6 - 12 flowers each, proliferous. Bracts as long as the pedicels, or hardly longer, to 1.5 cm long, having 9 - 11 ribs and membraneous margins. Pedicels usually 1 - (2.5) cm long, sepals 5 – 6 mm long having 16 - 20 undistinct ribs, petals white, 1.7 – 2 cm long, corolla 2.5 – 4 cm in diameter. Stamens 20 - 25, anthers as long as the filaments, pistils numerous. Aggregate fruit globular or ovate, 5 – 7 mm in diameter. Achenes 2 - 2.3 mm long x 0.9 – 1 mm wide having usually 4 lateral ribs and (1) - 3 glands placed in a row in the upper half of the body. Beak erect or bent, 0.5 mm long.
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The flowers are borne in one to three (most often two) dense spherical inflorescences on a pendulous stem, with male and female flowers on separate stems. The fruit matures in about 6 months, to 2-3 cm diameter, and comprises a dense spherical cluster of achenes with numerous stiff hairs which aid wind dispersal; the cluster breaks up slowly over the winter to release the numerous 2-3 mm seeds. The London Plane is one of the most efficient trees in removing small particulate pollutants in urban areas. It shares many visual similarities with Platanus occidentalis (American sycamore), from which it is derived; however, the two species are relatively easy to distinguish, considering the London plane is almost exclusively planted in urban habitats, while P. occidentalis is most commonly found growing in lowlands and alluvial soils along streams.
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Flower of Ranunculus glaberrimus Glacier buttercup Ranunculus glacialis Sagebrush buttercup (Ranunculus glaberrimus) Straightbeak buttercup (Ranunculus orthorhynchus) Creeping buttercup (Ranunculus repens) Ranunculus asiaticus, a cultivated form Seed head of Ranunculus showing developing achenes Buttercups are mostly perennial, but occasionally annual or biennial, herbaceous, aquatic or terrestrial plants, often with leaves in a rosette at the base of the stem. In many perennial species runners are sent out that will develop new plants with roots and rosettes at the distanced nodes. The leaves lack stipules, have petioles, are palmately veined, entire, more or less deeply incised, or compound, and leaflets or leaf segments may be very fine and linear in aquatic species. The hermaphrodite flowers are single or in a cyme, have usually five (but occasionally as few as three or as many as seven) mostly green sepals and usually five yellow, greenish or white petals that are sometimes flushed with red, purple or pink (but the petals may be absent or have a different, sometimes much higher number).
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One study found that the seeds germinate after one month in soil, the seeds germinate throughout winter and spring of the year they are dropped. In this study cited out of the 5 different Woody seeding species Urtica ferox had the lowest germination rate of 59% compared to >85% of the other similar species, the author surmise that Tree Nettle is capable of building up a large seed bank in the soil which will survive for 5 – 15 years.Seed dispersal is carried out by rolling, wind and in the gut of birds, the seeds are achenes and are surrounded by a persistent perianth which contribute to the long lived seed bank it produces. This is important for the ecological niche that it inhabits, we can surmise that it doesn't do well competitively with the other species in its environment due to its growth on boundary zones, an adaption for long lived seed banks are therefore advantageous as it must wait for clearing and collapse of the larger dominating species before it can take hold.
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