330 Sentences With "regularization" | Random Sentence Generator

The so-called "Regularization Law" passed the Knesset, Israel's parliament, in a 60-52 vote.

Voters have repeatedly communicated their overwhelming desire to offer undocumented immigrants a path to regularization.

"The idea is formality, regularization," Interior Minister Maria Romo said in a press conference on Friday.

They could apply for regularization of their status as migrants, and then, after two years, would be authorized to apply for Dominican citizenship.

Foreigners stopped by Mexican authorities without valid documents can be held in detention while they await transit visas or regularization of their situation.

That regularization became the product itself — suddenly the free-for-all marketplace became a tight menu of options with standardized pricing and rating systems.

The National Regularization Plan was the government's answer to the hundreds of thousands of undocumented immigrants already living in the Dominican Republic, some for decades.

The government said more than 288,000 undocumented immigrants had registered for the "regularization" plan by late last year, according to the International Organization for Migration.

The new government plan replaces a 2009 initiative which combined property regularization with investments in sanitation and electricity in Brazil's low-income favelas, said Moreira.

Using TensorFlow and Theano, you'll learn how to build a neural network while exploring techniques such as dropout regularization and batch and stochastic gradient descent.

We understood them a lot better in terms of something called regularization, which is how to keep the network from memorizing — you want it to generalize.

Associations of Venezuelan migrants in Ecuador applauded the regularization plans, saying it would help combat labor exploitation and improve migrants' living conditions, but criticized the visa requirement.

Indian police fire a jet of dyed water from their water cannon at Kashmiri government teachers during a protest over the regularization of jobs and pay on Aug.

All those newly minted foreigners, as well as actual undocumented immigrants, were then ordered to register with the government in what became known as the "regularization plan," or face expulsion.

According to the Dominican government, 240,183 people have registered under the regularization program to stay for one or two years, but a quarter of those people haven't gotten their cards.

His return will be a relief for the FA, mired in an economic and management crisis and administered by a so-called regularization committee appointed by world soccer's governing body FIFA.

Through a series of regularization programs, Colombia has set out to ensure that as many migrants as possible receive legal documents granting them rights to work, attend school, and use public hospitals.

"We have changed the federal legislation and created instruments that simplify and advance the actions of urban land regularization," a spokesman for the Ministry of Cities wrote in an email to the Thomson Reuters Foundation.

In October Ecuador will begin a so-called "regularization process" for Venezuelan migrants who arrived in the country before July 26, providing them with two-year humanitarian visas meant to facilitate access to social services.

They have agreed either to take their chances in government territory — seeking "regularization" of their status and the clearing of any criminal records, but risking rearrest — or to be bused to rebel-held territory, where they risk further bombing.

The major outside powers, notably the US, China and Russia, and the neighboring countries, would agree to and oversee the end of economic sanctions and the regularization of economic relations with the international institutions and the formulation of an emergency stabilization program.

Indeed, Credit Suisse disclosed in its annual report that its Asia Pacific wealth management division had seen in the three months to December 1.4 billion Swiss francs ($1.4 billion) of regularization outflows, a term often used to describe money taken out to join amnesty schemes.

The researchers said they used methods including dual learning for fact-checking translations; deliberation networks, to repeat translations and refine them; and new techniques like joint training, to iteratively boost English-to-Chinese and Chinese-to-English translation systems; and agreement regularization, which can generate translations by reading sentences both left-to-right and right-to-left.

Also unlike other regularizations such as dimensional regularization and analytic regularization, zeta regularization has no counterterms and gives only finite results.

Tikhonov regularization is one of the most commonly used for regularization of linear ill-posed problems.

A simple form of regularization applied to integral equations, generally termed Tikhonov regularization after Andrey Nikolayevich Tikhonov, is essentially a trade-off between fitting the data and reducing a norm of the solution. More recently, non-linear regularization methods, including total variation regularization, have become popular.

Regularization, in the context of machine learning, refers to the process of modifying a learning algorithm so as to prevent overfitting. This generally involves imposing some sort of smoothness constraint on the learned model. This smoothness may be enforced explicitly, by fixing the number of parameters in the model, or by augmenting the cost function as in Tikhonov regularization. Tikhonov regularization, along with principal component regression and many other regularization schemes, fall under the umbrella of spectral regularization, regularization characterized by the application of a filter.

Specifically, Tikhonov regularization algorithms choose a function that minimizes the sum of training-set error plus the function's norm. The training-set error can be calculated with different loss functions. For example, regularized least squares is a special case of Tikhonov regularization using the squared error loss as the loss function. Regularization perspectives on support-vector machines interpret SVM as a special case of Tikhonov regularization, specifically Tikhonov regularization with the hinge loss for a loss function.

Regularization is a process of introducing additional information to solve an ill-posed problem or to prevent overfitting. CNNs use various types of regularization.

W. Engl, M. Hanke, and A. Neubauer. Regularization of inverse problems. Kluwer, 1996.) focusing on the inversion of a linear operator (or a matrix) that possibly has a bad condition number or an unbounded inverse. In this context, regularization amounts to substituting the original operator by a bounded operator called the "regularization operator" that has a condition number controlled by a regularization parameter,L.

The L2 regularization has the intuitive interpretation of heavily penalizing peaky weight vectors and preferring diffuse weight vectors. Due to multiplicative interactions between weights and inputs this has the useful property of encouraging the network to use all of its inputs a little rather than some of its inputs a lot. L1 regularization is another common form. It is possible to combine L1 with L2 regularization (this is called Elastic net regularization).

The main idea behind spectral regularization is that each regularization operator can be described using spectral calculus as an appropriate filter on the eigenvalues of the operator that defines the problem, and the role of the filter is to "suppress the oscillatory behavior corresponding to small eigenvalues". Therefore, each algorithm in the class of spectral regularization algorithms is defined by a suitable filter function (which needs to be derived for that particular algorithm). Three of the most commonly used regularization algorithms for which spectral filtering is well- studied are Tikhonov regularization, Landweber iteration, and truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD). As for choosing the regularization parameter, examples of candidate methods to compute this parameter include the discrepancy principle, generalized cross validation, and the L-curve criterion.

The bias–variance decomposition forms the conceptual basis for regression regularization methods such as Lasso and ridge regression. Regularization methods introduce bias into the regression solution that can reduce variance considerably relative to the ordinary least squares (OLS) solution. Although the OLS solution provides non-biased regression estimates, the lower variance solutions produced by regularization techniques provide superior MSE performance.

The result is equivalent to what can be derived from dimensional regularization.

As with ANNs, many issues can arise with naively trained DNNs. Two common issues are overfitting and computation time. DNNs are prone to overfitting because of the added layers of abstraction, which allow them to model rare dependencies in the training data. Regularization methods such as Ivakhnenko's unit pruning or weight decay ( \ell_2 -regularization) or sparsity ( \ell_1 -regularization) can be applied during training to combat overfitting.

The L1 regularization leads the weight vectors to become sparse during optimization. In other words, neurons with L1 regularization end up using only a sparse subset of their most important inputs and become nearly invariant to the noisy inputs.

Tikhonov regularization has been invented independently in many different contexts. It became widely known from its application to integral equations from the work of Andrey Tikhonov. Translated in and David L. Phillips. Some authors use the term Tikhonov–Phillips regularization.

Robustness can be improved with use of layer normalization and Bypass Dropout as regularization.

Lo Gerfo, L. Rosasco, F. Odone, E. De Vito, and A. Verri. Spectral Algorithms for Supervised Learning, Neural Computation, 20(7), 2008. a classical example being Tikhonov regularization. To ensure stability, this regularization parameter is tuned based on the level of noise.

A number of regularization methods (integral and differential) based upon the IDP (imputation distribution procedures) was proposed.

By contrast, any present regularization method introduces formal coefficients that must eventually be disposed of by renormalization.

Dimensional regularization is a method for regularizing integrals in the evaluation of Feynman diagrams; it assigns values to them that are meromorphic functions of an auxiliary complex parameter , called the dimension. Dimensional regularization writes a Feynman integral as an integral depending on the spacetime dimension and spacetime points.

"Regularization" is a term used by Tocqueville himself, see , Third part, pp. 289–290 French ed. (Paris, Gallimard, 1999). Led by General Cavaignac, the suppression was supported by Tocqueville, who advocated the "regularization" of the state of siege declared by Cavaignac and other measures promoting suspension of the constitutional order.

The plan gives a five-year view of priority actions including land regularization, administration and recovery of degraded areas.

Other applications include helpful algorithms in seismic data regularization, prediction error filters, and noise attenuation in geophysical digital systems.

Increasing M reduces the error on training set, but setting it too high may lead to overfitting. An optimal value of M is often selected by monitoring prediction error on a separate validation data set. Besides controlling M, several other regularization techniques are used. Another regularization parameter is the depth of the trees.

Other kinds of regularization such as an \ell_2 penalty on the leaf values can also be added to avoid overfitting.

Juan José Giambiagi (18 June 1924 - 8 January 1996) was an Argentinian physicist and co-discoverer of the dimensional regularization.

Regularization is a linguistic phenomenon observed in language acquisition, language development, and language change typified by the replacement of irregular forms in morphology or syntax by regular ones. Examples are "gooses" instead of "geese" in child speech and replacement of the Middle English plural form for "cow", "kine", with "cows". Regularization is a common process in natural languages; regularized forms can replace loanword forms (such as with "cows" and "kine") or coexist with them (such as with "formulae" and "formulas" or "hepatitides" and "hepatitises"). Erroneous regularization is also called overregularization.

The green and blue functions both incur zero loss on the given data points. A learned model can be induced to prefer the green function, which may generalize better to more points drawn from the underlying unknown distribution, by adjusting \lambda, the weight of the regularization term. In mathematics, statistics, finance , computer science, particularly in machine learning and inverse problems, regularization is the process of adding information in order to solve an ill-posed problem or to prevent overfitting. Regularization applies to objective functions in ill-posed optimization problems.

A theoretical justification for regularization is that it attempts to impose Occam's razor on the solution (as depicted in the figure above, where the green function, the simpler one, may be preferred). From a Bayesian point of view, many regularization techniques correspond to imposing certain prior distributions on model parameters.For the connection between maximum a posteriori estimation and ridge regression, see Regularization can serve multiple purposes, including learning simpler models, inducing models to be sparse and introducing group structure into the learning problem. The same idea arose in many fields of science.

In physics, there are a wide variety of summability methods; these are discussed in greater detail in the article on regularization.

On 17 October 2014 SEMA called on landowners and squatters to submit claims pending regularization of land ownership in the park.

Fitting the training set too closely can lead to degradation of the model's generalization ability. Several so-called regularization techniques reduce this overfitting effect by constraining the fitting procedure. One natural regularization parameter is the number of gradient boosting iterations M (i.e. the number of trees in the model when the base learner is a decision tree).

The regularization term, or penalty, imposes a cost on the optimization function for overfitting the function or to find an optimal solution.

The metrics is often called image energy; people usually add energy that comes from mechanics assumptions as the Laplacian of displacement (a special case of Tikhonov regularization A. N. Tikhonov and V. B. Glasko, "Use of the regularization method in non-linear problems," \USSR\ computational mathematics and mathematical physics, vol. 5, iss. 3, pp. 93–107, 1965.) or even finite element problems.

It is shown that various recommendation models benefit from this strategy. Differentiating regularization weights can be integrated with the other cold start mitigating strategies.

Useless items are detected using a validation set, and pruned through regularization. The size and depth of the resulting network depends on the task.

IEEE Vol. 78, No. 9:1481-1497.R.N. Mahdi, E.C. Rouchka (2011). "Reduced HyperBF Networks: Regularization by Explicit Complexity Reduction and Scaled Rprop-Based Training".

The zeta function occurs in applied statistics (see Zipf's law and Zipf–Mandelbrot law). Zeta function regularization is used as one possible means of regularization of divergent series and divergent integrals in quantum field theory. In one notable example, the Riemann zeta-function shows up explicitly in one method of calculating the Casimir effect. The zeta function is also useful for the analysis of dynamical systems.

After the violent dispersal of NutriAsia workers, Robredo on 2 August 2018 said that the harm done on the protesting employees calling for regularization is inexcusable.

It is plugged in the GDM framework by including in the discrete gradient a jump term, acting as the regularization of the gradient in the distribution sense.

A popular way to decide what ordering to use in regularization is to pick the simplest or most natural-seeming method of ordering. Everyone agrees that the first sequence, ordered by increasing size of the integers, seems more natural. Similarly, many physicists agree that the "proper-time cutoff measure" (below) seems the simplest and most natural method of regularization. Unfortunately, the proper- time cutoff measure seems to produce incorrect results.

In mathematics and theoretical physics, zeta function regularization is a type of regularization or summability method that assigns finite values to divergent sums or products, and in particular can be used to define determinants and traces of some self-adjoint operators. The technique is now commonly applied to problems in physics, but has its origins in attempts to give precise meanings to ill-conditioned sums appearing in number theory.

Katakana's choices of man'yōgana segments had stabilized early on and established – with few exceptions – an unambiguous phonemic orthography (one symbol per sound) long before the 1900 script regularization.

This is generally solved by the use of a regularization term to attempt to eliminate implausible solutions. This problem is analogous to deblurring in the image processing domain.

The method was originally known as the method of multipliers, and was studied much in the 1970 and 1980s as a good alternative to penalty methods. It was first discussed by Magnus Hestenes, and by Michael Powell in 1969. The method was studied by R. Tyrrell Rockafellar in relation to Fenchel duality, particularly in relation to proximal-point methods, Moreau–Yosida regularization, and maximal monotone operators: These methods were used in structural optimization. The method was also studied by Dimitri Bertsekas, notably in his 1982 book, together with extensions involving nonquadratic regularization functions, such as entropic regularization, which gives rise to the "exponential method of multipliers," a method that handles inequality constraints with a twice differentiable augmented Lagrangian function.

This has enabled detailed comparisons between SVM and other forms of Tikhonov regularization, and theoretical grounding for why it is beneficial to use SVM's loss function, the hinge loss.

The idea is to add a regularization term in the objective function of data likelihood, which penalizes the deviation of the expected hidden variables from a small constant p.

Both the thinning of weights and dropping out units trigger the same type of regularization, and often the term dropout is used when referring to the dilution of weights.

RecyclePivots, RecyclePivotsWithIntersection,Fontaine, Pascal; Merz, Stephan; Woltzenlogel Paleo, Bruno. Compression of Propositional Resolution Proofs via Partial Regularization. 23rd International Conference on Automated Deduction, 2011. LowerUnits, LowerUnivalents, Split,Cotton, Scott.

This practice of the founders' praxis and belief has now been abandoned. The current praxis is to require reordination and regularization of orders if ordained outside episcopal ordination. At its first general council on December 2, 1873, the REC also reformed the transfer of clergy credentials from other denominations. In the Episcopal Church, such transfers had involved a process of application, examination, reception, and in some cases, conferral of holy orders, understood as a "regularization".

An open source Matlab implementation is freely available at the authors web page. Kumal et al. extended the algorithm to incorporate local invariances to multivariate polynomial transformations and improved regularization.

More advanced methods are required, such as zeta function regularization or Ramanujan summation. It is also possible to argue for the value of using some rough heuristics related to these methods.

The resulting series may be manipulated in a more rigorous fashion, and the variable s can be set to −1 later. The implementation of this strategy is called zeta function regularization.

The difficulty with a realistic regularization is that so far there is none, although nothing could be destroyed by its bottom-up approach; and there is no experimental basis for it.

CNNs use more hyperparameters than a standard multilayer perceptron (MLP). While the usual rules for learning rates and regularization constants still apply, the following should be kept in mind when optimizing.

This provides a theoretical framework with which to analyze SVM algorithms and compare them to other algorithms with the same goals: to generalize without overfitting. SVM was first proposed in 1995 by Corinna Cortes and Vladimir Vapnik, and framed geometrically as a method for finding hyperplanes that can separate multidimensional data into two categories. This traditional geometric interpretation of SVMs provides useful intuition about how SVMs work, but is difficult to relate to other machine-learning techniques for avoiding overfitting, like regularization, early stopping, sparsity and Bayesian inference. However, once it was discovered that SVM is also a special case of Tikhonov regularization, regularization perspectives on SVM provided the theory necessary to fit SVM within a broader class of algorithms.

The process of regularization for Greek immigrants is difficult given the steps that need to be taken in accordance with the Greek immigration policy. In 1998, more than 370,000 applied for a temporary 'white card' under a regularization program—less than 60% proceeded to the second stage towards receiving their green cards. Additionally, over 75% of the applicants in that year were from Albania, Bulgaria, and Romania, many of them ethnic Greeks. Since then there have been attempts to reform the regularization process and Greek policy regarding immigration, but it is still a difficult, expensive, and tedious process for an immigrant to regularize their status, and many choose to remain illegal and risk the consequences because of the greater flexibility of the informal market.

The need for regularization terms in any quantum field theory of quantum gravity is a major motivation for physics beyond the standard model. Infinities of the non-gravitational forces in QFT can be controlled via renormalization only but additional regularization - and hence new physics—is required uniquely for gravity. The regularizers model, and work around, the break down of QFT at small scales and thus show clearly the need for some other theory to come into play beyond QFT at these scales. A. Zee (Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell, 2003) considers this to be a benefit of the regularization framework—theories can work well in their intended domains but also contain information about their own limitations and point clearly to where new physics is needed.

Multilayer perceptrons usually mean fully connected networks, that is, each neuron in one layer is connected to all neurons in the next layer. The "fully-connectedness" of these networks makes them prone to overfitting data. Typical ways of regularization include adding some form of magnitude measurement of weights to the loss function. CNNs take a different approach towards regularization: they take advantage of the hierarchical pattern in data and assemble more complex patterns using smaller and simpler patterns.

He structured the City Council of Urban Policies (Compur) and created the Urban Regularization Coordination (CRU) that intervened in 61 favelas establishing rules for legal construction to integrate these communities to the City.

The regularization parameter \lambda plays a critical role in the denoising process. When \lambda=0, there is no smoothing and the result is the same as minimizing the sum of squares. As \lambda \to \infty, however, the total variation term plays an increasingly strong role, which forces the result to have smaller total variation, at the expense of being less like the input (noisy) signal. Thus, the choice of regularization parameter is critical to achieving just the right amount of noise removal.

For example, a supervised dictionary learning technique applied dictionary learning on classification problems by jointly optimizing the dictionary elements, weights for representing data points, and parameters of the classifier based on the input data. In particular, a minimization problem is formulated, where the objective function consists of the classification error, the representation error, an L1 regularization on the representing weights for each data point (to enable sparse representation of data), and an L2 regularization on the parameters of the classifier.

Felix Villars (; 6 January 1921 – 27 April 2002) was a Swiss-born American emeritus professor of physics at MIT. He is best known for the Pauli–Villars regularization, an important principle in quantum field theory.

A simple form of added regularizer is weight decay, which simply adds an additional error, proportional to the sum of weights (L1 norm) or squared magnitude (L2 norm) of the weight vector, to the error at each node. The level of acceptable model complexity can be reduced by increasing the proportionality constant, thus increasing the penalty for large weight vectors. L2 regularization is the most common form of regularization. It can be implemented by penalizing the squared magnitude of all parameters directly in the objective.

Perturbative predictions by quantum field theory about quantum scattering of elementary particles, implied by a corresponding Lagrangian density, are computed using the Feynman rules, a regularization method to circumvent ultraviolet divergences so as to obtain finite results for Feynman diagrams containing loops, and a renormalization scheme. Regularization method results in regularized n-point Green's functions (propagators), and a suitable limiting procedure (a renormalization scheme) then leads to perturbative S-matrix elements. These are independent of the particular regularization method used, and enable one to model perturbatively the measurable physical processes (cross sections, probability amplitudes, decay widths and lifetimes of excited states). However, so far no known regularized n-point Green's functions can be regarded as being based on a physically realistic theory of quantum-scattering since the derivation of each disregards some of the basic tenets of conventional physics (e.g.

The expansion has to be carried out to the same order in the continuum scheme and the lattice one. The lattice regularization was initially introduced by Wilson as a framework for studying strongly coupled theories non-perturbatively. However, it was found to be a regularization suitable also for perturbative calculations. Perturbation theory involves an expansion in the coupling constant, and is well-justified in high-energy QCD where the coupling constant is small, while it fails completely when the coupling is large and higher order corrections are larger than lower orders in the perturbative series.

Techniques which use an L2 penalty, like ridge regression, encourage solutions where most parameter values are small. Elastic net regularization uses a penalty term that is a combination of the norm and the norm of the parameter vector.

To illustrate his position, Davis considers land regularization and argues that "land purchase and title formalization have produced vertical social differentiation and bitter competition within once militant squatter movements".Mike Davis, Planet of Slums, Verso, 2007, p.82.

In solving an underdetermined system of linear equations, the regularization term for the parameter vector is expressed in terms of the \ell_1-norm (taxicab geometry) of the vector. This approach appears in the signal recovery framework called compressed sensing.

C. B. Peel, B. M. Hochwald, and A. L. Swindlehurst, A vector-perturbation technique for near-capacity multiantenna multi-user communication - Part I: channel inversion and regularization, IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 195–202, 2005.

This method is also a high-dimensional generalization of the Adaptive Biasing Force (ABF) method. Additionally, the training of ANN is improved using the Bayesian regularization, and the error of approximation can be inferred by training an ensemble of ANNs.

Whenever the regularization of a diagram is consistent with a given symmetry, that diagram does not generate an anomaly with respect to the symmetry. Vector gauge anomalies are always chiral anomalies. Another type of gauge anomaly is the gravitational anomaly.

Regularization perspectives on support-vector machines provide a way of interpreting support-vector machines (SVMs) in the context of other machine- learning algorithms. SVM algorithms categorize multidimensional data, with the goal of fitting the training set data well, but also avoiding overfitting, so that the solution generalizes to new data points. Regularization algorithms also aim to fit training set data and avoid overfitting. They do this by choosing a fitting function that has low error on the training set, but also is not too complicated, where complicated functions are functions with high norms in some function space.

In physics and applied mathematics, analytical regularization is a technique used to convert boundary value problems which can be written as Fredholm integral equations of the first kind involving singular operators into equivalent Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. The latter may be easier to solve analytically and can be studied with discretization schemes like the finite element method or the finite difference method because they are pointwise convergent. In computational electromagnetics, it is known as the method of analytical regularization. It was first used in mathematics during the development of operator theory before acquiring a name.

It was only in 1997 that two Presidential decrees introduced the first regularization program in Greece. Presidential decrees 358/1997 and 359/1997 were ill-designed, mismanaged, and made it difficult for migrants to be successfully regularized, but they laid the first foundations for an institutional framework in Greece that tried to actually deal with immigration in a way that went beyond deportation. A New Law on Aliens introduced in 2001 concentrated on short-sighted regulation of migration through restrictive legal migration channels, and a larger regularization program and more comprehensive policy framework to deal with immigration in the long term.

In 1949 Pauli conjectured there is a realistic regularization, which is implied by a theory that respects all the established principles of contemporary physics. So its propagators (i) do not need to be regularized, and (ii) can be regarded as such a regularization of the propagators used in quantum field theories that might reflect the underlying physics. The additional parameters of such a theory do not need to be removed (i.e. the theory needs no renormalization) and may provide some new information about the physics of quantum scattering, though they may turn out experimentally to be negligible.

In this case the inverse problem will typically be ill-conditioned. In these cases, regularization may be used to introduce mild assumptions on the solution and prevent overfitting. Many instances of regularized inverse problems can be interpreted as special cases of Bayesian inference.

On 18 March 1996 the church was occupied by about three hundred African immigrants who demanded regularization of their immigration status. After four days the group was ordered to leave by public authorities. A similar situation arose at the église Saint-Bernard.

Before the regularization of the lower course of the Siret, it was a tributary of the Bârlădel, a branch of the Siret. After the embankment of the Siret plain, the upper course of the Bârladel became the lower reach of the Geru.

It includes the Lagoa Encantada, the village of Serra Grande, the Itacaré Forest and the mountainous coastline. Human activities include extreme sports, adventure tourism, mountaineering, trekking, mountain biking and ecotourism. Threats include illegal logging and poaching, and delays in regularization of land ownership.

Since the regularization works, the Geru discharges directly into the Siret, and the remaining course of the Bârladel collects the left Siret tributaries to the east of the Geru and the Suhu. The Bârlădel flows through the villages Independența, Vasile Alecsandri, Braniștea and Traian.

A number of previously Sarandoy tribal militia units were eventually upgraded to Afghan Army formations, as part of the regularization of the militia.Giustozzi, War, Politics and Society in Afghanistan, 1978-1992 (2000), page unknown. Among these units was the Ismaili 80th Division in Baghlan Province.

The first purely calculational simulations were then done by Sebastian von Hoerner at the Astronomisches Rechen-Institut in Heidelberg, Germany. Sverre Aarseth at the University of Cambridge (UK) has dedicated his entire scientific life to the development of a series of highly efficient N-body codes for astrophysical applications which use adaptive (hierarchical) time steps, an Ahmad-Cohen neighbour scheme and regularization of close encounters. Regularization is a mathematical trick to remove the singularity in the Newtonian law of gravitation for two particles which approach each other arbitrarily close. Sverre Aarseth's codes are used to study the dynamics of star clusters, planetary systems and galactic nuclei.

Research has shown that Bayesian methods that involve a Poisson likelihood function and an appropriate prior probability (e.g., a smoothing prior leading to total variation regularization or a Laplacian distribution leading to \ell_1-based regularization in a wavelet or other domain), such as via Ulf Grenander's Sieve estimator or via Bayes penalty methods or via I.J. Good's roughness method may yield superior performance to expectation-maximization- based methods which involve a Poisson likelihood function but do not involve such a prior. Attenuation correction: Quantitative PET Imaging requires attenuation correction. In these systems attenuation correction is based on a transmission scan using 68Ge rotating rod source.

Elliptic regularization and partial regularity for motion by mean curvature. Mem. Amer. Math. Soc. 108 (1994), no. 520, x+90 pp. Huisken and Ilmanen were able to adapt these methods to the inverse mean curvature flow, thereby making the methodology of Geroch, Jang, and Wald mathematically precise.

Basic approximation results." Computational Mechanics 55, pp. 21-41, 1986. Realization of exponential rates of convergence for Maxwell equations was discussed by Costabel, Dauge and Schwab in 2005Costabel, M., Dauge, M., and Schwab, C., "Exponential convergence of hp-FEM for Maxwell equations with weighted regularization in polygonal domains.

The second is to use some form of regularization. This concept emerges in a probabilistic (Bayesian) framework, where regularization can be performed by selecting a larger prior probability over simpler models; but also in statistical learning theory, where the goal is to minimize over two quantities: the 'empirical risk' and the 'structural risk', which roughly corresponds to the error over the training set and the predicted error in unseen data due to overfitting. Confidence analysis of a neural network Supervised neural networks that use a mean squared error (MSE) cost function can use formal statistical methods to determine the confidence of the trained model. The MSE on a validation set can be used as an estimate for variance.

Sometimes, taking the limit as ε goes to zero is not possible. This is the case when we have a Landau pole and for nonrenormalizable couplings like the Fermi interaction. However, even for these two examples, if the regulator only gives reasonable results for \epsilon \gg 1/\Lambda and we are working with scales of the order of 1/\Lambda', regulators with 1/\Lambda \ll \epsilon \ll 1/\Lambda' still give pretty accurate approximations. The physical reason why we can't take the limit of ε going to zero is the existence of new physics below Λ. It is not always possible to define a regularization such that the limit of ε going to zero is independent of the regularization.

He presented 152 modifications to it, many of which were approved. He was also in charge of the regularization of the promotion system, proposing changes to avoid social relations, politics and other factors, making it a merit and seniority based system. Prat died without this navy code having been published.

The Geru () is a left tributary of the river Siret in Romania. It discharges into the Siret near Independența. Its length is and its basin size is . Before the regularization of the lower course of the Siret, it was a tributary of the Bârlădel, a secondary branch of the Siret.

Since the regularization works, the Geru discharges directly into the Siret, and the remaining course of the Bârladel collects the left Siret tributaries to the east of the Geru and the Suhu. The Geru flows through the villages Mândrești, Valea Mărului, Cudalbi, Costache Negri, Tudor Vladimirescu, Vameș, Piscu and Independența.

Seppo Mikkola (born 1947) is a Finnish astronomer. He is a senior lecturer at the University of Turku and staff member at Tuorla Observatory. Mikkola is a leading expert in celestial mechanics. He has made fundamental contributions to the theory of regularization of motion in the gravitational N-body problem.

If the problem is well-posed, then it stands a good chance of solution on a computer using a stable algorithm. If it is not well-posed, it needs to be re-formulated for numerical treatment. Typically this involves including additional assumptions, such as smoothness of solution. This process is known as regularization.

The integration of regularized models can be done by standard stiff solvers for ordinary differential equations. However, oscillations induced by the regularization can occur. Considering non-smooth models of mechanical systems with unilateral contacts and friction, two main classes of integrators exist, the event-driven and the so-called time-stepping integrators.

A series of this type is known as a generalized Dirichlet series; in applications to physics, this is known as the method of heat-kernel regularization. Abelian means are regular and linear, but not stable and not always consistent between different choices of λ. However, some special cases are very important summation methods.

However, the world recession of the early 1930s prevented the government from investing large amounts of money in such projects. Various studies were published, but as World War II began, they were ignored. New plans were made in 1982, the main goal being the regularization of the Argeș River, which flooded in 1970.

With Martin Hanke and Andreas Neubauer he is the author of the book Regularization of Inverse Problems (Mathematics and its Applications 375, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996).Review of Regularization of Inverse Problems by Ulrich Tautenhahn (1997), , Engl won the Theodor Körner Prize in 1978, the Wilhelm Exner Medal in 1998,Exner Medal awardee list , retrieved 2015-02-21. and the ICIAM Pioneer Prize (jointly with Ingrid Daubechies) in 2007.ICIAM Pioneer Prize, SIAM, 21 October 2007, retrieved 2015-02-21. He became a corresponding member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 2000, and a full member in 2003. He became a fellow of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics in 2009,SIAM Fellows class of 2009, retrieved 2015-02-21.

Gradient tree boosting implementations often also use regularization by limiting the minimum number of observations in trees' terminal nodes. It is used in the tree building process by ignoring any splits that lead to nodes containing fewer than this number of training set instances. Imposing this limit helps to reduce variance in predictions at leaves.

This contributes for making the reconstruction more challenging to achieve good spatial resolution in soft- field tomography as compared to hard-field tomography. A number of techniques, such Tikhonov regularization, can be used to alleviate the ill-posed problem. The figure at the right shows a comparison in image resolution between ECVT and MRI.

There are mainly two kinds of methods to model the unilateral constraints. The first kind is based on smooth contact dynamics, including methods using Hertz's models, penalty methods, and some regularization force models, while the second kind is based on the non- smooth contact dynamics, which models the system with unilateral contacts as variational inequalities.

The park is administered by the State Environmental Foundation. The objective is to preserve existing ecosystems and allow controlled public use, education and scientific research. On 17 October 2014 SEMA called on owners of land in the park to present their documents to allow regularization. The consultative council was created on 15 December 2014.

' Language and Linguistics Compass, 8 (6). pp. 211-229. Sound change is exceptionless: if a sound change can happen at a place, it will. It affects all sounds that meet the criteria for change. Apparent exceptions are possible, due to analogy and other regularization processes, or another sound change, or an unrecognized conditioning factor.

It is distinct from renormalization, another technique to control infinities without assuming new physics, by adjusting for self- interaction feedback. Regularization was for many decades controversial even amongst its inventors, as it combines physical and epistemological claims into the same equations. However, it is now well understood and has proven to yield useful, accurate predictions.

In 2014, the sex workers organisation "Guyana Sex Worker Coalition" and several NGOs called for prostitution to be legalised and regularization of sex work. The aims was to end discrimination and abuse towards sex workers and to give them full access to health services. The NGOs included Youth Challenge Guyana and the Society Against Sexual Orientation Discrimination.

Eylau, painted by Jean- Antoine-Siméon Fort. Cavalry retained an important role in this age of regularization and standardization across European armies. First and foremost they remained the primary choice for confronting enemy cavalry. Attacking an unbroken infantry force head-on usually resulted in failure, but extended linear infantry formations were vulnerable to flank or rear attacks.

NIT also undertakes the work of regularization of unauthorized residential zones. NIT is also responsible for maintaining the 8 major gardens and 40 mini gardens in Nagpur. Various lakes and city monuments that come under the jurisdiction of local bodies are maintained by NIT. It has recently started a project to rejuvenate the Futala Lake in city.

RFN models identify rare and small events in the input, have a low interference between code units, have a small reconstruction error, and explain the data covariance structure. RFN learning is a generalized alternating minimization algorithm derived from the posterior regularization method which enforces non-negative and normalized posterior means. RFN were very successfully applied in bioinformatics and genetics.

Several constructions of algebras of generalized functions have been proposed, among others those by Yu. M. Shirokov and those by E. Rosinger, Y. Egorov, and R. Robinson. In the first case, the multiplication is determined with some regularization of generalized function. In the second case, the algebra is constructed as multiplication of distributions. Both cases are discussed below.

Retrieved November the 19th. 2011 As Lula's chief of staff she supported economic growth over ecological and land reform concerns.Gustavo de L. T. Oliveira, "Land Regularization in Brazil and the Global Land Grab: A Statemaking Framework for Analysis". International Conference on Global Land Grabbing, 6–8 April 2011, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, p. 12.

In the 1970s, this process began to hasten. The two major problems associated with this is illegal settlements or squatting on common land and illegal logging. Both of these are most serious in San Salavador Cuauhtenco, where squatters who have been there for years demand regularization and services and enforcers of environmental laws are threatened by residents.

Karl F. Sundman. Karl Frithiof Sundman (28 October 1873, in Kaskinen – 28 September 1949, in Helsinki) was a Finnish mathematicianKarl Frithiof Sundman bio who used analytic methods to prove the existence of a convergent infinite series solution to the three-body problem in 1906 and 1909. He also published a paper on regularization methods in mechanics in 1912.

The Bârlădel is a left tributary of the river Siret in Romania. It flows into the Siret near Traian. Its length is and its basin size is . Before the regularization of the lower course of the Siret, it was a branch of the Siret, collecting several left tributaries of the Siret, including the Geru and the Suhu.

While strides have been made to bring immigration policy in line with EU directives, immigration is still not a high priority for the Greek government, even as migrants continue to make up large portions of the Greek population.Lazaridis, Gabriella, and Joanna Poyago‐Theotoky. "Undocumented migrants in Greece: Issues of regularization." International Migration 37.4 (2002): 715–740.

Lyapunov–Schmidt reduction has been used in economics, natural sciences, and engineering often in combination with bifurcation theory, perturbation theory, and regularization. LS reduction is often used to rigorously regularize partial differential equation models in chemical engineering resulting in models that are easier to simulate numerically but still retain all the parameters of the original model.

In the new memory layout, the ensemble dimension is added to the lowest dimension to reduce possible branch divergence. The impact of the unavoidable branch divergence from data irregularity, caused by the noise, is minimized via a regularization technique using the on-chip memory. Moreover, the cache memory is utilized to amortize unavoidable uncoalesced memory accesses.

Regularization procedures deal with infinite, divergent, and nonsensical expressions by introducing an auxiliary concept of a regulator (for example, the minimal distance \epsilon in space which is useful, in case the divergences arise from short-distance physical effects). The correct physical result is obtained in the limit in which the regulator goes away (in our example, \epsilon\to 0), but the virtue of the regulator is that for its finite value, the result is finite. However, the result usually includes terms proportional to expressions like 1/ \epsilon which are not well-defined in the limit \epsilon\to 0. Regularization is the first step towards obtaining a completely finite and meaningful result; in quantum field theory it must be usually followed by a related, but independent technique called renormalization.

The infinite-dimensional case raises subtle mathematical issues; we will consider here the finite-dimensional case. We start with a brief review of the main ideas underlying kernel methods for scalar learning, and briefly introduce the concepts of regularization and Gaussian processes. We then show how both points of view arrive at essentially equivalent estimators, and show the connection that ties them together.

The demand for regularization of BAMS doctors, who are serving on contract basis through health teams in Countryside, Inaccessible remote areas and tribal regions was delayed for 10 years. Eknath Shinde decided to regularise these 738 doctors. Under the National Health Scheme, about 34000 contract workers in the state were serving poorly. Eknath shinde decided to pay them by the Minimum Wage Law.

The scenario approach with L_1 regularization has also been considered, and handy algorithms with reduced computational complexity are available. Extensions to more complex, non-convex, set-ups are still objects of active investigation. Along the scenario approach, it is also possible to pursue a risk-return trade-off. Moreover, a full-fledged method can be used to apply this approach to control.

Others, including Kaveh L Afrasiabi, argue that the Hamas coup rendered the two-state solution impossible, and advocate the regularization of the status quo into three permanent sovereign states."The death of the two-state solution", Kaveh L Afrasiabi, Asia Times, June 20, 2007. In July 2012, it was reported Hamas was considering a declaration of independence with support of Egypt.

Anomalies in gauge symmetries can be calculated exactly at the one-loop level. At tree level (zero loops), one reproduces the classical theory. Feynman diagrams with more than one loop always contain internal boson propagators. As bosons may always be given a mass without breaking gauge invariance, a Pauli–Villars regularization of such diagrams is possible while preserving the symmetry.

Barbara Kaltenbacher is an Austrian mathematician whose research concerns inverse problems, regularization, and constrained optimization, with applications including the mathematical modeling of piezoelectricity and nonlinear acoustics. She is a Professor of Applied Analysis at the University of Klagenfurt, the president of the Austrian Mathematical Society, and (with François Loeser) the co-editor in chief of the Journal of the European Mathematical Society.

He was the only Chalcidian, together with Apostolos Vasileiou, to become pentacosiarchs in the regularization of the irregular forces in 1829. With his wife, Soultana, he had three daughters, two of whom were born after 1847. He also adopted a boy, Miltiadis, who joined the military and took part in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897. He died in 1911.

Since an infinite result is unphysical, ultraviolet divergences often require special treatment to remove unphysical effects inherent in the perturbative formalisms. In particular, UV divergences can often be removed by regularization and renormalization. Successful resolution of an ultraviolet divergence is known as ultraviolet completion. If they cannot be removed, they imply that the theory is not perturbatively well-defined at very short distances.

From 1946 to 1949, Villars worked as a research assistant at the Swiss Federal Institute. While there, he collaborated with Wolfgang Pauli on work in quantum electrodynamics. They developed a method of dealing with mathematical singularities in quantum field theory, in order to extract finite physical results. This method, Pauli–Villars regularization, is used by physicists when working with field theory.

Kristian Buhl Thomsen (2012), Modernism and Urban Renewal in Denmark 1939–1983 , Aarhus University, 11th Conference on Urban History, EAUH, PragueSee (in Danish): Lov om Boligtilsyn og Sanering af usunde Bydele, Rigsdagstidende, 1939, pages 1250–1260 Slum upgrading is largely a government controlled, funded and run process, rather than a competitive market driven process. Krueckeberg and Paulsen noteUrban Land Tenure Policies in Brazil, South Africa, and India: an Assessment of the Issues Donald A. Krueckeberg and Kurt G. Paulsen (2000), Lincoln Institute, Rutgers University conflicting politics, government corruption and street violence in slum regularization process is part of the reality. Slum upgrading and tenure regularization also upgrade and regularize the slum bosses and political agendas, while threatening the influence and power of municipal officials and ministries. Slum upgrading does not address poverty, low paying jobs from informal economy, and other characteristics of slums.

Subsample size is some constant fraction f of the size of the training set. When f = 1, the algorithm is deterministic and identical to the one described above. Smaller values of f introduce randomness into the algorithm and help prevent overfitting, acting as a kind of regularization. The algorithm also becomes faster, because regression trees have to be fit to smaller datasets at each iteration.

Another useful regularization techniques for gradient boosted trees is to penalize model complexity of the learned model.Tianqi Chen. Introduction to Boosted Trees The model complexity can be defined as the proportional number of leaves in the learned trees. The joint optimization of loss and model complexity corresponds to a post-pruning algorithm to remove branches that fail to reduce the loss by a threshold.

However, zeal for development and property ownership coupled with predominantly vulnerable, low income women and men who needed land and a place to call home resulted in mobilization and lobbying by "squatters" for the regularization of the area. Persistence and determination resulted in the area becoming one of the largest squatting settlements in the country to be converted into a housing scheme commonly known as "Sophia".

The eatery market, locally known as Khau Gully, was revamped and opened to public in 2020 as Happy Street. The Law Garden eatery market would be regularized. The standing committee has asked the municipal commissioner to get the design and policy prepared. The regularization will help generate employment and will help the civic body to keep a close watch on the quality of food served there.

The Graben before the regularization (black) and today (green) With the increase in car traffic, the Graben also became a heavily traveled street. However, traffic was limited, as previously, to the southern half of the street. On December 4, 1950, the first neon lights in Vienna were installed here. Numerous plans for the development of the Graben were proposed, including two for its surveillance.

According to certain laws under the Philippine employment protection laws employers must offer permanent employment after six months of engagement; otherwise, or otherwise lay them off. (LCP Articles 279, 280, 281, 286 and 287). This is commonly referred to as the regularization law. In addition, in case the company is unable to regularize them, they may hire temporary workers via principals or service contractors.

See "analytic torsion." suggested using this idea to evaluate path integrals in curved spacetimes. He studied zeta function regularization in order to calculate the partition functions for thermal graviton and matter's quanta in curved background such as on the horizon of black holes and on de Sitter background using the relation by the inverse Mellin transformation to the trace of the kernel of heat equations.

Rina Foygel Barber (known until 2012 as Rina Foygel) is an American statistician whose research includes works on the Bayesian statistics of graphical models, false discovery rates, and regularization. She is an associate professor of statistics at the University of Chicago. Barber taught mathematics at the Park School of Baltimore from 2005 to 2007. She completed her Ph.D. at the University of Chicago in 2012.

In 1963 he received the prize of the Leningrad Mathematical Society. In 1983 he was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Warsaw and gave a talk Regularization of many particle scattering. He received an honorary doctorate from the Université Paris Nord. In 2000 he received the State Prize of the Russian Federation and he was an Honoured Scientist of the Russian Federation.

Other approaches also include the least-squares as has been discussed before in this article. These methods are extremely slow and return a not-so-perfect reconstruction of the signal. The current CS Regularization models attempt to address this problem by incorporating sparsity priors of the original image, one of which is the total variation (TV). Conventional TV approaches are designed to give piece-wise constant solutions.

Early stopping can be viewed as regularization in time. Intuitively, a training procedure like gradient descent will tend to learn more and more complex functions as the number of iterations increases. By regularizing on time, the complexity of the model can be controlled, improving generalization. In practice, early stopping is implemented by training on a training set and measuring accuracy on a statistically independent validation set.

Inositol is considered a safe and effective treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It works by increasing insulin sensitivity, which helps to improve ovarian function and reduce hyperandrogenism. It is also shown to reduce the risk of metabolic disease in people with PCOS. In addition, thanks to its role as FSH second messenger, myo-inositol is effective in restoring FSH/LH ratio and menstrual cycle regularization.

Lucky was the Director of the Police Complaints Authority (2010-2014) and a columnist with the Trinidad and Tobago Guardian newspaper. She was also the chairman of the Omnibus Legislation Committee; Chairman of the Committee for the Regularization of the Home Video Industry and a Member of the Crime and Justice Commission. She also formerly held the position of Principal at the Academy of Tertiary Studies (ATS).

Intuitively, bias is reduced by using only local information, whereas variance can only be reduced by averaging over multiple observations, which inherently means using information from a larger region. For an enlightening example, see the section on k-nearest neighbors or the figure on the right. To balance how much information is used from neighboring observations, a model can be smoothed via explicit regularization, such as shrinkage.

The direction of the largest axis of this ellipsoid (eigenvector associated with the smallest eigenvalue of matrix F^TF) is the direction of poorly determined components: if we follow this direction, we can bring a strong perturbation to the model without changing significantly the value of the objective function and thus end up with a significantly different quasi-optimal model. We clearly see that the answer to the question "can we trust this model" is governed by the noise level and by the eigenvalues of the Hessian of the objective function or equivalently, in the case where no regularization has been integrated, by the singular values of matrix F. Of course, the use of regularization (or other kinds of prior information) reduces the size of the set of almost optimal solutions and, in turn, increases the confidence we can put in the computed solution.

In major cities and highly populated towns there are police stations named Commissariati di Pubblica Sicurezza (Public Security Offices). Each Commissariato di Pubblica Sicurezza is under the Authority of a Questura. Their task is to control, prevent and fight crime in their jurisdiction, and to deal with paperwork as to, among other things, requests for gun licences, passports, permits, and regularization of foreigners. Polizia di Quartiere is the Quarter Police.

Alternatively dropout regularization randomly omits units from the hidden layers during training. This helps to exclude rare dependencies. Finally, data can be augmented via methods such as cropping and rotating such that smaller training sets can be increased in size to reduce the chances of overfitting. DNNs must consider many training parameters, such as the size (number of layers and number of units per layer), the learning rate, and initial weights.

While in college at ITI in Delhi, she organised a union for girls protesting the gender based discrimination faced by them. She found her strength as a leader, merging this group with the Progressive Students' Union (PSU). She later split from them citing ideological and political differences. She also went on to organise a 4000-strong organisation of anganwadi workers, to address demands of regularization of pay scale.

Yoonkyung Lee is a professor of statistics at Ohio State University, and also holds a courtesy appointment in computer science and engineering at Ohio State. Her research takes a statistical approach to kernel methods, dimensionality reduction, and regularization in machine learning. Lee earned bachelor's and master's degrees in computer science and statistics from Seoul National University in Korea in 1994 and 1996.Curriculum vitae, retrieved 2016-07-10.

In September 2013 there was a manager for the Culuene Biological Reserve and the Rio Ronuro Ecological Station, and two agents for the two conservation units. SEMA/MT stated that the protection plans for the two units was under review. Ordinance 622 of 15 December 2014 created the consultative council. As of June 2015 regularization of land ownership was complete but the reserve still did not have a management plan.

The Surat Municipal Corporation officials ordered an investigation regarding the statutory permission, including fire safety, of the building. The Surat Urban Development Authority (SUDA) had approved the plan for a residential scheme on the site in 2001 but a commercial complex was built illegally in 2007. Under the Gujarat Regularization of Unauthorized Development Act, the complex with its second floor was legalised in 2013. The third floor was not legally approved.

Dilution (also called Dropout) is a regularization technique for reducing overfitting in artificial neural networks by preventing complex co-adaptations on training data. It is an efficient way of performing model averaging with neural networks. The term dilution refers to the thinning of the weights. The term dropout refers to randomly "dropping out", or omitting, units (both hidden and visible) during the training process of a neural network.

Upon the transition of power from the 10 year Gloria Macapagal Arroyo administration the Benigno Aquino III administration started. DOLE Department Order 18 went under review and resulted in a new and improved version of itself with the DOLE Department Order 18-A's release. By this point DOLE has aggressively restricted and regulated the agency contractualization practice that it seemed that the norm is not contractualization whilst regularization being the exemption.

Boosting refers to a family of algorithms in which a set of weak learners (learners that are only slightly correlated with the true process) are combined to produce a strong learner. It has been shown, for several boosting algorithms (including AdaBoost), that regularization via early stopping can provide guarantees of consistency, that is, that the result of the algorithm approaches the true solution as the number of samples goes to infinity.

LDM allows for the numerical simulation of the collapse of complex structures with a fraction of the computational cost and human effort of its continuum mechanics counterparts. LDM is also a regularization procedure that eliminates the mesh-dependence phenomenon that is observed in structural analysis with local damage models.Toi, Y., Hasegawa, K.H.,. "Element-size independent, elasto-plastic damage analysis of framed structures using the adaptively shifted integration technique" Comput. Struct.

Yet, as in the finite dimension case, we have to question the confidence we can put in the computed solution. Again, basically, the information lies in the eigenvalues of the Hessian operator. Should subspaces containing eigenvectors associated with small eigenvalues be explored for computing the solution, then the solution can hardly be trusted: some of its components will be poorly determined. The smallest eigenvalue is equal to the weight introduced in Tikhonov regularization.

Hinge and misclassification loss functions The simplest and most intuitive loss function for categorization is the misclassification loss, or 0–1 loss, which is 0 if f(x_i) = y_i and 1 if f(x_i) eq y_i, i.e. the Heaviside step function on -y_if(x_i). However, this loss function is not convex, which makes the regularization problem very difficult to minimize computationally. Therefore, we look for convex substitutes for the 0–1 loss.

The Salto Morato Private Natural Heritage Reserve is in the municipality of Guaraqueçaba on the coast of the north of Paraná. The property has an area of . Of this, has been officially recognized as a Private Natural Heritage Reserve, but the remainder is managed in the same way and should be recognized after regularization of land titles. There are interpretive trails, a visitor center, kiosks, camping, lodging for researchers, a research center and a laboratory.

In machine learning, kernel methods arise from the assumption of an inner product space or similarity structure on inputs. For some such methods, such as support vector machines (SVMs), the original formulation and its regularization were not Bayesian in nature. It is helpful to understand them from a Bayesian perspective. Because the kernels are not necessarily positive semidefinite, the underlying structure may not be inner product spaces, but instead more general reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces.

SVMs belong to a family of generalized linear classifiers and can be interpreted as an extension of the perceptron. They can also be considered a special case of Tikhonov regularization. A special property is that they simultaneously minimize the empirical classification error and maximize the geometric margin; hence they are also known as maximum margin classifiers. A comparison of the SVM to other classifiers has been made by Meyer, Leisch and Hornik.

In general, a better fit to the data is obtained by a larger number of distributions or parameters, but in order to extract meaningful patterns, it is necessary to constrain the number of distributions, thus deliberately coarsening the concept resolution. Finding the "right" concept resolution is a tricky problem for which many methods have been proposed (e.g., AIC, BIC, MDL, etc.), and these are frequently considered under the rubric of "model regularization".

Several of the illegal immigrants managed to get their status with the Israeli authorities regularized through the assistance of these support associations. Some agreed to "convert" to Judaism, which helped them regulated their personal status and remain in Israel. People who get their regularization often brought their families to Israel as well. In 1973, Ovadia Hazzi officially raised the question of the "Jewishness" of the Beta Israel to Israel's Sephardi Chief Rabbi Ovadia Yosef.

Article 122(2) and Article 124 authorise Provincial Assembly to approve or refuse any demand and reduce the amount specified in the demand. Once budget is approved, the Government has no right to deviate from these sanctions. For excess expenditure, Government has to seek regularization from the Assembly. Similarly under Article 88 read with Article 127, accounts and audit reports of the Government are further scrutinized by the public accounts Committee of the Assembly.

The Cantonese study distinguish homographs and determine the readings for rarely used characters. In this study, the subject also made errors of phonetic analogy and regularization of sound. The authors of the study suggest that the two- routes model for reading Chinese characters may be in effect for hyperlexics. The two-routes model describes understanding of Chinese characters in a purely phonetic sense and the understanding of Chinese characters in a semantic sense.

Article 122(2) and Article 124 authorise Provincial Assembly to approve or refuse any demand and reduce the amount specified in the demand. Once budget is approved, the Government has no right to deviate from these sanctions. For excess expenditure, Government has to seek regularization from the Assembly. Similarly under Article 88 read with Article 127, accounts and audit reports of the Government are further scrutinized by the public accounts Committee of the Assembly.

Kaltenbacher studied mathematics at Johannes Kepler University Linz, earning a diploma in 1993 and a doctorate in 1996. Her dissertation, Some Newton type methods for the regularization of nonlinear ill-posed problems, was supervised by Heinz Engl. She remained as a researcher in Linz until 2001. After taking temporary positions at the University of Erlangen–Nuremberg, University of Göttingen, and University of Linz, she became a professor at the University of Stuttgart in 2006.

Shortly afterwards, Mota & Companhia was awarded the contract for the regularization works of the Lower Mondego River. This allowed the company to launch itself as one of the top construction companies for large national building projects and soon became the third largest Portuguese company within this sector. In 1978, together with Retosa, with head office in Caracas, Venezuela, Engil participated for two years in the construction of factories and of the Guri Dam.

Though originally defined for linear regression, lasso regularization is easily extended to a wide variety of statistical models including generalized linear models, generalized estimating equations, proportional hazards models, and M-estimators, in a straightforward fashion. Lasso’s ability to perform subset selection relies on the form of the constraint and has a variety of interpretations including in terms of geometry, Bayesian statistics, and convex analysis. The LASSO is closely related to basis pursuit denoising.

Her dissertation, Regularization of Ill-Posed Problems, was jointly supervised by Dianne P. O'Leary and . After postdoctoral research at Northeastern University, she joined the Tufts faculty in 1999. She was given the William Walker Professorship in 2016, and chaired the Tufts Mathematics Department from 2013 to 2019. In 2019 Kilmer was named a SIAM Fellow "for her fundamental contributions to numerical linear algebra and scientific computing, including ill-posed problems, tensor decompositions, and iterative methods".

38–42 By April 1868, with anti-Jewish pogroms occurring at Bacău and elsewhere, Fătu and 30 other deputies presented an antisemitic law proposal, one radical enough to be criticized by Brătianu, who deemed it uncivilized.Brătescu, pp. 20–23; Scurtu, p. 55 Claiming to be a law on "the regularization of the state of Jews in Romania", Fătu's project notably banned Jews from settling anywhere in the countryside, and also from purchasing land.

Gerardus (Gerard) 't Hooft (; born July 5, 1946) is a Dutch theoretical physicist and professor at Utrecht University, the Netherlands. He shared the 1999 Nobel Prize in Physics with his thesis advisor Martinus J. G. Veltman "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions". His work concentrates on gauge theory, black holes, quantum gravity and fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics. His contributions to physics include a proof that gauge theories are renormalizable, dimensional regularization and the holographic principle.

However, many significant taggers are not included (perhaps because of the labor involved in reconfiguring them for this particular dataset). Thus, it should not be assumed that the results reported here are the best that can be achieved with a given approach; nor even the best that have been achieved with a given approach. In 2014, a paper reporting using the structure regularization method for part-of-speech tagging, achieving 97.36% on the standard benchmark dataset.

The technique evolved from techniques of electrical prospecting that predate digital computers, where layers or anomalies were sought rather than images. Early work on the mathematical problem in the 1930s assumed a layered medium (see for example Langer, Slichter). Andrey Nikolayevich Tikhonov who is best known for his work on regularization of inverse problems also worked on this problem. He explains in detail how to solve the ERT problem in a simple case of 2-layered medium.

Bernády was the first initiator of the town modernization. He had many goals such as sewerage, roads asphalting, building of the power and water station, building of several bridges, regularization of the Mureş River stream and building of public buildings such as the City Hall, the Cultural Palace in Târgu Mureș. He founded and settled the Academy of Music, the Municipal Library and the Art Galleries. There were constructed several buildings to host primary, secondary schools and universities.

To avoid inconsistencies, the modern theory of Ramanujan summation requires that f is "regular" in the sense that the higher-order derivatives of f decay quickly enough for the remainder terms in the Euler–Maclaurin formula to tend to 0. Ramanujan tacitly assumed this property. The regularity requirement prevents the use of Ramanujan summation upon spaced-out series like , because no regular function takes those values. Instead, such a series must be interpreted by zeta function regularization.

The rejectionist banners the line of "strategic counteroffensive", "regularization", and combining military adventurism with insurrectionism from 1980 onward that overlapped with reaffirmist that upholds the correct revolutionary of the people's war. The rectification movement was aimed to defeat the wrong line in a comprehensive and thoroughgoing manner and strengthen the Party ideologically, politically and organizationally. Thus, the rectification movement came into force in 1992, especially after the Plenum of the Central Committee approved the rectification documents.

On 17 October 2014 landowners and squatters were called upon to submit documents relevant to properties in the park pending land ownership regularization. The consultative council was created by ordinance 585 of 5 December 2014. On 10 December 2015 land in the park was donated to the State of Mato Grosso in compensation for the environmental impact of the 230 kv Jauru-Porto Velho transmission line. SEMA identified 35 legally owned properties in the park by March 2016.

In mathematics, the eta invariant of a self-adjoint elliptic differential operator on a compact manifold is formally the number of positive eigenvalues minus the number of negative eigenvalues. In practice both numbers are often infinite so are defined using zeta function regularization. It was introduced by who used it to extend the Hirzebruch signature theorem to manifolds with boundary. The name comes from the fact that it is a generalization of the Dirichlet eta function.

One of the greatest mathematicians of the twentieth century I. M. Gelfand was at the head of the Department of heat transmission before his departure for the United States in 1989. He was carrying out the fundamental works on functional analysis, algebra and topology. A. N. Tikhonov worked initially also in these areas of mathematics. However, Tikhonov is better known with his works of more applied orientation, such as methods for solving ill-posed problems (Tikhonov regularization).

The path-integral formulation provides the most direct way from the Lagrangian density to the corresponding Feynman series in its Lorentz-invariant form. The free-field part of the Lagrangian density determines the Feynman propagators, whereas the rest determines the vertices. As the QED vertices are considered to adequately describe interactions in QED scattering, it makes sense to modify only the free-field part of the Lagrangian density so as to obtain such regularized Feynman series that the Lehmann–Symanzik–Zimmermann reduction formula provides a perturbative S-matrix that: (i) is Lorentz-invariant and unitary; (ii) involves only the QED particles; (iii) depends solely on QED parameters and those introduced by the modification of the Feynman propagators—for particular values of these parameters it is equal to the QED perturbative S-matrix; and (iv) exhibits the same symmetries as the QED perturbative S-matrix. Let us refer to such a regularization as the minimal realistic regularization, and start searching for the corresponding, modified free-field parts of the QED Lagrangian density.

So Sundman's strategy consisted of the following steps: # Using an appropriate change of variables to continue analyzing the solution beyond the binary collision, in a process known as regularization. # Proving that triple collisions only occur when the angular momentum vanishes. By restricting the initial data to , he removed all real singularities from the transformed equations for the 3-body problem. # Showing that if , then not only can there be no triple collision, but the system is strictly bounded away from a triple collision.

For online match moving, SIFT features again are extracted from the current video frame and matched to the features already computed for the world mode, resulting in a set of 2D-to-3D correspondences. These correspondences are then used to compute the current camera pose for the virtual projection and final rendering. A regularization technique is used to reduce the jitter in the virtual projection. The use of SIFT directions have also been used to increase robustness of this process.

The momentum gained in the 1980s was also given to multiple setbacks. Changes in strategy and internal conflicts within the CPP resulted in ideological, political, and organizational losses for the CPP-NPA-NDF. The CPP devised a plan called a "strategic counteroffensive" (SCO) with the aim of "leaping over" to a higher stage of armed revolution and quickly win the revolution. The SCO program led to "regularization" of units, urban partisan actions, peasant uprisings, and an insurrectionist concept of "seizing opportunities".

Tikhonov worked in a number of different fields in mathematics. He made important contributions to topology, functional analysis, mathematical physics, and certain classes of ill-posed problems. Tikhonov regularization, one of the most widely used methods to solve ill-posed inverse problems, is named in his honor. He is best known for his work on topology, including the metrization theorem he proved in 1926, and the Tychonoff's theorem, which states that every product of arbitrarily many compact topological spaces is again compact.

'clerical changing'). For instance, the small seal script character for 'year' was converted by more conservative liding to a clerical script form that eventually led to the variant 秊, while the same character, after undergoing the more drastic libian, gave rise to a clerical script form that eventually became the orthodox 年. A similar divergence in the regularization process led to two characters for 'tiger', 虎 and 乕. 劍 (double- edged sword), varying in both radical use and component form.

It is unclear to what degree the Graben served as an arterial road in the Middle Ages (see above), as the construction of buildings at either end eventually rendered it unsuitable for such a function. However, after its regularization in the 19th century, it became one of the most heavily traveled streets in Vienna even before the arrival of cars. Traffic was always permitted only on the southwestern end. Already, in the 19th century, numerous coaches-for-hire were found on the Graben.

Turchin was born in 1931 in Podolsk, Soviet Union. In 1952, he graduated from Moscow University in Theoretical Physics, and got his Ph.D. in 1957. After working on neutron and solid-state physics at the Institute for Physics of Energy in Obninsk, in 1964 he accepted a position at the Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics in Moscow. There he worked in statistical regularization methods and authored REFAL, one of the first AI languages and the AI language of choice in the Soviet Union.

Hypergraphs have been extensively used in machine learning tasks as the data model and classifier regularization (mathematics). The applications include recommender system (communities as hyperedges), image retrieval (correlations as hyperedges), and bioinformatics (biochemical interactions as hyperedges). Representative hypergraph learning techniques include hypergraph spectral clustering that extends the spectral graph theory with hypergraph Laplacian, and hypergraph semi-supervised learning that introduces extra hypergraph structural cost to restrict the learning results. For large scale hypergraphs, a distributed framework built using Apache Spark is also available.

In machine learning, early stopping is a form of regularization used to avoid overfitting when training a learner with an iterative method, such as gradient descent. Such methods update the learner so as to make it better fit the training data with each iteration. Up to a point, this improves the learner's performance on data outside of the training set. Past that point, however, improving the learner's fit to the training data comes at the expense of increased generalization error.

Grandi's series, and generalizations thereof, occur frequently in many branches of physics; most typically in the discussions of quantized fermion fields (for example, the chiral bag model), which have both positive and negative eigenvalues; although similar series occur also for bosons, such as in the Casimir effect. The general series is discussed in greater detail in the article on spectral asymmetry, whereas methods used to sum it are discussed in the articles on regularization and, in particular, the zeta function regulator.

The data for pathway analysis come from high throughput biology. This includes high throughput sequencing data and microarray data. Before pathway analysis can be done, each gene's alteration should be evaluated using the omics dataset in either quantiative (differential expression analysis) or qualitative (detection of somatic point mutations or mapping neighbor genes to a disease- associated SNP). It is also possible to combine datasets from different research groups or multiple omics platform with a meta-analysis and cross- platform regularization.

During a series of conferences in New York from 1947 through 1949, physicists switched back from war work to theoretical issues. Under Oppenheimer's direction, physicists tackled the greatest outstanding problem of the pre-war years: infinite, divergent, and non- sensical expressions in the quantum electrodynamics of elementary particles. Julian Schwinger, Richard Feynman and Shin'ichiro Tomonaga tackled the problem of regularization, and developed techniques which became known as renormalization. Freeman Dyson was able to prove that their procedures gave similar results.

The world took little notice, but Veltman was excited because he saw that the problem he had been working on was solved. A period of intense collaboration followed in which they developed the technique of dimensional regularization. Soon 't Hooft's second paper was ready to be published, in which he showed that Yang–Mills theories with massive fields due to spontaneous symmetry breaking could be renormalized. This paper earned them worldwide recognition, and would ultimately earn the pair the 1999 Nobel Prize in Physics.

't Hooft is most famous for his contributions to the development of gauge theories in particle physics. The best known of these is the proof in his PhD thesis that Yang–Mills theories are renormalizable, for which he shared the 1999 Nobel Prize in Physics. For this proof he introduced (with his adviser Veltman) the technique of dimensional regularization. After his PhD, he became interested in the role of gauge theories in the strong interaction, the leading theory of which is called quantum chromodynamics or QCD.

The most common type of knot energy comes from the intuition of the knot as electrically charged. Coulomb's law states that two electric charges of the same sign will repel each other as the inverse square of the distance. Thus the knot will evolve under gradient descent according to the electric potential to an ideal configuration that minimizes the electrostatic energy. Naively defined, the integral for the energy will diverge and a regularization trick from physics, subtracting off a term from the energy, is necessary.

The Ministry of the Environment gave the mosaics formal structure in March 2007. Their purpose is to give integrated management of different conservation units in a region, including federal, state, municipal and private units, which may be different form of strictly protected or sustainable use unit. The conservation units within the mosaic are in different stages of development. The fully protected areas are making progress to completing the land regularization process, where the titles of former owners are transferred to the state after compensation.

For instance, is the new form of the character with traditional orthography 'recount; describe'. As another example, 吴 'a surname; name of an ancient state' is the 'new character shape' form of the character traditionally written 吳. Variant graphs also sometimes arise during the historical processes of liding (隸定) and libian (隸變), which refer to conversion of seal script to clerical script by simple regularization and linearization of shape (liding, lit. 'clerical fixing') or more significant omissions, additions, or transmutations of graphical form (libian, lit.

For other cases, the nonlinear nature of the electric field distribution poses a challenge for both 2D and 3D image reconstruction, making the reconstruction methods an active research area for better image quality. Reconstruction methods for ECVT/ECT can be categorized as iterative and non-iterative (single step) methods. The examples of non- iterative methods are linear back projection (LBP), and direct method based on singular value decomposition and Tikhonov regularization. These algorithms are computationally inexpensive; however, their tradeoff is less accurate images without quantitative information.

A weakly informative prior expresses partial information about a variable. An example is, when setting the prior distribution for the temperature at noon tomorrow in St. Louis, to use a normal distribution with mean 50 degrees Fahrenheit and standard deviation 40 degrees, which very loosely constrains the temperature to the range (10 degrees, 90 degrees) with a small chance of being below -30 degrees or above 130 degrees. The purpose of a weakly informative prior is for regularization, that is, to keep inferences in a reasonable range.

GCDA, Official Web site of GCDA, 'About Us' page The DLF property on the same banks of Chilavannoor lake also is in violation of CRZ norms (CRZ-I). It was first ordered to be demolished in 2012 by the single bench of Kerala High Court, but was stayed by the division bench. Instead, the division bench allowed regularization of the building after imposing a fine of 1 crore. An appeal went against this overruling to the Supreme Court of India, but the verdict was upheld.

In her natural language studies she has shown that learners who begin in childhood show much greater ultimate proficiency in both first and second languages than those who begin in adulthood. In her miniature language studies she has shown that children and adults differ in language learning in well controlled studies in the lab, with young children acquiring regular patterns and rules even when their input is inconsistent. This regularization process provides an explanation of how children may contribute to the formation of languages over generations.

Successively, the fitted model is used to predict the responses for the observations in a second dataset called the validation dataset. The validation dataset provides an unbiased evaluation of a model fit on the training dataset while tuning the model's hyperparameters (e.g. the number of hidden units (layers and layer widths) in a neural network). Validation datasets can be used for regularization by early stopping (stopping training when the error on the validation dataset increases, as this is a sign of overfitting to the training dataset).

The group departed from orthodox Traditionalist line, commiserating with masses of miserable beings pitted against the politically dominant potentates; they advocated limitation of wealth and regularization of profits. Contemptuous towards Carlist landowners like José Lamamié and Jaime Chicharro, the students supported Agrarian Reform, obstructed by feudal egoism of the odious grandees of grain.Blinkhorn 1975, p. 172 The group called for a Carlist Revolutionsome scholars see 2 trends: carlismo nacional and revolución carlista, Juan Carlos Peñas Bernaldo de Quirós, El Carlismo, la República y la Guerra Civil (1936-1937).

Matrix factorization is a class of collaborative filtering algorithms used in recommender systems. Matrix factorization algorithms work by decomposing the user-item interaction matrix into the product of two lower dimensionality rectangular matrices. This family of methods became widely known during the Netflix prize challenge due to its effectiveness as reported by Simon Funk in his 2006 blog post, where he shared his findings with the research community. The prediction results can be improved by assigning different regularization weights to the latent factors based on items' popularity and users' activeness.

What follows is an example of a Lua function that can be iteratively called to train an `mlp` Module on input Tensor `x`, target Tensor `y` with a scalar `learningRate`: function gradUpdate(mlp, x, y, learningRate) local criterion = nn.ClassNLLCriterion() pred = mlp:forward(x) local err = criterion:forward(pred, y); mlp:zeroGradParameters(); local t = criterion:backward(pred, y); mlp:backward(x, t); mlp:updateParameters(learningRate); end It also has `StochasticGradient` class for training a neural network using Stochastic gradient descent, although the `optim` package provides much more options in this respect, like momentum and weight decay regularization.

A Mayan peasant from Panzós later said that Monzón "got the signatures of the elders before he went before INTA to talk about the land. When he returned, gathered the people and said that, by an INTA mistake, the land had gone to his name." Throughout the 1970s, Panzós farmers continued to claim INTA regularization of land ownership receiving legal advice from the FASGUA (Autonomous Trade Union Federation of Guatemala), an organization that supported the peasants' demands through legal procedures. However, no peasant received a property title, ever.

In 1958, Metropolitan Anthony (Bashir) of the Antiochan Archdiocese of North America promulgated an edict describing the desirability of a Western Rite movement within canonical Orthodoxy. Unknown to others, Turner had begun unofficial consultations with Metropolitan Anthony concerning the possibility of canonical regularization of the SSB as early as 1952 through Fr. Paul Schneirla. In 1961, the society was received into the Antiochian archdiocese by Metropolitan Anthony. The society was permitted to retain their Western liturgy and became a Western Rite vicariate, with now Fr. Alexander becoming the first vicar general.

His early work involved the use of superspace to treat supersymmetric theories, including supergravity. Along with S.J. Gates, M.T. Grisaru, and M. Rocek he discovered methods for both deriving classical actions, and performing Feynman graph calculations more simply than those in nonsupersymmetric theories. He discovered a new version of dimensional regularization ("dimensional reduction") which preserves supersymmetry, and is also commonly used in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). The first supersymmetric nonrenormalization theorem was introduced by Grisaru, Siegel and Rocek in their 1979 paper "Improved methods for supergraphs", which has close to 700 citations.

Bolívar was aided by Spain's new policy of seeking engagement with the insurgents, which Morillo implemented, renouncing to the command in chief, and returning to Spain. Although Bolívar rejected the Spanish proposal that the patriots rejoin Spain under the Spanish Constitution, the two sides established a six-month truce and the regularization of the rules of engagement under the law of nations on November 25 and 26. The truce did not last six months. It was apparent to all that the royalist cause had been greatly weakened by the lack of reinforcements.

In order to generalize Sundman's result for the case (or and ) one has to face two obstacles: #As has been shown by Siegel, collisions which involve more than two bodies cannot be regularized analytically, hence Sundman's regularization cannot be generalized. #The structure of singularities is more complicated in this case: other types of singularities may occur (see below). Lastly, Sundman's result was generalized to the case of bodies by Qiudong Wang in the 1990s. Since the structure of singularities is more complicated, Wang had to leave out completely the questions of singularities.

Sean M. Carroll offered another informal example: : Say there are an infinite number of universes in which George W. Bush became President in 2000, and also an infinite number in which Al Gore became President in 2000. To calculate the fraction N(Bush)/N(Gore), we need to have a measure — a way of taming those infinities. Usually this is done by “regularization.” We start with a small piece of universe where all the numbers are finite, calculate the fraction, and then let our piece get bigger, and calculate the limit that our fraction approaches.

The backward pass uses generalized cross validation (GCV) to compare the performance of model subsets in order to choose the best subset: lower values of GCV are better. The GCV is a form of regularization: it trades off goodness-of-fit against model complexity. (We want to estimate how well a model performs on new data, not on the training data. Such new data is usually not available at the time of model building, so instead we use GCV to estimate what performance would be on new data.

Church of the Purisima Concepcion with open chapel in Otumba de Gómez Farías. The open chapel was predominantly used during the very early colonial period (16th century) in central Mexico, then called New Spain. Several examples appear in Cuzco, Peru, at the churches of Santo Domingo, La Merced and San Jeronimo, but their systematic appearance and regularization of appearance appears only in Mexico. Some sources state that the capilla abiertas were constructed because the native populations in the 16th century were too afraid to enter the dark confines of European style churches.

Improving financial performance of the WUBs is linked to increasing farm incomes and therefore farmers' capacity to contribute to O&M; costs as well as irrigation improvement investments. In addition, MINAG began a Special Program for Land Titling (Proyecto Especial de Titulacion de Tierras y Catastro Rural-PETTCR) in 1992 to combat the uncertainty of property rights and the atomization of the agrarian structure. The implementation of PETTCR has increased the number of registered agricultural lands from 7% to 81% in 2005. PETTCR includes a proactive regularization of water rights based on water availability.

The systems in these cases are usually neural networks and the distortions used tend to be either affine distortions or elastic distortions. Sometimes, these systems can be very successful; one such system achieved an error rate on the database of 0.39 percent. In 2011, an error rate of 0.27 percent, improving on the previous best result, was reported by researchers using a similar system of neural networks. In 2013, an approach based on regularization of neural networks using DropConnect has been claimed to achieve a 0.21 percent error rate.

Dictionary learning develops a set (dictionary) of representative elements from the input data such that each data point can be represented as a weighted sum of the representative elements. The dictionary elements and the weights may be found by minimizing the average representation error (over the input data), together with L1 regularization on the weights to enable sparsity (i.e., the representation of each data point has only a few nonzero weights). Supervised dictionary learning exploits both the structure underlying the input data and the labels for optimizing the dictionary elements.

Banque Cantonale de Genève had limited state guarantee of its liabilities (max. CHF 500,000 for savings, and max. CHF 1,500,000 for pension accounts) till the end of 2016. In 2013, the bank presented a clear improvement in its profitability and its managers agreed to be part of the American tax regularization program, aimed at helping the American justice department to investigate tax and banking fraud, by placing itself in the category 2 designating banks not incriminated by the justice of the United States but having American customers who therefore could have infringed American tax law.

Frictions with CDC's alliance partner UDC over the issue of independence ended up in the termination of CiU as a political project in June 2015. Concurrently, the party had been shaken by CDC founder Jordi Pujol's confession on 25 July 2014 that he had hidden "money located abroad" from the Public Treasury for 34 years, allegedly attributed to his father's, Florenci Pujol, heritage. In his statement, Pujol regretted never having found the "right time" for the regularization of these amounts of money and asked the public for forgiveness.

Ultimately it is this fact, combined with the Goddard–Thorn theorem, which leads to bosonic string theory failing to be consistent in dimensions other than 26. The regularization of is also involved in computing the Casimir force for a scalar field in one dimension.See v:Quantum mechanics/Casimir effect in one dimension An exponential cutoff function suffices to smooth the series, representing the fact that arbitrarily high-energy modes are not blocked by the conducting plates. The spatial symmetry of the problem is responsible for canceling the quadratic term of the expansion.

In Cryo Electron Tomography, where the limited number of projections are acquired due to the hardware limitations and to avoid the biological specimen damage, it can be used along with compressive sensing techniques or regularization functions (e.g. Huber function) to improve the reconstruction for better interpretation. Here is an example that illustrates the benefits of iterative image reconstruction for cardiac MRI.I Uyanik, P Lindner, D Shah, N Tsekos I Pavlidis (2013) Applying a Level Set Method for Resolving Physiologic Motions in Free-Breathing and Non-gated Cardiac MRI.

Another advantage of ANNs is that they perform automatic feature extraction by allocating negligible weights to the irrelevant features, helping the system to avoid dealing with another feature extractor. However, ANNs tend to over-fit the training set, which will have consequences of having poor validation accuracy on the validation set. Hence, often, some regularization terms and prior knowledge are added to the ANN model to avoid over-fiting and achieve higher performance. Moreover, properly determining the size of the hidden layer needs an exhaustive parameter tuning, to avoid poor approximation and generalization capabilities.

In the Nowell Codex, the lack of scribal regularization is of note. The pattern of -io spellings in Judith is of interest, as -eo spellings were conventional in West Saxon literature. Scribe A, who wrote the first 1939 lines of Beowulf, made sure to use the normal West Saxon spelling in his portion of Beowulf and in The Letter of Alexander the Great to Aristotle, and The Wonders of the East. Io spellings also appear in The Passion of Saint Christopher, which is the first text in the Nowell Codex.

Currently, the government of Rwanda is exercising a nationwide land reform called the Land Tenure Regularization Program (LTRP), which is aiming at addressing land related problems and ending gender based discrimination in land access. LandNet Rwanda Chapter is monitoring the LTRP and provides data through research for policy makers from which they can conclude the success of the LTRP. Also LandNet is reviewing existing laws and policies in order to improve them. LandNet Rwanda Chapter trains local leaders to be able to solve land disputes peacefully and fairly.

It is also called on the regularization of the Security Forces in a future Act, which would come in 1986 with the Law of Security Forces. In the new model, police Police are attributed to basic principles of action that should be governed by. It is at this stage that the local police forces take more strength in the panorama of the state police, setting its powers and supeditándolos to other police forces. It begins as a major process of modernization that expands and rejuvenates the template, and also gives it better material means.

Bolivar and Morillo later met in the Venezuelan town of Santa Ana and signed a six-months' armistice followed by a second one named "War Regularization". Morillo returned to Spain, was named General Captain of New Castile, and supported the Liberal Constitution during the Liberal Triennium. He prevented a coup against the Constitution in 1822, and fought in 1823 the French invasion under Louis-Antoine, Duke of Angoulême in the north of Spain, where he was defeated. When King Ferdinand VII restored the absolute regime in 1823 he went to France.

The advantages of this method include: reduction of the sampling rate for sparse signals; reconstruction of the image while being robust to the removal of noise and other artifacts; and use of very few iterations. This can also help in recovering images with sparse gradients. In the figure shown below, P1 refers to the first-step of the iterative reconstruction process, of the projection matrix P of the fan-beam geometry, which is constrained by the data fidelity term. This may contain noise and artifacts as no regularization is performed.

Compressed sensing relies on L1 techniques, which several other scientific fields have used historically.List of L1 regularization ideas from Vivek Goyal, Alyson Fletcher, Sundeep Rangan, The Optimistic Bayesian: Replica Method Analysis of Compressed Sensing In statistics, the least squares method was complemented by the L^1-norm, which was introduced by Laplace. Following the introduction of linear programming and Dantzig's simplex algorithm, the L^1-norm was used in computational statistics. In statistical theory, the L^1-norm was used by George W. Brown and later writers on median-unbiased estimators.

As it seems that the vertices of non-regularized Feynman series adequately describe interactions in quantum scattering, it is taken that their ultraviolet divergences are due to the asymptotic, high-energy behavior of the Feynman propagators. So it is a prudent, conservative approach to retain the vertices in Feynman series, and modify only the Feynman propagators to create a regularized Feynman series. This is the reasoning behind the formal Pauli–Villars covariant regularization by modification of Feynman propagators through auxiliary unphysical particles, cf. and representation of physical reality by Feynman diagrams.

The campaign to create the Serra do Conduru State Park began in 1993, and was promoted in 1996 by Conservation International Brazil, the SOS Atlantic Forest Foundation and the Institute of Social and Environmental Studies of Southern Bahia (IESB). The park was formally created by 6.227 of 21 February 1997. In 1998 highway BA-001 from Ilhéus to Itacaré was inaugurated, prompting studies on land regularization and closing the sawmills in southern Bahia that threatened the ancient trees of the region. It became part of the Central Atlantic Forest Ecological Corridor, created in 2002.

The unknown parameters in each vector βk are typically jointly estimated by maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation, which is an extension of maximum likelihood using regularization of the weights to prevent pathological solutions (usually a squared regularizing function, which is equivalent to placing a zero-mean Gaussian prior distribution on the weights, but other distributions are also possible). The solution is typically found using an iterative procedure such as generalized iterative scaling, iteratively reweighted least squares (IRLS), by means of gradient-based optimization algorithms such as L-BFGS, or by specialized coordinate descent algorithms.

Bob Jessop summarises the difficulties of the term in Governing Capitalist Economies as follows: "The RA seeks to integrate analysis of political economy with analysis of civil society and or State to show how they interact to normalize the capital relation and govern the conflictual and crisis-mediated course of capital accumulation. In this sense, régulation might have been better and less mechanically translated as regularization or normalization" (p 4). Therefore, the term régulation does not necessarily translate well as "regulation". Regulation in the sense of government action does have a part in regulation theory.

In Bayesian probability kernel methods are a key component of Gaussian processes, where the kernel function is known as the covariance function. Kernel methods have traditionally been used in supervised learning problems where the input space is usually a space of vectors while the output space is a space of scalars. More recently these methods have been extended to problems that deal with multiple outputs such as in multi-task learning. A mathematical equivalence between the regularization and the Bayesian point of view is easily proved in cases where the reproducing kernel Hilbert space is finite-dimensional.

The basic approach is to form a weighted average of the 353 clock CpGs, which is then transformed to DNAm age using a calibration function. The calibration function reveals that the epigenetic clock has a high ticking rate until adulthood, after which it slows to a constant ticking rate. Using the training data sets, Horvath used a penalized regression model (Elastic net regularization) to regress a calibrated version of chronological age on 21,369 CpG probes that were present both on the Illumina 450K and 27K platform and had fewer than 10 missing values. DNAm age is defined as estimated ("predicted") age.

Another feature of the evolution of Demotic was the near-extinction of the genitive plural, which was revived in Katharevousa and is now productive again in Demotic. A derivative feature of this regularization of noun forms in Demotic is that the words of most native vocabulary end in a vowel, or in a very restricted set of consonants: s and n (). Exceptions are foreign loans like (bar), and learned forms (from Ancient Greek , water), and exclamations like (ach!, oh!) Many dialects go so far as to append the vowel -e () to third-person verb forms: instead of (they write).

Symbolically, it can do multivariate polynomial arithmetic, factor polynomials, compute GCDs, expand series, and compute with matrices. It is equipped to handle certain noncommutative algebras which are extensively used in theoretical high energy physics: Clifford algebras, SU(3) Lie algebras, and Lorentz tensors. Due to this, it is extensively used in dimensional regularization computations – but it is not restricted to physics. GiNaC is the symbolic foundation in several open-source projects: there is a symbolic extension for GNU Octave, a simulator for magnetic resonance imaging, and since May 2009, Pynac, a fork of GiNaC, provides the backend for symbolic expressions in SageMath.

SNNs avoid problems of batch normalization since the activations across samples automatically converge to mean zero and variance one. SNNs an enabling technology to (1) train very deep networks, that is, networks with many layers, (2) use novel regularization strategies, and (3) learn very robustly across many layers. In unsupervised deep learning, Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) are very popular since they create new images which are more realistic than those of obtained from other generative approaches. Sepp Hochreiter proposed a two time-scale update rule (TTUR) for learning GANs with stochastic gradient descent on any differentiable loss function.

J. Delgado, F. Diacu, E.A. Lacomba, A. Mingarelli, V. Mioc, E. Pérez-Chavela, C. Stoica, The Global Flow of the Manev Problem, J. Math. Phys. 37 (6), 2748–2761, 1996.F. Diacu, V. Mioc, and C. Stoica, Phase- space structure and regularization of Manev-type problems, Nonlinear Analysis 41 (2000), 1029–1055. he showed that Manev's law, which provides a classical explanation of the perihelion advance of Mercury, is a bordering case between two large classes of attraction laws. Several experts followed this research direction, in which more than 100 papers have been published to this day.

Particularly, they observed that not every radiomic feature that significantly predicted the survival of lung cancer patients could also predict the survival of head-and-neck cancer patients and vice versa. Nasief et al. (2019) showed that changes of radiomic features over time in longitudinal images (delta-radiomic features, DRFs) can potentially be used as a biomarker to predict treatment response for pancreatic cancer. Their results showed that a Bayesian regularization neural network can be used to identify a subset of DRFs that demonstrated significant changes between good- and bad- responders following 2-4 weeks of treatment with an AUC = 0.94.

These scenarios may occur in intraoperative CT, in cardiac CT, or when metal artifacts require the exclusion of some portions of the projection data. In Magnetic Resonance Imaging it can be used to reconstruct images from data acquired with multiple receive coils and with sampling patterns different from the conventional Cartesian grid and allows the use of improved regularization techniques (e.g. total variation) or an extended modeling of physical processes to improve the reconstruction. For example, with iterative algorithms it is possible to reconstruct images from data acquired in a very short time as required for real-time MRI (rt-MRI).

In 1993, the federal Agrarian Law was amended allowing for more secure foreign tenure of former ejido land. Those controlling ejido land were allowed to petition for regularization, a process that converted their controlling interest into fee simple ownership. This meant that the property could be sold, and it led to a boom in the development of private residences, mostly condominiums, and a new phase of Puerto Vallarta's expansion began, centered more on accommodating retirees, snowbirds, and those who visited the city enough to make purchasing a condominium or a time-share a cost-effective option.

Sparse approximation ideas and algorithms have been extensively used in signal processing, image processing, machine learning, medical imaging, array processing, data mining, and more. In most of these applications, the unknown signal of interest is modeled as a sparse combination of a few atoms from a given dictionary, and this is used as the regularization of the problem. These problems are typically accompanied by a dictionary learning mechanism that aims to fit D to best match the model to the given data. The use of sparsity-inspired models has led to state-of-the-art results in a wide set of applications.

These methods modify the covariance matrix used in the computations and, consequently, the posterior ensemble is no longer made only of linear combinations of the prior ensemble. For nonlinear problems, EnKF can create posterior ensemble with non-physical states. This can be alleviated by regularization, such as penalization of states with large spatial gradients. For problems with coherent features, such as hurricanes, thunderstorms, firelines, squall lines, and rain fronts, there is a need to adjust the numerical model state by deforming the state in space (its grid) as well as by correcting the state amplitudes additively.

In 1992, Sison reaffirmed the primacy of the Maoist-inspired armed struggle, while simultaneously castigating the regularization of NPA squads and the efforts of urban insurrection undertaken in Manila and Davao. This reaffirmation, fueled by simmering dissent between members of the party, caused a split within those who supported this reaffirmation and those who did not. The split reduced the strength of the CPP-NPA but streamlined its organization by decreasing the autonomy of regional committees and aligning the party ideologically. The split affected both underground and above ground groups, such as human rights groups and legal mass organizations affiliated with the NDF.

In Bayesian statistics, a maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) estimate is an estimate of an unknown quantity, that equals the mode of the posterior distribution. The MAP can be used to obtain a point estimate of an unobserved quantity on the basis of empirical data. It is closely related to the method of maximum likelihood (ML) estimation, but employs an augmented optimization objective which incorporates a prior distribution (that quantifies the additional information available through prior knowledge of a related event) over the quantity one wants to estimate. MAP estimation can therefore be seen as a regularization of maximum likelihood estimation.

It maintains an active set of examples with non-zero , removing ("forgetting") examples from the active set when it exceeds a pre-determined budget and "shrinking" (lowering the weight of) old examples as new ones are promoted to non-zero . Another problem with the kernel perceptron is that it does not regularize, making it vulnerable to overfitting. The NORMA online kernel learning algorithm can be regarded as a generalization of the kernel perceptron algorithm with regularization. The sequential minimal optimization (SMO) algorithm used to learn support vector machines can also be regarded as a generalization of the kernel perceptron.

Belo Horizonte, Brazil was created in 1897 and is the third-largest metropolis in Brazil, with 2.4 million inhabitants. The Strategic Plan for Belo Horizonte (2010–2030) is being prepared by external consultants based on similar cities' infrastructure, incorporating the role of local government, state government, city leaders and encouraging citizen participation. The need for environmentally sustainable development is led by the initiative of new government following planning processes from the state government. Overall, the development of the metropolis is dependent on the land regularization and infrastructure improvement that will better support the cultural technology and economic landscape.

In physics, especially quantum field theory, regularization is a method of modifying observables which have singularities in order to make them finite by the introduction of a suitable parameter called regulator. The regulator, also known as a "cutoff", models our lack of knowledge about physics at unobserved scales (e.g. scales of small size or large energy levels). It compensates for (and requires) the possibility that "new physics" may be discovered at those scales which the present theory is unable to model, while enabling the current theory to give accurate predictions as an "effective theory" within its intended scale of use.

So during 1970s public policy started to support low-income self-builder offering them services, core units and in some cases land-ownership regularization. These schemes were criticised by orthodox Marxists, persuaded that ensuring proper housing to people was a government duty and that lack of houses was a structural product of capitalism. Anyway, self-built accommodation became the most common form of housing and, in Mexico City area, it increased from 14% in 1952 to 60% in 1990. Later on, the public policy priority shifted from house production to enhancement of real-estate market, local infrastructures and improvement of existing houses.

The strategy for performing nonperturbative calculations in light-front field theory is similar to the strategy used in lattice calculations. In both cases a nonperturbative regularization and renormalization are used to try to construct effective theories of a finite number of degrees of freedom that are insensitive to the eliminated degrees of freedom. In both cases the success of the renormalization program requires that the theory has a fixed point of the renormalization group; however, the details of the two approaches differ. The renormalization methods used in light-front field theory are discussed in Light-front computational methods#Renormalization group.

The Central Council of Homoeopathy Act 1973, (Act 59), also called the Homoeopathy Central Council Act, 1973, is an Act of the Parliament of India to primarily structure the role of the Central Council of Homoeopathy and to enable the regularization of the maintenance of a central register of issues and entities related to the field of homoeopathy. Government website detailing the Act It included five chapters when it was initially passed. CCI website, retrieved on 16 January 2010 The Act was amended in 2002, and the amendment—Homoeopathy Central Council Amendment Act, 2002 (No. 51 of 2002)—was passed in December 2002.

For a time in 2011, he was the Director General of the Commission for the Regularization of Land Holdings (CORETT). In 2012, García returned to Congress, this time as a senator for the LXII and LXIII Legislatures. He presided over the Agrarian Reform Commission and served on the commissions for the Navy, Communications and Transportation, and Energy; at the start of the LXIII Legislature, he also picked up the presidency of the National Defense Commission. Among his legislative projects were laws that toughened sanctions against judges and politicians involved with organized crime and penalized the improper use of uniforms.

Then another question: what do we mean with the solution of the initial problem? Since a finite number of data does not allow the determination of an infinity of unknowns, the original data misfit functional has to be regularized to ensure the uniqueness of the solution. Many times, reducing the unknowns to a finite-dimensional space will provide an adequate regularization: the computed solution will look like a discrete version of the solution we were looking for. For example, a naive discretization will often work for solving the deconvolution problem: it will work as long as we do not allow missing frequencies to show up in the numerical solution.

In signal processing, total variation denoising, also known as total variation regularization, is a process, most often used in digital image processing, that has applications in noise removal. It is based on the principle that signals with excessive and possibly spurious detail have high total variation, that is, the integral of the absolute gradient of the signal is high. According to this principle, reducing the total variation of the signal subject to it being a close match to the original signal, removes unwanted detail whilst preserving important details such as edges. The concept was pioneered by Rudin, Osher, and Fatemi in 1992 and so is today known as the ROF model.

Studies in the 1970s formed the early foundations for many of the computer vision algorithms that exist today, including extraction of edges from images, labeling of lines, non-polyhedral and polyhedral modeling, representation of objects as interconnections of smaller structures, optical flow, and motion estimation. The next decade saw studies based on more rigorous mathematical analysis and quantitative aspects of computer vision. These include the concept of scale-space, the inference of shape from various cues such as shading, texture and focus, and contour models known as snakes. Researchers also realized that many of these mathematical concepts could be treated within the same optimization framework as regularization and Markov random fields.

He graduated Doctor of Regional Development of the University of Oxford. He worked as a consultant at the World Bank in Washington D.C. and the Regional Office of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), where he contributed to the Institutional Reforms in the Rural Sector, Non-Agricultural Rural Jobs, Policies to Combat Poverty and Land Regularization. On his return to Nuevo León in 2003, he joined the Delegation of SEDESOL as State Coordinator Microregions, in January 2004. He joined the state administration in the position of Director of the General Unit of Planning, Evaluation and Rural development for Agricultural development Corporation of Nuevo León.

After John Tyler became President of the United States in 1841, he appointed Upshur as the 13th United States Secretary of the Navy in October of that year. His time with the Navy was marked by a strong emphasis on reform and reorganization, and efforts to expand and modernize the service. He served from October 11, 1841, to July 23, 1843. Among his achievements were the replacement of the old Board of Navy Commissioners with the bureau system, regularization of the officer corps, increased Navy appropriations, construction of new sailing and steam warships, and the establishment of the United States Naval Observatory and Hydrographic Office.

The strategy leads to extra computational costs and makes the method is not as efficient as expected compared to the MFS. The second approachChen W, Gu Y, "Recent advances on singular boundary method", Joint International Workshop on Trefftz Method VI and Method of Fundamental Solution II, Taiwan 2011.Gu Y, Chen, W, "Improved singular boundary method for three dimensional potential problems", Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 2012, 44(2): 351-360 (in Chinese) is to employ a regularization technique to cancel the singularities of the fundamental solution and its derivatives. Consequently, the origin intensity factors can be determined directly without using any sample nodes.

In April 2013, the Public Ministry and Justice department of Minas Gerais charged that the State Forestry Institute had been failing to comply with environmental legislation. There were serious problems such as lack of a management plan, physical structures and personnel, and land tenure issues with the ecological stations of Mata dos Ausentes and Mata do Acauã and the state parks of Biribiri, Alto Cariri, Rio Preto and Serra Negra. In April 2014, the state government established a working group to coordinate regularization of "vacant" land in ten state conservation units including the Mata dos Ausentes Ecological Station. "Vacant" land is land that has never been privately owned, even though occupied.

In quantum field theory, the definition of Wilson loop observables as bona fide operators on Fock spaces is a mathematically delicate problem and requires regularization, usually by equipping each loop with a framing. The action of Wilson loop operators has the interpretation of creating an elementary excitation of the quantum field which is localized on the loop. In this way, Faraday's "flux tubes" become elementary excitations of the quantum electromagnetic field. Wilson loops were introduced in 1974 in an attempt at a nonperturbative formulation of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), or at least as a convenient collection of variables for dealing with the strongly interacting regime of QCD.

During the Cárdenas administration, the federal government reinforced its role as the third-party enforcer for disputes between labor unions and employers. Rather than focusing on solving labor- employer disputes, the government provided benefits and favorable policies for political loyalty with the unions. This method also secured divisions within the labor movement; but more importantly, it made the labor movement inseparable from the PRI and paved the way for the regularization of governance by consensus. Under this method, the president would individually go to each of the unions that represented the populations in the PRI coalition until a piece of legislation that appeased all parties was negotiated.

In 2004 the government decided to issue permits of two-year duration, as opposed to one-year, which cut down on time and monetary costs of applying for a visa, but there were still many issues with regularization. The small number of work permits, their limited duration, and the general policy orientation of the Greek government was not conducive to creating sustainable immigration policy. A substantial review of Greek law concerning immigrants in 2006 manifested itself in several new laws, most of which became effective in 2007. A single two-year stay and work permit was introduced that could be renewed for another two years, depending on local labor market conditions.

However, as gradient magnitudes are used for estimation of relative penalty weights between the data fidelity and regularization terms, this method is not robust to noise and artifacts and accurate enough for CS image/signal reconstruction and, therefore, fails to preserve smaller structures. Recent progress on this problem involves using an iteratively directional TV refinement for CS reconstruction. This method would have 2 stages: the first stage would estimate and refine the initial orientation field – which is defined as a noisy point-wise initial estimate, through edge-detection, of the given image. In the second stage, the CS reconstruction model is presented by utilizing directional TV regularizer.

The minimization of P1 is solved through the conjugate gradient least squares method. P2 refers to the second step of the iterative reconstruction process wherein it utilizes the edge-preserving total variation regularization term to remove noise and artifacts, and thus improve the quality of the reconstructed image/signal. The minimization of P2 is done through a simple gradient descent method. Convergence is determined by testing, after each iteration, for image positivity, by checking if f^{k-1} = 0 for the case when f^{k-1} < 0 (Note that f refers to the different x-ray linear attenuation coefficients at different voxels of the patient image).

Flow diagram figure for edge preserving total variation method for compressed sensing This is an iterative CT reconstruction algorithm with edge-preserving TV regularization to reconstruct CT images from highly undersampled data obtained at low dose CT through low current levels (milliampere). In order to reduce the imaging dose, one of the approaches used is to reduce the number of x-ray projections acquired by the scanner detectors. However, this insufficient projection data which is used to reconstruct the CT image can cause streaking artifacts. Furthermore, using these insufficient projections in standard TV algorithms end up making the problem under-determined and thus leading to infinitely many possible solutions.

A major drawback to Dropout is that it does not have the same benefits for convolutional layers, where the neurons are not fully connected. In stochastic pooling, the conventional deterministic pooling operations are replaced with a stochastic procedure, where the activation within each pooling region is picked randomly according to a multinomial distribution, given by the activities within the pooling region. This approach is free of hyperparameters and can be combined with other regularization approaches, such as dropout and data augmentation. An alternate view of stochastic pooling is that it is equivalent to standard max pooling but with many copies of an input image, each having small local deformations.

With Werner E. Reichardt he characterized quantitatively the visuo-motor control system in the fly. With David Marr (neuroscientist), he introduced the seminal idea of levels of analysis in computational neuroscience. He introduced regularization as a mathematical framework to approach the ill-posed problems of vision and the key problem of learning from data. The citation for the 2009 Okawa prize mentions his “…outstanding contributions to the establishment of computational neuroscience, and pioneering researches ranging from the biophysical and behavioral studies of the visual system to the computational analysis of vision and learning in humans and machines.” His research has always been interdisciplinary, between brains and computers.

PCA and NMF can be considered as special cases where linear hidden nodes are used in ELM. From 2015 to 2017, an increased focus has been placed on hierarchical implementations of ELM. Additionally since 2011, significant biological studies have been made that support certain ELM theories. From 2017 onwards, to overcome low-convergence problem during training LU decomposition, Hessenberg decomposition and QR decomposition based approaches with regularization have begun to attract attention In a 2017 announcement from Google Scholar: "Classic Papers: Articles That Have Stood The Test of Time", two ELM papers have been listed in the "Top 10 in Artificial Intelligence for 2006," taking positions 2 and 7.

The 2017 Settlement Regularization in "Judea and Samaria" Law permits backdated legalization of outposts constructed on private Palestinian land. Following a petition challenging its legality, on June 9, 2020, Israel’s Supreme Court struck down the law that had retroactively legalized about 4,000 settler homes built on privately owned Palestinian land. The Israeli Attorney General has stated that existing laws already allow legalization of Israeli constructions on private Palestinian land in the West Bank. The Israeli Attorney General, Avichai Mandelblit, has updated the High Court on his official approval of the use of a legal tactic permitting the de facto legalization of roughly 2,000 illegally built Israeli homes throughout the West Bank.

When Veltman and 't Hooft moved to CERN after 't Hooft obtained his PhD, Veltman's attention was drawn to the possibility of using their dimensional regularization techniques to the problem of quantizing gravity. Although it was known that perturbative quantum gravity was not completely renormalizible, they felt important lessons were to be learned by studying the formal renormalization of the theory order by order. This work would be continued by Stanley Deser and another PhD student of Veltman, Peter van Nieuwenhuizen, who later found patterns in the renormalization counter terms, which led to the discovery of supergravity. In the 1980s, 't Hooft's attention was drawn to the subject of gravity in 3 spacetime dimensions.

GVF is defined as a diffusion process operating on the components of the input vector field. It is designed to balance the fidelity of the original vector field, so it is not changed too much, with a regularization that is intended to produce a smooth field on its output. Although GVF was designed originally for the purpose of segmenting objects using active contours attracted to edges, it has been since adapted and used for many alternative purposes. Some newer purposes including defining a continuous medial axis representation, regularizing image anisotropic diffusion algorithms, finding the centers of ribbon-like objects, constructing graphs for optimal surface segmentations , creating a shape prior , and much more.

The majority of Israeli West Bank agriculture arises from contracts with the World Zionist Organization that bypass direct contracts with the Israeli Land Regulating Commissioner, and many were given to use private Palestinian land. With the Regularization Law of 2017, Israel retroactively legalized the settler takeover of thousands of hectares of privately owned Palestinian land and some 4,500 homes which settlers had built without obtaining official permits. By that year, the fifth decade of occupation, Israel had managed to establish (2017) 237 settlements, housing roughly 580,000 settlers. One technique used to established settlements was to set up a paramilitary encampment for army personnel to be used for agricultural and military training for soldiers.

These people were heading in a semi- independent viceroy through royal ordinances were valid until the eighteenth century, administrative charges were the Mayor as a civilian representative, the priest-rector and administrator of the religious aspect of the Stewards in charge works and festivals, its patron saint was the Assumption of Mary on August 15. In 1700 there were only mentions that the ruins of the hospital which was over by internal disputes and the laws of regularization imposed in the viceroyalty. Around mentioned lived some Indians living from grazing and agriculture that fed with various waterholes of the area in 1538 on the ruins of the Tlaxpana aqueduct that supplied water to the mills and Tacubaya Mexico City.

He was the co-editor of the Journal of Integral Equations & Applications from 2002 to 2008. He was on the editorial boards of SIAM Review from 1992 to 1996 and the Journal of Mathematical Analysis & Applications from 1996 to 2005. He is on the editorial boards of Numerical Functional Analysis and Optimization since 1986, the Electronic Journal of Differential Equations since 1992, the Journal of Integral Equations & Applications since 1994-2008, the International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics since 2000, and the Electronic Journal of Mathematical and Physical Sciences since 2002. His research deals with inverse and ill- posed problems, integral equations of the first kind, regularization theory, numerical analysis, approximation theory, applied mathematics, and history of mathematics.

Volcano plots are also used to graphically display a significance analysis of microarrays (SAM) gene selection criterion, an example of regularization. The concept of volcano plot can be generalized to other applications, where the x axis is related to a measure of the strength of a statistical signal, and y axis is related to a measure of the statistical significance of the signal. For example, in a genetic association case-control study, such as Genome-wide association study, a point in a volcano plot represents a single-nucleotide polymorphism. Its x value can be the odds ratio and its y value can be -log10 of the p value from a Chi-square test or a Chi- square test statistic.

Endo refers to a short-term employment practice in the Philippines. It is a form of contractualization which involves companies giving workers temporary employment that lasts them less than six months and then terminating their employment just short of being regularized in order to skirt on the fees which come with regularization. Some examples of such benefits contractual workers do not get as compared to regularized workers are the benefits of having an employer and employee SSS, Philhealth, and the Pag-ibig housing fund contribution, unpaid leaves, and the 13th Month Pay, among others. Since the initial drafts of the Philippine Labor Code up until today, there has been no drastic action on contractualization.

In quantum physics an anomaly or quantum anomaly is the failure of a symmetry of a theory's classical action to be a symmetry of any regularization of the full quantum theory. In classical physics, a classical anomaly is the failure of a symmetry to be restored in the limit in which the symmetry-breaking parameter goes to zero. Perhaps the first known anomaly was the dissipative anomaly in turbulence: time-reversibility remains broken (and energy dissipation rate finite) at the limit of vanishing viscosity. Technically, an anomalous symmetry in a quantum theory is a symmetry of the action, but not of the measure, and so not of the partition function as a whole.

Regression analysis encompasses a large variety of statistical methods to estimate the relationship between input variables and their associated features. Its most common form is linear regression, where a single line is drawn to best fit the given data according to a mathematical criterion such as ordinary least squares. The latter is often extended by regularization (mathematics) methods to mitigate overfitting and bias, as in ridge regression. When dealing with non-linear problems, go-to models include polynomial regression (for example, used for trendline fitting in Microsoft Excel), logistic regression (often used in statistical classification) or even kernel regression, which introduces non-linearity by taking advantage of the kernel trick to implicitly map input variables to higher-dimensional space.

Another method defines the possibly divergent infinite product a1a2.... to be exp(−ζ′A(0)). used this to define the determinant of a positive self-adjoint operator A (the Laplacian of a Riemannian manifold in their application) with eigenvalues a1, a2, ...., and in this case the zeta function is formally the trace of A−s. showed that if A is the Laplacian of a compact Riemannian manifold then the Minakshisundaram–Pleijel zeta function converges and has an analytic continuation as a meromorphic function to all complex numbers, and extended this to elliptic pseudo-differential operators A on compact Riemannian manifolds. So for such operators one can define the determinant using zeta function regularization.

PRI Logo Cárdenas ended his presidential term in 1940, choosing Manuel Avila Camacho as his successor, and ensuring his presidential victory over a strong challenger. Avila Camacho was a political moderate who worked with the U.S. and the Allies during World War II. The relationship brought Mexico economic prosperity during the post-war years as foreign investment returned to Mexico. Economic stability was coupled with the cementing of the PRI's power through the regularization of its undemocratic methods. As a result of the PRI's reliance on a unified citizen elite and that elite's reliance on manipulated elections to legitimize its rule, the regime became one of the most stable and long-lasting in all of Latin America.

Regularization of a 2-d set by taking the closure of its interior According to the continuum point-set model of solidity, all the points of any X ⊂ ℝ3 can be classified according to their neighborhoods with respect to X as interior, exterior, or boundary points. Assuming ℝ3 is endowed with the typical Euclidean metric, a neighborhood of a point p ∈X takes the form of an open ball. For X to be considered solid, every neighborhood of any p ∈X must be consistently three dimensional; points with lower-dimensional neighborhoods indicate a lack of solidity. Dimensional homogeneity of neighborhoods is guaranteed for the class of closed regular sets, defined as sets equal to the closure of their interior.

Poggio is an honorary member of the Neuroscience Research Program, a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a founding fellow of AAAI and a founding member of the McGovern Institute for Brain Research. He received the Laurea Honoris Causa in Computer Engineering from the University of Pavia for the Volta Bicentennial in 2000, the 2003 Gabor Award, the 2009 Okawa Prize , and named in 2009 a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) for “distinguished contributions to computational neuroscience, in particular, computational vision learning and regularization theory, biophysics of computation and models of recognition in the visual cortex”, and the 2014 Swartz Prize for Theoretical and Computational Neuroscience.

This included a monograph on children's regularization of irregular forms and his popular 1999 book, Words and Rules: The Ingredients of Language. Pinker argued that language depends on two things, the associative remembering of sounds and their meanings in words, and the use of rules to manipulate symbols for grammar. He presented evidence against connectionism, where a child would have to learn all forms of all words and would simply retrieve each needed form from memory, in favour of the older alternative theory, the use of words and rules combined by generative phonology. He showed that mistakes made by children indicate the use of default rules to add suffixes such as "-ed": for instance 'breaked' and 'comed' for 'broke' and 'came'.

Because these old forms can sound incorrect to modern ears, regularization can wear away at them until they are no longer used: brethren has now been replaced with the more regular-sounding brothers except when talking about religious orders. It appears that many strong verbs were completely lost during the transition from Old English to Middle English, possibly because they sounded archaic or were simply no longer truly understood. In both cases, however, occasional exceptions have occurred. A false analogy with other verbs caused dug to become thought of as the 'correct' preterite and past participle form of dig (the conservative King James Bible preferred digged in 1611) and more recent examples, like snuck from sneak and dove from dive, have similarly become popular.

The Contestado War (), broadly speaking, was a land war between rebel civilians and the Brazilian state's federal police and military forces. It was fought in a region rich in wood and yerba mate that was contested by the States of Paraná, Santa Catarina and even Argentina, from October 1912 to August 1916. The war had its casus belli in the social conflicts in the region, the result of local disobediences, particularly regarding the regularization of land ownership on the part of the caboclos. The conflict was permeated by religious fanaticism expressed by the messianism and faith of the rebellious cablocos that they were engaged in a religious war; at the same time, it reflected the dissatisfaction of the population with its material situation.

Illegal migrants could be granted citizenship if they were non-Muslim, on the grounds that they were refugees; Muslims alone would be deported. In its manifesto for the 2014 Indian general election, the BJP promised to provide a "natural home" for persecuted Hindu refugees. The year before the 2016 elections in Assam, the government legalised refugees belonging to religious minorities from Pakistan and Bangladesh, granting them long-term visas. Bangladeshi and Pakistani nationals belonging to "minority communities" were exempted from the requirements of the Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920 and the Foreigners Act, 1946.Exemptions to minority community nationals from Bangladesh and Pakistan in regularization of their entry and stay in India , Ministry of Home Affairs, 7 September 2015.

In 1773 Reinaldo Oudinot was nominated to be the head-director of the Hydraulic works in the Lis River in Leiria. During this assignment, he developed several surveys of the Pinhal de Leiria. The project developed by Oudinot to the Lis river had two stages: the first, consisted of the regularization of the river channel through the cleaning of the sands and the establishment of the river into a straight line; the second, consisted of the construction of a floodwall to prevent future floods to happen over the lands in the south. During these improvementson the harbour, the consort king D. Pedro III, heir of these lands, valued the work of Oudinot, allowing him to expand his ideas for the harbour in 1778.

A system of elaborate rituals developed around the shrine that integrated local clans into the social and religious structure of the shrine. A 1623 collection of biographies regarding Baba Farid's life, the Jawahir al-Faridi, noted that the shrine's major rituals had in fact been established during Badr ad-Din's position of diwan that was inherited immediately following Baba Farid's death. Such traditions included the tying of a turban (dastar bandi) to signify inheritance of Baba Farid's spiritual authority, the regularization of qawwali music, establishment of the shrine's free kitchen, and opening of the tomb's southern door to allow visitors to the urs festival to directly pass the shrine's most sacred area. Devotees would also pass through the shrine's Beheshti Darwaza in order to symbolically enter paradise.

A two-stage ensemble Kalman filter for smooth data assimilation. Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 15:101--110, 2008. Proceedings of Conference on New Developments of Statistical Analysis in Wildlife, Fisheries, and Ecological Research, Oct 13-16, 2004, Columbia, MI. fulltext preprint penalizes large changes of spatial gradients in the Bayesian update in EnKF. The regularization technique has a stabilizing effect on the simulations in the ensemble but it does not improve much the ability of the EnKF to track the data: The posterior ensemble is made out of linear combinations of the prior ensemble, and if a reasonably close location and shape of the fire cannot be found between the linear combinations, the data assimilation is simply out of luck, and the ensemble cannot approach the data.

But the Portuguese lagoa, coincidentally with the Spanish lagona and Mirandese llagona, suggests a change in suffix,Entry "Lhagona" Dicionário da Língua Mirandesa. Page visited on August 16, 2011. already documented in a 938 document from Valencia, under the spelling lacona, and in another from 1094, in Sahagún, under the spelling lagona. The Portuguese lagoa under the spelling lagona (perhaps lagõna), is documented in the 14th century, and alternated with the other for a long time; the prosthesis is then explained by the introduction of the article, chiefly in locution (na lagoa, vindo da lagoa) (in the lake, coming from the lake), and for morphologic regularization with the derivatives of the verb alagar (to inundate) (alagadiço, alagado, alagador, alagamento, etc.) (swampish, waterlogged, flooding, overflow, etc.).

The most important antecedent of IHL is the current Armistice Agreement and Regularization of War, signed and ratified in 1820 between the authorities of the then Government of Great Colombia and the Chief of the Expeditionary Forces of the Spanish Crown, in the Venezuelan city of santa Ana de Trujillo. This treaty was signed under the conflict of Independence, being the first of its kind in the West. It was not until the second half of the 19th century, however, that a more systematic approach was initiated. In the United States, a German immigrant, Francis Lieber, drew up a code of conduct in 1863, which came to be known as the Lieber Code, for the Union Army during the American Civil War.

What are thought to be proto- fukiishi at Nishidani kofun No. 3 in Izumo, Shimane Tombs covered with fukiishi appear sporadically in Western Japan from the mid-Yayoi period and continue into the Kofun period. Fukiishi are thought to be one element of the characteristics of the period of kofun at the time that they were making their first appearance; what are thought of as the oldest examples of what was to lead the generally fixed form are seen at and the presumed slightly older in the city of Sakurai in Nara Prefecture. Neither fukiishi nor haniwa accompany mounds from before regularization such as at the . The ' () seen at the ("four corner projections type grave mound") in the San'in region in Western Japan are often put forth as an ancestor of '.

PSI (Proyecto Subsectorial de Irrigacion) is delivering positive results on the Peruvian coast, combining financial support and capacity building with regularization of water rights. The model's success in the coast has led to its current expansion in the Andean region. Part of the success comes from the Government and WUBs sharing investment responsibilities for irrigation infrastructure improvements through a cost- sharing system. The cost sharing system encourages WUBs to increase tariffs and collection rates in order to raise a percentage of the total investment (15% for large investments and 35% for on-farm investments) which would then qualify for the Government to fund the rest of the project. Since its implementation, 63,730 producers belonging to 19 WUB have improved the irrigation infrastructure of 197,150 ha along the coast, contributing 14% of the total investment.

One of the incidents that she had to face during her term as a Vice-Chancellor was the sit-in of half a thousand illegal immigrants claiming their regularization in 2002. Finally, after several attempts to resolve the conflict, some altercations with workers and after they had threatened to occupy more buildings, she ordered the eviction of the immigrants from the University premises. Mariano Rajoy (who at the time was Spain's vice-president) linked the protest with the European Council meeting which was being held in Seville during those days, and with a call for a national strike. The People's Party (PP) asked the Andalusian Regional Government at the Regional Parliament to assume “political responsibilities” for “encouraging and protecting” the sit- in of the illegal immigrants at the University premises.

5] From the social and cultural viewpoints, Rwandans are very attached to their land. From the political view point, it is believed that, the political economy of land in Rwanda contributed to socio- political tensions, leading to the 1994 genocide, due to the effects of resource capture by elite groups and landlessness in the economic collapse prior to 1994, in the context of structural land scarcity.[RISD Annual Report 2010 p.5] To intervene in these challenges, the current government of Rwanda made the design of land reform a priority area, and is implementing a land reform through the Land Tenure Regularization Program (LTRP), which started under a pilot program in 2007, and was scaled-up nationwide in 2009 and is expected to be completed by end of 2013.

Total variation can be seen as a non-negative real-valued functional defined on the space of real-valued functions (for the case of functions of one variable) or on the space of integrable functions (for the case of functions of several variables). For signals, especially, total variation refers to the integral of the absolute gradient of the signal. In signal and image reconstruction, it is applied as total variation regularization where the underlying principle is that signals with excessive details have high total variation and that removing these details, while retaining important information such as edges, would reduce the total variation of the signal and make the signal subject closer to the original signal in the problem. For the purpose of signal and image reconstruction, l1 minimization models are used.

In the case of a symmetric kernel, we have an infinity of eigenvalues and the associated eigenvectors constitute a hilbertian basis of L^2. Thus any solution of this equation is determined up to an additive function in the null-space and, in the case of infinity of singular values, the solution (which involves the reciprocal of arbitrary small eigenvalues) is unstable: two ingredients that make the solution of this integral equation a typical ill-posed problem! However, we can define a solution through the pseudo-inverse of the forward map (again up to an arbitrary additive function). When the forward map is compact, the classical Tikhonov regularization will work if we use it for integrating prior information stating that the L^2 norm of the solution should be as small as possible: this will make the inverse problem well-posed.

Differential inclusions can be used to understand and suitably interpret discontinuous ordinary differential equations, such as arise for Coulomb friction in mechanical systems and ideal switches in power electronics. An important contribution has been made by A. F. Filippov, who studied regularizations of discontinuous equations. Further, the technique of regularization was used by N.N. Krasovskii in the theory of differential games. Differential inclusions are also found at the foundation of non-smooth dynamical systems (NSDS) analysis, which is used in the analog study of switching electrical circuits using idealized component equations (for example using idealized, straight vertical lines for the sharply exponential forward and breakdown conduction regions of a diode characteristic) and in the study of certain non-smooth mechanical system such as stick-slip oscillations in systems with dry friction or the dynamics of impact phenomena.

The Contestado War (), broadly speaking, was a guerrilla war for land between settlers and landowners, the latter supported by the Brazilian state's police and military forces, that lasted from October 1912 to August 1916. It was fought in an inland southern region of the country, rich in wood and yerba mate, that was called Contestado because it was contested by the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina as well as Argentina. The war had its casus belli in the social conflicts in the region, the result of local disobediences, particularly regarding the regularization of land ownership on the part of the caboclos. The conflict was permeated by religious fanaticism expressed by the messianism and faith of the rebellious caboclos that they were engaged in a religious war; at the same time, it reflected the dissatisfaction of the population with its material situation.

In July 2011, she wrote an open letter to policemen, gendarmes and customs officers regarding illegal immigration, criticizing the "passivity and inactivity" of the UMP government and its "blind submissiveness to very questionable European injunctions". Denouncing a "sharp fall in deportations since the beginning of 2011 after a decrease of almost 5% in 2010", she claimed that "most of the detention centres are almost empty in 2011", and called for the deportation of all illegal immigrants in France to their country of origin. Le Pen supports repealing the law allowing the regularization of illegal immigrants. She calls for a "radical change of politics in order to drastically reduce upstream the influx of illegal immigrants towards France", meaning cutting the "suction pumps" of illegal immigration, such as the aide médicale d'Ėtat (AME), which grants free medical care to illegal immigrants.

In 1810 the city and district of Trujillo separated from the Province of Maracaibo to create a new province, which would be a signatory of the Venezuelan Independence Act in 1811. On June 15, 1813, Simón Bolívar, the Liberator, signs in the town of Trujillo at 3:00 am the Decree of War to Death against the Spaniards and the Canaries until they were granted freedom, which makes Trujillo a very important city in the history and the War of Independence of Venezuela. On July 2, 1813, the patriots, under the command of Colonel Jose Felix Ribas, defeated the royalists in the battle of Niquitao in the framework of the Admirable Campaign. On November 27, 1820, in the town of Santa Ana de Trujillo, Simón Bolívar and Captain General Pablo Morillo sign the Treaty of Armistice and Regularization of the War.

In statistics and machine learning, lasso (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator; also Lasso or LASSO) is a regression analysis method that performs both variable selection and regularization in order to enhance the prediction accuracy and interpretability of the statistical model it produces. It was originally introduced in geophysics literature in 1986, and later independently rediscovered and popularized in 1996 by Robert Tibshirani, who coined the term and provided further insights into the observed performance. Lasso was originally formulated for linear regression models and this simple case reveals a substantial amount about the behavior of the estimator, including its relationship to ridge regression and best subset selection and the connections between lasso coefficient estimates and so-called soft thresholding. It also reveals that (like standard linear regression) the coefficient estimates do not need to be unique if covariates are collinear.

Different procedures for computing the limit of this fraction yield wildly different answers. One way to illustrate how different regularization methods produce different answers is to calculate the limit of the fraction of sets of positive integers that are even. Suppose the integers are ordered the usual way, : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, ... () At a cutoff of "the first five elements of the list", the fraction is 2/5; at a cutoff of "the first six elements" the fraction is 1/2; the limit of the fraction, as the subset grows, converges to 1/2. However, if the integers are ordered such that any two consecutive odd numbers are separated by two even numbers, : 1, 2, 4, 3, 6, 8, 5, 10, 12, 7, 14, 16, ... () the limit of the fraction of integers that are even converges to 2/3 rather than 1/2.

Capilla abierta of Tlalmanalco, Mexico State A capilla abierta or “open chapel” is considered to be one of the most distinct Mexican construction forms. Mostly built in the 16th century during the early colonial period, the construction was basically an apse or open presbytery containing an altar, which opened onto a large atrium or plaza. While some state that these were constructed by friars because the native peoples of that epoch were afraid to enter the dark confines of European-style churches, the more likely reasons for their construction were that they allowed the holding of Mass for enormous numbers of people and the arrangement held similarities to the teocallis or sacred precincts of pre-Hispanic temples. While open chapels can be found in other places in Spain and Peru, their systematic use in monasteries and other religious complexes, leading to a regularization of architectural elements, is only found in Mexico.

This number can be rendered well defined if one chooses a framing for each loop, which is a choice of preferred nonzero normal vector at each point along which one deforms the loop to calculate its self-linking number. This procedure is an example of the point-splitting regularization procedure introduced by Paul Dirac and Rudolf Peierls to define apparently divergent quantities in quantum field theory in 1934. Sir Michael Atiyah has shown that there exists a canonical choice of 2-framing, which is generally used in the literature today and leads to a well-defined linking number. With the canonical framing the above phase is the exponential of 2πi/(k + N) times the linking number of L with itself. ;Problem（Extension of Jones polynomial to general 3-manifolds） ``The original Jones polynomial was defined for 1-links in the 3-sphere (the 3-ball, the 3-space R3).

It was also decided that, given the greater ease of communication then existing, bishops selected by CPCA procedures were likewise to request and receive the prior approval of the Holy See before ordination, and must seek to have as consecrants legitimate bishops, since "the active participation of illegitimate bishops cannot but make more difficult the acceptance of a subsequent request for regularization." They were also to make public, when they deemed it possible and opportune, the assent of the Holy See to their ordination. Some have actually made this public on the occasion of their ordination as bishops. In September 1992, the CPCA-sponsored Conference of Chinese Catholic Representatives, in which the bishops were a minority, approved new statutes of the Bishops' College, which seemed to subject the college to the Conference and to reiterate the CPCA rules for the election of bishops and the replacement, in the rite of episcopal ordination, of the papal mandate with the consent of the college.

Since use to produce novel (new, non-established) structures is the clearest proof of usage of a grammatical process, the evidence most often appealed to as establishing productivity is the appearance of novel forms of the type the process leads one to expect, and many people would limit the definition offered above to exclude use of a grammatical process that does not result in a novel structure. Thus in practice, and, for many, in theory, productivity is the degree to which native speakers use a particular grammatical process for the formation of novel structures. A productive grammatical process defines an open class, one which admits new words or forms. Non-productive grammatical processes may be seen as operative within closed classes: they remain within the language and may include very common words, but are not added to and may be lost in time or through regularization converting them into what now seems to be a correct form.

For this reason, on February 24, 2013 Hipólito Mora, Estanislao Beltrán and some land-owners, like a doctor from the community of Tepalcatepec José Manuel Mireles Valverde and Alberto Gutiérrez, took up arms against the Templar Cartel and all criminal groups that wanted to impose dominance in the area, entering a new phase in the war against drug trafficking. As civilian open-carry of weapons is restricted in Mexico and military grade weapons are illegal, federal forces could not legally distinguish between armed-civilian convoys and drug-cartel convoys, they started a hard process of regularization of these militias. Some defense groups and their members were absorbed into a faction that answers to the Mexican Army (SEDENA) and also registered their weapons; some were issued new legal-weapons by the government. Other members did not join, arguing fear of disarmament and distrust in the government that left them alone for so long.

The town developed around a church whose sides were built buildings that housed medical services, community kitchen and living quarters for religious as well as separate houses for the natives by gender either alone or as families. Other buildings were dedicated to teaching jobs, such as wrought was unknown among the Mexica. Taught in the church's new Christian faith which was led initially by the Augustinian Fray Alonso de Borja and then with the laws of regularization by secular clergy. This thriving hospital with the people round about but the trips of its founder to the current state of Michoacan and his appointment as Bishop of that in 1538 allowed him to repeat in other parts of the state of Santa Fe experience, which led him to be known as a benefactor of the region and which is known as Tata Basque "Papa Basque", these people spread to New Mexico, its founder died in 1565 in Pátzcuaro Michoacán, after ensuring that they were give special tax treatment to their hospitals and the inhabitants thereof.

The necessities of the medieval castle were abandoned shortly after the sixteenth century and was subsequently adapted into a rectory. Between 1940 and 1946, the DGEMN completed many repairs and recuperation of the castle, including: the central pillar of the tower was reconstructed, including the construction of foundation and installation of new masonry; reconstruction of double windows, including the exchange of damaged masonry (general repairs and shoring-up masonry); covering openings in masonry and stonework; repointing and cleaning; placing two rods and a square iron hanger in the roof frame including the finial iron plate; execution of the roof covering with double national tile; execution and settlement of thick elm beams in two floors; demolition of masonry walls; general consolidation of the tower battlements including the replacement of damage stones; execution of mortared masonry walls; and regularization of the surrounding land. On 27 April 1942, the castle was ceded to the Casa do Povo de Santo Estêvão. It was classified as a Monumento Nacional (National Monument) by decree published on 16 May 1939.

Formerly from the French Communist Party, Alain Soral considers that this party collapsed after renouncing class struggle and because of the competition - in electoral terms - of the Trotskyites, represented especially by parties such as Workers Struggle and the League of Revolutionary Communists. They, notably Olivier Besancenot, according to him were complicit in the policies of Nicolas Sarkozy: sharing the same policy of "selective immigration" defended by Nicolas Sarkozy and demands for regularization of undocumented migrants from the extreme left, he accused Olivier Besancenot of supplying to Nicolas Sarkozy a "humanist alibi" to its "neoliberal" policy, which would make him a "useful idiot" for the system. Also rejecting a "Federal" Europe, considered to be a "Trojan horse" of liberalism, he advocates a return to national sovereignty in order to implement a policy of "national preference" which would apply to "ethnic" French people and those who have immigrated who have become "integrated" and those born in France of foreign descent. He wants to rally opposition to the Treaty of Rome 2004 which established a Constitution for Europe, and is particularly opposed to the European Budget Pact.

Conte, during an interview to German weekly Die Zeit, questioned: "What do we want to do in Europe? Does each member state want to go its own way?", he also added: "If we are a union, now is the time to prove it." On 8 April, he stated "we should loosened European fiscal rules, otherwise we would have to cancel Europe and everyone will do on their own." On 23 April, the European Council agreed on a ESM without conditionality to sustain direct and indirect healthcare costs and the implementation of the so-called recovery fund to help the reconstruction. Prime Minister Conte at the European Council, in July 2020 On 13 May, the Council of Ministers approved the so-called "Relaunch decree", with a budget of nearly €55 billion. The decree included an "emergency income" of €400 to €800 for lower-income families, a bonus of €600 to €1,000 to self-employed workers, a reduction of €4 billion in taxes for all businesses with total annual revenues below €250 million, more than €3 billion in investments in the healthcare system, and a "holiday bonus" of €500 for lower-income families. The decree also provided economic aids to the tourism sector and regularization of nearly 600,000 undocumented immigrants, mainly employed in agricultural works.