"Some women have a retroverted uterus — where the baby grows towards the back — and other women have had previous pregnancies so they show earlier on," she says.
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"For the first four months of my pregnancy, my uterus was retroverted/tilted, which means that I was growing backwards into my body rather than outwards," her caption reads.
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"For the first four months of my pregnancy, my uterus was retroverted/tilted which means that [the baby] was growing backwards into my body rather than outwards," she wrote on Instagram.
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The clinical terms are "retroverted" or "anteverted" uteruses, and it refers to the direction that the uterus tilts, explains Fahimeh Sasan, DO, an Ob/Gyn in New York City and founding physician at Kindbody, a women's health and fertility clinic.
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In most cases, a retroverted uterus is a normal variation present from birth. There are other factors, however, that can cause the uterus to become retroverted."Retroverted Uterus" Women's Health, 2009, Web. 5 Mar. 2010.
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Pelvic surgery, pelvic adhesions, endometriosis, fibroids, pelvic inflammatory disease, or the labor of childbirth can change the position of the uterus to retroverted.
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A retroverted uterus (tilted uterus, tipped uterus) is a uterus that is oriented posteriorly, towards the back of the body. This is in contrast to the slightly "anteverted" uterus that most women have, which is oriented forward toward the bladder, with the anterior part slightly concave. Between 1 in 3 and 1 in 5 women (depending on the source) have a retroverted uterus, which is oriented backwards towards the spine.
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A retroverted uterus is usually noted during a routine pelvic examination or with an internal ultrasound. It usually does not pose any medical problems, though it can be associated with dyspareunia (pain during sexual intercourse) and dysmenorrhea (pain during menstruation).
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This position is termed anteflexion of the uterus.Snell, Clinical Anatomy by regions, 8th edition The uterus assumes an anteverted position in 50% of women, a retroverted position in 25% of women, and a midposed position in the remaining 25% of women.
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This one risk has been reported: that if a thorough physical examination of the pelvic space between vagina and rectum is not carried out, and if in fact the patient has severe endometriosis causing a fixed retroverted uterus, then there is a risk of rectal puncture. Proper training in the technique makes sure that patients with severe endometriosis and fixed retroverted uterus are excluded, and this minimises this risk. The paper by Nohuz, Pouly, Bolandard, Rabishong, Jardon, Cotte, Rivoire and Mage (2006) confirms this Nohuz E, Pouly J-L, Bolandard F, Rabischong B, Jardon K, Cotte B, Rivoire C, & Mage G. Fertiloscopie: l'expérience clermontais. Gynécologie Obstétrique Fértilité 34, 894-899. 2006.
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Here he gained his habilitation in 1853 with a thesis involving retroverted gravid uterus (De retroversione uteri gravidi). In 1858 he was an associate professor of obstetrics at the University of Marburg, and during the following year accepted an appointment as a gynecologist at the University of Munich. At Munich he was also director of the municipal district maternity hospital and school for midwives. In 1874/75 he served as university rector.
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In and of itself, the orientation of the glenoid is not a sufficient basis for placing Protoavis within Aves. The scapular blade is far broader than illustrated by Chatterjee in his 1997 account, and not particularly avian in its gross form. The coracoid, identified by Chatterjee as strut-like and retroverted, is, like the supposed furcula and sternum, too poorly preserved to permit accurate identification. Moreover, the original spatial relationship of the alleged coracoid to the scapula is entirely unknown.
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The cephalic disc is large and slipper-shaped, feebly emarginate on the dorsal surface behind and with a narrow free margin. The cephalic disc, which is rounded in front, occupies about half of the whole bulk in a contracted state. The edge of the mantle is smooth, without processes of any kind. It, the edge of the mantle (which is slightly retroverted over that of the shell), the foot and the epipodia are (in alcohol) of a pale green colour.
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In human female anatomy, the vesico-uterine pouch, also known by various other names, is a second but shallower pouch formed from the peritoneum over the uterus and bladder, continued over the intestinal surface and fundus of the uterus onto its vesical surface, which it covers as far as the junction of the body and cervix uteri, and then to the bladder. This pouch is an important anatomical landmark for chronic endometriosis. Endometrial seeding in this region causes cyclical pain in women of child-bearing age. This pouch is also an important factor in a retroverted uterus, which can frequently complicate pregnancies.
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Chatterjee asserts that the pelvic girdle is apomorphic comparative to archaic birds and displays a retroverted pubis, fusion of the ischium and ilium, an antitrochanter, and the presence of a renal fossa. The pubis does appear to display opisthopuby, although this has yet to be verified. The alleged fusion of the ischium and ilium into an ilioischiadic plate is currently not substantiated by the fossils at hand, despite Chatterjee's auspicious illustration to the contrary in The Rise of Birds. At this time the pelvic girdle is not sufficiently well preserved to ascertain whether or not a renal fossa was present, although as no known avian from the Mesozoic displays a renal fossa, it is not clear why Protoavis should, even if it is more derived than Archaeopteryx.
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This time it showed the very long pubis, and Ostrom began to suspect that they may have even been a little retroverted like those of birds. Reconstructed skeleton of specimen AMNH 3015, with outdated hand posture The similarity of the forelimbs (left) with those of Archaeopteryx (right) led John Ostrom to revive the link between dinosaurs and birds A skeleton of Deinonychus, including bones from the original (and most complete) AMNH 3015 specimen, can be seen on display at the American Museum of Natural History, with another specimen (MCZ 4371) on display at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University. The American Museum and Harvard specimens are from a different locality than the Yale specimens. Even these two skeletal mounts are lacking elements, including the sterna, sternal ribs, furcula, and gastralia.
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Life restoration with human to scale With an estimated skull length of and a full body length of , Latenivenatrix is the largest troodontid known. Latenivenatrix can be distinguished by other troodontids thanks to the following diagnostic (autapomorphic) traits residing in the pelvis: the pubis is retroverted forming a 17° angle; the pubic shaft is anteriorly curved; a large muscle scar on the lateral surface of the pubic shaft is present, slightly proximal to the pubic boot (this is seen also in dromaeosaurid Hesperonychus). Other diagnostic traits that further distinguish Latenivenatrix from other derivate troodontids (particularly its close relative Stenonychosaurus) are: the triangular shape of each frontal bone which also does have a single deep groove in the frontonasal contact surface; a concave anterior surface of metatarsal III. While this trait is clearly absent in other derived troodontids such as Saurornithoides, Talos, Urbacodon and Stenonychosaurus too, it appears to be present in Philovenator as well and not clearly verifiable in several species.
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Putting aside "a purely hypothetical Aramaic source" of Matthew and Luke, which would mean that "Q would never be more than a hypothesis," Robinson claims, in the introduction, that such approaches have been "completely replaced by objective criteria, based on empirical observation of Matthean and Lukan redactional traits" (xix). The bulk of the text is the critical text of Q (1-561), which concludes with a concordance of Q (Greek words [563-81]). The volume also contains a discussion of divergences from the Lukan sequence (lxxxix), text-critical notes (xc-cvi), and end-pages (cvii). The critical text itself is formatted with eight columns on facing pages presenting by column: 1) any Markan parallel to Matthew, 2) any doublets found in Matthew, 3) the text in Matthew that is deemed to be derived from Q, 4) the critical text of Q, 5) the text in Luke that is deemed to be derived from Q, 6) Luke's doublets, 7) any Markan parallel to Luke, and 8) any parallel from the Gospel of Thomas, the Coptic of which is provided but also retroverted into Greek.
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