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"stricture" Definitions
  1. [usually plural] stricture (on somebody/something) a severe criticism, especially of somebody’s behaviour
  2. stricture (against/on something) a rule or situation that limits your behaviour synonym restriction

196 Sentences With "stricture"

How to use stricture in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "stricture" and check conjugation/comparative form for "stricture". Mastering all the usages of "stricture" from sentence examples published by news publications.

That once you remove the legal stricture on breaking DRM, it will not be hard to accomplish this.
You can tell buyers that they must not use it in this way, but that stricture isn't enforceable.
I thought I would find the stricture of making three decent meals per week for myself a horrendous burden.
Charles seems to have accepted this judgment and the stricture on which it was based, more or less unquestioningly.
And the cultural signals young men get on the subject of sex alternate confusingly between moral license and legal stricture.
CDC leaders, interpreting the stricture conservatively, have authorized almost no studies of gun violence at all in the ensuing 22 years.
Ultimately, Uber was banned from operating in Delhi shortly after the incident, a stricture which wasn't lifted until June of 2015.
This summer group show offers an inspiring reminder of how broad the creative field can be even within a narrow formal stricture.
It is the only country in the world to have such a stricture, which became a symbol of the ultraconservative kingdom's repression of women.
I sometimes encounter stoutly secular types who don't get why adherence to a religious stricture should be treated as anything other than a personal preference.
WE'RE FIGHTING FOR STRICTURE LAWS, YOUR LOSS WILL NOT BE IN VAIN, and we're using your story to inspire others to practice safe driving habits too!!!!!!!
"Too Fast to Live, Too Young to Die: Punk Graphics, 1976-1986," which opened Tuesday at the Museum of Arts and Design, adheres to this stricture.
The New York Times reported in July that Bank of America Merrill Lynch had pulled back from working with the group due to its opaque ownership stricture.
" She added, "If there's any silver lining to this election mess, it's that after 40 years of scrutiny and stricture, Hillary Clinton is finally, triumphantly, human again.
French follows that stricture religiously in her novels, although she is more than willing to refuse us the catharsis of a solve if it suits her purposes.
As Marcius Extavour, who is in charge of the prize, explains, this stricture was intended to bar ideas like growing new forests—which are not exactly a novelty.
The removal of this stricture was uncontroversial at the time, as the debate was more focused on whether commercial banks could enter into investment banking and vice versa.
C. manner, and was especially defiant in doing so outside the stricture of magazine journalism, particularly in "Semi-Tough" his first and best-known novel, published in 1972.
In 1984, Congress barred Puerto Rico from restructuring debt in bankruptcy, as municipalities in the 50 states and businesses can do, and lawmakers are trying to undo that stricture.
Critics therefore question the legality of the petition as a ploy to get around this stricture—although only one of Ms Sereno's 14 colleagues on the Supreme Court has objected.
I believe a judge will have to make each decision, including the time period (and given this stricture, I don't believe there should be a minimum or maximum time period).
While it's true that some conservative religious sects in America are growing, the overall trend hasn't supported the notion that stricture and rigid tradition are an effective antidote to declining religiosity.
This may or may not cross the line in violating the Article Six stricture, but it definitely enables those who want to see it that way to make a good case.
The students, many of whom were part of the effort to launch the "March For Our Lives" movement calling for stricture gun laws, shared photos and messages urging their Twitter followers to vote.
I was used to the stricture and structure of being in Alison's P.O.V., and this gave me more leeway to allow the character to be whatever I wanted — more of a slob with her slouchy imperfections.
Chronic constipation can accompany a long list of medical problems – mechanical ones like a stricture or tumor; neurological disorders like Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis; or metabolic conditions like severe low thyroid or low blood levels of magnesium.
The group will announce a new company structure, with five separate divisions, on May 2100, reported MF. The new stricture is aimed at making partnerships, mergers and acquisitions in the group's separate business sectors easier, the report added.
NAYPYIDAW, Myanmar — The governing party of Myanmar's democracy leader Daw Aung San Suu Kyi took a step to formalize her role as the country's leader on Thursday, circumventing a stricture in the Constitution that prevents her from being president.
This combined with the Danylyuk-Groysman feud, and a potential stricture on Ukraine's ability to sell Eurobonds the way it did last year, could cripple the country's ability to tap the private debt market for its financing needs, Hess said.
So while the Trump administration could not change the rules for asylum applications at border crossings in California and Arizona, it could begin implementing its no-asylum-without-previous-attempts stricture in Texas and New Mexico—states belonging to other federal circuits.
I found that this stricture really made me concentrate on the 'usefulness' of each sound, whether it had an interesting tonal quality or texture (glassy, metallic, semi-organic etc.), or even a particular function in the track (rhythmic propulsion, stupid/funny noises etc.).
To honor the silly stricture of "no new taxes" directly paid by middle-class households, Warren ended up endorsing a regressive head tax paid by the employer, which would end up hitting lower-wage workers even though its paid by their employers.
They said their lawyer had urged them to maintain a low profile while the investigation was underway, but he released them from that stricture after prosecutors said in March that the mayor would not be charged with any wrongdoing as a result of those investigations.
The "gate-like behavior of the stricture suggests a motility-based selection mechanism that may potentially be used by the female reproductive tract," they explained, meaning the more motile cells -- those most able to move independently -- are the most likely to pass through quickly.
The court is poised in upcoming months to consider hearing a challenge to a Louisiana law that would force doctors to have admitting privileges at a hospital within 30 miles of where an abortion is performed, a stricture that those opposed to the law insist violates the "undue burden" notion.
One reason for the designation's deterrent effect is a stricture imposed by Congress in the 1977 law: To have it lifted, a mine had to undergo a complete inspection without receiving any violations deemed "significant and substantial," meaning the violation was reasonably likely to cause a serious injury or illness.
She reassures herself, chillingly, by leafing through a book about children who have chosen to die rather than to defy this stricture—not that they would have had any informed choice in the matter—but the question bubbling beneath the narrative's surface is whether she and her family will ultimately make the same choice.
By "Leaflets" (1969), Rich has shed formal stricture in favor of organic, free forms and a grave, speech-inflected tone; these poems of her second period profoundly repudiate the imposition of poetic, political and social traditions: The old masters, the old sources, haven't a clue what we're about, shivering here in the half-dark 'sixties.
A benign esophageal stricture, or peptic stricture, is a narrowing or tightening of the esophagus that causes swallowing difficulties.
Stricture, or narrowing of the vaginal orifice was reported in 12-15% of the cases. Of those reporting stricture, 41% underwent a second operation to correct the condition. Necrosis of two scrotal flaps has been described.
Numerous studies over a long period of time clearly indicate that male circumcision contributes to the development of urethral stricture. Among circumcised males, reported incidence of meatal stricture varies. Griffiths et al. (1985) reported an incidence of 2.8 percent.
A stenosis (from Ancient Greek στενός, "narrow") is an abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure. It is also sometimes called a stricture (as in urethral stricture). Stricture as a term is usually used when narrowing is caused by contraction of smooth muscle (e.g. achalasia, prinzmetal angina); stenosis is usually used when narrowing is caused by lesion that reduces the space of lumen (e.g. atherosclerosis).
Salivary duct stricture (also termed salivary duct stenosis) is narrowing of the duct of a major salivary gland.
Rhonchi are usually caused by a stricture or blockage in the upper airway. These are different from stridor.
The exact length of the stricture and its site were diagnosed with the help of retrograde urethrography and micturating cystourethrography.
From greatest to least stricture, speech sounds may be classified along a cline as stop consonants (with occlusion, or blocked airflow), fricative consonants (with partially blocked and therefore strongly turbulent airflow), approximants (with only slight turbulence), and vowels (with full unimpeded airflow). Affricates often behave as if they were intermediate between stops and fricatives, but phonetically they are sequences of a stop and fricative. Over time, sounds in a language may move along the cline toward less stricture in a process called lenition or towards more stricture in a process called fortition.
Potential complications include fecal incontinence (especially when both glands are removed), tenesmus from stricture or scar formation, and persistent draining fistulae.
Studies have been performed comparing various anastomosis approaches taking into account surgical "time and cost, postoperative anastomotic bleeding, leakage, and stricture".
In the 1950s, Schatzki first characterized a type of pathological stricture of the lower esophagus, which is now known as a Schatzki ring.
Pyloric stricture dilated with endoscopic balloon Dilatation of benign oesophageal strictures using semi-rigid bougies existed long before the advent of flexible endoscopes. Since that time oesophageal dilatation has been carried out using either bougies or endoscopic balloons, and can be used to treat benign oesophageal strictures and achalasia. Initially, bougies were used to dilate benign strictures of the oesophagus. These could be passed alongside the endoscope, allowing visualisation of the bougie passing through the stricture, but the technique of passing a guidewire through the stricture endoscopically, then removing the endoscope and passing the bougie over the guidewire was more commonly used.
It may be that a longer complicated stricture may be better treated with an open procedure while the shorter simpler one with a urethrotomy.
Plasmapheresis appears to help some cases. Sometimes surgical procedures are required to repair scars, prevent complications such as blindness, upper airway stenosis or esophageal stricture.
Common complications from penile injury are erectile dysfunction, abnormal penile curvature, penile abscess, formation of fibrotic plaques, painful erection, urethral stricture, uretherocutaneous or corporourethral fistula.
Complications include incisional hernia, neobladder-intestinal and neobladder- cutaneous fistulas, ureteroenteric anastomosis stricture, neobladder rupture and mucous formation. Ureteral diversion can lead to normal anion gap acidosis.
The urological surgeon will inject the anesthetic at the twelve o'clock, four o'clock, and eight o'clock positions at the face of the stricture using infiltrative technique, and ensuring that the entire length of the stricture has been medicated. The cystoscope (and injection system) will be withdrawn, and sufficient time will be allowed for the local anesthetic to take effect (usually five-to-ten minutes). At this time a rigid urethrotome or a flexible cystoscope/urethrotome combination will be inserted and guided to the face of the stricture and a small blade towards the tip of the instrument will be deployed using a trigger mechanism to cut the stricture at locations determined by the surgeon. Upon completion of the internal incision(s), the instrument is withdrawn and an appropriately sized Foley catheter will be inserted through the repair and into the urinary bladder, and locked into place by filling its balloon (positioned inside of the bladder near the urethral junction) with sterile water.
Anal stricture or anal stenosis is a narrowing of the anal canal. It can be caused by a number of surgical procedures including: hemorrhoid removal and following anorectal wart treatment.
Complications are uncommon, but include massive rectal bleeding, ulceration into the prostate gland or formation of a stricture. Very rarely, cancer can arise on the section of prolapsed rectal lining.
According to Sivaya Subramuniyaswami, a Hindu satguru is always a sannyasin, an unmarried renunciate,Subramuniyaswami, Satguru Sivaya. Living with Siva, glossary. Himalayan Academy Publications. but not all writers include this stricture.
Knowing the place of articulation is not enough to fully describe a consonant, the way in which the stricture happens is equally important. Manners of articulation describe how exactly the active articulator modifies, narrows or closes off the vocal tract. Stops (also referred to as plosives) are consonants where the airstream is completely obstructed. Pressure builds up in the mouth during the stricture, which is then released as a small burst of sound when the articulators move apart.
Knowing the place of articulation is not enough to fully describe a consonant, the way in which the stricture happens is equally important. Manners of articulation describe how exactly the active articulator modifies, narrows or closes off the vocal tract. Stops (also referred to as plosives) are consonants where the airstream is completely obstructed. Pressure builds up in the mouth during the stricture, which is then released as a small burst of sound when the articulators move apart.
Chronic inflammation of the duct system (sialodochitis) may cause some segments of the duct to narrow due to fibrosis, and others to dilate. Saliva stagnates and forms a mucus plug behind the stricture during sleep when the salivary output of the parotid is reduced. Then, when salivary secretion is stimulated, the mucus plug becomes stuck in the stricture. The backlog of saliva behind the blockage causes the swelling, and the increased pressure inside the gland causes the pain.
A retrograde urethrogram is a routine radiologic procedure (most typically in males) used to image the integrity of the urethra. Hence a retrograde urethrogram is essential for diagnosis of urethral injury, or urethral stricture.
Some conditions have similar symptoms to chronic prostatitis: bladder neck hypertrophy and urethral stricture may both cause similar symptoms through urinary reflux (inter alia) and can be excluded through flexible cystoscopy and urodynamic tests.
Performing an anastomosis alters the structural composition of bile ducts, which can result in bile stricture obstruction. It leads to slowing of the biliary flow and dilation of the CBD, causing more progressive symptoms of jaundice. An anastomotic stricture is more likely to occur if the choledoctomy incision was less than 2cm in length. The anastomosis could be enlarged by using endoscopic balloon dilation, which consists of inflating a balloon after it is placed in a stenosed region, as a means of widening the stenosed area.
Following cholecystectomy and choledochotomy (a surgical incision of CBD), an American surgeon named W.J. Mayo reported successful treatment of CBD stricture. He sutured the end of the dilated portion of the CBD to the duodenum in 1905.
Furthermore, should urethroplasty be selected by the patient, minimal scar tissue will have developed at the site of the stricture in the urethrotomy patient, as opposed to the patient who had undergone the more conventional (dilatation) route.
Rajveer Purohit is an Indian-born American physician, Director of Reconstructive Urology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City, and Associate Professor in its Department of Urology. Purohit co-developed the first staging system for anterior urethral strictures known as the Purohit-Blaivas anterior urethral stricture staging system. This system permits a standardization of description and analysis of urethral strictures. It is described in the Journal of Urology as providing “a practical syntax for staging stricture severity that makes good sense and is sorely needed”.
Initial post-operative complications include wound infection and excessive pain or bleeding. These can be controlled commonly with appropriate prescription medications or ice packs if the animal will tolerate them. A more concerning, though not common, complication is stricture, or narrowing, of the surgery site. The formation of a stricture will require additional procedures to either try and salvage the initial surgery site or create a new urethral opening (or stoma) under the floor of the pelvis (subpelvic urethrostomy) or immediately in front of the pubic bone (prepubic urethrostomy).
Fortition, also known as strengthening, is a consonantal change that increases the degree of stricture. It's the opposite of the more common lenition. For example, a fricative or an approximant may become a stop (i.e. becomes or becomes ).
Strictures are often treated observantly; they may heal spontaneously over 12–24 months. If a bowel obstruction develops as a result of the stricture, surgical resection is the usual treatment, although endoscopic dilatation and stenting have also been employed.
Smith died in Centerville of "stricture of the bowels"—which today would probably have been identified as colorectal cancer. He was survived by three wives and 19 children. Eleven additional children died at birth or pre-deceased him during childhood.
His use of rigorous aseptic technique and visits to continental surgeons like Jan Mikulicz-Radeckin at what was then the University of Breslau and Theodor Billroth in Vienna allowed him to successfully pioneer intestinal surgery in Scotland. He was one of the first to perform major gastrointestinal resections in Scotland. The operations he performed included excision of the tongue for carcinoma, closure of perforated gastric and duodenal ulcers, excision of the small bowel for tuberculous stricture, partial colectomy for colonic stricture and excision of the rectum for carcinoma, the latter procedure often performed under spinal anaesthesia.
Many leading urologists in the United States consider urethrotomy to be (almost) totally ineffective at providing long-term resolution of urethral stricture disease, and advocate excision of the damaged area followed by either a surgical anastomosis of the (now) patent urethral ends, or a grafting of similar tissue harvested from elsewhere on the patients body. The cost-effectiveness of the procedure has come into question. In the May, 2006 issue of "Urology", a study undertaken by the Urology Department of the University of Washington essentially concluded that there is a statistical correlation between the length of the stricture and the cost versus benefit ratio of subsequent urethrotomies performed prior to the performance of urethroplasty in males suffering from bulbar strictures. Urethrotomy is a much simpler operation requiring much less recovery time and that open surgical excision of a simple, short stricture even if initially successful may still require the same repeated post operative self dilation that the simpler urethrotomy often requires.
216 grams) when salting. This allows the effects of the salt to penetrate. Some Orthodox Jewish communities require the additional stricture of submersing raw meat in boiling water prior to cooking it, a practice known as ḥaliṭah (), “blanching.”Maimonides, Mishne Torah (Hil.
A meatotomy (OED 2nd edition, 1989.Entry "meatotomy" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.) is a form of penile modification in which the underside of the glans is split. The procedure may be performed by a doctor to alleviate meatal stenosis or urethral stricture.
In the most severe cases, transmural infarction with resulting perforation may be seen; after recovery, the muscularis propria may be replaced by fibrous tissue, resulting in a stricture. Following restoration of normal blood flow, reperfusion injury may also contribute to the damage to the colon.
He is the former Director of the Center for Urologic Reconstruction and Specialist-in-Chief for Urology at the Detroit Medical Center, focusing on urologic reconstruction and trauma including urethral stricture disease, ureteral injury, buried penis, and a variety of complex genital reconstruction surgeries. Santucci is the co-editor of the texts Emergencies in Urology, Atlas of Urethroplasty, and Penile Reconstructive Surgery. He is the founding Editor-in-Chief of the online open-access Urology journal Advances in Urology, and co-creator of the high definition surgical video website, iclinics.org. His most highly cited article, Santucci RA, Joyce GF, Wise M. Male urethral stricture disease.
Success is less than 9% for the first or subsequent urethrotomies. Most patients will be expected to experience failure with longer followup and the expected long-term success rate from any urethrotomy approach is 0%. Beginning in 2003, several urology residency programs in the northeastern section of the United States began advocating the use of urethrotomy as initial treatment in the young stricture patient, versus urethral dilatation. It is theorized that the one-to-two years of relief from stricture disease will allow the practitioner and the patient to plan the most effective treatment regimen without having the concern that undergoing multiple dilatations cloud the judgment of the patient.
This stricture is due to the strong admixture of the lascivious, frivolous, and erotic found in the poems. Never has Hebrew poetry appeared so bold and wanton until the modern period, notwithstanding that his work contains poems filled with true piety and even with invitations to penitence and asceticism.
He re-printed his contributions to the medical journals in two volumes, 1874, including papers on Tumours, Excision of the Ovarium, Hydrophobia and Snake-bites, Stricture of the Colon, and The Relative Claims of Sir Charles Bell and Magendie to the Discovery of the Functions of the Spinal Nerves.
Increasing the stricture of a typical trill results in a trilled fricative. Trilled affricates are also known. Nasal airflow may be added as an independent parameter to any speech sound. It is most commonly found in nasal occlusives and nasal vowels, but nasalized fricatives, taps, and approximants are also found.
If there is no improvement, the surgeon then can insert a dilation balloon, which can be inflated up to 3 mm. The pressure created by the inflation can be sufficient to dilate most strictures. Another technique for dilating strictures is to expand the stricture region with grasping forceps used as a dilator.
In cases where a person is too ill to tolerate endoscopy or when a retrograde endoscopic approach fails to access the obstruction, a percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram (PTC) may be performed to evaluate the biliary system for placement of a percutaneous biliary drain (PBD). This is often necessary in the case of a proximal stricture or a bilioenteric anastomosis (a surgical connection between the bile duct and small bowel, such as the duodenum or jejunum). Once access across the stricture is obtained, balloon dilation can be performed and stones can be swept forward into the duodenum. Due to potential complications of percutaneous biliary drain placement and the necessity of regular drain maintenance, a retrograde approach via ERCP remains first-line therapy.
The most common causes of hydronephrosis in children are anatomical abnormalities. These include vesicoureteral reflux, urethral stricture, and stenosis. The most common cause of hydronephrosis in young adults is kidney stones, or renal calculi. In older adults, the most common cause of hydronephrosis is benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), or intrapelvic neoplasms such as prostate cancer.
Despite this stricture, and in an appeal to the prevailing Victorian taste, Martin has an eye for the anecdotal genre, the theatre of interactions between his subjects, and this is sometimes reflected in his titles, such as Ice-Cream Barrow, An Altercation (1893–96). Cecil Beaton dubbed him the 'Charles Dickens of the lens'.
This was exemplified in "Mother Simpson", "Lisa the Iconoclast", "Diddly-Dum- Doodly", and a couple others. In some of the less reality-based episodes, i.e. the Beer Baron one – usually Swartzwelder's, we'd treat this stricture with a certain amount of latitude." One of their most notable episodes was "Homer's Enemy", an episode designed to "push the envelope conceptually.
A vowel is a syllabic speech sound pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract. Vowels are one of the two principal classes of speech sounds, the other being the consonant. Vowels vary in quality, in loudness and also in quantity (length). They are usually voiced, and are closely involved in prosodic variation such as tone, intonation and stress.
If it is caused by esophagitis, in turn caused by an underlying infection, it is commonly treated by treating the infection (typically with antibiotics). In order to open the stricture, a surgeon can insert a bougie – a weighted tube used to dilate the constricted areas in the esophagus. It can sometimes be treated with other medications. For example, an H2 antagonist (e.g.
Amén-Palma was born in Portoviejo, Ecuador on October 23, 1926 . He graduated with a medical degree from the University of Guayaquil with a thesis on urethral stricture, specifically those of traumatic origin. He specialized in Barcelona at the Puigvert Urology and Nephrology Institute, and in Mexico with Professor Ruben Gittes of Harvard University. He has attended numerous international urology- related conferences.
TosuNishida Tatsuo 西田 龍雄 1973. Tosu Yakugo no kenkyū: Shin gengo Tosugo no kōzō to keitō 多續譯語の研究:新言語トス語の構造と系統 (A study of the Tosu- Chinese vocabulary Tos i-yu: The stricture and linage of Tosu, a new language.) Ka-i Yakugo kenkyū sōsho 6.
A diverticulum is an "outpocketing" of the lining of the urethra which interferes with urinary flow and may result in posturination leakage. A stricture is a narrowing of the urethra severe enough to obstruct flow. Reduced complication rates even for third-degree repair (e.g., fistula rates below 5%) have been reported in recent years from centers with the most experience.
Post operatively, both mean resting and squeeze pressures were increased. Constipation is improved in 50% of cases, but often urgency and tenesmus are created. Complications, including infection, urinary retention, bleeding, anastomotic dehiscence (opening of the stitched edges inside), stricture (narrowing of the gut lumen), diarrhea, and fecal impaction occur in 6-32% of cases. Mortality occurs in 0–2.5% cases.
The death certificate listed the cause of death as: "Rupture of the urethra from old standing stricture and consequent mortification of the scrotum from infiltration of urine." A. Welsh, Dickens Redressed: The Art of Bleak House and Hard Times (2000), p. 9 Dickens depicted his father in the character of Wilkins Micawber in his semi-autobiographical novel David Copperfield.W. Oddie, 'Mr.
Penile color duplex doppler ultrasound can help with preoperative planning to minimize bulbar necrosis.Bhagat SK, Gopalakrishnan G, Kumar S, Devasia A, Kekre NS. Redo-urethroplasty in pelvic fracture urethral distraction defect: an audit. World J Urol. 2011:1:97-101.Chen L, Hu B, Feng C, Sun XJ. Predictive value of penile dynamic colour duplex Doppler ultrasound parameters in patients with posttraumatic urethral stricture.
In 2003, Lemke switched to bass as guitarist Mike Hatalak joined. Prior to joining It Dies Today, Hatalak played in bands called Short of Breath, Plain of Ashes, and Stricture. The group eventually signed with Trustkill Records, home to hardcore heavyweights such as Throwdown, Eighteen Visions, and Bleeding Through. Fall 2004 brought about the release of the band's debut full-length The Caitiff Choir.
When the secretions are removed, the affected portion of the lung is commonly able to function almost normally. However, infection is common in lungs distal to a partially obstructed bronchiole. Infected lung tissue distal to a stricture can be damaged, and wheezing and coughing may develop due to the narrowing. In addition to pneumonia, the stenosis may cause bronchiectasis, in which bronchi are dilated, to develop.
Other causes can be duct stricture (narrowing of the duct), infection or injury. Symptoms may include recurrent swelling, pain and aggravation during eating as this is when saliva production is stimulated. Ductal obstruction may cause less saliva flow, which can result in recurrent gland infections. Stones may be diagnosed via X-ray (with a success rate of about 80%), a computed tomography (CT) scan or medical ultrasonography.
Ralph honored the Secrets Act by remaining silent about the escape for 40 years, until 1985, at the age of 72, when he was released from the stricture of the Official Secrets Act, and finally able to speak freely to the media about the escape. In the 1970s, he twice traveled to Slovenia with fellow veterans. Ralph died in 2014 at the age of 96.
Surgery- associated ischemia may contribute inflammation at the anal transitional zone. Patients whose cuffitis is refractory to mesalamine and/or corticosteroids should be evaluated for other disease in the cuff area, such as fistula or anastomotic leaks. Cuffitis that is refractory to medication can also be a sign of Crohn's disease of the pouch. Chronic cuffitis can also contribute to the development of anastomotic stricture.
However, on 15 September, the Court of Appeal ruled unanimously that its previous decision to uphold a High Court ruling that found Anwar guilty was in order, relegating Anwar to the sidelines of Malaysian politics until 14 April 2008. The only way for Anwar to be freed from this stricture would have been for him to receive a pardon from the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
Wilhelm Wundt (seated) with colleagues in his psychological laboratory, the first of its kind. Gustav Fechner began conducting psychophysics research in Leipzig in the 1830s, articulating the principle (Weber–Fechner law) that human perception of a stimulus varies logarithmically according to its intensity.Leahey, History of Modern Psychology (2001), p. 61. Fechner's 1860 Elements of Psychophysics challenged Kant's stricture against quantitative study of the mind.Fechner, G. T. (1860).
Mystacocarids are tiny crustaceans, less than long, that live in the spaces between sand grains on intertidal beaches. They have a cylindrical body, with five thoracic and five abdominal segments. Four pairs of small thoracic appendages are seen. The head is relatively large and divided into two by a stricture, so that the latter part gives the appearance of being a part of the thorax.
This in turn helped distinguish between certain characteristics of the monkey lemurs compared to megaladapids. The two families occasionally had similar diets, observed from the overlapping textures of their dental microwear. However, the two families’ dental microwear differed at some points, indicating that archaeolemurids had a diet containing a variety of harder foods. H. stenognathus possessed similar cranial stricture and dental portions to hominins.
Anastomotic stricture can lead to cholangitis, or inflammation of the bile duct. Narrowing of the bile duct leads to a buildup of pressure, causing the intercellular gaps to widen, exposing the cells to microorganisms found within the bile, resulting in inflammation. Symptoms include jaundice and pain in the upper right quadrant. A CT scan or an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ECRP) could be performed to determine the site of inflammation.
The non-refluxing type has been associated with higher incidence of ureteroenteric anastomosis stricture, and there is doubt whether it has any advantages over the refluxing type. Therefore, many surgeons prefer the refluxing type which is simpler and apparently carries a lesser degree of complications. Refluxing techniques include the Wallace and Wallace II and the Bricker end-to-side anastomosis. Non-refluxing techniques includes the Le Duc technique.
This study is interpreted by evaluating the morphology of the salivary ducts for obstructions and chronic inflammation. Sialodochitis is a term describing dilation of the ducts caused by repeated inflammatory or infective processes. There is also irregular salivary duct stricture (narrowing) of the duct, which creates an appearance known as "sausage link" pattern on a sialogram. Suggestions of abscesses and autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren syndrome can also be elicited.
Despite he owned much land and wealthiest person, he was famous for his simplicity. He usually ride his white horse with few men on his back and love to meet his people and listen their problems. It is also believed that he was hard man and had stricture Islamic rule for his people. It is said, that if his horse was sent alone, people use to get frightened by his horse.
The house itself is a clapboard-sided stricture with five sections. Its main block is a two-story rectangular structure with a gently pitched hipped roof pierced by a square central cupola. Both it and the house itself have wide overhanging eaves supported by paired brackets. The four-over-four double-hung sash windows are flanked by louvered wooden shutters and topped by wooden lintels with miniature brackets.
In phonetics, secondary articulation occurs when the articulation of a consonant is equivalent to the combined articulations of two or three simpler consonants, at least one of which is an approximant. The secondary articulation of such co-articulated consonants is the approximant-like articulation. It "colors" the primary articulation rather than obscuring it. Maledo (2011) defines secondary articulation as the superimposition of lesser stricture upon a primary articulation.
Human vocal tract Articulation visualized by real-time MRI. In articulatory phonetics, the manner of articulation is the configuration and interaction of the articulators (speech organs such as the tongue, lips, and palate) when making a speech sound. One parameter of manner is stricture, that is, how closely the speech organs approach one another. Others include those involved in the r-like sounds (taps and trills), and the sibilancy of fricatives.
A urethrotomy is an operation which involves incision of the urethra, especially for relief of a stricture. It is most often performed in the outpatient setting, with the patient (usually) being discharged from the hospital or surgery center within six hours from the procedure's inception. Urethrotomy (also referred to as DVIU, or Direct Visual Internal Urethrotomy) is a popular treatment for male urethral strictures. However, the performance characteristics are poor.
The major complications of endoscopic mucosal resection include postoperative bleeding, perforation, and stricture formation. During the procedure, an injection of 1:100,000 diluted epinephrine into the muscular wall, along with high-frequency coagulation or clipping, can be applied to the bleeding point for hemostasis. It is important to administer acid-reducing medications to prevent postoperative hemorrhage. Perforation may be prevented with sufficient saline injection to raise the mucosa containing the lesion.
Bile from the gallbladder is carried to the CBD and emptied into the duodenum. CBD drainage might be obstructed due to distal CBD stricture, which is narrowing of the CBD due to the presence of scar tissue within the duct, and choledocholithiasis, the presence of gallstones. Obstruction can occur when gallstones may be too large to pass through the CBD into the duodenum. Liver tests are performed before and after the operation.
The stricture is formed in such a way that the airstream causes a repeating pattern of opening and closing of the soft articulator(s). Apical trills typically consist of two or three periods of vibration. Taps and flaps are single, rapid, usually apical gestures where the tongue is thrown against the roof of the mouth, comparable to a very rapid stop. These terms are sometimes used interchangeably, but some phoneticians make a distinction.
The epiglottal or pharyngeal plosive (or stop) is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . Epiglottal and pharyngeal consonants occur at the same place of articulation. Esling (2010) describes the sound covered by the term "epiglottal plosive" as an "active closure by the aryepiglottic pharyngeal stricture mechanism" - that is, a stop produced by the aryepiglottic folds within the pharynx.
A woman may not be a good candidate for the procedure. Contraindications for this treatment are having a current urinary tract infection, having difficulty emptying the bladder, having a urethral stricture, having a urethral obstruction or having fragile or sensitive tissue where the injections are to be placed. In some women, cancer treatments may have created changes in the urethra, bladder and sphincter muscles which would prevent the success of the treatment.
The stricture is formed in such a way that the airstream causes a repeating pattern of opening and closing of the soft articulator(s). Apical trills typically consist of two or three periods of vibration. Taps and flaps are single, rapid, usually apical gestures where the tongue is thrown against the roof of the mouth, comparable to a very rapid stop. These terms are sometimes used interchangeably, but some phoneticians make a distinction.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), also known as acid reflux, is a long- term condition in which stomach contents rise up into the esophagus, resulting in either symptoms or complications. Symptoms include the taste of acid in the back of the mouth, heartburn, bad breath, chest pain, regurgitation, breathing problems, and wearing away of the teeth. Complications include esophagitis, esophageal stricture, and Barrett's esophagus. Risk factors include obesity, pregnancy, smoking, hiatal hernia, and taking certain medicines.
Endoscopic image of peptic stricture, or narrowing of the esophagus near the junction with the stomach: This is a complication of chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease and can be a cause of dysphagia or difficulty swallowing. The diagnosis of GERD is usually made when typical symptoms are present. Reflux can be present in people without symptoms and the diagnosis requires both symptoms or complications and reflux of stomach content. Other investigations may include esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD).
About 20% of patients with acute ischemic colitis may develop a long-term complication known as chronic ischemic colitis. Symptoms can include recurrent infections, bloody diarrhea, weight loss, and chronic abdominal pain. Chronic ischemic colitis is often treated with surgical removal of the chronically diseased portion of the bowel. A colonic stricture is a band of scar tissue which forms as a result of the ischemic injury and narrows the lumen of the colon.
In 1860 Thackeray became editor of the newly established Cornhill Magazine, but he was never comfortable in the role, preferring to contribute to the magazine as the writer of a column called "Roundabout Papers". Thackeray's health worsened during the 1850s and he was plagued by a recurring stricture of the urethra that laid him up for days at a time. He also felt that he had lost much of his creative impetus.
Treatment involves antibiotics and may involve drainage of the buboes or abscesses by needle aspiration or incision. Further supportive measure may need to be taken: dilatation of the rectal stricture, repair of rectovaginal fistulae, or colostomy for rectal obstruction. Common antibiotic treatments include tetracycline (doxycycline) (all tetracyclines, including doxycycline, are contraindicated during pregnancy and in children due to effects on bone development and tooth discollloration), and erythromycin. Azithromycin is also a drug of choice in LGV.
After the first resection, another resection may be necessary within five years. For patients with an obstruction due to a stricture, two options for treatment are strictureplasty and resection of that portion of bowel. There is no statistical significance between strictureplasty alone versus strictureplasty and resection in cases of duodenal involvement. In these cases, re-operation rates were 31% and 27%, respectively, indicating that strictureplasty is a safe and effective treatment for selected people with duodenal involvement.
Creating a functional urethra is difficult and poor healing, with scarring, stricture, or fistula can require a vesicostomy to prevent urinary incontinence. Construction of a functional internal and external anal sphincter can be equally difficult when this has been disrupted as well. Functional problems can warrant a temporary or long-term colostomy. The added challenge for the most severely affected genetic females, and for genetic males who are being raised as females, is construction of a neovagina.
The majority of safety concerns with lye are also common with most corrosives, such as their potentially destructive effects on living tissues; examples are the skin, flesh, and the cornea. Solutions containing lyes can cause chemical burns, permanent injuries, scarring and blindness, immediately upon contact. Lyes may be harmful or even fatal if swallowed; ingestion can cause esophageal stricture. A notable example of this is the poisoning of Barbara Lewis in 1993. more.ppld.org:8080/SpecialCollections/Index/ArticleOrders/174336.
Bréhal drew up his final summary in June 1456, which describes Joan as a martyr and implicated the late Pierre Cauchon with heresy for having convicted an innocent woman in pursuit of a secular vendetta. The technical reason for her execution had been a Biblical clothing law. The nullification trial reversed the conviction in part because the condemnation proceeding had failed to consider the doctrinal exceptions to that stricture. The appellate court declared her innocent on 7 July 1456.
The new urinary opening can scar, resulting in meatal stenosis, or internal scarring can create a stricture, either of which cause partial blockage to urinating. If the new urinary channel balloons when urinating a child is diagnosed with a diverticulum. Most complications are discovered within six months after surgery, although they occasionally are not found for many years. In general, when no problems are apparent after repair in childhood, new complications arising after puberty are uncommon.
The diagnosis is based upon a biopsy of the mucosa of the esophagus, showing a characteristic appearance of inflammation involving lymphocytes, and the relative absence of another group of inflammatory cells, granulocytes. Complications of the disorder include stricture of the esophagus, which can lead to food bolus obstruction, and weight loss. Treatment of lymphocytic esophagitis includes medications meant to target the esophagus topically, such as budesonide, but also procedures to deal with complications, such as esophageal dilation.
As the surgery site heals, the urethral mucosa and skin will heal together creating a permanent stoma. This stoma (opening) is much larger than the original penile urethra making it unlikely for the animal to obstruct in the future. A urinary catheter may be placed following surgery for the initial 12–24 hours of recovery. This catheter should not be left in longer than this though, as it will increase the likelihood of stricture formation at the surgery site.
One of the strictures on outcastes was that they were not allowed to use some shores of Cauvery river, considered sacred and pure by the people of the region. Following this stricture, Paan Perumal did not come near the Kaveri river, but mostly stood alongside its banks facing the Srirangam temple and sang his praises to Ranganatha, the presiding deity of the temple. He believed that the conventions and spiritual sense specified by sastras lies in moral conduct.
The treatment for PFUDDs is scar excision and primary anastomosis, which means reconnecting the two ends of the urethra that were severed during the pelvic injury. Most patients do well with this but occasionally, stricture of the repair recurs and the patients may require redo surgery. Surgery involves making an incision between the anus and scrotum (perineal incision) and dissecting out the bulbar urethra and locating the scar and membranoprostatic urethra. Dissecting the bulbar urethra destroys the antegrade blood flow.
Thus, in 1949, when Tsanin wished to convert Lezte Neies from a weekly to a daily, he had to apply with the government for permission. Permission was granted to go to a three- day-a week format, but no further. Tsanin evaded this stricture by establishing a second thrice-weekly newspaper, ' (, ) and arranged to have that and Lezte Neies published on alternate days. The authorities chose to look the other way on that, and finally approved Lezte Neies for daily format in 1957.
The strictured loop is folded over itself at its midpoint section, forming a U shape. A longitudinal enterotomy is then performed halfway between the mesenteric and the antimesenteric side on the folded loop. The opposed edges of the bowel are sutured together to create a short side-to- side anisoperistaltic enteroenterostomy. Concerns about long-term complications, such as bacterial overgrowth in the bypassed segment, limit the length of the stricture to be addressed by this strictureplasty to less than 15 cm.
The judge condemned Oberlander for hiding the stolen money in places where it could not be traced. It was clear that Oberlander had targeted American banks, scamming £60 million, before switching to Europe in the mid-1970s. The Observer newspaper described Oberlander in court: :"Oberander [is a] striking figure with a vast stomach, ever battling to escape the stricture of his waistcoat, the lower half of his face obliterated by a wilderness of flowing beard". Oberlander was fined £50,000 and sentenced to 14 years in prison.
Byng arrived at Gibraltar and told of the French landing. Remarkably, General Thomas Fowke, then in command at Gibraltar, held a war council and refused to supply Byng with a regiment of marines as ordered by the War Office.Richard Glover, Memoirs of a Celebrated Literary and Political Character, from the Resignation of Sir Robert Walpole in 1742, to the Establishment of Lord Chatam's Second Adminisration in 1757; containing Stricture on some of the most Distinguished Men of that Time, New Edition (London: 1814), 79.
The Latin embassy required a safe conduct and an escort of magistrates to leave Rome unmolested. Rome realigned itself with the Samnites against the Latins. During the conduct of the war, Manlius and his co-consul, Publius Decius Mus, decided that the old military discipline would be reinstated, and no man was allowed to leave his post, under penalty of death. Manlius's son, seeing an opportunity for glory, forgot this stricture, left his post with his friends, and defeated several Latin skirmishers in battle.
The Tigers had played their games at Bennett Park since 1896, but the graduation to a major league meant that there would now be games scheduled on Sundays, which was forbidden by Detroit's blue laws. In order to avoid running afoul of this stricture, owner James D. Burns built a ballpark on his own property in Springwells Township, Michigan just outside the Detroit city limits.Past Detroit Tiger Venues Named Burns Park, the Tigers would play their Sunday home games there for the 1901 and 1902 seasons.
This technique is performed by making a longitudinal incision on the antimesenteric side of the bowel, extending from 2 cm proximal to 2 cm distal to the stricture. The enterotomy is then closed in a transverse fashion in one or two layers. Strictureplasties are categorized into three groups: Conventional, intermediate, and complex procedures. The Heineke-Mikulicz Strictureplasty is the most common among the conventional stricutreplasties, the Finney Strictureplasty is the most common intermediate strictureplasty, and the most common complex strictureplasty is the Michelassi Strictureplasty.
As the anastomosis heals, it forms scar tissue, which naturally tends to shrink ("contract") over time, making the opening smaller. This is called a "stricture". Usually, the passage of food through an anastomosis will keep it stretched open, but if the inflammation and healing process outpaces the stretching process, scarring may make the opening so small that even liquids can no longer pass through it. The solution is a procedure called gastro endoscopy, and stretching of the connection by inflating a balloon inside it.
The main articulatory difference between flaps and stops is that, due to the greater length of stops compared to flaps, a build-up of air pressure occurs behind a stop which does not occur behind a flap. This means that when the stop is released, there is a burst of air as the pressure is relieved, while for flaps there is no such burst. Trills involve the vibration of one of the speech organs. Since trilling is a separate parameter from stricture, the two may be combined.
In hearings at the Capitol, representatives of the nonscheduled airlines denounced the CAB as the servant of major scheduled carriers that "have used every conceivable and questionable device to force the healthful competition of the irregular carriers out of existence", as said by James Fischgrund. One lawyer called the proposed action "wholesale injustice by the shotgun method." The representatives acknowledged that a few "bad apples" existed within the non-scheduled industry, but vociferously denied that all non-skeds purposefully violated CAB stricture and deserved a blanket punishment.
Passage of kidney stones through the urethra can be painful. Damage to the urethra, such as by kidney stones, chronic infection, cancer, or from catheterisation, can lead to narrowing, called a urethral stricture. The location and structure of the narrowing can be investigated with a medical imaging scan in which dye is injected through the urinary meatus into the urethra, called a retrograde urethrogram. Additional forms of imaging, such as ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging may also be used to provide further details.
Observing that a couple "swept away by passion" might not think to take precautions such as inserting a womb veil, and that "the least intelligent" such as "the rough workman or dull peasant" would be most likely not to exercise self-control, one medical writer advocated intrauterine devices that could be left in place "if we wish to breed up not down."Robert L. Dickinson, "Simple Sterilization of Women by Cautery Stricture at the Intra-Uterine Tubal Openings, Compared with Other Methods," Surgery, Gynecology, and Obstetrics 23 (1916), p. 204 online.
Some fans and critics were not pleased with this change, which included haircuts, the cover art of Load, and headlining the Lollapalooza festival of 1996. David Fricke of Rolling Stone described the move as "goodbye to the moldy stricture and dead-end Puritanism of no-frills thrash", and called Load the heaviest record of 1996. With the release of ReLoad in 1997, the band displayed blues and early hard rock influences, incorporating more rhythm and harmony in song structures. St. Anger marked another large change in the band's sound.
Even after an airway with a stricture is restored to normal, the resulting loss of lung function may be permanent. Complications may also occur with treatment; for example, a granuloma can form at the suture site. Also, the sutured wound can tear again, as occurs when there is excessive pressure in the airways from ventilation. However, for people who do receive surgery soon after the injury to repair the lesion, outcome is usually good; the long-term outcome is good for over 90% of people who have TBI surgically repaired early in treatment.
The first rectory was completed in 1882, replaced by another in 1905. The parish outgrew this original structure and commissioned a Milwaukee architect, Jon Paulu, to design a new one. Construction began on the brick stricture in 1892, after Fr. Vaclav Kozelka returned as pastor, and was completed in 1894. The church continued to grow and serve as a center for local ethnic Czechs well into the 20th century; Czech remained the language used for religious instruction until 1930, and worship services in Czech were held into the 1940s.
The trickster figure is a character found across the study of myth, folklore religion as a type of archetypal character across cultures. The trickster figure is characterised by intelligence and a trait for playing with social norms and taboos often enticing or deceiving others into breaking rules. Tricksters therefore might avoid stricture by authorities or figures in power even to the extent of making those authorities look foolish. For these reasons the anthropologist James Cuffe has called the Grass Mud Horse an example of an online trickster- mythic and duplicitous in nature.
A stenographic record of this Politburo meeting has not been located. A number of historians, led by Robert Conquest, have adopted the argument first advanced by Boris Nicolaevsky in "The Letter of an Old Bolshevik" (1936), that a division existed in the Politburo between moderates and hard-liners. Stalin argued that Ryutin deserved the death penalty, because his "Appeal" could inspire its readers to acts of terrorism and a palace coup. A moderate bloc of Politburo members opposed Stalin, because they were unwilling to violate Lenin's stricture against the spilling of Bolshevik blood.
After the material has passed, a veterinarian may try to prevent the onset of aspiration pneumonia by placing the horse on broad- spectrum antibiotics. The animal should be monitored for several days to ensure that it does not develop pneumonia, caused by inhalation of bacteria- rich food material into the lungs. The material caught in a horse's throat usually causes inflammation, which may later lead to scarring. Scarring reduces the diameter of the esophagus (a stenosis or stricture), which increases the chance that the horse may choke again.
However, in some unusual instances, as when the hiatal hernia is unusually large, or is of the paraesophageal type, it may cause esophageal stricture or severe discomfort. About 5% of hiatal hernias are paraesophageal. If symptoms from such a hernia are severe for example if chronic acid reflux threatens to severely injure the esophagus or is causing Barrett's esophagus, surgery is sometimes recommended. However surgery has its own risks including death and disability, so that even for large or paraesophageal hernias, watchful waiting may on balance be safer and cause fewer problems than surgery.
Supportive treatment for PSC symptoms is the cornerstone of management. These therapies are aimed at relieving symptoms such as itching with antipruritics (e.g. bile acid sequestrants such as cholestyramine); antibiotics to treat episodes of ascending cholangitis; and vitamin supplements, as people with PSC are often deficient in fat-soluble vitamins (vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K). ERCP and specialized techniques may also be needed to help distinguish between a benign PSC stricture and a bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma). Liver transplantation is the only proven long-term treatment of PSC.
Endoscopic image of peptic stricture, or narrowing of the esophagus near the junction with the stomach due to chronic gastroesophageal reflux. This is the most common cause of dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, in scleroderma. While GI disease is one of the major symptoms of GSE that are characterized by increased levels of IgA/IgG to food proteins, many conditions like chronic constipation and irritable bowel disease persist after GF diet. Some of this may be due to persistent undetected food allergies, increased sensitivity of the damaged gut, or problems masked by GSE itself.
In order to assess self- embedding different aspects of the behavior must be examined such as the type of object used, the site of insertion, the number of objects inserted, the motivation behind the behavior and if the patient has other psychiatric diagnoses. The most common symptoms for epithelial insertion of foreign objects are infection, abscess formation, or sepsis at the site of insertion. Symptoms of urethral insertion include frequent urination, painful urination, and blood in urination. Urethral stricture can occur with multiple attempts to insert an object into the urethra.
Chellis died September 17, 1883 in Myrtle Creek, Oregon. According to a letter to the California Secretary of State from a resident of Myrtle Creek, Chellis, who was unknown to him, had appeared at his house on September 9. Chellis was suffering from a urinary stricture and other health problems, which made him nearly unaware of his surroundings and unable to care for himself. The letter writer, David Scott Kinnear Buick, further indicated that he had procured a nurse and volunteers to care for Chellis, but Chellis did not recover and died eight days later.
The C. R. Bard Company of New Jersey started distributing the catheters, under the name of Foley catheters, from 1935; consequently, the name has remained with Foley despite the patent having remained with the Davol Company. Although the materials used to make catheters have changed, the basic design of the 1930s has not. In addition to his work on urinary catheters, Foley also described a novel technique for treating strictures of the pelvi-ureteric junction which is known as the Foley Operation or the Foley Y-plasty pyeloplasty.Foley F.E. A new plastic operation for stricture at the uretero-pelvic junction.
The constitution of 1886 provided for a four- year presidential term with no immediate reelection and established a unicameral legislature. Some limits on presidential power were incorporated, most notably the stricture that all executive decrees or orders had to comply with the stated provisions of the constitution. This constitutional litmus test of executive action was, at least in theory, a significant step toward an institutionalized governmental system and away from the arbitrary imposition of power by self-serving caudillos. The constitution of 1886 showed remarkable staying power by Salvadoran standards, remaining in force in its original form until January 1939.
There are several levels to the observance of physical and personal modesty (tzniut), according to Orthodox Judaism, as derived from various sources in halakha. Observance of these rules varies from aspirational to mandatory to routine across the spectrum of Orthodox stricture and observance. Orthodox Judaism also maintains a strong prohibition on interfaith sexual relations and marriage. Orthodox Judaism, alone of all the Jewish denominations, retains relatively mild traditional disabilities on divorce, including a Biblical prohibition on a Kohen (priestly descendant of Aaron) marrying a divorcee or a woman who has engaged in certain types of sexual misconduct.
Computed tomography (CT) findings in AIP include a diffusely enlarged hypodense pancreas or a focal mass that may be mistaken for a pancreatic malignancy. A low-density, capsule-like rim on CT (possibly corresponding to an inflammatory process involving peripancreatic tissues) is thought to be an additional characteristic feature (thus the mnemonic: sausage-shaped). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reveals a diffusely decreased signal intensity and delayed enhancement on dynamic scanning. The characteristic ERCP finding is segmental or diffuse irregular narrowing of the main pancreatic duct, usually accompanied by an extrinsic-appearing stricture of the distal bile duct.
Oesophageal diseases include a spectrum of disorders affecting the oesophagus. The most common condition of the oesophagus in Western countries is gastroesophageal reflux disease, which in chronic forms is thought to result in changes to the epithelium of the oesophagus, known as Barrett's oesophagus. Acute disease might include infections such as oesophagitis, trauma caused by the ingestion of corrosive substances, or rupture of veins such as oesophageal varices, Boerhaave syndrome or Mallory-Weiss tears. Chronic diseases might include congenital diseases such as Zenker's diverticulum and esophageal webbing, and oesophageal motility disorders including the nutcracker oesophagus, achalasia, diffuse oesophageal spasm, and oesophageal stricture.
Estimating two seconds for each change (a reasonable pace), we find that while an extent on 6 bells can be accomplished in half an hour, a full peal on 8 bells should take nearly twenty-two and a half hours and one on 12 bells would take over thirty years! Naturally, then, except in towers with only a few bells, ringers typically can only ring a subset of the available permutations. But the key stricture of an extent, uniqueness (any row may only be rung once), is considered essential. This is called truth; to repeat any row would make the performance false.
When available, an oral/maxillofacial surgeon or ENT specialist will harvest the buccal mucosa in accordance with those requested specifications. Upon retrieval, the buccal graft is presented to the urethral surgeon, who will then prepare the graft by trimming and removal of extraneous tissue. The surgeon will create an incised opening laterally between the known outer borders of the defect, retract the incised opening to the desired diameter, and position the graft to cover the incision. This will form a tunnel, or diversion through the stricture which is 10 mm (optimally) in estimated diameter, to allow for the flow of urine.
Basu, p. 144 On receiving Elgin's reply that they were "Respectable and trustworthy ... but position of family humble", Hamilton concluded "the Munshi has done nothing to my knowledge which is reprehensible or deserving of official stricture ... enquiries w[oul]d not be right, unless they were in connection with some definite statement or accusation." He did, however, authorise further investigation of the "Mohamedan intriguer named Rafiuddin".Hamilton to Elgin, 30 April 1897, quoted in Basu, p. 149 Nothing was ever proven against Ahmed,Basu, pp. 147, 151, 172 who later became a Bombay government official and was knighted in 1932.
Soranus of Ephesus, another second century AD physician, opposed the theory of the "wandering womb". In a description of what he labelled "hysterical suffocation" - suffocation arising in the uterus - Soranus wrote, "the uterus does not issue forth like a wild animal from the lair, delighted by fragrant odors and fleeing bad odors, rather it is drawn together because of stricture caused by inflammation". Where Aretaeus used the more neutral "living thing", Soranus used the term for "wild beast", therion. Galen also insisted that the uterus was stationary and that symptoms were due to substances being retained inside it.
The musical scene in St. Petersburg came to be dominated by the Belyayev circle since Rimsky-Korsakov had taught many of its members at the Conservatory there. Since Glazunov, Lyadov and Rimsky-Korsakov acted in an advisory capacity to the Belyayev enterprises, and thus became channels of Belyayev's largesse, composers who wished to be part of this circle and who desired Belyayev's patronage had to write in a musical style approved by these three men. Because of this stricture, Rimsky-Korsakov's style became the preferred academic style—one that young composers had to follow if they hoped to have any sort of career.Maes, 173.
This is characterised by a physical obstruction of the intestine, which can be due to impacted food material, stricture formation, or foreign bodies. The primary pathophysiological abnormality caused by this obstruction is related to the trapping of fluid within the intestine oral to the obstruction. This is due to the large amount of fluid produced in the upper gastrointestinal tract, and the fact that this is primarily re-absorbed in parts of the intestine downstream from the obstruction. The first problem with this degree of fluid loss from circulation is one of decreased plasma volume, leading to a reduced cardiac output, and acid-base disturbances.
When radiation therapy is administered to treat cancers like cervical cancer, prostate cancer, and colon cancer, radiation proctitis can occur, which involved chronic bleeding in the colon. Treatment with Nd:YAG lasers and with Nd:YAG laser passed through a Potassium titanyl phosphate crystal, and with an argon laser has been studied in small clinical trials. Nd:YAG laser has been abandoned due to risks of damaging the colon wall, fibrosis, stricture formation, and recto-vaginal fistula, and severe damage in case of accidents, as well as the cost. The other two modalities were largely replaced by argon plasma coagulation by 2011, which was safer and less expensive.
Maimonides' strict ruling that any error in the parashot completely invalidates a Torah scroll led to a major halakhic debate that continues to this day.An English-language survey of the halakhic sources that deal with discrepancies in the transmission of details in the masoretic text of the Torah, regarding both its spelling (letter-text) and its parashah divisions, may be found in Barry Levy's Fixing God's Torah: The Accuracy of the Hebrew Bible text in Jewish Law (Oxford University Press, 2001). Levy discusses most of the sources listed here and translates some of them. Among those who ruled against Maimonides' stricture in practice were his son, Rabbi Abraham,Responsum #91.
Upon retrieval, the graft is prepared for attachment by trimming and removal of extraneous tissue. The surgeon will create an incised opening laterally between the known outer borders of the defect, retract the incised opening to the desired diameter, and position the graft to cover the incision. This will form a tunnel, or diversion through the stricture which is 10 mm (optimally) in estimated diameter, to allow for the flow of urine. Using micro surgical techniques, the scrotal graft or penile island flap will be sutured in place and fibrin glue applied to the suture line to help prevent leakage and formation of a fistula.
In 1850, "all marriages of white persons with Negroes or mulattoes [were] declared to be illegal and void". This stricture held until 1948, at which point the California Supreme Court became the first state court in the country to strike down a law prohibiting interracial marriage, recognizing marriage as a fundamental right: > Marriage is thus something more than a civil contract subject to regulation > by the state; it is a fundamental right of free men. There can be no > prohibition of marriage except for an important social objective and by > reasonable means. No law within the broad areas of state interest may be > unreasonably discriminatory or arbitrary.
The children of John and Katherine, while legitimised, were barred from inheriting the English throne, a stricture that was ignored in later generations. Because of Henry's descent through illegitimate children barred from succession to the English throne, the Tudor monarchy was not accepted by all European kingdoms. At the time, the House of Trastámara was the most prestigious in Europe, due to the rule of the Catholic Monarchs, so the alliance of Catherine and Arthur validated the House of Tudor in the eyes of European royalty and strengthened the Tudor claim to the English throne via Catherine of Aragon's ancestry. It would have given a male heir an indisputable claim to the throne.
Ed Merrill and Ed Saltzman of Harvard were the pioneers who proposed poly (ethylene oxide) as a highly biocompatible biomaterial in a seminal paper and did significant studies to analyze its stricture and blood response. In the 1990s Ed Merrill and W Harris developed irradiation crosslinked high-density polyethylene (HDPE) that has become the main material for total joint replacement. Merrill's ideas on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as a non- thrombogenic biomaterial (1979 with Saltzman) led to an explosion in the use of PEG- and PEO- decorated biomedical systems. Merrill's work on highly crosslinked polyethylene (1990s with W Harris) led to the new HDPE materials used in artificial joints now (a $4 billion industry).
ERCP image of cholangiocarcinoma, showing common bile duct stricture and dilation of the proximal common bile duct While abdominal imaging can be useful in the diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma, direct imaging of the bile ducts is often necessary. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), an endoscopic procedure performed by a gastroenterologist or specially trained surgeon, has been widely used for this purpose. Although ERCP is an invasive procedure with attendant risks, its advantages include the ability to obtain biopsies and to place stents or perform other interventions to relieve biliary obstruction. Endoscopic ultrasound can also be performed at the time of ERCP and may increase the accuracy of the biopsy and yield information on lymph node invasion and operability.
With the support of King James, Montagu produced another pamphlet, entitled Appello Caesarem, in 1625 shortly after the old king's death and Charles's accession. To protect Montagu from the stricture of Puritan members of Parliament, Charles made the cleric one of his royal chaplains, increasing many Puritans' suspicions that Charles favoured Arminianism as a clandestine attempt to aid the resurgence of Catholicism. Rather than direct involvement in the European land war, the English Parliament preferred a relatively inexpensive naval attack on Spanish colonies in the New World, hoping for the capture of the Spanish treasure fleets. Parliament voted to grant a subsidy of £140,000, which was an insufficient sum for Charles's war plans.
Statutory records of births, marriages and deaths. Death certificate :James Hall Pringle 1874 ref 892/000033DRegistrar General for Scotland. Statutory records of births, marriages and deaths. Birth entry :Catherine Hogarth 1815 ref 685/00104200047 Little is known about his early years or schooling. Pringle qualified Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons from the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1852 Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh list of licentiates and MD from the University of Edinburgh the same year with a thesis entitled 'Organic Stricture of the Urethra'. He was appointed House Surgeon in the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh under Professor James Syme (1799–1870) and Professor James Spence (1812–1882).
Permanent stents are often metal coils,UroToday - European Urology - The Bell-Shaped Nitinol Prostatic Stent in the Treatment of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: Experience in 108 Patients which are inserted into the male urethra. The braided mesh is designed to expand radially, applying constant gentle pressure to hold open the sections of the urethra that obstruct the flow of urine. The open, diamond-shape cell design of the stent allows the stent to eventually become embedded in the urethra, thus minimizing the risk for encrustation and migration. Permanent stents are used to relieve urinary obstructions secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), recurrent bulbar urethral stricture (RBUS), or detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia (DESD).
This attracted support from both Hindus and Christians. An attempt by Ayyankali to enrol a Pulayar girl in a government school led to violent acts perpetrated by upper castes against the community and eventually to the burning-down of the school building in the village of Ooruttambalam. His response was to organise what may have been the first strike action by agricultural workers in the region, who withdrew their labour from the fields that were owned by the upper castes until the government acceded to a complete removal of restrictions on education. Ayyankali was also central to the success of the Pulayan challenge against the traditional stricture that prohibited female members of the community from clothing their upper body when in public.
Fuller underwent a suprapubic cystostomy in July 1940, probably due to the urethral stricture noted on Fuller's death certificate, a narrowing or blockage of the urethra which can be caused by syphilitic chancres, infections from gonorrhea, or chlamydia, but continued to require medical treatment. He died at his home in Durham, North Carolina, on February 13, 1941. The cause of death was pyemia, due to an infected bladder, gastrointestinal tract and perineum, plus kidney failure. He was so popular when he died that his protégé, Brownie McGhee, recorded "The Death of Blind Boy Fuller" for Okeh Records, and then reluctantly began a short-lived career as Blind Boy Fuller No. 2, so that Columbia Records could profit from the deceased musician's popularity.
The differential diagnosis for LUTS is broad and includes various medical conditions, neurologic disorders, and other diseases of the bladder, urethra, and prostate such as bladder cancer, urinary tract infection, urethral stricture, urethral calculi (stones), chronic prostatitis, and prostate cancer. Neurogenic bladder can cause urinary retention and cause symptoms similar to those of BPH. This may occur as a result of uncoordinated contraction of the bladder muscle or impairment in the timing of bladder muscle contraction and urethral sphincter relaxation. Notable causes of neurogenic bladder include disorders of the central nervous system such as Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injuries as well as disorders of the peripheral nervous system such as diabetes mellitus, vitamin B12 deficiency, and alcohol-induced nerve damage.
S. Annesley, 'The Countess and the Constable: An exploration of the conflict that arose between Margaret de Burgh and Bertram de Criel', Fine of the Month, July 2008, Henry III Fine Rolls Project, especially section 8, and sources there cited. De Criol and the king were reconciled in February 1231, and he was rehabilitated under the stricture that he could not plead his cause against de Burgh before the king's court.'Criol', in W. Dugdale, The Baronage of England, 3 Vols (London 1675-6), I, pp. 770-71. (Umich/EEBO). In ordering the return of Moulsford, the king owned that the disseisin had been "at the king's will", a seeming trespass upon those rights in Magna Carta upon which de Burgh himself had insisted.
Yeltsin also was critical of legislation that he had been forced to return to the parliament because it contravened the constitution and existing law, and of legislative attempts to pass fiscal legislation in violation of the constitutional stricture that such bills must be preapproved by the Government. He noted that he would continue to use his veto power against ill-drafted bills and his power to issue decrees on issues he deemed important, and that such decrees would remain in force until suitable laws were passed. The State Duma passed a resolution in March 1996 demanding that Yeltsin refrain from returning bills to the parliament for redrafting, arguing that the president was obligated either to sign bills or to veto them.
He prefers older, less refined technology when he has to deal with it; he drives a 1960s Volkswagen Beetle, knows a mechanic who can keep it running eight or nine days out of every ten, and favors revolvers over semiautomatic pistols when he needs to carry a firearm. Harry uses candles, a fireplace, a kerosene heater, and an icebox in his apartment and lab, and he keeps dozens of spare light bulbs in his office in case one burns out when he walks past it. He can deliberately cause widespread havoc around high-tech items just by drawing in his magic, a practice he refers to as "hexing." Because of this technological stricture, many wizards employ the Nevernever to travel long distances.
Most knowledgeable sources are skeptical that this torture was ever actually used. The only evidence of its use is one paragraph in the preface to Llorente's 1826 History, relating a second-hand account by a single prisoner released from the Inquisition's Madrid dungeon in 1820, who purportedly described the pendulum torture method. Modern sources point out that due to Jesus' admonition against bloodshed, Inquisitors were only allowed to use torture methods which did not spill blood, and the pendulum method would have violated this stricture. One theory is that Llorente misunderstood the account he heard; the prisoner was actually referring to another common Inquisition torture, the strappado (garrucha), in which the prisoner has his hands tied behind his back and is hoisted off the floor by a rope tied to his hands.
The incision is inspected and dressed, and the patient is discharged to recovery. (a) At this time, some surgeons prefer to insert a safety guide (as used in urethrotomy) from the urinary meatus, through the stricture, and into the bladder for purposes of maintaining positioning. (b) some surgeons prefer the use of a suprapubic catheter, as they believe insertion of an in-dwelling urethral catheter may damage the surgically repaired area University of Kansas, Department of Urology video of the procedure Expected average success rate: The success rate for this procedure is between 87 and 98%, buccal mucosal onlay urethroplasty is considered the best of repair options for strictures greater than 2 cm in length. Within recent years, surgeons have been applying the onlay to the dorsal aspect of the urethra with great success.
Sushruta, a famous medical scholar from India born in 600 BC, wrote the Suśruta-saṃhitā. In its extant form, its 184 chapters contain descriptions of 1,120 illnesses, 700 medicinal plants, 64 preparations from mineral sources and 57 preparations based on animal sources. The text discusses such surgical techniques as making incisions, probing, extraction of foreign bodies, alkali and thermal cauterization, tooth extraction, excisions, and trocars for draining abscess, draining hydrocele and ascitic fluid, removal of the prostate gland, urethral stricture dilatation, vesicolithotomy, hernia surgery, caesarian section, management of haemorrhoids, fistulae, laparotomy and management of intestinal obstruction, perforated intestines and accidental perforation of the abdomen with protrusion of omentum and the principles of fracture management, viz., traction, manipulation, apposition and stabilization including some measures of rehabilitation and fitting of prosthetic.
Loomis was born in Galveston, Texas, United States, to musical parents and he learned to play the drums, piano, guitar and harmonica at an early age. In his teenage years, he was part of a doo-wop singing family group that performed at the Delta Blues Festival. Having broken away from this stricture, Loomis began playing solo and met a number of renowned blues musicians. Loomis later commented, "When I was coming up in the music scene, I was lucky to have musical mentors like Joe "Guitar" Hughes, Johnny Copeland, and of course, rock icon Bo Diddley.” “These ‘veterans’ took the time to teach and give advice to us youngsters, as if ‘passing the torch.’" Loomis also got help and advice from others including Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown and Albert Collins.
To some debaters, Significance derives from the word "substantially", which appears in most resolutions, and one can argue that Significance has been subsumed by the option for the Negative team to argue nontopicality on that word against the Affirmative team, then the Negative would lose on the stricture against permuting. In Push Debate, topicality does not need extraordinary defense nor flimpsy probing, and the traditional stock issue Significance is preserved if nothing could be done about Inherency that would be nontopical. The difference is between saying "our plan is significantly (or substantially) topical because it is a specific implementation of the resolution", which does not mean much other than it is minimal in terms of Grounding, and "our plan's solvency is significant (or substantial)", which is what judges are looking for about plans and the resolution in the "benevolent debate" that is not bogged down in wordiness.
Kyoto: Shōkadō. and Lolo 西田龍雄(1980) 1979. Roro Yakugo no kenkyū: Rorogo no kōzō to keitō 倮儸譯語の研究:ロロ語の構造と系統 (A study of the Lolo-Chinese vocabulary Lolo i-yu: The stricture and linage of Shui-liao Lolo.) Ka-i Yakugo kenkyū sōsho 6. Kyoto: Shōkadō. languages as recorded in the Hua-yi yiu. The languages covered by works in the third class cover (1) 朝鮮 Korea, (2) 琉球 the Ryukyus, (3) 日本 Japan, (4) 安南North Vietnam (5) 暹羅 Thailand, (6) 韃靼 the Eastern Mongols), (7) 畏兀兒/委兀兒 Uighurs, (8) 滿剌加 Malacca, (9) 占城Champa = South Vietnam, (10) 西番 “Western Barbarians” = Tibetans of the Kham region, (11) 回回 Persians), (12) 女直Jurchen, and (13) 百夷 Baiyi.
He was conscripted into the army, married an heiress, Mlle de Dortan, then gained leave from his regiment in 1802 to travel to Rome with Granet, where he fell into the facile manner of a highly accomplished dilettante,"Il fut plus ingénieux que vrai, plus adroit qu'habile, plus théâtrale que touchant, plus varié que réfléchi", was the stricture of Jean-François Barrière. (NBU) as he was received by the best of Francophile Roman society; in 1804 he was given the post of chamberlain to Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte's sister Princess Pauline Borghese. They were lovers from 1805 to 1807, living together at the Place Forbin, Cours Mirabeau, Aix-en-Provence, from May to October 1807. Rejoining the army, he served with distinction under Junot in Portugal, and received the Croix d'honneur, then served in the Austrian campaign of 1809, returning to Italy after the peace of Schönbrunn.
In 1632 a third reply, The Whetstone of Reproof, by T. T., Sacristan and Catholike Romanist, appeared at Douai. Lynde pursued his attacks on the Catholics in Via Devia, the Byway leading the Weak into unstable and dangerous Paths of Popish Error, London, 1630, and in reply to Floyd wrote A Case for the Spectacles, which William Laud refused to license (on the ground, according to William Prynne's Canterburies Doome, that Lynde was a layman); the work was not published in Lynde's lifetime. Lynde also supported a collection made by Thomas James of passages from Protestant writers ‘pruned away by the Romish knife.’ After Lynde's death Featley prepared for the press Lynde's A Case for a Pair of Spectacles, the reply to Floyd, together with a defence of Lynde by Featley, entitled Stricture in Lyndomastigem by Way of Supplement to the Knight's Answer and Featley's Funeral Sermon.
The thali is an emblem shaped like a leaf and which is worn as a necklace. The wearing of it has been compared to a wedding ring as for most women in south India it denotes that they are married. The thalikettu kalyanam was the ritual during which the thali would be tied on a piece of string around the neck of a Nair girl. If the girl should reach puberty before the ceremony took place then she would in theory have been out-caste, although it is probable that this stricture was not in fact observed. The ritual was usually conducted approximately every 10–12 years for all girls, including infants, within a tharavad who had not previously been the subject of it. Higher-ranked groups within the caste, however, would perform the ritual more frequently than this and in consequence the age range at which it occurred was narrower, being roughly between age 10 and 13.
The development of railways in the south west of Scotland came later than much of the rest of the country and it was not until 1857 that a line was authorised. The company entitled the Portpatrick Railway was to run from to Portpatrick with a short branch to the harbour at . Portpatrick was chosen as the terminus because it is the closest point to Ireland on the British mainland and the promoters of the line wished to develop the mail traffic across this sea route. Construction of the line between Stranraer and Portpatrick did not start until 1860, priority having been given to the line from Dumfries but as the act authorising the company placed a stricture on the company forbidding the payment of any dividend until the line to Portpatrick and the harbour there, attention moved to the line and it was ready for inspection by the Board of Trade Inspector in August 1862.
Rohmer made the film with no budget and out of order while he waited for Jean-Louis Trintignant to be available for My Night at Maud's, and this stricture possibly inspired the techniques and principles he and his cinematographer Nestor Almendros would return to in his later films: extensive rehearsal with the cast followed by very few takes; relying on natural light wherever possible, even for night scenes; "spying" fluid long shots to establish characters and their relationship together in a specific space. In his autobiography, A Man With A Camera, Almendros admits "The film had to have a 'natural' look, whether we wanted it to or not, because we had only five photoflood lamps." They used so little film that, "In the laboratories they thought they were the rushes of a short (film)." The character Sam was billed as Seymour Hertzberg but was in fact Eugene Archer, a former New York Times film reviewer.
"Clerical resistors", wrote Theodore S. Hamerow, could "indirectly at least, articulate political dissent in the guise of pastoral stricture", but the problem for them lay in determining how far they should go in their criticism: "Should they confine themselves to religious and moral issues or should they deal with political and racial issues as well ...". Faced with such questions, the German clergy generally determined that their first duty lay in the protection of their own church and its members, remaining within the limits of formal legality. Thus during the early years of Nazi Germany, clerical dissenters usually spoke out not against the established system, but "only against specific policies that it had mistakenly adopted and that it should therefore properly correct". Before moving toward resistance, German Catholics and Protestants were also faced with overcoming nationalist sentiment, and an instinct to respect authority which was the inheritance of their religious and national outlooks.
Falwell at an "I Love America" rally in 1980 Falwell set out in his Christian ministry as a fundamentalist, having attended a conservative Bible college and following strict standards of ecclesiastical and personal separatism; he was thus known and respected in IFB circles, being praised in Christian fundamentalist publications such as The Sword of the Lord. Though he never officially stated his rejection of this movement, the evidence of his life from the late 1970s onwards indicates that he moved toward a conservative evangelical standpoint to the right of mainline Protestantism or "open" evangelicalism but to the left of traditional, separatist fundamentalism. It was reported that he had refused to attend parties at which alcohol was served early in his life, but he relaxed this stricture as he was increasingly invited to major events through the contacts which he developed in conservative politics and religion. His foray into national politics appears to have been a catalyst for this change; when he established the Moral Majority which joined "Bible Christians" (Independent and conservative Southern Baptists) in a political alliance with Charismatics, Roman Catholics, Jews, Mormons and others and rejected the level of separation that was preached by most movement Fundamentalists.
The probability of xerostomia at one year increases by 5% for every 1Gy increase in dose to the parotid gland. Doses above 25–30 Gy are associated with moderate to severe xerostomia. Similar considerations apply to the submandibular gland, but xerostomia is less common if only one parotid gland is included in the radiated field and the contralateral submandibular gland is spared (less than 39 Gy) In the same manner, radiation dose to the pharyngeal constrictor muscles, larynx, and cricopharyngeal inlet determine the risk of dysphagia (and hence dependence on gastrostomy tube feeds). The threshold for this toxicity is volume-dependent at 55–60 Gy, with moderate to severe impairment of swallowing, including aspiration, stricture and feeding tube dependence above a mean dose of 47 Gy, with a recommended dose to the inferior constrictor of less than 41 Gy. Dose-toxicity relationships for the superior and middle constrictors are steep, with a 20% increase in the probability of dysphagia for each 10 Gy. For late dysphagia, threshold mean total constrictor doses, to limit rates of greater than or equal to grade 2 and 3 below 5% were 58 and 61 Gy respectively.
The nucleus of the villa property, the Villa Vecchia or ‘old villa’, already existed before 1630, when it was bought by Pamfilio Pamfili, who had married the heiress Olimpia Maidalchini, to enjoy as a suburban villa. Thereafter he set about buying up neighbouring vineyards to accumulate a much larger holding,This larger estate was sometimes referred to by contemporaries as the Vegna Panfili, the "Pamphili vineyards" of the western part of the property which was often known as the Bel Respiro or 'beautiful breath' as it stood on high ground, above the malarial areas of Rome, and offered spectacular views which were a desirable feature of Baroque villa settings.The Pamphili preferred to call it the Villa dell'Allegrezze or ‘villa of joy’-- ignoring the stricture in Ecclesiastes 7:4 that gave rise to Edith Wharton's House of Mirth The giardino segreto parterre today In 1644 Cardinal Giambattista Pamphili became elected to the papacy and took the name of Innocent X. In accordance with this change in status, the Pamphili aspired to a grander and more expansively sited new villa. Early designs were made, possibly by Virgilio Spada rather than the traditional attribution to Borromini, but these were rejected.

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