64 Sentences With "abbot general" | Random Sentence Generator

The Premonstratensians wear a white habit with white cincture. They are governed by an abbot general, vicars and visitors.

Maurus Esteva Alsina or Maur Esteva i Alsina, OCist 1933-2014 was the Abbot general of the Common observance between 1995–2010.

The congregation, though, is led by an abbot general, the only abbot it has, who supervises all the houses of the congregation.

Abbot- General Tamburini's works on canon law are well known. Galileo was for a time a novice at Vallombrosa and received part of his education there.

Vlaanderen, Nummers 131-137 Voorkant Christelijk Vlaams Kunstendaarsverbond, 1973 He served as abbot from 1895 to 1900. In 1900 he was elected abbot general, supreme head of the order, in succession to Leopold Wackarž, and decided to take up residence in Rome in a rented apartment.The White Monks: A History of the Cistercian Order He was succeeded as abbot of Bornem by Thomas Schoen. De Bie served as abbot general throughout the First World War.

He was elected and ordained in 1994 as Abbot of Hauterive and in 2010 as 82nd abbot-general in succession of Maurus Esteva Alsina OCist. He was succeeded in the abbey by Marc de Pothuau.

His work did not remain unnoticed by the Abbot General of the Maurist congregation. When Mabillon suggested a new edition of the works of Hilary of Poitiers, it was Coustant whom the abbot general selected. Before this time, there was only one defective and uncritical edition of Poitiers' work, published by Erasmus (Basle, 1523). The subsequent editions of Miraeus (Paris 1544), Lipsius (Basle, 1550), Simon Grynaeus (Basle, 1570), Gillotius (Paris 1572), and the one issued by the Paris Typographical Society in 1605 were little more than reprints of the Erasmian text.

Fawcett & Oram, Dryburgh Abbey, p. 9 Bartholomew persuaded Norbert to form a canonical order at Prémontré, in Aisne in 1120 and while the order was Augustinian in form, the canons wore the white habit and not the black.Fawcett & Oram, Dryburgh Abbey, p. 10 They followed an austere monastic life, but had a duty to preach and teach to those on the outside of the monastery walls. The order spread rapidly across Europe with the Abbot of Prémontré becoming Abbot-General for all the daughter-houses. Even before the first Abbot-General Hugh of Fosse died, one hundred and twenty abbots attended the annual general chapter.

These, together with the Abbey of St. James at Erfurt (1036), and the Priory of Weih-St-Peter at Ratisbon formed the famous congregation of the German Schottenklöster which was erected by Innocent III in 1215, with the Abbot of St. James at Ratisbon as abbot-general.

He rather chose to pursue Holy Inquisition offices and was assigned the leadership of many cases. In 1690 he was appointed Abbot of the monastery of San Bernardo alle Terme in Rome by Alexander VIII (1689–1691), and in 1699 Abbot general of the Cistercians by Innocent XII.

The congregation is based near the ancient Basilica of St. Peter in Chains, where the current Abbot General lives with the General Curia of the Order. Provinces exist in Argentina, Belgium, Italy, Poland, Spain, and the United States. It is a member of the Confederation of Canons Regular.

The Abbots and Superiors General of the nine congregations of confederated congregations of Canons Regular elect a new Abbot Primate for a term of office lasting six years. The Current Abbot Primate is Rt Rev. Fr Jean-Michel Girard, CRB, Abbot General of the Canons Regular of the Grand St Bernard.

The Abbot of Frigolet from 1946 was P. Norbert Calmels, later distinguished as the Abbot- General of the Premonstratensian Order from 1961 to 1981, during which time he participated in the Second Vatican Council. Under Pope John Paul II the abbey church of Frigolet was raised to the status of a minor basilica.

Likewise, according to rank and authority, the abbot primate's "position with regard to the other abbots [throughout the world] is to be understood rather from the analogy of a primate in a hierarchy than from that of the general of an order like the Dominicans and Jesuits." See "The Benedictine Order" in New Advent, Catholic Encyclopedia The Canons Regular of Saint Augustine are in a situation similar to that of the Benedictines. They are organized in eight "congregations", each headed by an "abbot general", but also have an "Abbot Primate of the Confederated Canons Regular of Saint Augustine". And the Cistercians are in thirteen "congregations", each headed by an "abbot general" or an "abbot president", but do not use the title of "abbot primate".

He entered in 1843 in Bornem Abbey, 17 years old. He became Doctor of Theology in 1858 at the Gregorian University, Rome. During his life in Bornem he was between 1858 and 1865 Librarian. By request of the Abbot General he was sent back to Rome, and became famous for his knowledge of the Cistercian history.

He left the Abbey to work as secretary to the Abbot General of the Cistercians in Rome from 2002 to 2004. Returning to Orval, in 2005 he became manager of guest services. He was elected Abbot of Orval on 25 January 2007 and installed on 2 June. Pope Francis appointed him bishop of Ghent on 27 November 2019.

Provost Gebhard was elected Abbot General of the Austrian Congregation and attended the Second Vatican Council. In 1969, he was elected Abbot Primate of the Confederation of Augustinian Canons. In 1985, on the celebration of his golden jubilee of priesthood, Provost Gebhard inaugurated the Provost Gebhard Koberger Institute for Research on the Augustinian Canons. He resigned due to poor health in 1995, and died in 1997.

Hildebrand Gregori, O.S.B. Silv., (8 May 1894 – 12 November 1985), was an Italian Benedictine monk, who served as the Abbot General of the Sylvestrine congregation of the Order. He was instrumental in the care of the many orphans left in the City of Rome after the destruction of World War II. The cause for his beatification has been accepted by the Holy See, due to which he is honored as Venerable.

He was born in Catalonia, Spain, and entered in 1958 to the community of the Royal Abbey of Santa Maria de Poblet, he studied in Rome. He was elected abbot in 1970, during end of the Franquisme and restoration of the Monarchy in Spain. During this period of 25 years the abbey flourished and was restored. In 1995 he succeeded Ferenc Polikárp Zakar as Abbot general of the Common observance.

The encyclical Doctor Mellifluus of 24 May 1953 issued in commemoration of the eight centenary of the death of Bernard of Clairvaux. Dom Sighard Kleiner, then Abbot-General of the Common Observance contributed to its drafting.McGuire, Brian Patrick. A Companion to Bernard of Clairvaux, Brill, 2011 Pius XII, quoting Jean Mabillon, called Bernard, "the last of the Fathers, but certainly not inferior to the earlier ones"Pope Pius XII.

In some religious orders of the Catholic Church, a congregation is a group of religious houses. In monastic orders, this would be monasteries; in orders of canons regular, this would be chapters. Each congregation operates as an autonomous or independent subdivision of the religious order, and is presided over by a superior with a title such as abbot general, arch-abbot, abbot president, president, abbot ordinary, provost general or superior general.

Among his students was a famed member of the Order, St. Charbel Makhlouf, venerated by the entire Catholic Church. As a monk, Kassab spent his entire life in prayer and the service of his Order. He served on its General Council for most of the period 1845-1858, also serving as Assistant Abbot General by appointment of the Holy See, in addition to his duties in the seminary.

He refused, however, to be named Abbot General. He was severe on himself but a model of patience and forbearance to his fellow monks, to the point where he was reprimanded for his leniency. He bore all this as part of the challenge of monastic life. One of his brothers, who had also entered the monastery and had become a hermit, advised him to seek a similar solitude.

Lohelius was elected abbot of the Strahov Monastery of Prague in 1586. With him a new era of progress and prosperity began on the Abbey of Strahov, which was in decline when he became its abbot. The emperor and the magnates of Bohemia generously assisted him in restoring the church and abbey buildings. The abbot-general, John Despruets, named him his vicar-general and visitor of the circles of Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland.

At the same time, they started ministering to the spiritual needs of the residents of the valley. Four years after its foundation, the monastery was raised to the status of a conventual priory by the Abbot General of the Subiaco Congregation. At this time, the monastic community included sixteen monks. The monastery would eventually be raised to the status of an abbey, and went on to join the newly formed Cono-Sur Congregation.

In the Cistercian Order, the Abbot General is assisted by a council of five definitors, traditionally two French- speaking, one German-speaking, one English-speaking and one Dutch-speaking. Among the Franciscan Observants, the Definitor is the third highest office of the Order, below the Minister General and Procurator General. In the Camaldolese Order, Definitor may be given as the personal title of a prior. In the Dominican Order a Provincial Definitor serves under the Prior Provincial.

Like monks, the Canons Regular live in community and celebrate together the various religious services. Unlike monks, however, the work of Canons Regular places fundamental emphasis on preaching and the exercise of pastoral ministry. There have been and are several orders of Canons Regular, of which the Premonstratensians are one. The latter were ruled by an abbot general who before the French Revolution was the abbot of their French motherhouse of Prémontré, but is now resident in Rome.

Many abbots did not accept his election. Claude Vaussin's election was rejected by the Reform movement; yet after his election had been investigated and repeated, Vaussin emerged on 10 May 1645 once again as the Abbot of Cîteaux and therefore Abbot General. It took almost four years before Vaussin received confirmation from the Holy See and the King of France, finally allowing him to take office in Cîteaux in 1649. Although validly elected, he still faced opposition from the Strict Observance.

Edward stayed at Sulby on 3 August 1310 on his way north on a military expedition to Scotland. The Abbot General at Prémontré claimed under the rule of St. Norbert authority to tax the houses for the benefit of the order in general and of Prémontré in particular. A royal proclamation of 1306 forbid making payments to foreign superiors. The English Premonstratensian abbots chose Abbot William of Langdon, and Abbot Henry of Sulby to attend the general chapter of 1310 in Prémontré to explain the arrearages.

After futile attempts to obtain restitution, the monks moved to Austria and established the Mekhitarist Monastery of Vienna. There they lived by the instruction of Armenian youth and the revenue from a printing press they set up to provide liturgical and scholarly books in the Armenian language. Azaria was henceforth active as a missionary among his compatriots and a servant of the Holy See. In 1826 he was made Abbot General of the Order, and in 1827 he was named the Titular Archbishop of Caesarea.

The decline of the order may be ascribed to the hard fate of the motherhouse, to commendams, and to the perpetual wars which ravaged Italy. Practically all the surviving monasteries were suppressed during the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The present Vallombrosan monasteries, besides Vallombrosa itself, are: Passignano, where St. John Gualbert is buried; Santa Trinita at Florence, where the abbot-general resides; Sta Prassede, in Rome; and the celebrated Sanctuary of Montenero near Livorno. The general abbot in charge is Rev. Dom.

Gerardus Franciscus Amadeus de Bie (16 March 1844 - 25 June 1920) was a Belgian abbot of Bornem Abbey (Common Observance).The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church, Volume 3 He became the 74th Abbot-General of the Cistercian Order. In 1862 he entered Bornem Abbey, and chose his convent name in honour of Amadeus of Lausanne. He was elected and consecrated in 1895 by Cardinal Goossens, after the death of Robertus van Ommeren.

Unlike many other Benedictine congregations, the Olivetans have a centralized structure, supervised by the abbot general at Monte Oliveto Maggiore."Monastic life", Abbey of Monte Oliveto Maggiore Olivetan Benedictines wear a white habit. The Olivetan monks run Bec Abbey in France, which was left in ruins in 1792 by the French Revolution. In 1948 Olivetans from the Monastery of Our Lady of Holy Hope at Mesnil-Saint-Loup and the Monastery of the Virgin Mary at Cormeilles-en-Parisis re-established the monastery at Bec.

As an example, Pompeo Colonna, Bishop of Rieti, commendatory abbot since 1506, squandered the goods of the abbey and gave the income to unworthy subjects. On complaint of the community, in 1510 Julius II readjusted matters and restored the monastic possessions. For spiritual benefit, a union had been made between Subiaco and the Abbey of Farfa, but it lasted a short time. In 1514, Subiaco joined the Congregation of Santa Justina, whose abbot-general was titular of St. Scholastica, while a cardinal remained commendatory abbot.

In 1997 the abbey founded a convent of Norbertine nuns in Tehachapi, California.> On January 29, 2011, the sisters community in Tehachapi was incorporated into the worldwide Norbertine Order. In a ceremony at St. John the Baptist Cathedral in Fresno, the first nine sisters made their solemn profession as members of the newly established Canonry of the Bethlehem Priory of St. Joseph, in the hands of the Norbertine Abbot General, Most Reverend Thomas Handgratinger. Their total membership is 20 sisters, the majority of whom are still in stages of formation before perpetual vows.

Saint Humility is usually regarded as the foundress of the Vallumbrosan Nuns. She was born at Faenza about 1226, was married, but with the consent of her husband, who became a monk, entered a monastery of canonesses and afterwards became an anchoress in a cell attached to the Vallumbrosan church of Faenza, where she lived for twelve years. At the request of the abbot-general she then founded a monastery outside Faenza and became its abbess. In 1282, she founded a second convent at Florence, where she died in 1310.

Having completed his studies, he returned to Huerta. During this time his parents had left Spain to take up their residence at the court of the Archduke Albert, Habsburg Governor of Flanders, and at their request this prince wrote to the Abbot General of the Cistercian Congregation of Spain to ask that Henríquez be sent to the Low Countries. The abbot acceded to this petition, and Henríquez left Spain, never to see it again. He now received from his superiors the command to write the history of the Cistercian Order.

Later he was Abbot General of the Mechitarists in Venice. On 13 July 1991 he was appointed archbishop "ad personam""Ad personam = related to one person", Juristenlatein.com – Latin legal terms, phrases and sayings , aufgerufen 5. Januar 2012 at the same time ordinary of the Armenian Catholic Church in Eastern Europe. After his appointment as titular Archbishop of Sebaste of the Armenians on 9 July 1992 he received from Pope John Paul II on 17 November 1992, Ordination of Nerses Nersessian by Pope John Paul II. 17 November 1992 (Italian) his episcopal ordination.

Maffeo Gherardi Coat of arms of Cardinal Maffeo Gherardi Maffeo Gherardi (1406–1492) (called the Cardinal of Venice) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal. Maffeo Gherardi was born in Venice in 1406, the son of nobles Giovanni Gherardi and his wife Cristina Barbarigo.Biography from the Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church He entered the Camaldolese Order when young, receiving the habit from Paolo Venerio, Abbot of the Monastery of St. Michael on Murano. Gherardi later became abbot of this monastery, and later Abbot General of the Camaldolese Order.

After the death of Cardinal d'Este a free election was held and Jean Des Pruets, Doctor of the Sorbonne, an earnest and zealous priest, was elected, and his election confirmed by Pope Gregory XIII, 14 December 1572. With great ability Des Pruets undertook the difficult task of repairing the financial losses and of promoting conventual discipline at Prémontré and other houses of the order. He died on 15 May 1596, and was succeeded by two further zealous abbots, Longpré and Gosset; but the latter was succeeded by Cardinal Richelieu, as commendatory abbot. The last abbot general, L'Ecuy, was elected in 1781.

One new feature of this congregation, breaking with monastic tradition, was the establishment of a single abbot for the congregation, titled the Abbot General, with the Superior of each monastery being titled simply a prior, who was to be elected triennially, rather than for life. This step drew the criticism of excessive centralization of monastic life, but the new congregation thrived, and received final papal approval in 1872, only five years after its inauguration. Charged with misusing the congregation's finances, Casaretto died in 1878, outside a monastic community, while under investigation for these charges. His vision was not to survive intact.

Four years later he was appointed vicar-general to the Abbot-General of Prémontré Abbey. He sat in the States of Brabant on behalf of the First Estate from 1604. The University of Leuven having suffered much from the religious and political disturbances of the time, Druys was in 1607 appointed, together with Stephanus van Craesbeke, a lay member of the Council of Brabant, as visitor to the university, with full power to reform abuses. The reforms that they recommended were approved in Brussels on 18 April 1607 and confirmed by Pope Paul V on 22 October the same year.

Born in Aleppo, Syria, Tertsakian was ordained a priest for the Congregazione Mechitarista on September 8, 1948. Prior to becoming a bishop, he served as the Abbot General of the Order of the Mechitarists, and as the rector of St. Ann's Cathedral in New York City. Pope John Paul II named Batakian as the Titular Bishop of Trapezus degli Armeni and the Apostolic Exarch of the United States of America and Canada on January 5, 1995. He was ordained a bishop by Patriarch Jean Pierre XVIII Kasparian of the Armenian Catholic Church on April 29, 1995.

Arsen Aydinian contributed immensely to the work of Armenian linguistics and grammar. He was from the Viennese Mekhitarist Order, and spoke both Classic or Modern languages. He held several offices, including that of Abbot General of the Viennese Mekhitarist Order. In 1887, he was the leading figure in the establishment of the official journal, Հանդէս ամսօրեայ (Handes Amsoreay), where he published many articles on linguistics. However, Aydinian’s biggest achievement was Քննական քերականութիւն աշխարհաբար կամ արդի հայերէն լեզուի (Critical Grammar of the Vernacular or Modern Armenian Language) published in 1866, which remains a highly important achievement in Armenian linguistics till this day.

Arms of eighteenth-century Archbishop Arthur-Richard Dillon with a green galero (hat) and Patriarchal cross above the shield, and the Order of the Holy Spirit below, and showing fifteen tassels before ten became standard Arms of an Abbot general Arms of an Territorial Abbot The shield is the core of heraldry, but other elements are placed above, below, and around the shield, and are usually collectively called external ornaments. The entire composition is called the achievement of arms or the armorial bearings. Some of these accessories are unique to Church armory or differ notably from those which normally accompany a shield.

In the years following World War I, at the instigation of the Abbot General of the Order, the project was conceived of establishing the first monastery of the Order in the United States. While originally envisioned as a foundation of Wettingen- Mehrerau Abbey in Austria, eventually monks from several Cistercian monasteries in Austria, Holland and Switzerland volunteered to undertake the endeavor. In looking for a place to build their monastery, the monks received an invitation from Sebastian Gebhard Messmer, the Swiss-born Archbishop of Milwaukee, to establish themselves there. Arriving in 1928, the monks settled in Oconomowoc, a suburb of Milwaukee.

By 1867, monasteries in Belgium, England and France had also joined this new Province. That was the year that Casaretto had decided that conditions in the mother Congregation were such that a complete split would be best. For this he convened an extraordinary Diet, which declared such a break, and established the monasteries of the Province as the Cassinese Congregation of the Primitive Observance. One new feature of this congregation, breaking with monastic tradition, was the establishment of a single abbot for the congregation, titled the Abbot General, with the Superior of each monastery being titled simply a prior, who was to be elected triennially, rather than for life.

The Sylvestrine monks operated as a completely autonomous congregation for most of their history, until they joined the Benedictine Confederation in 1973. This placed the congregation under the general supervision of the abbot primate of the Benedictine Order, and joined them to the life of the entire Order throughout the world. As of 2020, there are three monasteries in Italy (Montefano, Bassano, and Giulianova). In September 2007 Dom Michael Kelly, O.S.B., a monk of the Australian monastery, was elected as the 115th abbot general of the congregation. On 28 May 2019, he was succeeded by Father Antony Puthenpurackal OSB of Saint Joseph’s Conventual Priory, Makkiyad, India.

266 indicates that he was not Abbot of Santa Maria Nuova but Abbot General of the Order of Cluny; however, Moroni seems to be in error because Imar is not mentioned in Catalogus abbatum Cluniacensium He later served as the superior of the Priory of La Charité-sur-Loire, located near Nevers.S. Miranda: Imar, O.S.B. He was a friend of St. Bernard of Clairvaux, who mentioned him in his letters.G. Moroni, p. 266-267; Site of the see of Frascati Pope Innocent II appointed Imar the Cardinal-Bishop of Tusculum (whose seat was later moved to Frascati) in the consistory celebrated in March 1142,S.

As each abbey or priory is autonomous, practices and apostolates differ; some are contemplative in character whilst others are highly active in pastoral ministry. However, each is guided by the Rule of Saint Augustine as well as the Constitutions established by the General Chapter which is held every 6 years. Demonstrating Norbertine unity, the general Chapter includes representatives from both male and female communities. The head of the Order, termed Abbot General, resides in Rome, and he is assisted in his duties by the Definitors (High Council) as well as commissions established for various aspects of the Order's life such as liturgy and inter-abbey communications.

Antoine Augustin Calmet, O.S.B. (26 February 167225 October 1757), a French Benedictine monk, was born at Ménil-la-Horgne, then in the Duchy of Bar, part of the Holy Roman Empire (now the French department of Meuse, located in the region of Lorraine). Calmet was a pious monk as well as a learned man, and one of the most distinguished members of the Congregation of St. Vanne. In recognition of these qualities he was elected prior of Lay-Saint-Christophe in 1715, Abbot of St-Léopold at Nancy in 1718, and of Senones Abbey in 1729. He was twice entrusted with the office of Abbot General of the congregation.

By the end of the 20th century, then, this religious Order had developed into a charitable organization and established numerous clinics, as well as sponsoring excavation and tourism projects in Israel. In 2000, the German chapter of the Teutonic Order declared bankruptcy, and its upper management was dismissed; an investigation by a special committee of the Bavarian parliament in 2002 and 2003 to determine the cause was inconclusive. The current Abbot General of the Order, who also holds the title of High Master, is Father Frank Bayard. The current seat of the High Master is the Church of the German Order ("Deutschordenskirche") in Vienna.

There they founded the Monastery of Our Lady of Spring Bank, following the ancient Cistercian practice of dedicating their monasteries to the Blessed Virgin Mary under the title of the locale in which they live. At first the community operated under the direct oversight of the Abbot General himself, but responsibility for this was soon transferred to Hauterive Abbey in Switzerland. The monastery began to flourish and was soon raised to the status of an independent abbey. Following World War II, the abbey became a place of refuge for Cistercian monks from Eastern Europe, especially for those from Zirc Abbey in Hungary, which was closed by Communist authorities in 1950.

Abbot John II founded in 1252 a college or house of studies for Norbertine clerics at the University of Paris. At the death of Virgilius, forty-third Abbot General of Prémontré, Cardinal Francis of Pisa had intrigued so much at the Court of Rome that he succeeded in being named commendatory abbot of Prémontré, and in 1535 took possession of the abbey and all its revenues. Cardinal Francis was succeeded by Cardinal Ippolito d'Este, the papal legate in France, who also held the abbey in commendam until he died in 1572. The historian of the abbey Charles Taiée "Etude sur Prémontré", Laon, 1874, 210 calls these two cardinals "les fléaux de Prémontré" ("the scourges of Prémontré").

The Diocese of Algiers started the process for the beatification of Christian de Chergé and the monks of Tibhirine in 1996. On 7 October 2013, the Order of the Cistercians of the Strict Observance announced that the Archbishop of Algiers, with the agreement of the Abbot General and his council, had nominated Father Thomas Georgeon, his Secretary General, as the postulator of the process of beatification of Archbishop Pierre Lucien Claverie and 18 companions, including the 7 Tibhirine monks. The Congregation for the Causes of Saints approved the appointment on 11 October 2013.Sainthood Cause of the Martyrs of Algeria, opened, Communio, 3 December 2013 The beatification took place in Oran, Algeria, on 8 December 2018.

He was born Alfredo Gregori in Poggio Cinolfo, part of the town of Carsoli in the Province of L'Aquila. As a young man, Gregori was called to enter monastic life, joining the Sylvestrines, a branch of the Benedictines. He was later elected Abbot General of the congregation, and as such was based at the monastery of Santo Stefano del Cacco in Rome, General Motherhouse of the Order. The abbot was moved at the plight of the many orphans and street children he saw in Rome during World War II. He began to take the young boys into his own monastery to help them, and in 1942 he founded the Monastero San Vincenzo at Bassano Romano where a small community of monks cared for the boys.

The Vallombrosan Congregation was reformed in the middle of the fifteenth century by Cassinese Benedictines, and again by John Leonardi at the beginning of the seventeenth century. In 1485, certain abbeys with that of San Salvi at Florence at their head, which had formed a separate congregation, were reunited to the motherhouse by Innocent VIII. At the beginning of the sixteenth century an attempt was made by Abbot- General Milanesi to found a house of studies on university lines at Vallombrosa; but in 1527 the monastery was burned by the troops of Emperor Charles V. It was rebuilt by Abbot Nicolini in 1637, and in 1634 an observatory was established. From 1662–1680 the order was united to the Sylvestrines.

By the end of the 11th century it generally referred to the Kingdom of Scotland, the remainder of which had become Gaelicised in the preceding centuries, and from whence the name Scotland derives. Thus, the "Scot" missionaries who so influential in the early Church history of Germany included men from both present-day nations, but mainly from Ireland. Schottenklöster (German for "Scottish monasteries") is the name applied to the monastic foundations of Gaelic missionaries in Continental Europe, particularly to the Scottish Benedictine monasteries in Germany, which in the beginning of the 13th century were combined into one congregation whose abbot- general was the Abbot of the Scots monastery at Regensburg. Ireland's sobriquet "Island of Saints and Scholars" derives from this period, when scholars and missionaries from Ireland exerted great influence on Continental Europe.

In 1845, when the Trappists of the Abbaye du Gard were obliged to abandon their monastery, their abbot, Dom Stanislaus, purchased the ruins of Sept-Fons, where he installed his community and rebuilt the church and regular structures. In 1847 he was elected vicar-general of the Congregation of the Ancient Reform of Our Lady of La Trappe, which followed the constitutions of the Abbé de Rancé. In 1892, when the three congregations were united in one order, the then abbot of Sept- Fons, Dom Sebastian Wyart, was elected first abbot-general, and, a little later, abbot of Cîteaux. Its earlier foundations included Notre-Dame de la Consolation near Beijing, China, Notre-Dame des Iles, New Caledonia, Notre- Dame de Sept-Douleurs at Latroun in modern-day Israel, and Notre-Dame de Maristella Estado de São Paulo, Brazil.

The Pope, who also privately supported Fénelon's opinion, hold Gabrielli in great esteem and created him cardinal priest in the consistory of November 14, 1699; in a letter to the Abbé de Chanterac, Fénelon's agent in Rome, Gabrielli acknowledged that this appointment was in fact largely due to his role in the affaire des Maximes. A few months later, on February 3, 1700, he received the red hat and the title of S. Pudenziana, the church annexed to the monastery where he had studied in his youth. A few months later the Pope died and the newly elected cardinal participated in the conclave which elected Pope Clement XI. From 1709 to 1710 he held the largely honorific title of Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals. As Abbot general of the Cistercians, he chose the monastery of San Sebastiano fuori le mura, near Rome, as his residence.

" Years after Vilatte's death, M. Francis Janssens, abbot-general of the abbey, wrote: Anson wrote that there were rumors that Janssens offered Villate a home "at the request of Pope Pius XI" and gossip that Vilatte was granted a pension of 22,000 francs annually. According to Appolis the Roman authorities denied that rumor but it did not seem doubtful for Appolis, that the gave Vilatte financial assistance that it often gives to converts. "Stories went around Paris that Pius XI had been prepared to allow Vilatte's re-ordination" but Vilatte declined the offer because he was "convinced that he was a bishop as well as a priest." According to Kirkfleet, an article, in The Salesianum, about Vilatte "raises a well-founded doubt about the sincerity of his reconciliation to the Church, and cites an attempt by him to 'ordain' a young man to the priesthood shortly before his death.

Having studied classics at the Norbertine Abbey of St. Paul at Verdun, of which his uncle François Psaume was commendatory abbot, he completed a higher course of studies at the Universities of Paris, Orléans, and Poitiers; and then entered the Abbey of St. Paul. Ordained priest in 1540, he was sent to the University of Paris, where, after a defence of numerous theses, he won his doctorate of theology. But for the intrigues of François, Cardinal of Pisa, Psaume, who had already been made Abbot of St. Paul, Verdun, would have been elected Abbot General of Prémontré, for his nomination had already been confirmed by Francis I, King of France. In 1546 he was chosen to represent the Norbertine Order at the Council of Trent, but John, Cardinal of Lorraine retained him and, with the pope's consent, resigned the Bishopric of Verdun in favour of Psaume, who was consecrated bishop 26 August 1548.

In 1656, following the demands of the Council of Trent, Abbot General Claude Vaussin published the Breviarium cistercium iuxta ritum romanum: except the Veni Creator, all the festive hymns of Terce and Compline were moved to the Major Hours. Otherwise, all the melodies of the hymnal were retained, and some texts written by Cistercians appear in the Office: for example the hymns composed at that time for the Feast of All Saints of the Order, or the poem Iesu dulcis memoria, written by an English Cistercian of the Twelfth century for the feast of the Holy Name of Jesus. The Ambrosian roots largely disappeared; after centuries of habit, the Cistercians were eager to preserve their textual versions of the hymns, even when scholarly research showed that the Cistercian texts did not always correspond with the Ambrosian originals.Conditor alme siderum instead of Creator alme siderum in Advent, Iam Christe Sol iustitiae instead of O sol salutis intimis in Lent, Ad cenam Agni instead of Ad regias dapes in Eastertide etc.

Domenico Serafini was born in Rome, of ancient nobility, to Luigi Serafini and Costanza Di Pietro. His maternal grandfather, Giovanni Di Pietro, was a consistorial lawyer who, after becoming a widower, was ordained and named auditor of the Roman Rota by Pope Gregory XVI. Through his father, Domenico was related to Marchese Camillo Serafini, who served as the first and only Governor of the Vatican State (1929-1952). Serafini entered the Order of Saint Benedict in 1871, joining the Cassinese congregation. He made his profession on 16 June 1874 and studied at different Benedictine houses of studies and the Pontifical Gregorian University, where he obtained his doctorates in philosophy and theology. Serafini was ordained to the priesthood on 21 October 1877. From 1877 to 1892, he was a member of the Benedictine community at the abbey of Subiaco, later serving as its master of novices (1889–1891) and lector of theology. After being named prior of the St Scholastica monastery, Serafini became the general procurator of his religious order in Rome in 1892. He was elected Abbot of the two monasteries of Subiaco and Abbot General of the Cassinese congregation on 5 June 1896.