"In 2013, there was an incredible sparsity of research," she said.
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There's something very soothing in this song's sparsity, and even more so as it builds and builds.
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Reliance on historical data, and the sparsity of data on underrepresented groups, can also create bias in algorithms.
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From a lyrical perspective, are you also looking to evoke that space and sparsity, in a more metaphorical sense?
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Can you also speak of sparsity and space in a musical sense, and why that is something you value?
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Name Withheld Given the sparsity of your assignments, I wonder if you're working the 20 hours for which you're being paid.
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He has a small lead in Ohio, thanks to its relative sparsity of non-whites and many working-class whites (see article).
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As researchers studied olfaction in the early 2000s, they developed algorithms to determine how random embedding and sparsity in higher dimensions helped computational efficiency.
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The sparsity of deals indicates that while confidence may be running high in board rooms at a handful of large companies, it is not necessarily widespread across corporate America.
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Apart from the sparsity of detail about the future, Wollaston explained that Brexit would break up decades of close ties with the EU that would affect the U.K.'s health service, science and research, and social care.
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" Dr. Flora Hammond, who leads the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department at Indiana University School of Medicine, said: "Recovery from these deficits is challenged by a sparsity of proven treatments and lack of access to rehabilitative care.
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However, given the relative sparsity of marketplace comps in the public markets today, I suspect we will learn much more over the next few years as (knock on wood) a significant crop of private marketplaces hits the public markets.
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However, as a proud American who is keenly aware of the sparsity of our law enforcement resources, I stress the need to explore the need, to make the laws fair for all people regardless of race, gender, or the state they reside in.
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Its backdrop subtly shifts from the sparsity of a lone electric piano to subdued orchestral instruments, and its chords start out unresolved and move in and out of hymnlike uplift, as she ponders the breakups of others and her own: "Cannot count the ways you used to love me," she muses.
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Nothing made me happier than co-inducting a classic into the list alongside him, either something brand new—like when we left the Coens' A Serious Man near-speechless—or something older that we'd heard was good—trying to wrap our heads around the alternating lushness and sparsity of Fanny and Alexander's interiors.
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Given the sparsity of the group's live performances in the last few years, demand was at a high—made no less evident just a few minutes, possibly even seconds, after tickets went on sale Friday, with all four dates sold out and tickets already appearing at an inflated price on websites like Stubhub.
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Kogge–Stone Adder of sparsity-4. Example of a Kogge–Stone adder with sparsity-4.
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In the so-called sparse Kogge–Stone adder (SKA) the sparsity of the adder refers to how many carry bits are generated by the carry-tree. Generating every carry bit is called sparsity-1, whereas generating every other is sparsity-2 and every fourth is sparsity-4. The resulting carries are then used as the carry-in inputs for much shorter ripple carry adders or some other adder design, which generates the final sum bits. Increasing sparsity reduces the total needed computation and can reduce the amount of routing congestion.
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Elements eliminated by sparsity shown marked with transparency. Above is an example of a Kogge–Stone adder with sparsity-4. Elements eliminated by sparsity shown marked with transparency. As shown, power and area of the carry generation is improved significantly, and routing congestion is substantially reduced. Each generated carry feeds a multiplexer for a carry select adder or the carry-in of a ripple carry adder.
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With Jaroslav Nešetřil he is the author of the book Sparsity: Graphs, Structures, and Algorithms (Algorithms and Combinatorics 28, Springer, 2012), concerning the properties and applications of different types of sparse graph.Review of Sparsity by József Balogh, Mathematical Reviews, .Review of Sparsity by Andre Maximo (October 2012), ACM Computing Reviews, CR140602. This book was included in ACM Computing Reviews list of Notable Books and Articles of 2012.
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This is due to the relative sparsity of development in the post-medieval period.
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Sparsity aid was enacted in Wisconsin based on recommendations from Evers's Rural Schools Advisory Council. The council stressed that declining enrollment and escalating fixed costs put added pressure on small, sparsely populated districts. Since it was implemented, hundreds of school districts have benefitted from sparsity aid.
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The iterative computations will reduce significatively the cost and make use of any sparsity in the data.
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There are several variations to the basic sparse approximation problem. Structured sparsity: In the original version of the problem, any of the atoms in the dictionary can be picked. In the structured (block) sparsity model, instead of picking atoms individually, groups of them are to be picked. These groups can be overlapping and of varying size.
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The lack of preceding outlooks was attributed to the storm's unusual location and the sparsity of data for storms in the region.
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Cueretú (Curetu) is an extinct language of the Amazon basin. It may be Tucanoan, but more recently has been left unclassified due to sparsity of data.
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The application of structured sparsity for joint speech localization-separation in reverberant acoustics has been investigated for multiparty speech recognition. Further applications of the concept of sparsity are yet to be studied in the field of speech processing. The idea behind applying CS to speech signals is to formulate algorithms or methods that use only those random measurements ({y})) to carry out various forms of application-based processing such as speaker recognition and speech enhancement.
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As building links is costly, due to the trade-off not everybody need to be linked to everybody in the network. Sparsity in the network will prove to be efficient.
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One can obtain a more accurate preconditioner by allowing some level of extra fill in the factorization. A common choice is to use the sparsity pattern of A2 instead of A; this matrix is appreciably more dense than A, but still sparse over all. This preconditioner is called ILU(1). One can then generalize this procedure; the ILU(k) preconditioner of a matrix A is the incomplete LU factorization with the sparsity pattern of the matrix Ak+1.
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A sparse matrix obtained when solving a modestly sized bundle adjustment problem. This is the sparsity pattern of a 992×992 normal-equation (i.e. approximate Hessian) matrix. Black regions correspond to nonzero blocks.
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If the efficient coding hypothesis is accurate, researchers should observe is that there is sparsity in the neuron responses: that is, only a few neurons at a time should fire for an input.
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NMF, also referred in this field as factor analysis, has been used since the 1980s to analyze sequences of images in SPECT and PET dynamic medical imaging. Non-uniqueness of NMF was addressed using sparsity constraints.
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Dedham Vale, Suffolk There is a sparsity of information about this painter which has cast uncertainty over his parentage, training, and date of death.F W Watts biography. See Woods, Christopher. Victorian Painters (Antique Collectors' Club Ltd, 1995).
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DropConnect is the generalization of dropout in which each connection, rather than each output unit, can be dropped with probability 1-p. Each unit thus receives input from a random subset of units in the previous layer. DropConnect is similar to dropout as it introduces dynamic sparsity within the model, but differs in that the sparsity is on the weights, rather than the output vectors of a layer. In other words, the fully connected layer with DropConnect becomes a sparsely connected layer in which the connections are chosen at random during the training stage.
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There are several advantages with this paradigm. It handles the sparsity of the original matrix better than memory based ones. Also comparing similarity on the resulting matrix is much more scalable especially in dealing with large sparse datasets.
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The sparsity-of-effects principle actually refers to the idea that only a few effects in a factorial experiment will be statistically significant. This principle is only valid on the assumption of a factor space far from a stationary point.
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In the case of deconvolution of seismic data, the original unknown signal is made of spikes hence is possible to characterize with sparsity constraints or regularizations such as l1 norm/l2 norm norm ratios, suggested by W. C. Gray in 1978.
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Under sparsity assumptions and when input data is pre-processed with the whitening transformation, k-means produces the solution to the linear independent component analysis (ICA) task. This aids in explaining the successful application of k-means to feature learning.
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Ivan Selesnick is an electrical engineer from the NYU Polytechnic School of Engineering in Brooklyn, New York. He was named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2016 for his contributions to wavelet and sparsity based signal processing.
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The first one is sparsity, which requires the signal to be sparse in some domain. The second one is incoherence, which is applied through the isometric property, which is sufficient for sparse signals.M. Davenport, "The Fundamentals of Compressive Sensing", SigView, April 12, 2013.
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The sparsity of the hairs is a useful distinction from A. anserina, which is more densely hairy. The flowers are produced singly on 5–15 cm long stems, 2–3.5 cm diameter with five yellow petals. The fruit is a cluster of dry achenes.
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L1-MAGIC is a collection of MATLAB routines When measurements may contain a finite amount of noise, basis pursuit denoising is preferred over linear programming, since it preserves sparsity in the face of noise and can be solved faster than an exact linear program.
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Because of scarcity of materials, very little is known of Jakob Ammann’s teaching and day-to-day life. Three letters comprise the whole of his first-hand accounts of his thoughts.This sparsity is probably due to his inability to write. The extant letters were probably dictated.
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Other related parameters include the tree-depth, a number that is bounded for a minor-closed graph family if and only if the family excludes a path, and the degeneracy, a measure of the sparsity of a graph that is at most equal to its treewidth.
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However, not every (3,6)-sparse graph is planar. Similarly, outerplanar graphs are (2,3)-sparse and planar bipartite graphs are (2,4)-sparse. Streinu and Theran show that testing (k,l)-sparsity may be performed in polynomial time when k and l are integers and 0 ≤ l < 2k.
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Effect sparsity. Interactions can only significantly effect the response if at least one of the parent factors has an effect on the response. Consider an RPD cake-baking example from Montgomery (2005), where an experimenter wants to improve the quality of cake.Montgomery, D. (2005), Design and Analysis of Experiments.
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A number of applications combine the memory- based and the model-based CF algorithms. These overcome the limitations of native CF approaches and improve prediction performance. Importantly, they overcome the CF problems such as sparsity and loss of information. However, they have increased complexity and are expensive to implement.
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These dates fall within the period with the most tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic. No tropical cyclones during this season existed simultaneously. One tropical cyclone has a single known point in its track due to a sparsity of data. Of the season's five tropical cyclones, three reached hurricane status.
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It left areas covered with coarse gravel and rock outcroppings. The terrain can be unlevel with features non-conducive to efficient farming. Some of the parcels had to be doubled in size because of the sparsity of arable land within them.Miller, The Frontier in Alaska and the Matanuska Colony, p.
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The concept of effect sparsity is that not all factors will have an effect on the response. These principles are the foundation for fractionating Hadamard matrices. By fractionating, experimenters can form conclusions in fewer runs and with fewer resources. Oftentimes, RPDs are used at the early stages of an experiment.
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Data sparsity is a major problem in building language models. Most possible word sequences are not observed in training. One solution is to make the assumption that the probability of a word only depends on the previous n words. This is known as an n-gram model or unigram model when n = 1\.
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Despite the sparsity of their catalogue at this time and only having played a handful of shows, their song "Springsteen" caught the attention of Jamie Halliday the future founder of Audio Antihero records. His enthusiasm for the band would finally materialise in the release of their debut album in October 2009, more than two years since they disbanded.
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The sparsity of dialogue made it possible for IMAX cameras, which are notoriously noisy, to be used as the primary format. Panavision and IMAX lenses enabled filming at night. For the first time in a feature film, IMAX cameras were used hand-held, which Steven Spielberg and Ron Howard advised as the best way to shoot on vessels.
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A bathymetric chart does show marine topology accurately. Details covering the above limitations can be found in Part 1 of Bowditch's American Practical Navigator. Another concept that affects safe navigation is the sparsity of detailed depth data from high resolution sonar systems. In more remote areas, the only available depth information has been collected with lead lines.
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In addition to the thirteen tropical storms, there were two depressions monitored throughout the season. TIROS VII depicted two tropical depressions, one on July 15 and the other on September 19 at and , respectively. Due to the sparsity of data in the region and lack of complete satellite coverage, no further information on these systems is available.
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Abingdon Press, 2009. The sparsity of sayings recorded in the biblical accounts suggests that Jesus remained relatively silent for the hours he hung there.Wilson, Ralph F. "The Seven Last Words of Christ from the Cross". Since the 16th century they have been widely used in sermons on Good Friday, and entire books have been written on theological analysis of them.
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User-item matrix is a basic foundation of traditional collaborative filtering techniques, and it suffers from data sparsity problem (i.e. cold start). As a consequence, except for user-item matrix, researchers are trying to gather more auxiliary information to help boost recommendation performance and develop personalized recommender systems. Generally, there are two popular auxiliary information: attribute information and interaction information.
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Basic concepts and models are presented to explain into detail the Convolutional Sparse Representation framework. On the grounds that the sparsity constraint has been proposed under different models, a short description of them is presented to show its evolution up to the model of interest. Also included are the concepts of Mutual Coherence and Restricted Isometry Property to establish uniqueness stability guarantees.
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Sparksee is a product originated by the research carried out at DAMA- UPC (Data Management group at the Polytechnic University of Catalonia). In March 2010 a spin-off called Sparsity-Technologies has been created at the UPC to commercialize and give services to the technologies developed at DAMA-UPC. DEX changed name to Sparksee on its 5th release in February 2014.
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She also led the Sparsity project, the first automatically tuned library for sparse matrix kernels, and she co-led the development of the Optimized Sparse Kernel Interface (OSKI). From 2008 to 2012 she was the director of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center. From 2009 to 2015 she was a member of the California Council on Science and Technology.
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These dates fall within the period with the most tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic. At two points during the season, pairs of tropical cyclones existed simultaneously. Four of the cyclones only have a single known point in their tracks due to a sparsity of data, so storm summaries for those systems are unavailable. Of the season's eight tropical cyclones, four reached hurricane status.
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As with ANNs, many issues can arise with naively trained DNNs. Two common issues are overfitting and computation time. DNNs are prone to overfitting because of the added layers of abstraction, which allow them to model rare dependencies in the training data. Regularization methods such as Ivakhnenko's unit pruning or weight decay ( \ell_2 -regularization) or sparsity ( \ell_1 -regularization) can be applied during training to combat overfitting.
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The Best Page in the Universe's layout was made sparse primarily to reduce bandwidth costs. Maddox also stated the sparsity protested the many websites containing "fancy HTML" but lacking substantial content. The page is headed with an image of Maddox's face superimposed over a bust of Che Guevara. In the image, Maddox is wearing a beret emblazoned with the Jolly Roger, and an eye patch.
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165 Proposals that Fontaine be awarded the Croix de Guerre and the Order of the British Empire were never approved. The de Gaulle government of France did give her the Medal of the Resistance. Despite the sparsity of her recognition, the appraisal by SOE of Fontaine's work was that she was "an efficient and loyal courier and assistant" with a "gift for clandestine work."O'Connor, p.
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The final storm, Hurricane Five, was last observed on September 17. These dates fall within the period with the most tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic. At one point during the season, two tropical cyclones existed simultaneously. Two of the cyclones only have a single known point in their tracks due to a sparsity of data, so storm summaries for those systems are unavailable.
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Other approaches also include the least-squares as has been discussed before in this article. These methods are extremely slow and return a not-so-perfect reconstruction of the signal. The current CS Regularization models attempt to address this problem by incorporating sparsity priors of the original image, one of which is the total variation (TV). Conventional TV approaches are designed to give piece-wise constant solutions.
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Eloise came ashore along the coast of northern Florida as a Category 3 storm producing winds of with gusts that reached 155 mph (249 km/h). Sustained winds were likely higher, but due to the sparsity of recording stations, few official records exist. The winds in the area were reportedly the strongest of the century. Hurricane-force winds occurred from Fort Walton Beach through Panama City.
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Each discretization strategy has certain advantages and disadvantages. A reasonable criterion in selecting a discretization strategy is to realize nearly optimal performance for the broadest set of mathematical models in a particular model class. Various numerical solution algorithms can be classified into two broad categories; direct and iterative solvers. These algorithms are designed to exploit the sparsity of matrices that depend on the choices of variational formulation and discretization strategy.
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The sparsity of research, in particular on the accuracy of first-impressions, means that social psychologists know a lot about what people think about others, but far less about whether they are right. Many attribute this to a criticism that Lee Cronbach wrote in 1955 about how impression accuracy was calculated,Cronbach, L. J. (1955). Processes affecting scores on "understanding of others" and "assumed similarity." Psychological Bulletin, 52, 177-193.
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Enhancements to the original implementation include increasing the radix and sparsity of the adder. The radix of the adder refers to how many results from the previous level of computation are used to generate the next one. The original implementation uses radix-2, although it's possible to create radix-4 and higher. Doing so increases the power and delay of each stage, but reduces the number of required stages.
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However, PROSE had a number of shortcomings: it could not handle large systems, problem representation was tied to an array- type data structure that required address calculations, and the system did not provide access to state-of-the art solution methods. From linear programming, GAMS learned that exploitation of sparsity was key to solving large problems. Thus, the final piece of the puzzle was the use of sparse data structures.
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The Kinetic PreProcessor (KPP) is an open-source software tool used in atmospheric chemistry. Taking a set of chemical reactions and their rate coefficients as input, KPP generates Fortran 90, FORTRAN 77, C, or Matlab code of the resulting ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Solving the ODEs allows the temporal integration of the kinetic system. Efficiency is obtained by exploiting the sparsity structures of the Jacobian and of the Hessian.
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It is often the case that the matrix A which defines the integer program is sparse. In particular, this occurs when the matrix has a block structure, which is the case in many applications. The sparsity of the matrix can be measured as follows. The graph of A has vertices corresponding to columns of A, and two columns form an edge if A has a row where both columns have nonzero entries.
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Shortly after moving across Bermuda on August 8, spiral bands appeared on the island's radar. Advisories on Brenda were not initiated until 18:00 UTC on August 8, due to sparsity of data, making it difficult to confirm a tropical cyclone. A cold front caused the storm to re-curve northeastward on August 9. Later that day, Brenda attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of and a minimum barometric pressure of .
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In large linear-programming problems A is typically a sparse matrix and, when the resulting sparsity of B is exploited when maintaining its invertible representation, the revised simplex algorithm is much more efficient than the standard simplex method. Commercial simplex solvers are based on the revised simplex algorithm.M. Padberg, Linear Optimization and Extensions, Second Edition, Springer-Verlag, 1999.Dmitris Alevras and Manfred W. Padberg, Linear Optimization and Extensions: Problems and Extensions, Universitext, Springer-Verlag, 2001.
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Before 1135, David laid the foundations of four more burghs, this time in the new territory he had acquired as King of Scots; burghs were founded at Stirling, Dunfermline and Edinburgh, three of David's favoured residences.Duncan, p. 265. Around 15 burghs have their foundations traced to the reign of David I, although because of the sparsity of some of the evidence, this exact number is uncertain.Stringer, "The Emergence of a Nation-State", p. 67.
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This sparsity is problematic for any method that requires statistical significance. In order to obtain a statistically sound and reliable result, the amount of data needed to support the result often grows exponentially with the dimensionality. Also, organizing and searching data often relies on detecting areas where objects form groups with similar properties; in high dimensional data, however, all objects appear to be sparse and dissimilar in many ways, which prevents common data organization strategies from being efficient.
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The Fisher kernel can also be applied to image representation for classification or retrieval problems. Currently, the most popular bag-of- visual-words representation suffers from sparsity and high dimensionality. The Fisher kernel can result in a compact and dense representation, which is more desirable for image classificationFlorent Perronnin and Christopher Dance (2007), “Fisher Kernels on Visual Vocabularies for Image Categorization” and retrievalHerve Jegou et al. (2010), “Aggregating local descriptors into a compact image representation”A.
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If the nodes in the networks are not weighted, the structural components of the network can be shown through adjacency matrix. If the most elements in the matrix are zero, such matrix is referred as sparse matrix. In contrast, if most of the elements are nonzero, then the matrix is dense. The sparsity or density of the matrix is identified by the fraction of the zero element to the total number of the elements in the matrix.
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In the statistical analysis of the results from factorial experiments, the sparsity-of-effects principle states that a system is usually dominated by main effects and low-order interactions. Thus it is most likely that main (single factor) effects and two-factor interactions are the most significant responses in a factorial experiment. In other words, higher order interactions such as three-factor interactions are very rare. This is sometimes referred to as the hierarchical ordering principle.
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Enumerators (information gatherers) that had operational problems with the device understandably made negative reports. During the 2009 Senate confirmation hearings for Robert Groves, President Obama's Census Director appointee, there was much mention of problems but very little criticism of the units. In rural areas, the sparsity of cell phone towers caused problems with data transmission to and from the HHC. Since the units were updated nightly with important changes and updates, operator implementation of proper procedure was imperative.
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In 1965, systematic archaeological excavations were undertaken with the supervision of the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina. An area of about was investigated, that is, more than one-third of the area enclosed with ramparts. The archaeological layers were generally characterized with considerable thickness (0.50 to 3.50 m) and by the sparsity of art materials. However, in the medieval stratum pottery and small iron items were discovered, along with pieces of glass and charred grain.
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The complementarity of wavelets and noiselets means that noiselets can be used in compressed sensing to reconstruct a signal (such as an image) which has a compact representation in wavelets.E. Candes and J. Romberg, Sparsity and incoherence in compressive sampling, 23 (2007), pp. 969–985. . MRI data can be acquired in noiselet domain, and, subsequently, images can be reconstructed from undersampled data using compressive-sensing reconstruction.K. Pawar, G. Egan, and Z. Zhang, Multichannel Compressive Sensing MRI Using Noiselet Encoding, 05 (2015), .
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An earring found in an Alamannic grave in Germany, dated c. 6th or 7th century. Body adornment has only recently become a subject of serious scholarly research by archaeologists, who have been hampered in studying body piercing by a sparsity of primary sources. Early records rarely discussed the use of piercings or their meaning, and while jewellery is common among grave goods, the deterioration of the flesh that it once adorned makes it difficult to discern how the jewellery may have been used.
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Much of the region was omitted from the Domesday Book of 1086; Redhead states that this was because only a partial survey was taken, rather than sparsity of population. Former weavers' cottages in Wardle. The development of Greater Manchester is attributed to a shared tradition of domestic cloth production, and textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution. During the Middle Ages, much of what became Greater Manchester lay within the hundred of Salfordshire – an ancient division of the county of Lancashire.
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The wires occupy much of the area of the chip, and in nanometer CMOS technology, interconnects dominate both performance and dynamic power dissipation, as signal propagation in wires across the chip requires multiple clock cycles. This also allows more parasitic capacitance, resistance and inductance to accrue on the circuit. (See Rent's rule for a discussion of wiring requirements for point-to-point connections). Sparsity and locality of interconnections in the communications subsystem yield several improvements over traditional bus-based and crossbar-based systems.
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Two neighboring fluorophores with 100 nm distance and different dipole orientations (pseudocolor in red and green) emit periodic signals excited by rotating polarized light. By rotating the polarization of excitation, the emission ratio between the two molecules is modulated accordingly, resulting in their separation in the polarization domain. The sparsity deconvolution can achieve a super-resolution image of effective dipole intensities under polarization modulation; with least-squares fitting, the dipole orientation can be determined. Arrows indicate the directions of dipole orientations.
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Upon its release, "Sin Ti" received positive reviews from music critics. Currinn likened "Sin Ti" to Inna's "Ra" (2018), viewing it as continuing her change in direction, while also reflecting elements of the singer's previous dance material. He praised the song's lyrics, as well as Inna's emotional delivery and versatility. Refinery29 Courtney Smith wrote that the singer "creat[ed] a sense of space and longing with sparsity [...] [b]ut the intentionality in her delivery on the chorus is what makes the song sing".
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In addition to the four tropical cyclones of the season, there were four others with only a single point on their track, due to the sparsity of data. The barque W.B. Bowen encountered a gale with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) near 33.5°N, 69.2°W on August 5, which is located about east of Bermuda. This system would later be listed in HURDAT records as Tropical Storm One. However, due to heavy prevailing weather, further data on this storm is unavailable.
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In practice, many commercial recommender systems are based on large datasets. As a result, the user-item matrix used for collaborative filtering could be extremely large and sparse, which brings about the challenges in the performances of the recommendation. One typical problem caused by the data sparsity is the cold start problem. As collaborative filtering methods recommend items based on users' past preferences, new users will need to rate sufficient number of items to enable the system to capture their preferences accurately and thus provides reliable recommendations.
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The degeneracy of a graph is a measure of how sparse it is, and is within a constant factor of other sparsity measures such as the arboricity of a graph. Degeneracy is also known as the k-core number, width, and linkage, and is essentially the same as the coloring number or Szekeres-Wilf number (named after ). k-degenerate graphs have also been called k-inductive graphs. The degeneracy of a graph may be computed in linear time by an algorithm that repeatedly removes minimum-degree vertices.
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Michael Elad works in the fields of signal processing and image processing, specializing in particular on inverse problems and sparse representations. The field of sparse representations introduces a universal dimensionality reduction model for data sources and signals based on "sparsity", along with various theoretical and practical tools for implementing it. In recent years this field has been shown to be intimately connected to deep-learning architectures and algorithms. Prof. Elad has authored hundreds of technical publications in this field, many of which have led to exceptional impact.
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Sparse principal component analysis (sparse PCA) is a specialised technique used in statistical analysis and, in particular, in the analysis of multivariate data sets. It extends the classic method of principal component analysis (PCA) for the reduction of dimensionality of data by introducing sparsity structures to the input variables. A particular disadvantage of ordinary PCA is that the principal components are usually linear combinations of all input variables. Sparse PCA overcomes this disadvantage by finding linear combinations that contain just a few input variables.
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The first known storm of the season was initially observed by the schooner J. W. Coffin on August 16, with the hurricane situated about northeast of Little Abaco Island in the Bahamas. Due to sparsity of data, HURDAT indicates that the cyclone maintained intensity as an 80 mph (130 km/h) Category 1 hurricane on the modern day Saffir–Simpson scale, as it tracked north-northeastward to northeastward. The hurricane was last noted offshore Nova Scotia by the bark Electra late on August 19.
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Misha Tsodyks is a leading theoretical and computational neuroscientist whose research focuses on identifying neural algorithms underlying cortical systems and cognitive behavior. His most notable achievements include demonstrating the importance of sparsity in neural networks, describing the mechanisms of short-term synaptic plasticity and working and associative memory. As of 2019, Tsodyks is the C.V. Starr Professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in New Jersey. He also teaches at the Weizmann Institute of Science and serves as the Chief Editor of Frontiers of Computational Neuroscience.
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Editor: Steven T. Katz. Already by the mid-3rd century the Jewish majority had been reported to have been lost, while others conclude that a Jewish majority lasted much longer – "What does seem clear is a different kind of change – immigration of Christians and the conversion of pagans, Samaritans, and Jews eventually produced a Christian majority". After the Bar Kokhba revolt of 132-136 CE the make-up of the population of Palestine remains in doubt due to the sparsity of data in the historical record.
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Compressed sensing (also known as compressive sensing, compressive sampling, or sparse sampling) is a signal processing technique for efficiently acquiring and reconstructing a signal, by finding solutions to underdetermined linear systems. This is based on the principle that, through optimization, the sparsity of a signal can be exploited to recover it from far fewer samples than required by the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem. There are two conditions under which recovery is possible.CS: Compressed Genotyping, DNA Sudoku – Harnessing high throughput sequencing for multiplexed specimen analysis.
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The least-squares solution to such problems is to minimize the L^2 norm—that is, minimize the amount of energy in the system. This is usually simple mathematically (involving only a matrix multiplication by the pseudo-inverse of the basis sampled in). However, this leads to poor results for many practical applications, for which the unknown coefficients have nonzero energy. To enforce the sparsity constraint when solving for the underdetermined system of linear equations, one can minimize the number of nonzero components of the solution.
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Scientists at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution conducted an experiment three decades ago in deep Sargasso Sea looking at the rate of sinking. They found what became known as marine snow in which the POM are repackaged into much larger particles which sink at much greater speed, 'falling like snow'. Because of the sparsity of food, the organisms living on and in the bottom are generally opportunistic. They have special adaptations for this extreme environment: rapid growth, effect larval dispersal mechanism and the ability to use a ‘transient’ food resource.
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The reputation of the bagaudae has varied with the uses made of them in historicised narratives of the Late Roman Empire and the Middle Ages. There has been some speculation that theirs was a Christian revolt, but the sparsity of information in the texts gives that little substance although there may well have been many Christians among them. In general, they seem to have been equal parts of brigands and insurgents. In the second half of the 19th century, interest in the bagaudae revived, resonating with contemporary social unrest.
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Quantification of the heritable basis underlying population epigenomic variation is also important to delineate its cis- and trans- regulatory architecture. In particular, most studies state that inter- individual differences in DNA methylation are mainly determined by cis- regulatory sequence polymorphisms, probably involving mutations in TFBSs (Transcription Factor Binding Sites) with downstream consequences on local chromatin environment. The sparsity of trans-acting polymorphisms in humans suggests that such effects are highly deleterious. Indeed, trans-acting factors are expected to be caused by mutations in chromatin control genes or other highly pleiotropic regulators.
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Higher-value coinages, suitable for use in trade, were minted in gold, silver, and high- quality bronze. Gold coinage was much more common than silver coinage, despite being worth substantially more, as while there were around 100 mines in Southern Britain and Central France, silver was more rarely mined. This was due partly to the relative sparsity of mines and the amount of effort needed for extraction compared to the profit gained. As the Roman civilisation grew in importance and expanded its trade with the Celtic world, silver and bronze coinage became more common.
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A good (CSSI) algorithm will produce four high-quality acoustic impedance volumes from full or post-stack seismic data: full-bandwidth impedance, bandlimited Impedance, reflectivity model, and low-frequency component. Each of these components can be inspected for its contribution to the solution and to check the results for quality. To further adapt the algorithm mathematics to the behavior of real rocks in the subsurface, some CSSI algorithms use a mixed-norm approach and allow a weighting factor between minimizing the sparsity of the solution and minimizing the misfit of the residual traces.
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Three tropical cyclones during the season existed simultaneously. Two of the cyclones have only a single known point in its track due to a sparsity of data. Operationally, another tropical cyclone was believed to have existed over the eastern Atlantic between September 17 and September 18, but HURDAT - the official Atlantic hurricane database - excludes this system. However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only cyclones that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea are currently known, so the actual total could be higher.
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Dictionary learning develops a set (dictionary) of representative elements from the input data such that each data point can be represented as a weighted sum of the representative elements. The dictionary elements and the weights may be found by minimizing the average representation error (over the input data), together with L1 regularization on the weights to enable sparsity (i.e., the representation of each data point has only a few nonzero weights). Supervised dictionary learning exploits both the structure underlying the input data and the labels for optimizing the dictionary elements.
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The quadratic sieve is an optimization of Dixon's method. It selects values of x close to the square root of such that x2 modulo N is small, thereby largely increasing the chance of obtaining a smooth number. Other ways to optimize Dixon's method include using a better algorithm to solve the matrix equation, taking advantage of the sparsity of the matrix: a number z cannot have more than \log_2 z factors, so each row of the matrix is almost all zeros. In practice, the block Lanczos algorithm is often used.
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The nature and sparsity of these references demonstrate the effective loss of any political power by the clan: a Stephen Maleinos was a landowner near Thessalonica in 1084, and another Maleinos, who rebelled against Emperor Andronikos I Komnenos (r. 1183–1185) in 1185, is described by Niketas Choniates as neither of noble birth nor rich. The family is not attested thereafter. A Maleinos family is also attested in southern Italy and particularly Calabria from the second half of the 10th century and up to the 12th century, who served as soldiers, administrators or church members.
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The experiment can be replicated, or the sparsity-of-effects principle can often be exploited. Replication is more common for small experiments and is a very reliable way of assessing experimental error. When the number of factors is large (typically more than about 5 factors, but this does vary by application), replication of the design can become operationally difficult. In these cases, it is common to only run a single replicate of the design, and to assume that factor interactions of more than a certain order (say, between three or more factors) are negligible.
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He also showed that it can be combined with adaptive optics to improve resolution, and with amplified pulses to push the depth limit to 1mm in brain tissue. Today, two-photon excitation microscopy is also used in the fields of physiology, embryology and tissue engineering, as well as in cancer research. The sparsity of data on connectivity between neurons had been a major limitation in circuit neuroscience. Denk’s 2004 paper describing automated serial blockface microscopy rekindled the dormant science of comprehensive neural circuit mapping (connectomics), pioneered by Sydney Brenner.
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Dr. Purdon has worked throughout his career to develop novel statistical signal processing methods for neuroscience. He has focused considerable effort on the EEG source localization problem, in which high- density scalp measurements are used to estimate underlying cerebral currents. His approach uses biophysical, functional neuroanatomic, and computational principles to guide the solution to this problem. His work has illustrated how neurophysiologically-principled models of sparsity, connectivity, and dynamics can significantly expand the realm of what is possible using source localization, improving spatial resolution significantly, and enabling localization of subcortical activity .
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Systems which use ToA, generally require a complicated synchronization mechanism to maintain a reliable source of time for sensors (though this can be avoided in carefully designed systems by using repeaters to establish coupling). The accuracy of the TOA based methods often suffers from massive multipath conditions in indoor localization, which is caused by the reflection and diffraction of the RF signal from objects (e.g., interior wall, doors or furniture) in the environment. However, it is possible to reduce the effect of multipath by applying temporal or spatial sparsity based techniques.
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SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing There were theoretical results describing when these algorithms recovered sparse solutions, but the required type and number of measurements were sub-optimal and subsequently greatly improved by compressed sensing. At first glance, compressed sensing might seem to violate the sampling theorem, because compressed sensing depends on the sparsity of the signal in question and not its highest frequency. This is a misconception, because the sampling theorem guarantees perfect reconstruction given sufficient, not necessary, conditions. A sampling method fundamentally different from classical fixed-rate sampling cannot "violate" the sampling theorem.
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This, amongst other reasons, has led to the MPI only being calculated for just over 100 countries, where data is available for all these diverse indicators, while HDI is calculated for almost all countries. However, though HDI is thus more universally applicable, its relative sparsity of indicators also makes it more susceptible to bias. Indeed, some studies have found it to be somewhat biased towards GDP per capita, as demonstrated by a high correlation between HDI and the log of GDPpc. Hence, HDI has been criticized for ignoring other development parameters.
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The situation in West Africa is difficult to interpret due to a sparsity of fossil evidence. Homo sapiens seems to have reached the western Sahelian zone by 130,000 years ago, while tropical West African sites associated with H. sapiens are known only from after 130,000 years ago. Unlike elsewhere in Africa, archaic Middle Stone Age sites appear to persist until very late, down to the Holocene boundary (12,000 years ago), pointing to the possibility of late survival of archaic humans, and late hybridization with H. sapiens in West Africa.
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The district is one of the remotest areas in Nepal and is second in terms of the sparsity of population.Pasture Management, Indigenous Veterinary Care and the Role of the Horse in Mustang, Nepal The elevation ranges from 1,372 to 8,167 meters (Mount Dhaulagiri, the 7th highest mountain in the world), with several peaks above 7,000 meters. Mustang was an ancient forbidden kingdom, bordered by the Tibetan Plateau and sheltered by some of world's tallest peaks, including 8000-meter tall Annapurna and Dhaulagiri. Strict regulations of tourists here have aided in maintaining Tibetan traditions.
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Since version 7, Essbase has supported two "storage options" which take advantage of sparsity to minimize the amount of physical memory and disk space required to represent large multidimensional spaces. The Essbase patent describes the original method, which aimed to reduce the amount of physical memory required without increasing the time required to look up closely related values. With the introduction of alternative storage options, marketing materials called this the Block Storage Option (Essbase BSO), later referred to as Essbase Analytics. Put briefly, Essbase requires the developer to tag dimensions as "dense" or "sparse".
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Delay-tolerant networking (DTN) is an approach to computer network architecture that seeks to address the technical issues in heterogeneous networks that may lack continuous network connectivity. Examples of such networks are those operating in mobile or extreme terrestrial environments, or planned networks in space. Recently, the term disruption-tolerant networking has gained currency in the United States due to support from DARPA, which has funded many DTN projects. Disruption may occur because of the limits of wireless radio range, sparsity of mobile nodes, energy resources, attack, and noise.
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Several authors have considered approximation algorithms that attempt to find a clique or independent set that, although not maximum, has size as close to the maximum as can be found in polynomial time. Although much of this work has focused on independent sets in sparse graphs, a case that does not make sense for the complementary clique problem, there has also been work on approximation algorithms that do not use such sparsity assumptions.; ; . describes a polynomial time algorithm that finds a clique of size in any graph that has clique number for any constant .
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In the field of computational linguistics, in particular language modeling, skip-grams are a generalization of n-grams in which the components (typically words) need not be consecutive in the text under consideration, but may leave gaps that are skipped over. They provide one way of overcoming the data sparsity problem found with conventional n-gram analysis. Formally, an -gram is a consecutive subsequence of length of some sequence of tokens . A -skip--gram is a length- subsequence where the components occur at distance at most from each other.
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The 1995–96 Australian region cyclone season was an active Australian cyclone season, with Western Australia experiencing a record number of landfalling intense storms in the Pilbara region. The season produced a total of 19 tropical cyclones, of which 14 developed into named storms and 9 reached severe tropical cyclone status. The strongest of the season was Severe Tropical Cyclone Olivia, which also produced the highest recorded wind gust on record of 408 km/h (253 mph). Though several systems impacted land, the general sparsity of population centres in Australia limits the scale of damage.
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M. Tillmann and M. E. Pfetsch, "The Computational Complexity of the Restricted Isometry Property, the Nullspace Property, and Related Concepts in Compressed Sensing," IEEE Trans. Inf. Th., 60(2): 1248-1259 (2014) and is hard to approximate as wellAbhiram Natarajan and Yi Wu, "Computational Complexity of Certifying Restricted Isometry Property," Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2014) (2014)), but many random matrices have been shown to remain bounded. In particular, it has been shown that with exponentially high probability, random Gaussian, Bernoulli, and partial Fourier matrices satisfy the RIP with number of measurements nearly linear in the sparsity level.
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New districts were drawn up for this election by a delimitation board. A policy decision was made that each district should return a single member, and the delimitation board was charged with producing district with an equal number of voters, taking into account community or diversity of interests, means of communication, physical features and sparsity or density of population. The board was permitted to depart by up to 20% from absolute equality, if the board thought fit. In the end, three of the districts were almost entirely urban (Salisbury, Bulawayo North and Bulawayo South) while all the others contained substantial areas of countryside.
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The basis for this concept is the observation that precursor lymphocytes sensitized to a certain antigen at a specific mucosal site can migrate and assume effector function at distant mucosal tissues. Although the female genital tract is thought of as part of the CMIS, it shows some characteristics that set it apart from other mucosal immune sites. One of these features is the relative inefficacy of local antigenic stimulation owing to a sparsity of mucosal lymphoepithelial inductive sites. A further distinctive characteristic is the significant contribution of the systemic immune compartment to the pool of antibodies.
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In 2013, Hafi et al. developed a novel super-resolution technique through sparse deconvolution of polarization-modulated fluorescent images (SPoD). Because the fluorescent dipole is an inherent feature of fluorescence, and its polarization intensity can be easily modulated with rotating linear polarized excitation, the polarization-based super-resolution technique therefore holds great promise with regard to a wide range of biological applications due to its compatibility with conventional fluorescent specimen labeling. The SPoD data, consisting of sequences of diffraction-limited images illuminated with varying linearly polarized light, were reconstructed with a deconvolution algorithm termed SPEED (sparsity penalty– enhanced estimation by demodulation).
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Remains of two girls buried in the same grave, 6th- to 7th-century grave in Sasbach. A maeotae skeleton of the burial ground near Farm of Lenin's Name, Krasnodar region, Russia 4th to 2nd century BC Alemannic grave fields date to the 5th to 8th century. Before the middle of the 5th century, grave fields are small, often including less than five graves, probably corresponding to a single homestead or family. The sparsity of graves in the early period may suggest partial cremation. In the mid- to late 5th century, burial customs appear to change, with the introduction of larger row-grave fields.
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In statistics, fractional factorial designs are experimental designs consisting of a carefully chosen subset (fraction) of the experimental runs of a full factorial design . The subset is chosen so as to exploit the sparsity- of-effects principle to expose information about the most important features of the problem studied, while using a fraction of the effort of a full factorial design in terms of experimental runs and resources. In other words, it makes use of the fact that many experiments in full factorial design are often redundant, giving little or no new information about the system.
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Maga may have had possibly one successor, the twenty-third and last ruler Characene, Abinergaios III, who was defeated in 222 by a Persian, named Ardašir. Ardašir had just revolted against his Parthian overlord and was in the process of establishing the Sasanian Empire. However, the historicity of Abinergaios III is open to question, as he known only from latter Arabic sources and Maga is the last ruler of Characene who is documented by contemporary sources. It should also be noted that the king list of Characene is a modern construct and given the known sparsity of records could well be inaccurate.
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Sparse approximation ideas and algorithms have been extensively used in signal processing, image processing, machine learning, medical imaging, array processing, data mining, and more. In most of these applications, the unknown signal of interest is modeled as a sparse combination of a few atoms from a given dictionary, and this is used as the regularization of the problem. These problems are typically accompanied by a dictionary learning mechanism that aims to fit D to best match the model to the given data. The use of sparsity-inspired models has led to state-of-the-art results in a wide set of applications.
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Some Norwegian terranes have faunas distinct from those of either Baltica or Laurentia and were island arcs that originated in the Iapetus Ocean and were accreted to Baltica. The Baltica craton most likely underlies these terranes and the continent-ocean boundary passes several kilometres off Norway, but, since the North Atlantic opened c. 54 Ma were the Iapetus Ocean closed, it is unlikely the craton also reached into Laurentia. The margin stretches north to Novaya Zemlya where early Palaeozoic Baltica faunas have been found, but the sparsity of data makes it difficult to locate the margin in the Arctic.
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An early breakthrough in signal processing was the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem. It states that if a real signal's highest frequency is less than half of the sampling rate, then the signal can be reconstructed perfectly by means of sinc interpolation. The main idea is that with prior knowledge about constraints on the signal's frequencies, fewer samples are needed to reconstruct the signal. Around 2004, Emmanuel Candès, Justin Romberg, Terence Tao, and David Donoho proved that given knowledge about a signal's sparsity, the signal may be reconstructed with even fewer samples than the sampling theorem requires.
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Pluto is the only planetary body other than Earth on which penitentes have been identified. Although penitentes have been hypothesized on Jupiter's satellite Europa, current theories suggest they may require an atmosphere to form. Moores and his colleagues hypothesize that Pluto's penitentes grow only during periods of high atmospheric pressure, at a rate of approximately 1 centimeter per orbital cycle. These penitentes appear to have formed in the last few tens-of-millions of years, an idea supported by the sparsity of craters in the region, making Tartarus Dorsa one of the youngest regions on Pluto.
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The system then arranges data to represent the hypercube into "blocks", where each block comprises a multi- dimensional array made up of "dense" dimensions, and space is allocated for every potential cell in that block. Sparsity is exploited because the system only creates blocks when required. In the example above, say the developer has tagged "Accounts" and "Time" as "dense", and "Region", "Customer", and "Product" as "sparse". If there are, say, 12,000 combinations of Region, Customer and Product that contain data, then only 12,000 blocks will be created, each block large enough to store every possible combination of Accounts and Time.
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He has stated that the sparsity of books about the hijackers themselves is caused by a lack of available information about them; McDermott has cited the difficulty of locating and interviewing the relatives and other acquaintances of the hijackers in Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Pakistan and other countries. Following the publication of Perfect Soldiers, McDermott has been interviewed in several documentaries on the 9/11 attacks and the Hamburg cell in general, including the History Channel documentary 9/11: Inside the Hamburg Cell and the National Geographic Channel documentaries Inside 9/11 (2005) and 9/10: The Final Hours.
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These models relate endogenous nodal variables with or without exogenous inputs, under sparsity and low-rank constraints. Multilayer graphs, as well as evolving graphs with memory (such as those emerging with generally nonlinear structural vector autoregressive models) are viewed as exogenous inputs. If the latter are not available, results of Giannakis' team show how to "blindly" identify directed graph topologies by decomposing tensor statistics of nodal data obtained under dynamic graph changes. They further employed such graphs as prior information to offer a unifying graph kernel- based approach to statistical inference of (non) stationary processes over graphs.
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In addition, real-time information about train location (and bus location) is available via an Open Data protocol on the Internet, enabling a large number of third-party smartphone apps and web sites to display expected arrival times throughout the MBTA system. The Green Line relies more on operators than its signal system compared to other lines, especially where trams are driven across or even in automobile lanes on surface rails. Due to a sparsity of data collected by the existing system, real-time Green Line arrival predictions are not expected until tracking infrastructure upgrades are completed in 2015.
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The Edelman algorithm works equally well for sparse and non-sparse data, since it is based on the compressibility (rank deficiency) of the Fourier matrix itself rather than the compressibility (sparsity) of the data. Conversely, if the data are sparse—that is, if only K out of N Fourier coefficients are nonzero—then the complexity can be reduced to O(Klog(N)log(N/K)), and this has been demonstrated to lead to practical speedups compared to an ordinary FFT for N/K > 32 in a large-N example (N = 222) using a probabilistic approximate algorithm (which estimates the largest K coefficients to several decimal places).
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Metaxas has developed formal methods upon which computer vision, computer graphics and medical image computing have advanced synergistically. In computer vision, his work pioneered the simultaneous segmentation and fitting of complex objects, statistical model-based tracking, shape representation, learning, sparsity, ASL as well as gesture recognition. In particular, Metaxas is focusing on human body and shape motion analysis, human surveillance, security applications, ASL recognition, behavior modeling and analysis and scalable solutions to large and distributed sensor-based networks. In the area of biomedical applications, Metaxas has developed new methods for material modeling and shape estimation of internal body parts (such as the lungs) using data from MRI, SPAMM and CT scan.
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In this context, the survival of other endothermic animals, such as some birds and mammals, could be due, among other reasons, to their smaller needs for food, related to their small size at the extinction epoch. Whether the extinction occurred gradually or suddenly has been debated, as both views have support from the fossil record. A study of 29 fossil sites in Catalan Pyrenees of Europe in 2010 supports the view that dinosaurs there had great diversity until the asteroid impact, with more than 100 living species. More recent research indicates that this figure is obscured by taphonomic biases and the sparsity of the continental fossil record.
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The Bureau of Maternal and Child Health, organized in 1922, authorized the KSBH to accept federal funding under the Sheppard–Towner Act. Another of McCormack's special KSBH projects was the joint sponsorship with the University of Louisville (UL) for the UL School of Public Health in 1920. Arthur McCormack served as dean of the school which was absorbed into the UL School of Medicine in 1922. Recognizing the sparsity of physicians in eastern Kentucky, McCormack encouraged Mary Carson Breckinridge in the establishment of the Frontier Nursing Serviceby issuing her a special state license to practice midwifery and promising her "carte blanche" to carry out her plan.
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Resting on or using the forelimbs for locomotion may have been possible (as indicated by tracks of a resting theropod), but if this was the norm, the forelimbs would probably have showed adaptations for this. Hone and Holtz furthermore suggested that the forelimbs of spinosaurids do not seem optimal for trapping prey, but instead appear similar to the forelimbs of digging animals. They suggested that the ability to dig would have been useful when excavating nests, digging for water, or to reach some kinds of prey. Hone and Holtz also believed that spinosaurids would have waded and dipped in water rather than submerging themselves, due to their sparsity of aquatic adaptations.
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130-137 Shortly after the deportees had already arrived on Nazino Island, the Yagoda and Berman plan was rejected by Stalin. pp. 1-12 Order on the island quickly broke down and devolved into chaos: the majority of the population were city dwellers, most of whom knew nothing about basic agricultural practices such as clearing and cultivation that would make the island properly habitable. The sparsity of resources led to gangs forming, who began using violence to dominate the settlers. People were frequently murdered in fights over food and money, and the bodies of those in possession of anything of value such as gold tooth fillings and crowns were often looted.
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The states of New York and Massachusetts both placed historical markers along the route that Knox was believed to have taken at the time of its sesquicentennial (150th anniversary). In 1972, markers were moved in New York when new information surfaced about the train's movements between Albany and the state boundary. Most of the markers in Massachusetts are along a route that the train was assumed to take, given the sparsity of documentation and what was known about roads in Massachusetts at the time.Knox Trail official New York site Fort Knox, an Army post in Kentucky famous as the site of the United States Bullion Depository was named after Henry Knox.
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Giannakis bypassed non- cooperative CR transceivers by reformulating channel gain estimation as a function interpolation task using a sufficient number of spatiotemporal samples. He further leveraged structural properties of this (generally dynamic) learning function, namely sparsity, low rank, space-time correlation, Kriging, and radio tomography-related techniques, to obtain accurate sensing maps even with quantized measurements. Together with his collaborators, they utilized these maps for distributed CR scheduling, dynamic resource management using limited-rate feedback, power control with imperfect exchanges, joint CR sensing and allocation of multichannel CRs, optimal beamforming, statistical routing, cross-layer optimization using interference tweets, and optimal chance-constrained management of orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) radios.
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Medieval equestrian warfare, and equestrian practice, did hark back to Roman antiquity, just as the notion of chivalry harked back to the rank of equites in Roman times. There may be an element of continuity connecting the medieval tournament to the hippika gymnasia of the Roman cavalry, but due to the sparsity of written records during the 5th to 8th centuries this is difficult to establish. It is known that such cavalry games were central to military training in the Carolingian Empire, with records of Louis and Charles' military games at Worms in 843. At this event, recorded by Nithard, the initial chasing and fleeing was followed by a general mêlée of all combatants.
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Through this overwhelmingly neutral narrative stance, which comes close to resembling a documentary approach, the novel becomes authentic and powerfully plausible. At the same time the sparsity of commentary summons up a bleak underlying nihilism. Exceptionally, right at the end, the writer breaches his neutral narrative stance for a moment. The narrator uses the authority which his objectivity has established through the novel to communicate that the allied bombing of German cities in the Second World War had become unavoidable, but in the same breath he denies the allied forces any general right to act as they did, while a Christian concept teaches that issues of moral authority regarding such matters must be reserved for the Last Judgment.
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For the cake-baking example, the experimenter can fluctuate bake- time and oven-temperature to understand the effects of such fluctuation that may occur when control is no longer in his/her hands. Robust parameter designs are very similar to fractional factorial designs (FFDs) in that the optimal design can be found using Hadamard matrices, principles of effect hierarchy and factor sparsity are maintained, and aliasing is present when full RPDs are fractionated. Much like FFDs, RPDs are screening designs and can provide a linear model of the system at hand. What is meant by effect hierarchy for FFDs is that higher-order interactions tend to have a negligible effect on the response.
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This is the manner in which all of the eleven known storms in the 1906 season were identified by hurricane expert José Fernández-Partagás's reanalysis of hurricane seasons between 1851 and 1910. Partagás also extended the known tracks of three other hurricanes previously identified by scholars. The information Partagás and his colleague uncovered was largely adopted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic hurricane reanalysis in their updates to the Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT), with some slight adjustments. HURDAT is the official source for such hurricane data as track and intensity, although due to a sparsity of available records at the time the storms existed, listings on some storms are incomplete.
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This is the manner in which all of the five known storms in the 1907 season were identified by hurricane expert José Fernández-Partagás's reanalysis of hurricane seasons between 1851 and 1910. Partagás also extended the known tracks of three other hurricanes previously identified by scholars. The information Partagás and his colleague uncovered was largely adopted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic hurricane reanalysis in their updates to the Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT), with some slight adjustments. HURDAT is the official source for such hurricane data as track and intensity, although due to a sparsity of available records at the time the storms existed, listings on some storms are incomplete.
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Also, the cryovolcanic material responsible for the surfacing is too viscous to have been pure liquid water, but too fluid to have been solid water. Rather, it is believed to have been a viscous, lava-like mixture of water and ammonia, which freezes at , or perhaps ethanol. Miranda's observed hemisphere contains three giant 'racetrack'-like grooved structures called coronae, each at least wide and up to deep, named Arden, Elsinore and Inverness after locations in Shakespeare's plays. Inverness is lower in altitude than the surrounding terrain (though domes and ridges are of comparable elevation), while Elsinore is higher, The relative sparsity of craters on their surfaces means they overlay the earlier cratered terrain.
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Their sparsity throughout Banks Peninsula is most likely due to their poor mobility. Similarly, the decline in their numbers since the 1900s is most likely due to habitat loss by logging and farming, forest fires, and the increase in predator species in the area, such as hedgehogs and rats. The level of disturbance to their local habitat by stock animals and predators may also influence distribution of M. howitti as well as that of their prey. It is believed that the survival of M. howitti may become threatened in the next 50 years, because they have disappeared from the Port Hills district since 1940, and have not been found in western parts of Banks Peninsula since 1980.
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This link led to major results on robust smoothing of dynamical signals via outlier constraints; sparse polynomial regression models; robust nonparametric regression via sparsity control; robust principal component analysis, robust multi-dimensional scaling, and robust clustering schemes. Prompted by the NP- hard task of reconstructing a signal from its magnitude, they also developed state-of-the-art algorithms to solve random systems of quadratic equations. They further established identifiability of models comprising a low-rank matrix plus a compressed matrix. This result is not only intriguing by itself (it can find the summands from the sum), but also impactful to unveiling network traffic anomalies, and accelerating dynamic magnetic resonance imaging at desirable resolution levels.
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This provides a theoretical framework with which to analyze SVM algorithms and compare them to other algorithms with the same goals: to generalize without overfitting. SVM was first proposed in 1995 by Corinna Cortes and Vladimir Vapnik, and framed geometrically as a method for finding hyperplanes that can separate multidimensional data into two categories. This traditional geometric interpretation of SVMs provides useful intuition about how SVMs work, but is difficult to relate to other machine-learning techniques for avoiding overfitting, like regularization, early stopping, sparsity and Bayesian inference. However, once it was discovered that SVM is also a special case of Tikhonov regularization, regularization perspectives on SVM provided the theory necessary to fit SVM within a broader class of algorithms.
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HURDAT is the official source for such hurricane data as track and intensity, although due to a sparsity of available records at the time the storms existed, listings on some storms are incomplete. Although extrapolated peak winds based on whatever reports are available exist for every storm in 1861, estimated minimum barometric air pressure listings are only present for the three storms that directly affected the United States. Two hurricanes during the year made landfall on the mainland United States, and as they progressed inland, information on their meteorological demise was limited. As a result, the intensity of these storms after landfall and until dissipation is based on an inland decay model developed in 1995 to predict the deterioration of inland hurricanes.
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On January 30, 2012, the league announced suspension of the 2012 season, citing several internal organization struggles as the primary cause. Some of these included an ongoing legal battle with ex-franchise owner Dan Borislow, and the lack of resources invested into the league. Prior to the formal announcement, the USSF showed reservation about renewing sanctioning for WPS, citing the sparsity and geographic concentration of WPS team as the main problem. (USSF requires professional, top-division leagues to have at least eight teams over at least three time zones.) Ultimately, USSF granted WPS a waiver on this issue for the third time in WPS's history, on the conditions that WPS expands to six teams by 2013 and eight by 2014.
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Equivalently, the vertices correspond to variables, and two variables form an edge if they share an inequality. The sparsity measure d of A is the minimum between the tree-depth of the graph of A and the tree-depth of the graph of the transpose of A. Let a be the numeric measure of A defined as the maximum absolute value of any entry of A. Let n be the number of variables of the integer program. Then it was shown in 2018 that integer programming can be solved in strongly polynomial and fixed-parameter tractable time parameterized by a and d. That is, for some computable function f and some constant k, integer programming can be solved in time f(a,d)n^k.
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In natural language processing, Brown clustering or IBM clustering is a form of hierarchical clustering of words based on the contexts in which they occur, proposed by Peter Brown, Vincent Della Pietra, Peter deSouza, Jennifer Lai, and Robert Mercer of IBM in the context of language modeling. The intuition behind the method is that a class-based language model (also called cluster -gram model), i.e. one where probabilities of words are based on the classes (clusters) of previous words, is used to address the data sparsity problem inherent in language modeling. Jurafsky and Martin give the example of a flight reservation system that needs to estimate the likelihood of the bigram "to Shanghai", without having seen this in a training set.
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Pareto principle applied to raising funds The Pareto principle states that for many outcomes roughly 80% of consequences come from 20% of the causes (the “vital few”). Other names for this principle are the 80/20 rule, the law of the vital few, or the principle of factor sparsity) Management consultant Joseph M. Juran developed the concept in the context of quality control, and improvement, naming it after Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto, who noted the 80/20 connection while at the University of Lausanne in 1896. In his first work, Cours d'économie politique, Pareto showed that approximately 80% of the land in Italy was owned by 20% of the population. The Pareto principle is only tangentially related to Pareto efficiency.
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In most Tomo-PIV experiments, the multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique (MART) is used. The advantage of this pixel-by-pixel reconstruction technique is that it avoids the need to identify individual particles. Reconstructing the discretized 3-D intensity field is computationally intensive and, beyond MART, several developments have sought to significantly reduce this computational expense, for example the multiple line-of-sight simultaneous multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique (MLOS-SMART) which takes advantage of the sparsity of the 3-D intensity field to reduce memory storage and calculation requirements. As a rule of thumb, at least four cameras are needed for acceptable reconstruction accuracy, and best results are obtained when the cameras are placed at approximately 30 degrees normal to the measurement volume.
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Les Murray (1938–2019), Christian poet A Bush Christening is a popular comic bush ballad by renowned Australian poet Banjo Paterson which makes light of the sparsity of Christian preachers and houses of worship on the Australian frontier, beginning: :On the outer Barcoo where the churches are few, :And men of religion are scanty... Nevertheless, the body of literature produced by Australian Christians is extensive. During colonial times, the Benedictine missionary William Ullathorne (1806–1889) was a notable essayist writing against the Convict Transportation system. Later Cardinal Moran (1830–1911), a noted historian, wrote a History of the Catholic Church in Australasia. More recent Catholic histories of Australian include The Catholic Church and Community in Australia (1977) by Patrick O'Farrell and Australian Catholics (1987), by Edmund Campion.
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He was awarded the state prize (1985 jointly with Vojtěch Rödl) for a collection of papers in Ramsey theory. The book Sparsity - Graphs, Structures, and Algorithms he co-authored with Patrice Ossona de Mendez was included in ACM Computing Reviews list of Notable Books and Articles of 2012.ACM Computing Reviews - Notable Computing Books and Articles of 2012, ACM Computing Reviews website. Accessed June 29, 2013 Nešetřil is a corresponding member of the German Academy of Sciences since 1996 and has been declared Doctor Honoris Causa of the University of Alaska (Fairbanks) in 2002. He has also been declared Doctor Honoris Causa of the University of Bordeaux 1 in 2009; the speech he made in French at this occasion attracted a great deal of attention.
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In the modern day area surrounding Konny Pereulok crossing from Khavskoy street, to Mytnaya street was set out for a "Livestock Market". By 1793 there were 37 homesteads on the street, all constructed in wood, with one two floors with large gardens and orchards, a typical layout for a street of the era. By 1812 Shabolovka was considered the street right up to Serpukhov shaft (part of the Chambers- collegiate shaft), but most of it accounted for gardens, especially on the even west side, which ended up preventing a destructive fire causing too much damage in 1812 owing to the sparsity of the layout. By 1826 of the 37 Homesteads six belonged to the middle classes, one belonged to the wood craftsman, and in house 13 was located the local police station.
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Ancient sources seem to indicate that an older name of the region was Alope (, ). Lycia fought for the Persians in the Persian Wars, but on the defeat of the Achaemenid Empire by the Greeks, it became intermittently a free agent. After a brief membership in the Athenian Empire, it seceded and became independent (its treaty with Athens had omitted the usual non-secession clause), was under the Persians again, revolted again, was conquered by Mausolus of Caria, returned to the Persians, and finally fell under Macedonian hegemony upon the defeat of the Persians by Alexander the Great. Due to the influx of Greek speakers and the sparsity of the remaining Lycian speakers, Lycia was rapidly Hellenized under the Macedonians, and the Lycian language disappeared from inscriptions and coinage.
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The increased population of human inhabitants and the expansion of grasslands (due to human activity) has caused a fragmentation of the species into many subpopulations. Many factors (mostly related to human activity) contributed to the fragmentation of the population, including the expansion of farmland, human occupation, lack of accessible habitat and the sparsity of suitable or favorable habitat. Due to this isolation, gene flow has begun to slow and subpopulations are suffering from a lack of gene diversity which could mean a long term issue. A study conducted by researchers found that gene flow accompanied the divergence of western lowland and Cross River gorillas until just 400 or so years ago, which rather supports a scenario in which intensifying human activities may have increased the isolation of these ape populations.
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They applauded the voice recording for being "crisp and clean", though were disappointed with the sparsity of musical tracks and environmental sound effects. Allgame was impressed with the weapon effects and the foreign-language voice overs for the Soviet soldiers, while Computer and Video Games considered the lack of Harrison Ford as Indiana Jones' voice disappointing, though understandable given his high salary. Eurogamer found the comments of the playable character to become annoying after a while, but were impressed with the ambient sounds and music, claiming the latter to be "ace stuff", "further enhancing the motion picture feeling of the game". Despite its enhancements, the Nintendo 64 version fared about as well with critics as the PC original, yielding 70.99 percent at GameRankings and a Metacritic score of 75 out of 100 points.
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In direct imaging, to reveal the faint exoplanets and circumstellar disks from bright the surrounding stellar lights, which has a typical contrast from 10⁵ to 10¹⁰, various statistical methods have been adopted, however the light from the exoplanets or circumstellar disks are usually over-fitted, where forward modeling have to be adopted to recover the true flux. Forward modeling is currently optimized for point sources, however not for extended sources, especially for irregularly shaped structures such as circumstellar disks. In this situation, NMF has been an excellent method, being less over-fitting in the sense of the non-negativity and sparsity of the NMF modeling coefficients, therefore forward modeling can be performed with a few scaling factors, rather than a computationally intensive data re-reduction on generated models.
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Unfortunately, the generally small size of individual catchments and the relative narrowness of their constituent valleys means that dating the valley networks by conventional crater counting techniques is extremely difficult (though not impossibleDohm, J.M., and Scott, D.H. (1993), Relation between ages and elevation of martian channels (abstract), Lunar Planet. Sci., XXIV, 407– 408). The concentration of the valleys in the Noachian-age southern highlands and their sparsity on the northern Hesperian plains, circumstantially combined with independent estimates of a multi-order of magnitude decrease in global martian erosion rates at the end of the Noachian,Golombek, M.P., and Bridges, N.T. (2000), Erosion rates on Mars and implications for climate change: constraints from the Pathfinder landing site, J. Geophys. Res., 105(E1), 1841-1853 probably indicates that most of the networks were cut during this early interval.
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" Ben Cardew of NME said that Sandoval's voice "remains an indescribably beautiful thing", commenting that the record's sparsity allows the songs to "seep into [your] bloodstream", awarding the album a score of 8 out of 10. Matt Collar of AllMusic praised the band's "[new] world-weariness and maturity", noting that Roback's guitar work displays "a much more pronounced country and blues influence", before summarising that the album "is everything you could want, finding Mazzy Star older and wiser, but still as dreamy as ever." James Reed of The Boston Globe called the album "prime Mazzy Star: the work of a band that knows what it does well, and then does it beautifully." Tiny Mix Tapes commented that "the arrangements on Seasons Of Your Day are so perfect as to make one forget that this is another 90's band comeback.
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Fragments of two Coptos Decrees dating to the reign of Neferkauhor, end of the Eighth Dynasty. The Eighth Dynasty has traditionally been classified as the first dynasty of the First Intermediate Period owing to the ephemeral nature of its kings' reigns as well as the sparsity of contemporary evidence, hinting at a decline of the state into chaos. Recent re-appraisal of the archaeological evidence has shown a strong continuity between the Sixth and Eighth Dynasties, so that Egyptologist Hratch Papazian has proposed that the Eighth Dynasty rather than the Sixth should be seen as the last of the Old Kingdom period. Given that five Eighth Dynasty kings bore Pepi II's throne name Neferkare as part of their own names, they may have been descendants of 6th Dynasty, who were trying to hold on to some sort of power.
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In a description of a typical Sunday, Knox wrote: > At five or ten minutes to seven the Newman speaker, duly washed, must be > taken off to whatever club the Committee is dining at. He and the Committee > must be lugged back to the Old Palace about 8.10 and given port in the > chaplain's room. The chaplain will keep a look-out to see when the members > have mostly arrived (he may even send an S.O.S. to Campion to ask if a few > people will turn up and conceal the sparsity of attendance); then he will > take the Committee down to the Newman Room ... and come to roost in a > comfortable chair if he can still find one. During the five-minute interval > after the paper, the chaplain invites one or two of the more distinguished > people present ... to come up after the meeting.
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Chronology of Semitic languages By the late third millennium BC, East Semitic languages such as Akkadian and Eblaite, were dominant in Mesopotamia and north east Syria, while West Semitic languages, such as Amorite, Canaanite and Ugaritic, were probably spoken from Syria to the Arabian Peninsula, although Old South Arabian is considered by most people to be a South Semitic language despite the sparsity of data. The Akkadian language of Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia had become the dominant literary language of the Fertile Crescent, using the cuneiform script that was adapted from the Sumerians. The Old Assyrian Empire, Babylonian Empire and in particular the Middle Assyrian Empire (1365–1050 BC), facilitated the use of Akkadian as a lingua franca in many regions outside its homeland. The related, but more sparsely attested, Eblaite disappeared with the city, and Amorite is attested only from proper names in Mesopotamian records.
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With documented expertise in statistics and optimization tools, Giannakis' research team contributed innovative solutions to challenging science and engineering problems by capitalizing on the data deluge, while jointly leveraging physics-guided and data-driven models. Their key novelties have markedly advanced machine learning with data collected at distributed agents, and offered learning models that account for nonlinear data dependencies, structures, dynamics, and outliers. They were the first to develop consensus-based distributed (gossip) schemes for classification, sparse regression, and clustering using the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM); and pioneered a solver based on judiciously designed cluster-heads to speed up decentralized optimization. Sparsity and low rank were the data structures they exploited early on to develop online estimators of sparse signals; to cope with perturbed compressive sampling using sparse total least-squares, and also insightfully link compressive sensing with robust statistics, simply because data outliers are sparse.
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Babylonian mathematics refers to any mathematics of the peoples of Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) from the days of the early Sumerians through the Hellenistic period almost to the dawn of Christianity. The majority of Babylonian mathematical work comes from two widely separated periods: The first few hundred years of the second millennium BC (Old Babylonian period), and the last few centuries of the first millennium BC (Seleucid period). It is named Babylonian mathematics due to the central role of Babylon as a place of study. Later under the Arab Empire, Mesopotamia, especially Baghdad, once again became an important center of study for Islamic mathematics. Geometry problem on a clay tablet belonging to a school for scribes; Susa, first half of the 2nd millennium BCE In contrast to the sparsity of sources in Egyptian mathematics, our knowledge of Babylonian mathematics is derived from more than 400 clay tablets unearthed since the 1850s.
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The book has received mixed critical reviews. In a review for The New York Times, Janet Maslin was primarily negative, dismissing the book's "facile argument" and sparsity of hard evidence, saying that "The reader rattles around within the book's narrow universe and repeatedly bumps into the same thing: reiterations of Mr. Johnson's one big idea." In another, Walter Kirn, while acknowledging a lack of science and questioning some of the book's premises with regards to the benefits of reality TV, praised Johnson's "elegant polemic", concluding that "[c]onsidered purely on its own terms, Johnson's thesis holds up despite these quibbles." Wired gave the book an overall positive review, describing it as "chock-full of interesting insights that are clearly the reflection of an agile and catholic intellect", but also suggested that the book is largely built around a straw man argument and thus "largely misses the point of the more valid critique of today's pop culture".
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Reviewing the album in 1978, Andy Gill of NME stated: "The Man-Machine stands as one of the pinnacles of rock music", adding that "the sparsity of the lyrics leaves the emphasis squarely on those robot rhythms, chilling tones and exquisite melodies." Village Voice critic Robert Christgau also reviewed the album that year, saying: "Only a curmudgeon could reject a group that synthesizes the innovations of Environments and David Seville & the Chipmunks, not to mention that it's better make-out music." Mitchell Schneider from Rolling Stone found that the "chilling restraint and relentless sameness" of the lyrics and music are tempered by Kraftwerk's sense of humour and "sheer audacity", which makes for a listening experience that is "strangely pleasant in an otherworldly way". In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Steve Huey wrote that the album is "less minimalistic in its arrangements and more complex and danceable in its underlying rhythms" than the group's previous works, and noted its "tremendous impact" on subsequent synth-pop artists.
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The eastern terminus of the turnpike in the state, and I-90 nationally, at Route 1A in Boston The first exit of the Boston Extension, exit 16 is an eastbound entrance and westbound exit at Route 16 in Newton. The turnpike enters Suffolk County in Boston before reaching the "Allston–Brighton tolls", depositing traffic towards the Boston neighborhoods of Allston and Brighton, and the nearby city of Cambridge. Exit 18 is a left- hand eastbound exit and westbound entrance, and exit 20 is a westbound exit and eastbound entrance; a mainline toll plaza was previously placed in between them for through traffic, and was classified as "exit 19". Compensating for the sparsity of eastbound entrances and westbound exits in Back Bay and Downtown Boston, a westbound U-turn ramp heading eastbound was opened in Allston in 2007; while unsigned with an exit number, it is recognized as exit 20A for administrative purposes.
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" The board challenges and trial levels were praised for their difficulty and adding replay value and variety to Peggle 2. Game Revolution stated it made the game "an excellent chaser for Xbox One’s more hardcore experiences," and Edge opined the trial levels "a delightful change of pace: you know there’s a solution, that what it tells you to do is possible, and as such they require a lot more thought than the fire-and-forget nature of traditional Peggle." The multiplayer mode was well-received but also faulted by reviewers for its sparsity, lagging issues, and (most commonly) not allowing local play. Caffrey disliked the removal of the two-player Duel mode of the previous games, and Reiner criticized the multiplayer mode for occasionally dropping the player in the middle of online rounds where he's "forced to play the majority of the game in a losing position until a new one starts.
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The religion and belief system of the Indus valley people have received considerable attention, especially from the view of identifying precursors to deities and religious practices of Indian religions that later developed in the area. However, due to the sparsity of evidence, which is open to varying interpretations, and the fact that the Indus script remains undeciphered, the conclusions are partly speculative and largely based on a retrospective view from a much later Hindu perspective. An early and influential work in the area that set the trend for Hindu interpretations of archaeological evidence from the Harrapan sites was that of John Marshall, who in 1931 identified the following as prominent features of the Indus religion: a Great Male God and a Mother Goddess; deification or veneration of animals and plants; symbolic representation of the phallus (linga) and vulva (yoni); and, use of baths and water in religious practice. Marshall's interpretations have been much debated, and sometimes disputed over the following decades.
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The Pashupati seal, showing a seated figure, surrounded by animals The religion and belief system of the Indus Valley people have received considerable attention, especially from the view of identifying precursors to deities and religious practices of Indian religions that later developed in the area. However, due to the sparsity of evidence, which is open to varying interpretations, and the fact that the Indus script remains undeciphered, the conclusions are partly speculative and largely based on a retrospective view from a much later Hindu perspective. An early and influential work in the area that set the trend for Hindu interpretations of archaeological evidence from the Harappan sites was that of John Marshall, who in 1931 identified the following as prominent features of the Indus religion: a Great Male God and a Mother Goddess; deification or veneration of animals and plants; symbolic representation of the phallus (linga) and vulva (yoni); and, use of baths and water in religious practice. Marshall's interpretations have been much debated, and sometimes disputed over the following decades.
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Giannakis and his research group have contributed state-of-the-art signal processing, machine learning, and optimization algorithms tailored for monitoring and managing contemporary power grids. Critical to monitoring have been innovative approaches to power system state estimation, including robust and distributed solvers based on semidefinite programing, and deep neural networks; optimal placement of phasor measurement units to facilitate situational awareness; efficient identification of bad data and power line outages using sparsity to effectively flag power blackouts; and forecasting of demand, real-time load elasticity and pricing for electric vehicle charging, as well as prediction of electricity market prices. Seminal contributions for managing the smart power grid include distributed scheduling even when residential control messages are lost; decentralized optimal power flow for microgrids; active and stochastic reactive power management with renewables (wind and photovoltaics); large-scale demand response for market clearing; patents on optimal dispatch of photovoltaic inverters in residential power distribution; voltage regulation using deep reinforcement learning, and ergodic energy control leveraging resource variability for multiphase distribution grids.
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On August 5, 1915, observations from Cabo Verde and the marine vicinity suggested the presence of a nearby tropical depression. On this basis, a 2008 reanalysis of the official hurricane database concluded that the depression formed by 12:00 UTC that day. Tracking west, the system gradually strengthened over the tropical Atlantic, attaining tropical storm intensity on August 6 and eventually reaching hurricane intensity three days later while well east of the Lesser Antilles. Despite the storm's power, the United States Weather Bureau was unaware of its existence for at least five days due to the sparsity of data over the open ocean;Frankenfield (1915), p. 406 in a summary of the storm published in the Monthly Weather Review the following month, the Bureau noted that "there was nothing to indicate that conditions were favorable for the formation of a tropical storm, nor [...] was there anything pronounced to indicate its direction of progression ..." More conclusive evidence from weather observations in the Windward Islands allowed the Weather Bureau to begin monitoring the hurricane and disseminating warnings on the morning of August 10; at the time, the hurricane was situated roughly between Barbados and Dominica.
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Boötes is in a part of the celestial sphere facing away from the plane of our home Milky Way galaxy, and so does not have open clusters or nebulae. Instead, it has one bright globular cluster and many faint galaxies. The globular cluster NGC 5466 has an overall magnitude of 9.1 and a diameter of 11 arcminutes. It is a very loose globular cluster with fairly few stars and may appear as a rich, concentrated open cluster in a telescope. NGC 5466 is classified as a Shapley-Sawyer Concentration Class 12 cluster, reflecting its sparsity. Its fairly large diameter means that it has a low surface brightness, so it appears far dimmer than the catalogued magnitude of 9.1 and requires a large amateur telescope to view. Only approximately 12 stars are resolved by an amateur instrument. Boötes has two bright galaxies. NGC 5248 (Caldwell 45) is a type Sc galaxy (a variety of spiral galaxy) of magnitude 10.2. It measures 6.5 by 4.9 arcminutes. Fifty million light-years from Earth, NGC 5248 is a member of the Virgo Cluster of galaxies; it has dim outer arms and obvious H II regions, dust lanes, and young star clusters. NGC 5676 is another type Sc galaxy of magnitude 10.9.
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