"During sugar intake, suppressing hedonic value inhibited dopamine release in ventral, but not dorsal, striatum, whereas suppressing nutritional value inhibited dopamine release in dorsal, but not ventral, striatum," the neuroscientists write.
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For example, there's a brain region called the ventral striatum.
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You can just blame it on your overactive ventral pallidum.
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A recently collected Deep-sea Hatchetfish (Sternoptyx) with bioluminescent ventral organs.
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Using the aforementioned ventral massage, they extracted samples from the live snakes.
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A countershaded animal has a dark dorsal surface and a light ventral one.
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The helmet I use for road riding is the Ventral Air Spin ($232).
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Specifically, the dorsal and ventral striatal regions, where humans process and experience pleasure.
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Works by Ventral is Golden blur the lines between collage and painting—they're just that seamless.
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But in the ventral pallidum, a full 70 percent of the region's brain cells increased their activity.
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Richard pointed out the ventral pallidum activity was not just registering the sounds the rats were hearing.
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Then, those loose change caused a crack to form in her ventral shell, which got badly infected.
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"I think if you have something nice, it's even nicer to give it away," says Ventral is Golden.
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The Ventral works by adding a robust inner layer that sits in between the external foam and your head.
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As you can see, the animal's ventral cord, which is the purplish line running down its center, is clearly visible.
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Our nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental areas in the brain begin releasing dopamine, which gives us the rewarding feelings of pleasure.
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Or, you can just pour one out to avoid your amygdala and ventral tegmental area from getting the best of you.
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I had "central" as the opposite of "dorsal," rather than VENTRAL, and nearly went all in with the nonsensical "nerced" here.
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" In this case, Moon recommends "small licks about an inch down from the frenulum, on the ventral [under] side of her clit.
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As the rats performed the tasks, the researchers monitored neurons in the ventral pallidum, a structure near the base of the brain.
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Current social networking, however, seems to privilege the shallow triggers of the brain's reward system (dopamine squirts in the ventral tegumental area).
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Specifically, his research is focused on a section of the brain called the ventral striatum, an integral part of our reward system.
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But of particular interest here is the dopamine surge induced by alcohol in the ventral tegmental, ground zero of the brain's reward center.
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He has severe diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and a ventral hernia; his belly is distended to the point that his abdominal lining has ruptured.
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In neurological terms, it involves several brain structures, including the substantia nigra, a midbrain area involved in reward; the ventral tegmental area, a structure that produces and transmits dopamine; the ventral striatum, which is associated with reward, reinforcement, and compulsion; and the prefrontal cortex, the front part of our brain, which, among many other things, helps us to work toward a defined goal.
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The brain's reward center, the ventral striatum, is what makes you feel good when you eat, have sex, take cocaine, or play video games.
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So, for example, if you like pizza more than sushi, your copy of this ventral midbrain system would respond more to pizza than sushi.
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"That transition from ventral to dorsal, it has nothing to do with the pharmacological emergence of the physical dependence on the drug," Baler continued.
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Conversely, the ventral pallidum did show activity when presented with pictures and odours of other foods including cucumber, fennel, mushroom, pâté, peanut, and pizza.
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Neuroscientists have shown that orgasm causes activation of pleasure areas of the brain like the ventral tegmental area while deactivating areas involved with self-control.
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These two things are even processed in separate regions or strata (dorsal and ventral, back and front) of the brain, according to the Yale group.
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Studies show that a higher baby schema activates the part of the brain called the ventral striatum, a key component of the brain reward pathway.
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We found that in almost all cases there was activity in a tiny little part of the brain called the ventral tegmental area (or VTA).
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It starts with a crush That first spark of attraction ignites a region buried deep inside the brain called the ventral tegmental area, or VTA.
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This team of researchers was looking specifically for activity in a region known as the ventral striatum, which is part of the brain's reward system.
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"We observed increased dopamine release above baseline levels in [ventral side] during sweetener intake, irrespective of which solution was administered intra-gastrically," the Yale group reports.
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Brain states of the kind that Wertheim and Sommers describe—that is, things like hormonal increases and changes in the ventral striatum—are indifferent to meaning.
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It's true that, as far as we know, some people have always enjoyed athletic contests, hoping, no doubt, to pump up activity in their ventral striata.
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By contrast, this highly distinct kind of responding didn't occur for bisexual men—their ventral striatum activation was far more similar for both kinds of pornography.
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As expected, the gross sugar failed to increase dopamine levels in the ventral side (sweet) circuits, but again boosted the levels in the dorsal side (energy) circuits.
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The ventral ones respond to that signal, generating exactly the amount of light required to blend in, so that the fish disappears from view when seen from underneath.
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Read my review of the Ventral Air Spin helmet for road biking, the Tectal Race Spin helmet for mountain biking, and the Corpora helmet for relaxed rides, below.
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Activating MORs in other parts of the brain, including the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens, block pain and trigger pleasure or reward, which makes them addictive.
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Follow-up examinations of the mice in all these experiments looked at the strengths of connections between nerve cells within part of the brain called the ventral tegmental region.
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A 2017 study conducted in Switzerland equated receiving compliments with sex; both excited our brain's reward system and the ventral medial prefrontal cortex, which heads up social decision making.
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When we do something pleasurable, a bundle of neurons called the ventral tegmental area uses the neurotransmitter dopamine to signal to a part of the brain called the nucleus accumbens.
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The Tectal is a little less lightweight than my Ventral, which is why I leave it at home for road rides, but I would never hit the trail without it.
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"In the beginning of any addiction, the release of dopamine is triggered by the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the mid brain, that's at top of the spine," he said.
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And that portion of their brains was also showing greater functional connectivity, communicating more readily with another part of the brain, the ventral striatum, known as the brain's reward center.
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"We're repairing the ventral hernia, bringing the muscles back together again, and on top of that we're doing a tummy tuck on her to remove all that excess skin," he explains.
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The output of the circuit changes as well: instead of affecting the ventral (in this instance, physically lower in the brain) area, the SN affects the dorsal (in this instance, upper) part.
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The brain scanner focused on activity in the ventral temporal cortex and the sensory cortex, regions that are especially active when a person focuses mental attention on simple images such as these.
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These nerves have a double-waviness that lets them expand, said the same UBC scientists who observed the capability two years ago in the Ventral Groove Blubber (VGB) nerves of fin whales.
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The ventral condyle is not linked to the ventral supracondylar tubercle by a ridge; as a result, the facies between the ventral supracondylar tubercle and the ventral condyle are flat rather than housing a broad fossa, and the ventral epicondyle has smaller ligamental attachment points and is smaller than other Pelecanoides.
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In short-coated toy and miniature dogs, ventral neck, ventral chest, ventral abdomen and inner thighs are affected. In males, the pinnae (ear flaps) are affected. In Greyhounds, the thighs are affected as well as the ventral chest and abdomen.
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Penis with ventral plate well defined, glans may bear ventral and/or dorsal processes.
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Two fields are located ventrally, the ventral Hick's papillae (vHP) and the ventral scapal plate (vSP).
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The ventral lateral nucleus (VL) is a nucleus in the ventral nuclear group of the thalamus.
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Its ventral region is white. Dorsal, caudal, anal and ventral fins are white with black transverse bands.
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The gonads are posterior to the ventral sucker and the genital pore opens on the ventral surface.
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The sixth abdominal segment of males has two ventral processes and the telson has a strong ventral process.
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He explains the presence of a ventral flange that interrupts the continuity of the lower jaw. Connecting to the ventral flange is a pitted surface of angular that “continues on the ventral edge and projects medially forming a small shelf.” He concludes that this arrangement of lower jaw is not found in any other dissopophid, however, the angular projection ventral to the ventral flange is also developed in Briolielus.
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The secretion of SHH by the notochord establishes the ventral pole of the dorsal- ventral axis in the developing embryo.
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The third antennal segment is large, with unusually long setae. Arista with one ventral branch, and anterior reclinate orbital bristle fine. Ventral receptacle in the form of loops, folded flat against the ventral surface of the vagina.
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The most common locations for neurocutaneous melanosis have occurred along the interpeduncular fossa, ventral brainstem, upper cervical cord, and ventral lumbosacral cord.
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Ventral coloration is black. The tail has 18 laterally compressed spines, the dorsal surface is covered in denticles, while the ventral surface lacks denticles.
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Formed like a worm. Ventral. The lower border or side. Ventricose. Swollen or inflated on the ventral side. Vibratile. Moving from side to side. Vitreous.
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Nassauoceras is a tetragonoceratid nautiloid from the Middle Devonian of Europe, the shell of which is evolute with a wide, deep umbilucus, slight dorsal impression, low arched venter, rounded ventral shoulders, and flanks that converge dorsally so as to produce a subtrigonal whorl section. Nodes are present on the ventral shoulders. Sutures have shallow ventral and lateral lobes. The siphuncle is near the ventral margin.
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Ventral view ;Adult The wingspan is 29–48 mm. The forewing has two yellow-rimmed black eyespots on both sides, dorsal and ventral. The hindwing has two spots on the dorsal side but have smaller spots on the ventral. The other all color is light brown.
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The shell is a faintly gibbous exogastric cyrtocone with subparallel dorsal and ventral profiles but adorally converging sides. The aperture vizored, pear-shaped. The Siphuncle small, ventral.
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The dorsal side is also somewhat flattened while the ventral or siphuncular side is more narrowly rounded. Septa are shallow and evenly curved; sutures are with broad shallow dorsal and ventral lobes that diverge to the rear and lateral saddles that diverge forward. The siphuncle located close to the ventral margin is slender with short expanded segments that give it a nummuloidal or beaded appearance, and contains irregular blade-like actinosiphonate deposits. The aperture has a pair a ventro-lateral salients, or projections, and a narrow mid ventral hyponomic sinus confirming the siphuncle is ventral.
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The ventral trigeminal tract, ventral trigeminothalamic tract, anterior trigeminal tract, or anterior trigeminothalamic tract, is a tract composed of second order neuronal axons. These fibers carry sensory information about discriminative and crude touch, conscious proprioception, pain, and temperature from the head, face, and oral cavity. The ventral trigeminal tract connects the two major components of the brainstem trigeminal complex – the principal, or main sensory nucleus and the spinal trigeminal nucleus, to the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus. The ventral trigeminal tract is also called the anterior trigeminal lemniscus.
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The ovaries are located in the medial of the parasite, right above the testes. The ventral sucker also known as the acetabulum is located at the ventral of the parasite. The ventral sucker helps them attach to the host. Morphology can change depending on what fish it lives on.
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Entrapment/engulfment maneuvers include horizontal, lateral and ventral arcs. During a horizontal arc a whale turns sharply – on either side – with only a pectoral fin or occasionally a tip of the flukes breaking the surface of the water. Lateral and ventral arcs are similar to lateral and ventral lunges, but without any part of the whale breaking the surface of the water. All three of these maneuvers have been observed with both expanded and unexpanded ventral pleats. Plunges were used the most often (22% of the time), followed by ventral (19%), lateral (17%), and oblique lunges (15%). Vertical lunges were infrequently utilized (only 5% of the time), as were horizontal (7%), ventral (6%), and lateral arcs (3%).
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Ventral view This species has five, slender, tapering arms. There are regular, longitudinal and transverse rows on the dorsal side. The ventral side is paler than the dorsal side.
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The ventral anterior nucleus (VA) is a nucleus of the thalamus. It acts with the anterior part of the ventral lateral nucleus to modify signals from the basal ganglia.
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Its ventral cirri are conical and half as long as its parapodial lobe. Its anterior parapodia possess 4 to 5 (in rare cases 6) falcigers per fascicle; its blades are thin and unidentate, with their lengths showing dorso-ventral gradation, dorsal ones measuring a maximum of 14 µm, while ventral ones 10 µm. Posterior dorsal blades have a similar length 13 µm. S. levantina's ventral simple chaeta on the posterior chaetigers are sigmoid and smooth.
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Kentlandoceras is a genus of middle Ordovician Oncocerids (family Oncoceratidae). Its shell is curved exogastrically, such that the ventral margin is longitudinally convex, but less so than in Loganoceras, and with a submarginal ventral siphuncle instead. The siphuncle in Loganoceras is subcentral. The related Romingoceras is more curved, also with a ventral siphuncle.
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The ventral pallidum receives dopaminergic inputs from the ventral tegmental area. The ventral pallidum also receives GABAergic inputs from the nucleus accumbens. It acts in part as a relay nucleus from the nucleus accumbens to the medial dorsal nucleus. The nucleus accumbens projects to the medial dorsal nucleus via GABAergic medium spiny neurons.
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The ventral surface is light yellow. The dorsum and fins are patterned with melanophores. A reddish spot can be observed on the ventral part of the base of the caudal fin.
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Ventral shoulders are angular, umbilical shoulders broadly rounded. The suture is with broad, deep lateral lobes, the nature of the ventral and lateral lobes is unknown, as is the position of the siphuncle. Phacoceras as a moderately involute, highly compressed, smooth, lenticular shell with an acute venter and widest at the umbilical shoulder; suture with ventral saddle and broad shallow lobes on flanks; siphuncle slightly ventral from center. Genera in ascending stratigraphic order, descriptions from Kummel 1964.
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A. kiriri is dark gray dorsally, and cream-colored ventrally. Furthermore, the first two to three ventral segments are dark gray in color and the remainder ventral segments are cream colored including the ventral portion of the head and the rest of the belly. It has 158–165 body annuli, and two precloacal pores.
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The three main bulb types are flat or nondescript, normal, and pronounced. A flat or nondescript bulb is poorly defined and does not rise up on the ventral surface. A normal bulb on the ventral side has average height and well-defined. A pronounced bulb rises up on ventral side and is very large.
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Ventral simultanagnosia results from damage to the left inferior occipito-temporal junction. Ventral simultanagnosic patients are able to see several objects at once, but their recognition of objects is piecemeal, or limited to one object at a time. Thus, individuals with ventral simultanagnosic symptoms are capable of navigating through a room without bumping into furniture.
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An incisional hernia is a type of hernia caused by an incompletely-healed surgical wound. Since median incisions in the abdomen are frequent for abdominal exploratory surgery, ventral incisional hernias are often also classified as ventral hernias due to their location. Not all ventral hernias are from incisions, as some may be caused by other trauma or congenital problems.
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Nonmotor region of the ventral nuclear group is a substructure of the ventral nuclear group of the thalamus based on connectivity and function. It corresponds to the caudal part of the ventral posterolateral nucleus, which receives input from the medial lemniscus. The anterodorsal portion of this region receives primarily proprioceptive afferents. The central portion receives primarily cutaneous afferents.
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The limbic loop is a functional pathway of the basal ganglia, in which the ventral pallidum is involved. It (and the internal globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata) receives input from the temporal lobes, and the hippocampus via the ventral striatum. The information is relayed to the medial dorsal and ventral anterior nuclei of the thalamus.
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The iridescent lamellae are only present on the dorsal sides of their wings, leaving the ventral sides brown. The ventral side is decorated with ocelli (eyespots). In some species, such as M. godarti, the dorsal lamellae are so thin that ventral ocelli can peek through. While not all morphos have iridescent coloration, they all have ocelli.
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Three types of excavate cells. Top: Jakobida, 1-nucleus, 2-anterior flagellum, 3-ventral/posterior flagellum, 4-ventral feeding groove. Middle: Euglenozoa, 1-nucleus, 2-flagellar pocket/reservoir, 3-dorsal/anterior flagellum, 4-ventral/posterior flagellum, 5-cytostome/feeding apparatus. Bottom: Metamonada, 1-anterior flagella, 2-parabasal body, 3-undulating membrane, 4-posterior flagellum, 5-nucleus, 6-axostyle.
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Left, a schematic of the Drosophila central nervous system, including the brain and ventral nerve cord. Right, a cross section of the ventral nerve cord, illustrating input and output. Adapted with permission from The ventral nerve cord (VNC) is a major structure of the invertebrate central nervous system. It is the functional equivalent of the vertebrate spinal cord.
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Anterior branches of the ventral rami of T12 to L4.
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Ventral side pale colored. The larvae feed on Mallotus species.
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The pyramidalis is innervated by the ventral portion of T12.
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The live specimen exhibits an inconspicuous epidermal ventral glandular network.
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Ventral side of forewings with black and white subapical speck.
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The ventral surface is white, sometimes with some dark pigmentation.
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While the ventral pathway is more responsible for form cues.
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Femur of forelegs has a spine on its ventral side.
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Pharmacological evidence points towards dysfunction in the ventral dopaminergic pathway.
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Later Stirlings were fitted with an improved, low-drag remotely-controlled FN.64 ventral turret or a H2S radar. Mk.III Stirlings also were fitted with electronic countermeasure systems such as ventral antennas for the Mandrel jamming system as well as a ventral "window" chaff chute to jam Freya and Würzburg radars. Mk.III Stirlings were also fitted with a ventral antenna for the Blind Approach Beacon System which was a blind-landing aid and a Monica rear warning radar in the tail turret.
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The ventral slot technique is a procedure that allows the surgeon to reach and decompress the spinal cord and associated nerve roots from a ventral route in veterinary medicine. There are also alternative ways to open the spinal canal from dorsal by performing a hemilaminectomy, but this often gives only limited access. Even when the main pathological changes evolve from the midline, it is necessary to choose a ventral approach. The ventral slot is commonly performed by splitting the ventral soft tissues of the neck, pushing the great vessels laterally and entering the disc space, securing esophagus and trachea which are located in the midline.
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Stearoceras is involute with a depressed subtrapizoidal whorl section and slight ventral and lateral lobes. Stenoporceras is subdiscoidal, flattened laterally, and has a suture with broad lateral lobes and a deep ventral saddle as found in syringonautilids. Permian genera include Parastenopoceras, a smooth, involute form with a semiellptical whorl section and ventral saddle; Plummeroceras, a form similar to Domatoceras but more evolute and with a deep ventral lobe; Pselioceras, a smooth evolute form with a perforate umbilicus, ovoid whorl section, and suture crossing straight over the venter; and Virgaloceras, also similar to Domatoceras but with a row of nodes on the umbilical wall and a ventral saddle instead of the ventral lobe in the suture. Parastenopoceras, Plummeroceras, and Pselioceras are from the Lower Permian; Virgaloceras is from the Upper Permian.
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The ventral lateral nucleus receives motor information from the cerebellum and the globus pallidus. Output from the ventral lateral nucleus then goes to the primary motor cortex.Orrison Jr., W. (2008). Atlas of Brain Function.
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Pelvic fins from a Java barb (Barbonymus gonionotus) Pelvic fins or ventral fins are paired fins located on the ventral surface of fish. The paired pelvic fins are homologous to the hindlimbs of tetrapods.
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The ventral surface is dark with sparse white speckles. This salamander is similar in appearance to Ambystoma cingulatum but the latter has a more frosted dorsal pattern and larger white spots on the ventral surface.
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The pallidothalamic tracts (or pallidothalamic connections) are a part of the basal ganglia. They provide connectivity between the internal globus pallidus (GPi) and the thalamus, primarily the ventral anterior nucleus and the ventral lateral nucleus.
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The ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) is a nucleus of the thalamus.
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The epitheton ("ciliated") refers to the ventral edge of the cymbium.
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The pale spot small. Ventral side fuscous, with curved postmedial line.
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The body is oval, although the ventral is not prominently convex.
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The ventral surfaces of the limbs are black with red spots.
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Ventral coloration is similarly mottled in the pectoral and abdominal regions.
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The ventral surface is strongly flecked and dappled with grayish brown.
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Ventral view of a Septaria porcellana. Scale bar is 10 mm.
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This suggests a requirement for 2d to be present in order to induce the proper formation of the head along a dorsal-ventral axis. When micromeres 2d1 and 2d2, the immediate descendants of 2d, are both deleted, the resulting larvae retain dorsal-ventral organization within the head. It was therefore concluded that in C. teleta micromere 2d has organizing activity in patterning the dorsal- ventral body axis. Furthermore, perturbation studies have shown that the dorsal-ventral axis is primarily patterned via the Activin/Nodal pathway.
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SLF III is the ventral component and originates in the supramarginal gyrus (rostral portion of the inferior parietal lobe) and terminates in the ventral premotor and prefrontal cortex (Brodmann 6, 44, and 46). SLF III connects the rostral inferior parietal cortex which receives information from the ventral precentral gyrus. This suggests that the SLF III transfers somatosensory information, such as language articulation, between the ventral premotor cortex, Brodmann 44 (pars opercularis), the supramarginal gyrus (Brodmann 40), and the laterial inferior prefrontal cortex working memory (Brodmann 46).
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The nervous system of land planarians has the longitudinal nerve cords reduced to one ventral pair that is located much deeper in the body than in other triclads. These ventral cords are usually connected by many comissures, so that they fuse into a single ventral nerve plate. Additionally, land planarians have a highly developed ventral nerve plexus just below the epidermis that is probably associated to the presence of a creeping sole. Contrary to aquatic planarians, land planarians do not have a distinct brain, i.e.
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Back-to-back with the bombardiers seat, the flight engineer/ventral gunner sat on the port side, his seat facing to the rear. The seat of the ventral gunner/flight engineer was next to the radio operator facing forward, behind the bomb aimer. During operations the ventral gunner/engineer would lie on his stomach facing aft, his post as a gunner taking immediate and first priority. The radio-operator/dorsal gunner sat in a pivoting seat in the extreme rear, above the ventral gun position.
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This part of the genitalia has been called the "urosternite", but other authors suggest the term "ventral plate" is more appropriate. The robust ventral plate of Bruchus helps distinguish the genus from other seed-beetles, which tend to have vestigial or lobe-like ventral plates. The ventral plate is useful in identification because each species seems to have a distinctive shape to it, and it does not vary among individuals of one species. In general, these beetles have black bodies with patterns of white or yellow setae.
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First it is divided into an upper (or dorsal) premotor cortex and a lower (or ventral) premotor cortex. Each of these is further divided into a region more toward the front of the brain (rostral premotor cortex) and a region more toward the back (caudal premotor cortex). A set of acronyms are commonly used: PMDr (premotor dorsal, rostral), PMDc (premotor dorsal, caudal), PMVr (premotor ventral, rostral), PMVc (premotor ventral, caudal). Some researchers, especially those who study the ventral premotor areas, use a different terminology.
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Geobios 42, 649–661. Zhang et al. (2009) state without argument that the ventral valve is larger than the dorsal valve, and argue that the ventral valve was situated downwards in living Heliomedusa. They argue that the pedicle identified by Chen et al (2007), and central to their "ventral valve as dorsal" argument, was instead an internal structure corresponding to an infilled gut.
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Pancreatic development begins with the formation of a dorsal and ventral pancreatic bud. Each joins with the foregut through a duct. The dorsal pancreatic bud forms the neck, body, and tail of the developed pancreas, and the ventral pancreatic bud forms the head and uncinate process. The definitive pancreas results from rotation of the ventral bud and the fusion of the two buds.
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The male sucker has a narrow red lateral band on it and a long dorsal and ventral fin. The female sucker has a narrow brown lateral band on it, and a shorter dorsal and ventral fin.
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Both the dorsal and ventral machine guns could move up and downwards by 65°. The dorsal position could move the 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131 machine gun 40° laterally, but the ventral Bola-mount 7.92 mm (.
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Ventral root afferents are unmyelinated sensory axons located within the pia mater. These ventral root afferents relay sensory information from the pia mater and allow for the transmission of pain from disc herniation and other spinal injury.
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In anatomy and neurology, the ventral root or anterior root is the efferent motor root of a spinal nerve. At its distal end, the ventral root joins with the dorsal root to form a mixed spinal nerve.
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Belly is white or light yellow. Ventral surfaces of thighs are light brown. There are irregular apricot-coloured spots on dorsum and ventral surfaces of thighs. Dorsal surface, flanks, and limbs are covered with small, spiculate granules.
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The ventral pattern is more contrasting, deep brown centered with yellowish brown.
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Growth lines biconvex with prominent ventrolateral projections and a deep ventral sinus.
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Tracking the ventral migration of the quail daughter cells confirmed His' theory.
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Ventral side with irregular postmedial series of white posts to both wings.
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The ventral surface is brown, becoming darker on the throat and chest.
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The ventral parts are uniform cream white. Vocal sac yellow but translucent.
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Both the caudate nucleus and putamen make up the dorsal striatum and are important as part of the brain's memory system. Dopamine is required to allow these structures to perform properly and thus this is affected in individuals with binge eating disorders, however the exact mechanism is unknown. A dysregulation of the ventral limbic circuit has been found in individuals who binge eat. The ventral limbic circuit is important in the regulation of feeding behaviour and includes the amygdalae, insula, ventral striatum, ventral regions of the anterior ACC, and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC).
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In general terms, the highest density of parvalbumin stain is in the nuclei of the ventral nuclear group (i.e. in the ventral anterior, ventral lateral and ventral posterior nuclei) and in the medial and lateral geniculate nuclear groups. Moderate amounts of parvalbumin staining are also present in regions of the medio- dorsal nucleus (MD). By contrast, calbindin and calretinin immunoreactivity show a similar distribution of dense staining in the rostral intralaminar nuclear group and in the patchy regions of the MD thalamus which appears to complement the pattern of parvalbumin staining.
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The large colon, small colon, and rectum make up the remainder of the large intestine. The large colon is long and holds up to of semi-liquid matter. It is made up of the right ventral (lower) colon, the left ventral colon, the left dorsal (upper) colon, the right dorsal colon, and the transverse colon, in that order. Three flexures are also named; the sternal flexure, between right and left ventral colon; the pelvic flexure, between left ventral and left dorsal colon; the diaphragmatic flexure, between left dorsal and right dorsal colon.
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The ventral system (regulates emotional perception) includes brain structures such as the amygdala, insula, ventral striatum, ventral anterior cingulate cortex, and the prefrontal cortex. The dorsal system (responsible for emotional regulation) includes the hippocampus, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and other parts of the prefrontal cortex. The model hypothesizes that bipolar disorder may occur when the ventral system is overactivated and the dorsal system is underactivated. Other models suggest the ability to regulate emotions is disrupted in people with bipolar disorder and that dysfunction of the ventricular prefrontal cortex (vPFC) is crucial to this disruption.
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Midbody scale rows range from 21 to 25, the anal shield is entire, and the subcaudals (46–72) are paired. There are between 186 and 230 ventral scales, the ventral and dorsal scales are smooth and highly polished.
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In mammals, the Bötzinger complex (BötC) is a group of neurons located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla, and ventral respiratory column. In the medulla, this group is located caudally to the facial nucleus and ventral to nucleus ambiguus.
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Cenquizca et al., 2007 Anagnostaras et al. (2002) showed that alterations to the ventral hippocampus reduced the amount of information sent to the amygdala by the dorsal and ventral hippocampus, consequently altering fear conditioning in rats.Anagnostaras et al.
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The type series consists of seven females that measure in total length. Width at the midbody is . There are 276 to 306 ventral annuli. A later discovered, unsexed specimen measured in total length and had 343 ventral annuli.
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It differs from P. jeanloui by being a much smaller parasite, by having a less expanded base of the smaller ventral anchor and tapered ends of the ventral bar, and in the fine details of the vaginal sclerite.
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The ventral ramus (pl. rami) (Latin for branch) is the anterior division of a spinal nerve. The ventral rami supply the antero-lateral parts of the trunk and the limbs. They are mainly larger than the dorsal rami.
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Individual dorsal hairs are long. Their ventral fur is also bicolored; the base of the hair is black, while the tips are buffy. The uropatagium is furred on the ventral surface. Wing membranes are dark brown in color.
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The crown and nape possess a large patch of color which is the same as the lateral bands. The bat's ventral pelage is uniformly dirty or creamy-white to pure white. It is much paler than and conspicuously contrasts with the dorsal pelage. There are no mid-ventral marking on the bat, and the ventral flank stripes are the same color as the flanks.
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The olfactory tubercle also consists of heterogeneous elements, such as medial forebrain bundle, and has a ventral extension of the striatal complex. During the 1970s, the tubercle was found to contain a striatal component which is composed of GABAergic medium spiny neurons. The GABAergic neurons project to the ventral pallidum and receive glutamatergic inputs from cortical regions and dopaminergic inputs from the ventral tegmental area.
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Anterolateral region of the motor thalamus is a composite substructure of the ventral nuclear group of the thalamus based on connectivity and function. It includes the ventral anterior nucleus and the medial part of the ventral lateral nucleus which receive projections primarily from the substantia nigra. It, the anteromedial region of the motor thalamus and the posterior region of the motor thalamus constitute the motor thalamus.
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This was shown using zebrafish mutants that had varying amounts of BMP signaling activity. Researchers observed changes in dorsal- ventral patterning, for example zebrafish deficient in certain BMPs showed a loss of dorsal sensory neurons and an expansion of interneurons. Shh secreted from the floor plate creates a gradient along the ventral neural tube. Shh functions in a concentration-dependent manner to specify ventral neuronal fates.
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The ventrobasal complex (VB) is a relay nucleus of the thalamus for nociceptive stimuli received from nociceptive nerves. The VB consists of the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) and the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL). In some species the ventral posterolateral nucleus, pars caudalis is also a part of the VB.Natsu Koyama, Yasuo Nishikawa, Toshikatsu Yokota. Distribution of nociceptive neurons in the ventrobasal complex of macaque thalamus.
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The dentate nucleus is highly convoluted and can be divided into dorsal (motor) and ventral (nonmotor) domains. The ventral half is much more developed in humans than in great apes, and it appears to play an important role in fiber connection. Further, the ventral domain mediates higher cerebellar functions, such as language and cognition, as well as versatile and coordinated finger movement.Matano, S. (2001).
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Dysfunction in the ventral striatum can lead to a variety of disorders, most notably, depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Because of its involvement in reward pathways, the ventral striatum has also been implicated in playing a critical role in addiction. It has been well established that the ventral striatum is strongly involved in mediating the reinforcing effects of drugs, especially stimulants, through dopaminergic stimulation.
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The color stimulus presented is not the only factor in determining the involvement of the ventral occipital cortex in color processing. The amount of attention and the type of object also affect the activation of the ventral occipital cortex.
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Ventral side of forewings fuscous, with pinkish ochreous costal and outer areas. Ventral side of hindwings pinkish ochreous, with cell spot and curved postmedial line. In female, body more suffused with fuscous. Forewings with outer pinkish area in tone.
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Growth lines form a ventral sinus and a ventrolateral projection or salient.Branneroceras in Goniat Online The ventral lobe at maturity is double pronged. Prongs are narrow, separated by a median saddle three quarters the height of the entire lobe.
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In the macaque monkey, V4 spans the dorsal and ventral occipital lobe. Human experiments have shown that V4 only spans the ventral portion. This led to distinguishing hV4 from the macaque V4. A recent study from Winawer et al.
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The anal and ventral fins are yellowish. The caudal fin is clearly bifid.
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The ventral surfaces are uniformly white or pinkish grey; the throat is white.
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Male lectotype: 1a. dorsal view; 1b. ventral view; 1c. genital capsule and 1d.
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It has three pairs of nipples (one inguinal, one ventral, and one pectoral).
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The ventral surface is cream-colored, and the undersides of limbs are orange.
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Cameral deposits are also more extensive in the ventral half of the phragmocone.
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Hindwing with veins 6 and 7 arise from cell. Ventral side is fuscous.
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The dorsal and ventral fins are set fairly far back on the body.
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The Dorsal Stream is shown in green and the Ventral Stream in purple.
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Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded rostrally by the ventral anterior cingulate area 24, ventrally by the ventral posterior cingulate area 23, dorsally by the gigantopyramidal area 4 and preparietal area 5 and caudally by the superior parietal area 7 (H) (Brodmann-1909).
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Lyrogoniatites is similar to Neoglyphioceras, but with broader shell and a smaller number (30-60) of longitudinal lirae and with a ventral (hyponomic) sinus and ventrolateral salients (projections) in all growth stages. As with Neoglyphioceras the ventral lobe is rather narrow.
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The eyes are distinct. The ventral tentacle lies below the nostril. Colouration is slaty violet above, slightly lighter below. The body folds are marked by white lines that are more conspicuous on the posterior ventral one-third of the body.
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These brachiopods have adductor and oblique muscles, but no diductor muscles. The anus is located at the side of the body. The pedicle is a hollow extension of the ventral body wall. Posterior body wall separates dorsal and ventral mantles.
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The venter is broadly rounded, the sides acute. The suture is with shallow ventral, lateral, and dorsal lobes. The shell itself bears short radial ribs, sinuous growth lines, and prominent longitudinal striae. The siphuncle is slightly ventral of the center.
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The dorso-lateral folds are ill-defined. The flanks and venter are coarsely areolate. The fingers have lateral keels and small discs as well as ventral pads. The toes have no webbing, lateral keels, nor discs but have ventral pads.
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Also, rosy bitterling has a silvery-white area anteriorly (white lines) on the ventral fin, but R. smithii does not. In comparison, the ventral fin of R. smothii is a dark color.Nagata, Y., T. Tetsukawa, T. Kobayashi and K. Numachi. 1996.
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Page withM. glabratus larvae (left two images, dorsal and ventral aspects) compared with Zaitzevia parvula larvae (right two images, dorsal and ventral aspects) Macronychus glabratus is a species of riffle beetle in the family Elmidae. It is found in North America.
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Peytoia infercambriensis may represent a transitional form between taxa with two rows of similar ventral spines such as Anomalocaris pennsylvanica and taxa with highly differentiated ventral spines such as Peytoia nathorsti. It bears particular similarity to Anomalocaris pennsylvanica and Tamisiocaris borealis.
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The concentration and time-dependent cell-fate-determining activity of SHH in the ventral neural tube makes it a prime example of a morphogen. In vertebrates SHH signaling in the ventral portion of the neural tube is most notably responsible for the induction of floor plate cells and motor neurons. SHH emanates from the notochord and ventral floor plate of the developing neural tube to create a concentration gradient that spans the dorso-ventral axis and is antagonized by an inverse Wnt gradient which specifies the dorsal spinal chord. Higher concentrations of the SHH ligand are found in the most ventral aspects of the neural tube and notochord while lower concentrations are found in the more dorsal regions of the neural tube.
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In vertebrates, the dorsal nerve cord is modified into the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord. Dorsal means the "back" side, as opposed to ventral which is the "belly" side of an organism. In bipedal organisms dorsal is the back and ventral is the front. In organisms which walk on four limbs the dorsal surface is the top (back) and the ventral surface is the bottom (belly).
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The ventral scales are rounded, smooth, cycloid (have a smooth outer edge), and imbricate. The scales on the ventral caudal (head) scales are smooth, cycloid, and enlarged mid-ventrally. The count of dorsal scales, from axilla (armpit) to groin, averages 32 with a range of 30 to 35. The ventral count from axilla to groin along the midventral line averages 28 scales and ranges from 26 to 29.
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Four peripheral nerves run along the length of the body on the dorsal, ventral, and lateral surfaces. Each nerve lies within a cord of connective tissue lying beneath the cuticle and between the muscle cells. The ventral nerve is the largest, and has a double structure forward of the excretory pore. The dorsal nerve is responsible for motor control, while the lateral nerves are sensory, and the ventral combines both functions.
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The oral sucker surrounds the mouth, while the ventral sucker is a blind muscular organ with no connection to any internal structure. A monostome is a worm with one sucker (oral). Flukes with an oral sucker and an acetabulum at the posterior end of the body are called Amphistomes. Distomes are flukes with an oral sucker and a ventral sucker, but the ventral sucker is somewhere other than posterior.
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Post-operation, the "top" of the eye is now Ventral, and the bottom is Dorsal. When a food source was above the frog, it extended its tongue downwards; meaning that the Dorsal- Ventral orientation of the eye still remained. In follow up experiments, the eye was detached and rotated 180° and the optic nerve was also cut to see if this would affect the Dorsal-Ventral orientation. The results were identical.
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Goulding and Garbett 1966, pp. 4–5. Early production Lancaster B Is were outfitted with a ventral gun turret position. In response to feedback on the lack of application for the ventral turret, the ventral turret was often eliminated during the course of each aircraft's career. While some groups chose to discard the position entirely, various trials and experiments were performed at RAF Duxford, Cambridgeshire and by individual squadrons.
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The ventral fur is pale fawn on the chest and the belly is darker.
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V0-V3 represent four different classes of ventral interneurons, and MN indicates motor neurons.
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Immatures have fewer spines. The genitalia are complex, occupying most of the ventral scutum.
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It is dark-coffee in colour with a gold iris and cream ventral surfaces.
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The ventral sides of the legs are white to red. The pupil is horizontal.
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The ventral surface has a metallic sheen, and may be green or rust-colored.
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Nuchal glands extend along the anterior part of the body to the 15th ventral.
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The dorsal stream (green) and ventral stream (purple) originating in the primary visual cortex.
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It is too dark for ventral characteristics of the insect's body to be observed.
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Cilia whitish. Ventral side with basal two-thirds of wings suffused with fuscous black.
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Tadpole of Scinax onca in dorsal, ventral, and lateral views. Scale bar 5 mm.
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Body parts on the belly (or ventral) side are not known, including any appendages.
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Its ventral fur is paler in color. Its flight membranes are all dark brown.
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The giant guitarfish feeds on bivalves, crabs, lobsters, squid and small fish. Ventral view.
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The haptor includes sclerotized elements, namely a ventral bar, two lateral (dorsal) bars, two ventral hooks, and two dorsal hooks, and fourteen hooklets. As in most diplectanids, the haptor bears characteristic, structures called squamodiscs (one ventral and one dorsal). The squamodiscs of species of Calydiscoides are special: they are lamellodiscs, which are made up of concentric lamellae, not separate rodlets as in regular squamodiscs. The diameter of the lamellodiscs range 25–60 µm. When observed from its concentric axis (ventral or dorsal observation of the specimen, ‘polar’ view of the lamellodisc), the lamellodisc appears as concentric circles.
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The primary outputs of the ventral striatum project to the ventral pallidum, then the medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus, which is part of the frontostriatal circuit. Additionally, the ventral striatum projects to the globus pallidus, and substantia nigra pars reticulata. Some of its other outputs include projections to the extended amygdala, lateral hypothalamus, and pedunculopontine nucleus. Striatal outputs from both the dorsal and ventral components are primarily composed of medium spiny neurons (MSNs), a type of projection neuron, which have two primary phenotypes: "indirect" MSNs that express D2-like receptors and "direct" MSNs that express D1-like receptors.
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The saddle on the anal segment is incomplete, generally extending only three-quarters around the anal segment. The siphonal tuft has two branches. The ventral brush has six pairs of setae, and the dorsal anal gills are longer than the ventral anal gills.
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This band consists three white spots. On ventral surface, a broad black band found around the upper portion of the cell of forewing. Rarely in some forms, the ventral surface is yellow in color. Larval food plants are Drypetes sepiaria and Drypetes gardneri.
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However, ample evidence indicates that object identity and location are preferentially processed in ventral (occipito-temporal) and dorsal (occipito-parietal) cortical visual streams, respectively. Comparison of rCBF during performance of the two tasks again revealed differences between the ventral and dorsal pathways.
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The ventral side is yellow-white. The tail is usually light brown with the terminal quarter being black. O. g. panganiensis is reddish brown to gray lacking the greenish hints in other species, while the ventral surface varies from white to yellow.
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Socata TB-200 ventral strakes One or two ventral strakes are sometimes positioned under the fuselage, as large vortex generators, to provide a better tail surfaces efficiency. Typical examples can be seen on the SOCATA TB family or the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter.
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Posteriorly, the main connective enters the sucker. Sensory receptors are scattered over the ventral and dorsal surface, the largest numbers occurring on the ventral surface, at the anterior end and on the posterior sucker. Electron-microscopic studies revealed 13 types of receptors.
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The upper surfaces of forelimbs and posterior hind limbs are purple to brown, while the chest and ventral sides of forelimbs pinkish and the venter and ventral sides of hind limbs are pinkish brown. The iris is orange and has fine, black reticulum.
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Tropidophis feicki males can grow to snout-vent length (SVL), and females to . There are 217–235 ventral scales and 34–41 subcaudal scales. The dorsal ground color is grey or pink. There is a saddle pattern dorsally, but no ventral pattern.
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This plexus innervates the pectoral girdle and upper limb. The lumbar plexus contains ventral rami from spinal nerves L1-L4. The sacral plexus contains ventral rami from spinal nerves L4-S4. The lumbar and sacral plexuses innervate the pelvic girdle and lower limbs.
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It is one of the two main body cavities, along with the ventral body cavity.
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They do so most commonly when they are lying on their dorsal or ventral surfaces.
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The ventral posterior nucleus is the somato-sensory relay nucleus in thalamus of the brain.
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The body has both dorsal and ventral branched cirri, the dorsal ones being the larger.
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During spawning, in males, the orange thread- like ventral fins will intensify and become red.
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Albanerpeton had well-developed semicircular canals with a modestly developed ventral auditory region as well.
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Webbing between toes complete. Ventral side with brown reticulation, which gets dense towards the abdomen.
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These interconnect with the sympathetic cardiopulmonary nerves to form the ventral and dorsal cardiopulmonary plexuses.
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Damage to the ventral stream can cause inability to recognize faces or interpret facial expression.
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It has two reduced denticles at base of the ventral side of its movable finger.
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The dorsal carina has no obvious tubercles or spines. The ventral surface is sparsely bristly.
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Midbody scales rows 22-26. Ventral scales 103-114. Infralabials 93-105. Snout acutely pointed.
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The ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds (or pancreatic diverticula) are outgrowths of the duodenum during human embryogenesis. They join together to form the adult pancreas. The proximal portion of the dorsal pancreatic bud gives rise to the accessory pancreatic duct, while the distal portion of the dorsal pancreatic bud and ventral pancreatic bud give rise to the major pancreatic duct. The ventral pancreatic bud develops into the pancreatic head and uncinate process.
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This is thought that inducing osteoblastic commitment and differentiation of stem cells such as mesenchymal stem cells.BMPs are known to play a large role in embryonic development. In the embryo BMP4 helps establish dorsal-ventral axis formation in xenopus through inducing ventral mesoderm. In mice targets inactivation of BMP4 disrupts mesoderm from forming. As well establishes dorsal-ventral patterning of the developing neural tube with the help of BMP7, and inducing dorsal characters.
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The ventral spinocerebellar tract then enters the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle. This is in contrast with the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (C8 - L2/L3), which only has 1 unilateral axon that has its cell body in Clarke's column (only at the level of C8 - L2/L3). The fibers of the ventral spinocerebellar tract then eventually enter the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle. Originates from ventral horn at lumbosacral spinal levels.
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ON/OFF DS ganglion cells can be divided into 4 subtypes differing in their directional preference, ventral, dorsal, nasal, or temporal. The cells of different subtypes also differ in their dendritic structure and synaptic targets in the brain. The neurons that were identified to prefer ventral motion were also found to have dendritic projections in the ventral direction. Also, the neurons that prefer nasal motion had asymmetric dendritic extensions in the nasal direction.
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The size of the holotype is given as snout–vent length (SVL). The head and ventral scales are smooth. The dorsal scales are larger than the scales on the flanks and the ventral scales. The dorsum is dark gray with nine dark transverse bars.
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The tribe Anzoplanini contains land planarians with dorsoventral testes, a condition that in land planarians is considered intermediate between a primitive ventral condition and a derivate dorsal condition. The mesenchymal musculature contains longitudinal fibers forming either a ventral plate or a ring around the intestine.
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The Domatoceratidae which include forms with ventral lobes and ventral saddles extends from the Carboniferous barely into the Triassic. The Grypoceratidae of Shimansky contains the Triassic genera of Kummel's larger Grypoceraidae and are derived, probably in the Late Permian, from the more restricted Domatoceratidae.
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Mene maculata, the moonfish, is the only extant member of the genus Mene and of the family Menidae. The body is highly compressed laterally and very deep vertically. The ventral profile is steep, with a sharp ventral edge. The caudal (tail) fin is deeply forked.
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The amphioxus has an odd feature: its mouth appears on the left side and migrates to the ventral side. Biologist Thurston Lacalli speculates that this may be a recapitulation of the migration of the mouth from the dorsal to the ventral side in a protochordate.
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The venter is blue with black reticulations. There are yellow-orange oval spots on the ventral surfaces of the arms, inner surfaces of the shanks, and in the groin. The iris is dark brown. Original illustration of the holotype (dorsal view, head, and ventral view).
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The characters which distinguish Austropolaria from other scale worm genera in the predominantly deep sea subfamily Macellicephalinae are seven pairs of papillae on the pharynx, nine pairs of reduced elytrophores, ventral cirri inserted subdistally on the neuropodia, and a ventral keel at the posterior end.
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Ventral anterior homeobox 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VAX1 gene.
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The border becomes narrower further backwards and usually carries about 8 ventral spines at each side.
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Constrictions are weak or absent. The ventral lobe is narrow, with a relatively low median saddle.
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Dorsal and ventral sides. 1. dorsal male; 2. dorsal female; 3. dorsal female (dark morph); 4.
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Ventral view of a shell of Diodora elizabethae The size of the shell reaches 45 mm.
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The suture is sinuous, with ventral and lateral lobes. The position of the siphuncle is unknown.
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The specific name refers to the contrasting ventral and dorsal colors. No subspecies are currently recognized.
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Gosner stage 31 tadpole of Nidirana leishanensis. (A) Dorsal view. (B) Lateral view. (C) Ventral view.
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The specific epithet scutatus is Latin for shield, referring to the large dorsal and ventral scutes.
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Its anterior adductor scar is short, and its pallial line curves parallel to its ventral margin.
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Males are generally known by their remarkable blue colour on the ventral surface of their necks.
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In the adult, the ventral mesentery is the part of the peritoneum closest to the navel.
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Unlike all other stingrays in the Pacific, the ventral tail fold is white rather than dark.
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Bands on gular area are black. Shoulder pit black. Scales on ventral surface of thigh smooth.
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These lesions damage the ventral (what) pathway of the visual processing of objects in the brain.
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Macrodomoceras resembles Danaoceras in its subtriangular cross section, but its sutures have bluntly pointed ventral saddles.
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Grain is oblong, obtusely trigonous, or concavo-convex, red-brown and rugulose on the ventral side.
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The vertebra may bear on its ventral surface a long posteriorly directed projection called a hypapophysis.
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The ventral stream is often referred to as the "what" stream and provides a portrayal of the objects in the receptive field that ultimately aids in identifying the importance of the object. The different functions of each lobe account for the "disturbance of non-language capacities" experienced after the removal of the right temporal lobe. If the ventral stream is disturbed or altered, the subject will not lose his vision but the ability to recognize "what" the object is in his receptive field. Disturbances in the ventral stream can be caused by damage or deterioration to any part of the brain involved in the ventral stream including the right temporal lobe.
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This surgery is performed on dogs and cats and a meticulous preparation is needed to prevent any damage on the region of the involved part of the neck and vertebral column. The ventral slot procedure is divided into eight main steps. Because the surgeon isn't allowed not to mobilize or shift the spinal cord - otherwise the affected animal is paralyzed afterwards - for any midline pathology an approach from the ventral direction is mandatory. A vertical skin incision is made from the ventral side in the midline, the ventral musculature is split in the midline, vascular structures are retracted laterally, trachea, and esophagus are mobilized across the midline to the opposite side.
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The cochlear nuclear (CN) complex comprises two cranial nerve nuclei in the human brainstem, the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) and the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). The ventral cochlear nucleus is unlayered whereas the dorsal cochlear nucleus is layered. Auditory nerve fibers, fibers that travel through the auditory nerve (also known as the cochlear nerve or eighth cranial nerve) carry information from the inner ear, the cochlea, on the same side of the head, to the nerve root in the ventral cochlear nucleus. At the nerve root the fibers branch to innervate the ventral cochlear nucleus and the deep layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus.
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The development of the septum transversum takes part in the formation of the diaphragm, while the caudal portion into which the liver grows forms the ventral mesentery. The part of the ventral mesentery that attaches to the stomach is known as the ventral mesogastrium.Gray's anatomy The lesser omentum is formed, by a thinning of the mesoderm or ventral mesogastrium, which attaches the stomach and duodenum to the anterior abdominal wall. By the subsequent growth of the liver this leaf of mesoderm is divided into two parts – the lesser omentum between the stomach and liver, and the falciform and coronary ligaments between the liver and the abdominal wall and diaphragm.
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Its total body length ranges from . Its forearm is long; its tail is long; its ears are long. Its fur is umber or fulvous-brown in color, with the ventral fur paler than the dorsal side. The ventral side has a distinct white stripe across the middle.
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There is no conspicuous nigro-thalamic bundle. Axons arrive medially to the pallidal afferences at the anterior and most medial part of the lateral region of the thalamus: the ventral anterior nucleus (VA) differentiated from the ventral lateral nucleus (VL) receiving pallidal afferences. The mediator is GABA.
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All members of the Grypoceratidae have a ventral lobe with the exception of Stenoporceras, Parastenopoceras, and Virgaloceras, which have a ventral saddle instead. The derivation of these three within the Grypoceratidae is uncertain. Stenopoceras or Parastenopoceras is the likely ancestor of the Syringonautilidae from the Triassic.
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Afferent nerve fibers leave the sensory neuron from the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord, and motor commands carried by the efferent fibers leave the cord at the ventral roots. The dorsal and some of the ventral fibers join as spinal nerves or mixed nerves.
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Macroloxoceras has an orthconic shell with a strongly depressed cross section and markedly flattened venter. Sutures have broad ventral lobes but are otherwise straight and transverse. The siphuncle is ventral of the center; composed of broadly expanded segments with a spheroidal outline. Septal necks are cytochoantic.
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The hindwing has a broad yellow margin. The ventral wing surfaces are disruptively patterned and look like dead leaves, allowing the butterflies to blend into leaf litter on the forest floor. Cryptic ventral patterns have arisen multiple times in various forest-floor dwelling groups of Nymphalidae.
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This region is also denoted at sp5 in other neuroanatomical nomenclature. This nucleus projects to the ventral posteriomedial (VPM) nucleus in the contralateral thalamus via the ventral trigeminal tract. In mice, this thalamic nucleus has significant amounts of expression of leptin receptors, NPY and GLP-1.
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Cnemaspis adii is a medium-sized Cnemaspis species with a snout to vent length of . It has a long, rigid tail. The gecko has small, granular scales on its dorsal side and smooth, overlapping scales on the ventral side. It has approximately 22 to 26 ventral scales.
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The pattern extends to the underside of the tail and the ventral pectoral and pelvic fin margins. The ventral surface is otherwise white. The tasselled wobbegong is reliably known to reach a length of . Most authors consider an older record of a long individual to be erroneous.
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There is a pair of calcium-secreting glands located near the midventral line on the posterior end of the peristomium. These glands open onto the "ventral shields", which are wide glandular pads on the ventral side of the anterior thoracic segments. The ventral shields secrete organic material and use this, combined with the calcium secreted by the glands, to form a paste from which the tube is made. These white calcareous tubes are made of both calcite and aragonite.
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The ventral lobe of the suture is double pronged, prongs being relatively wide but sides not diverging. The median saddle is half as high or more so than the height of the entire ventral lobe. The first lateral saddle, which lies next to the ventral lobe is either rounded or subacute. Gastrioceratoideae lived during the middle part of the Carboniferous, from the latest Mississippian to the middle of the Pennsylvanian lasting for some eight million years.
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Twinning assays identified Wnt proteins as molecules from the Nieuwkoop center that could specify the dorsal/ventral axis. In twinning assays, molecules are injected into the ventral blastomere of a four-cell stage embryo. If the molecules specify the dorsal axis, dorsal structures will be formed on the ventral side. Wnt proteins were not necessary to specify the axis, but examination of other proteins in the Wnt pathway led to the discovery that β-catenin was necessary.
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The ventral pallidum (VP) is a structure within the basal ganglia of the brain. It is an output nucleus whose fibres project to thalamic nuclei, such as the ventral anterior nucleus, the ventral lateral nucleus, and the medial dorsal nucleus. The VP is a core component of the reward system which forms part of the limbic loop of the basal ganglia, a pathway involved in the regulation of motivational salience, behavior, and emotions. It is involved in addiction.
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The haptor includes sclerotized elements, namely a ventral bar, two lateral (dorsal) bars, two ventral hooks and two dorsal hooks, and fourteen hooklets. As in most diplectanids, the haptor bears special, characteristic, structures called squamodiscs. The squamodiscs (one ventral and one dorsal) of species of Pseudorhabdosynochus are made up of numerous rodlets aligned as concentric rows. All species of the genus have two squamodiscs except Pseudorhabdosynochus sinediscus Neifar & Euzet, 2007 in which these organs are completely lacking.
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The suture is with ventral and dorsal lobes, the siphuncle very close to the venter. Carlloceras has a moderately involute shell with a compressed trapezoidal whorl section, nearly flat ventral and lateral areas, and slight dorsal impression. The suture has a ventral saddle and broad lateral lobe and the siphuncle is small and near the venter. Diorugoceras is very involute and smooth, with a compressed whorl section with broad, slightly convex flanks that converge toward a concave venter.
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Members of the class Turbellaria are covered in cilia that allows for movement.They secrete a mucus and beat ventral cilia within the mucus to move along a ventral surface.Wanninger, A. (2009) Shaping the Things to Come: Ontogeny of Lophotrochozoan Neuromuscular Systems and the Tetraneuralia Concept. The Biological Bulletin 216(3):293-306 They can also move through a series of pedal waves, which is when the ventral surface contracts in waves along the body, propelling the organism forward.
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Its ventral hooks are thrice as long as the dorsal hooks and the species lacks a carpal flap. Females live for up to five months and males live for up to three-and-a-half months. It has long arms and its hectocotylus contains two flaps of similar sizes and the species' ventral head contains three longitudinal stripes and its ventral mantle contains six, all of which are narrow. A. atlantica reaches a length of around in maturity.
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The output neurons of the nucleus accumbens send axonal projections to the basal ganglia and the ventral analog of the globus pallidus, known as the ventral pallidum (VP). The VP, in turn, projects to the medial dorsal nucleus of the dorsal thalamus, which projects to the prefrontal cortex as well as the striatum. Other efferents from the nucleus accumbens include connections with the tail of the ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra, and the reticular formation of the pons.
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Air is taken in through spiracles along the sides of the abdomen and thorax supplying the trachea with oxygen as it goes through the lepidopteran's respiratory system. There are three different tracheae supplying oxygen diffusing oxygen throughout the species body: The dorsal, ventral, and visceral. The dorsal tracheae supply oxygen to the dorsal musculature and vessels, while the ventral tracheae supply the ventral musculature and nerve cord, and the visceral tracheae supply the guts, fat bodies, and gonads.
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One advantage to having plexes is that damage to a single spinal nerve will not completely paralyze a limb. There are four main plexuses formed by the ventral rami: the cervical plexus contains ventral rami from spinal nerves C1-C4. Branches of the cervical plexus, which include the phrenic nerve, innervate muscles of the neck, the diaphragm, and the skin of the neck and upper chest. The brachial plexus contains ventral rami from spinal nerves C5-T1.
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During development, the duodenum rotates to the right, and the ventral bud rotates with it, moving to a position that becomes more dorsal. Upon reaching its final destination, the ventral pancreatic bud is below the larger dorsal bud, and eventually fuses with it. At this point of fusion, the main ducts of the ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds fuse, forming the main pancreatic duct. Usually, the duct of the dorsal bud regresses, leaving the main pancreatic duct.
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Anatomical studies had shown that different sectors of the entorhinal cortex project to different levels of the hippocampus: the dorsal end of the EC projects to the dorsal hippocampus, the ventral end to the ventral hippocampus. This was relevant because several studies had shown that place cells in the dorsal hippocampus have considerably sharper place fields than cells from more ventral levels. Every study of entorhinal spatial activity prior to 2004, however, had made use of electrodes implanted near the ventral end of the EC. Accordingly, together with Marianne Fyhn, Sturla Molden and Menno Witter, the Mosers set out to examine spatial firing from the different dorsal-to-ventral levels of the entorhinal cortex. They found that in the dorsal part of medial entorhinal cortex (MEC), cells had sharply defined place fields like in the hippocampus but the cells fired at multiple locations.
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Ventral aspect, sitting on glass window. Acanthacris is a genus of African grasshoppers in the subfamily Cyrtacanthacridinae.
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The parapodia are uniramous or biramous, with dorsal cirri upon all segments. The ventral bristles are compound.
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The dorsal region may contain motion-sensitive neurons, and ventral areas may be specialised for object recognition.
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Discocellular speck present. Faint traces of waved postmedial line and submarginal specks series present. Ventral side pale.
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A black lateral stripe extends from the eye to the tail. The ventral side is grayish- white.
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Divided haemapophyses, or parts of the vertebrate forming a long canal, enclose the large ventral blood vessel.
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The ventral surface is dark brown or black with yellowish white marbling. Its snout is relatively sharp.
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Additionally, population responses of binocular neurons have been found in human ventral and dorsal pathways using fMRI.
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122–129 ventral scales and 7–8 supralabials. Subdigitals scansors unnotched. precloacal pores are absent in males.
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Its ventral surface is pale, occasionally with markings on the throat. Its head is yellow to orange.
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Ventral surfaces are whitish. The fingers have no webbing but the toes are more than half-webbed.
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The contraction of the longissimus and transverso-spinalis muscles causes the ventral arching of the vertebral column.
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Other ventral surfaces are pale and nearly patternless, apart from the faint grayish mottling on the chin.
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The tadpoles are adapted to running water and have a ventral sucking disc. The back is green.
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The ventral surfaces are white, apart from the gray chest and chin. Males have paired vocal sac.
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Smoke dispensers were mounted on the port ventral surface of the nacelles in groups of three each.
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Aperture had ventral rostrum. Body chamber made about 75% of whorl and was faintly plicate, or smooth.
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The Tellin are known by the twist or flexuosity in the posterior ventral margin of the shell.
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Multiparous Soft, membranous area of ventral prosoma dark colored, rub marks present on opisthosoma indicating previous amplexus.
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Pleural and ventral surfaces bluish-grey, dull, thoracic and abdominal sternites embrowned centrally, genital segments shining brown.
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Its dorsal part increases more rapidly than its ventral portion, and fuses with the dorsal part of the septum intermedium. For a time an interventricular foramen exists above its ventral portion, but this foramen is ultimately closed by the fusion of the aortic septum with the ventricular septum.
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Suture, slightly sinuous. Siphuncle, subdorsal. Thuringionautilus, which comes from the Upper Triassic of Europe, is similar to Tainionautilus, but with smooth sides and a sharper furrow along the venter, and to Tainoceras which differs in having a wider, shallower ventral furrow and separate ventral and ventro-lateral nodes.
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11, pp 647-650, November 1983. The shell of Paraplectronoceras is laterally compressed with the dorsal side somewhat more narrowly rounded than the ventral, and is moderately to rapidly expanded. The siphuncle is small, ventral in position, without calcareous deposits. Segments are slightly expanded, pearshaped in early stage.
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Neural information to the premotor cortex is supplied by the cerebellum. It is located dorsally in and around the precentral sulcus. Laterally, this exists at the dorso-ventral level of the hand in the motor cortex. A ventral region may also exist, but its exact anatomical location is disputed.
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Group A13 is distributed in clusters that, in the primate, are ventral and medial to the mammillothalamic tract of the hypothalamus; a few extend into the reuniens nucleus of the thalamus. In the mouse, A13 is located ventral to the mammillothalamic tract of the thalamus in the zona incerta.
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Centre: Ventral, dorsal and side views of a more advanced paralarva. An equatorial circulet of seven large yellow-brown chromatophores is present on the mantle. Posteriorly the expanded vanes of the gladius are visible in the dorsal view. Right: Ventral and dorsal views of a very advanced paralarva.
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Their ventral skin is a whitish color, and the dorsal and ventral skin is separated by a dark brown lateral stripe from the eyes to the groin. Females have white throats, while males have golden brown throatsHaltenorth, T. (1979). British and European Mammals, Amphibians, and Reptiles’’. Irwin & Co. Ltd.
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The first antennae (antennules) are small, slender filaments on the ventral surface of the head, at about the same level as the eyes. The second antennae are similar and lie laterally to the first. They are nonfunctioning. The large, well-developed mandibles oppose each other across the ventral midline.
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Their backs are glossy, yellowish-white, with some black hairs sprinkled throughout. Their lower ventral sides are variable in color, and can be black and rusty yellow, or black and rusty brown. Their upper ventral sides along the sternum are dark brown to black. Their forearms are long.
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Damage to the mammillothalamic tract, ventral anterior nucleus, and ventral lateral nucleus can result in memory and language impairment.Nishio, Y., Hashimoto, M., Ishii, K., & Mori, E. (2011). Neuroanatomy of a neurobehavioral disturbance in the left anterior thalamic infarction. [Article]. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 82(11), 1195-1200. .
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The frontal appendage was made up of at least 18 segments and had long, straight ventral spines. It is not known whether the ventral spines were paired like in most related taxa. On the anterior edge of the spines were minute serrations which may form the bases of setae.
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Anus surmounted by a spoon shaped hood with a ventral opening, 20 fine annular rings and 14-20 long papillae along edge. On the ventral side of basis, two long cirrus, behind one unpaired longer cirri. .Kirkegaard, J. B. Danmarks Fauna 86, Havbørsteorme II. Copenhagen. Danmarks Naturhistoriske Forening, 1996.
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The dorsal and ventral surfaces are very variable. The dorsal surface may be smooth, warty or have longitudinal skin folds. The colour varies from dark brown, fawn, light and dark grey. The colour of the ventral surface is similar to the dorsal surface, but mottled with white spots.
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Carpogonium slightly protruded or broader on ventral side and 7.50 to 12.85 µm in diameter, trichogyne cylindrical elongated with wavy margin. The initiation of Gonimoblast filament starts from the ventral side of Carpogonium. Gonimoblast filaments creeping along the cortical filaments and producing 2 - 4 celled branches, which forms carposporangium.
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Macrodomoceras is a genus of oncocerids, family Polyelasmoceratidae, from the Middle Devonian of Australia. The shell of Macrodomoceras is a compressed, endogastric cyrtocone, i.e section higher than wide and curved with the ventral side concave, with a subtriangular cross section. The siphuncle is ventral, marginal, with continuous actinosiphonate lamellae.
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At about 22 days into development, the ectoderm on each side of the rhombencephalon thickens to form otic placodes. These placodes invaginate to form otic pits, and then otic vesicles. The otic vesicles then form ventral and dorsal components. The ventral component forms the saccule and the cochlear duct.
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482–83 The lumbosacral trunk is a communicating branch passing between the sacral and lumbar plexuses containing ventral fibers from L4. The coccygeal nerve, the last spinal nerve, emerges from the sacral hiatus, unites with the ventral rami of the two last sacral nerves, and forms the coccygeal plexus.
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Dorsal and ventral squamodiscs subequal, with 19–23 (usually 21) U-shaped rows of rodlets; 1–3 (usually 2) innermost rows closed. Ventral anchor with well-developed superficial root, long deep root having lateral swelling, slightly curved shaft, and short recurved point extending to just past level of tip of superficial root. Dorsal anchor with subtriangular base, poorly developed roots, arcing shaft, recurved point extending past level of superficial tip of base. Ventral bar with slight medial constriction, tapered ends, longitudinal medioventral groove.
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In human embryonic development, BMP4 is a critical signaling molecule required for the early differentiation of the embryo and establishing of a dorsal-ventral axis. BMP4 is secreted from the dorsal portion of the notochord, and it acts in concert with sonic hedgehog (released from the ventral portion of the notochord) to establish a dorsal-ventral axis for the differentiation of later structures. BMP4 stimulates differentiation of overlying ectodermal tissue. Bone morphogenetic proteins are known to stimulate bone formation in adult animals.
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Kochoceras is relatively short, breviconic, and grew to be fairly large with a shell more rapidly expanding than in Actinoceras. The ventral, or under, side is strongly flattened with prominent lobes that may give the impression of Lambeoceras. However septa in Kochoceras are more widely spaced and the siphuncle, which is proportionally very large, is in broad contact with the ventral wall. The siphucle in Lambeoceras is proportionally much smaller and is removed about one diameter from the ventral wall.
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Traumatic eosinophilic granuloma of the tongue (TEGT) is a reactive condition that commonly occurs on the ventral tongue.
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The two species differ in several ways, such as ventral fur color and condition of the zygomatic arch.
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However, the ventral region contains few to no quills but have the ability to detach in predation defense.
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M. mintoni is lightly sexually dimorphic, with females having a slightly higher weight range, and bolder ventral barring.
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A very small Subsaharan Myotis, with a forearm length of 37 mm, brown dorsal and greyish ventral pelage.
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Ventral scales with a frosted pattern, forming longitudinal lines. Iris yellow in female and bright red in males.
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A light vertebral stripe may also be present. The ventral surfaces are mottled with dark and light brown.
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Metacrinia may be confused with Guenther's Toadlet, Pseudophryne guentheri. It can be distinguished by the orange ventral markings.
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Ventral bar 55 µm long; dorsal bar 46 µm long. Hook 11 µm long. Pharynx 45 µm wide.
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The snout is also greyish-green. The hind limbs have obscure cross-bands. The ventral surfaces are yellowish.
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Small spinular projections on upper eyelids. Ventral side granular. Coloration variable. Generally green with black spots or stripes.
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The dactylus has 10-15 suckers in two series and there is a long, thin carpal cluster. The ventral mantle has six series of complex photophores on the anterior integument with a seventh series which curves either to the left or right to join with one of the nearby series and so does not extend to the anterior mantle margin. On the ventral, anterior edge of the mantle there is a discontinuous row of photophoresin which the gaps correspond to the spaces between the series of photophores on the mantle. The ventral surface of the head has six series of photophoresin which the outermost series are interrupted by a ventral window in the skin.
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The dorsal pelage is grayish-brown to a dirty brown. The dorsal hairs are dark gray and gray at the tip. The ventral pelage is lighter, and the ventral hairs are pale gray or brown with a whitish tip. The dorsal pelage on the orange phase is tawny-orange to cinnamon.
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B. philenor differs from the dark morph P. glaucus by the row of light-colored spots on each wing margin. P. troilus is more greenish, and has two rows of orange spots on the ventral hindwing. P. polyxenes is smaller, and the ventral hindwing has two rows of yellow-orange spots.
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The hypaxial muscles are located on the ventral side of the body, often below the horizontal septum in many species (primarily fish and amphibians). In all species, the hypaxial muscles are innervated by the ventral ramus (branch) of the spinal nerves, while the epaxial muscles are innervated by the dorsal ramus.
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Knutsen et al. (2012) diagnosed the species based on a unique combination of characters of the holotype. P. funkei has a possibly unique "type I" retroarticular process, unlike P. brachydeirus, P. brachyspondylus and P. macromerus. Unlike P. brachydeirus, its cervical centra possess a rugose ventral surface, but lack ventral keel.
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The suture is straight ventrally or with a slight ventral lobe, well developed lateral lobes, and a broad, low dorsal saddle. The siphuncle is located half way between the center and the ventral margin. Wellsoceras has been found in Middle Devonian sediments in eastern North America, in Ohio, Indiana, and Ontario.
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Type species of this genus. It has evolved from E. mccalebi and gave rise to genus Wellerites. It differs from E. quinni by much more developed adventitious lobe of first lateral saddle and longer ventral lobe. E. mccalebi has more pounch- shaped prong of ventral lobe and more asymmetrical umbilical lobe.
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Microhyla sholigari is a small sized frog with adult males measuring 15.9–16.2 mm (N = 3) and females measuring 16.5–19.2 mm (N = 4). Individuals of this species have a pointed snout in dorsal and ventral views. The snout protrudes beyond the lower jaw in ventral view. The tympanum is indistinct.
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United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. It has two rows of photophores, one on each side of the ventral part of its body. It is believed that C. sloani adjusts the intensity of ventral photophores during diurnal migrations to camouflage itself from predators that might see its shadow from below.
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The MGB is composed of ventral, dorsal, and medial divisions, which are relatively similar in humans and other mammals. The ventral division receives auditory signals from the central nucleus of the IC.Gelfand, Stanley A.: Hearing, an Introduction to Psychological and Physiological Acoustics, 4th Ed., Marcel Dekker, 2004, pp. 71-75.
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The ventral hindwing may also have marginal and submarginal grey markings. The fringes of the wings are typically black at then ends of the veins. The hairs and scales on the heads, legs, and ventral abdomen are usually yellowish. Both sexes usually have bright red spots on the hindwings and forewings.
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It also crawls on its ventral surface "like a snake", rather than on its side like a typical nematode.
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The ventral surface is called the plastron.Romer, A.S. (1956) Osteology of the Reptiles. Univ. of Chicago Press.Zangerl, R. 1969.
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The ventral surface possesses faint bands and the throat is unpatterned. The tongue is pink with a dark tip.
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Psolus phantropus are epifaunal and use the ventral sole to attach themselves. They are found at 4-500m depth.
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It has five ocular photophores and nine integumental photophores (six on the mantle and three on the ventral head).
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Hindwings with yellow band broader and hardly constricted at middle. Ventral side has lines on hindwing rather more prominent.
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A 2018 study reported that D2 MSN activation enhanced motivation via inhibiting the ventral pallidum, thereby disinhibiting the VTA.
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The thighs have only few markings. Dark pigmentation is also present under the throat and along the ventral surfaces.
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The ventral surfaces are mottled with extensive black pigment, often to an extent that gives nearly solid black appearance.
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The ventral surface is yellow and the outer surface of the fore limb has a patterning of white streaks.
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The dorsal fin has 65–79 soft rays, the pectoral fin 10 to 11, and the ventral fin six.
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Adult reaches 60.0 mm SVL in length. 111–120 mid-ventral scales. Head rhomboid dorsally. Orbital rim not prominent.
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If the ventral spines possessed setae, Peytoia infercambriensis may have used its frontal appendages to filter through fine sediment.
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Z. spinimana has three pairs of ventral spines on metatarsus I and II, but Z. silvestris has only two.
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On the sides of the ventral depression are two ridges which form the lateral boundaries of the trochal disc.
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Ventral stress fibers are associated with focal adhesions at both ends, are located on the ventral surface of the cell, and function in adhesion and contraction. Transverse arcs are not directly linked to focal adhesions, and typically flow from the leading edge of the cell, back towards the cell centre. Dorsal stress fibers are located at the leading edge of the cell. They attach to focal adhesions on the ventral surface of the leading edge, and extend dorsally, towards the cell centre to attach to transverse arcs.
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Once the egg has become multicellular and positioned its germ layers with ectoderm on the outside, mesoderm in the middle, and endoderm on the inside body axes have to be determined for proper development. A dorsal-ventral axis has to form and major proteins involved are BMP and Wnts. Both proteins are made in the ventral and lateral portions of the developing embryo. BMP2B induces cells to have ventral and lateral fates while factors such as chordin can block BMPs to dorsalize the tissue.
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The first-order neurons (from the trigeminal ganglion) enter the pons and synapse on second-order neurons in the principal (chief sensory) nucleus. Axons of the second-order neurons then decussate to enter the trigeminal lemniscus in the midbrain and then ascend to the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the contralateral thalamus, forming the ventral trigeminothalamic tract. A subset of these fibers do not decussate and travel to the ipsilateral ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus. These non-decussating fibers give rise to the dorsal trigeminothalamic tract.
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Crocodiles have the abdominal ribs modified into gastralia Tyrannosaurus gastralia Gastralia (singular gastralium) are dermal bones found in the ventral body wall of modern crocodilian and Sphenodon species. They are found between the sternum and pelvis, and do not articulate with the vertebrae. In these reptiles, gastralia provide support for the abdomen and attachment sites for abdominal muscles. Gastralia may have been derived from the ventral scales found in animals like rhipidistians, labyrinthodonts, and Acanthostega, and may be related to ventral elements of turtle plastrons.
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Perharps it can be Protogrammoceras meneghinii. Its fossils were found in Italy, Spain and Morocco. This genus is very similar to Polyplectus, but it is more evolute and has less acute ventral area. Sutures has shorter ventral lobe and other lobes are less developed and also less numerous when approaching umbilical region.
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The ventral reticular nucleus is a continuation of the parvocellular nucleus in the brainstem. The ventral reticular nucleus has been shown to receive afferent projections from the dentate gyrus in rabbits.Tang, ZW et al. The fiber projections from the dentate nucleus to the reticular formation of the brain stem in the rabbit.
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The organism is either white or rose-coloured. The collar extends from ventral files, that extends a short distance along the right side of the body. The body is also elongated and has a tail-like portion, that has 3 frontals and 2-4 rows of ventral cirri. It has no transverse cirri.
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Heminautilus has a discoidal compressed involute shell with flanks converging on a narrow flattened outer margin, the venter. Whorls are higher than wide. The suture is sinuous with a ventral lobe, subtriangular saddles on the ventral shoulders, broad lateral lobes, and narrow rounded saddles on the umbilical shoulders. The siphuncle is subcentral.
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The genotype, Cyrobaltoceras gracile Flower, is based on a small, slender, incomplete, 25 mm long shell with a slight exogastric curvature. Sutures form lobes across the ventral side but go transversely straight across the dorsum. The siphuncle is proportionally large, almost half the shell diameter in width, and lies against the ventral margin.
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This is species of Eowellerites with asymmetrical prongs on ventral lobe. It also has broad and nearly symmetrical umbilical lobe. It can be distinguished from E. moorei by asymmetry of ventral prongs and more symmetrical and inflated umbilical lobe. From E. quinni it distinguishes by more developed adventitious lobe of first lateral saddle.
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Tubifex worms are hermaphroditic: each individual has both male (testes) and female (ovaries) organs in the same animals. These minute reproductive organs are attached to the ventral side of the body wall in the celomic cavity. In mature specimens, the reproductive organs are clearly found on the ventral side of the body.
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The lower regions point inwards and laying along the chest and the upper regions point upwards along the sides of the body. The lower regions (a.k.a. ventral plates) of Boii's clavicles are very thin, like those of a reptile. This notably contrasts with those of Asaphestera, which had massive arrow-shaped ventral plates.
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The ventral portion of the first lateral lobe is intermediate in depth. Diaxites, Ruzhentsev 1941, has the characteristic discoidal form but the ventral lobe is quite wide, still trifid. Diaxites is Upper Pennsylvanian and Lower Permian in age. Neouddenites, Ruzhentsev 1961, is similar to Uddenites, but later, coming from the Lower Permian.
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The species name refers to the angle at the basal two-thirds on the ventral margin of the valve and is derived from Latin ventr- (meaning ventral) and angulatus (meaning angulate).Lvovsky, Alexandr L. & Wang, Shuxia (2011). "Five species of the genus Agonopterix Hübner (Lepidoptera: Depressariidae) from China". Zootaxa. 3053: 63–68.
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Simultanagnosia can be divided into two different types: dorsal and ventral, with each taking its name from the dorsal and ventral circuits concerned with the perception of objects' shapes and locations, respectively. These two forms of simultanagnosia are associated with different symptoms as well as damage to separate areas of the brain.
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Troostoceras is a genus of actinoceratid nautiloids with a cyrtoconic shell, otherwise similar to Actinoceras. The shell is slightly endogastric, curved such that the under or ventral side is longitudinally concave, tucked in. The siphuncle is ventral and is in contact with the shell wall. Segments begin small but expand during growth.
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District Barkhan made headlines when million years old fossils of a dinosaurs was found in the area of Vatakari. Etymology; Khetrani, honoring the Khetran tribe of Barkhan district; saurus means reptiles. The species specific epithet barkhani, honoring the Barkhan which is the host District of dinosaurs. Khetranisaurus barkhani based on long, mid-transversely greater width than mid-ventrodorsal height and no chevron ridges (may be eroded) of anterior caudals; perpendicular ventral and lateral surfaces, a ventral groove of elongated oval/hexagonal shape bounded by wall between the chevron facets depressions, a transverse ventral median ridge formed due to chevron facets depressions and disconnected by oval groove, and a small resistant tubera is found on the ventral margin of anterior articular rim of anterior/midcaudals just on the front of oval groove; no chevron ridges, a faint ventral groove of elongated oval shape of posterior caudals; the ratio of mid-dorsal width to midventral width of mid and posterior caudals is slightly less than 1; and lateral surfaces on ventral view are not observed in mid and posterior caudals due to midventral greater width than mid-dorsal width.
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The cramped layout of the ventral gondola, with the bomb-aiming instruments located in front and the rearwards-aimed ventral defensive machine gun in the rear, made it impossible to perform both bomb-aiming and rear defence simultaneously, so its usefulness was compromised. Because of this, in the later versions which were used exclusively for torpedo-bombing tasks, the ventral weapon and nacelle were removed. The fixed forward Breda machine gun, more suited to offensive tasks and aimed by the pilot, was seldom used defensively, and was often removed or replaced with a smaller calibre gun or mock-up, with an associated gain in speed and range due to the reduction in weight. The rear ventral gondola on the Sparviero was somewhat similar to the almost identically located Bola emplacement on the main wartime production -P and -H subtypes of the Heinkel He 111 German medium bomber, which was only used as a ventral defensive armament mount on the German aircraft.
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The cingulo-opercular network (CO) has generally been equated with the salience network, but it may represent a distinct but adjacent network or a part of the SN. The CO may involve more dorsal areas, while the SN involves more ventral and rostral areas of the anterior insula and medial frontal cortex containing von Economo neurons. The CO is sometimes also referred to as the cingulo-insular network. The ventral attention network (VAN), also known as the ventral frontoparietal network (VFN) or ventral attention system (VAS), has also been equated with the SN. The VAN involves the temporoparietal junction and the ventral frontal cortex and may represent a larger, more bilateral network with more of an external awareness role than the SN. It has been described as including the SN and CO, but it has also been described as a part of the salience network involving the more dorsal anterior insular cortex.
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The ventral (under) surface is cream or pale grey and the tip of the tail is reddish-brown or black.
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SOX1 is expressed particularly in the ventral striatum, and Sox1-deficient mice have altered striatum development, leading e.g. to epilepsy.
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LMX1B is a LIM homeobox transcription factor which plays a central role in dorso-ventral patterning of the vertebrate limb.
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The lower surface of the head is brownish white. The belly and the ventral surface of the tail are blackish.
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The body is strongly laterally compressed posteriorly. The ventral scales are very narrow, only slightly wider than the dorsal scales.
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Generally a silver colored butterfly. On the ventral side, there is a prominent broken sub marginal black line in male.
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Midbody, it has 23 rows of dorsal scales instead of 25, as well as fewer ventral scales and dorsal blotches.
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Boa constrictor occidentalis possesses 242-251 ventral scales, 64-87 dorsal scales, 21-22 supralabial scales, and 45 subcaudal scales.
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Ventral view of a shell of Cosmetalepas africana The size of the shell varies between 14 mm and 50 mm.
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Hind wings with dark fuscous color and pale colored cilia. Ventral side dark with obscure cell-spot and postmedial line.
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A second gunner was stationed rearwards, on top of the centre section and a third fired from a ventral turret.
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The ventral surfaces are black with white flecks. The hidden surfaces of the limbs are brown. The iris is brown.
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There are tufts of bristles on the head and two rows of cilia on the ventral surface of the body.
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A component of the toll pathway, spz is involved in the formation of the dorso-ventral axis in embryonic development.
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Hair is dark grey at the base, with light smoky grey dorsal-side hair and light grey ventral-side hair.
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For example, in a fish, the pectoral fins are dorsal to the anal fin, but ventral to the dorsal fin.
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Sclerotized portions of condylophores fused and incorporated into disto-ventral sclerotized tarsal wall. Pretarsal suckers not developed. Heteromorphic male present.
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The cells then interdigitate to form a single-cell-wide strip that now occupies the ventral midline, the mesectodermal cells.
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At the beginning of flexion, one to three melanophores were present over the ventral edge of the hypural plate anlagen.
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Nannocetus is a diminutive mysticete measuring 13 feet (4 meters) long. It is characterized by the ventral orientation (in posterior view) of the postglenoid process; postglenoid process twisted medially (in ventral view) relative to the anteroposterior axis of the skull; equal projection of the ventral and dorsal lobes of the tympanic than the dorsal lobe; deeper notch separating the two lobes of the tympanic; reniform morphology of the tympanic in ventral view; lip of the tympanic slightly inflated; sub-rectilinear medial edge of the involucrum with a step in its anterior third; anterior process of the petrosal sub-triangular; thin crista transversa of the petrosal; and pars cochlearis hemispherical.V. Bouetel and C. Muizon. 2006. The anatomy and relationships of Piscobalaena nanna (Cetacea, Mysticeti), a Cetotheriidae s.s.
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Paragonimus kellicotti parasites have dorsoventrally flattened, brown, oval-shaped bodies. They are soft-bodied parasites with oral and ventral suckers that are relatively similar in size. They use their ventral suckers to attach to a host. Their tegument is covered with spines, which is a characteristic that sets them apart among other Paragonimus species.
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Group A10 is the largest group of dopaminergic cells in the ventral midbrain tegmentum of rodents and primates. The cells are located for the most part in the ventral tegmental area, the linear nucleus and, in primates, the part of central gray of the midbrain located between the left and right oculomotor nuclear complexes.
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The ventral surface is pale-cream to white in colour peppered by dark brown or black spots. This pale ventral side allows for greater thermal- regulation in extreme temperatures. The evolution of the Gibber Earless Dragon has culminated in the development cryptic colouration in order to remain unseen by predators in its natural environment.
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Their convex dorsum has a broad and joint coxal, which is ventral and is a little higher than the coxae of the adjacent legs. The females have a nearly straight ventral crest on the third segment which is rising from the sides. Cyrtodesmus depressus has a supplementary margin identical to that of C. dentatus.
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Clymenoceras comes from Europe. Juvavionautilus, has a widely umbilicate, slowly expanding, evolute, perforate shell in which the flanks converge on a rounded to flattened venter so that the maximum width is just central of the umbilical shoulders. The suture includes a ventral saddle and broad lateral lobes. In some, there is a secondary ventral lobe.
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The males produce spermatophores with a long cement body and they lack a ventral crest on their hectocotylus. Their suckers have square teeth which ring the entire margin or are placed distally. The males do not have enlarged suckers on the left ventral arm. The tentacular club is expanded and contains suckers in four series.
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True to its character as a trematode, it has an oral sucker 0.15 to 0.18 mm in diameter, and a ventral sucker 0.12 to 0.13 mm in diameter. The oral and ventral suckers are used to grasp and crawl actively about the intestinal tissue of its host, though the worm leaves no extensive mechanical damage.
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The entire body is sparsely pubescent with longer setae clustered around the margin (on the lobes). Setose strumae, verrucae, unclustered setae and chalazae are present on the dorsal and ventral surfaces. The pubescence is dark brown and relatively straight and apically simple. Three pairs of legs are located on the ventral surface of thoracic segments.
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The renopericardial duct is connected to the narrow lumen in the anterior part of the kidney. The connection between the kidney and the nephroduct is narrow and ciliated. The nephroduct is long and looped with a dorsal branch extending backward and a ventral branch forward. The ventral branch is looped dorsally in its distal part.
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The mouth is orientated ventrally, halfway between the anterior end and the ring furrow. The live specimen exhibited an epidermal ventral glandular network branching over two-thirds of the ventral surface. Gametes are present dorsally and ventrally in the body wall. Tissues contain exogenous DNA corresponding to a bivalve mollusk, the vesicomyid Calyptogena pacifica.
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Species of Cardipeltis superficially resemble those of cyathaspids in having a flattened body and indistinct head covered by a large, broad, guitar pick or heart-shaped dorsal shield, and a long, scaly tail. Unlike cyathaspids, which all have a single ventral plate, however, the ventral shield of Cardipeltis is a mosaic composed of large scales.
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When the flb gene is mutated, several phenotypic abnormalities during development can be viewed. The first is that the embryo will form a ball of dorsal hypoderm. This is because flb is responsible for the formation of the ventral cuticle. Without the complete formation of the ventral cuticle only dorsal structures will be present.
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The bases of the ventral scales are darker than their edges. They are darkest toward the middle of the belly and nearest the midline. The ventral scales decrease in size toward the neck and limbs, becoming rounder and less dark. Going down the tail, the scales get longer and narrower and start to taper.
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Ctenopseustis obliquana, the brownheaded leafroller, is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is native to New Zealand and is an introduced species in Hawaii. The common name is also used for the related species Ctenopseustis herana and Ctenopseustis fraterna. Female, ventral view Male, ventral view The wingspan can range up to 25 mm.
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The siphuncle is subcentral, ventral of the dorsal septal flexture. The suture is simple, goniatitic, with essentially symmetrical, undivided lobes. The ventral lobe is moderately wide, lanceolate or linguate, tongue-shaped; the dorsal lobe deep and narrow. The lateral and umbilical lobes (2 pairs) are broad, the internal lobes narrow and close to the dorsal.
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The connections of the amygdalofugal pathway to the nucleus accumbens plays a role in the perception of a stimulus as either gratifying or aversive. The nucleus accumbens, along with other regions of the ventral striatum and the prefrontal cortex, is one of the major targets of ascending dopaminergic pathways originating from the ventral tegmental area.
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These rami are called the intercostal nerves. In regions other than the thoracic, ventral rami converge with each other to form networks of nerves called nerve plexuses. Within each plexus, fibers from the various ventral rami branch and become redistributed so that each nerve exiting the plexus has fibers from several different spinal nerves.
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Cai Qiao or Chiao Tsai () was a Chinese physiologist and physician. Cai is famous for his discovery in 1920s, the ventral tegmental area, which also known as the ventral tegmental area of Tsai. He was elected as a member of Academia Sinica in 1948, also a member of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1955.
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This is a heavy-bodied, medium sized garter snake. It has an oval-shaped head with two supralabial scales, two preocular scales, and a distinct black blotch on the dorsal surface of its neck. It has 149-165 ventral and 63-70 caudal scales. Ventral scales are heavily pigmented, often forming an irregular black stripe.
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The tuber cinereum is a hollow eminence of the middle-ventral hypothalamus, specifically the arcuate nucleus, situated between the mammillary bodies and the optic chiasm. In addition to the ventral hypothalamus, the tuber cinereum includes the median eminence and pituitary gland. Together with the hollow itself, it is sometimes referred to as the pituitary stalk.
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Ephippioceratidae is a family of clydonatilacean nautilids with shells as in the Liroceratidae but with sutures that have deep ventral and dorsal saddles. This group, which contains two genera, Ephippioceras and Megaglossoceras, has a range from the Mississippian to the Lower Permian. Ephippioceras, which has the full range of the family, has a broad, narrowly peaked ( V-shaped) ventral saddle and may have been derived from Liroceras early in the Mississippian. Megaglossoceras from the Pennsylvanian of North America, with its large, broadly arched, tongue-like ventral saddle is an obvious offshoot of Ephippioceras.
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Most of the dorsal (back) vertebrae were tall and amphicoelous, and possessed a pair of ventral keels adjacent to the midline, separated by a shallow groove. These ventral keels are similar to those of the unusual aquatic archosauriform Vancleavea, although not as pronounced. Considering that Nundasuchus is not closely related to Vancleavea, its ventral keels were probably an example of convergent evolution, and they can be considered a unique trait compared to other archosaurs. The rib facets were short, positioned high on the vertebrae at the base of the neural arches.
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The ventral portion of the olfactory tubercle consists of three layers, whereas the dorsal portion contains dense cell clusters and adjoins the ventral pallidum (within the basal ganglia). The structure of the most ventral and anterior parts of the tubercle can be defined as anatomically defined hills (consisting of gyri and sulci) and clusters of cells. The most common cell types in the olfactory tubercle are medium-size dense spine cells found predominantly in layer II (dense cell layer). The dendrites of these cells are covered by substance p immunoreactive (S.
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Goodale has also used fMRI to study of object recognition and visually-guided grasping in a patient with damage to the ventral stream. These and other neuroimaging studies of object recognition and grasping in the Goodale laboratory have provided additional support for the proposed division of labour between the dorsal and ventral streams. Recent advances in understanding of human visuomotor control along with major advances in fMRI neural network analysis will likely expand on the rather simplistic view of the dorsal and ventral streams, integrating them into large scale whole brain networks.
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Dorsal mesentery, of the jejunal and ileal loops, forms the mesentery proper. The ventral mesentery, located in the region of the terminal part of the esophagus, the stomach and the upper part of the duodenum, is derived from the septum transversum. Growth of the liver into the mesenchyme of the septum transversum divides the ventral mesentery into the lesser omentum, extending from the lower portion of the esophagus, the stomach, and the upper portion of the duodenum to the liver and the falciform ligament, extending from the liver to the ventral body wall.
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Its two attachments are commonly referred to as the dorsal mesogastrium and the ventral mesogastrium. As the stomach rotates during early development, the dorsal and ventral mesentery rotate with it; this rotation produces a space anterior to the expanding stomach called the greater sac, and a space posterior to the stomach called the lesser sac. After this rotation the dorsal mesentery thins and forms the greater omentum, which is attached to the greater curvature of the stomach. The ventral mesentery forms the lesser omentum, and is attached to the developing liver.
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The mesolimbic pathway and its positioning in relation to the other dopaminergic pathways The mesolimbic pathway is a collection of dopaminergic (i.e., dopamine-releasing) neurons that project from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the ventral striatum, which includes the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and olfactory tubercle.Figure 3: The ventral striatum and self-administration of amphetamine It is one of the component pathways of the medial forebrain bundle, which is a set of neural pathways that mediate brain stimulation reward. The VTA is located in the midbrain and consists of dopaminergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurons.
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Incomplete digestion of plant material here will result in the formation of a type of bezoar called Phytobezoars. At a certain point, particles are dense and small enough that they may “fall” through the rumen mat into the ventral sac below, or they may be swept out of the rumen mat into the reticulum by liquid gushing through the mat during ruminal contractions. Once in the ventral sac, digesta continues to ferment at decreased rates, further losing buoyancy and decreasing in particle size. It is soon swept into the ventral reticulum by ruminal contractions.
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Doryteuthis is a genus of squid from the waters of the western Atlantic and eastern Pacific off the coast of the Americas species are the common inshore squids of American waters. Some species are important quarry species for fisheries. In Doryteuthis the tentacular clubs are expanded and bear suckers in 4 series. The hectocotylus is on the left ventral arm IV with unmodified suckers near the base, lack of a ventral crest while the reduced on elongated stalks form papillae on the dorsal series or on both dorsal and ventral series.
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Despite cross-talk between the dorsal and ventral cortices, fMRI results suggest that those with ventral cortex damage are less sensitive to object 3D structure than those with dorsal cortex damage. Unlike the ventral cortex, the dorsal cortex can compute object representations. Thus, those with object recognition impairments are more likely to have acquired damage to the dorsal cortex. Those suffering from Alzheimer’s disease show a reduction in stereognosis, the ability to perceive and recognize the form of an object in the absence of visual and auditory information.
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The basal ganglia can be divided into several sectors, and each is involved in controlling particular types of actions. The ventral sector of the basal ganglia (containing the ventral striatum and ventral tegmental area) operates at the highest level of the hierarchy, selecting actions at the whole-organism level. The dorsal sectors (containing the dorsal striatum and substantia nigra) operate at lower levels, selecting the specific muscles and movements that are used to implement a given behavior pattern. Dopamine contributes to the action selection process in at least two important ways.
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Beekmanoceras is a small cephalopod from the Middle Canadian Epoch of New York with a loosely coiled, gyroconic, shell in which the whorls are not in contact and the siphuncle is on the inner or concave side of the whorl. Furnish and Glenister (1964) placed Beekmanoceras in the Trocholitidae (Tarphycerida), interpreting the curvature to be ventral side convex, i.e. exogastastric and the siphuncle to be dorsal. Flower (1964) included Beekmanoceras in the Ellesmeroceratidae believing the siphuncle to be ventral and the curvature to be endogastric with the ventral side concave.
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The ventral activity of the TGF-β family signaling protein Dpp is maintained by the expression of the secreted Dpp-antagonist Sog (short gastrulation) in the neuroectoderm. Sog binds to and prevents Dpp from diffusing to the ventral side of the embryo and through the cleavage of Sog by Tolloid also enables a sharpening of the Dpp gradient on the dorsal side. The DV axis of Drosophila is due to the interaction of two gradients – a ventral concentration of nuclear Dorsal and a dorsal concentration of Dpp activity.
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The nucleus is situated in the caudal portion of the ventrolateral pontine tegmentum. Its axons take an unusual course, traveling dorsally and looping around the abducens nucleus, then traveling ventrally to exit the ventral pons medial to the spinal trigeminal nucleus. These axons form the motor component of the facial nerve, with parasympathetic and sensory components forming the intermediate nerve. The nucleus has a dorsal and ventral region, with neurons in the dorsal region innervating muscles of the upper face and neurons in the ventral region innervating muscles of the lower face.
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It is typically associated with abnormal embryological development, however adult cases can develop. It can result from growth of a bifid ventral pancreatic bud around the duodenum, where the parts of the bifid ventral bud fuse with the dorsal bud, forming a pancreatic ring. It can also result if the ventral pancreatic bud fails to fully rotate, so it remains on the right or if the dorsal bud rotates in the wrong direction, such that the duodenum is surrounded by pancreatic tissue. Blockage of the duodenum develops if inflammation (pancreatitis) develops in the annular pancreas.
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Regions involved in reward are common targets of manipulation in animal models of depression, including the nucleus accumbens (NAc), ventral tegmental area (VTA), ventral pallidum (VP), lateral habenula (LHb) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Tentative fMRI studies in humans demonstrate elevated LHb activity in depression. The lateral habenula projects to the RMTg to drive inhibition of dopamine neurons in the VTA during omission of reward. In animal models of depression, elevated activity has been reported in LHb neurons that project to the ventral tegmental area (ostensibly reducing dopamine release).
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Brief communication: Proportions of the ventral half of the cerebellar dentate nucleus in humans and great apes. [Article]. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 114(2), 163–165. While it is generally accepted that the ventral region is more recent on an evolutionary timescale, current 3-Dimensional imaging raises questions regarding this assumption, as a third axis, the rostrocaudal axis, can now be analyzed. In addition, current images show that the ventral region is not physically larger than the dorsal region in humans, as would be predicted if size increases with cognitive function.
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The ventral striatum is believed to play a role in reward and other limbic functions. The dorsal striatum is divided into the caudate and putamen by the internal capsule while the ventral striatum is composed of the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle. The caudate has three primary regions of connectivity, with the head of the caudate demonstrating connectivity to the prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex and amygdala. The body and tail show differentiation between the dorsolateral rim and ventral caudate, projecting to the sensorimotor and limbic regions of the striatum respectively.
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X. mauretanica type specimen, showing biaramous appendages Drawing of the ventral morphology of X. mauretanica Xandarella is an extinct genus of Xandarellid artiopodan known from the Cambrian of China and Morocco, the type species was described in 1991 from the Chengjiang Biota in China. An additional species Xandarella mauretanica was described from the Cambrian Stage 5 Tatelt Formation in Morocco in 2017, which only preseved the ventral anatomy. Like other Xandarellids, the exoskeleton is unmineralised. The cephalon has pronounced eye slits, presumably derived from ancestral ventral stalked eyes.
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Specifically, it is the turtles large liver that pulls or pushes on the lungs. Ventral to the lungs, in the coelomic cavity, the liver of turtles is attached directly to the right lung, and their stomach is directly attached to the left lung by the ventral mesopneumonium, which is attached to their liver by the ventral mesentery. When the liver is pulled down, inspiration begins. Supporting the lungs is the post-pulmonary septum, which is found in all Testudines, and is thought to prevent the lungs from collapsing.
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This spider can be identified by colored markings on the dorsal side of its abdomen rather than on the ventral side.
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The dorsal hindwing is dirty gray brown, but lighter near the base. The ventral surfaces of both wings are gray brown.
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A common plan for dorso-ventral patterning in Bilateria. Nature 380, 37-40. the last common ancestor of vertebrates and invertebrates.
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The dorsal surface of this fish is brown and does not bear any placoid scales, and the ventral surface is white.
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Stimulation of the periaqueductal gray area elicited ipsilateral spinal bending while stimulation of the ventral tegmental area elicited contralateral spinal bending.
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Its ventral fur is entirely gray- based. Its hind foot is less than 14 mm, which is short for the genus.
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2003 The dorsal striatum and the ventral striatum have different populations of the cholinergic interneurons showing a marked difference in shape.
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It is formed by the union of the dorsal AV cushion and ventral AV cushion. This septum divides the atrioventricular canal.
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The flanks are light brown and re reticulated with large black spots. The ventral surface has irregular brown and cream markings.
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Dorsal and ventral views of a male The sunset morpho is only found in the northern Amazon basin and the Guianas.
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Mice lacking Ngn2 have fewer motor neurons and ventral interneurons, indicating that Ngn2 plays a role in specification of these neurons.
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The ventral surface is mostly white, however it has some red and dark blotches as well as red in the thighs.
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There are 134–170 ventral scales. Subspecies V. a. aspis averages fewer than 150 ventrals, while V. a. atra averages more.
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The ventral cavity includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and their subdivisions. The dorsal cavity includes the cranial and spinal cavities.
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The siphuncle is ventral and tubular. ( 1964.). A member of the Tetragonoceratidae, Tetragonoceras is also a component of the superfamily Tainocerataceae.
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Bactroceras differs from the later cephalopod Bactrites in being more circular in cross section and having deeper V-shaped ventral lobes.
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BMP4 is found in early embryonic development in the ventral marginal zone and in the eye, heart blood and otic vesicle.
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Then, one of two responses are elicited: running (through the ventral giant interneurons) or flying/running (through the dorsal giant interneurons).
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The outer margin of hindwings sometimes evenly curved, or excised below apex. Ventral side lack rough scales on hindwings of male.
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Dorsally, D. savagei is dark reddish brown, with yellowish spots which tend to form transverse dashes. The ventral surfaces are white.
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The larvae are dark gray black with a white ventral area."Euthyatira pudens (Guenée)". Pacific Northwest Moths. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
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It is situated on the actinal or ventral surface of the future starfish, and is related to the left peritoneal vesicle.
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So, for example, the tetrapod splenial developed a medially-directed twist of the ventral margin, exposing the splenial ventrally and mesially.
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The bases of the fins, apart from the dorsal fin, are decorated with tubercles (cone-shaped scales) and the ventral surface of the disc is covered by distinct scales. The dorsal surface of the fish is usually a uniform reddish-grey, but specimens in the eastern Atlantic sometimes have reticulated markings. The ventral surface is paler.
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The Forrest's pika (Ochotona forresti) is a species of mammal in the pika family, Ochotonidae. It is found in Bhutan, China, India, and Myanmar. The summer dorsal pelage and ventral pelage are dark rufous or blackish brown, and the winter dorsal pelage is a grayish brown, slightly lighter in tone than the ventral pelage. It is a generalist herbivore.
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The bat is medium- sized for a member of the genus Rhinolophus, with pale lips and grey-brown ears and flight membranes. The fur is relatively thick, with the base of hairs grey-white. Ventral fur is almost white, while dorsal fur is grey-brown; the line between the dorsal and ventral sides is relatively sharp.
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Gonionaedyceras' has a strongly curved cyrtoconic shell with an asymmetric subtriangular whorl section. The inside, or dorsal, curvature is obliquely flattened and sides converge onto a narrow, ventral, outside curvature that bears a rounded to angular ridge. Sutures have dorsal and lateral lobes and umbilical and ventral saddles. Umbilical saddles are sharper on the left than on the right.
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The gemmae are bilaterally symmetrical and are not differentiated into dorsal and ventral surfaces. The mature gemmae fall on the ground and if conditions are suitable their germination starts immediately. The surface of the gemma which comes in contact of the soil gives out many rhizoids. This surface eventually becomes the lower(ventral) surface of the thallus.
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Paleognathes are named for a characteristic, complex architecture of the bones in the bony palate. Cracraft (1974) defined it with five characters. # The vomer is large and articulates with the premaxillae and maxillopalatines anteriorly. Posteriorly the vomer fuses to the ventral surface of the pterygoid, and the palatines fuse to the ventral surface of this pterygovomer articulation.
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Shells of these nektonic carnivores are variable in form, depending on species; ranges from evolute to involute, compressed lenticular to globose with rounded to flattened venter and flanks. The suture generally has shallow ventral and lateral lobes. The location of the siphuncle is variable, but never at an extreme ventral or dorsal position (Kümmel 1964, K449).
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According to what Brink compiled, the basioccipital of Bauria contributes in the typical therocephalian-scaloposaurid manner to the occipital condyle. In Bauria, the three exoccipitals are of equal size. The shape of the rest of the basioccipital in ventral view doesn't differ too much from other related forms like Ictidosuchops. The opisthotic contribution is visible in ventral view.
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At midbody there are 17-19 rows of dorsal scales. The ventral scales number 118-137 in females and 124-144 in males. The subcaudal scales number 14-23 in females and 15-26 in males. Within the range of this species, the ventral scale counts increase from south to north and from east to west.
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The first section of the dual stream model is the ventral pathway. This pathway incorporates middle temporal gyrus, inferior temporal sulcus and perhaps the inferior temporal gyrus. The ventral pathway shows phonological representations to the lexical or conceptual representations, which is the meaning of the words. The second section of the dual stream model is the dorsal pathway.
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Significant projections occur to the thalamus (ventral lateral and ventral anterior nuclei), superior colliculus, and other caudal nuclei from the pars reticulata (the nigrothalamic pathway), which use GABA as their neurotransmitter. In addition, these neurons form up to five collaterals that branch within both the pars compacta and pars reticulata, likely modulating dopaminergic activity in the pars compacta.
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The mouth is orientated ventrally, halfway between the anterior end and the ring furrow. The live specimens exhibited an epidermal ventral glandular network branching over two-thirds of the ventral surface. Gametes are present dorsally and ventrally in the body wall. Tissues contain exogenous DNA corresponding to bivalve mollusks, the vesicomyid Archivesica diagonalis and Calyptogena pacifica.
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It had "type II" retroarticular process and proportionally shorter humeri than P. funkei. As also seen in CAMSM J.29564, it had cervical centra with ventral surface ornamentation, but lacking a ventral keel. According to Benson et al. (2013), the flat morphology of the proximal surface of the radius or tibia suggests that CAMSM J.35991 is a juvenile.
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Apart from the autapomorphy noted above and trihedral teeth, P. rossicus possesses the following combination of characters (based on its holotype): 5 premaxillary tooth pairs; cervical vertebrae with ornamented ventral surface, but lacking ventral keel; proportionally shorter humeri than P. funkei, less than 4.5 times the average width of cervical centra, versus more than 7 times.
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The ventral scales are small, dark, and purple, poorly developed at maturity. The peculiar oil bodies found in so many liverworts are found scattered throughout the thallus, ventral scales, and sporogonial receptacle. Cryptomitrium does not reproduce asexually via gemmae. It usually reaches its best development in February or March, depending on the amount and distribution of the winter rainfall.
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The curvature may be dorsal or ventral . These curvatures may be the result of an incisor malocclusion (e.g. ventral=overbite/dorsal=underbite). The curvature may also be diagonal, stemming from a wear pattern, offset incisors, or pain in the cheek teeth (rather than the incisors), which causes the horse to chew in one direction over the other.
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Sholakoceras is an extinct genus of nautiloid cephalopods from the Lower Permian of southern Russia, included in the Tainoceratacean family Rhiphaeoceratidae,(order Nautilida). The shell of Shalakoceras is evolute with a perforate (see through) umbilicus. Whorl sections are subquadrate with the ventral and lateral sides flattened and ventral and umbilical shoulders rounded. Lateral areas bear short, slightly oblique ribs.
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Lampadioteuthis megaleia is a small squid which grows to a mantle length of 40 mm. In males the right ventral arm is hectocotylized with an enlarged protective membrane over the mid-arm. It has four ocular photophores, arranged as three in a ventral line and one positioned laterally. The tentacles have five photophores which are set on a stalk.
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Both are components of the mid brain. The largest component of the basal ganglia is the striatum. The substantia nigra sends a dopaminergic projection to the dorsal striatum, while the ventral tegmental area sends a similar type of dopaminergic projection to the ventral striatum. Progress in understanding the functions of the basal ganglia has been slow.
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The ventral side displays a yellow belly, transitioning to dark orange under tail. It can be differentiated from D. p. punctatus, with which it intergrades, by its black ventral markings that present as irregular black spots or paired black spots down the middle, rather than the a single row of black spots found in D. p. punctatus.
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Its body is silvery, dorsal fin is light orange red in color, pectoral and anal fin is greenish yellow in color, with ventral fin yellow, caudal fin dusky and it also has a dusky spot present on 21 and 22 scales. Pectoral fin longer and it reaches ventral fin. Many longitudinal lines present below lateral line.
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The tongue can also divide itself in dorsal and ventral surface. The dorsal surface is a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium which is characterized by numerous mucosal projections called papillae. The lingual papillae covers the dorsal side of the tongue towards the front of the terminal groove . The ventral surface is stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium which is smooth.
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A. conchicola has a large ventral opisthaptor that extends most of its body's length, which is divided into sections called alveoli or loculi. It also possesses a longitudinal septum, a horizontal layer of muscle and connective tissue that separates the dorsal and ventral compartments of the body. The tegument is similar to that of other parasitic flatworms.
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It is involved in the special sense of vision and sends its superior brachium to the lateral geniculate body of the diencephalon. The tegmentum which forms the floor of the midbrain, is ventral to the cerebral aqueduct. Several nuclei, tracts, and the reticular formation are contained here. The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is composed of paired cerebral peduncles.
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Picture of the ventral and dorsal streams. The ventral stream is depicted in purple and the dorsal stream is depicted in green. Agnosia is the inability to process sensory information. Often there is a loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells while the specific sense is not defective nor is there any significant memory loss.
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When non-motor cerebral cortex excites the striate body, the caudate and putamen specifically inhibit neurons in the globus pallidus and subthalamus. This specific disinhibition enables movement initiation, by releasing excitatory thalamic neurons. ; Ventral striatum Functionally strongly associated with emotional and motivational aspects of behavior. Strongly innervated by dopaminergic fibers from the ventral tegmental area (VTA).
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Afro Moths The length of the forewings is about 5.3 mm. The forewings are black with a blue-green sheen dorsally and irregularly and sparsely scattered with reddish, indistinct scales. The ventral side is purplish, brown-black, towards the base paler. The hindwings are as the ventral side of the forewings dorsally and ventrally, but are sometimes slightly lighter.
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The dorsal side is grey-brown, with sometimes a slight reddish tinge, while the ventral side is grey-white or yellow-white.
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Hindwings brownish ochreous. The inner area clothed with fuscous hair. A broad diffused sub-marginal fuscous band present. Ventral side brownish ochreous.
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The adventitious lobe of the suture is widely rounded and asymmetric, the ventral lobe and saddle small, the dorsolateral saddle relatively short.
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The mouth is ventral. Typhlobelus has a long duck- billed rostrum that protrudes anteriorly well beyond the bases of the maxillary barbels.
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The external oblique muscle is supplied by ventral branches of the lower six thoracoabdominal nerves and the subcostal nerve on each side.
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The dorsal side of the fish is mottled yellow olive, the ventral surface lighter; adults are less obviously mottled than the juveniles.
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The proximal pulmonary artery is right and ventral, and the distal portion of the pulmonary artery is in the left dorsal portion.
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Epipsocids are barklice found primarily in tropical regions, and one of their distinguishing characteristics is the hairy ventral surface of the forewing.
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Antennae blackish brown. Eyes brown with faint yellow ocelli. A tan spot near claval fork absent. Trifurcated ventral margin of the periandrium.
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The tuna's dorsal side is generally a metallic dark blue, while the ventral side, or underside, is silvery or whitish, for camouflage.
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The ventral surface is very strongly marbled black and white, with a bluish colour in some areas between the black and white.
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The name of the species refers to the striking resemblance between the ventral hindwing of this species and that of Enos myrtea.
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The species name is derived from Greek (meaning back) and (meaning scale) corresponding to scales on the ventral surface of the hindwings.
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Abdoemen is black. Segments 2 and 3 are narrowly yellow along the ventral border. Segment 10 prominently keeled. Anal appendages are black.
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There are no photophores between these ventral windows and the photophores on the eyelids. They grow to a mantle length of 92mm.
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Adult females measure in snout–vent length (based on two specimens); males are unknown. Ventral colouration is immaculate. Thigh colouration is light.
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The thighs are barred. The ventral colouration is yellow with some dark specks. Pristimantis ridens can be very similar to Pristimantis cruentus.
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Ventral surfaces are lightly mottled. Cophixalus nubicola is similar to Cophixalus parkeri but has shorter legs and less well- developed finger discs.
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The ventral surfaces are light brown with fine, darker mottling. The chin is slightly lighter than the rest of the lower surfaces.
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Skin is dorsally quite granular or warty. Also ventral region is also very granular, apart from the throat that is fairly smooth.
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On its ventral side, one can see thin ridges that generally diverge from the center and all curve in a similar direction.
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Medlicottidae are characterized by discoidal to thinly lenticular shells and sutures with a narrow ventral lobe and a modified first lateral saddle.
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Physiological absorption of liquid water by Collembola: absorption by the ventral tube at different salinities. Journal of Insect Physiology 28:11–20.
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Midbody has 17 scale rows. There are 162–207 ventral scales and 37–56 subcaudal scales. The scales are smooth and iridescent.
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The bats have russet brown dorsal pelage and gray brown ventral pelage. The species has a forearm length of 37.2-40.2 mm.
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The dorsum is blue- black and the venter is cream. The border between the dorsal and ventral coloration has a serrated pattern.
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Females have at least two rows of oocytes and the spicule on the male nematodes is a short ventral process without outgrowths.
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The radio operator/gunner sat aft of the wing, operating Darne machine guns in dorsal and ventral positions.Green 1967, pp. 23–24.
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In Aplysia californica, the oral tentacles, which are situated in a more ventral position, are possibly involved in contact chemoreception and mechanoreception.
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The colour of the body is greyish-brown, pale on the ventral side with a narrow, longitudinal black band on the flanks.
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There, it terminates in the tegmentum of the midbrain at the dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei and the tegmental pontine reticular nucleus.
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The establishment of leaf dorsiventrality is important since the dorsal (adaxial) surface of the leaf is different from the ventral (abaxial) surface.
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The ventral wall of the mesenteron is at first formed solely of yolk held together by a protoplasmic network with numerous nuclei.
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Rhizoids developed mainly on the ventral surface of the young prothallus but they also could be observed on the mature prothallial margins.
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All members of the genus Cylindrophis share the following five characteristics: 1) a relatively blunt head, not distinct from the neck, with minute eyes and a mental groove; 2) the absence of well-developed ventral scales, with ventral scales only slightly larger than or equal in size to the dorsal scales; (3) the presence of a pair of pelvic spurs in both sexes; (4) a very short tail, often with conspicuous ventral coloration; and (5) contrasting light and dark ventral blotching. The body is cylindrical, with a near-uniform diameter, which leads to the name "pipe snakes". All species are small- to medium-sized, with total lengths ranging from 12.5 cm (5 inches) to 85.7 cm (34 inches). The teeth are moderate and subequal, with 10–12 in each maxilla and none in the premaxilla.
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Finally, the distance between the ventral wings of the upper pitchers is greater in N. kongkandana (10–12 mm versus 4–6 mm).
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Genital synus presented. Ventral and genital suckers usually not combined. Cirrus and bursa absent. Two testes located in posterior part of the body.
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The distinct ventral surface (the chest and belly) has a prominent white mark on a black background. The face resembles a brown "mask".
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The ventral arc is a ridge of bone on the inferior aspect of the anterior surface of the pubis present only in females.
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The first two leg pairs are enlarged with weak ventral spines. The legs are generally yellow, with black tinging at the first pair.
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The specific name refers to the shape of the ventral lobe of the cucullus and is derived from Latin nasus (meaning a nose).
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The ventral tegmental area is in contact with parts of the forebrain – the mammillary bodies (from the telencephalon) and hypothalamus (of the diencephalon).
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The species name is derived from Latin crenula (meaning a notch) and refers to the emarginate ventral margin of the male valva base.
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Hindwings with medial and submarginal bands. Ventral side is with more prominent crimson bands. Larvae have been recorded on Mallotus and Clinostigma species.
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Ibrahim, H., Winklbauer, R., 2001. Mechanisms of Mesendoderm Internalization in the Xenopus Gastrula: Lessons from the Ventral Side. Developmental Biology. 240, 108–122.
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The specific name is taken from the Latin words venter ("belly"), and flavus ("yellow"), referring to the coloration of the species' ventral surfaces.
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Ventral scales number 116-122 and are rounded. Subcaudals are 19-23 and are single (undivided). The anal plate is single.U.S. Navy (1965).
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In the Unkenreflex, the toad arches its back, raising its front and back legs to display the aposematic coloration of its ventral side.
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This squat lobster is an orange-red colour with white-tipped legs and chelae, pinkish lateral carapace spines and a paler ventral surface.
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In juveniles of this species, the dorsal stripe is weak or absent. Large young have prominent dorsal and ventral spotting and yellow feet.
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This lady beetle is similar in appearance to Chilocorus stigma, but the ventral surface is brown whereas that of C. stigma is black.
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The ventral side is white, with brown spotting in the breast. Throat is dark grey in males but spotted with brown in females.
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Posteriorly the expanded vanes of the gladius are visible in the dorsal view. Right: Ventral and dorsal views of a very advanced paralarva.
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The ventral surface is unicolorous light brown. The biotope consists of subtropical forest vegetation. All specimens were collected at light in mid-September.
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Hindwings fuscous. Cilia chequered rufous and fuscous. Ventral side with indistinct cell-spot and postmedial line. Females often have a dark brown costa.
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Fins are separated, rounded, and completely rayed. Anterior fins beginning below the ventral ganglion. Alimentary diverticula present. Eyes with small, round pigment spot.
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Segments are subfusiform; generally straighter on the dorsal side and more expanded on the ventral side. No cameral or endosiphuncle deposits are known.
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The pectoral fin base is golden yellow, the ventral is white with a yellowish tip and the caudal fin is hyaline to dusky.
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Same as for B. t. taeniatus, except that B. t. lichenosus has fewer ventral scales and fewer subcaudal scales.Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004.
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The different combinations of expression of these transcription factors along the dorsal-ventral axis of the neural tube are responsible for creating the identity of the neuronal progenitor cells. Five molecularly distinct groups of ventral neurons form from these neuronal progenitor cells in vitro. Also, the position at which these neuronal groups are generated in vivo can be predicted by the concentration of Shh required for their induction in vitro. Studies have shown that neural progenitors can evoke different responses based on the length of exposure to Shh, with a longer exposure time resulting in more ventral cell types.
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This was further supported by an observed absence of ventral commissure (i.e. corpus callosum) development in mice lacking either netrin-1 or DCC. Similar results were observed in experiments with the netrin-1 homolog UNC-6 discovered in C. elegans The same early expression and formation of a protein concentration gradient emanating from the ventral midline is observed in epidermal cells of the developing worm. Evidence suggests that this gradient is essential for the long-range function of UNC-6 in guiding the initial circumferential migration of axons to the ventral midline and that the UNC-40 receptor mediates the attractive response.
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On the upper surface, the dorsal scutum covers most of the abdomen. On the lower surface, the ventral scutum is divided into two halves by the epigastric furrow, so that sources variously describe it as one or two scuta, making two or three scuta in total. A diagnostic character of the genus Triaeris is the long patella; the patella of the first leg of T. stenaspis is almost as long as the tibia. In adults, the first leg has three pairs of spines on the ventral surface of the patella and five pairs on ventral surface of the tibia.
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The last three genera are from the Triassic, none having crossed from the Permian. Grypoceras, given simply a Triassic, is like Domatoceras but tending to be more involute and to have more rounded ventral shoulders. Menuthionautilus from the Lower Triassic has a rapidly expanding, smooth involute shell with a deep dorsal impression, broadly convex flanks and rounded venter, suture with a shallow ventral lobe and siphuncle positioned against the venter. Gryponautilus from the Upper Triassic is broadly involute with a narrowly rounded, keel-like venter at maturity and shallow ventral and lateral lobes in the suture.
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The position of the nuclei along the embryonic axes determines the relative exposure of different amounts of Bicoid, Nanos, and other morphogens. Those nuclei with more Bicoid will activate genes that promote differentiation of cells into head and thorax structures. Nuclei exposed to more Nanos will activate genes responsible for differentiation of posterior regions, such as the abdomen and germ cells. The same principles hold true for the specification of the dorso- ventral axis – higher concentration of nuclear Dorsal protein on the ventral side of the egg specify the ventral fate, whereas absence thereof allows dorsal fates.
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At first they may be confused with slugs or leeches, but they lack the anterior tentacles of slugs and the segmentation of leeches. Their size vary greatly, from a few millimeters in length to about one meter. The most distinguishing feature that characterizes land planarians is the presence of a creeping sole, a highly ciliated region on the ventral epidermis that helps them to creep over the substrate. The creeping sole may be wide and flat, occupying most of the ventral surface, or narrow and pronounced, being easily distinguished from the rest of the ventral surface.
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It contains a low-level description of the local orientation, spatial-frequency and color properties within small receptive fields. Primary visual cortex projects to the occipital areas of the ventral stream (visual area V2 and visual area V4), and the occipital areas of the dorsal stream—visual area V3, visual area MT (V5), and the dorsomedial area (DM). The ventral stream is known for the processing the "what" in vision, while the dorsal stream handles the "where/how." This is because the ventral stream provides important information for the identification of stimuli that are stored in memory.
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The males are mainly yellowish-green or green with seven brown bands on the dorsal surface, a large dark spot on the shoulder and the limbs and tail banded transversely in dark brown. The ventral surface is yellowish-green or yellow, the dewlap reddish brown and the ventral side of the hind limbs cream with reddish-brown reticulations. The females are somewhat similar but have a greenish head with a blue tongue, and the basal colour of the body is blackish-brown. There is a cream vertebral stripe, the dewlap is purplish-brown and the ventral surface is darker than in males.
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Usually only the rostrum and part of the lower lip are visible above the surface of the water as it breaks the surface and often the tops of the extended ventral pleats. Oblique lunges are executed at a greater angle (about 45°) and entirely expose the extended ventral pleats; at times the entire body exits the water in a low, porpoising-like breach. During a lateral lunge the whale breaks the surface on its side, while during vertical and ventral lunges the whale exits the water at a 90° angle and while on its back, respectively.
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In addition to having the pronotum and petiole completely finely reticulate, Aenictus gutianshanensis can be easily distinguished from Aenictus vieti and Aenictus camposi by the following characters (characters for Aenictus vieti and Aenictus camposi are given in brackets): ventral margin of subpetiolar process almost straight (ventral margin convex), femora densely punctate (smooth and shiny in Jaitrong et al. 2010, but superficially and irregularly sculptured and shiny in two paratypes examined by the reviewer), postpetiolar process more developed with a rim below (less developed, without ventral rim), and longest standing hairs on pronotal dorsum distinctly longer (maximal 0.13 mm).
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Formation of the dorsal- ventral axis is dependent on the ventral nuclear concentration of a maternally synthesized transcription factor called Dorsal. The determination of the dorsal side of the embryo occurs during oogenesis when the oocyte nucleus moves along microtubules from the posterior to the anterior-dorsal margin of the oocyte. The nucleus expresses a protein called Gurken which is secreted locally and thus only activates follicle cells in the dorsal region by interacting with the Torpedo receptor. This inhibits the production of Pipe protein and thus follicular cells expressing Pipe are on the ventral side.
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In the study of neurolinguistics, the ventral premotor cortex has been implicated in motor vocabularies in both speech and manual gestures. A mental syllabary — a repository of gestural scores for the most highly used syllables in a language — has been linked to the ventral premotor cortex in a large-scale meta-analysis of functional imaging studies. A recent prospective fMRI study that was designed to distinguish phonemic and syllable representations in motor codes provided further evidence for this view by demonstrating adaptation effects in the ventral premotor cortex to repeating syllables. The premotor cortex is now generally divided into four sections.
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The major input to the cochlear nucleus is from the auditory nerve, a part of cranial nerve VIII (the vestibulocochlear nerve). The auditory nerve fibers form a highly organized system of connections according to their peripheral innervation of the cochlea. Axons from the spiral ganglion cells of the lower frequencies innervate the ventrolateral portions of the ventral cochlear nucleus and lateral-ventral portions of the dorsal cochlear nucleus. The axons from the higher frequency organ of corti hair cells project to the dorsal portion of the ventral cochlear nucleus and the dorsal-medial portions of the dorsal cochlear nucleus.
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M.alfredi with cephalic fins rolled up (Yap, Micronesia) The two species of manta differ in color patterns, dermal denticles, and dentition. M. birostris has more angular shoulder markings, larger ventral dark spots on the abdominal region, charcoal-colored ventral outlines on the pectoral fins, and a dark colored mouth. The shoulder markings of M. alfredi are more rounded, while its ventral spots are located near the posterior end and between the gill slits, and the mouth is white or pale colored. The denticles have multiple cusps and overlap in M. birostris, while those of M. alfredi are evenly spaced and lack cusps.
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The SHH concentration gradient has been visualized in the neural tube of mice engineered to express a SHH::GFP fusion protein to show this graded distribution of SHH during the time of ventral neural tube patterning. It is thought that the SHH gradient works to elicit multiple different cell fates by a concentration and time-dependent mechanism that induces a variety of transcription factors in the ventral progenitor cells. Each of the ventral progenitor domains expresses a highly individualized combination of transcription factors—Nkx2 .2 Olig2 Nkx6.1 Nkx 6.2 Dbx1 Dbx2 Irx3 Pax6 and Pax7—that is regulated by the SHH gradient.
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Neoglaphyrites is a gonititid ammonite that lived during the latest Pennsylvanian and early Permian. Its shell is ellipsoidal and moderately involute; the umbilicus deep and typically less than 15 per cent of the shell diameter but in some species closer to 20 per cent. Delicate growth lines forming ventral and lateral sinuses and ventrolateral and dorsolateral salients have been found on Canadian Arctic specimens. The suture is characterized by the ventral lobe split into two broad prongs that are separated by a high median ventral saddle; prongs closely approximate the width of the first lateral lobe.
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In the spinal cord, the most lateral of the bundles of the ventral nerve roots is generally taken as a dividing line that separates the antero-lateral region into two parts: an anterior funiculus, between the anterior median fissure and the most lateral of the ventral nerve roots; and a lateral funiculus, between the exit of these roots and the posterolateral sulcus.
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The swimming keel of the club extends considerably near to the carpus. The dorsal and ventral protective membranes are not joined at the base of the club, but fused to the tentacular stalk. Dorsal and ventral membranes differ in length and extend near to the carpus along the stalk. The dorsal membrane forms a shallow cleft at the junction with the stalk.
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Stereotoceras is a Middle and Upper Devonian genus in the oncocerid family Brevicoceratidae that formed a smooth, depressed, gyroconic shell with the dorsum much flatter that the venter. Sutures are straight ventrally but have dorsal lobes. Growth lines outline a ventral hyponomic sinus but are otherwise transverse. The siphuncle in ventral, nummuloidal, with discrete, irregular, actinosiphonate deposits at the septal foramina.
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The tegmentum (from Latin for "covering") is a general area within the brainstem. The tegmentum is the ventral part of the midbrain and the tectum is the dorsal part of the midbrain. It is located between the ventricular system and distinctive basal or ventral structures at each level. It forms the floor of the midbrain (mesencephalon) whereas the tectum forms the ceiling.
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Variation of this ground plan includes the fusion of terga or terga and sterna to form continuous dorsal or ventral shields or a conical tube. Some insects bear a sclerite in the pleural area called a laterotergite. Ventral sclerites are sometimes called laterosternites. During the embryonic stage of many insects and the postembryonic stage of primitive insects, 11 abdominal segments are present.
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It is an amphistome worm such that the ventral sucker is close to the posterior end. The body covering, called a tegument, is smooth in appearance, but contains a fine structure in a series of concentric folds bearing numerous tightly packed tubercles. Ventral surface contains a specialised region of the tegument. Ciliated and non-ciliated papillae are arranged around the oral sucker.
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It can be distinguished from other congeners possessing moveable eyelids by: ventral pigmentation concentrated at posterior scale margins giving a checkered appearance (all species except A. breviceps and A. sp. 2) compared to dorsally and ventrally uniform (A. plumbeus, A. occidentalis (part)) or no ventral pigmentation (A. gracilicauda, A. meleagris complex, A. lineicauda, A. occidentalis (part), A. namaquensis, and A. percivali).
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Region S2 (secondary somatosensory cortex) divides into Area S2 and parietal ventral area. Area S2 is involved with specific touch perception and is thus integrally linked with the amygdala and hippocampus to encode and reinforce memories. Parietal ventral area is the somatosensory relay to the premotor cortex and somatosensory memory hub, BA5. BA5 is the topographically organized somato memory field and association area.
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The striatum is one mass of grey matter that has two different parts, a ventral and a dorsal part. The dorsal striatum contains the caudate nucleus and the putamen, and the ventral striatum contains the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle. The internal capsule is seen as dividing the two parts of the dorsal striatum. Sensorimotor input is mostly to the putamen.
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Microhyla kodial is a very small species with a snout to vent length of about 16.9-17.4mm in male and 18.0 to 20.4mm in female. Its snout is rounded in ventral and dorsal view, the canthus rostralis is indistinct and the snout protrudes beyond mouth in ventral view. Vertebral stripes are absent along with the absence of superciliary tubercles. Dorsal view.
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Members of the Plectronocerida are characterized as follows. Shells are generally small, some even tiny, laterally compressed, curved (cyrtochonic) or straight (orthoconic). Most cyrtoconic forms are endogastric, with the ventral side longitudinally concave, or the dorsal side more longitudinally convex. A few, the two known genera in Balkoceratidae are exogastrically curved, with the ventral side convex and dorsal side concave.
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Variation of this ground plan includes the fusion of terga or terga and sterna to form continuous dorsal or ventral shields or a conical tube. Some insects bear a sclerite in the pleural area called a laterotergite. Ventral sclerites are sometimes called laterosternites. During the embryonic stage of many insects and the postembryonic stage of primitive insects, 11 abdominal segments are present.
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The six Mk IIs were re-engined to bring them up to the Mk III specification. The Sidestrand had three open gun positions; nose, dorsal and ventral. There was usually a crew of three; pilot, nose gunner and a gunner for the dorsal or ventral positions, the choice depending on where each aircraft flew in a formation. Armament for each position was a .
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These scales seem loosely attached to the skin and lower rows become increasingly wide; those closest to the ventral scales are twice as wide as the ones along the midline. The ventral scales number 132–150 in males and 132–158 in females. The anal plate is single. The subcaudals are paired, numbering 32–46 in males and 23–38 in females.
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The body wall displays several furrows: on the circumference, on the side, and two deep, longitudinal, dorsal ones. The longitudinal orientation involves a rounded anterior end, while the posterior end gradually reduces in thickness. The mouth is orientated ventrally, anterior to the ring furrow. The live specimens exhibited an epidermal ventral glandular network branching over two-thirds of the ventral surface.
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Ekebom et al. (1996) describes Carpediemonas as organisms with a size of approximately 5 µm long (with a range of 4-7.5 µm). Carpediemonas has a longitudinal depression that spans almost the entire ventral side of the cell. It often has two unequal flagella inserting to the anterior side of the ventral groove, but may sometimes have three or four flagella.
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Amphiesma stolata In snakes, the ventral scales or gastrosteges are the enlarged and transversely elongated scales that extend down the underside of the body from the neck to the anal scale. When counting them, the first is the anteriormost ventral scale that contacts the paraventral (lowermost) row of dorsal scales on either side. The anal scale is not counted.Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004.
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The dorsal scales a layer of dark (indigo-brown) pigmentation just below the surface on each scale that enhances the iridescence. The ventral scales are greyish-white. This species differs from its sister taxon Xenopeltis unicolor in several ways. It has a singular postocular scale rather than two, fewer ventral, supralabial, and infralabial scales, a shorter tail, and fewer maxillary teeth.
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Populations of S. sputator on Anguilla have a pale pink dorsal surface, with between five and eight pale crossbands on the back. The throat is pale yellow, and the ventral surface is light cream-colored. It has a gold iris, with a yellow canthal line. On Saint Martin, it has a tan dorsal color, with a pearl- colored ventral surface.
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The wingspan is 35–45 mm. The dorsal wings are brownish black, with a jagged orange band on both wings surrounding three black eyespots on the forewings and two or three on the hindwings. The ventral side of the forewing is similar to the dorsal side. The ventral side of the hindwing is grey with eyespots are that are vague or absent.
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Colouration is variable in adults. The dorsal colour varies from light to dark green to almost black. Ventral surface exhibits a green or grayish blue pattern with red patches; one patch is always present on abdominal region and axils, and often in gular and pectoral region. There are small white spots covering all ventral surface, including limbs, throat, pectoral and abdominal regions.
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In parallel, Sunde, Falk and Dohmen have also researched other aspects of behavioural economics, including neuroeconomics and reciprocity. In neuroeconomics, together with Klaus Fliessbach, Christian E. Elger and Bernd Weber, they find that social comparison affects reward-related brain activity in the human ventral striatum.Fliessbach, K. et al. (2007). Social comparison affects reward-related brain activity in the human ventral striatum.
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Variation of this ground plan includes the fusion of terga or terga and sterna to form continuous dorsal or ventral shields or a conical tube. Some insects bear a sclerite in the pleural area called a laterotergite. Ventral sclerites are sometimes called laterosternites. During the embryonic stage of many insects and the postembryonic stage of primitive insects, 11 abdominal segments are present.
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The secondary axons from neurons giving sensation to the head, stay at around the same place, while the leg axons move outwards. The axons travel up the rest of the brainstem, and synapse at the thalamus (at the ventral posterolateral nucleus for sensation from the neck, trunk, and extremities, and at the ventral posteromedial nucleus for sensation from the head).
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Dorsally, it is generally jet black, sometimes with white or cream markings around the lips and chin. On Kangaroo Island, specimens are highly variable in colour, often exhibiting banding and uniform brown colours. The ventral surface is dark grey to black, with some specimens on Kangaroo Island even possessing red bellies. The ventral surface becomes much lighter prior to shedding.
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These two terms, used in anatomy and embryology, describe something at the back (dorsal) or front/belly (ventral) of an organism. The dorsal () surface of an organism refers to the back, or upper side, of an organism. If talking about the skull, the dorsal side is the top. The ventral () surface refers to the front, or lower side, of an organism.
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Anteriorly, T. cincinnatus has several long feeding tentacles and two pairs of filiform branchia. The ventral lobes are thick and many eye spots can be seen. Notochaetae can be observed from the segment where the second branchia occurs, and uncini occur from the third segment. The worm itself is pink orange or brown with lighter colouration on the ventral side.
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The bats dorsal and ventral fur ranges in color, with the dorsal portion being primarily a range of pale grey to dark brown. No fur is found on the wings of this bat. The fur color exhibits a smooth transition to white on the ventral side of the animal. No nose leaf is present on the muzzle of the bat.
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A colorless and nearly transparent species, the dwarf pygmy goby has a moderately elongated and robust body. Males are slender with nearly straight dorsal and ventral profiles, while the females appear stouter with the dorsal profile slightly curved, the belly protuberant, and the ventral outline strongly arched. The head of the P. pygmaea is large and blunt. The head and nape are naked.
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The lentiform nucleus is made up of the larger putamen, and the smaller globus pallidus. In primates, the striatum is divided into a ventral striatum, and a dorsal striatum, subdivisions that are based upon function and connections. The ventral striatum consists of the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle. The dorsal striatum consists of the caudate nucleus and the putamen.
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C. vincenti can grow to lengths in excess of a meter (40 inches). It is slate black, with a paler mouth and ventral surface.
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Dorsal fur is blond or light gold, while ventral fur is almost white. Its flight membranes are dark brown or almost black in color.
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The nuchal bar and most of the fins are dark on adults. Exceptions are the pelvic fins which are white on the ventral sides.
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The ventral surface light green, but suffused rusty red dorsally, with several obscure, slightly wavy longitudinal lines. The larvae have been reared on Hymenodictyon.
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Boa imperator has 55-79 dorsal scales, 225-253 ventral scales, 47-69 subcaudal scales, 18-22 supralabial scales and 1-2 anal scales.
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The lateral horn neurons that synapse with the ventral nerve cord are dimorphic in their structure and respond to the drosophila sex pheromone cVA.
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Boa imperator has 50–95 dorsal scales, 223–252 ventral scales, 43–69 subcaudal scales, 19–25 supralabial scales and 1–3 anal scales.
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Ventral side is silvery grey where striae are prominent and chestnut brown in colour. Forewings with two brownish postmedial and one sub-apical patch.
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B. The same, ventral view. C. The same, lateral view. D. Head of the same, front view. E. Head of Lestes (damselfly), dorsal view.
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The female has two large eyespots and may have smaller spots on both wings. The ventral hindwings have greyish median bands with jagged borders.
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The upper parts are pale green to orange with large black spots. The flanks are light green and the ventral parts are pale orange.
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A cicada displaying ventral pruinescence. Mature male Common Whitetail with pruinescence covering the abdomen. Pruina on grapes. Characteristic pruina on cap of Clitocybe phyllophila.
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Ventral bar 78 μm long; dorsal bar 50 μm long. Hook 12 μm long. Pharynx 54 μm wide. Male copulatory organ 114 μm long.
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50 cal. machine guns in the wings and two .30 cal. Colt MG40s mounted in dorsal and ventral positions of the gunner's rear cockpit.
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Chrysopelea taprobanica is a medium-sized snake, reaching length. The head is depressed. Eyes are large with round pupils. Ventral scales have keels laterally.
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Males have a translucent ridge on both sides of their bodies. The ventral aspects of the males iridesce reddish at the time of spawn.
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It has three parts: a ventral or frontal extension, an intermediary segment called the isthmus or insular segment and a temporal or dorsal segment.
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The dorsal pattern often extends to the ventral fin margins; the underside is otherwise white to cream-colored. This species grows up to long.
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Hindwings pale with indistinct cell-spot and postmedial line, which are prominent on ventral surface. The larvae feed on dead leaves and many grasses.
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Lateral line complete and scales absent on skin. Dorsum light grey with steely blue cast. Ventral sides yellowish and whitish below. Barbels light grey.
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Ventral occipito-temporal lesions cause a mild form of the disorder, while dorsal occipito-parietal lesions cause a more severe form of the disorder.
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A reported minor difference is the last ventral abdominal sternite of the female, seen as pale yellow as compared to the uniformly brown males.
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The abdomen is yellow banded with black, with a black posterior and black ventral surface. The legs are black.Bombus griseocollis. BeeSpotter.org, University of Illinois.
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Black spots are located on the central annulus (a2) of each segment. Ventral region is mainly black, with metameric pairs of light greenish markings.
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The snake has 55–94 black dorsal bands and mottled or black ventral scales terminating approximately 2/3rds of the body into formed black rings.
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Like all members of the ponyfish family, the longspine ponyfish is bioluminescent. The ventral surface glows, which is thought to provide camouflage and confuse predators.
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Anolis carlliebi is a species of anole lizard first found in the Mexican states of Oaxaca, Guerrero, and Puebla. The species has keeled ventral scales.
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Anolis zapotecorum is a species of anole lizard first found in the Mexican states of Oaxaca, Guerrero, and Puebla. The species has keeled ventral scales.
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Anolis stevepoei is a species of anole lizard first found in the Mexican states of Oaxaca, Guerrero, and Puebla. The species has keeled ventral scales.
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Anolis sacamecatensis is a species of anole lizard first found in the Mexican states of Oaxaca, Guerrero, and Puebla. The species has keeled ventral scales.
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Anolis nietoi is a species of anole lizard first found in the Mexican states of Oaxaca, Guerrero, and Puebla. The species has keeled ventral scales.
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Anolis immaculogularis is a species of anole lizard first found in the Mexican states of Oaxaca, Guerrero, and Puebla. The species has keeled ventral scales.
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The ventral lobe is double pronged and relatively narrow, with the median saddle in most forms less than half of height of entire lobe itself.
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Female more irrorated with fuscous. Often suffused with rufous, and with pale band grey. Cilia fuscous. Ventral side with orange outer area and white blotches.
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The ventral anterior nucleus (VA) output targets the premotor cortex, the anterior cingulate cortex and the oculomotor cortex, without significant connection to the motor cortex.
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The ventral surface is smooth and pale yellow or white. The toes are three-quarters webbed. The frog was named after Australian naturalist David Fleay.
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In arachnids, the sternum is the ventral (lower) portion of the cephalothorax. It consists of a single sclerite situated between the coxa, opposite the carapace.
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Hindwings with traces of a postmedial waved line. Ventral side suffused with white. There is a crenulate sub-marginal line of hindwings can be seen.
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Midbody there are 21 dorsal scales rows (rarely 19, 20, 22, or 23). These are strongly keeled scales, except for those bordering the ventral scales.
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The specific name is derived from Latin capillus (meaning hair) and refers to the hairy tufts arising from the ventral margin of the valve medially.
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Ventral side with black cell-spot. Many specimens have two waved line with whitish outer edges. Larvae have been recorded on various grasses and weeds.
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The appendages are attached to the soft ventral integument of the plate. The general outline of the carapace was quadrate with an elongate trapezoidal outline.
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Scalation includes 31 (31-33) rows of dorsal scales at midbody, 199-210 ventral scales, 72-84 subcaudal scales, and 8 (7-9) supralabial scales.
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Scalation of T. hageni includes 21 rows of dorsal scales at midbody, 176–198 ventral scales, 63–89 subcaudal scales, and 9–12 supralabial scales.
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The direct pathway of the ventral striatum within the basal ganglia mediates reward-based learning and appetitive incentive salience, which is assigned to rewarding stimuli.
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The indirect pathway of the ventral striatum within the basal ganglia mediates aversion-based learning and aversive motivational salience, which is assigned to aversive stimuli.
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Lepidosaurs show a distinct capitellum and trochlea on the centre of the ventral (anterior in upright taxa) surface of the humerus at the distal end.
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The head, thorax and abdomen are intense grey. There is a black costal spot on the ventral hindwing The larvae probably feed on Acacia species.
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Segments 8 and 9 have paired ventral spots. Segment 10 is unmarked. Anal appendages are black. This species is the largest Macromia known from India.
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The ventral surfaces of hands, feet, and thighs are light orange. The limbs have dark crossbars. The webbing is reddish brown. The iris is yellow.
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The ventral surface of the tarsus and part of the metatarsus of each leg is white. The legs are densely covered with relatively long hairs.
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Its head and body length is . Its forearm length is . Its tail length is . Its fur is cinnamon brown, with the ventral fur appearing frosted.
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The ventral trunk is densely covered with cilia. It is widely distributed around the UK coast, from the Irish Sea through to the Barents Sea.
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The tail is as dusky-coloured as the body, with the ventral surface being only slightly paler. Long bristle hairs are present on the proximal half of the tail. The dorsal and part of the ventral surfaces of the fore and hind feet are covered by dark short hairs, with the lateral surfaces slightly darker brown than the inner surfaces. Female have two pairs of inguinal nipples.
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The flanks (sides of the body between the rib cage and the uppermost and largest part of the hip bone) have yellowish cinnamon-buff tinge. The ventral fur is white or ochraceous in colour, but the chest has a rust-red transverse stripe. The winter dorsal fur is pale brown and the ventral fur is white or light ochraceous in colour. The hindfeet are long.
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Adults are uniformly dark grey-brown dorsally, with slightly lighter lower flanks. The throat is also dark brown with occasional lighter individual ventral scales, whereas the rest of the ventral side is cream with dark grey-brown mottling. The head is dark grey-brown. Juveniles are grey with a black head and neck, and often carry a light blotch on the back of the hood.
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Neochildia fusca The family Convolutidae includes acoels with a ventral mouth opening and a body-wall musculature composed both dorsally and ventrally by circular, longitudinal, and longitudinal crossover muscle fibers. The ventral body wall also has a group of U-shaped fibers. Most species are symbionts with algae. The anterior end has a cluster of frontal glands, a pair of eyes and a statocyst.
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The FFA is located in the ventral stream on the ventral surface of the temporal lobe on the lateral side of the fusiform gyrus. It is lateral to the parahippocampal place area. It displays some lateralization, usually being larger in the right hemisphere. The FFA was discovered and continues to be investigated in humans using positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies.
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The ventral lobe is extremely wide; the height of median saddle may exceed half the height of the entire ventral lobe itself. Some forms have ventrolateral grooves but spiral ornamentation is absent. Miller, Funish, and Schindewolf, 1957, in the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part L included Thalassoceras, Eothalassoceras, Delepinoceas, Gleboceras, Epithalassoceras. Saunders, Work, and Nikolaeva, 1999, included Eothalassoceras, Prothalassoceras, Gleboceras, Aistoceras, Thalassoceras, Epithalassoceras, Aristoceratoides.
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This is seen in anterior (ventral) horn cells or certain cranial nerve nuclei. Whereas the extrapyramidal system centers around the modulation and regulation through indirect control of anterior (ventral) horn cells. The extrapyramidal subcortical nuclei include the substantia nigra, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, thalamus, red nucleus and subthalamic nucleus. The traditional thought was that the extrapyramidal system operated entirely independently of the pyramidal system.
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The follicle cells change shape and synthetic properties to distinguish the dorsal side from the ventral side. These dorsal follicle cells are unable to produce the pipe protein required for step two. The second step is a signal from the ventral follicle cells back to the oocyte. This signal acts after the egg has left the follicle cells so this signal is stored in the perivitelline space.
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Axons from the rostral (gustatory) part of the solitary nucleus project to the ventral posterior complex of the thalamus, where they terminate in the medial half of the ventral posterior medial nucleus. This nucleus projects in turn to several regions of the neocortex which includes the gustatory cortex (the frontal operculum and the insula), which becomes activated when the subject is consuming and experiencing taste.
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Ventrally, the ventral lip of the mouth is armed with long series of small oral plates which recall those of heterostracans. The gill openings are probably numerous (more than 15) and minute. They opened between the diamond-shaped platelets which separate the dorsal from the ventral shield. The body is covered with rod-shaped scales arranged in chevrons, and the tail is probably pad-shaped and diphycercal.
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The maxilla and prefrontals of the specimen are only partly known, although the jugals, basioccipitals, supraoccipital crest, and left quadrate are close to complete. The preserved skull length is , and the total approximate skull is long. The specimen is unique among Khunnuchelys, as the ventral edge is generally well-preserved. The ventral edge shows that the skull of Khunnuchelys is arched from the front to the back.
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Its ventral cirri are long and slender, while its parapodial glands are very small. It shows anterior parapodia with 5 compound chaetae each, with unidentate blades. The blades of the dorsal compound chaetae possess marginal spines about 12µm long, while the blades of ventral compound chaetae are smooth, measuring about 9 µm long. Sphaerosyllis voluntariorum shows dorsal simple chaetae from chaetiger 1, unidentate with few spines.
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The ventral surface is pale, partially translucent. Palmar and plantar surfaces are also pale. Later on, palmar and plantar surfaces and the posterior region of venter show a pallid orange colour that gets more intense over time. Larger juveniles have also dark green dorsal surface of body and limbs, dark blue ventral surface with white spots, and some orange-red patches on the axils and belly.
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A haemal arch (also spelled hemal arch) is a bony arch on the ventral side of a tail vertebra of a vertebrate. The canal formed by the space between the arch and the vertebral body is the haemal canal. A spinous ventral process emerging from the haemal arch is referred to as the haemal spine. Blood vessels to and from the tail run through the arch.
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Gaffkaemia or red-tail is an extremely virulent infectious disease of lobsters caused by the bacterium Aerococcus viridans. It only requires a few bacterial cells to cause death of otherwise healthy lobsters. The "red tail" common name refers to a dark orange discoloration of the ventral abdomen of affected lobsters. This is, in fact, the hemolymph or blood seen through the thin ventral arthrodial membranes.
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It receives neuronal inputs from the basal ganglia which includes the substantia nigra and the globus pallidus (via the thalamic fasciculus). It also has inputs from the cerebellum (via the dentatothalamic tract). It sends neuronal output to the primary motor cortex and premotor cortex. The ventral lateral nucleus in the thalamus forms the motor functional division in the thalamic nuclei along with the ventral anterior nucleus.
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Clarkoceras has a rapidly expanding, laterally compressed, relatively short, endogastrically cyrtoconic shell; The upper or dorsal side is more strongly convex longitudinally than the lower or ventral side is concave. Sutures are essentially straight and close spaced indicating very short camerae (chambers). The siphuncle is relatively large, 0.3 the dorsoventral dimension and is ventral, although not necessarily marginal. (Flower 1964, Furnish and Glenister 1964).
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Small blue markings are on the face, two diagonal blue lines pass across the eyes, and an intermittent black spot appears on the soft part of the dorsal fin. Fish in this genus are characterised by a pointed snout, eyes set far back on the head, a depressed body with a compressed ventral region, and the ventral scales being smaller than those on the flanks.
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In the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), these mixed-type MSNs that contain both D1-type and D2-type receptors are mostly contained in the NAcc shell. The dorsal striatal MSNs play a key role in initiating and controlling movements of the body, limbs, and eyes. The ventral striatal MSNs play a key role in motivation, reward, reinforcement, and aversion. Dorsal and ventral medium spiny neuron subtypes (i.e.
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The respiratory centre is divided into three major groups, two in the medulla and one in the pons. The two groups in the medulla are the dorsal respiratory group and the ventral respiratory group. In the pons, the pontine respiratory group is made up of two areas – the pneumotaxic centre and the apneustic centre. The dorsal and ventral medullary groups control the basic rhythm of respiration.
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The ventral duct drains the minority of the pancreas and opens into the major duodenal papilla. In adults however, this situation is reversed whereby 70% of the pancreas is drained by the ventral duct. Therefore in pancreas divisum, where fusion of the ducts does not occur, the major drainage of the pancreas is done by the dorsal duct which opens up into the minor papilla.
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The conus arteriosus has a variable number of semilunar valves. The ventral aorta delivers blood to the gills where it is oxygenated and flows, through the dorsal aorta, into the rest of the body. (In tetrapods, the ventral aorta is divided in two; one half forms the ascending aorta, while the other forms the pulmonary artery). The circulatory systems of all vertebrates are closed.
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Ventral bar with deep medial constriction, tapered ends, longitudinal ventral groove. Paired dorsal bar with spatulate medial end. Hook with depressed thumb, delicate point, uniform shank; FH loop about shank length. Testis subspherical; proximal vas deferens not observed; seminal vesicle a slight dilation of vas deferens; distal vas deferens entering elongate thick-walled ejaculatory bulb; ejaculatory duct entering male copulatory organthrough portal of proximal chamber.
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Peduncle broad. Haptor with dorsal and ventral anteromedial lobes containing respective squamodiscs and lateral lobes having hook pairs 2–4, 6, 7. Squamodiscs subequal, with 14–17 (usually 15) U-shaped rows of rodlets; innermost row teardrop shaped, closed. Ventral anchor with short superficial root, longer deep root having lateral swelling, slightly curved shaft, and recurved point extending just past level of tip of superficial root.
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Research with rats indicates that spatial memory may be adversely affected by neonatal damage to the hippocampus in a way that closely resembles schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is thought to stem from neurodevelopmental problems shortly after birth. Rats are commonly used as models of schizophrenia patients. Experimenters create lesions in the ventral hippocampal area shortly after birth, a procedure known as neonatal ventral hippocampal lesioning(NVHL).
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Ventral view of a Temnospondyl Skull showing Interpterigoid Vicuity Another distinct feature that Dissorophus has is that the maxillary teeth extend further back ventral to the squamosal. DeMar explains this extension of teeth further back correlates with the jugal overlap on the maxillary and quadratojugal. In addition, DeMar clarifies that the contact between vomer and pterygoid is lost resulting to palatine contributing to an enlarged interpterygoid.
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Gli1 Gli2 and Gli3 which are expressed in the neural tube. Mice mutant for Gli1 show normal spinal cord development suggesting that it is dispensable for mediating SHH activity. However Gli2 mutant mice show abnormalities in the ventral spinal cord with severe defects in the floor plate and ventral-most interneurons (V3). Gli3 antagonizes SHH function in a dose dependent manner promoting dorsal neuronal subtypes.
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Murrayoceras is a nautilid cephalopod included in the orthocerid family Baltoceratidae, widespread in the Middle Ordovician of North America, characterized by a depressed orthoconic shell with a subtriangular cross section and flattened venter and a proportionally large ventral siphuncle, 0.15 to 0.3 the dorso-ventral shell diameter.W. M. Furnish and Brian Glennister, 1964. Nautiloidea- Ellesmerocerida; Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part K. Geol. Soc. of America and Univ.
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Many theories reside in the topic of cognitive facial recognition. First, the theory of contradiction between prosopagnosia and covert recognition. Prosopagnosia is the inability to recognize faces but is believed to stem from damage to the ventral route of the visual system. Whereas covert recognition is shown in people that lost their ability to recognize faces, implying an intact ventral limbic structure projecting to the amygdala.
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Cortical homunculus Touch-position information from the body is sent to the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) of the thalamus. Touch-position information from the face is sent to the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) of the thalamus. From the VPL and VPM, information is projected to the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) in the parietal lobe. The representation of sensory information in the postcentral gyrus is organized somatotopically.
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L. pattoni can easily be distinguished from other members of the genus Liophidium by its unique color pattern. This species is most similar in external morphology to L. torquatum. It is a thin-bodied snake with a black dorsum with discontinuous pink stripes that fade to blue-gray and white towards the posterior. The ventral coloration is bright yellow with a pink-red ventral tail region.
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The pectoral and ventral fins are pointed, with the latter about as long as the former or longer. The anal papilla is very short and rounded in females, but is longer and very slender in males. P. pygmaea have dark spots, which forms 4 cross-bands, over the sides of its body. The bases of the fins are heavily pigmented, except for the ventral fins.
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Uchtites is a genus of ammonoid cephalopods included in the anarcestid family Acanthoclymediidae that lived during the Devonian period. Its shell is lenticular, flat sided, with a tight umbilicus and sharp ventral keel bordered by weak nodules in adult specimens. The suture has a trifid ventral, rounded outer lateral, weak rounded inner lateral and wedge shaped dorsal lobe. Acanthoclymenia, Gogocers, Nordiceras, and Ponticeras are related genera.
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Counterillumination is an active form of camouflage in which an organism emits light to match the intensity of downwelling light to hide from predators below. Currently, bioluminescence provides different functions for Squaliformes based on the family. Dalatiidae and Zameus squamulosus possess simple photophores and use bioluminescence for ventral counter-illumination. Etmopteridae possess more complex photophores and utilize bioluminescence for ventral counter illumination as well as species recognition .
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The main function of these compound eyes is to find a mate. In addition, they have two median eyes, two rudimentary lateral eyes, and an endoparietal eye on their carapace and two ventral eyes located on the underside by the mouth. Scientists believe the two ventral eyes aid in the orientation of the horseshoe crab when swimming. Each individual has six pairs of appendages.
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This species is very similar to two other Uperoleia species, the dusky toadlet, (Uperoleia fusca) and the Tyler's toadlet, (Uperoleia tyleri). There are however some ways to tell them apart. The white ventral surface of the smooth toadlet The flecked ventral surface of the dusky toadlet The smooth toadlet has a white belly, occasionally with a few spots of black, while the dusky toadlets belly is white with many dark spots and flecks, almost covering the entire ventral surface, the Tyler's toadlet has a fully pigmented underbelly of dark blue/black colour. Male smooth toadlets may have a dark throat, however the belly will still be white.
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The establishment of the dorsal-ventral axis during early embryological development has also been extensively studied in C. teleta. It is reported that micromere 2d, a cell that is born when the embryo has 16 cells, has organizing activity which enables it to induce dorsal-ventral polarity within the embryo. Fate map studies have demonstrated that cell 2d gives rise to ectoderm in the larval trunk and pygidium in C. teleta, while descendants of the first quartet micromeres give rise to structures in the larval head. When micromere 2d is laser ablated, 2d derived structures as well as dorsal-ventral organization in the head is lost.
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Cross-section of the midbrain at the level of the superior colliculus Cross-section of the midbrain at the level of the inferior colliculus. The midbrain tegmentum is the portion of the midbrain ventral to the cerebral aqueduct, and is much larger in size than the tectum. It communicates with the cerebellum by the superior cerebellar peduncles, which enter at the caudal end, medially, on the ventral side; the cerebellar peduncles are distinctive at the level of the inferior colliculus, where they decussate, but they dissipate more rostrally. Between these peduncles, on the ventral side, is the median raphe nucleus, which is involved in memory consolidation.
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The tentacular club is short and has its suckers arranged in 5-6 rows, with the middle series havong three to four greatly enlarged suckers. The hectocotylus is found on the left ventral arm and has 1 or 2 rows of suckers of normal size at the base, highly reduced suckers in the mid part and then normal size suckers towards the tip. The suckers on the hectocotylus are arranged in 2 dorsal and 2 ventral series each of which are laterally displaced to create a gap between them. Females have a single spermathecae situated medially on the ventral part of the buccal membrabe.
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The brachial valve bears on its inner surface the brachia ("arms") from which the phylum gets its name, and which support the lophophore, used for feeding and respiration. The pedicle valve has on its inner surface the attachment to the stalk-like pedicle by which most brachiopods attach themselves to the substrate. (R. C. Moore, 1952) The brachial and pedicle valves are often called the dorsal ("lower" / brachial) and ventral ("upper" / pedicle), but some paleontologists regard the terms "dorsal" and "ventral" as irrelevant since they believe that the "ventral" valve was formed by a folding of the upper surface under the body. The pedicle valve is typically larger than the brachial.
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Major glutamatergic inputs to the nucleus accumbens include the prefrontal cortex (particularly the prelimbic cortex and infralimbic cortex), basolateral amygdala, ventral hippocampus, thalamic nuclei (specifically the midline thalamic nuclei and intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus), and glutamatergic projections from the ventral tegmental area. Figure 1: Glutamatergic afferents to the nucleus accumbens involved in addictive behavior The nucleus accumbens receives dopaminergic inputs from the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which connect via the mesolimbic pathway. The nucleus accumbens is often described as one part of a cortico-basal ganglia- thalamo-cortical loop. Dopaminergic inputs from the VTA modulate the activity of GABAergic neurons within the nucleus accumbens.
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Rizzolatti and colleagues divided the premotor cortex into four parts or fields based on cytoarchitectonics, two dorsal fields and two ventral fields. They then studied the properties of the ventral premotor fields, establishing tactile, visual, and motor properties of a complex nature (summarized in greater detail above in Divisions of the premotor cortex). At least three representations of the hand were reported in the motor cortex, one in the primary motor cortex, one in the ventral premotor cortex, and one in the dorsal premotor cortex. By implication, at least three different cortical fields may exist, each one performing its own special function in relation to the fingers and wrist.
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The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions, including control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, habit learning, eye movements, cognition, and emotion. The main components of the basal ganglia – as defined functionally – are the striatum, consisting of both the dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) and the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle), the globus pallidus, the ventral pallidum, the substantia nigra, and the subthalamic nucleus. Each of these components has a complex internal anatomical and neurochemical organization. The largest component, the striatum (dorsal and ventral), receives input from many brain areas beyond the basal ganglia, but only sends output to other components of the basal ganglia.
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Lower concentration of SHH results in cellular proliferation and induction of various ventral neural cell types. Once the floor plate is established cells residing in this region will subsequently express SHH themselves generating a concentration gradient within the neural tube. Although there is no direct evidence of a SHH gradient there is indirect evidence via the visualization of Patched (Ptc) gene expression which encodes for the ligand binding domain of the SHH receptor throughout the ventral neural tube. In vitro studies show that incremental two- and threefold changes in SHH concentration give rise to motor neuron and different interneuronal subtypes as found in the ventral spinal cord.
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The pessulus is a delicate bar of cartilage connecting the dorsal and ventral extremities of the first pair of bronchial cartilages in the syrinx of birds.
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Adult females, being larger, occupy relatively flat body surfaces on the posterior ventral and dorsal midlines and may actually outcompete preadults and males at these sites.
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The species name refers to the triangular process of the right lobe of sicae and is derived from Latin ventr- (meaning ventral) and projectus (meaning process).
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Nybyoceras is an actinocerid genus assigned to the Armenoceratidae and similar to Armenoceras except for having a siphuncle close to the ventral side of the shell.
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NC.510 modified, first flew 14 January 1939. ;NC.530: Modified fuselage without ventral pod; engines as NC.510M. First flew 28 June 1939. Two built.
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Ventral side of head is ochraceous. Sternums are black. Abdominal sternites are ochreous with black patches sideward. Center of III, IV and last abdominal sternites black.
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The specific epithet duplamaculosum comes from Latin duplus, twofold, double + maculosus, spotted, and refers to the rows of spots on both the dorsal and ventral surfaces.
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It has a reddish- to orange-brown dorsum with similar dark and light bands and vermiculations as in the male, while its ventral surface is white.
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There are other factors thought to control the DV patterning; Engrailed-1 represses the dorsalizing effect of Wnt-7a on the ventral side of the limbs.
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The ventral side has a light ochre color externally and whitish over the creeping sole, which is externally lined by two diffuse grey-violet longitudinal lines.
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The northern, darker, is the most common variety. This species has 200-236 ventral scales, 55-78 subcaudal scales, and 21-23 rows of dorsal scales.
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Marginal black area reduced and the two orange spots conjoined. Ventral side black on forewing reduced to two bars, and that on hindwing also much reduced.
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Ventral coloration is similarly variable (hair brown, lime green, straw yellow, glaucous, sulphur yellow to spectrum orange, Pratt's rufous). Some specimens have middorsal or dorsolateral stripes.
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In the female, the gonopods appear with the sclerite relatively short, wide in the base and with the apex narrow and curved towards the ventral surface.
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Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. . The term paraventral may also refer to the area on either side of the ventral scales.
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The ventral respiratory group of neurons are active in forceful breathing and inactive during quiet, restful respirations. The VRG sends inhibitory impulses to the apneustic center.
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Below the fuselage is a long, shallow ventral strake. The tricycle undercarriage is electrically retractable. The main legs fold inwards; when deployed, they splay out strongly.
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Most end with a tubule on the ventrolateral shoulder. The suture is ammonitic. The deeply incised sutural elements are asymmetric, including the double-pronged ventral lobe.
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Dorsal view Ventral view The wingspan is about 30 mm. The larvae feed on Cytisus scoparius and other Fabaceae species like Genista monspessulana and Hovea species.
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Ventral side of hindwings whitish. Larvae dark reddish chocolate and sub-cylindrical. Head heart shaped. Setae black with white spots in front of the dorsolateral tubercles.
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Ophryotrocha craigsmithi differs from P. lipovskyae genetically, but also by the presence of a prominent ventral chaetal lobe with a bulging simple chaeta in the former.
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Perkinsocerasis an endocerid genus from the Middle Ordovician (Chazyan) of Champlain Valley established by Flower in 1976, which he added to his Allotrioceratidae based on certain similarities to Williamsoceras and Cacheoceras which had been added previously. Perkinsoceras is characterized by a large ventral siphuncle in broad contact with the ventral margin of the phragmocone -the chambered portion of the shell- which is expanded into a Nanno type apex, and by a broad longitudinal ventral process about which the endocones are draped. Perkinsoceras has what have been interpreted as tubules that form where the endocones impinge on the process, a feature also interpreted in Williamsoceras, Cacheoceras and the distinctly unique Allotrioceras Perkinsoceras differs from the generally similar Chazyoceras by its ventral process -absent in the latter, and by its more bulbous nanno type apex. Williamsoceras and Cacheoceras differ in having a straight cameroceras type apex without the expanded siphuncle.
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The general form of the body can be defined as rhombic, quite deep, and compressed. The dorsal fin is unique, the caudal fin is rather large and spatulated with a convex edge, the ventral fins are very large and have a thorny spine, and the pectoral fins are quite small. The color of the body is reddish orange, sometimes with three wide darker bands, one behind the eye, one in the center of the body, and one on the caudal peduncle. During the breeding season, sexual dimorphism is striking; the male's body is covered with sinuous orange lines and the dorsal and ventral fins become red, while the female is orange with a faint dark band in the middle of the body and has belly and basal part of the ventral fins white silver, and the final part of the ventral fins is rather dark orange.
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The iris is black. The dorsal surface of the head, neck and limbs are olive green to gray in color with a lighter cream-colored ventral surface.
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This current causes the bacteria to collect in the groove on the right ventral side of the cell – aiding in ingestion and the creation of food vacuoles.
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Specifically, Sufl1 expression leads to the switch of ventral neural progenitor cells toward an oligodendroglial fate by modulating Shh distribution and increasing signaling on apical neuroepithelial cells.
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There are 13 midbody scale rows, 174–175 ventral scales, and 129–139 subcaudal scales. Loreal scale is absent. The largest specimen measures in snout–vent length.
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A curved medial series, and sinuous postmedial and submarginal series. Ventral side white. Larvae have been recorded on Ricinus communis. Other food plants may include Nephelium species.
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The ventral posterior nucleus receives neuronal input from the medial lemniscus, spinothalamic tracts, and trigeminothalamic tract. It projects to the somatosensory cortex and the ascending reticuloactivation system.
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Dexiothetism refers to a reorganisation of a clade's bauplan, with right becoming ventral and left becoming dorsal. The organism would then recruit a new left hand side.
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The mouth is ventral and is located on the second segment. The head is shown on the first segment and includes the eyes and other sensory organs.
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Dev Biol 315, 161-172. FoxI1e is dependent on BMP signals in the neurula stage, limiting the localization of FoxI1e to the ventral side of the ectoderm.
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Body greyish brown dorsally and purple in ventral. Lateral sides are greyish with a longitudinal brown line. Spiracles black. Head ochreous with a black spot in front.
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The dorsal valve is conical, the ventral valve flat to conical, flatter for adolescents and earlier species. The inner edge of the valves is flattened and grainy.
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The maximum midbody width is . Dorsal colouration is slightly purplish blue. The flanks and the ventral side are slightly paler. The head and the throat are pinkish.
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The diagnostic suture has a small median saddle in the ventral lobe which in turn has a smaller shallow lobe. Those in other clydonautilitids are less complex.
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Ventral view 1932 comparison This small butterfly has slim, triangular wings. The upper side of the male's wings is mostly orange with the margins being dark brown.
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Typically, there are eight separate cement glands in the male which is one of the few ways to distinguish the dorsal and ventral sides of these organisms.
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The dorsum is dark green with bright yellow spots. The dermal folds and glands are white. Gular and ventral skin is translucent. The iris is yellow-green.
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Scalation includes 19 rows of dorsal scales at midbody, 163-174 ventral scales, 64-81/61-64 subcaudal scales in males/females, and 8-9 supralabial scales.
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The dorsal skin folds are accented by dark pigment; symmetrically placed small dark spots are present elsewhere on the dorsum. The ventral surfaces are pale and immaculate.
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The ventral ground color is pale tan, approaching white, but bearing numerous small, slightly darker spots on the throat and chest and fewer spots on the abdomen.
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This fish reaches 6 cm in length. It has a yellow head, yellow ventral fins, and a large black spot at the back of its dorsal fin.
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The name of the type genus is derived from Ancient Greek podos "foot" and oktis "spine", referring to the ventral row of long spines in femur I.
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The Finnish nicknames were Murjaani ("moor" or "Negro"), a twist on its name, and Mätimaha (roe-belly) and Riippuvatsa (hanging belly) because of its bulged ventral fuselage.
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The term socioemotional brain network or system (also known as the ventral affective system) refers to the striatum as well as the medial and orbital prefrontal cortices.
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Abdominal area dark red. Ventral serrations and fins covered with dark spots. Dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins with external red rays. Adipose fin dark with several spots.
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At midbody, there are 21-25 scale rows, none of them oblique. There are 134-163 ventral scales and 35-50 paired subcaudals. The tail is short.
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The ventral surface of this fish is darker than the head and dorsal surface, and the pectoral, dorsal and anal fins are pale with yellowish-white edges.
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There are two main parts: the lateral spinothalamic tract, which transmits pain and temperature, and the anterior (or ventral) spinothalamic tract, which transmits crude touch and pressure.
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Metacoceras is a nautilitoid cephalopod from the Upper Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) and Permian, the shell of which is moderately evolute with a subquadrate whorl section, bearing nodes on the ventral or umbilical shoulders or both, but otherwise smooth. The siphuncle is small, subcentral and orthochoanitic. The suture has shallow ventral and lateral lobes but no dorsal or annular lobe. Matacoceras, named by Hyatt, 1883, is a genus in the nautilid superfamily Tainocerataceae.
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Allen described its dorsal fur as bistre in color from the shoulders down the rest of the body. The head, neck, and shoulders are lighter in color than the rest of the back. Individual hairs are bicolored on the back, with the base of the hair lighter than the tip. The ventral fur is buffy gray in color, with the throat much lighter than the rest of the ventral surface.
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ISNB, Brussels; MRAC, Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. Vol. 4.Konings A (2001) Malaŵi cichlids in their natural habitat 3rd Edn. Cichlid Press. USA. In addition to these minor difference in size, the species displays marked sexual dimorphism with males displaying larger ventral fins marked with egg spots, light-blue edging to the dorsal and ventral fins, along with metallic blue colouration of the head, and yellow to red flanks.
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Mcqueenoceras is an extinct genus of early endocerid, a nautilus from the Ordovician period similar in overall form to Clitendoceras, from which it may have been derived. It lived during the later stages of the lower Ordovician. McQueenoceras, like Clitendoceras, has ventral siphuncle but the endocones are thicker on the ventral side and thinner on the dorsal. Also the sutures in McQueenoceras retreat rearward, forming lobes as they cross the venter.
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Cervical plexus The Cervical plexus is formed by the ventral rami of the upper four cervical nerves and the upper part of fifth cervical ventral ramus. The network of rami is located deep to the sternocleidomastoid within the neck. The cervical plexus innervates muscles of the neck and areas of skin on the head, neck and chest. The deep branches innervate muscles, while the superficial branches supply areas of skin.
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Thalassoceratoidea, formerly Thalassocerataceae, is a superfamily of Late Paleozoic ammonites characterized by their thick-discoidal to subglobular, involute shells with narrow or closed umbilici and biconvex growth striae with ventral sinuses. The ventral lobe of the suture, which straddles the outer rim, is wide, and bifid, with a tall median saddle. Thallassoceratoidea are gonitites and one of seventeen superfamilies in the Goniatitina suborder. Two families are now included, Bisatoceratidae and Thalassoceratidae.
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When she is ready to spawn she turns to the male next to her and pounds below his ventral fin. The pair go into the "T-position" with the male releasing the sperm into the female's mouth before the sperm fertilizes the eggs. The female cups her ventral fins and lays a few eggs (usually between 4 and 12 eggs) in her fins. The eggs are about 1.8 mm in diameter.
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There are two major neural pathways that process the information in the visual field; the ventral stream and the dorsal stream. The two pathways run in parallel and are both working simultaneously. The ventral stream is important for object recognition and often referred to as the “what” system of the brain; it projects to the inferior temporal cortex.Ungerleider, L. G., & Haxby, J. V. (1994). ‘What’ and ‘where’ in the human brain.
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The remaining 10% of axons descend on the ipsilateral side as the ventral corticospinal tract. These axons also synapse with lower motor neurons in the ventral horns. Most of them will cross to the contralateral side of the cord (via the anterior white commissure) right before synapsing. The midbrain nuclei include four motor tracts that send upper motor neuronal axons down the spinal cord to lower motor neurons.
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The pairs of suckers in the centre of the club are attached at almost right angles to the axis of the club. In males the hectocotylus is on the Left ventral arm which typically has 11 normal suckers in a ventral row (plus or minus 1), with papillae towards the tip. Sexual maturity is reached in females when they attain about 95mm in length and 55mm in males.
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Nerves arising from the lateral horn of the spinal cord are those of the autonomic nervous system. They exit through the ventral root of the spinal cord, and continue through the ventral rami. At that point, they sharply branch to go through the white ramus communicans of the paravertebral body. Unlike the thoracic and cutaneous nerves, the ANS nerves destined for the pelvic viscera continue through the paravertebral ganglia without synapsing.
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Similarly, the dura in this situation is called the pachymeninx. There are two subdivisions of arachnoid mater surrounding the subarachnoid space, the dorsal layer and the ventral layer. The dorsal layer covers internal cerebral veins and fixes them to the surrounding tela choroidea. The ventral layer of arachnoid membrane, on the other hand, is a direct anterior extension of this arachnoid envelope that the dorsal layer forms over the pineal region.
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Dorsally, it is blackish-olive, and the lateral scales have whitish centers. The upper lip has a triangular patch from behind the upper labials to the outer border of the parietal. The ventral color is white, and the ventral scales are edged with dark olive. The rostral is bent over the snout between the rather large nasals, forming a suture with the single prefrontal, which is twice as broad as long.
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Afferent is derived from Latin participle afferentem (af- = ad- : to + ferre : bear, carry), meaning carrying into. Ad and ex give an easy mnemonic device for remembering the relationship between afferent and efferent : afferent connection arrives and an efferent connection exits. Another mnemonic device used for remembering afferent and efferent (in terms of the spinal cord, with its dorsal/ventral organization) is SAME DAVE. Sensory Afferent Motor Efferent, Dorsal Afferent Ventral Efferent.
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Permoceras, the sole member of the family Permoceratidae, is a genus of coiled nautiloids with a smooth, compressed involute shell, whorls higher than wide, earlier whorls hidden from view. The venter is rounded as are the ventral and umbilical shoulders, the flanks flattened. The siphuncle is ventrally subcentral. The suture, which is most characteristic, has a deep, narrow pointed ventral lobe and large, asymmetrical pointed lobes on either side.
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Osbornoceras grew to be somewhat large and is characterized by a narrow, compressed, strongly curved, exograstric shell. The venter, on the outside curvature, is narrowly rounded while the dorsum, on the opposite inside curvature, is more broadly rounded. The body chamber narrows toward the aperture, which has a deep hypomomic sinus. The siphuncle of Osbornoceras is ventral but not in contact with the ventral wall of the shell.
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Peduncle broad, tapering posteriorly. Haptor subtrapezoidal, with dorsal and ventral anteromedial lobes containing respective squamodiscs and lateral lobes having hook pairs 2–4, 6, 7. Squamodiscs similar, each with 11 or 12 (usually 12) U-shaped rows of rodlets; innermost row closed. Ventral anchor with elongate superficial root, shorter deep root having lateral swelling, curved shaft, and moderately long recurved point extending to level of tip of superficial root.
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Multiple osteoderm are found in Robiac. They have a tall ridge surrounded by smaller ridges. In some smaller osteoderms, a ridge runs along the length of the osteoderm, joining with two smaller accessory processes and form a cross shape in the dorsal view, ventral side is concaved. Larger osteoderms also have a similar shape, but the main body is flatter with an indented outline, ventral side is flat.
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This type of fibrosis often leads to renal failure, and is predictive of end stage renal disease. BMP7 has been discovered to be crucial in the determination of ventral-dorsal organization in zebrafish. BMP7 causes the expression of ventral phenotypes while its complete inhibition creates a dorsal phenotype. Moreover, BMP7 is eventually partially "turned off" in embryonic development in order to create the dorsal parts of the organism.
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The initial F-108 configuration featured a very large "cranked" delta wing. There were fixed ventral stabilizers on the wings, mounted at mid-span, and a tall all- moving vertical tailfin, supplemented by two ventral stabilizers that extended when the landing gear retracted. Although some earlier versions of the design had separate tailplanes or forward canards, both were abandoned in the final design.Jenkins and Landis 2004, p. 17.
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The limbs have dark cross-bars dorsally and the rear of the thigh has 5-7 narrow vertical dark bars. The throat has a light dusting of melanophores and the vocal sac is black and visible through the gular skin. The whole ventral surface is yellow deepening to orange laterally and to crimson on the thighs. Once preserved in alcohol, the ventral surfaces are cream colored and unmarked.
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Tornier's forest toad is sexually dimorphic and the colouring also varies considerably between individuals. The males are smaller at , with the dorsal surface brownish-red and the ventral surface grey or white. The females measure in length with the dorsal surface rust coloured with a central yellow region and a ventral surface that appears translucent. Females may also have two black bands across the lower legs and feet.
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The body of the nymph is cylindrical with a flattened head. The antennae are on the ventral side of the head and the small mandibles do not bear any tusks. The sides of the head and the prothorax are spiny. None of the legs have claws; the front pair are palp- like and the remaining pairs are spiny and protect the gills, which are on the ventral surface of the abdomen.
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Semantic dementia is a rare degenerative disorder that exhibits defects in all semantic memory functions, including naming, single word comprehension and impoverished general knowledge, with relative preservation of other components of speech, perceptual and nonverbal problem-solving skills, and episodic memory. This may occur due to damage in the mammillary bodies, ventral anterior nucleus, and ventral lateral nucleus which has resulted in disruption in language in previous research.
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When the mites reach deutonymph stage, or adult stage, the body length differentiates greatly between male and female mites. Adult males can have a body length up to 830 micrometers, while adult females will be at a maximum length of 540 micrometers. Left: ventral view of a female; right: ventral view of a male. The species is dioecious, and differentiation will begin to show in the adult stage.
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KORs are widely distributed in the brain, spinal cord (substantia gelatinosa), and in peripheral tissues. High levels of the receptor have been detected in the prefrontal cortex, periaqueductal gray, raphe nuclei (dorsal), ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra, dorsal striatum (putamen, caudate), ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle), amygdala, bed nucleus stria terminalis, claustrum, hippocampus, hypothalamus, midline thalamic nuclei, locus coeruleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus, parabrachial nucleus, and solitary nucleus.
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The leading 3 or 4 hard rays are elongated, and the ventral fins are clear. In color, the female is quite dull but with a clear black line running along her flanks. Her background color is a pale yellow, but this will become vibrant when mating or brood protecting. In addition, she lacks the elongated dorsal rays of the male and her ventral fins show a black leading edge.
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The nerve to piriformis originates in the sacral plexus. It arises from the posterior division of the ventral rami of the first and second sacral nerves, and enters the anterior surface of the piriformis muscle. This nerve may be double. This nerve is not to be confused with the inferior gluteal nerve, which also arises from posterior divisions of the first and second sacral ventral rami (S1, S2).
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50px Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. From the primary auditory cortex emerge two separate pathways: the auditory ventral stream and auditory dorsal stream. The auditory ventral stream includes the anterior superior temporal gyrus, anterior superior temporal sulcus, middle temporal gyrus and temporal pole. Neurons in these areas are responsible for sound recognition, and extraction of meaning from sentences.
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Air is taken in through spiracles along the sides of the abdomen and thorax supplying the trachea with oxygen as it goes through the lepidopteran's respiratory system. Three different tracheaes supply and diffuse oxygen throughout the species' bodies. The dorsal tracheae supply oxygen to the dorsal musculature and vessels, while the ventral tracheae supply the ventral musculature and nerve cord, and the visceral tracheae supply the guts, fat bodies, and gonads.
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The tube of S. vermicularis is made from calcite and aragonite. Calcium for its manufacture is stored in two white sacs on the ventral side of the peristomium. The tube is fabricated by the glandular ventral shields on the other thoracic segments, where calcium is mixed with an organic secretion to make a paste. This is formed into shape by a collar found just behind the first segment, the prostomium.
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The perirhinal cortex is composed of two regions: areas 36 and 35. Area 36 is sometimes divided into three subdivisions: 36d is the most rostral and dorsal, 36r ventral and caudal, and 36c the most caudal. Area 35 can be divided in the same manner, into 35d and 35v (for dorsal and ventral, respectively). Area 36 is six-layered, dysgranular, meaning that its layer IV is relatively sparse.
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Functional zygosphenes and zygantra were found on two of the cervical vertebrae. Vertebral hypapophyseal peduncles were found on all four vertebrae and are very short and end as small laterally compressed oval facets. These facets are posteriorly inclined and located posteriorly on the ventral surfaces of the centra. The synapophyses are large, located anteriorly on the centra, and do not extend below the ventral margin of the centrum.
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Rossia are categorized under the subfamily Rossiinae, which are identified by their short mantles and lack of ventral shield due to the unextended anterior ventral edge of the mantle. Rossia are distinguished by their dome-shaped mantles. which are not fused to their head. They are shorter in length compared to many other bobtail squid, with mantle length varying from 1.4 cm (0.5 in) to 9 cm (3.5 in).
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The oral cavity connects posteriorly to the mouth and pharynx. Most mites have four pairs of legs, each with six segments, which may be modified for swimming or other purposes. The dorsal surface of the body is clad in hardened tergites and the ventral surface by hardened sclerites; sometimes these form transverse ridges. The gonopore (genital opening) is located on the ventral surface between the fourth pair of legs.
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Evidence supporting this comes from studies using BMP inhibitors which ventralize the fate of the neural plate cell for a given SHH concentration. On the other hand mutation in BMP antagonists (such as noggin) produces severe defects in ventral-most characteristics of the spinal cord followed by ectopic expression of BMP in the ventral neural tube. Interactions of SHH with Fgf and RA have yet not been studied in molecular detail.
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Vitronectin is another protein that is induced by SHH; it acts as an obligate co-factor for SHH signaling in the neural tube. There are five distinct progenitor domains in the ventral neural tube viz. V3 interneuron motor neurons (MN) V2 V1 and V0 interneurons (in ventral to dorsal order). These different progenitor domains are established by "communication" between different classes of homeobox transcription factors (see Trigeminal nerve).
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Shoulder are narrow but rounded. Chambers are short but lengthen slightly before the mature living chamber, septa close spaced, sutures form broad shallow lateral and ventral lobes and sharp ventro-lateral saddles. The dorsum in slightly impressed (indented) where it rides over the previous whorl. The siphuncle is subventral, located between the center and the ventral margin and, where known, slightly expanded so as to be longitudinally spindle shaped.
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The squamosals articulate with many skull bones, including those of the skull roof, those of the ventral skull, and those of the braincase. Like the postorbitals, the squamosals are triradiate, with a ventral, anterior and medial process. There are thirteen preserved elements of the palate of Europasaurus, including the quadrate, pterygoid and ectopterygoid. The quadrates articulate with the palate and braincase bones, as well as the external skull bones.
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The eastern harvest mouse is characterized by brown pelage with a dark lateral line extending along its dorsal surface. The underbelly and ventral side of the tail are lighter colored than the rest of the body. The underbelly is a gray color that may be infused with some red character. The tail is bicolored with a dark brown coloration on the dorsal side and a white-gray coloration on ventral side.
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Direct and indirect striatopallidal pathways: Glutamatergic pathways are red, dopaminergic are magenta and GABAergic pathways are blue. STN: Subthalamic Nucleus SNr: Substantia Nigra pars reticulata SNc: Substantia Nigra pars compacta GPe: External globus pallidus The GPi acts to tonically inhibit the ventral lateral nucleus and ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus. As these two nuclei are needed for movement planning, this inhibition restricts movement initiation and prevents unwanted movements.
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The top surface is thin and overlapped by the ventral border of the premaxilla joint that is developed from the rear to the bottom. On the bottom surface, a large and elliptical foramen is visible, allowing the connection for the rostral joint of the jugal. On the posterior surface another foramen is present, ending on the ventral surface where the exit is located. These foramina are connected through the lacrimal channel.
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Dorsal and ventral view Almost circular in shape, it grows up to in disc width and in weight. The upper surface is covered with denticles (sharp tooth-like scales). The coloration is light brownish with mottled patterns on the dorso, and pink on the ventral side. As with all stingrays, the mouth and gill openings are on the underside, and the eyes and gills exits are on the dorsal side.
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The pancreas originates from the foregut, a precursor tube to part of the digestive tract, as a dorsal and ventral bud. As it develops, the ventral bud rotates to the other side and the two buds fuse together. The pancreas forms during development from two buds that arise from the duodenal part of the foregut, an embryonic tube that is a precursor to the gastrointestinal tract. It is of endodermal origin.
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The reniform spot is small and blackish brown. The ventral surfaces of both wings are gray brown. The dorsal hindwing is dirty gray brown, but lighter near base.
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A ventral border of the Meckelian fenestra of the lower jaw formed entirely from the splenial bone is a distinguishing feature of Oradectes found in no other diadectid.
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The ventral surface is whitish, but in the female, the underside of the tail becomes suffused with red during the breeding season. In juveniles, the tail is blue.
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Ventral scales in the males number 143-158 and in females 136-159. Anal scale entire. Subcaudals paired and numbering 50-63 in males, 44-54 in females.
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Hindwings with sinuous medial line. Straight postmedial line present, where the area beyond it suffused with purplish fuscous. Ventral side slightly with fulvous. Bands broader, especially the postmedial.
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The ventral medial prefrontal cortex, known to be associated with the more intuitive or heuristic responses of System 1, was the area in competition with the prefrontal cortex.
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The ventral surface is white with dark blotches, and its posterior part has skin granulations. During the breeding season, an oval pink patch is seen underneath the vent.
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Fruitlets achenial, longitudinally 5-ribbed (3 dorsal ribs and 2 closely approximated ventral ribs), with a short, apical beak. 2n=16. Variable in form according to ecological conditions.
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Scalation of T. brongersmai includes 19 (or 21) rows of dorsal scales at midbody, 136-150 ventral scales, 41-48 divided subcaudal scales, and 9-10 supralabial scales.
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The scalation of P. j. bourreti includes 21-23 rows of dorsal scales at midbody, 189-192 ventral scales, 65-72 subcaudal scales, and 7-8 supralabial scales.
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Scalation includes 25 rows of dorsal scales at midbody, 201-212 ventral scales, 66-78 subcaudal scales, and 8 supralabial scales of which the third is the largest.
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One acrocerid that parasitizes Pardosa milvina is Ogcodes eugonatus. Another parasite of shore spiders are mermithid nematode endoparasites. These can emerge from the ventral abdomen of shore spiders.
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Atractaspis dahomeyensis is black dorsally. It is brown ventrally, and the ventral scales are edged with lighter brown. Snout prominent and cuneiform. Dorsal scales arranged in 31 rows.
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An ochreous patch with black strai on it at center of outer margin. Cilia pale. Ventral side pale with fuscous submarginal band towards inner margin of each wing.
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This subspecies can be distinguished from the typical form (C. i. intermedius) by its ventral scale count: 164 or more in males, and 170 or more in females.
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Tadpoles have a ventral sucker helping them to maintain their position in the stream. Its habitat is threatened by silviculture, clear-cutting, and dam and other infrastructure construction.
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The waved lines are more prominent. A postmedial series of pale specks are more or less developed, and the submarginal series obsolescent. Ventral side whitish. Discocellular spots larger.
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Genetic markers for the hippocampus, ventral forebrain, and choroid plexus are also present in cerebral organoids, however, the overall structures of these regions have not yet been formed.
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The arms of Sepia zanzibarica have four series of suckers with a hectocotylus present on the left ventral arm which has 6 rows of suckers which are highly reduced in size in the middle and normal sized towards the tip of the arm with the oral surface of modified region is wide, engorged, fleshyand has transversely grooved ridges. The suckers of two each of the dorsal and ventral series are laterally displaced and widely separated while another 2 ventral serues are so close that the sucker rows appear to alternate. The tentacular clubs are short and oval with six suckers in crosswise rows, the suckers vary in size with some on the inner rows being a little largers than the others The swimming keel of the club reaches slightly beyond the carpus at the end nearest the head and the ventral protective membranes do not join at the club base. There are a small number of tiny suckers on the buccal membrane.
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The term third visual complex refers to the region of cortex located immediately in front of V2, which includes the region named visual area V3 in humans. The "complex" nomenclature is justified by the fact that some controversy still exists regarding the exact extent of area V3, with some researchers proposing that the cortex located in front of V2 may include two or three functional subdivisions. For example, David Van Essen and others (1986) have proposed the existence of a "dorsal V3" in the upper part of the cerebral hemisphere, which is distinct from the "ventral V3" (or ventral posterior area, VP) located in the lower part of the brain. Dorsal and ventral V3 have distinct connections with other parts of the brain, appear different in sections stained with a variety of methods, and contain neurons that respond to different combinations of visual stimulus (for example, colour-selective neurons are more common in the ventral V3).
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The ventral stream pathway is mainly involved in object recognition, and is known colloquially as the 'what' pathway. It has connections to the medial temporal lobe (which is involved in the storage of long-term memories), the limbic system (which regulates emotions), and the dorsal stream pathway (which is involved in the visual-spatial locations and motions of objects). Therefore, the ventral stream pathway not only deals with the recognition of objects in the external world, but also the emotional judgement and analysis of these objects. The ventral stream pathway begins with purely visual information in the primary visual cortex (occipital lobe), and then this information is transferred to the temporal lobe.
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There may be irregular or scattered crosslines of white to light gray along the upper body and a spectacle marking on the hood. The ventral head and neck are white to light gray or light orange in colour. There is some variation in the colour of the ventral body and tail: it could be white to gray, dark gray mottled with white, or blackish. The populations in different geographic regions of Taiwan show a different composition of ventral colouration: the eastern population is all blackish (100%), the central and southern populations are mostly white to gray (both 80%), and the proportions of blackish and white-gray phases in the northern population are 60% and 30%, respectively.
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1) Firstly, male dorsal eyes contain significantly longer rhabdomeres (basic light sensing organelles in the ommatidia of eyes – 2 to 3 times longer in males) than those found in the female eyes or ventral eyes of males. 2) Second, the enlarged retina prominent in male dorsal eyes is characterized by larger facet diameters than those found in male ventral and female eyes, meaning that there is an increase in the aperture area of each facet. 3) Thirdly, Zeil was able to measure interommatidial angles by illuminating fly heads so that light traveled antidromically up the rhabdomeres. This technique revealed that male dorsal eyes have smaller interommatidial angles and different rhabdomere arrangements than ventral or female eyes.
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Afterwards, the AER progressively decreases in height and eventually regresses. In mouse embryos, the ventral ectoderm of the emerging forelimb at E9.5 (embryonic day 9.5) already appears thicker in comparison to the dorsal ectoderm and it corresponds to the early AER. By E10, this thickening is more noticeable since the epithelium now consists of two layers and becomes confined to the ventral- distal margin of the bud although it is not detectable in living specimens using light microscope or by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Between E10.5-11, a linear and compact AER with a polystratified epithelial structure (3-4 layers) has formed and positioned itself at the distal dorso-ventral boundary of the bud.
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In pancreas divisum the ducts of the pancreas are not fused to form a full pancreas, but instead it remains as a distinct dorsal and ventral duct. Without the proper fusion of both ducts the majority of the pancreas drainage is mainly through the accessory papilla. Three different variations in pancreas divisum have been described: the first is the classic example of pancreas divisum in which the ventral duct is visualized but there is total failure of fusion; the second variation is with the absence of a ventral duct; and the third variation is when there is very basic communication between the two ducts. Pancreatitis is a major complication of pancreas divisum.
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In contrast to the earlier description of the design, the Do 217 E had a new nose and the nose, cockpit rear, and ventral positions carried one MG 15 each. The design was to carry a maximum bomb load of two SC 500 and two SC 250 bombs. It was also possible to carry an aerial mine or torpedo, for which the bomb bay had been substantially extended rearwards in the ventral area of the rear fuselage, nearly 70% longer in proportion than what the earlier Do 17Z had possessed. A "clamshell"-like dive brake was fitted aft of the tail, with rear-hinged single dorsal and ventral "petals" to deploy using a jackscrew during anticipated dive bombing missions.
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Most Pentecopterus specimens would have had a total length of . The large amount of fragmentary specimens recovered of Pentecopterus, including juveniles and exuviae specimens, have allowed an almost complete description of the external morphology. Pentecopterus is diagnosed as a megalograptid retaining a single pair of spines on the third podomere of the third prosomal appendages, a short appendage V with a serrated distal margin of podomeres; prosomal ventral plates widening anteriorly, posterolateral pretelson lacking expansion and xiphos-like shaped telson, with a margin laterally ornamented with scales. The prosomal ventral plate is of Erieopterus-type, that is, it consists of a single plate that covers the anterior and lateral portion of the ventral carapace.
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The islands of Calleja are specifically located within the ventral and medial lining of the ventral striatum in the brain, meaning that they lie towards the front and middle of this region within the temporal lobe. The insula magna, or the major island, of these complexes is located in the medial border of the nucleus accumbens. The ventral group of the islands lies along the pial border of the basal forebrain, a region of the frontal lobe that lies adjacent to the temporal lobe. Due to high concentrations of nitric oxide synthase, an enzyme that makes nitric oxide and includes another enzyme known as NADPH-diaphorase, the islands can be visualized via NADPH-diaphorase staining.
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Its name is derived from cecidium and Nothofagus, the name of the host plant genus. This genus differs from Paraulax by a median vertical carina that extends from the ventral margin of the clypeus, almost reaching the ventral margin of the antennal sockets; its facial strigae radiating from the lateral clypeus; the ventral part of its clypeus is straight; a lateral, sharp occipital carina is present; its last antennal flagellomere is 1.5 to 1.7 times longer than wide; longitudinal costulae running from the lateral margin of its pronotal plate to the lateral surface of its pronotum are very short or absent altogether; notauli are sinuate; no scutellar foveae are present; simple claws, sometimes carrying a short basal lobe.
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The anterior cingulate circuit consists of the anterior cingulate cortex, also referred to as Brodmann area 24, and its projections to the ventral striatum which includes the ventromedial caudate. The loop continues to connect to the ventral pallidum, which connects to the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus. This circuit is essential for the initiation of behavior, motivation and goal orientation, which are the very things missing from a patient with a disorder of diminished motivation. Unilateral injury or injury along any point in the circuit leads to abulia regardless of the side of the injury, but if there is bilateral damage, the patient will exhibit a more extreme case of diminished motivation, akinetic mutism.
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It has a brownish grey color and becomes white along the ventral side. Little else is known about the African Dwarf Sawshark as it is a newly discovered species.
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The reniform spot is small and blackish brown. The dorsal hindwing is dirty gray brown, but lighter near the base. The ventral surfaces of both wings are gray brown.
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The reniform spot is diffuse and blackish brown and the fringe is gray brown. The dorsal hindwing is gray brown. The ventral surfaces of both wings is gray brown.
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Opioid modulation of taste hedonics within the ventral striatum. Physiol Behav. 76(3):365-77. This area has been called the "opioid eating site".Peciña S, Berridge KC. (2000).
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Long, thin scales have been preserved in most adelospondyl specimens, and they were more abundant on the ventral (belly) side of the body rather than the dorsal (back) side.
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Each segment is made up of a dorsal and a ventral sclerite, connected by an elastic membrane. In some females, the sclerites are rolled into a flexible, telescopic ovipositor.
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The ventral parts are yellow to white, while the neck and the mane are grey to black. The sable antelope is notably darker; it has a brownish-black coat.
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Prosternal process without transverse groove. Accessory (mesal) procoxal articulation absent. Ventral portion of prothorax on each side with notosternal suture only. Propleuron not extending to anterior edge of prothorax.
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There is also a narrowish yellow ventral stripe with similar oblique yellow lines between it and the lateral line. Pupation takes place in a folded and spun together leaf.
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The external, ventral, lobe is short. The Lytoceratinae have a worldwide distribution and a stratigraphic range extending from the middle Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian) to the early Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian).
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Tail usually carries latitudinally striped pattern form dark and white segments. Ventral surface of the tail in lizards from Armenia is dark grey in males and yellowish in females.
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The antennal segments are relatively spherical, and each antenna sits in the ventral groove along the inner margin of the eye. The eyes are approximately one eye-width apart.
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Both parts communicate with the surface of the body via a single opening called gonopore, which is located on the ventral side of the posterior half of the body.
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The ventral scales are elongated, horizontal scales that occur on the belly of the snake up until the anal plate. After the anal plate, the scales are subcaudal scales.
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Only located in the Pilbara region, WA. Found in all habitats of its distribution, such as scrubs, grasslands and stony ranges. Internasals present; usually more than 285 ventral scales.
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The apex is off-center and sometimes worn off. Drawing of the shell with dorsal view, lateral view (left side) and ventral view. Head region is on the left.
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TIGHAR postulates that the ventral receiving antenna was scraped off while the Electra taxied to the runway at Lae; consequently, the Electra lost its ability to receive HF transmissions.
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Ventral side orange. Forewings with dark specks on costa and outer margin. A dark submarginal band. Hindwings with dark specks on the costa and a spot near the apex.
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There are 25-31 scale rows around the hood, 19-21 just ahead of midbody; 153-174 ventral scales, 45-54 subcaudal scales, and basal pairs are sometimes undivided.
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It is distinguished from other members of this genus by having mostly single subcaudal scales and a row of bold white spots where the dorsal and ventral scales meet.
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The wider nesting chamber is lined with dried leaves. The female lays two, rarely three, glossy white eggs. Both sexes incubate the eggs and feed the young. Ventral view.
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The Papuan black snake has 19 to 21 rows of dorsal scales at midbody, 205 to 239 ventral scales, 43 to 63 subcaudal scales, and a divided anal scale.
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Penis enclosed in a fibrous sheath, 9. Cloaca, 10. Opening in the ventral wall of the cloaca for the penis. Monotremes' metabolic rate is remarkably low by mammalian standards.
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The toes are moderately webbed. The dorsum is yellowish green and has dark gray spots. The ventral parietal peritoneum is white. Adult males have a visible small humeral spine.
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There is a white speck found at center and spot at end of cell. Hindwings with white base. Ventral side with basal area of both wings speckled with white.
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Because the upperside and underside of the leaf differ in colour, the dorsal and ventral side of the case are also coloured differently. Larvae can be found in spring.
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Incentive salience is primarily regulated by dopamine neurotransmission in the mesocorticolimbic projection, but activity in other dopaminergic pathways and hedonic hotspots (e.g., the ventral pallidum) also modulate incentive salience.
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Ventral side whitish. Larval food plants include Ricinus communis, Mangifera indica, Rosa, Crotalaria verrucosa,Martiré, D. & Rochat, J. 2008. Les papillons de La Réunion et leurs chenilles. - —:1–496.
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Claws are moderately long. Ventral pores and pre-cloacal groves absent. Dorsum medium brown with 5 sinuous dark brown bands. A dark canthal stripe found that meets on nape.
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Longitudinal rows of tubercles range from 7-10. Ventral scales imbricate with pointed posterior edges. Tail is long, slender and subcylindrical. Dorsum grayish brown with 5 dark brown bands.
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The basal ganglia have a limbic sector that involve the ventral tegmental area (VTA), its dysfunction has been related in some diseases such as Parkinson's disease and movement disorders.
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Segments 8 to 10 are blue. There is a narrow black basal annule on segment 8. The ventral borders of all segments are broadly black. Anal appendages are black.
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The dorsal valve bears a series of symmetrical muscle impressions, forming a ring concentric with the edge of the shell. The ventral valve has a pair of internal depressions.
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Ventral sides with waved postmedial and crenulate submarginal lines. Females found from Sri Lanka are yellowish brown, with the basal and medial areas of forewings, which are not darker.
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Its dental formula is for a total of 32 teeth. The fur of its back is yellowish- or reddish-brown. Ventral fur is pale gray or cream in color.
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Head and body length is 12–14 cm. Tail is 9-11. Yellowish brown upperparts are speckled with black and reddish yellow. Ventral surface grayish with a yellowish speckle.
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The dorsal side is grey-brown and features markings which are distinctive in juveniles and young snakes but fade with age. The ventral side is light yellow or white.
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The single ventral fin was also replaced with two ventral fins that Learjet called "Delta Fins" to improve stall characteristics and promote aerodynamic stability. The Learjet 60 is notable for its time-to-climb performance, climbing to 41,000 feet (12,497 m) in 18.5 minutes at maximum weight. It also distinguished as the last legacy Learjet, using a variation of the wing that designer Bill Lear adapted from the Swiss military aircraft, the FFA P-16.
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The Turkestan red pika (Ochotona rutila) is a species of mammal in the family Ochotonidae. The summer fur at its back is bright rufous and the ventral fur is white or ochraceous. The winter dorsal fur is pale brown and the ventral fur is white or light ochraceous in colour. It is found in the mountains of western Xinjiang in China, and sporadically also in the central Asian mountains in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.
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Adamsoceras is a genus of actinocerids of the family Wutinoceratidae, with spheroidal siphuncle segments like Ormoceras, but having a reticular canal system like Wutinoceras. Adamsoceras has a slender, gently expanding, orthoconic shell that is slightly broader than high, i.e. depressed, with close spaced septa that form ventral lobes and a siphuncle that is near the ventral margin. Adamsoceras is known from rocks of Whiterockian age (early Middle Ordovician) in Nevada, the Baltic, Tasmania, and Manchuria.
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The Bassleroceratidae is a family of gradually expanding, smooth ellesmerocerids with a slight to moderate exogastric curvature, subcircular to strongly compressed cross section, and ventral orthochaonitc siphuncle. The ventral side is typically more sharply rounded than the dorsal side and septa are close spaced. Connecting rings are thick and slightly expanded into the siphuncle, making the segments slightly concave; characteristic of the Ellesmerocerida.Furnish and Glenister 1964a, Nautiloidea-Ellesmerocerida; Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part K Nautiloidea.
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Sutures have four pairs of lobes, the ventral one being rounded and spatulate, the interior three clustered and narrow. External lobes are either smooth are variably serrate.Miller, A.K. and W.M Furnish, 1957, Permian Ammonoids from Southern Arabia; Jour Paleontology V.31, N. 6, pp 1043-1051; Nov. 1957 The Pseudohaloritidae was established by Miller and Furnish (1957) for three related genera with similar sutures and aberrant siphuncles that are removed from the ventral margin.
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Restoration of Eurypterus with the general body parts of a eurypterid labelled. The metastoma can be seen between the pair of swimming paddles in the ventral view. The metastoma is a ventral single plate located in the opisthosoma of non-arachnid dekatriatan chelicerates such as eurypterids, chasmataspidids and the genus Houia. The metastoma located between the base of 6th prosomal appendage pair and may had functioned as part of the animal's feeding structures.
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This species has different patterns and colors on its dorsal and ventral sides and it exhibits a postorbital stripe. The ventral side is yellow, cream, or a whitish gray, with dark blotches that are more frequent closer to the posterior end. Ventrolaterally, B. asper has interchanging gray scales which are more pale towards the medial line. Dark triangles with pale edges can be seen laterally, which range in number from 18 to 25.
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This induces the roof plate to begin to secrete BMP, which will induce the alar plate to develop sensory neurons. Opposing gradients of such morphogens as BMP and SHH form different domains of dividing cells along the dorsal ventral axis. Dorsal root ganglion neurons differentiate from neural crest progenitors. As the dorsal and ventral column cells proliferate, the lumen of the neural tube narrows to form the small central canal of the spinal cord.
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The thalamic fasciculus (H1 field) consists of fibers from the ansa lenticularis and from the lenticular fasciculus (H2 field), coming from different portions of the GPi. These tracts are collectively the pallidothalamic tracts and join before they enter the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus. Pallidal axons have their own territory in the ventral lateral nucleus (VL); separated from the cerebellar and nigral territories. The VL is stained for calbindin and acetylcholinesterase.
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Oligodendrocytes are found only in the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord. These cells were originally thought to have been produced in the ventral neural tube; however, research now shows oligodendrocytes originate from the ventral ventricular zone of the embryonic spinal cord and possibly have some concentrations in the forebrain. They are the last cell type to be generated in the CNS. Oligodendrocytes were discovered by Pío del Río Hortega.
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The Grypoceratidae are characterized by evolute to involute shells that may have some modification to the venter (the outer rim) varying from flattened to subangular, or bearing a keel. Most are smooth but some have nodes or carinae (auxiliary keels). Sutures generally have distinct ventral and lateral lobes but in some, a ventral saddle. Whorl sections are generally compressed but may be subquadrate to subtrapezoidal or coronate (heart shaped), or slightly depressed dorso-ventrally.
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The anterior femora of the legs are stout, with ventral spines. Adult males have lost tergites seven and eight, and the seventh sternite forms a complete ventral band. Stalk-eyed flies, as the name implies, typically possess eyestalks (in all but the two genera listed above). Their eyes are mounted on projections from the sides of the head, and the antennae are located on the eyestalks, unlike stalk-eyed flies from other families.
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Female markings are similar to those of B. philenor, allowing females to engage in dorsal mimicry to reduce risk of predation by birds that preferably prey on the black swallowtail. Females have evolved dorsal mimicry because they spend more time revealing their dorsal wing side during oviposition. The ventral wing surface of the black swallowtail also mimics that of B. philenor, so both males and females are protected when their ventral wing surface is displayed.
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The tree-crevice skink is a moderate-to-large, deep-headed species of the genus Egernia. It is dark- blackish to grey-brown and has a pale dorso-lateral stripe that goes from the head to the base of the tail. Sometimes they present scattered white spots ad flecks in the dorso. Their ventral surfaces are often lemon-yellow or pale orange whereas ventral surfaces of limbs and tail are whitish or grey.
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The largest suckers have 10-14 teeth all of which are sharply pointed and closely set, with long teeth and short teeth set alternately and with the 2 or 3 lowest (i.e. ventral) on either side being the widest and being obliquely pointed. The suckers towards the tip have less than 7 teeth which are separated, slender triangular and sharply pointed except ventral-most on either side which has a wider and less quadrangular shape.
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Proclydonautilus is a genus of nautiloids belonging to the Clydonautilidae known from the Upper Triassic of North America, Europe, and India. The shell of Proclydonautilus, like those of other Clydonautilitidae, is involute and smooth. It is distinguished by its suture which has a broad, shallow to deep ventral lobe that divides a large ventral saddle. A large lateral lobe on the flans is followed by a small lateral saddle and a second lateral lobe.
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Furthermore, the relative positions other "intermediate" structures in hemichordates, such as the hepatic organs and ventral pygochord, which has been proposed to be homologous to the chordate-defining notochord, are retained but inverted. Nübler-Jung and Arendt argue that the principal innovation in the chordate lineage was the obliteration of the mouth on the neural side (as in hemichordates, arthropods, and annelids) and the development of a new mouth on the non-neural ventral side.
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Although several complete skeletons are known, most specimens are crushed in either dorsal (top) or ventral (bottom) view. The holotype of A. huangguoshuensis, IVPP V11835, is preserved in dorsal view while a second specimen, IVPP V11834, is preserved in ventral view. Based on these specimens, A. huangguoshuensis grew to about in length. Although the tip is not preserved in any specimen, the tail made up at least half of the animal's length.
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Also, Onuf's nucleus is found almost symmetrically on both sides of the ventral horn. This innervation, or nerve supply, is arranged in a neuropil and averages approximately 300-500 in both the left and right ventral horns in animals. Humans average 625 neurons total across both sides of the spine which measures about 4–6 mm on each side. Many staining techniques have been used to study the anatomy of Onuf's nucleus.
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Armament consisted of bombs and up to 16 MG 17 housed in pods. ;Ju 88 A-14 :An improved A-4 version, more armor for the crew, Kuto-Nase balloon cable cutters, MG FF cannon in the ventral gondola, bomb sight removed. ;Ju 88 A-15 :Based on the A-4, it featured an enlarged wooden bomb bay, capable of holding 3 tons of bombs. Ventral gondola removed, only two defensive MGs.
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Psychosis is associated with ventral striatal hypoactivity during reward anticipation and feedback. Hypoactivity in the left ventral striatum is correlated with the severity of negative symptoms. While anhedonia is a commonly reported symptom in psychosis, hedonic experiences are actually intact in most people with schizophrenia. The impairment that may present itself as anhedonia probably actually lies in the inability to identify goals, and to identify and engage in the behaviors necessary to achieve goals.
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Listriolobus pelodes has a plump, sausage-shaped body about long and wide. An extensible spoon-shaped proboscis projects from the anterior (front) end of the body and the mouth is at its base on the ventral side. There is a pair of hooked setae (bristles) projecting from the ventral surface of the body behind the mouth and a pair of nephridiopores nearby. The anus is at the posterior end of the body.
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Macrostomum rostratum is colourless and between in length. There are a pair of small eyes at the anterior end and a longitudinal-slit mouth on the ventral surface just behind these. A short pharynx leads from the mouth to a simple gut. Also on the ventral surface, the female gonopore, which is shaped like a rosette, is in front of the male gonopore and penis which are half way along the flatworm.
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The lateral lemniscus has three nuclei: dorsal nuclei respond best to bilateral input and have complexity tuned responses; intermediate nuclei have broad tuning responses; and ventral nuclei have broad and moderately complex tuning curves. Ventral nuclei of lateral lemniscus help the inferior colliculus (IC) decode amplitude modulated sounds by giving both phasic and tonic responses (short and long notes, respectively). IC receives inputs not shown, including visual (pretectal area: moves eyes to sound.
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The ventral supraoptic decussation is the crossover (decussation) point for signals from the left and right eye, en route respectively to the right and left sides of the visual cortex. Occupying the posterior part of the commissure of the optic chiasma is a strand of fibers, the Ventral supraoptic decussation (commissure of Gudden, Gudden's inferior commissure), which is not derived from the optic nerves; it forms a connecting link between the medial geniculate bodies.
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Spinal nerve Typical spinal nerve location Each spinal nerve is a mixed nerve, formed from the combination of nerve fibers from its dorsal and ventral roots. The dorsal root is the afferent sensory root and carries sensory information to the brain. The ventral root is the efferent motor root and carries motor information from the brain. The spinal nerve emerges from the spinal column through an opening (intervertebral foramen) between adjacent vertebrae.
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Females have red markings on both the ventral and dorsal surfaces of the abdomen, unlike any other African Latrodectus species. They have parallel spermathecae and the copulatory ducts have three loops. The embolus of males has four loops and there are white markings on the ventral surface of the abdomen that darken with age. The large smooth egg sacs are bright purple when freshly laid, fading to shiny grey as they dry.
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It was found that HIV+ patients showed less activity within the ventral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and left dorsolateral PFC. There was reduced connectivity between the left caudate and ventral PFC and between the left caudate and dorsolateral PFC compared to healthy controls. Additionally, there was hypoactivation of the left caudate in the HIV+ patients. In the control group, there was correlation between caudate activity and executive functioning as shown by performance on neuropsychological testing.
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Plantago aucklandica differs from all other species of Plantago that are indigenous to New Zealand by its large leaves with up to seven veins, axillary hairs, wide petioles, and long spikes with up to 132 flowers. It has only two ovules (one of which aborts) in each ovary, and its seeds have low rounded protuberances on the ventral surface, whereas all other New Zealand native species have seeds with a networked ventral surface.
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Dorsal view of a Smooth Butterfly Ray The ventral side is lightly colored while the dorsal side is variable in color. The ventral side is usually white but can contain a rusty or bronze coloration. The dorsal side can be grey, light green, brown, and also not uniform in color. They tend to use countershading to blend in with the bottom of their environments in order to hide from predators and to catch prey.
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These neurons express PDF. Meanwhile, evening behaviors are controlled by a subset called lateral dorsal neurons (LNd), which do not express PDF. PDF from small lateral ventral neurons (s-LNv) is responsible for the maintenance of a free-running rhythm, while PDF from large lateral ventral neurons is not required for normal behavior. Experiments at Brandeis University have shown that PDF neuropeptide is localized in s-LNv that specifically control morning anticipatory behavior.
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The medial side (towards the middle of the mouth) is flat, but the lateral side (towards the sides) is convex. There is enamel only on the lower (ventral) side. A large wear facet is present at the tip, forming an angle of about 35° with the ventral margin in 701A. The three incisor fragments are identified as Ferugliotherium because of their size and provenance and the presence of a restricted enamel band.
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These squid reach a maximum mantle length of 33 centimetres in males and 22 centimetres in females. Sexual dimorphism is apparent, with the left ventral arm in males modified into a hectocotylus; this is used to facilitate fertilization during mating. Males also have a number of purple stripes running lengthwise on the ventral side of the mantle; along with other visual cues produced by chromatophores, these stripes are used in elaborate courtship displays.
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From there, the ventral pathway goes through V2 and V4 to areas of the inferior temporal lobe: PIT (posterior inferotemporal), CIT (central inferotemporal), and AIT (anterior inferotemporal). Each visual area contains a full representation of visual space. That is, it contains neurons whose receptive fields together represent the entire visual field. Visual information enters the ventral stream through the primary visual cortex and travels through the rest of the areas in sequence.
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Lightning F.3 in flight, 1983 The F.3A introduced two improvements: a new, non-jettisonable, ventral fuel tank,Pilot's Notes, Lightning F.Mk.6. Warton Aerodrome, UK: English Electric Technical Services, September 1966. and a new, kinked, conically cambered wing leading edge, incorporating a slightly larger leading edge fuel tank, raising the total usable internal fuel by . The conically cambered wing improved manoeuvrability, especially at higher altitudes, and the ventral tank nearly doubled available fuel.
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Trackways referable to small temnospondyls have also been found in Carboniferous and Permian rocks. The trackways, called batrachichni, are usually found in strata deposited around freshwater environments, suggesting the animals had some ties to the water. A fossil of Sclerocephalus showing a large pectoral girdle and ventral plates Unlike modern amphibians, many temnospondyls are covered in small, closely packed scales. The undersides of most temnospondyls are covered in rows of large ventral plates.
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The vulva of A. caninum females is located at the boundary of the second and final thirds of the body. The teeth of A. caninum are found in the buccal capsule and divided into three sets. Two ventral sets form a lower-jaw equivalent, while a further set projects from the dorsal side and loosely equates to an upper jaw. Each ventral set has three points, with those furthest to the sides being the largest.
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Each trunk segment of the Aegirocassis benmoulai specimen has both a ventral and a dorsal pair of flaps. Several details seen clearly in the specimen led to a review and reassessment of research of existing specimens and, most importantly, to the conclusion that the ventral pair are homologous with lobopodous walking limbs in arthropods, and the dorsal pair are homologous with the flaps of gilled lobopodians and exites of the Cambrian biramous limb.
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For example, the ventral and dorsal streams only arise because of innate differences in processing speed of neurons, not an innate selection to be either ventral or dorsal by the respective neurons. Such a differentiation has been entitled a domain-relevant approach to development. This contrasts the previous domain- general and domain-specific approaches. In the domain-general framework, differences in cognitive functioning are attributed to overarching differences in the neurons across the entire brain.
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It has also shown promise for Tourette syndrome, torticollis, and tardive dyskinesia. DBS therapy, unlike spinal cord stimulation, has a variety of central nervous system targets, depending on the target pathology. For Parkinson's disease central nervous system targets include the subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus interna, and the ventral intermidus nucleus of the thalamus. Dystonias are often treated by implants targeting globus pallidus interna, or less often, parts of the ventral thalamic group.
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Additionally, the mesolimbic pathway projects from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens of the ventral striatum. Another well-known afferent is the nigrostriatal connection arising from the neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta. While cortical axons synapse mainly on spine heads of spiny neurons, nigral axons synapse mainly on spine shafts. In primates, the thalamostriatal afferent comes from the central median-parafascicular complex of the thalamus (see primate basal ganglia system).
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The reniform spot is small and reddish brown. The ventral surfaces of both wings are gray brown and the dorsal hindwing is dirty gray brown, but lighter near the base.
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The reniform spot is small and blackish brown. The ventral surfaces of both wings are gray brown and the dorsal hindwing is dirty gray brown, but lighter near the base.
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The forewings are dark brown, with scattered ochreous scales. There are large ochreous markings at the costal two-fifths, costal one-fifth and ventral half. The hindwings are dark brown.
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Patelloida corticata is a species of sea snail or true limpet, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Lottiidae, the lottia limpets. Ventral view of the shell of Patelloida corticata.
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Drawing of the shell of Pilina unguis. Head region is on the left. Ventral view of the (fossil) shell of Tryblidium reticulatum Lindström, 1880. There are visible muscular attachment scars.
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Ventral and sub-caudal scales are smooth. Digits relatively short and all bearing claws. Tail has strongly keeled tubercles which are arranged in whorls. Cloacal spur with two enlarged tubercles.
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The body chamber bulges slightly. The aperture in mature specimens is somewhat contracted. Sutures form slight lateral lobes, dorsal lobes, and broad ventral and umbilical saddles. Whorl section is symmetric.
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A marginal series of prominent black spots. Hindwing dark fuscous. Ventral side of hindwing with cell-spot and postmedial line. Some specimens have more variegated chestnut and dark brown forewings.
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Aedeagus trilobate is symmetrical. Anterior edge of tegmen or phallobase without struts. Parameres individually articulated to phallobase or base of penis; not outwardly hooked. Penis without dorsal and ventral lobes.
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Hindwings are bluish black. A large crimson patch is found with white center at anal angle. Ventral side is with white striations and whitish between the veins of the forewings.
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The body chamber is attached at knee-like bends on the ventral and lateral sides. Acleistoceras and Poteriocerina are similar acleistoceratids from the Middle Devonian, differing primarily in internal detail.
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Its dorsal fur is brown, while its ventral fur is white or gray. Both males and females have gular glands. Its dental formula is for a total of 30 teeth.
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The legs are dark yellow, mottled brownish black on the ventral side of the foreleg and on the outer side of the mid- and hindlegs. The abdomen is grayish brown.
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Persistence has been associated with increased striatal-mPFC connectivity, increased activation of ventral striatal-orbitofrontal-anterior cingulate circuits, as well as increased salivary amylase levels indicative of increased noradrenergic tone.
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In studying the inner ear of Giraffatitan, Gunga & Kirsch (2001) concluded that brachiosaurids would have moved their necks in lateral directions more often than in dorsal- ventral directions while feeding.
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These results support the existence of an integrated supramodal flavor system in the anterior ventral insula that preferentially communicates with the circuits guiding feeding when the flavor is potentially nutritive.
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The name of the species is derived from the Spanish word mancha (meaning spot) and refers to the very distinctive, elongated black spot in ventral hindwing cell Sc+R1-Rs.
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Trochanter IV (and sometimes III) frequently with a small, ventral spur. Tarsi tapering a little abruptly; length of tarsus I 0.70- 0.80 mm, and of tarsus IV 0.60- 0.78 mm.
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The suture is characterized by a ventral lobe with two attenuated prongs separated by a high median saddle. The lateral lobe is generally nearly symmetrical, becoming attenuated on mature specimens.
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The cuttlebone is oblong in shape, rounded on the anterior and posterior edges, a strongy recurved ventral surface and an evenly convex dorsal surface. The mantle length averages 250 mm.
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Ventral gondola, dive brakes and all armament removed. ;Ju 88 A-13 :Low level assault version. Dive brakes and bomb sight removed. Additional armor for crew, engines and fuel tanks.
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The ventral surfaces are dull brown. The iris is copper or occasionally gold. Gosner stage 40 tadpoles measure about in total length, of which the body makes about one third.
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Larva apple green; paired dorsal and lateral yellow spinous tubercles on each somite except the last; dorsal yellow hairs; lateral and ventral black hairs; the pad to anal claspers rufous.
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The yellow arrow points at the ventral patch of thick bristles on the middle femur in a male Prolepsis lucifer from San Martin. Many Prolepsis species have a similar feature.
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The adult fish's color when fresh is brownish-grey in the dorsal side to whitish on the ventral side, with alternating dark and light stripes in the sides of body.
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The haddock, a type of cod, is ray-finned. It has three dorsal and two anal fins. heterocercal caudal fin. The dorsal portion is usually larger than the ventral portion.
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The ventral lobes are rounded and short, and slightly bilobed from segment 20 onwards. There are gills (red) on all segments except segment 2 and the last seven body segments.
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Viviparous lizards display color polymorphism in three ventral colors: yellow, orange, and a mixture of the two. These color morphs respond to variation in density frequency-dependence within their environment.
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The outer are black with irregular inner edge and pale patched at apex and anal angle. Ventral side with a dark band and outer area of both wings are dark.
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Dark purplish brown, scales on the sides and on the ventrum edged with whitish. Anal region black. Ventral surface of tail yellow. The total length of the type specimen is .
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On later variants of the Lightning, a ventral weapons pack could be installed to equip the aircraft alternatively with different armaments, including missiles, rockets, and cannons.Darling 2008, pp. 45, 78.
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The silvery body is covered with small scales. There is only one dorsal fin, a pair of pectoral and ventral fins. The anal fin and tail they have yellowish tones.
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On the ventral margin, a subapical tooth can be seen on the large claws. The metasoma is mostly obscured by a large bubble. A large stinger appears to be present.
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The large scutes on the right side cover the ventral, or belly side of the snake. The smaller scales cover the rest of the snake. Note how the scales overlap.
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The eyes are opalescent blue-green in color. Juveniles are bluish in color on the dorsal surface and silvery on the ventral surface. They can grow to a maximum length of .
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The unmyelinated Group C nerve fibers that transmit pain and temperature from the pelvic viscera enter the spinal cord via ventral roots at L5-S3, thus violating the Bell–Magendie law.
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The scapular and circumflex arteries. Rhomboid major labelled at lower left. The rhomboid major, like the rhomboid minor, is innervated by the ventral primary ramus via the dorsal scapular nerve (C5).
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Dorsal scales in 15 rows; ventral scales 200–231 in males, 198–227 in females; tail short and tapering; subcaudal scales single (undivided), 43–54 in males, 37–55 in females.
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Ventral side grey suffused. Forewings with an oblique white postmedial band not reaching the costa. Two crenulate medial lines found on each wing. Eggs are small, spherical with a greenish color.
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Anatomy and Embryology (Berlin). 1987;175(4):517-20. The rostral portion of the ventral reticular nucleus has been shown to mediate inspiration along with a portion of the lateral reticular nucleus.
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Ventral side with pale basal areas in both wings. Spherical eggs are blue green and vertically ridged. Larvae spidery with the comb-like true legs on a thick thorax. Abdomen long.
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The ventral pallidum lies within the basal ganglia, a group of subcortical nuclei. Along with the external globus pallidus, it is separated from other basal ganglia nuclei by the anterior commissure.
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The female is bronze-green dorsally and has a dull grey ventral colouring. There is a white stripe behind her eye. Immature birds are like the female, but darker and browner.
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Sexes show sexual dimorphism. Male has dark brown dorsal surface, whereas female pale brown coloration. In male, dorsal surface is unmarked except few small dark eyespots. Ventral surface is heavily shaded.
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The coloration depends upon subspecies: O. g. garnetti exhibits green-tinged reddish brown dorsal pelage. The ventral side is yellow and the terminal half of the tail is black. O. g.
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The fur of its back is reddish or mahogany in color. Its ventral fur is tan to orange, with the chin and sides of body darker in color. Its forearm is .
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Chordin (from Greek χορδή, string, catgut) or CHRD is a protein with a prominent role in dorsal–ventral patterning during vertebrate early embryonic development . Chordin is encoded by the chrd gene.
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Ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) are part of the dopamine layer. This layer models midbrain dopamine neurons. They control the dopaminergic modulation of the basal ganglia.
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Adult is relatively smaller than other Cnemaspis species, ranges SVL 31.5–32.9 mm in length. Dorsal scales are homogeneous. Smooth ventral scales on trunk. 17–19 scales found across the belly.
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Lipps, Jere H.; Signor, Philip W. (January 1, 1992). Origin and Early Evolution of the Metazoa. Springer. . Page 417. At the posterior is a ventral valve with a defined flat-shelf.
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The pectoral fins are both rosy, and the anal and ventral fins are both white.Bohlke, James E. Charles C. G. Chaplin. Fishes of the Bahamas and Adjacent Tropical Waters. 2nd edition.
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The egg is elliptical, about 2 mm long, and pure white. It is almost flat on the ventral surface, and more convex on the dorsal. Eggs are often somewhat longitudinally curved.
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Ventral surfaces are grey with small, dark brown spots on the chin, chest, and abdomen. Legs have larger spots of the same colour. Iris is golden. Tympanum is small and indistinct.
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Adult males measure and adult females in snout–vent length. The head is relatively wide. The dorsum is uniform brown or gray. The ventral side is bright yellow or orange- yellow.
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It also lacks the contrasting head coloration of the latter and has more secondary annuli. The dorsum is purplish lavender, whereas the ventral surfaces are dull cream with dim lavender clouding.
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The dorsum bears large, scattered tubercles. Dorsal colouration is uniformly grey, but the upper eyelids are yellowish-grey. The thighs have diffuse crossbands. The ventral parts are cream with greyish variegations.
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The ventral skin is smooth. The head is longer than wide and with a moderately pointed snout. The tympanum is ⅔ to ¾ of the eye diameter. The legs are long and slender.
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The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word for mane and refers to the setose (bristled) lobelike process originating from the ventral part of the valva of the male genitalia.
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The dorsal side of each is straight while the ventral side is slightly curved giving a pod-like appearance.A razor shell - Phaxas pellucidus. Marine Life Information Network. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
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Thorax banded and spotted with black. Abdomen yellow with white extremity. A dorsal series of black spots and ventral series of bands present. Forewings whitish with some black marks near base.
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Sutures have shallow ventral and dorsal lobes. Probably gave rise to Cymatonautilus and is the likely ancestor of Cymatoceras and Paracymatoceras. Procymatoceras has its origin in the earliest Nautilidae, in Cenoceras.
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Hindwings with black striations. Basal area is suffused with fuscous. A crenulate (scalloped) postmedial line and an incomplete submarginal black band can be seen. Ventral side fuscous with prominent cell-spots.
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In some fishes, the palatoquadrate is the dorsal component of the mandibular arch, the ventral one being Meckel's cartilage. The palatoquadrate forms from splanchnocranium in various chordates including placoderms and acanthodians.
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The cloaca is a structure in the development of the urinary and reproductive organs. The hind-gut is at first prolonged backward into the body-stalk as the tube of the allantois; but, with the growth and flexure of the tail-end of the embryo, the body-stalk, with its contained allantoic tube, is carried forward to the ventral aspect of the body, and consequently a bend is formed at the junction of the hind-gut and allantois. This bend becomes dilated into a pouch, which constitutes the endodermal cloaca; into its dorsal part the hind- gut opens, and from its ventral part the allantois passes forward. At a later stage the Wolffian duct and Müllerian duct open into its ventral portion.
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The first randomized, controlled study of DBS for the treatment of TRD targeting the ventral capsule/ventral striatum area did not demonstrate a significant difference in response rates between the active and sham groups at the end of a 16-week study. However, a second randomized controlled study of ventral capsule DBS for TRD did demonstrate a significant difference in response rates between active DBS (44% responders) and sham DBS (0% responders). Efficacy of DBS is established for OCD, with on average 60% responders in severely ill and treatment-resistant patients. Based on these results the FDA has approved DBS for treatment-resistant OCD under a Humanitarian Device Exemption (HDE), requiring that the procedure be performed only in a hospital with specialist qualifications to do so.
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The pontine tegmentum, or dorsal pons, is located within the brainstem, and is one of two parts of the pons, the other being the ventral pons or basilar part of the pons. The pontine tegmentum can be defined in contrast to the basilar pons: basilar pons contains the corticospinal tract running craniocaudally and can be considered the rostral extension of the ventral medulla oblongata; however, basilar pons is distinguished from ventral medulla oblongata in that it contains additional transverse pontine fibres that continue laterally to become the middle cerebellar peduncle. The pontine tegmentum is all the material dorsal from the basilar pons to the fourth ventricle. Along with the dorsal surface of the medulla, it forms part of the rhomboid fossa – the floor of the fourth ventricle.
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The inhibition (or hyperpolarization) hypothesis proposes that the nucleus accumbens exerts tonic inhibitory effects on downstream structures such as the ventral pallidum, hypothalamus or ventral tegmental area, and that in inhibiting in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), these structures are excited, "releasing" reward related behavior. While GABA receptor agonists are capable of eliciting both "liking" and "wanting" reactions in the nucleus accumbens, glutaminergic inputs from the basolateral amygdala, ventral hippocampus, and medial prefrontal cortex can drive incentive salience. Furthermore, while most studies find that NAcc neurons reduce firing in response to reward, a number of studies find the opposite response. This had led to the proposal of the disinhibition (or depolarization) hypothesis, that proposes that excitation or NAcc neurons, or at least certain subsets, drives reward related behavior.
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The ventral spinocerebellar tract will cross to the opposite side of the body first in the spinal cord as part of the anterior white commissure and then cross again to end in the cerebellum (referred to as a "double cross"), as compared to the dorsal spinocerebellar tract, which does not decussate, or cross sides, at all through its path. The ventral tract (under L2/L3) gets its proprioceptive/fine touch/vibration information from a first order neuron, with its cell body in a dorsal ganglion. The axon runs via the fila radicularia to the dorsal horn of the grey matter. There it makes a synapse with the dendrites of two neurons: they send their axons bilaterally to the ventral border of the lateral funiculi.
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Most of its fur is gray, but the shoulder areas are reddish gray, and the ventral fur is pure white or creamy white. There is also a ring of black fur surrounding each eye. The ventral surface of the tail is white. The dorsal surface of the tail is gray for the first one third to one half of its length (going from the base to the tip); the remainder of the dorsal surface of the tail is white.
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This arrangement means the brain, sub-pharyngeal ganglia and the circum-pharyngeal connectives form a nerve ring around the pharynx. The ventral nerve cord (formed by nerve cells and nerve fibres) begins at the sub- pharyngeal ganglia and extends below the alimentary canal to the most posterior body segment. The ventral nerve cord has a swelling, or ganglion, in each segment, i.e. a segmental ganglion, which occurs from the fifth to the last segment of the body.
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Specimen in life, in dorsolateral and ventral views, all from Andohahela National Park. (A) Holotype specimen ZSM 88/2005; (B-F) paratype specimens, all preserved in the UADBA collection. A. jeanbai can be distinguished from all other Anodonthyla species in numerous ways, including the presence of a yellowish colouration located on the ventral surfaces, which in some specimens, completely extends over the venter. Another distinction is the tympanum, which is often not as clearly visible as with other species.
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The queen butterfly (Danaus gilippus) is a North and South American butterfly in the family Nymphalidae with a wingspan of . It is orange or brown with black wing borders and small white forewing spots on its dorsal wing surface, and reddish ventral wing surface fairly similar to the dorsal surface. The ventral hindwings have black veins and small white spots in a black border. The male has a black androconial scent patch on its dorsal hindwings.
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The pontine nuclei (or griseum pontis) are the nuclei of the pons involved in motor activity. The pontine nuclei are located in the ventral pons. Corticopontine fibres carry information from the primary motor cortex to the ipsilateral pontine nucleus in the ventral pons, and the pontocerebellar projection then carries that information to the contralateral cerebellum via the middle cerebellar peduncle. Extension of these nuclei in the medulla oblongata are named arcuate nucleus (medulla) which has the same function.
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A long ventral bomb-bay, glazed nose and twin tailfins replacing the DC-4E's distinctive triple rudder were included. The DC-4E's retractable tricycle undercarriage was retained, as well as the original wing form and powerplant arrangement. Defensive armament comprised two 20mm Type 99 Model 1 cannon (one in a power-operated dorsal and one in a tail turret), plus single- mount hand-operated 7.7mm Type 92 machine guns in the nose, ventral and waist positions.
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Three types of hair are present in the dorsal region of this species' fur: aristiform, setiform and villiform. The ventral coat is maize yellow, paws in dorsal view are light orange (apricot yellow and dark orange), tail is smooth and intensely bi- colored dorsoventrally, presence and absence of tufts of hair at the tip of the tail, and ventral coat banding pattern, with a gray base corresponding to approximately half and one third of the coat length.
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The eye lobe is much higher than the glabella. The "seem" that is visible from the ventral side (or doublure) is wide and flat, and has a deep and wide. The "palate" (or hypostome), also only visible from the ventral side, is elongated subtriangular (about 1½× wider than long) and adorned with three prominent spines at its back rim, and two weaker ones more to the side. To the front the hypostome has robust wings extending sideways.
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The dorsal/ventral axis is defined in chick embryos by the orientation of the cells with respect to the yolk. Ventral is down with respect to the yolk while animal is up. This axis is defined by the creation of a pH difference "inside" and "outside" of the blastoderm between the subgerminal space and the albumin on the outside. The subgerminal space has a pH of 6.5 while the albumin on the outside has a pH of 9.5.
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DLX6 antisense RNA 1 (DLX6-AS1) (Evf-1 (Embryonic ventral forebrain-1)) is a developmentally-regulated long non-coding RNA. In rats, it is expressed in neurons in the subventricular zone of the developing forebrain. Its expression is linked to that of the Shh (sonic hedgehog) and DLX families of genes, which are important in ventral forebrain and craniofacial development. An alternatively spliced form of DLX6-AS1, DLX6-AS2, forms a stable complex with the Dlx-2 protein.
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The roots terminate in dorsal root ganglia, which are composed of the cell bodies of the corresponding neurons. Ventral roots consist of efferent fibers that arise from motor neurons whose cell bodies are found in the ventral (or anterior) gray horns of the spinal cord. The spinal cord (and brain) are protected by three layers of tissue or membranes called meninges, that surround the canal . The dura mater is the outermost layer, and it forms a tough protective coating.
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Air France ultimately sold some of its Languedocs to Air Liban of Lebanon, Misrair of Egypt and Aviaco of Spain. Others were transferred to the French military. Ten ex-Air France aircraft were converted for operation in the Search and Rescue (SAR) role with SGACC. They were modified with a large ventral gondola, observation windows and a ventral search radar under a transparent fairing, similar to the design adopted in the French Navy SAR Avro Lancasters.
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The Kaluga Sturgeon is a massive fish, also known as the “River Beluga.” It has a triangular head with several bony plates. Its body is an elongated fusiform body with five rows of bony scutes: dorsal with 10-16 beetles (the first is largest), two laterals (32-46 scutes), and two ventral (8-12 scutes) between rows of small bony scutes grains and rarely more large plate. Lateral scutes are smaller than the dorsal and ventral scutes.
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The mouth opens into an oesophagus which passes into an intestine; this opens by a ventral anus situated a little in front of the posterior end. The testis is single, and its duct opens with the anus, and is provided with a couple of spicules. The ovary is double, and the oviducts open by a median ventral pore about the middle of the body; in this region there is a second swelling. both in Chaetosoma and in Rhabdogaster.
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The fish is around long, deep and are pale lavender-tinged grey in colour. Like other species of the genus Chromis, C. brevirostris has bright, colourful scales, as well as bright and colourful tail, dorsal, anal, and ventral fins. Adults of this species are pale lavender and grey in colour on the dorsal side, blue to white on the thorax, blue to grey on the ventral side. They also have golden scales and golden tails and fins.
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As nodal signaling give rise to ectoderm and mesoderm, neuroectoderm formation requires blocking nodal signaling which is accomplished by the expression of nodal antagonist, Cerberus. The role of nodal signaling reemerges later in development when nodal signaling is required to specify ventral cell neural patterning. Loss of function of Cyclops or oep in zebrafish results in cyclopic embryos characterized by a lack of medial floor plate and ventral forebrain. Not all nodals result in the formation of mesoectoderm.
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Circular and longitudinal muscles lie under the neodermis, beneath which further longitudinal, dorso-ventral and transverse muscles surround the central parenchyma. Protonephridial cells drain into the parenchyma. There are four longitudinal collection canals, two dorso-lateral and two ventro-lateral, running along the length of the worm, with a transverse canal linking the ventral ones at the posterior of each segment. When the proglottids begin to detach, these canals open to the exterior through the terminal segment.
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The only known specimen of Gerobatrachus is a nearly complete skeleton (USNM 489135) about long, that is articulated, preserved in ventral view, missing only the stylopodia, zeugopodia, and ventral portions of the skull and pectoral girdle. It is preserved in red siltstone with only its underside exposed. Like other amphibamid temnospondyls, Gerobatrachus has a rounded and flattened head, well-developed limbs, and a small tail. Its vertebral column is somewhat shorter than those of related amphibamids.
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The shell in the Discosoridae is conical, expanding variably with respect to genus. Curvature tends to be slight with the ventral or siphuncular side slightly concave in profile (the endogastric condition), and the opposite dorsal side arched or convex in profile (another endogastric condition). The siphuncle is composed of broadly rounded segments the increase rapidly in size toward the aperture, with growth. Expansion is commonly greater than that of the shell itself, and lies ventral of the center.
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Vrille acts as an enhancer of decapentaplegic (dpp) and easter, genes critical to the development of dorsal/ventral axis in the process of regional differentiation during Drosophila embryogenesis. Likewise, it can act as an enhancer of dpp mutations. Easter is involved in initiating a protease cascade that activates the dorsal gene, resulting in repression of dpp in the ventral portion of the embryo during early fly development. The mechanism by which vrille affects the dpp pathway is still unknown.
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It has an elongate body, with a length of about 670 µm and a width of about 290 µm. It possesses a scaly tegument, 3 pairs of head organs and 2 pairs of eyespots. The haptor is differentiated from its body, being less wide (about 220 µm), and exhibits 2 round squamodiscs, 2 pairs of lateral hamuli, 3 bars and 14 hooklets. There is a groove visible on the ventral side of its flat ventral bar.
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On their ventral surface they have a partial head, mouth, mantle, mantle cavity, foot, gills, gonopore, nephridiopore and anus. The ventral surface is bordered with the mantle and moving towards the center of the chiton is the mantle cavity. There they have a head on the anterior end and the foot below it extending to the posterior end of the chiton. The mantle cavity is divided into two chambers by ctenidia that circulate water and waste through the chiton.
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The siphuncle, which is ventral of the center but away from the ventral margin, is generally large and composed of segments that are expanded into the chambers, more so than in Ormoceras or Lambeoceras but not as much as in Armenoceras. (Flower 1957) The diameter typically becomes smaller with respect to that of the shell in the forward or anterior part of the phragmocone. Septal necks are long with wide cyrtochoanitic to recumbent brims. Connecting rings are thin.
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Retaining the wings and tail surfaces of the Model 49, the Model 249-58-01 was to have had a new fuselage with up to six gun turrets (one in the nose, two above and two below the fuselage, and one in the tail) housing ten .50-caliber guns—twinned up in each turret for the nose, dorsal, and ventral emplacements; and one 20-mm cannon for the tail defensive position. Ventral bomb bays were to accommodate eight bombs.
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The brain structures that compose the reward system are located primarily within the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop; the basal ganglia portion of the loop drives activity within the reward system. Most of the pathways that connect structures within the reward system are glutamatergic interneurons, GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs), and dopaminergic projection neurons, although other types of projection neurons contribute (e.g., orexinergic projection neurons). The reward system includes the ventral tegmental area, ventral striatum (i.e.
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The sheltopusik can reach a length of . It is tan colored, paler on the ventral surface and the head, with a ring-like/segmented appearance that makes it look like a giant earthworm with a distinctive fold of skin down each side called a lateral groove. Small (2-mm) rear legs are sometimes visible near the cloaca. Though the legs are barely discernible, the sheltopusik can be quickly distinguished from a snake by its ears, eyelids, and ventral scales.
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Domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading, a common natural camouflage pattern. The basic principle of countershading is when the animal is lit from above, shadows will be cast on the ventral side of the body. These shadows could provide a predator or prey with visual cues relating to the movement of the animal. By being lighter colored on the ventral side of the body, an animal can counteract this, and thereby fool the predator or prey.
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In some birds, the first signs of molt in the ventral feathers appear during the last days of July, when the feathers of the anterior portion of the laterals begin to fall. From there, the molt progresses backward along the sides and forward toward the throat and chin. The last ventral feathers to be replaced are those towards the center of the abdomen. The molt of the dorsal feathers begins around the first week of August.
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The first order neurons (from the trigeminal ganglion) enter the pons and synapse in the principal (chief sensory) nucleus or spinal trigeminal nucleus. Axons of the second order neurons cross the midline and terminate in the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the contralateral thalamus (as opposed to the ventral posterolateral nucleus, as in the dorsal column medial lemniscus (DCML) system). The third order neuron in the thalamus then connects to the sensory cortex of the postcentral gyrus.
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The human embryo begins life with two ducts in the pancreas, the ventral duct and the dorsal duct. Normally, the two ducts will fuse together to form one main pancreatic duct; this occurs in more than 90% of embryos. In approximately 10% of embryos the ventral and dorsal ducts fail to fuse together, resulting in pancreas divisum. In utero, the majority of the pancreas is drained by the dorsal duct which opens up into the minor duodenal papilla.
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According to Leviton (1964), the scalation includes 21 rows of dorsal scales at midbody, 170–178/175–184 ventral scales in males/females, 62–71/58–63 subcaudal scales in males/females, and 9–11 supralabial scales of which the 3rd is the largest. Toriba and Sawai (1990) give 167–179/172–184 ventral scales in males/females, 56–70/53–63 subcaudal scales in males/females, and 9–10/9–12 supralabial scales in males/females.
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A 250 cc Fuji Robin two-stroke engine, driving a semi-shrouded two blade propeller, is attached to the rear of the gondola. Hot air from the burner is directed into the envelope by a roughly conical, central, ventral extension. There are three strongly swept stabilizing fins at the rear of the envelope, two horizontal and one vertical. These are inflated with air from the propeller, collected by a projecting scoop and passing along a fabric ventral tunnel.
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A few studies record that visual hallucinations are likely to be concentrated in the blind regions. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of Charles Bonnet Syndrome patients display a relationship between visual hallucinations and activity in the ventral occipital lobe. A connection between age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and colored visual hallucinations has been presented. Color vision signals travel through the parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), later transmitting down the color regions of the ventral visual pathway.
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The pallidum consists of a large structure called the globus pallidus ("pale globe") together with a smaller ventral extension called the ventral pallidum. The globus pallidus appears as a single neural mass, but can be divided into two functionally distinct parts, called the internal (or medial) and external (lateral) segments, abbreviated GPi and GPe. Both segments contain primarily GABAergic neurons, which therefore have inhibitory effects on their targets. The two segments participate in distinct neural circuits.
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Lesions to the ventral hippocampus have no effect on spatial memory, while the dorsal hippocampus is required for retrieval, processing short-term memory and transferring memory from the short term to longer delay periods. Infusion of amphetamine into the dorsal hippocampus has also been shown to enhance memory for spatial locations learned previously. These findings indicate that there is a functional dissociation between the dorsal and ventral hippocampus. Hemispheric differences within the hippocampus are also observed.
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The body colour of the species varies from black (dorsal) to brown (ventral), legs may be a red-brown. To reduce the abrasion of the ventral abdomen, ventrites 3–5 are covered in a large number of setae, which is one of the distinguishing features of this species. To further identify M. aberrans from other Mecodema species there is a difference in the size of the asetose punctures along elytral striae 9 in comparison to striae 1.
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Cacioppo and his team has found that the brains of lonely people react differently than those with strong social networks. The University of Chicago researchers showed lonely and non-lonely subjects photographs of people in both pleasant settings and unpleasant settings. When viewing the pleasant pictures, non-lonely subjects showed much more activity in a section of the brain known as the ventral striatum than the lonely subjects. The ventral striatum plays an important role in learning.
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The pelvic fins are rounded and almost as large as the pectoral fins. The anal fin is less than half the size of the dorsal fins and is positioned very close to the base of the long, low caudal fin. The caudal fin comprises about a quarter of the total length, with no ventral lobe and a strong ventral notch near the tip of the upper lobe. The dermal denticles are large, giving the skin a rough texture.
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Cymatonautilus is a genus of cymatoceratids from the middle and upper Jurassic of Europe, the Middle East and Asia characterized by a robust shell with a wide umbilicus and subquadrate whorl section, slightly wider than high. The flanks and venter are flattened. The flanks have a wide lateral groove; the venter a more narrow median groove. The suture has a shallow ventral lobe and broad concave lateral lobes, crossed obliquely by sinuous ribs that produce a deep ventral sinus.
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The pancreas arises as two separate bodies, the dorsal pancreas and the ventral pancreas. The dorsal pancreas appears first, at around day 26, opposite the developing hepatic duct, and grows into the dorsal mesentery. The ventral pancreas develops at the junction of the hepatic duct and the rest of the foregut. During development, differential growth of the wall of the stomach causes it to rotate to the left, and the liver and stomach undergo a lot of growth.
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It weighs . It is considered a large member of its genus. Its dorsal fur is "dull medium brown" and its ventral fur is paler in color. Its flight membranes are dark brown.
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Calarodon madagascariensis is most easily distinguished from C. steinkampi by its keeled gular and ventral scales, which are unkeeled in the latter species. Total length is up to 223mm, usually about 200mm.
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Johns Hopkins University Press. pg 86. It is generally yellowish, grayish, or purplish brown on top, with dark spots. The ventral surface is yellow-white, and the tail has several dark bands.
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Earias chlorodes is a moth of the family Nolidae. It is found along the eastern coast of Australia, from Cooktown to Sydney. Dorsal view Ventral view The wingspan is about 20 mm.
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Neodiplogynium is a genus of parasitic mites belonging to the family Diplogyniidae. Members of this genus can be distinguished from related mites by the sclerotized anal and ventral plates being completely separated.
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The optic lobe of arthropods and the ganglia of the arthropod brain as well as the ganglia in the ventral nerve cord are unmyelinated and therefore belong to the class of neuropils.
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These creatures possess an open circulatory system as well as a nervous system consisting of a brain which is connected to two ventral nerve cords, which in turn connect to specific nerves.
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Twin floats, manufactured by Edo Aircraft Corporation, were fitted. To restore the stability, small auxiliary fins were added to the tailplane. Because this was still insufficient, a ventral fin was added later.
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This fish reaches 25 to 30 centimeters in length. It is light brown with darker saddle-marks and spots. The ventral fins are yellow. These fins are fused to form a cup.
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Order of tall, with a tough flexible opaque hexagonal test tapering down to a narrow base peduncle. Stands upright on the substrate. Cloacal siphon terminal, and oral siphon slightly ventral and posterior.
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