718 Sentences With "rachis" | Random Sentence Generator

That is interesting because the rachis seems to aid in flight.

But this specimen lacked the rachis; it just had barbs and barbules down its ribbonlike tail.

The feathers' structure lacked a well-developed central shaft, or rachis, a feature found in modern bird feathers.

Most modern bird feathers have a central shaft called a rachis; think of the ink rod in a quill pen.

Branching from the rachis are smaller shafts called barbs, and then branching from the barbs are even smaller filaments called barbules.

A series of abscission layers forms that divides the rachis into dispersal units consisting of a small group of flowers (a single spikelet) attached to a short segment of the rachis. This is significant in the history of agriculture, and referred to by archaeologists as a "brittle rachis", one type of shattering in crop plants.

The inflorescence consists of a main axis—the peduncle and the rachis—and a series of smaller branches, the rachillae. The rachillae, which bear the flowers, emerge from the rachis. The peduncle is the main stalk, connecting the rachis with the stem. Inflorescences either consist entirely of male flowers, or are predominantly female with a few male flowers.

Feathers are products of the epidermis and keratinizing system. They are non-vascular and non- nervous. They have a tubular central shaft called the rachis; coming off either side of the rachis are the veins, which have a series of barbs with interlocking connections that are called barbules. The rachis and attached veins make up the spathe.

The middle leaflet of its leaves also has a short rachis.

Ovicell pedunculate ovoid, adnate to the rachis, with a lateral opening.

The inflorescence consists of a main axis—the peduncle and the rachis—and a series of smaller branches, the rachillae. The rachillae, which bear the flowers, emerge from the rachis. The peduncle is the main stalk, connecting the rachis with the stem. The peduncle, the main stalk of the inflorescence, is no more than long and up to in diameter.

Rachis Bulbophyllum purpureorhachis is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum.

In vertebrates, rachis can refer to the series of articulated vertebrae, which encase the spinal cord. In this case the rachis usually forms the supporting axis of the body and is then called the spine or vertebral column. Rachis can also mean the central shaft of pennaceous feathers. In the gonad of the invertebrate nematode C. elegans, a rachis is the central cell-free core or axis of the gonadal arm of both adult males and hermaphrodites where the germ cells have achieved pachytene and are attached to the walls of the gonadal tube.

In 1789, in Imereti, Solomon II became king and abolished the Rachis Saeristavo.

The most common form of this species has green pitchers with a red peristome. Nepenthes jacquelineae has a racemose inflorescence. In male plants, the peduncle is up to 12 cm long and the rachis up to 20 cm long, whereas in female plants the peduncle is up to 20 cm long and the rachis up to 10 cm long. The rachis bears one- or two-flowered partial peduncles.

They are usually described as having a rachis that forks into two branches, which curve outwards and backwards. Several pinnae grow from the outer side of the curve of each rachis branch, with the longest pinnae located closest to the fork of the rachis. The fingerlike pinnae are pinnately divided into short- stalked pinnules. However, this interpretation of the frond architecture (pedately divided into pinnae, then pinnately divided into pinnules) presents a problem: no other species of Adiantum, nor any other member of the Polypodiaceae sensu lato (the family in which Adiantum was once included) has a forking rachis.

Rachis depicted on a gold coin, 744–749. Altar of Ratchis in Cividale, dedicated to the memory of his father Pemmo Ratchis (also spelled Rachis, Raditschs, Radics, Radiks; died after 757) was the Duke of Friuli (739–744) and King of the Lombards (744–749).

M. mickelii also has the grooved stipe and rachis, but is hairy above and below. M. wrightii is also similar in having a grooved stipe and rachis and nearly glabrous fronds, but its false indusia are broken into interrupted lobes rather than being continuous.

The pinnules are oblong to very narrowly oblong in outline. The rachis becomes glabrous with maturity.

Rachis and his warriors also distinguished themselves in the defence of Liutprand when he was attacked and betrayed on the march to Fossombrone by the rebellious Duchy of Spoleto. As a result of the prestige that he had gained from these ventures, Rachis became king of the Lombards in 744, deposing Liutprand's successor Hildeprand after a few months of rule. Rachis assigned the duchy to his brother Aistulf, who only held it for a few years, since in 749 he succeeded Rachis (who had been deposed by his dukes) as king of Italy. Information about the situation in the Duchy during the final years of the Lombard kingdom is scarce.

Lygodium are unusual in that the rachis, or midrib, of the frond is thin, flexible, and long, the frond unrolling with indeterminate growth and the rachis twining around supports, so that each frond forms a distinct vine. The fronds may be from long, depending on the species.

In fact, these species are not pedate, but pseudopedate. What appears to be a fork in the rachis is in fact the junction between the rachis and a basal pinna. That basal pinna makes up one of the two curving branches; the rachis runs straight up the first fingerlike segment on the other branch, while the remainder of that curving branch is made up of the other basal pinna. Both basal pinnae are further divided and subdivided to create the other fingerlike segments.

For others, grapes may ripen individually within a cluster. Each grape berry contains a pedicel which attaches to the rachis. The main function of the rachis is to allow the grapes receive their water and nutrients. The pollination and fertilization of grapes results in one to four seeds within each berry.

Semiplumes have a very large central rachis and loose veins. This structure allows them to be used in insulation and aerodynamics. Bristle feathers have a very stiff rachis but few barbs. They are located around the eyes and mouth; it is believed that they have a protective and sensory function.

The drupes appear at the ends of edible fleshy fruit stalks (rachis), which is a type of accessory fruit.

Fronds are bi- or tripinnate and may be exceptionally long, up to 7 m, though they are usually around 2–3 m. The rachis and stipe are dark to darkish red, scaly and may be warty, but lack spines. Scales on the rachis and stipe are purplish brown to black and have a long hair-like apex. Characteristically of this species, the last pair of pinnae are separated from the others along the rachis and may form a clump (the "wig") around the trunk apex.

In male plants, the peduncle grows to 20 cm, while the rachis may be 70 cm tall. Female inflorescences have a longer peduncle (≤30 cm) and a shorter rachis (≤40 cm). Partial peduncles are one- or two-flowered and up to 15 mm long. Sepals are ovate and up to 6 mm long.

Petioles are long and spiny. Rachises are with 27 to 36 pairs of leaflets, the ends of which are deeply notched to form a pair of "horns". Inflorescences consist of a peduncle and a rachis long. The rachis bears 2 to 3 rachillae, which are the smaller branches which themselves bear the flowers.

The groups are on a rachis long and covered with rust-coloured hairs. The rachis has thickly matted hairs or more or less raised short silky rusty coloured hairs, occasionally white hairs. The pedicels are long and scantily covered with mostly white flattened soft silky hairs. The perianth is long and pistil long.

The leaf sheath is long, the petiole and the rachis . Each leaf consists of 17 to 32 leaflets which clustered in groups of two to five. The largest of the leaflets are long and broad. The inflorescence consists of a -long peduncle and -long rachis, off of which branches between eight and 39 rachillae long.

There are (57-)63-78 glaucous-coloured pinnae (leaflets) along this rachis, these pinnae are (58-)65–77 cm long and 2–3 cm wide in the middle of the leaf. The pinnae are inserted at a single plane on both sides of the rachis, such that each pair of pinnae form a 'V'-shape.

The rachis of the leaf is 84–150 cm in length, and has 38-61 pinnae (leaflets) at each side arranged in pairs, more or less evenly spaced, and inserted at an angle on the rachis so that each pair forms a neat 'V'-shape. The pinnae in the middle of the rachis are 45–65 cm long and 1.1–2 cm wide. The apex (tips) of the pinnae are long- acuminate and asymmetrical. The colour of the leaves has been described as bright green, bluish-green or bluish-grey.

ANI-2 ensures oocytes do not disconnect prematurely from the rachis, thereby leading to the generation of embryos of varying sizes.

As one goes distally along the pinna, the basal basiscopic pinnules gradually become decurrent and broadly adnate to the pinna rachis.

Rachis are , including petiole . Leaflet blades are elliptic-oblong to lanceolate-oblong, base cuneate to rounded, apex acute. Legume dark brown, oblong or when 1-seeded ovoid, inflated, densely covered with pale yellow warts. Pseudora cemes with two to six branches beneath new stems, , brown tomentose; rachis nodes with two to five flowers clustered on a spur.

The flowers occur in groups of 3 or fewer on a rachis. Flowers are attached to the rachis by fleshy, densely hairy pedicels that are 4.5-9 by 0.8-1.5 millimeters. The pedicels have an oval, basal bract that is 1.5 by 2 millimeters, and another upper bract that is 1-2.5 by 1.5-2.5 millimeters.

The stipe can occupy nearly half the length of the frond. Reddish brown scales and hairs cover both the stipe and rachis. The spore bearing rachis may have up to 40 pinnae each borne on a short stalk. The leaves are glossy green with characteristic in-rolled sori as a band around the paler green underside of each pinna.

They are wide, occasionally as little as . They are blunt at the base and pointed to acuminate at the tip. The rachis (leaf axis) is round, rather than flattened. The rachis and the axes of the leaf segments are all dark in color; the color stops abruptly at a joint at the base of the leaf segment.

The rachis is green, sometimes turning tan when dry. The underside of the rachis and blade have a few scattered, small hairs. Overall, the blades are quite morphologically variable; in younger blades, the edges may be not at all lobed or may be wavy. The veins are free and forking, only rarely anastomosing (rejoining one another to form nets).

The spikes of L. temulentum are more slender than those of wheat. The spikelets are oriented edgeways to the rachis and have only a single glume, while those of wheat are oriented with the flat side to the rachis and have two glumes. Wheat will appear brown when ripe, whereas darnel is black.Heinrich W.Guggenheimer, The Jerusalem Talmud,Vol.

The hindwings are uniform brown.TOLweb The larvae feed on Yucca elephantipes. They probably bore in the floral rachis of their host plant.

The laminae are ovate to nearly circular in outline, with 2 recurved rachises, each rachis bearing pinnules on only the basiscopic side.

Inflorescences may be simple (single) or complex (panicle). The rachis may be one of several types, including single, composite, umbel, spike or raceme.

The rachis elongates after each conidium is produced, resulting in a long zig-zag extension. The conidia are single-celled, haploid, and hydrophobic.

The top of a hairy grama (Bouteloua hirsuta) flower spike, showing the flattened rachis Bouteloua includes both annual and perennial grasses, which frequently form stolons. Species have an inflorescence of 1 to 80 racemes or spikes positioned alternately on the culm (stem). The rachis (stem) of the spike is flattened. The spikelets are positioned along one side of the spike.

The lower petiole or stipe is dark purple to black, shiny and swollen, the upper rachis is dull green. The leaf blade is green and lanceolate, composed of 12 to 23 paired, alternate pinnatifid pinnae. The pinnae are subdivided into 15 to 20 paired segments that are ovate to oblong. The lower rachis is naked for about half its length.

Cyathea affinis is a variable species of tree fern native to Fiji, Samoa, the Cook Islands, Austral Islands, Tahiti, and the Marquesas Islands. The trunk of this plant is erect and 2–6 m tall. Fronds are bipinnate and 2–3 m in length. The rachis and stipe are pale to brown in colour, or flushed with red towards the pinnule rachis.

The trunks are mostly medium to large, clustering, high climbing, and extensively armed with sharp spines. The pinnate leaves are usually large, with spiny petioles, rachises and leaf sheaths. The barbed, linear leaflets are regularly arranged along the rachis and usually hang pendent. The end of the rachis is modified for climbing, featuring double, recurved spines which hook onto forest vegetation.

When they occur, the hairs often branch into a star-like shape. The stem scales are iridescent, a distinctive feature of the species. The pinnae, which are alternate on the rachis, range in shape from oblong-falcate (somewhat sickle-shaped) to long-triangular. They are asymmetrical at the base, being attached directly (without petioles) to the rachis near one corner of the pinna.

The barb ridges on the anterior midline of the follicle fuse together, forming the rachis. The creation of a posterior barb locus follows, giving an indeterminate number of barbs. This resulted in a feather with a symmetrical, primarily branched structure with a rachis and unbranched barbs. In stage IIIb, barbules paired within the peripheral barbule plates of the barb ridges, create branched barbs with rami and barbules.

This prevents the birds from overheating, allowing them to be active during the heat of the day.Eastman, pp. 5–6. A unique feature of the emu feather is the double rachis emerging from a single shaft. Both of the rachis have the same length, and the texture is variable; the area near the skin is rather furry, but the more distant ends resemble grass.

The blade is cut into pinnae throughout its length, from 15 to 45 pairs per leaf. The pinnae are distinctly alternate along the rachis. They are rectangular or quadrangular in shape, those in the middle of the leaf blade measuring from in length and from in width. Each pinna has an obvious auricle at its base, pointing towards the tip of the blade and overlapping the rachis.

The rachis is pinnately divided and ranges from long. The leaf segments themselves range in length from in R. altissima up to as much as in R. lenis. They are arranged in two or three planes along the rachis. Many authors have reported that the leaves R. oleracea are arranged in a single plane, but American botanist Scott Zona reported that this is not the case.

Gymnocarpium robertianum has small (10–50 cm), deltate, two- to three-pinnate fronds. Fronds arise from creeping rhizomes and have long, delicate rachis. The sori are borne in round clumps on the underside of the blade and lack an indusium. This species differs from the closely related G. dryopteris in having a densely glandular rachis as well as a more sparsely glandular underside to the blade.

Colonies range in length up to at least 240mm, with a symmetrical slightly tapering round-tipped cylindrical rachis and a tapering peduncle of between one fifth and one third of the total length of the colony. The rachis is covered all round with dimorphic polyps, radially arranged with respect to the longitudinal axis. Siphonozoids are packed between the bases of the retractile autozooids, which have inconspicuous non-retractile bifurcated calyces. Colour is variable and permanent; individual colonies may be entirely reddish brown, pink or mauve, yellow, white or cream, or the rachis may be purple to reddish purple, with a yellow, white, pink or brownish peduncle.

Independently of the Cobb angle, the affected vertebra and the age, idiopathic scoliotic people have a larger rachis flexion range of motion and a narrower hips extension range of motion than non-scoliotic people. The range of motion for rachis extension, hips flexion, left and right lateral flexions are similar to non-scoliotic people. After arthrodesis, all rachis ranges of motion decrease because of surgery but hips extension range of motion is comparable to the one of non-operated scoliotic people.Le mouvement de la colonne scoliotique à l’âge adulte, Range of motion of the scoliotic spine in adults; B. Biot, E. Clément, M. Lejeune, 2003.

Flowers in loose spikes 1–6 cm long, solitary or twinned, creamy white or pale yellow; rachis visible between flowers. Flowers in spring, usually Aug.–Dec.

Rachis is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Cerastidae. This genus is also spelled as “Rhachis”as a synonym.

Pterolobium microphyllum is a flowering plant in the legume family, Fabaceae. They are perennial climbing shrubs that occur from Burma eastwards to Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia. They bear erect creamy coloured inflorescences and colourful samaroid fruit typical of their genus, and have pairs of thorns below the rachis of their bipinnate leaves. The minute leaflets and the rachis have a rufous tone before they mature.

It grows a branching stipe from a thick holdfast. It bears long, flat, straplike fronds lined with small blades each a few centimeters long. There are pneumatocysts at intervals along the fronds which provide buoyancy. The alga varies in morphology; the rachis, or central strip, of the frond may be smooth or corrugated, and the blades along the edge of the rachis may be a variety of shapes.

Bulbophyllum falcatum is a species of plant in the family Orchidaceae endemic to tropical Africa from Sierra Leone up to the Congo and western Uganda. It is a member of the section Megaclinium. It has rachis shaped like a wing that are about 10 cm long and 8–10 mm thick. On each side of the rachis are a row of flowers with 10-15 flowers per row.

In some passerines, filoplumes arise exposed beyond the pennaceous feathers on the neck. The remiges, or flight feathers of the wing, and rectrices, or flight feathers of the tail, are the most important feathers for flight. A typical vaned feather features a main shaft, called the rachis. Fused to the rachis are a series of branches, or barbs; the barbs themselves are also branched and form the barbules.

Harpullia alata is a tree which grows to a height of 7 m. It has smooth parts except for its young growth and its inflorescences. The leaf rachis and its stem have broad toothed wings. The leaf rachis is 11–18 cm long, carrying 6 - 12 leaflets which are elliptic and 6–18 cm long by 2.5–7 cm wideon a stalk which is 6–10.5 cm long.

The rachis bears rachillae, which are smaller branches which themselves bear the flowers, while the peduncle is the main stalk connecting the rachis with the stem of the plant. In some species there is second-order branching—the rachillae themselves are branched and the flowers are borne on these branches.Borchsenius & Bernal (1996), pp. 11–14 Flowers are usually borne in groups of three—one female flower together with two male flowers.

R. boothillensis leaves are pinnately compound on an at least long petiole, with the full length of the rachis unknown. The subopposite leaflets attach to the rachis between wide wings that bracket the stems midvein. The leaflets have a petiolule unlike R. malloryi and R. republicensis which both have sessile leaflets. The leaflets are elliptical in outline, tapering from the wide middle to the asymmetrical base and pointed apex.

The petiole is glabrous (hairless), in length and wide, flat on top and round elsewhere. The margins of the petioles are densely toothed with numerous, robust, up to long spines, and many flattened fibres when the leaves are young. The rachis of the leaf is in length, with 48-62 pairs of pinnae (leaflets) which are glaucous-coloured and arranged uniformly along the rachis. Unlike other species of Butia (except B. odorata), these are usually in the same plane, but sometimes inserted at very slightly divergent angels along the rachis, but without giving the leaf a plumose aspect such as in Syagrus, and with each pair of pinnae forming a neat V-shape.

The plant is tall and wide while its rachis is in length. Its rachillae are in length and the flowers are as big as . Fruits are red and oblong.

The most characteristic features of IVPP 21711, which the genus Cruralispennia was named after, are its crural (leg) feathers. These feathers are present on the tibiotarsus and possibly the femur, although overlap from body feathers makes the femur's integument uncertain. They are long and wire-like, consisting of a rachis-like structure seemingly formed from the fusion of a bundle of parallel barbs. This rachis-like structure forms 90% of the length of the feather.

The leaves have 12 to 19 pairs of lateral veins, and the leaf stalks are and puberulous. The flowers of Lecythis minor are arranged on a rachis, being long, and the inflorescences are white to yellow, green while budding. Each rachis has 10 to 75 flowers, and the rachides are pubescent. The fruit of the tree have a distinct cup shape representative of the genus Lecythis, and are spherical with a thick pericarp.

The species most similar to Asplenium platyneuron is the black-stemmed spleenwort, A. resiliens. However, this stipe of this species is darker, and the pinnae are opposite, rather than alternate, along the rachis. Neither black-stemmed spleenwort nor the other pinnate American spleenworts have dimorphic fertile and sterile fronds. It might be confused with a young Christmas fern, Polystichum acrostichoides, but that species is generally much larger and has a green, scaly stipe and rachis.

The ocreas are usually grossly swollen and house ants. Younger leaves are undivided with the occasional bifid apice. A truly pinnate leaf form comes in maturity and is accompanied by a barbed rachis extension which allows the palm to hook onto forest vegetation and climb to the canopy top where mature pinnae hang pendent. Also unique to the group are the rachis borne stalks, adapted for climbing, from which the leaflets emerge.

The gills have a two fine red lines on the outer rachis and white leaves.Rudman, W.B., 1999 (June 1) Chromodoris daphne (Angas, 1864). [In] Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney.

Wild barley is an annual grass and is very similar in form to cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare) but has slightly narrower leaves, longer stems, longer awns, a brittle rachis, a longer, more slender seed spike and smaller grains. Characteristics of the wild plant that enhance its survival and dispersal include the brittle rachis (the central part of the seed head), which breaks when the grain is ripe, and the hulled seeds, which are arranged in two rows. In cultivated varieties, the rachis is more durable and the seeds are usually arranged in four or six rows. In the east, barley is usually grown for human consumption and the naked form of the grain is preferred, while in the west, the hulled form is mainly grown.

It is an acaule plant, with a partially underground stem up to 40 cm high and with a diameter of 15 cm. The leaves are 50–80 cm long, bluish green in color, strongly keeled. The rachis is green, with the upper part clearly curved. The linear leaflets, 10–12 cm long, are arranged on the rachis in the opposite way, with an obtuse angle of insertion, which varies from 45 to 80º; the margins are integer and smooth.

The lid measures up to 2 cm in length and 2 cm in width. As in lower pitchers, a single highly developed appendage is located on the underside of the lid. Nepenthes lingulata has a racemose inflorescence. In male plants, the peduncle is up to 2.3 cm long and the rachis up to 4.5 cm long, whereas in female plants the peduncle is up to 5.5 cm long and the rachis up to 3.5 cm long.

The stems are small, densely clustering, spiny, and high climbing with long internodes and conspicuous scars. Young leaves are undivided or with few segments, in maturity becoming pinnate and cirrate with a tubular, unarmed or sparsely armed, scaly leaf sheath. Ocreas present, entire or becoming tattered. The petiole, when present, and the proximal end of the rachis are deeply channeled and spiny; the cirrus and distal end of the rachis are armed with regularly arranged reflexed climbing spines.

Nepenthes attenboroughii has a racemose inflorescence up to 80 cm long. The male flower spike bears approximately 100 pedicellate flowers on a rachis up to 45 cm long and is recorded to bifurcate on occasion. The flowers lack bracts and produce red tepals that are broadly ovate with an obtuse apex. The female inflorescence is shorter, to 65 cm long, never bifurcates, and bears up to 70 densely arranged flowers on a compact rachis up to 20 cm long.

The rachis is 30–74cm in length. The 15-29 pinnae (leaflets) on each side of the leaf rachis are linear with an acuminate apex and inserted at a regular distance on the same plane per side of the leaf, so that each pair of pinnae forms a neat 'V'-shape. These pinnae are 13-40cm long and 0.3-0.8cm wide in the middle of the rachis. Similarly to B. eriospatha, it has woody spathes (in which the young inflorescence is developing) with the outside surface densely covered in a furry layer of lanate (woolly) tomentose indumentum; these differ from the spathes of that species by the hairs being shorter and darker purplish-brown. The spathe is 33–40cm in length, with an enlarged part 10-18cm long and 3.5-4.5cm wide. The inflorescence is branched and up to 17cm long. The inflorescence has a 27-32cm peduncle and a lanceolate prophyll 7-14.5cm long. The rachis of the inflorescence is 1-7.5cm long and has 3-18 rachillae (branches) which are 6-12cm long.

However, it has also been hypothesized that the holotype specimen had recently molted, and that the unusual feathers were simply new feathers which had yet to lose the thick sheath around the rachis.

The teeth become more developed and closer spaced towards the tip of the leaflet. The leafy wings of the rachis have secondary veins that angle steeply towards the leaf tip and occasionally forking.

In some other plant groups, such as the speedwell genus Veronica, petiolate and sessile leaves may occur in different species. In the grasses (Poaceae) the leaves are apetiolate, but the leaf blade may be narrowed at the junction with the leaf sheath to form a pseudopetiole, as in Pseudosasa japonica. In plants with compound leaves, the leaflets are attached to a continuation of the petiole called the rachis. Each leaflet may be attached to the rachis by a short stalk called the petiolule.

The stipe (the stalk of the leaf, below the blade) is a shiny chestnut brown or reddish-brown in color, measuring in diameter. The shiny brown color of the stipe continues into the rachis and the axis of the leaf segments, and blends with the leaf tissue at the base of each segment, without an abrupt end point. The rachis (leaf axis) is rounded or slightly flattened on the upper surface. The costae (pinna axes) are more or less straight.

The blade is usually bipinnate (cut into pinnae and pinnules) to bipinnate-pinnatifid (cut into pinnae and lobed pinnules) at the base. The rachis (leaf axis) is rounded on the upper side and dark in color. It bears twisted hairs tightly pressed to it on the upper side, and scattered, spreading, straight hairs on the lower side; no scales are present. The pinnae are not jointed at the base, and the dark pigmentation of the rachis enters the edge of the pinnae.

They are joined to the rachis by a distinct stalk; the dark color of the rachis extends into the stalk but terminates abruptly in a swollen node covered with hairs. The lowest pair of pinnae is slightly smaller than the one above. At the other end of the frond, the pinnae gradually taper to an acute or obtuse apex. The upper surface of the pinnae is covered with scattered to abundant hairs, stiff, flattened against the surface, one-celled, and about long.

They also come to a point at the tip, and have a few widely spaced, irregular teeth. The rachis (central axis of the leaf) is green and shiny, and the leaves, including the rachis, are free of hairs or scales. Fertile and sterile fronds are the same in appearance; in fertile fronds, the sori are linear, parallel to the edges of the pinna, usually two or more per pinna. The sori are covered by thin, pale tan indusia, with entire edges.

The lid is similar to that of the lower pitchers. Nepenthes thorelii has a large racemose inflorescence. The peduncle is 8 to 18 cm long, while the rachis is 50 to 70 cm long.

The leaves have rachis 10 cm long. The tree is dioecious, with male and female trees producing different sex flowers. Both types of flowers are small and greenish. It grows slowly, becoming 1000 years old.

An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Portland: Timber Press. / (page 389) All species have spines on the rachis and petiole. The monocarpic species present a Christmas tree shaped inflorescence, or instead, upward-reaching branches spreading horizontally.

Tailpiece (or pygidium) is 20 to 35% of the length of the body. The pygidial axis (or rachis) is pointed (or acute), ending at the border.Struve, W. Suborder Phacopina, p. O467. in Moore, R.C. (ed.).

There were three types of feathers recovered from the caves. 10 feathers had been worked by cutting the barbs and cropped very close to the rachis. The function of these feathers was unknown.Aikens 1970, p.

The leaves have 7-9 pairs of secondary veins emanating from their midribs. Its petioles are 6-8.5 by 1.4-2 millimeters and covered in sparse, fine hairs. The flowers occur in groups of 3 or fewer on a rachis positioned opposite leaves. Flowers are attached to the rachis by fleshy, densely hairy pedicels that are 12-20 by 1.1-1.5 millimeters. The pedicels have an oval, basal bract that is 3.5 by 2.5 millimeters, and another upper bract that is 1.5-2.5 by 2-4 millimeters.

In male plants, the peduncle reaches 70 cm and the rachis 30 cm, while female plants produce a rachis up to 20 cm long. Tepals are orbicular to elliptic, ranging in length from 2 mm in male flowers to 4 mm in female flowers. The former have androphores up to 2 mm long, while the latter bear ovaries around 4 mm long. Fruit are typically 10 to 25 mm long and each contain 50 to 100 fusiform seeds measuring around 7 mm in length.

In botany, this leaf stalk is generally called a petiole, but in regard to fronds specifically it is called a stipe, and it supports a flattened blade (which may be called a lamina), and the continuation of the stipe into this portion is called the rachis. The blades may be simple (undivided), pinnatifid (deeply incised, but not truly compound), pinnate (compound with the leaflets arranged along a rachis to resemble a feather), or further compound (subdivided). If compound, a frond may be compound once, twice, or more.

Dryopteris affinis is virtually evergreen and bears light green fronds long, moderately stiff and hard-textured, the rachis at the base of the frond densely covered in yellow- brown scales known as ramenta. The frond is bipinnate, the pinnae up to long, the pinnules broad rectangular with the margin most toothed close to the pinna tip. There is a blackish spot at the base of the pinna where it joins the rachis. Individual fronds live for about 1.5 years and remain attached to the rhizome after withering.

The blades are gray-green in color. The rachis (leaf axis) is rounded on the upper side, dark brown in color, and bears soft hairs of uniform shape, and scattered linear scales. The pinnae are not jointed at the base, and the dark pigmentation of the rachis enters the base of the pinnae. The pinnae at the base of the leaf are about the same size as the pinnae immediately above them, and the pinnae are more or less symmetric about the costa (pinna axis).

The stipe (the stalk of the leaf, below the blade) is dark brown, round, and brittle, about long. A few scales similar to those of the rhizome are scattered at its base; narrowed, hairlike scales sometimes continue further up the stipe. The rachis (leaf axis) is straight, and the rachis, costae and costules (axes of leaflets and leafules) are all shiny and chestnut-brown in color. The blade tissue turns brownish- green when dried; it is papery in texture, and both sides lack scales, hairs, or farina.

The lower third of the blade is pinnate (cut all the way to the rachis and attached by a narrow costa) to pinnatifid (cut into deep lobes fused across the rachis). There are typically no more than three pairs of pinnae, and sometimes even the most basal part of the leaf is pinnatifid. The upper portion of the leaf is lobed, coming to an acute, straight-sided tip at the end of the leaf. The leaves have a few fine, soft hairs on the upper surface only.

The rachis (leaf axis) is rounded on the upper side, dark in color, and bears soft hairs of uniform shape, but not scales. The pinnae are not jointed at the base, and the dark pigmentation of the rachis enters the edge of the pinnae. The pinnae at the base of the leaf are slightly smaller than the pinnae immediately above them, and the pinnae are more or less symmetric about the costa (pinna axis). The upper surfaces of the pinnae are sparsely covered with hairs.

Adiantum capillus-veneris grows from in height; its fronds arising in clusters from creeping rhizomes tall, with very delicate, light green fronds much subdivided into pinnae long and broad; the frond rachis is black and wiry.

Astragalus centralpinus can reach a height of . The hairy stem has a diameter of about 10 mm. Leaves are petiolated, long, with rachis covered with ascending hairs. Leaflets are ovate to elliptic, in 20-25 pairs.

The peduncle may be up to long. The rachis grows to in length, although it is usually shorter in female inflorescences. Pedicels are bracteolate and up to long. Sepals are oblong-lanceolate and up to long.

The peduncle may be up to 40 cm long and the rachis can reach 100 cm in length. Female inflorescences are usually shorter.Macfarlane, J.M. 1908. Nepenthaceae. In: A. Engler Das Pflanzenreich IV, III, Heft 36: 1–91.

Cycas debaoensis has a trunk that shows up to 70 cm above ground. Leaves are tripinnate with spines along the rachis. Seeds are green, yellow, or brown, 3–4 cm across.Zhong, Ye Cong & Chen, Chia-jui. 1997.

Leaves are pinnate, up to 130 cm long, with spines along the rachis. Leaflets are in 40-70 pairs, with prominent midveins on both surfaces. The green to yellow-brown seeds are less than 2 cm wide.

The forewings are dark brown with about five yellowish white spots. The hindwings are uniform and lighter brown than the forewings. The larvae feed on Yucca schottii. They bore in the floral rachis of their host plant.

Other parts of aerial pitchers are similar to their lower counterparts. Nepenthes tobaica has a racemose inflorescence. The peduncle and rachis can each grow to 20 cm in length. Partial peduncles are two-flowered and lack bracteoles.

The rachis is attenuate, angular in cross section, and up to 46 cm long. Pedicels are two-flowered and lack bracts. They may be up to 22 mm long. The oblong tepals are approximately 4 mm long.

Lithocarpus brochidodromus grows as a tree up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The flaky bark is greyish or brownish. Its coriaceous leaves measure up to long. The flowers are solitary on the rachis.

Abrus kaokoensis grows as a woody suffrutex (subshrub) tall. The leaves consist of four to eight pairs of leaflets, of oblong to obovate shape. Leaflets measure up long. Inflorescences are on a rachis measuring up to long.

The dry involucres may persist on the tree for some time and are often found on the ground underneath mature trees. This very distinctive fruit and the flattened rachis make easily-recognisable key identifiers for the species.

Logrunners as a group are characterised within their group by their distinctive tail feathers where the rachis (or central shafts) of the tail feathers protrude and are stiffened.LUCAS, A. H. S. and DUDLEY LE SOUËF, W. H. 1911. The birds of Australia, Melbourne, Melbourne : Whitcombe and Tombs. The broad tail of the bird is less than four inches (10 cm) in length and the strong protruding rachis at the ends of the tail feathers are almost void of the usual barbs, giving the feather the appearance of spines.

The leaflets are borne in a single plane, and are usually linear in shape, but sometimes widen towards their apex, especially in Puerto Rico. The lower surface of the leaf can be covered with spines up to long or can be unarmed; the upper surface has a row of spines about long along the midrib. The rachis can be unarmed but is often covered with black spines up to long. The petiole, which connects the rachis with the stem, is long and covered with black spines up to long.

They are shrubs to trees, typically 3-6 (to 27) m in height. Branches are greyish-white to brownish grey. Leaves: 120–200 mm; with petiole and rachis adaxially flat, abaxially rounded; leaflets generally in number of 3 or 5, sub-opposite or opposites; petioles 3–5 mm; thin elliptic to oblong- lanceolate, 60-100 × 25–40 mm, coriaceous, both surfaces glabrous and glossy. The female flowers are sessile, globose, 2–3 mm in diameter, axillary in the apical part of the branches, in spikes; rachis thin, finely grooved, with scattered flowers.

The two species can be distinguished by leaf anatomy: H. forsteriana has rather flat fronds with elegantly drooping leaflets, while H. belmoreana has curved leaves with erect leaflets giving the fronds a more angular appearance. More technically, if the inflorescence is a single spike and the rachis of the leaves is arcuate, the species is H. belmoreana. If the inflorescence consists of 3 to 5 (up to a maximum of 8) spikes arising from a single broad base, and the rachis of central and lower leaves is horizontal and drooping, the species is H. forsteriana.

The rhizome and the stipe (the stalk of the leaf, below the blade) have bronze-colored scales. The stipe and rachis range from chestnut brown to dark purple in color and are glabrous; the stipe is about 2 to 3 mm in diameter while the rachis is smaller, 1 to 2 mm. The basal pinnae are from three to seven times pinnate (due to the pseudopedate structure of the blade), while the apical parts of the blade (and the corresponding segments of the basal pinnae) are once- pinnate.

The sporophyte stage has rhizome branched and creeping, very fine, densely covered with tiny, pale brown hairs. Fronds well spaced, pendent, 5–15 cm long, delicate and translucent; stipe and rachis thread-like. Lamina pale green, long and narrow, irregular in outline and simply lobed to pinnately divided; pinnae sometimes very long and hanging almost parallel to main rachis, lower pinnae often very small and widely spaced. Margins of pinnae or segments wavy or broadly crenate; ultimate segments blunt and broad (2–6 mm); veins prominent and repeatedly forked.

The rachis is triangular and glabrous. The petiolule is long and the midrib is flat or slightly canaliculate. The tertiary nerves are broadly reticulate. Between January and June inflorescent panicles of purple flowers with yellow interiors are produced.

Its drupes are 8–10% oil. The fresh meolo is edible too. The rachis have been used to manufacture arrows and the leaves to make baskets and construct provisional housings. Additionally, Rhynchophorus larva are harvested from the palm.

This species is shrubby, with small branches and short woody gray stem surrounded by thorns. The compound leaves are stipulate with elliptical leaflets (pinnae) borne in opposite pairs. The rachis of the leaf is extended into a sharp thorn.

Lithocarpus corneri grows as a tree up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The brown bark is rough. Its coriaceous leaves are yellowish tomentose and measure up to long. The flowers are solitary on the rachis.

The paired spikelets are arranged in uneven rows and are elliptical and long. The rachis is tinged with purple. Although many flower-heads grow, only a few viable seeds are produced, and propagation is usually by vegetative means.Urochloa mutica.

Brun Fourca is a mid-ripening variety that is highly prone to powdery mildew and botrytis rot. The vine produces small "forked" clusters of very large berries that easily fall off the rachis when the grapes are fully ripe.

Individuals are reported to have 16–22 or 20–22 leaves. Leaves consist of a long petiole and a rachis. The inflorescence bears white male and female flowers. Fruit are long and long, and turn purplish-black when ripe.

Lithocarpus havilandii grows as a tree up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The greyish brown bark is smooth, flaky or lenticellate. Its coriaceous leaves measure up to long. The flowers are solitary on the rachis.

Stamens are about 4 mm long, including the anthers. The female inflorescence is a panicle-like raceme. The peduncle may be up to 15 cm long and 2.5 mm wide. The rachis is attenuate and reaches 20 cm in length.

The leaves are pinnately compound and can have between 15 and 40 pinnae on each side of the rachis. As an adult, its stems can grow up to 30 feet tall, although most adults are typically 10 to 15 feet tall.

The flowers are small, sitting on a fleshy rachis. The male flowers are greenish, some flowers are sterile. The male flowers are hairy and the perianth ends with two membrane. The individual and prominent stamens are straight with yellow, roundish anthers.

The leaves measures 1–4½ cm. Leaflets are 7–15, narrowly elliptic, lanceolate to oblong to oblanceolate; tips acute, subacute, or exceptionally emarginate; sparingly appressed-pubescent, 2–11 mm. The terminal leaflet is generally much broader than the subfiliform rachis.

Attalea crassispatha has a single stem which grows up to tall. The stem is grey, up to in diameter, and can be columnar, or slightly swollen at the base of the middle of the stem. Individuals bear 15 to 19 pinnately compound leaves—leaves in which rows of leaflets emerge on either side of the axis of the leaf in a feather-like or fern-like pattern—with 127 to 165 pairs of leaflets. Leaves consist of a leaf sheath which wraps around the trunk, a rachis, from which the leaflets emerge, and a petiole, which connects the leaf sheath with the rachis.

A number of researchers have questioned the correctness of the rachis measurements, stating that the specimens they had studied showed a shaft thickness of , compared to as reported by Nudds and Dyke. Nudd and Dyke replied that, apart from the weight aspect, such greater shaft thickness alone would make flapping flight possible; however, they allowed for the possibility of two species being present in the Chinese fossil material with a differing rachis diameter. In 2016, Falk et al. argued in favor of flight capabilities for Confuciusornis using evidence from laser fluorescence of two soft tissue-preserving specimens.

Adiantum pedatum showing the extent of the two enlarged basal pinnae, and the extent of the basiscopic and acroscopic pinnules of one of those pinnae. Historically, certain of the maidenhair ferns, such as Adiantum pedatum, have been described as having a pedate leaf architecture, with a forked rachis which bears subdivided pinnae along the outer edge of its two outward- and backward- curving branches. However, a forking (dichotomizing) rachis is not characteristic of any other members of the Polypodiaceae. A more accurate description of such leaves was put forth by Margaret Slosson in 1906, and improved upon by Herb Wagner in the 1950s.

Slosson and Wagner showed that, in fact, the central one of the apparent "pinnae" contains the rachis of the blade; the "pinnules" adorning it are the medial and terminal pinnae. The two basal pinnae not only form the "pinnae" flanking the first "pinna" (containing the rachis), but their basal basiscopic pinnules are enlarged into another set of apparent "pinnae". In a sufficiently large specimen, the basal basiscopic segments of these are also so enlarged into another set, and so forth. Within the genus, this architecture is shared by A. aleuticum, A. patens, A. pedatum, A. viridimontanum, and sometimes A. hispidulum.

Lithocarpus mariae grows as a tree up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to and buttresses measuring up to high. The greyish bark is smooth and lenticellate. Its coriaceous leaves measure up to long. The flowers are solitary along the rachis.

In other aspects of morphology, upper pitchers are similar to their terrestrial counterparts. Nepenthes spathulata has a racemose inflorescence. The peduncle is up to 5 cm long. The rachis may be up to 15 cm long, although it is shorter in female inflorescences.

A unifoliate leaf is a type of compound leaf that consists of a single leaflet mounted on the end of a rachis. A joint occurs where the leaflet is attached to the rachis.Glossary In: Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.

It is composed of a straight brown rachis lined with widely spaced leathery, blue-green leaflets which are round to oval and sometimes folded over. The edges of the leaflets are not rolled under and do not cover the sporangia on the undersides.

Nilssonia leaves can have entire margins, irregularly dissected margins or clearly divided leaflets. The lamina or the leaflets are attached to the midrib or rachis on the 'upper' (adaxial) side of the leaf. Parallel veins exit the midrib, with no fusion of veins.

Nepenthes rigidifolia has a racemose inflorescence. Female inflorescences have not been recorded in the wild. In male inflorescences, the rachis measures around 3.9 cm in length and the peduncle around 4.2 cm. Bracts are approximately 9 mm long by 4 mm wide.

The rachis grows to 10 cm in length, although it is usually shorter in female inflorescences. Pedicels are bracteolate and up to 8 mm long. Sepals are oblong-lanceolate and up to 3 mm long. Most parts of the plant are virtually glabrous.

The rachis is up to while the rachillae, which can number in the hundreds, reach a length of about . The fruit is reddish when ripe. The seeds, which are about long and in diameter are covered by a mesocarp and a endocarp.

The gills are white with orange lines on the rachis and the rhinophores are red to orange in colour. This species can reach a total length of 32 mm.Gosliner, T.M., Behrens, D.W. & Valdés, Á., 2018. Nudibranch and Sea Slug Identification - Indo-Pacific.

Valdés, Ángel; Hamann, Jeff; Behrens, David W.; DuPont, Anne. Caribbean Sea Slugs, Sea Challengers Natural History Books, Etc., Gig Harbor, Washington 2006, p. 162. Gill formed by 9 leaves of grayish blue color, all with the upper region of the external rachis white.

Dalbergia baronii is a shrub to large tree. The leaves are imparipinnate, 3–7.5 cm long, and have a hairy rachis. The 19–25 alternate leaflets are 0.5–2 cm long, mostly glabrous and glossy above, and with dense and long hairs beneath.

The secondary form a majority of the wing in the middle. The feathers located closest to the body are the tertiaries. Plumulaceous feathers, otherwise known as down feathers, lack a rachis and barbs that interact. Normally, they are fluffy and used for insulation.

The opposite of the rachis is the calamus, which anchors the feather to the body and is moved by attached dermal muscles. There are many different types of feathers that mostly follow this basic design with few variations based on evolutionary needs.

Rachis, which is the main axis of the inflorescence, and peduncles are puberulent to somewhat tomentulose. Pedicel, a stem that attaches single flower the main stem of the inflorescence, is about 5–11 mm long and often glabrous. Close-up on flowers.

Globular nests are made of leaves and lined with fibres, and are built in undergrowth, on branches or on the central rachis of palm leaves, often overhanging water. Breeding takes place at any time of year, with litters usually consisting of one or two young.

An unbranched spur, ≤ long, is inserted at the base of the lid. Unusual elongated upper pitcher Nepenthes villosa has a racemose inflorescence. The peduncle may be up to long, while the rachis grows to in length. Pedicels are filiform-bracteolate and up to long.

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 24(4): 104–108. Nepenthes burbidgeae has a racemose inflorescence. The peduncle is up to 25 cm long, while the rachis reaches 30 cm in length. Partial peduncles may be one- or two-flowered and are up to 15 mm long.

The plant's water-storing trunk grows up to 20 m. Its leaves are pinnate, compound, and can reach 1 m long. The leaf rachis and stem tips of young plants are distinctively deep red. Leaves spread around the trunk in an umbrella-like fashion.

Nepenthes lowii has a racemose inflorescence. The peduncle reaches 20 cm in length, while the rachis measures up to 25 cm. Partial peduncles are two-flowered, up to 20 mm long, and lack bracts. Sepals are oblong in shape and up to 5 mm long.

Vegetatively, this species differs little from M. microstoma, but is distinguished from it by its bostrychoid inflorescence on a rachis which continues to grow and flower, whereas M. microstoma has a different inflorescence type and all the flowers on it open at the same time.

Persoonia flexifolia is a plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect shrub with narrow oblong leaves and flowers arranged singly or in groups of up to three on a rachis up to long.

The petiole is long. The flower spikes are axillary, long, monoecious, with a rachis terminating in a triradiate hood. The tiny male flowers are white- green, located on the upper part of the flower spikes, and are ebracteate, minute, and clustered with vermiculiform anthers.

The size of the rachis is unknown. Pedicels grow to 8 mm in length. A study of 120 pollen samples taken from the type specimen (Kostermans 14017) found the mean pollen diameter to be 28.9 μm (SE = 0.5; CV = 9.2%).Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1999.

The lid is narrower and has a less obtuse apex. The spur is simple and much smaller, reaching only 5 mm in length. Nepenthes benstonei has a racemose inflorescence. The peduncle is up to 20 cm long and the rachis up to 30 cm long.

In male plants, the rachis reaches 10 cm in length, while in female plants it rarely exceeds 7 cm. Pedicels lack bracteoles and are up to 10 mm long. Sepals are lanceolate-ovate and around 4 mm long. Fruits are up to 40 mm long.

Upper pitchers resemble their lower counterparts in most regards. They usually attain a slightly greater size and are infundibular in the uppermost quarter. Nepenthes eustachya has a racemose inflorescence. The peduncle is up to 40 cm long, whereas the rachis reaches 30 cm in length.

The peduncle may be up to 7 cm long, while the rachis reaches 10 cm in length. Pedicels are bracteolate and up to 5 mm long. Sepals are lanceolate and up to 3 mm long. The stem, leaves, and pitchers have a sparse indumentum.

The peduncle reaches 12 cm in length and 4 mm in width. The rachis is attenuate and up to 44 cm long. Pedicels lack bracteoles, reach 55 mm in length, and are one- to four-flowered. Tepals are orbicular-elliptical and around 4 mm long.

The peduncle and rachis both reach 20 cm in length, although the latter is usually shorter in female plants. Partial peduncles are two-flowered and lack bracteoles. Sepals are elliptical and up to 4 mm long. Most parts of the plant are virtually glabrous.

The rachis and stipe are often light green, particularly when young. They are slender and covered with glossy brown scales towards the base. Sori are small and occur in rows, one along each side of the pinnule midvein. They are covered by thin indusia.

The fronds may be densely pubescent and the lower pinnules are sometimes separated from the others as well as being reduced. The rachis and stipe are brown in colouration and bear narrow, dark brown scales. Sori are large, round and covered by fragile, brown indusia.

Lithocarpus kochummenii grows as a tree up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to with stilt roots measuring up high. The reddish brown bark is fissured or lenticellate. Its coriaceous leaves measure up to long. The flowers are solitary along the rachis.

It grows in tufts from a short rhizome. The fronds are long and narrow, gradually tapering towards the tip. They are simply divided into small, yellow-green to dark-green pinnae. The stipe and rachis of the frond are dark all along their length.

The leaves are coloured glaucous (greyish) or green, depending on the variety. The pinnae are 25-40cm long and 1.3-2cm wide. The pinnae are inserted at a single plane on both sides of the rachis, such that a pair of pinnae form a 'V'-shape. In the nominate form the pinnae are arranged regularly down the length of the entire rachis. The developing inflorescence is protected in a woody spathe 30–80cm in length; the outside of the spathe is hairless and rarely somewhat scaly (lepidote or squamulate) and the swollen part of the spathe is 30-39cm long and 1.3-8cm wide.

The single fold, lanceolate leaflets may be few to numerous, usually with armed margins and caducous scales, with conspicuous midribs and transverse veinlets. The inflorescence is produced at the top of the stem amongst the most distal, often reduced leaves, axis adnate to the internode and emerging from the leaf sheath mouth. The peduncle is short, the prophyll is tubular and two-keeled, peduncular bracts usually absent, and the rachis is much longer than the peduncle. The rachis bracts are tubular and more or less distichous, each subtending a horizontal or pendulous first order branch which features basal, tubular bracts with triangular limbs carrying monopodial flower clusters.

The leaves range from 30 to 50 cm in length, and vary from generally linear to egg-shaped, coming to a point at the tip. The leaf blade is cut into pinnae; the lower and basal pinnae are sometimes cut again into pinnules in the specimens wider at the base. The stalk of the leaf, below the blade (the stipe) may have a few short soft hairs and/or scales on the upper side, or be completely hairless. The stem passing through the leaf blade (the rachis) always has such hairs and/or scales on the upper side, but these do not usually extend to the rest of the rachis.

Fruits are 18–20 mm long, 5–6 mm in diameter, ellipsoid, red-pink when mature; the endosperm has an uneven surface ("ruminate"). Stems are clustered, forming dense clumps of short stems to 0.5 m tall (sometimes to 1.5 m tall) 20 mm in diameter and green but covered with reddish-brown scales. Sheaths open, not forming "crownshafts", 270–280 mm long, green with reddish-brown scales; "ocreas" (extensions of the leaf sheath) are present. Petioles are 0.87-1.16 m long and green; the rachis is 900–950 mm long, with 9-13 pinnae each side of rachis, which are linear and contracted at the bases.

The underside of the rachis is covered with small, pale scales. The stipe is covered with pale scales that have dark, narrow and fragile edges. Sori are round and are covered by thin indusia that are cup-like in appearance. They occur near the fertile pinnule midvein.

Nepenthes viridis has a racemose inflorescence up to 60 cm long, of which the rachis (the flower-bearing portion) constitutes up to 50 cm, the remainder being a short peduncle. The flowers are mostly borne on two-flowered partial peduncles, which are up to 2.5 cm long.

Lithocarpus leptogyne grows as a tree up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to and buttresses measuring up to high. The greyish bark is smooth or lenticellate. Its coriaceous leaves are tomentose and measure up to long. The flowers are solitary along the rachis.

The lid is orbicular and lacks appendages. An unbranched spur in inserted near the base of the lid. Nepenthes muluensis has a racemose inflorescence. It is very compact: the peduncle is only up to 3 cm long, while the attenuate rachis reaches 10 cm in length.

The basalmost ones are up to 12 mm long, whereas those higher up the rachis reach only 6 mm. Tepals are ovate and up to 4 mm long. Fruits are up to 20 mm long and 4 mm wide, and bear lanceolate valves. Seeds are filiform.

The rachis is also up to 25 cm long. Partial peduncles are one- or two-flowered, up to 15 mm long, and may or may not be bracteolate. Sepals are ovate and up to 5 mm long. Stamens are approximately 5 mm long including the anthers.

Other parts of the upper pitchers are similar to those of the lower pitchers. Nepenthes spectabilis has a racemose inflorescence. The peduncle grows to 12 cm in length. The rachis may be up to 15 cm long, although it is usually shorter and denser in female inflorescences.

Mature sea pens provide shelter for other animals, such as juvenile fish. Analysis of rachis growth rings indicates sea pens may live for 100 years or more, if the rings are indeed annual in nature. Some sea pens exhibit glide reflection symmetry, rare among non-extinct animals.

Fronds are bipinnate and 2–3 m long. The rachis and stipe are brown to dark brown and are covered with scales. The scales are bicoloured, having a dark brown to blackish centre and a pale, whitish margin. Pinnule veins sometimes have small, brown, star-shaped scales.

The leaf base forms a distinctive green sheath around the uppermost portion of the trunk. Known as the crownshaft, this sheath extends down the trunk. The petiole connects the lead base with the rachis. Zona only reported petiole lengths for three of the 10 species, ranging from .

Nepenthes klossii has a racemose inflorescence. The peduncle is around 18 cm long, while the rachis reaches 14 cm in length. Pedicels are one- to three- flowered and up to 10 mm long. Tepals are oblong, obtuse, and around 3 mm long by 1 mm wide.

The species' rachis is scaorus while it branches are scabrous. It spikelets are obconic and are violet in colour. It also have filiform pedicels which are curved and puberulent. The species' lower glume is long and wide and is also either obovate or flabelliform and papery-membranous.

They are characteristically large and arching, with the lowest pinnae usually reduced. The upper surface of fronds is glabrate, while the lower surface may be tomentose. The rachis and stipe are brown in colouration and have a rough surface. The stipe is covered in brown scales.

They are composed of 12 to 20 pairs of pinnae along rachis that are in length. It flowers between July and August producing golden coloured flowers. The simple inflorescences are situated in axillary racemes. The spherical flower-heads contain 15 to 30 loosely packed golden flower.

Aiphanes eggersii is a small, multi-stemmed palm tall with up to 10 stems. Stems are in diameter. Stems are covered with black or grey spines up to long. Individuals have between 7 and 10 leaves which consists of a leaf sheath, a petiole and a rachis.

Leaves are compound, imparipinnate, opposite, estipulate; rachis 5–10 cm, slender, pubescent flowers are bisexual, yellowish brown, fragrant, 1 cm in size, nocturnal, in terminal, trichotomous cymes. Stigma is shortly bifid. Fruit is a capsule, 5 x 2.5 cm, obovoid, loculicidally 2 valved. seeds are pendulous, winged.

The base is wide and parasol-shaped. The bark is distinctively coloured salmon. The trunk can grow to 2 m in diameter Leaves: It has compound leaves, with the number of the leaflets 6 to 14. 9-11 leaflets groove running down the upper side of the leaf rachis.

The pitcher lid is very narrowly triangular with the margins and apex curved downwards. In aerial pitchers, the wings are reduced to ribs. Nepenthes fusca produces a compact racemose inflorescence. The peduncle is up to 6 cm long, while the rachis is not known to exceed 10 cm.

Mexichromis festiva is a white chromodorid nudibranch with raised pink spots on the mantle. The edge of the mantle has a broken yellow line superimposed on an opaque white margin. The gill rachis is pink and the gill leaves are white. The outer half of the rhinophores is pink.

Persoonia fastigiata is a plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. It is a small, erect to spreading shrub with linear leaves and hairy flowers arranged singly or in groups of up to five on a rachis up to long.

Persoonia kararae is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to the Perenjori district of Western Australia. It is an erect, spreading shrub with densely hairy branchlets, linear leaves and yellow flowers in goups of up to ten on a rachis up to long.

They are pinnately divided, with 4-9 obovate, alternate, leaflets, on a flattened rachis. The inflorescence bears one or two yellow to orange or red pealike flowers, each with a corolla one half to one centimeter across. The fruit is a legume pod 1 to 3 centimeters long.

Nepenthes aristolochioides has a racemose inflorescence up to 30 cm long. Both the peduncle and rachis may be up to 15 cm long, although the latter is usually shorter in female plants. The peduncle is up to 4 mm in diameter. Pedicels are simple-bracteolate and one-flowered.

Petioles are green, long, and are covered with scattered black spines up 6 long. Rachises are , and covered with spines similar to those of the petiole. Leaves each bear 11 to 14 pairs of leaflets in groups of three. Inflorescences consist of a peduncle and a rachis long.

The rachis is attenuate and may grow to 10 cm in length. The partial peduncles, which are up to 8 mm long, are two-flowered at the base only, otherwise one-flowered. Sepals are elliptic and up to 4 mm long. Male and female inflorescences are of similar structure.

The galls can be found from June to October and can also be found on the petiole and rachis. It is found on Fraxinus angustifolia & subsp., F. excelsior, F. ornus and F. oxycarpa. ;Inquiline The larvae of Clinodiplosis botularia are reddish-yellow and outcompete the gall maker, which perish.

Hulled wheats are often stored as spikelets because the toughened glumes give good protection against pests of stored grain. In free- threshing (or naked) forms, such as durum wheat and common wheat, the glumes are fragile and the rachis tough. On threshing, the chaff breaks up, releasing the grains.

According to Soares in 2015 it can distinguished from all other acaulescent Butia species which possess an inflorescence passing beyond the length of the spathe, by having the longest leaf rachis. It occurs in the same range as Butia arenicola, B. exospadix, B. lepidotispatha, B. leptospatha, and B. paraguayensis.

Glassman in his 1979 key to the genus Butia compares this species with B. paraguayensis, the main differences being the taller trunk, the longer leaf rachis with more wider and longer pinnae, the spathe being almost twice the size, and larger fruit, beyond the range of B. paraguayensis.

Peltaspermaceae have umbrella-like (peltate) cupules with numerous pendant ovules born in complex large branching structures (Peltaspermum). The pollen organ (Antevsia) has radiating cigar- shaped pollen sacs attached to small blades, again in complex branching structures. The leaves (Lepidopteris) are bipinnate to tripinnate with small pinnules on the rachis.

Leaf of Dicroidium zuberi from Brokvale, NSW in Hawkesbury Sandstone, Early Triassic. Specimen in Australian Museum, Sydney Dicroidium zuberi had large, bipinnate, thick and leathery leaves. The leaves were up to 21 cm long. The rachis is proximately forked once with opposite or sub- opposite pinnae that is imparipinnate.

The dark glossy color of the stipe extends into the rachis, going about seven-eighths of the way up the length of the frond (including the stipe), extending further along the underside of the rachis than the upper side. The pinnae are sessile (stalkless), and may have a variety of shapes: roughly triangular, with one side distinctly longer than the other, lance-shaped, or slightly curved. In specimens produced in culture, the pinnae were quite regular in size (that is, similar in size to their immediate neighbors) and in shape, while they were more irregular in wild specimens. Illustrations show a small auricle at the base of each pinna, pointing towards the blade tip.

Nepenthes sibuyanensis has a racemose inflorescence. In male inflorescences, the peduncle reaches a length of at least 18 cm, whereas the rachis is up to 15 cm long. Pedicels are one-flowered, up to 14 mm long, and usually lack bracts. Tepals are oblong, obtuse, and approximately 3 mm long.

Each leaf bears from one to five pairs of pinnae (the first subdivisions of the leaf). The pair closest to the base is the largest. The rachis (leaf axis) is green beneath, sometimes with streaks of purple at the base, smooth, and has small wings on the upper side, from wide.

Leaves are compound, composed of four to eight pairs of leaflets. Each has an entire, wavy margin and is attached by a stem to the rachis. The bark is smooth and varies from grey to light brown from tree to tree. Flowers are numerous, a deep red, and filled with nectar.

Fronds are tripinnate and about 1.5 m long or more. The rachis and stipe are slender, pale brown and are covered with brown scales. Sori occur in two rows, one along each side of the fertile pinnule midvein, and lack indusia. Plants form a thicket with no sign of a trunk.

Persoonia graminea is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect to weak, low-lying shrub with long, linear leaves and flowers in groups of ten to twenty-five on a rachis up to long.

The skirt is not the whole frond, only the central rachis, making it a more compact skirt than that of Dicksonia fibrosa, another skirt clad tree fern. Alsophila smithii produces masses of very soft and delicate looking fronds which spread horizontally from the crown and reach 2–2.5 m in length.

The flowers are fragile and sometimes fall from the rachis at the slightest touch. The fruits, five small eliptic, fleshy, purple black drupes, 0.8-1.5 cm long, replace the flower and turn red as they mature. Every fruit contains one small seedling. All parts of Q. amara contain the bitter Quassimarin.

The peduncle can be almost spineless, or it can be covered with black spines up to long. The rachis bears 49 to 60 rachillae, which are the smaller branches which themselves bear the flowers. Male flowers are orange, while female flowers are light green. The mature fruit have not been described.

Cultivated emmer wheat Like einkorn and spelt wheats, emmer is a hulled wheat. In other words, it has strong glumes (husks) that enclose the grains, and a semibrittle rachis. On threshing, a hulled wheat spike breaks up into spikelets. These require milling or pounding to release the grains from the glumes.

They possess a hard, gummy shell with small pimples surrounded with hard, hexagonal tubercles. The large and variously shaped fruit have a length of and a diameter of and can weigh or more. The fruits consist of a fibrous, whitish core (rachis) about thick. Radiating from this are many individual fruits.

The erect, slender trunk is about 80 cm tall and approximately 3 cm in diameter. Fronds may be either simply pinnate or bipinnate basally. They are erect or spreading and up to 2.5 m long. The rachis ranges in colour from dark brown to blackish and bears a few scales.

Colonies are cylindrical without axis, and the rachis is generally longer than the peduncle. The colony may be radially or bilaterally symmetrical. Autozooids have non-retractile, bifurcated calyces with many sclerites.The Pennatulacea of Southern Africa (Coelentrata, Anthozoa), Annals of the South African Museum Volume 99 May 1990 part 4, Cape Town.

Lamina is 2-3 pinnate, ovate to linear, and yellow green; pinnae sometimes with long terminal segments commonly referred to as "tailed", narrowly rhomboidal, to fan-shaped; stipe slender and not winged, with tuft of hairs at base; rachis bearing scattered hairs, winged towards upper parts; receptical short and enclosed.

On occasion a vein branch may form a loop upwards and joint to the next secondary vein apically. The teeth are rounded on their tips with convex basal and apical sides running towards variable sinuses. The leafy wings of the rachis do not show any obvious vein structure, unlike R. republicensis.

The inflorescence often bears a vestigial leaf below the rachis. Male flowers are fragrant; their scent has been described as "distinctive, musty, sweet" and is noticeable from a distance of up to 60 cm. The smell of female flowers has not been recorded. Fruits are up to 8 mm long.

It has a broad midrib (rachis). The eight arms are thick, tapering to a narrow point. They are unequal in length, with arm pair I the shortest, followed by arm pair II and arm pair IV, and arm pair III the longest. All of them possess two rows of suckers.

A pollen cone consists of numerous spirally arranged microsporophylls around a 10-25 millimeter long rachis. The microsporophylls are triangular and keeled, bearing two pollen sacs each. The female seed cones are borne on short lateral branchlets. A seed cone has several sterile cone scales and usually just one fertile scale.

Its stem is solitary, erect, in height and diameter, smooth, and ring-shaped. It has 10–16 leaf terminals, petiole , rachis long; with leaflets up to long and 15 cm breadth, approximately 100 to each side, placed in the same plane.Galeano, Gloria 1991. Las palmas de la región del Araracuara.

In Australia, C. ramiflora can be distinguished from other Cynometra species by the glabrous rachis and petiolules of the leaves (though these are minutely hairy or glabrescent on Christmas Island), the globose fruit with a small beak near the apex of the dorsal side, and by the pink new leaves.

Boronia microphylla is a shrub which grows to a height of . Its youngest branches are covered with small, warty glands and scattered bristly hairs. It has pinnate leaves with 5 to 15 leaflets on a rachis long and a petiole long. The leaflets are spatula-shaped to wedge-shaped, long, wide and glabrous.

Nepenthes tentaculata has a racemose inflorescence. The peduncle is up to 15 cm long and the rachis up to 10 cm long, although female inflorescences are generally shorter than male ones. Pedicels are bract-less and reach 10 mm in length. Sepals are oblong- lanceolate in shape and up to 3 mm long.

Nepenthes edwardsiana has a racemose inflorescence. The peduncle may be up to 30 cm long, whereas the attenuate rachis reaches 20 cm in length. Pedicels are one-flowered, up to 25 mm long, and do not possess a bract. Sepals are round to elliptic in shape and up to 5 mm long.

Persoonia filiformis is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a small, erect shrub with hairy young branchlets, linear leaves and greenish yellow flowers borne singly or in groups of up to twenty on a rachis up to long.

The needle-shaped leaves are either single or forked, and measure from long, wide and may be upright or drooping. The inflorescence consists of 15 to 200 individual small yellow, white or green flowers. Flowering occurs mostly from April to September. The rachis is usually long, thickly covered with short, soft, silky hairs.

The petioles and rachis often have spines, though there may be very few to none. Leaflets are simple, entire, and articulate at the base, with parallel side veins and no distinct central vein. Male cones are cylindrical, upright, hairy, and stalked. Female cones are stalked or sessile, erect, and have short hairs.

As in lower pitchers, red blotches are present on the waxy inner surface. Both the peristome and lid range in colour from green to yellow. Nepenthes suratensis has a racemose inflorescence. In male plants, it reaches 70 cm in length, of which the peduncle constitutes about 50 cm and the rachis 20 cm.

They are long and wide, straight or slightly arched, either flat or with a slight keel. The leaflets are lanceolate and have serrated edges. They are up to long and wide, held at right angles to the rachis and slightly overlapping. Near the base of the leaves, the leaflets are reduced to prickles.

The extension of the stem (this part called the rachis) continues growth downward where a terminal male flower grows. The leaves originate from a pseudostem and unroll to show a leaf blade with two lamina halves.Rouard, Mathieu, et al. “Morphology of Banana Plant.” The Banana Knowledge Platform of the ProMusa Network, Feb.

Clowesia is a genus of the family Orchidaceae. Species of this genus are epiphytic and contain many pseudobulbs with several internodes. The leaves of this plant are arranged alternatively in two vertical rows on opposite sides of the rachis. Clowesia has a simple gullet flower that allows for pollination by male euglossine bees.

It is branched to three orders, with four 'partial inflorescences', the longest of these growing to some long. The rachis bracts are loosely tubular. This species has no peduncular bracts. The peduncle is wide at its base; the rachillae are long, and are thin, green-red in colour, and with a tomentose indumentum.

The leaf edges are not modified into false indusia, and may be flat or curled under to cover the sori. Each sporangium bears 64 spores. The plants are diploid, with a chromosome number of 2n = 54. The zig-zag rachis and axes generally serve to distinguish it from other members of the genus.

Fronds are tri- to tetrapinnate and 3 m or more in length. The rachis and stipe are slender, black brown, warty and covered with brown scales. Sori occur along each side of the pinnule midvein and are covered by hood-like indusia. A. cunninghamii is an uncommon and slow-growing tree fern.

The rachis of the inflorescence is long and has 35-135 rachillae (branches) which are long. The flowers can be coloured yellow, greenish-yellow, yellow and violet, or completely violet. The staminate (male) flowers are in length; the pistillate (female) flowers are . The shapes of both the fruit and nut are ovoid.

There are sometimes thorns on the rachis. The leaf is arranged in alternate and is pinnately compound leaf venation. The leaves are shiny and have a strong smell. There are about 7 to 13 leaves on each pinnate venation and the leaves are 1–3 cm wide and 2–5 cm long.

The spur (≤1.4 cm long) is flattened and has a bifurcate apex. Only the female inflorescence of N. naga is known. It is a raceme measuring up to 14.5 cm in length, of which the peduncle makes up 7 cm and the rachis 7.5 cm. Partial peduncles are one- or two-flowered.

Nepenthes leonardoi is known to flower both in the rosette stage and as a vining plant. The species has a racemose inflorescence. Male inflorescences can reach a height of 50 cm, of which the rachis constitutes up to 30 cm. Female inflorescences are similar in size, typically growing to 45 cm in length.

This spleenwort has thick, triangular leaf blades up to 10 centimeters long which are divided into several subdivided segments. It is borne on a reddish green petiole and the rachis is shiny and slightly hairy. The undersides of each leaf segment have one or more sori arranged in chains.Esser, Lora L. 1994.

Leaf sheaths, which wrap around the stem, are about long and are covered with black or grey spines up to long. Petioles are long and spiny. Rachises are with 50 to 65 pairs of leaflets (or more rarely as few as 30 pairs). Inflorescences consist of a peduncle and a rachis long.

Pterolobium membranulaceum is a flowering plant in the legume family, Fabaceae. The woody vine is endemic to secondary forest of the Philippines. Its general appearance is comparable to others of its genus, with bipinate leaves and rufous samara fruit. The pubescent petiole and leaf rachis vary between 10 and 21 cm in length.

A. trudellii is fully pinnate in the lower half of the blade, and its pinnae are toothed. A. × kentuckiense is also fully pinnate towards the base of the blade, with four to six pairs of pinnae, and the brown color of its stipe extends up into the basal part of the rachis.

The leaves have rachis that are in length and contain 5 to 18 pairs of pinnae that are composed 17 to 50 pairs of pinnules that have a narrowly lanceolate shape and a length of and a width of . It flowers from July to September producing yellow inflorescences in axillary or terminal panicles.

This plant does not have the immediately recognizable sharply pointed leaflets on its fronds that many other ferns have. Its leaves bear rounded or oval-shaped segments widely spaced along the rachis. Each segment may curl under along its edges. The leaves are green when new, then turn red, purplish, or brown.

Rodgersia pinnata, Franchet (tetraploid 2n=60) has the most diverse leaf form of any of the Rodgersia and this leads to mis- identification and mis-labelling in horticulture. Rarely are the leaflets arranged in true pinnate form with evenly spaced leaflets. They vary from pseudo-pinnate, when the leaflets can be bunched 2 to 5 at the petiole and 3 at the apex with varying numbers of pairs of leaflets between with varying lengths of rachis, to plants where the rachis is so compressed as to need very close inspection to ascertain that it is not palmate. The size of the individual obovate-lanceolate leaflets ranges from 20mm long x 10mm wide to double those measurements depending on variety and growing conditions.

Spikelets of a hulled wheat, einkornWoman harvesting wheat, Raise district, Madhya Pradesh, India Wheat farm in Behbahan, Iran Cultivation and repeated harvesting and sowing of the grains of wild grasses led to the creation of domestic strains, as mutant forms ('sports') of wheat were preferentially chosen by farmers. In domesticated wheat, grains are larger, and the seeds (inside the spikelets) remain attached to the ear by a toughened rachis during harvesting. In wild strains, a more fragile rachis allows the ear to easily shatter and disperse the spikelets. Selection for these traits by farmers might not have been deliberately intended, but simply have occurred because these traits made gathering the seeds easier; nevertheless such 'incidental' selection was an important part of crop domestication.

Desmoncus polyacanthos, the jacitara palm, is a spiny, climbing palm native to the southern Caribbean and tropical South America. Stems grow clustered together, and are 2–12 m long and 0.5–2 cm in diameter. Petioles, rachis, cirrus and peduncular bracts are covered with short, curved spines. Two varieties are recognised: D. polyacanthos var.

Its petioles are 3-7.5 millimeters long. Its flowers are arranged in groups of 3 or fewer on a rachis opposite the leaves. Each flower is on a fleshy, slightly hairy pedicel 10.5-17.5 millimeters long. Its flowers have 3, green or brown, oval-shaped sepals that are 2-3 by 2-3 millimeters.

Its flowers are arranged in groups of 3 or fewer on a rachis. Each flower is on a fleshy, slightly hairy pedicel 20-40 millimeters long. Its flowers have 3, oval-shaped sepals that are 5-7.5 by 5.5-7.5 millimeters. The outside of the sepals are densely hairy, while their inner surfaces are smooth.

Persoonia cymbifolia is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to the south of Western Australia. It is an erect, spreading shrub with smooth bark, hairy young branchlets, linear to narrow oblong leaves and yellow flowers borne singly or in groups of up to three on a short rachis.

Persoonia hakeiformis is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect or spreading to low-lying shrub with mostly smooth bark, linear leaves and bright yellow flowers borne in groups of up to sixty along a rachis up to long.

In the 10th century, the Rachis Saeristavo, an territorial-administrative entity in the feodal Georgia was created. According to written sources, the first Eristavi was Rati from the Baghashi noble family. After the Eristavi became his son, Kakhaberi. The noble family Kakhaberisdze which was borne by the Baghashi's part who controlled Racha, comes from him.

Eggs are laid during the autumn in the axils of catkin buds and hatch the following spring. The larvae cause an inconspicuous distortion of, usually, female catkins, thickening the rachis. Catkins drop earlier than uninfected catkins and the larvae pupate in the soil. Close examination of the gall is necessary as Redfern et al.

Most are erect ground ferns or scandent epiphytes that start from the ground. The lamina (leafy area of the fronds) are simple or pinnate, and the individual pinnae are articulate to the rachis. The sporangia are contained in discrete round sori in a single row on either side of the midrib of the fronds.

Inga alba can grow up to 40 m in height. It has red bark and 4 to 5 leaf pairs (occasionally 3 or 6 pairs), with the distal pair 6.1–10 cm long and 2.5—7.7 cm wide. The rachis is 5—13.5 cm long and wingless. The glands are cone-shaped, the stipules obsolete.

The inflorescences are short, the shaft is 4–20 mm long and the rachis 5–8 mm long. The flowers are pale green and the stamen are white. The fruits are flat up to 14 cm long and 2 cm wide. It flowers between August and November and bares fruit between January and March.

He also observed the formation of proliferating buds on a fertile rachis of A. ebeneum var. serratum. Floyd's position was not universally accepted: Louise Tanger made a new combination for the form, A. platyneuron f. proliferum in 1933, and Taylor et al. recognized it in a discussion of infraspecific taxa in the species in 1976.

Nepenthes izumiae has a racemose inflorescence up to 18 cm long, of which the peduncle constitutes up to 10 cm and the rachis up to 8 cm. Flowers are borne solitarily on pedicels (≤5 mm long) that lack bracts. Tepals are ovate and up to 6 mm long. Fruits reach 15 mm in length.

Veins are also noticeable on the leaf. The plant has flowers are approximately 6 mm wide, emit a pleasant scent as well as appear to be yellowish-green in colour. The rachis has a reddish-brown colour. Petals are lance-shaped and at the base have a yellowish colour but turn dark red later on.

The rachis and stipe range in colour from brown to dark brown or black-brown and are sparsely covered with a few scales. The scales are dark and narrow with a fragile margin of variable width. The stipe also has conical warts near the base. Sori are round and covered by large, thin indusia.

Persoonia helix is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect to spreading shrub with hairy young branchlets, twisted leaves and bright yellow flowers borne singly or in groups of up to five on a rachis up to long.

This is a small solitary-trunked palm, the trunk can grow above ground or be subterranean, growing up to high and in diameter. It has 6-15 leaves. The long by wide petiole of the leaf has toothed margins. The rachis of the leaf is in length and bears 23-32 pairs of pinnae (leaflets).

Both stems and leaves of Bactris species are generally covered with spines. Stems generally bear spines on the internodes; in B. glaucescens and B. setulosa spines are also present on the nodes. A few species lack spines on their stems. All species have spiny leaves; the spines are often clustered on the petiole or rachis.

Triticum compactum or club wheat is a species of wheat adapted to low-humidity growing conditions. T. compactum is similar enough to common wheat (T. aestivum) that it is often considered a subspecies, T. aestivum compactum. It can be distinguished by its more compact ear due to shorter rachis segments, giving it its common name.

The peduncle is approximately 7.5 cm long, 4 mm wide at the base, and 3 mm wide at the top. The rachis is gradually attenuate and 10 to 15 cm long. Lower partial peduncles are about 12 mm long, the upper ones being slightly shorter. All are two-flowered and do not possess a bract.

Dalbergia pseudobaronii is a deciduous tree up to 25 m tall. The leaves are imparipinnate, 5–13 cm long, and have a hairy rachis. The 20–35 alternate leaflets are 0.5–2.3 cm long, mostly glabrous and glossy above, and densely pubescent beneath. The leaflets are coriaceous, with revolute margins, when dried on herbarium sheets.

The rachis bears 35 to 75 rachillae, which are the smaller branches which themselves bear the flowers. Flowers are borne in groups consisting of one female and two male flowers. The male flowers are yellow, while the female flowers are yellow with brown sepals. The ripe fruit is bright red, spherical, and in diameter.

This fern produces clumps of widely arching fronds. The stipe and rachis of the blade are purple, while the blade itself has a blue-gray tinge to it. The upper pinnae are long, narrow, and undivided, while the lower ones are divided into 3–15 pinnules. The pinnae are, for the most part, opposite.

It is a small fern with pinnate fronds, growing in erect tufts, with a shiny black stipe and rachis (stem and leaf axis). Sterile and fertile fronds are similar in appearance. The roots are thin and wiry and do not proliferate to form new plants. The rhizome is short and erect, about in diameter.

Myrmecridium is a genus of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes. Circumscribed in 2007, it is distinguished from similar fungi by having entirely hyaline (translucent) vegetative hyphae, and widely scattered, pimple-shaped denticles (toothlike projections) on the long hyaline rachis. The generic name derives from a combination of the Ancient Greek wordmyrmekia, meaning "wart", and the suffix -ridium from Chloridium.

Phoenix canariensis is a large solitary palm, tall, occasionally growing to . The leaves are pinnate, long, with 80–100 leaflets on each side of the central rachis. The fruit is an oval, yellow to orange drupe long and in diameter and containing a single large seed; the fruit pulp is edible but not the best of dates.

A few have cladodes rather than leaves. Extrafloral nectaries may be present on the petiole and rachis, and the pinnule tips may carry protein-lipid Beltian bodies. The leaflets are usually opposite, and are carried on shortly stalks or are sessile. The heartwood is typically red and hard, and the sap of various species hardens into gum.

Eggs are laid in the unfurling fronds and the hatched larvae feed on the trichomes in the groove of the rachis, causing the frond to curl inwards. The pupae drop from the gall and remain from autumn and winter to emerge in the spring. Galling rates up to nine fronds in 13 on a single plant have been noted.

Fossilized specimens show large, morphologically complex structures that consist of leaf segments called pinnae. Each pinna consists of four to eight sporangia. Asterotheca fronds are unipinnate because there is only a single row of pinnae on each side of the rachis, or main central stem. Asterotheca cyathea displays open dichotomous unipinnate segments, each with four to five eusporangia.

Ears of compact wheat Compact wheats (e.g., club wheat Triticum compactum, but in India T. sphaerococcum) are closely related to common wheat, but have a much more compact ear. Their shorter rachis segments lead to spikelets packed closer together. Compact wheats are often regarded as subspecies rather than species in their own right (thus T. aestivum subsp. compactum).

It is a tree reaching 12–12 meters in height. Its leaves are 6-10 by 2-4 centimeters and come to a point at their tips. The leaves are smooth and shiny on both surfaces. Its petioles are 5 millimeters long. Its flowers are arranged in groups of 1-2 or fewer on a rachis.

Polystichum polyblepharum, the Japanese lace fern or tassel fern, is a species of plant in the wood fern family Dryopteridaceae, native to Japan and South Korea. Growing to tall and broad, it forms clumps (“shuttlecocks”) of evergreen fronds. The Latin specific epithet polyblepharum means “many eyelashes”. and refers to bristles on the stipe and rachis (parts of the stem).

Persoonia cordifolia is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to a restricted area in the south of Western Australia. It is an erect, rounded to spreading shrub with smooth, mottled grey bark, broadly heart-shaped leaves and bright yellow flowers borne in groups of two to eight along a rachis up to long.

Persoonia chapmaniana is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect, spreading shrub with smooth, compact bark, linear leaves with a sharp point on the tip and yellow flowers borne in groups of five to thirty along a rachis up to long.

The rachis and stipe range in colouration from brown to dark brown and bear bicoloured scales (brown centre and paler margin) with a terminal seta. Scales on pinnule veins are whitish. Sori are round and borne on either side of the pinnule midvein, towards the base of the pinnule segment. They are protected by red- brown, globose indusia.

Monophyletic characteristics were attained without any human intervention, implying that apparent domestication of the cereal rachis could have occurred quite naturally. An Indian farmer with a rock-weighted scratch plough pulled by two oxen. Similar ploughs were used throughout antiquity. Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, and included a diverse range of taxa.

Phegopteris hexagonoptera, commonly called the broad beech fern, is a common forest fern in the eastern United States and adjacent Ontario. It grows from a creeping rootstock, sending up individual fronds that more or less clump. The fronds are broadly triangular. The specific name hexagonoptera refers to the winging of leaf tissue along the rachis between the basal pinnae.

Hakea rostrata is a spreading shrub growing to 1–4 m high. Its branchlets and young leaves are hairy with the hairs lying close to the branchlet or leaf. The ascending leaves are terete, 2–15 cm long and 0.8–1.7 mm wide, and are not grooved. The inflorescence 1–10-flowered on a knob-like rachis.

Among orthospecies, it is most similar to A. platyneuron, from which it can be distinguished by its elongated blade tip, the green color on the apical one-eighth of its rachis, and, microscopically, by its abortive spores. It is similar to two other hybrids in the complex, Graves' spleenwort (A. × gravesii) and Kentucky spleenwort (A. × kentuckiense).

The peduncle itself may be up to 8 cm long by 1 mm wide in female plants, and up to 3 cm long in males. The rachis is up to 8 cm long. The inflorescence bears one-flowered pedicels (≤6 mm long), which may be bracteoleate. The oblong-lanceolate tepals measure up to 4 mm in length.

The fronds of G. microphylla are forked several times. Gleichenia microphylla's rachis on major branches has conspicuous and numerous bundles of bristles that are shiny, short, and amber to dark brown in colour. It also has less numerous and scattered fringed scales. It has 2 to 6 cm long linear ultimate branches with close-set pinnules.

Setigeroclavula is a fungal genus in the family Clavariaceae. A monotypic genus, it consists of the single clavarioid species Setigeroclavula ascendens, found on the dead rachis of mother spleenwort (Asplenium bulbiferum) in New Zealand. Both the genus and species were described in 1988 by mycologist Ron Petersen. The small, club-shaped fruitbodies are densely studded with erect hairs.

The leaf sheath is open (it does not wrap completely around the stem); when the leaf is shed, the leaf sheath detached cleanly from the stem. The sheath and petiole combined are long, while the rachis is long. The inflorescences are born among the leaves. They are either predominantly male, or have a mixture of male and female flowers.

Aiphanes chiribogensis is a small palm up to tall with stems in diameter which are "fiercely armed" with black spines up to long. Stems grow singly, not in clonal clusters. Individuals have between 5 and 9 leaves which consists of a leaf sheath, a petiole and a rachis. Leaf sheaths, which wrap around the stem, are long.

Aiphanes duquei is a small palm up to tall with stems about in diameter which are covered with black spines up to long. Stems grow singly, not in clonal clusters. Individuals have between 8 and 9 leaves which consists of a leaf sheath, a petiole and a rachis. Leaf sheaths, which wrap around the stem, are long.

They curl slightly upwards when dried. The rachis (leaf axis) is round, rather than flattened, hairless, and zig-zags rather than being straight. Each blade bears 4 to 6 pairs of pinnae, whose costae also zig-zag, with subdivisions branching off at the angles. The ultimate segments are oval- to lance-shaped, and sometimes have an undulating margin.

It produces several buds, often one at each stipe base. Fronds are bipinnate and up to 1 m long. The rachis and stipe range in colour from brown to dark brown or black-brown and are covered in blunt spines and scales. The scales are dull brown in colour and bear terminal setae, mostly one each.

The erect open non-lignotuberous shrub or tree typically grows to a height of . The branchlets can be either glabrous or hairy and ferruginous The narrow obovate leaves are long and wide. It produces red brown or white or cream-yellow flowers from September to January. Each inflorescence is umbelliform containing five, seven or nine flowers with obscure rachis.

The leaves are all fertile, do not have branches, and have long petioles that are .5–2 cm in length. The blades of the leaves have rays that are on very short rachis which give the false impression of a whorl-like pattern. The rays can range from 1–12 mm or 4–40 mm in length.

Inflorescence are erect and sometimes from old wood, they contain 10–16 flowers with simple rachis that are long. The inflorescence is glabrous or appressed-pubescent with pedicels approximately long. The fruit are formed in an obliquely obovate shape, long and wide. The fruit are black-pusticulate with a toothed crest found on either side of suture.

The pedicel has few or moderately covered with soft hairs. The red perianth has occasional flattened, silky hairs and the pistil is long. Flowering occurs may occur from April to August with the main flush in September. The fruit are scarcely woody, obliquely narrowly egg-shaped to elliptic, long, wide, slightly curved on an elongated rachis.

Cotoneaster tenuipes goes into bloom from May to June. Its flowers are about 7 mm in diameter, and borne on corymbs of two to four flowers each. The slender pedicels (1–3 mm), rachis and hypanthium are villous and closely appressed, but hypanthium only abaxially. The bracts (2–4 mm long) are puberulous, linear or linear-lanceolate.

Triticum compactum erinaceum, also called California Club Wheat or Mayview wheat, is an extinct subspecies of the hexaploid club wheat Triticum compactum. T. compactum erinaceum was a bearded, hairy rachis, red-chaffed wheat named for its appearance similar to that of a hedgehog. T. compactum erinaceum was thought to have disappeared before 1822.Davis, Horace. 1894.

It is a geoxylic plant, sometimes called an "underground tree", that produces annual stems, some 50 to 60 cm long. It has glabrous, leathery, trifoliolate leaves with large leaflets. The rachis and main leaf venation, which are prominently raised below, are armed with recurved spines on both leaf surfaces. The petioles and stems are likewise armed to discourage browsers.

M. rubicaulis is a large, straggling, very prickly shrub. It flowers from June to September, sporting long clusters of many pink spherical flower heads 1–1.5 cm across. The flowers fade to white, so the clusters sport both pink and white flower- heads most of the time. Leaves are double-compound, 8–15 cm long, with thorny rachis.

Dalbergia monticola is a deciduous tree up to 30 m tall. The leaves are imparipinnate, 3.5–12 cm long, and have a hairy rachis. The 20–35 alternate leaflets are 0.3–1.7 cm long, mostly glabrous and glossy above, and densely pubescent beneath. The leaflets often become very coriaceous, with strongly revolute margins, when dried on herbarium sheets.

In culture, B. bassiana grows as a white mould. On most common cultural media, it produces many dry, powdery conidia in distinctive white spore balls. Each spore ball is composed of a cluster of conidiogenous cells. The conidiogenous cells of B. bassiana are short and ovoid, and terminate in a narrow apical extension called a rachis.

This fern produces a creeping stem from which grow very long leaves, the longest exceeding . The leaves have rachises, which are vine-like and may climb other vegetation. What appear to be individual leaves sprouting from the twining rachis are actually leaflets, which are smaller segments from the main leaf. There are two types of leaflets, sterile and fertile.

Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of the endemic Hawaiian genus Adenophorus (Grammitidaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 26 337-47. The leaflets on the fronds are twisted at an angle to the rachis and the leaf edges are lined with unique hairs. Genetic analysis reveals that the fern has a high genetic diversity for such a rare species.

It has 13 to 32 pinnate, glaucous to dark-green coloured leaves arching down towards the trunk and arranged spirally around the crown. The petiole is 30–75 cm long, 1-1.2 cm thick, 3.3-3.9 cm wide, and has both stiff rigid fibres and spines up to 5 cm long along the margins (edges) of the petiole. The top of the petiole is flat or slightly convex, the underside is rounded. The rachis of the leaf is 70–200 cm long and has 35 to 60, exceptionally 66, pairs of pinnae (leaflets). Unlike other species of Butia (except B. catariensis), these are inserted in groups of 2 to 4 at slightly divergent angels along the rachis, but without giving the leaf a plumose aspect such as in Syagrus.

The foliage, which is the part of these plants most widely-found as macrofossils, consists of fronds with a basal dichotomy of the main rachis, each branch producing pinnately divided segments, but with no pinnae attached below the dichotomy.Galtier, J. & Béthoux, O. (2002). Morphology and growth habit of Dicksonites pluckenetii from the Upper Carboniferous of Graissessac (France). Geobios, 35: 525-535.

The leaves narrow gradually to the apex ending either with a sharp point or rounded. The inflorescence consists of 60-80 greenish-yellow flowers on a smooth or with sparsely flattened soft hairs on a rachis up to long. The mid-green pedicel long and smooth. The deep yellow perianths are long and are smooth or with a few hairs when in bud.

The tree typically grows to a height of and has smooth grey bark that becomes rough and fissured. It has angled to terete ridged branchlets. The tips of immature foliage are a silvery to whitish, coloured and densely haired. The silvery to green and herbaceous or subcoriaceous leaves form along long rachis with 5 to 18 pairs of pinnae that are in length.

Cnemidaria is a genus of small tree ferns in the family Cyatheaceae. They are subaborescent or marginally aborescent, growing as tall as 3.5 m with a trunk (basically a single large stem) diameter of 7 cm. The fronds of the Cnemidaria are typically 1-3.5 m long and pinnate. The rachis is generally smooth, but in some species it is slightly spiny.

The smallest leaflets (pinnae) have toothed (serrated) margins. The lowest pinnae may be separated from the others along the rachis and form a clump around the crown, similar to the "wig" of Alsophila baileyana. This moss-like tuft of tiny, reduced leaves is distinctive for Alsophila capensis, and can be used to identify this species across its range.Edwards, Peter. 2005. Cyatheaceae.

Asplenium × wherryi is a small, evergreen fern. The fronds are monomorphic, showing little or no difference between sterile and fertile fronds. The dark-colored stipe (the stalk of the leaf, below the blade) is up to long, while the rachis (the central axis of the leaf) is green. The leaf blades are lance-shaped, cut into ten to sixteen pairs of pinnae.

Fronds never differentiated into bathyphylls and acrophylls as in the bolbitidoid genera Lomagramma, Arthrobotrya, and Teratophyllum. Fronds singly pinnate or bipinnate with a single, free, basal segment on each of the basal pinnae. Pinnae articulate or continuous with the rachis; terminal pinna conform (similar in size and shape to the lateral pinnae). Veins variously anastomosing (not free); veinlets usually included in the areoles.

Tinamous have no true pygostyle, their caudal vertebrae remain unfused, as in ratites.Feduccia, Alan (1996) Tinamou feathers look like those of volant birds in that they have a rachis and two vanes. The structure of tinamou feathers is unique, however, in that they have barbs that remain joined at their tips. Thus the parallel barbs are separated only by slits between them.

Ailanthus vilmoriniana is a tree that often attains heights of 20 metres or more with a crown spread of 15 metres. The new shoots occasionally have small green spines. The leaves are quite similar to those of A. altissima, but they are darker in colour and pendulous. The rachis is finely pubescent and is a consistent deep red in colour.

Dryopteris aemula grows as a crown of fronds arising from a short ascending rhizome. The rachis is dark purple-brown with red-brown lanceolate scales. Leaves are tri-pinnate, triangular-ovate or triangular-lanceolate, 15–60 cm long, often arching, semi- evergreen and pale yellow-green. Scattered small sessile glands grow on the underside or both surfaces of the fronds.

The fleshy rachis of the infructescence is sweet, fragrant and is edible raw or cooked. Dried, they look and taste like raisins. An extract of the seeds, bough and young leaves can be used as a substitute for honey and is used for making wine and candy. An extract of the leaves contains hodulcine, a glycoside which exhibits an anti-sweet activity.

Persoonia daphnoides is a plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to a restricted area near the border of eastern New South Wales and Queensland. It is a prostrate shrub with spatula-shaped to egg-shaped leaves with the narrower end towards the base, and yellow flowers in groups of up to eight on a rachis up to long.

Persoonia hexagona is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect, spreading shrub with branchlets that are densely hairy when young, linear, sharply pointed leaves and bright yellow, hairy flowers borne singly or in groups of up to ten on a rachis up to long.

Persoonia leucopogon is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to Western Australia. It is an erect to low-lying shrub with branchlets that are densely hairy when young, narrow oblong to narrow elliptic leaves and yellow or greenish yellow flowers borne singly or in groups of up to four on a rachis up to long.

Persoonia dillwynioides, commonly known as Fitzgerald persoonia, is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to a restricted area in the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect, spreading shrub with smooth bark, linear leaves and bright yellow flowers borne singly or in groups of up to four along a rachis up to long.

Persoonia chapmaniana is an erect, spreading shrub that typically grows to a height of with smooth, mottled grey bark and densely hairy branchlets. The leaves are linear, long and wide with a sharply-pointed tip. The flowers are arranged along a rachis long, each flower on a pedicel up to long. The tepals are yellow, long and glabrous on the outside.

Randia nicaraguensis is a plant species endemic to Nicaragua. It occurs in tropical drought-deciduous forests at elevations below 850 m. Randia nicaraguensis is a dioecious, deciduous shrub or small tree up to 3 m tall, with a spiny trunk, spiny twigs and exfoliating bark. Leaves are thick and leathery, obovate to lanceolate with winged rachis, the blade up to 10 cm long.

The fern grows in rocky cliffs and slopes of igneous origin. Pellaea brachyptera grows from a branching reddish-brown rhizome several centimeters long. Each gray-green leaf is an elongated, narrow branch up to 40 centimeters long. It is composed of a straight dark brown rachis lined with leaflets which are each divided into pointed, leathery, almost needlelike linear segments.

In male plants, the peduncle is about 6 cm long and 2 mm wide, while in female plants it is 12 cm long and 2.5 mm thick. The rachis is up to 15 cm long. Pedicels are up to 15 mm long and do not have a bracteole. They are almost always one-flowered, although lower ones may be two-flowered.

The stems are to long. Each leaf is a nearly cylindrical strip of tightly overlapping leaflets arranged around a central rachis up to long. The leaflets are green and covered in a dense coat of shiny silver hairs. Most of the leaves emerge from the base of the stem; a few very small ones may emerge farther up the stem.

A fern (Dryopteris decipiens) with simple (lobed or pinnatifid) blades, the dissection of each blade not quite reaching to the rachis. A growing fern frond unfurling. Unfurling fiddlehead fern frond A frond is a large, divided leaf. In both common usage and botanical nomenclature, the leaves of ferns are referred to as fronds and some botanists restrict the term to this group.

The rachis is also white. In the smallest animal studied (2 mm) there were 5 gill leaves and in the largest (25 mm) 10 leaves. After the gill the mantle narrows. The hyponotum is dark blue with white spots on the upper part and yellowish-white spots near the foot; in larger individuals there is always a greater abundance of yellow spots.

The prickles on the stems are straight or slightly curved and have a broad base. The light- or greyish-green leaves have 5 to 7 ovate leaflets with small teeth; the veins are sometimes pubescent and the rachis bears prickles. The stipules are narrow with spreading, free tips. Small, ovate fruits called hips are borne, turning orange-red in autumn.

Other parts of upper pitchers are similar to their lower counterparts. Upper pitchers exhibit a similar pigmentation to lower pitchers, but are typically lighter. Nepenthes talangensis has a racemose inflorescence up to 14 cm long, of which the peduncle constitutes up to 5 cm and the rachis up to 9 cm. The peduncle has a basal diameter of 2 mm.

Pestalotiopsis palmarum is the causative agent of a fungal disease of bananas, coconut and Date palms . The fungus causes leaf spots, petiole/rachis blights and sometimes bud rot of palms. Unlike other leaf spot and blight diseases, Pestalotiopsis palmarun attacks all parts of the leaf from the base to the tip. Whereas most diseases only infect the leaf blade or the leaf petiole.

Lepidorrhachis is a monotypic genus of flowering plant in the palm family restricted to Lord Howe Island. The genus name for the single, monoecious species, Lepidorrhachis mooreana, comes from two Greek word meaning "scale" and "rachis", and the epithet honors Charles Moore, first director of the Sydney Botanical Gardens.Riffle, Robert L. and Craft, Paul (2003) An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Portland: Timber Press.

Erythrophleum couminga is a moderate-sized deciduous tree which grows to a height of up to . The trunk has rough, fissured bark and the twigs are downy when young. The leaves are compoundly bipinnate with two to four pairs of pinnae. Each pinna has a petiole, a rachis up to long, and eight to twelve alternate leaflets with rounded bases and acute apexes.

Goniobranchus hunterae is a chromodorid nudibranch which has an translucent white mantle with scattered red spots. The edge of the mantle is yellow with opaque white glands showing through the skin just inside this region. The rhinophore clubs are translucent with white pigment towards the tip. The gills have opaque white lines on the outer rachis and translucent white leaves.

Goniobranchus daphne is a chromodorid nudibranch which has a translucent white mantle with scattered red spots. The edge of the mantle is red grading into yellow on the inner side and there are numerous opaque white glands adjacent to this coloured band. The rhinophores are mostly red but translucent at the base. The gills have a deep pink outer rachis and white leaves.

Persoonia coriacea, commonly known as the leathery-leaf persoonia, is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect to spreading shrub with smooth bark, spatula-shaped or elliptic to linear leaves and bright yellow flowers borne in groups of up to ten along a rachis up to long.

The flowers are arranged in groups of up to ten along a rachis up to long that usually grows into a leafy shoot after flowering, each flower on a pedicel long. The tepals are bright yellow, long with bright yellow anthers. Flowering occurs from November to February and the fruit is an oval drupe long and wide containing a single seed.

Destemming is the process of removing the grapes from the rachis (the stem which holds the grapes). In traditional and smaller-scale wine making, the harvested grapes are sometimes crushed by trampling them barefoot or by the use of inexpensive small scale crushers. These can also destem at the same time. However, in larger wineries, a mechanical crusher/destemmer is used.

California Historical Society Quarterly. p. 366T. compactum was farmed extensively during the beginning of California's agricultural history. Data even suggests that T. compactum was farmed more than the related T. aestivum during this time. T. compactum erinaceum, also called California Club Wheat, was a bearded, hairy rachis, red-chaffed subspecies of T. compactum that is thought to have disappeared before 1822.

Greater racket-tailed drongo showing the twisted rachis and racquets Like other drongos, these feed mainly on insects but also eat fruit and visit flowering trees for nectar. Having short legs, they sit upright and are often perched on high and exposed branches. They are aggressive and will sometimes mob larger birds especially when nesting. They are often active at dusk.

The disease is not apparent until heading, at which time, smutted heads emerge slightly earlier than healthy heads. At first, each smutted head is covered by a delicate, paperlike, grayish membrane. These membranes break shortly after the smutted heads have emerged and expose a dark brown to black, powdery mass of spores. This spores are easily dislodged, leaving only the bare rachis.

Pennaceous feathers have a rachis with vanes or vaxillum spreading to either side. These vanes are composed of a high number of flattened barbs, that are connected to one another with barbules. The barbules are tiny strands that criss-cross on the flattened sides of the barbs. This forms a miniature velcro-like mesh that holds all the barbs together, stabilizing the vanes.

In the anterior part of the foot there is a yellow or orange line. The rhinophores are uniformly coloured, dark blue in the Atlantic and violet blue in the Mediterranean. The gills are dark blue with a yellow rachis. In Mediterranean animals, the external aspect of this spine usually has two convergent lines at the apex, while in the Atlantic it is uniform.

Paired stipules are generally present, and are a primitive feature within the family, independently lost in many groups of Amygdaloideae (previously called Spiraeoideae). The stipules are sometimes adnate (attached surface to surface) to the petiole. Glands or extrafloral nectaries may be present on leaf margins or petioles. Spines may be present on the midrib of leaflets and the rachis of compound leaves.

Each blade bears 6 to 9 pairs of pinnae, borne oppositely on the rachis. The ultimate segments of the blade are elliptically shaped, long, occasionally as little as . They are grayish-green in color and leathery in texture. The underside of the leaf is coated in white farina (powder), which may be sparsely scattered on the upper surface or absent from it.

Shared features include chromosome numbers, the spiral arrangement of spikelets on the rachis, the absence of juvenile leaves, the presence of lodicules, and the presence of an epiblast in the seed embryos. The name Tuctoria is an anagram of Orcuttia. Recent (2010) molecular phylogenetic analysis suggests that Tuctoria is not monophyletic as currently circumscribed, and is in need of taxonomic revision.

The leaf blades are lance-shaped or somewhat oblong-triangular, measuring long and wide. They are bipinnate (divided into pinnae and pinnules) or occasionally tripinnate. Each blade is divided into 7 to 21 pinnae, set at an oblique angle to the rachis. The lowest or second lowest pair of pinnae are the largest, their size gradually diminishing towards the apex of the blade.

Alsophila archboldii, synonym Cyathea archboldii, is a species of tree fern native to New Guinea and Bougainville, where it is common in submontane rain forest at an altitude of 1000–3000 m. The trunk is erect and up to about 3 m tall. Fronds are bipinnate and 2–3 m long. The rachis may be purplish and has short spines and scales.

Alsophila aneitensis, synonym Cyathea aneitensis, is a species of tree fern native to Vanuatu and possibly New Caledonia. This species has an erect trunk up to 3 m tall. Fronds are bipinnate and may reach 2 m in length. The rachis and stipe are either very dark and smooth or have a few scales towards the base of the stipe.

The infructescence can be quite long with numerous clusters of fruit scattered along the rachis. The fruits are generally in clusters of 3 (and up to 10). The cupules only cover the lower part of the nut and have squamose scales arranging loosely in cyclical series. The brown nuts are also glabrous and ovoid to roundish and measure up to across.

Its fronds are coriacea as plastic and the rachis is very thick, dark garnet color and brilliance. A typical feature of this fern is the existence of a small atrium at the base of the pinnae medium and lower geared towards the apex of the frond with one or two sori in its underside. Sporulation occurs from October to March.

The whole genus is listed under CITES Appendix I / EU Annex A, and CITES prohibits international trade in specimens of these species except when the purpose of the import is not commercial, for instance for scientific research. Plants have a subterranean globose stem. The leaves emerge singly and are straight, oblong, and pinnately compound. The petiole and rachis have spines.

Male inflorescences can reach a height of 60 cm, of which the rachis constitutes up to 30 cm. Female inflorescences are similar in size, growing to 50 cm in length. Peduncles of both sexes have a basal diameter of approximately 1 cm. Female inflorescences hold up to around 150 closely packed flowers that are usually restricted to the distal quarter of their length.

The largest pinnae found measure 8 cm long and 3 cm wide. The pinna rachis are between 2 and 5 cm wide with a distinct median ridge. The individual pinnules were closely spaced and frequently overlapping. The pinnules were rhomboidal or broadly oval, and usually slightly contracted at the base with entire or slightly lobed margins and an obtuse apex.

Young infructescence (as above) The authors describe Pinanga cattienensis, as differing from all previously described species of Pinanga from Vietnam, by its leaf sheaths which do not form expanded/extended bases of the leaves to form a crown ("crownshaft") and inflorescences which are not situated below the leaves. Instead, the inflorescences push through the persistent, disintegrating, subtending leaf sheaths: they are spreading, with peduncles 5 mm long, 9 mm wide; "prophylls" (the lowest tract of the inflorescence) are 90–140 mm long, persistent and erect, splitting abaxially. There is no rachis, but 3-4 "rachillae" are 90–130 mm long, rectangular in cross-section, glabrous. Flower "triads" (two male and one female flowers in groups, common with palms) are spirally arranged. Staminate flowers are 6 mm long, with sepals forming a 3-lobed, flat, membranous calyx 1.5 mm long; three petals, 6 mm long, triangular, fleshy, acute; stamens 20-22. Pistillate flowers are 2.5 mm long: the calyx is 2.5 mm long with 3, free, imbricate, scarcely ciliate, non-acuminate sepals; the corolla similar to the calyx; ovary 2.5 mm long. Note: the inflorescences are similar to P. humilis, but P. cattienensis differs from the latter in its spirally (versus distichously) arranged triads, 900–950 mm long (versus 380–390 mm long) rachis and 9–13 (vs. 5–7) pinnae per side of the rachis.

The peduncle itself may be up to 46 cm long and 9 mm wide, while the rachis can reach 20 cm. Partial peduncles are mostly two-flowered and bear a bract (≤7 mm long). Their unbranched basal portion is up to 3 mm long, while the branches reach 14 mm. The ovate tepals measure up to 4 mm in length and have an acute apex.

The trunks grow to 15 m, usually no wider than 25 cm, and both are solitary, ringed, and crownshafted. The leaf is pinnately compounded, in long sheaths, usually covered in scales and hairs, as is the short petiole. The ridged rachis is flattened on the bottom and also covered in hairy tomentum. The unusual leaflets are once-folded and toothed, twisting upwards in their bottom half.

Persoonia katerae is a plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to a small area on the coast of New South Wales. It is an erect shrub to small tree with smooth bark on the branches, narrow elliptic to lance-shaped leaves with the narrower end towards the base, and yellow flowers in groups of six to twenty-two on a rachis long.

Zamia fischeri has a subglobose subterranean stem about 8 cm in diameter. Zamia fischeri has a large stem and cones compared to its leaf size. The cataphylls are ovate, 1 to 1.5 centimeters long, and 1.5 to 2 centimeters wide. The leaves are about 15 to 30 centimeters long; the petioles are 5 to 10 centimeters long, and the rachis has 5 to 9 pairs of leaflets.

This is said to impart a sweet flavour to the meat. The young leaves are used to wrap tobacco for smoking. In Cambodia, this palm is called cha:k, its leaves are used to cover roofs. Roof thatching with the leaves occurs in many places in Papua New Guinea, in some coastal areas the rachis is used for walls in houses and the leaflets are used for ornaments.

Alsophila camerooniana, synonym Cyathea camerooniana, is a species of tree fern native to Sierra Leone, Cameroon, northern Angola and western Uganda, where it grows in montane forest at an altitude of 900–1200 m. The trunk is erect and 2–3 m tall. Fronds are pinnate and 2–3 m long. The rachis ranges in colour from dark to pale and has some hairs on the underside.

Mexichromis mariei has a white to pale pink mantle with scattered rounded pink-purple tubercles. The original description describes red spots around the edge of the mantle but there is usually a yellow band which may be slightly broken into patches. The gills are pale pink with a purple line on the exterior rachis. The rhinophores grade from pale pink to purple at the tips.

Persoonia fastigiata is an erect to spreading shrub that typically grows to a height of with smooth bark and hairy young branches. The leaves are mostly linear, long, wide and hairy when young. The flowers are arranged singly or in groups of up to five along a rachis long, each flower on a hairy pedicel long. The tepals are long and moderately hairy on the outside.

Persoonia curvifolia is an erect to spreading shrub with smooth bark and young branches and leaves that are hairy when young. The leaves are linear, long, wide and grooved on the lower surface. The flowers are arranged in groups of up to eighteen along a rachis long, each flower on a hairy pedicel long. The tepals are yellow, long and sparsely to moderately hairy on the outside.

Persoonia comata is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect, sometimes spreading to low-lying shrub with mostly smooth bark, spatula-shaped to lance- shaped leaves with the narrower end towards the base and yellow flowers usually in groups of ten to fifty along a rachis up to long.

Each leaf is 7 to 45 centimeters long and is borne on a thin petiole. It is composed of a thin, straight, brown rachis lined with widely spaced leaflets. The leaflets are divided into small narrow terminal segments, or these may be subdivided into another set of segments. The smallest segment is up to about a centimeter long and is green to dark purplish in color.

Pellaea breweri grows from a branching reddish-brown rhizome covered in hairlike scales. Each leaf is up to 20 or 25 centimeters long. It is composed of a shiny brown rachis lined with widely spaced leaflets. The thick, pale green leaflets vary in shape from lance-shaped to diamond, triangular, or spade- shaped, and are sometimes divided deeply into lobes, or into two smaller leaflets.

Katote is an understory tree fern that grows up to 8 m tall but tends not reaching into the canopy as do other iconic members of this genus. It grows slowly and is not a strong competitor except at higher altitudes. Like related tree ferns, it has rough scales along its rachis and trunk. A distinctive feature is the retention of dead fronds as a skirt.

The Rachis Saeristavo was a very important entity in the Georgian Kingdom. Its Eristavis played important roles in the Georgian politics in the 10th-13th centuries. By north, Racha was bordered by Svanetis Eristavi. Their separator was the mountains of Lechkhumi. By west, it was separated with Takveri by Guelistavi In the 10th-13th centuries, the Eristavis of Racha were the vassals of the King of Georgia.

242x242pxFlowers (open and close) A small, multistemmed and slow growing tree with a disorderly growth twiggy limbs. It is a shrub or rarely a small tree, reaching a height up to 6 metres. The pinnate with 3-5 leaflets, deeply veined, polished alternated dark green leaves are 15–25 cm long and distinctive for their broadly winged axis and reddish veins. Leaf rachis are winged.

Cyathea amintae is a species of tree fern native to Puerto Rico, where it grows in shaded areas and cloud forest at an altitude of 1000–1200 m. The erect trunk may be 1.3 m tall and approximately 5 cm in diameter. Fronds are pinnate and up to 1.6 m long. The rachis is often purplish brown and covered with scales, usually on the underside.

The species is bisexual with closed leaf-sheaths and have short rhizomes with culms that are tall. It panicle is long and is linear. Its rachis and branches are scabrous while the ligule is long and is membranous. The glumes are lanceolate, papery and membranous on borders, with difference in size; Lower glume is long by wide while the upper one is long by wide.

The first five to twenty centimeters (depending on the overall length of the leaf) are fully formed leaflets, which are straightly lanceolate with flat, dentate margins; those growing towards and at the end of the rachis reduce to mere spines. Seeing the difference between male and female cones is not difficult with D. purpusii. The seed cones (female) are large (35-45 cm.; 15-20 cm.

It is an acaule plant. Each plant has 2-8 leaves 350 cm long, dark green in color, erect when young, while as they age they tend to assume a horizontal position. The leaflets, 30 cm long and lanceolate, have toothed margins and are inserted on the rachis in the opposite way at an angle of 150-180º. The petiole is equipped with small spines.

Aiphanes deltoidea is a small palm tall with either a single stem or two large and several smaller stems, about in diameter. Stems are covered with grey spines up to long. Individuals have between 6 and 12 leaves which consists of a leaf sheath, a petiole and a rachis. Leaf sheaths, which wrap around the stem, are about long with spines similar to those on the trunk.

The androphore is up to 3 mm long. Tepals are elliptic and up to 5 mm long by 3 mm wide. They are predominantly green with red margins. The female inflorescence is similar in structure to the male one, but differs in having a shorter rachis (10–15 cm long) and longer pedicels of 4–10 mm, which either have greatly reduced bracts or lack them altogether.

The undersurface of pinna-rachis has no hairs or scales. The uncoiling tips and young rachises are covered in red-brown bristles and have some fringed scales. The pinnules are 1 to 3 mm long and have a blunt, oblong- triangular shape. The lower surface of the pinnules are flat or slightly concave and never rolled inwards on all edges to make a pocket.

Leaves attach to the woody stem by a 2–5 mm petiole. Flowering occurs in December, and presents upon a rachis which can be terminal or axillary. The perianth is homochlamydeous; it comprises four white-cream tepals with a groove running along the centre, and curling under to display the pink style. The immature fruit is a green similar to that of the leaves.

When mature, they are up to long. The stipe (the stalk of the leaf, below the blade) represents about one-third of the total length of the leaf. The upper surface of the stipe is grooved, continuing into the rachis (leaf axis), and it is shiny, dark chestnut brown to purplish brown in color. It bears a few hairs, long and pressed against the stipe.

Ovules 50-100 per ovary. Fruit are oblong to oblong-linear, strongly 4-angled, slightly angustiseptate, (5-)7-10(-14) × 2–3 mm, smooth, erect and often appressed to rachis, straight; valves with a prominent midvein and slightly winged keel, outside with transversely oriented malpighiaceous trichomes, inside glabrous; style slender, (4-)5-10(-12) mm, cylindric; stigma strongly 2-lobed, with lobes often divergent.

The inflorescence emerges in the leaf crown but sags pendent in fruit, once or twice branched and solitary. The peduncle is long and the prophyll short and tubular, disintegrating into a fibrous mass at the base. There are four to five peduncular bracts, longer than the prophyll, with the distalmost exceeding the peduncle. The rachis is elongated bearing slender rachillae with slender, spinelike tips.

Dead leaves are marcescent in juvenile palms, but abscise, naturally fall off the tree, neatly in adults. The inflorescence is infrafoliar and surrounded by a long, leathery spathe, which curls up on itself after abscission (due to drying out). The inflorescence stalk is long and elliptic in cross-section. The rachis is very short, long and bearing about 30–50 crowded, spirally arranged rachillae.

Habit Antigonon leptopus is a fast-growing climbing vine that holds on via tendrils, and is able to reach 25 ft or more in length. It has cordate (heart- shaped), sometimes triangular leaves 2½ to 7½ cm long. The flowers are borne in panicles, clustered along the rachis. Producing pink or white flowers from spring to autumn, it forms underground tubers and large rootstocks.

Alsophila engelii, synonym Cyathea elongata, is a species of tree fern native to Venezuela and Colombia, where it grows in montane areas at an altitude of 2000–3000 m. The trunk is erect and up to 11 m tall. Fronds are pinnate and usually 2–3 m long. The rachis and stipe are brown, may be smooth to warty and have basal tan scales.

Feathers can then become waterlogged, causing the bird to sink. It is also very difficult to clean and rescue birds whose feathers have been fouled by oil spills. The feathers of cormorants soak up water and help to reduce buoyancy, thereby allowing the birds to swim submerged. Rictal bristles of a white-cheeked barbet Bristles are stiff, tapering feathers with a large rachis but few barbs.

Hypolepis parallelogramma is a species of fern native to the foothills of the Andes. Its fronds are long, borne on brown stipes which grow paler in color towards the blade, armed with thorns. The rachis, like the top of the stipe, is light brown to straw-colored. The blades are oblong in shape and tripinnate, the pinnulets at the base being lobed (tripinnate-pinnatifid).

19th century illustration The semi- evergreen leaves have an upright habit and reach a maximum length of , with a single crown on each rootstock. The bipinnate leaves consist of 20–35 pinnae on each side of the rachis. The leaves taper at both ends, with the basal pinnae about half the length of the middle pinnae. The pinules are rather blunt and equally lobed all around.

The peduncle is up to 23 cm long and 5 mm wide, while the rachis is up to 55 cm long. Pedicels are one- flowered, bracteate, and measure up to 16 mm in length. Sepals are elliptic in shape and up to 6 mm long. Most parts of the plants bear an indumentum of very short hairs, although much of this covering is caducous.

Like many precocial hatchlings, domestic chickens are already covered with a downy coat of feathers when they hatch. The word down comes from the Old Norse word dúnn, which had the same meaning as its modern equivalent. The down feather is considered to be the most "straightforward" of all feather types. It has a short or vestigial rachis (shaft), few barbs, and barbules that lack hooks.

A pennaceous feather has a stalk or quill. Its basal part, called a calamus, is embedded in the skin. The calamus is hollow and has pith formed from the dry remains of the feather pulp, and the calamus opens below by an inferior umbilicus and above by a superior umbilicus. The stalk above the calamus is a solid rachis having an umbilical groove on its underside.

Rhinophores somewhat flattened laterally, stained white behind the rachis and yellow ahead. Sides of the foot with a continuous yellow line in the middle zone and a fragmented one below it. In the larger animal there are elongated yellow spots between the two. The lines of the foot continue on the tail but do not link with the mid dorsal stria present on it.

Plectra for psalteries and lutes can be cut similarly to writing pens. The rachis, the portion of the stem between the barbs, not the calamus, of the primary flight feathers of birds of the crow family was preferred for harpsichords. In modern instruments, plastic is more common, but they are often still called "quills". The lesiba uses a quill attached to a string to produce sound.

The filaments are threadlike, usually pale brown, and often bald. The pistillate (female) flowers are also without calyx or corolla, and consist of a single ovary accompanied by a small, flat nectar gland and inserted on the base of a scale which is likewise borne on the rachis of a catkin. The ovary is one-celled, the style two-lobed, and the ovules numerous.

The edges of the leaf segments do not curl or fold to protect them. Each sporangium contains 64 spores. The spores are nearly smooth, unlike many members of the genus. The lack of joints at the leaf segment bases, very dark leaf and segment axes, and the presence of scales and farina on the rachis help distinguish it from other species in the genus, particularly A. incana.

The rachis is hairy and the leaf is divided into a few elongated leaflets. When this plant was placed on the United States' Endangered Species List it was known from a population of 23 individuals in Arecibo, Puerto Rico. The ferns are located about away from the Arecibo Radio Telescope. Later more individuals were discovered in Río Abajo Commonwealth Forest and in the municipality of Florida.USFWS.

Foxtail barley is a fibrous-rooted, densely tufted grass that grows from tall and is erect or reclining at the base. The stems are erect and smooth and the leaf sheaths are split and hairy. The inflorescence of the mature plant is a dense, long-awned nodding spike with greenish or purplish colouring. The jointed rachis breaks into sharply pointed segments with three spikelets composing each segment.

The rachis (central axis of the leaf) is shiny and hairless, reddish or purplish brown at the base fading to green towards the tip. The pinnae, when present, are triangular to narrowly triangular, in length and in width. Exceptional specimens may reach in length and in width. The bases of the pinnae are squared off or obtusely angled, and have small lobes on either side.

Drupe Persoonia hirsuta, commonly known as the hairy geebung or hairy persoonia, is a is a plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to eastern New South Wales. It is a hairy, spreading to low-lying shrub with linear, lance-shaped or spatula-shaped leaves and yellow or orange flowers arranged singly or in groups of up to ten on a rachis up to long.

Nepenthes surigaoensis has a racemose inflorescence. It measures up to 40 cm in length and has a maximum basal diameter of 6 cm, flowers included. The peduncle itself is up to 18 cm long, whereas the rachis reaches up to 25 cm. Most flowers are borne in pairs on partial peduncles measuring up to 8 mm in length, with pedicels up to 16 mm long.

Within the sori, 64 spores are borne in each sporangium. The species is tetraploid, with a sporophyte chromosome number of 2n = 144. The smaller, ground-hugging fronds are lance-shaped, ranging from long and across. The basal half to two-thirds of the blade is cut into lobes; they are occasionally cut all the way to the rachis to form pinnae at the very base.

The trunk is solitary and ringed, colored brown, no more than 8 cm wide. The sheath of the pinnate leaf is extended, wrapping around the trunk to form a tall, slender crownshaft. The petiole is short, the thin rachis bears regularly spaced, reduplicate leaflets with a prominent midrib and jagged ends. The inflorescence emerges below the crownshaft, initially enclosed by a prophyll, with a single peduncular bract.

It might be confused with Countess Dalhousie's spleenwort (A. dalhousiae), of Asia and the American Southeast, but the latter has short, dull stipes with larger, toothed scales. A. pinnatifidum closely resembles the hybrid Scott's spleenwort (A. × ebenoides) (including the fertile Tutwiler's spleenwort, A. tutwilerae), but those species have a wholly dark stipe, with the dark color extending into the rachis, and longer lobes on the blade.

Boronia boliviensis is an erect, strongly scented shrub with many branches and which grows to a height of between . The branches, when young are densely covered with fine, yellowish, branched hairs but become glabrous with age. Its leaves are dark green and bipinnate with between 5 and 9 leaflets. Each leaflet is narrow elliptic in shape, long and arranged on a jointed rachis usually long and wide.

Its strongly pouched ultimate segments mean it can be confused only with G. dicarpa. From that species, G. alpina can be distinguished by: the absence of stellate scales with patent branches on the β costae; the strongly convex adaxial surface of the ultimate segments; only 0–1 (rarely 2) pseudodichotomous forks in the pinnae (excluding growth from pinna buds); the absence of accessory leaflets around the rachis bud; and pinna buds that usually extend, often more than once. In contrast, G. dicarpa has: stellate scales with patent branches (curled in Chatham Islands’ plants) on the abaxial and/or adaxial surfaces of the β costae; complanate or weakly convex adaxial surface of the ultimate segments; 1–4 (rarely 0 or 5) pseudodichotomous forks in the pinnae (excluding growth from pinna buds); usually accessory leaflets around the rachis bud; and pinna buds that extend only occasionally and rarely more than once.

During the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period, at about 8000 BC, free-threshing forms of wheat evolved, with light glumes and fully tough rachis. Hulled or free-threshing status is important in traditional classification because the different forms are usually grown separately, and have very different post-harvesting processing. Hulled wheats need substantial extra pounding or milling to remove the tough glumes. For more information, see Wheat: Hulled vs.

The androphore is up to 1.5 mm long. Tepals are round or elliptic and up to 4 mm long by 3 mm wide. Those of male flowers may be green or red, whereas those of females are always green. The female inflorescence is similar in structure to the male one, but differs in having a rachis up to 25 cm long with longer pedicels of 10–23 mm.

Individuals have been known to live from 100–250 years of age. the thin shelled nuts of red hickory The leaves are pinnately compound, typically producing 5-9 leaflets (7 being the most common). The terminal leaflet is often the largest, with the auxiliary leaflets decreasing in size from the tip to the base of the rachis. Leaflets are broadest above or at their median length, with finely serrated margins.

Later it forms rugose ellipsoidal fruit that are long. It regenerates from seed only. It can be confused with Grevillea teretifolia which has a shorter floral rachis and longer pistils. Grevillea leptopoda is found in the Mid West and the Wheatbelt regions from Kalbarri south to Moora growing among medium to low trees in tall shrubland, mallee or heathland It will grow in rocky, stony or sandy lateritic soils.

Each leaflet also bears scales and a prominent midrib, with tomentose margins, and lacking visible veinlets. The inflorescence emerges below the crownshaft, stiff and horizontal, and branched to three orders. Covered in scales, the peduncle is short and thick, the prophyll is tubular, beaked and tomentose, and the long rachis bears numerous short rachillae which are often Z-shaped. The rachillae bear short round bracts subtending triads of large flowers throughout.

It has imparipinnate leaves, with 9 - 15 toothed, oblong leaflets, which are approximately 2 –11 cm long. The adaxial surface of the leaves is dark green and shiny, and the abaxial surface is hairy and glaucous green in colouration. The rachis of the leaves is often red. The scape is 10 – 15 cm long and bears a globular, terminal inflorescence, of 20 – 25 mm diameter, with 70 – 100 flowers.

This resulting feather is one with a tuft of branched barbs without a rachis. At stage IV, differentiated distal and proximal barbules produce a closed, pennaceous vane (a contour feather). A closed vane develops when pennulae on the distal barbules form a hooked shape to attach to the simpler proximal barbules of the adjacent barb. Stage V developmental novelties gave rise to additional structural diversity in the closed pennaceous feather.

His father was Duke Pemmo, and he was the nephew of Lombard king Liutprand, who appointed him as duke of Friuli in 737 despite former strife with Pemmo. Rachis was married to a Roman woman named Tassia. During his rule of Friuli, he launched an expedition against the Slavs in Carniola, across the Eastern Alps, fighting personally during the battles. Ratchis on an 11th manuscript of the Codex Matritensis Leges Langobardorum.

Persoonia cuspidifera is an erect shrub that typically grows to a height of and has hairy young branchlets. Its leaves are spatula-shaped, long and wide. The flowers are arranged in groups of up to twenty-five along a rachis up to long, each flower on an erect, hairy pedicel long. The tepals are greenish yellow, long and moderately hairy on the outside and the anthers are yellow.

Rarely, a frond may even be tripinnate, in which case the pinnule divisions are known as ultimate segments. Pinnae may be arranged along the rachis either directly opposite one another or alternating up the stem. The arrangement may change from the base of a blade to the tip, as in the example of Blechnum shown below (from base to tip: pinnae opposite to alternate, and pinnatisect to pinnatifid).

The bark is grey, thick and corky even on young trees, becoming scaly and fissured with age. The winter buds are dark brown to blackish, with a velvety texture. The leaves are opposite, pinnately compound, with 7–13 (most often 9) leaflets; each leaf is long, the leaflets long and broad, with a finely toothed margin. The leaflets are sessile, directly attached to the rachis without a petiolule.

Bactris campestris grows in small, multi-stemmed clumps. The stems, which are tall and in diameter, are often sheathed by the remains of old leaf bases. Stems usually bear between two and five leaves which are covered with flattened greyish-brown spines in length. The leaf sheath and petiole are densely covered with spines; those on the rachis are less dense and grow mostly on the lower surface.

Rhus republicensis leaves are pinnately compound on a long petiole, with a possible total length of for full leaves. The subopposite leaflets are sessile on the rachis between the flared wings that bracket the midvein. The leaflets are obovoid to ovoid in outline, tapering from the wide middle to both the base and apex. They have a width of and a length to width ratio of up to 3.1∶1.

In both of these, the pinnae have short stalks, rather than being sessile; the pinnae are fewer, typically from 5 to 12 rather than 25 or more; and the dark color of the stipe and rachis extends only halfway up the frond. It is easily distinguished from A. tutwilerae, which has fewer pinnae which are more pointed and dramatically irregular, and a longer stipe and shorter leaf blade.

Tepals are elliptic and up to 3 mm long by 1.5 mm wide. The tepals are green when newly opened, but later darken to orange or red. The female inflorescence differs markedly in structure from the male one, bearing flowers solitarily on ebracteate pedicels measuring 3–12 mm in length. It also differs in having a rachis that is 8–22 cm long and tepals that are always green.

The peristome is white throughout, while the lid may be green, yellow, or white. Nepenthes andamana has a racemose inflorescence. In male plants, it reaches 110 cm in length, of which the peduncle constitutes 45–65 cm and the rachis 20–45 cm. Around 40–190 flowers are produced. Most are borne solitarily on pedicels measuring 3–6 mm in length, although some may have two-flowered partial peduncles.

Aiphanes bicornis is a small palm tall with a single stem tall and in diameter. Stems are covered with grey spines up to long with spacing between nodes. Individuals have between 7 and 13 leaves which consists of a leaf sheath, a petiole and a rachis. Leaf sheaths, which wrap around the stem, are about long and are covered with small cream-coloured spines and scattered larger spines.

The segmentation of the rachis however is often effaced. The Weymouthiidae include forms with the rear of the glabella roundly expanded over the occipital ring or with a vertical spine, forms in which the occipital ring cannot be discerned because the glabella is expanded, and forms with a primitive occipital structure but with a greatly increased numbers of axial segments.Whittington, H.B. et al. Part O, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology.

The 10-26 leaves are highly arched back towards the trunk, with the total blade length being 77–86 cm. A mature plant with an exposed trunk bears an average of 14 leaves a year. The 83–115 cm petiole of the leaf is unarmed, lacking teeth along its margins. These margins are instead densely fibrous along the lower half of the rachis, becoming less fibrous toward base.

This is a solitary- trunked palm, with the trunk usually growing to maximally 1.3m in height and 10-21cm in diameter. It may be acaulescent sometimes, which means the trunk is very short and hidden underground. The 5 to 20 leaves are highly recurved. The leaf has a 5-18cm sheathing leaf base, an unarmed petiole 2-15cm long, a rachis 50–80cm long, and possessing 26-44 pinnae.

The species are monoecious. inflorescence sprouts at the crownshaft base, branched to two orders with a short, winged, tomentose peduncle, colored brown and bearing spines. There is a single peduncular bract, the rachis long, often spiny, bearing ivory to red rachillae. The flowers are spirally arranged on first order rachillae, subtended by triangular bracts, with pairs or single staminate flowers on the tips; the branchlets elongate and become green in fruit.

The leaves have 7-11 pairs of secondary veins emanating from their midribs. Its petioles are 2-6 by 1-2 millimeters and covered in sparse fine hairs. Its inflorescence are composed of up to 3 flowers on a rachis that is covered in pale brown velvety hair. Each flower is born on a fleshy pedicel that is 10-16 by 0.7-0.9 millimeters and densely covered in fine brown hairs.

Pulvini may be present at the base or apex of the petiole or where the leaflets of a compound leaf are inserted into the rachis. They consist of a core of vascular tissue within a flexible, bulky cylinder of thin-walled parenchyma cells. A pulvinus is also sometimes called a geniculum. Pulvinar movement is caused by changes in turgor pressure leading to a contraction or expansion of the parenchyma tissue.

These barbules have minute hooks called barbicels for cross- attachment. Down feathers are fluffy because they lack barbicels, so the barbules float free of each other, allowing the down to trap air and provide excellent thermal insulation. At the base of the feather, the rachis expands to form the hollow tubular calamus (or quill) which inserts into a follicle in the skin. The basal part of the calamus is without vanes.

This, they reasoned, would require an even thicker rachis, evidence for which has not yet been presented. Another possibility is that they had not achieved true flight, but instead used their wings as aids for extra lift while running over water after the fashion of the basilisk lizard, which could explain their presence in lake and marine deposits (see Evolution of bird flight).Videler, JJ (2005) Avian Flight. Oxford University Press.

Pterodon is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Faboideae. Pterodon can be distinguished from other members of the Dipterygeae as follows: > the leaf rachis is exalate, the fruit is a cryptosamara with oil glands in > the epicarp, the seed testa is smooth and the raphe is apparent, with the > hilum in a lateral position covered by an aril and a smooth embryo.

Novon 4:32-34 Zapoteca sousae is a shrub or small tree up to 3 m tall. Leaves are up to 7 cm long including the rachis, bipinnately compound, with as many as 33 pairs of leaflets per pinna. Flower heads are borne in the axils of the leaves, the flowers greenish-white. Pods are dehiscent, up to 12 cm long when mature, containing dark brown, mottled seeds.

When they emerge in the spring, the leaves are bronze then quickly turn from medium to dark green as they grow. The rachis is light to reddish-green with a swollen base. The leaflets are ovate-lanceolate with entire margins, somewhat asymmetric and occasionally not directly opposite to each other. Each leaflet is 5–18 cm (2-7 inches) long and 2.5–5 cm (1-2 inches) wide.

In June and July, cream-white flowers are borne in terminal panicles of secund racemes seven to eight inches long; rachis and short pedicels are downy. The calyx is five-parted and persistent; lobes are valvate in bud. The corolla is ovoid-cylindric, narrowed at the throat, cream-white, and five-toothed. The 10 stamens are inserted on the corolla; filaments are wider than the anthers; anthers are two-celled.

Persoonia manotricha is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to Western Australia. It is an erect shrub with hairy young branchlets, more or less cylindrical leaves and greenish yellow flowers in groups of up two to eight on a rachis long. It is similar to P. bowgada and P. hexagona but has longer pedicels than P. bowgada and differently grooved leaves from P. hexagona.

From base to tip of leaf, they are up to long. Of this length, from 20% to 33% is made up by the stipe (the stalk of the leaf, below the blade). Both stipe and rachis (leaf axis) are round and chestnut-brown, bearing farina (powder) and a scattering of narrow linear or slightly lance- shaped scales of the same color. The leaf blades are wide and roughly parallel-sided.

The stipe is a glossy dark purple in color, rounded, and bears scales near the base. The leaf blades are roughly triangular, widest at the base or somewhat widely lance-shaped, with the widest point a little above the base. They are bipinnate-pinnatifid (divided into pinnae and deeply lobed pinnules). The rachis (leaf axis) has sparse farina (powder) scattered on its surface and occasional narrow scales about long.

Two-row and six-row barley Spikelets are arranged in triplets which alternate along the rachis. In wild barley (and other Old World species of Hordeum), only the central spikelet is fertile, while the other two are reduced. This condition is retained in certain cultivars known as two-row barleys. A pair of mutations (one dominant, the other recessive) result in fertile lateral spikelets to produce six-row barleys.

ANI-1 and ANI-2 (proteins homologous to anillin) are essential for embryonic viability in both organisms. ANI-1 is required for cortical ruffling, pseudocleavage, and all contractile events that occur in embryos prior to mitosis. ANI-1 is also crucial for segregation of polar bodies during meiosis. ANI-2 functions in the maintenance of the structure of the central core of the cytoplasm, the rachis, during oogenesis.

Alsophila apoensis, synonym Cyathea apoensis, is a species of tree fern native to Mindanao, Negros and southern Luzon in the Philippines, where it grows in dense forest at an altitude of approximately 1800 m. The trunk is erect and 2–5 m tall. The rachis is dark and warty. The stipe is covered with scattered scales, which are either large, dark and glossy, or small and dull brown.

There are six different types of feathers, which are contour, flight, down, filoplumes, semiplumes, and bristle feathers. Pennaceous feathers, more commonly known as contour feathers, split into two groups; one group is symmetrical and covers the body and the other is the flight feathers. Contour feathers allow for protection from the elements. Flight feathers are long and asymmetrical allowing for stiffening of the rachis, allowing for strong stable feathers during flight.

This is a solitary-trunked palm with a subterranean trunk only 5 by 8 cm in size. The 3 to 8 leaves have a 15–34 cm by 1 cm wide petiole with a margin toothed with tiny teeth to only 1mm in length, and a rachis 70–85 cm in length with 12-30 pairs of pinnae (leaflets) placed at regular intervals in one plane (each pair forming a 'V'-shape). The pinnae in the middle of leaf are 35–45 cm in length and 0.5-1.1 cm in width. The branched inflorescence is protected in a woody spathe 30–40 cm in length, of which the swollen part is 10–28 cm long by 1.5–3 cm wide; this spathe is usually glabrous (hairless) but may rarely be covered in a tomentose indumentum. The inflorescence has a 13–25 cm long peduncle with a 0.5–15 cm long rachis with 3-22 rachillae (branches) 8–18 cm long.

All wild wheats are hulled: they have tough glumes (husks) that tightly enclose the grains. Each package of glumes, lemma and palaea, and grain(s) is known as a spikelet. At maturity the rachis (central stalk of the cereal ear) disarticulates, allowing the spikelets to disperse. The first domesticated wheats, einkorn and emmer, were hulled like their wild ancestors, but with rachises that (while not entirely tough) did not disarticulate at maturity.

Persoonia conjuncta is an erect shrub or small tree that typically grows to a height of and smooth bark, finely fissured near the base. The leaves are narrow elliptic to lance- shaped, long and wide. The flowers are arranged in groups of up to sixteen along a rachis up to long that grows into a leafy shoot after flowering, each flower on a pedicel long. The tepals are yellow, long and hairy on the outside.

The fly larva mines the leaves and stems of the fern's frond at the apex. The tip of the frond rolls upwards into a loose, obvious knot or mop-head structure involving many pinnae; inside, a white larva mines along the rachis, eating the trichomes, causing it to coil. Usually, only one larva is present in the leaf tip, sometimes two. An elongated white egg shell is visible at the centre of the mass.

The leaflets may have petiolules and stipels, the equivalents of the petioles and stipules of leaves. Because each leaflet can appear to be a simple leaf, it is important to recognize where the petiole occurs to identify a compound leaf. Compound leaves are a characteristic of some families of higher plants, such as the Fabaceae. The middle vein of a compound leaf or a frond, when it is present, is called a rachis.

Its petioles are 3-6 by 1-1.7 millimeters long and covered in short, brown hairs. Its flowers are arranged in groups of 3 or fewer on a woody rachis positioned opposite leaves. Each flower is on a fleshy, densely hairy pedicel 12-13 by 0.6-1.1 millimeters long. The pedicels have an oval, basal bract that is 3.1 by 2.7 millimeters, and another middle bract that is 2 by 2.1 millimeters.

While remaining underground, the trunks of these palms are clustering and form dense thickets. As one of the few hapaxanths in the family, individual trunks are determinate and die after flowering. A mature leaf reaches 3.5 m in length on 3 m petioles which are armed with whorls of 5 – 7 cm long spines. The green to deep green pinnae are regularly arranged along the rachis, 1.5 m in length, and toothed along the margins.

The slender, high-climbing trunks are naturally clustering and can reach up to 45 m in length. The pinnate leaves range from 30 cm to 2.5 m on short, armed petioles; the rachis, leaf margins and cirri are also armed with spines. They are hermaphroditic, with both male and female reproductive organs present in each flower. The pale blooms are fragrant and produce a red to brown, scaly fruit, each containing one to three seeds.

Hakea sericea is a large spreading, bushy shrub and may grow to and does not form a lignotuber. The branchlets are densely covered in grey-whitish short, soft, woolly hairs. The inflorescence appear in umbels of 1-6 flowers in leaf axils, pinkish in bud and maturing to white. The inflorescence rachis is long and thickly covered in woolly, short, matted white hairs toward the end and rusty coloured at the base.

The female has a narrower ventral line and is slightly duller. The upper tail coverts are ashy while the tail is black with the central 4 pairs of feathers ashy on the outer webs and all but the central pair are tipped white. The fifth pair is white with a black rachis and a band of black on the inner web. The outermost pair of tail feathers are all white with a black shaft.

Illustration of Myrrhis odorata Myrrhis odorata is a tall herbaceous perennial plant growing to 2 m [6 ft 6 in] tall, depending on circumstances. The leaves are fern-like, 2-4-pinnate, finely divided, feathery, up to 50 cm long, with whitish patches near the rachis. The plant is softly hairy and smells strongly of aniseed when crushed. The flowers are creamy-white, about 2–4 mm across, produced in large umbels.

So he drove Amator out of the city and took over his residence for himself. Pemmo did not accept the patriarch's actions and moved against Callixtus, imprisoning him in harsh conditions. At this point, King Liutprand intervened against the duke, stripped him of his title and handed the duchy to his oldest son, Rachis. The new duke led an expedition into the Slavic territory (Carniola) and pillaged it as a proof of his valour.

The leaf blade of ebony spleenwort is linear in shape, sometimes slightly wider in the upper half of the blade, measuring from long and from wide, sometimes as wide as . It comes to a point at its tip and gradually tapers at its base. The blade is shiny and has a few scattered hairs, or lacks them entirely. The rachis (leaf axis), like the stipe, is reddish-brown or purplish-brown, shiny and hairless.

Dioon purpusii grows about 5 meters high or taller, with a dbh about 40 cm being typical. The leaves of D. purpusii look like long (80 to 160 cm.) feathers sprouting from the top of the trunk at odd angles. They are compound, and can be flat or keel-shaped, and are a dark, lusterless gray- green. Each leaf is composed of a rachis with between 150 and 260 narrow (about 7-12 cm.

Sphaeropteris albidosquamata, synonym Cyathea albidosquamata, is a species of tree fern native to the Maluku Islands and New Guinea, where it grows in rain forest and montane forest at an altitude of 1200–1500 m. The trunk is erect and about 2 m tall. Fronds are bi- or tripinnate and 1–1.5 m in length. The lower surface of the rachis is covered in scales and the stipe has scattered scales throughout its length.

Developing pitchers have laterally appressed walls and a pronounced bulge at the rear, which holds the spur upright. The spur has a closed bifurcation at this point. Nepenthes eymae has a racemose inflorescence. The male inflorescence measures up to 30 cm in length by 2.5 cm in width (flowers included), of which the peduncle (≤3 mm wide at its base) constitutes up to 11 cm and the rachis up to 20 cm.

Flindersia dissosperma is a tree that typically grows to a height of . The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, long, and are usually pinnate with between three and five elliptical to egg-shaped leaflets with the narrower end towards the base. The leaflets are long, wide, the rachis of the leaf winged and the leaflets sessile. The flowers are arranged in panicles long and there are usually at least a few male-only flowers.

The female flower, or ear, is an inflorescence that develops from axillary bud apices several nodes below the stem apex. The male flower, or tassel, develops from the stem apex. Anthers on the tassel dehisce and release pollen, which is dispersed by the wind (anemophilous). Ears consist of a corncob, or rachis, with rows of sessile spikelets bearing kernels, or caryopses, and tightly enveloped by several layers of ear leaves commonly called husks.

The false indusia are not differentiated from the rest of the leaf tissue, and are only slightly curved back. The sori are concentrated at vein ends and contain tan spores. Myriopteris yatskievychiana closely resembles Myriopteris aurea, the golden lip fern, in general appearance, but the latter is much larger, with fronds up to long, and bears rusty, tangled hairs on the underside of the leaf, and curved, glandular hairs on the stipe and rachis.

Alysicarpus schomburgkii is an annual herb tgrowing to a height of 1 m. The leaves have minute hooked and long simple hairs on their undersides but are without a covering on the upper surface. The leaf rachis is 2–4 mm long and the leaflets are elliptic at the base of the plant, changing to linear-and spearshaped at the apex. They are about 32–150 mm long by 2–7 mm wide.

Raphia australis Raphia australis is a large palm with a single trunk, growing to a height of . The leaves are long and arching, the bases of the leaf stalks sheathing the trunk. The leaves are pinnate, the centre stem or rachis being robust and brown, while the leaflets have a single fold and are shiny green above and waxy and bluish-green below. The main veins and the margins of the leaflets are spiny.

Aiphanes lindeniana is a small palm tall with stems about in diameter, which are sparsely covered with slender spines up to long. Individuals are usually multi-stemmed, with up to 10 stems, but occasionally are single-stemmed. Stems bear about 11 leaves which consists of a leaf sheath, a petiole and a rachis. Leaf sheaths, which wrap around the stem, are long and are densely covered with black spines up to long.

Aiphanes lindeniana is a small palm tall with stems in diameter, sometimes up to which are covered with black spines up to long. Individuals are usually multi-stemmed, with up to 10 stems, but occasionally are single-stemmed. Stems bear 4 to 10 leaves which consists of a leaf sheath, a petiole and a rachis. Leaf sheaths, which wrap around the stem, are long and are densely covered with black spines up to long.

The leaf tissue is gray-green in color and lacks hairs. The rachis (leaf axis) is round, rather than flattened, straight, and hairless. Each blade bears 6 to 8 pairs of pinnae. These are divided into pinnules, which are roughly circular in shape or slightly oblong, sometimes slightly indented at their point of attachment (where the dark color of the stalk enters the pinnule, without a clear joint); they are widely separated from one another.

Butia eriospatha is a solitary-trunked palm tree. The trunk is sometimes inclined to a side, and may occasionally be subterranean. The 20-22 pinnate leaves arch back down towards the trunk and have a petiole armed with teeth spaced along their margins; the rachis of the leaf is 150–220 cm in length. The branched inflorescence develops in a woody, 115–135 cm long spathe covered in a dense woolly indumentum.

The rachis (leaf axis) is densely covered in pubescent hairs, but lacks scales. From 15 to 44 pairs of pinnae are present. Each pinna is approximately equilateral in shape, has from 3 to 8 pairs of lobes, which may be cut as shallowly as one-fourth or as deeply as three-fourths of the distance to the costa (pinna axis). The number of lobes and deepness of cutting can vary a great deal between individuals.

The erect trunk of Alsophila erinacea is up to tall, 7–10 cm in diameter and has black spines. The arching fronds are bipinnate, up to 3.5 m long and form a sparse crown. The rachis and stipe are scaly and may be either straw- coloured or brown to dark brown. The scales are bicoloured, having a dark brown to blackish centre and pale whitish margin, as well as a terminal seta.

The trunk is solitary and acaulescent or barely emergent, producing 1.5 m leaves, pinnately cleft, with a gentle arch. The leaves are carried on short petioles, the leaflets grow to 30 cm, elliptical, and colored emerald green, and are widely and regularly arranged along the rachis. The inflorescence is a solitary, interfoliar spike with a long, slender peduncle, carrying male and female flowers. The fruit is ellipsoidal, black when ripe, with one globose seed.

The petals are linear, acuminate at the apex, puberulous, long, and across, with 3 nerves. The lip is orbicular-ovate in outline, constricted slightly below the middle, forming three large lobes. Pachystoma nutans is distinguished from Pachystoma pubescens by its two-flowered inflorescense (versus many-flowered); glabrous rachis (versus more or less pilose), flowers nodding (rather than horizontally spreading), and its lip trilobed slightly below the middle (rather than above the middle).

T. compactum is small free-threshing club wheat with rounded grains. In T. compactum like other bread and club wheats there is a keel on the upper section of the otherwise flat glume.T. compactum characteristically has a smaller, crooked crease than other species of wheat and smaller cheek size at the brush end. T. compactum is identifiable from T. aestivum mainly by its shorter rachis segments and compact ear for which it is named.

In the garden pea, it is only the terminal leaflets that are modified to become tendrils. In other plants such as the yellow vetch (Lathyrus aphaca), the whole leaf is modified to become tendrils while the stipules become enlarged and carry out photosynthesis. Still others use the rachis of a compound leaf as a tendril, such as members of the genus Clematis. The specialised pitcher traps of Nepenthes plants form on the end of tendrils.

The shrub or tree typically grows to in height. It has smooth grey-green bark, purplish-red branchlets and dark green subcoriaceous leaves along a long rachis containing 8 to 18 pairs of pinnae that are in length. Each pinnae is composed of 26 to 92 pairs of pinnules that have an oblong to cultrate shape with a length of and a width of . It blooms between April and August producing yellow flowers.

In plants, a rachis is the main axis of a compound structure. It can be the main stem of a compound leaf, such as in Acacia or ferns, or the main, flower-bearing portion of an inflorescence above a supporting peduncle. Where it subdivides into further branches, these are known as rachilla (plural rachillae). A ripe head of wild-type wheat is easily shattered into dispersal units when touched or blown by the wind.

Alsophila bryophila, synonym Cyathea bryophila, is a species of tree fern native to Puerto Rico, where it grows in the understory in wet montane and mossy forest at an altitude of 750–1200 m. The trunk is erect, up to 7 m tall and about 10 cm in diameter. Fronds are pinnate or bipinnate and grow to 2 m in length. The underside of the rachis is pubescent and has occasional scales towards the base.

Similarly, the pulp caps, which protect the dermal core, also fall off as the feather grows. The main feather tissues later unfurl, which causes the disposal of the sheath and the pulp caps as it assumes its functional shape. As the feather grows, its spathe, which is where the rachis and vanes attach, continues to form. When spathe is finished developing, the calamus begins to form within the base of the spathe.

Dolichandrone arcuata has compound leaves which are imparipinnate, the rachis is long, slender and tomentose. They have 5-11 leaflets and the petiolule is up to long; is slender and tomentose. This species produces flowers in October, which are bisexual, white, trumpet shaped, few in terminal corymbs or panicles; split on one side and recurved to . Fruit is a capsule shape, 2 valved, up to , linear, terete, pubescent, speckled with white dots and is curved.

Apart from the usually inedible dates and upright fruit clusters, the Cretan species can appear quite similar to the cultivated date (Phoenix dactylifera). Phoenix theophrasti grows up to 15 m tall, usually with several slender stems. The leaves are pinnate, 2–3 m long, with numerous rigid greyish-green linear leaflets 15–50 cm long on each side of the central rachis. Dead leaves are marcescent, remaining attached to the stem for years after withering.

Leaves with pinnae arranged in a single plane per side of the leaf in Buenos Aires, Argentina. There are 11 to 31 pinnate leaves arranged spirally around the crown of the trunk. The 40–130 cm long petiole of the leaf has margins armed in stiff teeth which may grow up to 4 cm in length, as well as fibres along the margins. The leaf has a rachis that is 163–200 cm in length.

Dicroidium zuberi is a large bipinnate species of the seed fern Dicroidium with a forked rachis. The leaves are affiliated with Umkomasia feistmantellii megasporophylls and Petruchus barrealensis microsporophylls. D. zuberi was a common species in the coeval vegetation of the Sydney and Lorne Basins of New South Wales. Specimens have been found near Wairaki Hut and indicate that this species may have been as common in Scytho-Anisian vegetation of coastal New Zealand.

Asplenium rhizophyllum plantlet sprouting from the leaf apex of its parent plant The leaf blades are not subdivided, as in most other ferns, but are narrowly triangular to linear or lance-shaped. Their shape can be quite variable, even on the same plant. They measure from long and from across and have a leathery texture with sparse hairs, more abundant below than above. The rachis (leaf axis) is dull green in color and almost devoid of hairs.

Subspecies smitinandii is a slender rattan, clustering and growing up to 10m, rarely to 20m, it often flowers and fruits at 2-3m. Its stems without sheaves are 4-8mm in diameter. The leaf sheath is densely covered in solitary spines, 1-13mm long. The bracts on the smitinandii rachis are elongate, split for at least half their length, opening out and becoming flattened and tattering; first order branches are inserted about half way along length of the bracts.

The grey crowned crane - an example of a crested bird species The crest is a prominent feature exhibited by several bird and other dinosaur species on their heads. The crest is made up of semiplume feathers: a long rachis with barbs on either side. These are plumulaceous feathers, meaning that they are soft and bendable. In birds, these semiplumes are common along the head, neck, and upper back, and may be used for buoyancy and sensing vibrations.

Its petioles are 4-13.5 by 1-3 millimeters and covered in sparse, fine hairs. The 3 or more flowers occur on woody rachises positioned opposite leaves. The rachises have 3-8 branches. Flowers are attached to the rachis by fleshy, densely hairy pedicels that are 5-12.5 by 0.6-1 millimeters. The pedicels have an oval, basal bract that is 2-2.5 by 1-2 millimeters, and another upper bract that is 1.5-3.5 by 1.5-4 millimeters.

Young plants are hairy on the stems and leaves, while mature plants have scrambling rope-like branches that are armed with recurved thorns or conical knobs.cf. Zanthoxylum capense The alternate and bipinnately compound leaves consist of 5 to 13 paired primary leaflets (pinnae), and 7 to 16 paired leaflets per pinna. The underside of the rachis carries pairs of recurved thorns, or solitary straight ones. They produce cream-coloured inflorescences composed of dense compound racemes (panicles).

The inflorescence spike emerges within the leaf crown, often concealed, and the peduncle is short and tomentose. The prophyll is two keeled, short and fibrous, the peduncular bract is longer, tubular, and forms a hairy net around the flowers with two bracts borne below each. The rachis is short and stout with triads at the base and rows of pistillate units towards the end. The staminate flowers have three elongated, tapering sepals and three thick, valvate petals.

Manekia members are characterized by scandent or lianescent habits and by short sympodial branches holding the spikes. Flowers possess four stamens, four-carpellate pistils with 4−5 stigmas. Berries are fully or partially immersed in the rachis. When compared to other Piperaceae genera, the ecology of Manekia appears rather distinct, with plants invading forest litter, forming large mats of reptant stems, and eventually colonizing nearby phorophytes, reaching the canopy, and often forming large masses on the top before blooming.

Persoonia flexifolia is an erect shrub with its young branchlets covered with whitish or greyish hairs. The leaves are mostly narrow oblong, long and wide and usually twisted through 90–180°. The flowers are arranged singly, in pairs or threes along a rachis up to long that grows into a leafy shoot after flowering, each flower on a pedicel long. The tepals are narrow oblong, long and glabrous on the outside with anthers that curve outwards near the tips.

Morphology of Calopogon multiflorus Characteristics of C. multiflorus are a dark purple rachis, a forked corm; pandurate lateral petals; elongated, acuminate floral bracts measuring (0.3–0.8)×(0.3–0.5) cm; and a pungent floral fragrance at peak anthesis. After sprouting in early spring, a single leaf, or sometimes two, appear clasping the bloom stem. The number of flowers can range from fifteen to just one flower on a stem. When the flower buds mature, they open in quick succession.

It is hairy, glandular, and aromatic, with a camphor scent. The leaves are up to 25 centimeters long and thick but featherlike, divided into many narrow leaflets on each side of the main rachis. Each leaflet in turn has many segments along each side, and the segments are usually divided into several small, knobby segments with folded or curled edges. The inflorescence bears up to 15 flower heads, each about a centimeter wide or slightly wider.

All foxtails have a hardened tip, sometimes called a "callus", and retrorse barbs, pointing away from the tip of the callus. Wild barleys have clusters of three spikelets, and the callus is the portion of the rachis to which they attach. In other grasses, such as needlegrass and brome grasses, the foxtail consists of a single spikelet, with the callus being the hardened lemma tip. Retrorse barbs can be found on the callus, the lemmas, and the awns.

Alsophila abbottii, synonym Cyathea abbottii, is a species of tree fern in the family Cyatheaceae, native to Hispaniola, where it grows in shaded montane forest at an altitude of 700–1200 m. The trunk is erect and can grow up to 1.6 m in height and 5 cm in diameter. Fronds may reach 1.5 m in length and are pinnate. The rachis is brown and is covered in golden-brown to bicoloured (pale and brown) basal scales.

Asplenium platyneuron (syn. Asplenium ebeneum), commonly known as ebony spleenwort or brownstem spleenwort, is a fern native to North America east of the Rocky Mountains. It takes its common name from its dark, reddish-brown, glossy stipe and rachis (leaf stalk and midrib), which support a once-divided, pinnate leaf. The fertile fronds, which die off in the winter, are darker green and stand upright, while the sterile fronds are evergreen and lie flat on the ground.

Willard Clute reduced its status from a variety to a form, A. ebeneum f. proliferum, in 1906. Similar specimens were subsequently reported from Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut; the buds appeared on the rachis of sterile fronds, and were often only detected when mounting the specimen. In 1924, Frederick G. Floyd argued that the formation of these proliferations was a normal characteristic of the species, which appeared regularly, if not universally, and did not warrant a varietal designation.

Ammandra decasperma grows in multi-headed clusters, the trunks usually remaining underground or prostrate upon it. Despite the negligible trunk size, the leaves reach over 6 m long, slightly arching, on 2 m petioles. The linear leaflets are dark green, 60–90 cm long, and emerge from the rachis in the same plane. In male plants the inflorescence is a long spike covered in short branches of white to yellow flowers, the female's being much shorter and more compact.

Flora de la Península de Yucatán Tillandsia variabilis is an epiphyte growing in the branches of various trees in moist forests. It is up to 40 cm long including the inflorescence, usually single but occasionally in clumps. Leaves are narrowly triangular, soft and brittle, up to 30 cm long. Inflorescence is usually simple, sometimes with 2-3 branches but never palmately branched. Bracts are red, green or purple, less than 1 cm wide, covering and obscuring the rachis.

In older fronds, a line marking a joint can be seen near the base of the stipe; when leaves die and fall off, they leave behind of the stipe below the joint. The leaf blades are lance-shaped, bipinnate (cut into pinnae and pinnules) to tripinnate (cut into pinnae, pinnules, and pinnulets). The leaf tissue is firm in texture. The rachis lacks hairs and scales, except for a few linear, tan scales at the bases of pinnae.

Both species are solitary trunked, closely ringed and retain leaf sheaths at the top of the stem. The trunks reach 15 cm in diameter to 4.5 m in height, but are usually just half that in cultivation. The spherical leaf crown consists of numerous pinnate leaves to 75 cm long on hairy, 30 cm petioles. The pinnae are 12 cm long, closely and regularly arranged along the rachis, in the same plane, green on top with gray, glaucous undersides.

Fourteen to 16 pinnate ('feather-leaved') fronds emerge from the crown of the tree. They have been reported to reach up to 1.8 meters in length and have between 59 and 63 stiff leaflets, though the variation within the species can be considerable. The leaves have a tubular sheath at the base that is orange on the underside with thin, grey, tomentum. On the top, the sheath is proximally orange near the rachis of the frond, and distally green.

Cyathea corcovadensis is a species of tree fern native to Paraguay and Serra do Mar in southern Brazil, where it grows in primary and secondary forest, as well as scrub, at an altitude of 250–2100 m. The erect trunk is short, usually about 30–60 cm tall. Fronds are bipinnate and 2.5 m or more in length. The rachis ranges in colour from brown to purplish and is covered with warts and scattered brown scales.

These pinnae are arranged on a single plane on each side of the rachis, such that the pairs form a V-shape down the leaf blade. The pinnae are sized in length and in width in the middle of the leaf. The developing inflorescence is protected within a hairless, woody spathe in length, with the enlarged part of the spathe being long and in width. The inflorescence is branched with 7-35 rachillae (branches) which are in length.

According to the 2003 key in the Flora of China, this species is distinguished from other entire-leaved rhubarbs in China with leaves having a wavy or crisped margin; R. wittrockii, R. rhabarbarum, R. webbianum and R. hotaoense, by having less than 1cm-sized fruit, purple-red flowers, and the surface of the rachis of panicle being densely pubescent. It is the only rhubarb in this group to have purple-red flowers as opposed to various shades of white.

Petioles range from to over in length, while the rachis (which bears the leaflets) can be to over long. Inflorescences are borne singly emerging from the leaf axil. Flowers grow in triplets along the inflorescence; each female flower is flanked by two male flowers; elsewhere along the inflorescence male flowers grow singly or in pairs. Ripe fruit can be yellow, orange, red or purple-black (other colours are present in a few species) and range from long.

The authors noted that longipterygid enantiornithines like Shanweiniao had very robust pygostyles even by enantiornithine standards, while birds preserving clear evidence for aerodynamic rectricial arrangements (Sapeornis, Chiappeavis, members of Ornithuromorpha) had relatively more delicate pygostyles. O'Connor et al. (2016) also reported presence of narrow spaces visible between some of the tail feathers of the holotype specimen of Shanweiniao cooperorum. The authors considered it more likely that Shanweiniao had rachis-dominated tail feathers similar to feathers present in Paraprotopteryx.

Acacia filicifolia is an erect shrub or tree which grows to a height of and has smooth grey or dark brown bark which develops fissures as it ages. The smaller branches are more or less cylindrical with fine, longitudinal ridges. The leaves are compound with a petiole long with between one and five prominent glands. The rachis of the leaf is usually long with irregularly scattered glands and usually five to fourteen pairs of pinnae which are long.

Persoonia juniperina is an erect to low-lying shrub that typically grows to a height of with smooth bark and hairy young branchlets. The leaves are linear, long and wide. The flowers are borne singly or in groups of up to forty on a rachis up to long that grows into a leafy shoot after flowering, each flower on a hairy pedicel long. The tepals are yellow, sometimes hairy on the outside, long with yellow anthers.

As summer progresses, symptomatic leaflets eventually abscise, leaving behind the rachis, which too eventually falls from the plant. Symptoms can be confined to single or multiple branches, but over multiple years will spread throughout the plant. While the symptoms do not kill the trees, the weakened health leads to reduced yields over time. There are other causes of similar symptoms, such as pecan scorch mites and drought stress, thus a laboratory analysis is recommended when diagnosing the disease.

Desmoncus is best known as a genus of climbing palms. Twenty-three of the 24 species recognised by Andrew Henderson in his revision of the genus are climbers; only one, D. stans is free-standing. Almost all Neotropical climbing palms belong to Desmoncus—the one exception being Chamaedorea elatior. Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius's drawing of Desmoncus polyacanthos shows the features of the leaf (sheath, petiole, rachis, leaflets, and cirrus) and the inflorescence with its associated bract.

Most Desmoncus species climb using grappling hook-like structures called acanthophylls. Desmoncus leaves are pinnately compound and are made up of a leaf sheath, petioles, rachis, and individual leaflets. The ends of the leaves are modified into a climbing structure called a cirrus. Instead of leaflets, the cirrus usually has grappling hook-like structures called acanthophylls; in some species the cirrus is less well developed and is almost absent in D. stans, the non-climbing species.

A. pinnatifidum has a stipe and rachis which are mostly green, purple only at the base, and the lobes of the blade are more regular than those of A. ebenoides. The blade of A. pinnatifidum is widest at the base, while that of A. × ebenoides is widest somewhat above the base. A few other rare hybrids resemble A. × ebenoides. A. × hendersonii, once suggested to be the same species, has longer sori, more obtuse pinnae, and a scaly stipe.

According to the 2003 key in the Flora of China, this species is distinguished from other entire-leaved rhubarbs in China with leaves having a wavy or crisped margin; R. wittrockii, R. webbianum, R. australe and R. hotaoense, by having less than 1 cm-sized fruit, yellow-white to greenish-white flowers, and the surface of the rachis of panicle covered in papilla. In many characters it is most similar to R. webbianum, and somewhat less so R. hotaoense.

Stylidium section Lanata is a taxonomic rank under Stylidium subgenus Tolypangium. It was described in 1999 by Anthony Bean. Two of the species in the section were also described by Bean in 1999, but S. eriorhizum was moved from section Debilia to section Lanata. The three species differ from those of section Debilia by their perennial habit, thickened woolly plant bases, indeterminate central rachis of the inflorescence, and larger, spherical seeds that possess a small nipple.

Alsophila brooksii, synonym Cyathea brooksii, is a species of tree fern native to Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, where it grows on serpentine soils in shaded ravines, along streams, and on forested slopes at an altitude of 250–950 m. The trunk is prostrate and only about 6 cm in diameter. Fronds are pinnate or bipinnate and up to 2 m long. The base of the rachis is covered with blackish scales that have a paler margin.

It is a very small palm with a short, squat, subterranean truck, usually single-stemmed, approximately 15cm in diameter. It may sometimes, rarely, branch underground with 2-3 heads. The entire plant is less than 1m in height, often less, the thin, glaucous leaflets and invisible trunk make it most resemble a tuft of blueish-grey grass, and it is easily overlooked. The 3-9 arching leaves have a 4-20cm petiole and 19-77cm rachis.

The vine is glabrous throughout. The stem is subangular, striate, and rather stout. Stipules are deeply cleft into linear or subulate, gland-tipped segments. Petioles are 1 to 2 cm long, often bearing a few stiff, gland-tipped hairs. Leaves are cordate-deltoid, 4 to 7 cm long, 3 to 6 cm wide, obscurely hastate or not lobed, acute or obtusish at apex, deeply cordate at base, repand-crenulate (often with minute glands in the sinuses of the crenations at the tips of the nerves), 5-nerved, coriaceous, often sublustrous. Peduncles are solitary, 2 to 3 cm long. Bracts are 2 to 3 cm, long pectinate or once pinnatifid (segments gland-tipped, scarcely longer than width of rachis), rarely bipinnatifid, but the rachis at least 2 mm. wide. Flowers are 5 to 8 cm wide, white. Sepals are linear or linear- lanceolate, 2.5 to 3.5 cm long, 5 to 8 mm wide at base, obtuse, corniculate just below apex, the horn being up to 7 mm long, subfoliaceous.

Red blotches are present on the waxy inner surface. The peristome may be yellow or red striped, while the lid is green to yellow and commonly red on its lower surface. Nepenthes kerrii has a racemose inflorescence up to 130 cm long. In male plants, the inflorescence reaches 90 cm in length, of which the peduncle can constitute up to 65 cm and the rachis up to 27 cm, and bears around 120 flowers singly on pedicels measuring 6–8 mm in length.

The clustering trunks are extensively armed with spines, 6 – 8 cm wide, closely ringed, with aerial roots at lower leaf nodes. The pinnate leaf is borne on a well-developed and armed petiole, the sheath and rachis also whorled with spines and covered in tomentum. The linear leaflets are regularly arranged with one fold, margins are toothed, and the midrib is prominent. On flowering, the inflorescence in male plants is branched to three orders, in females to one, rarely two.

Persoonia cymbifolia is an erect spreading shrub that typically grows to a height of and has smooth, mottled grey bark and densely hairy young branchlets. The leaves are arranged alternately, linear to narrow oblong, long and wide. The flowers are arranged singly, in pairs or groups of three along a rachis about long that grows into a leafy shoot after flowering, each flower on a pedicel long. The tepals are yellow, long and hairy on the outside with yellow anthers.

Persoonia cordifolia is an erect, rounded to spreading shrub that typically grows to a height of with many stems arising from the base and has smooth, mottled grey bark. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, broadly heart-shaped, long and wide. The flowers are arranged in groups of two to eight along a rachis up to long that grows into a leafy shoot after flowering, each flower on a pedicel long. The tepals are bright yellow, about long with bright yellow anthers.

Persoonia kararae is an erect, spreading shrub that typically grows to a height of with branchlets that are densely hairy when young. The leaves are arranged alternately, linear but flattened, long, wide and leathery to soft and flexible. The flowers are usually borne singly or in groups of up to ten on a rachis up to long, each flower on a hairy pedicel long. The tepals are yellow, hairy on the outside, long, the lower tepal sac-like, with yellow anthers.

The short rachis usually bears few rachillae, spirally arranged, each subtended by a small bract. The staminate flowers are asymmetrical and borne in triads with three distinct, valvate sepals and three thick petals. There are around 60 stamens with very short filaments, the elongated, basifixed anthers carry triangle shaped pollen with reticulate, tectate exine. The pistillate flowers become larger than the male's, the three sepals have rounded sides and pointed tips and the petals are asymmetrical with thick valvate tips.

The fronds are monomorphic and produce sori along the frond segments close to the rachis. Up to 5–10 purse-shaped sori are produced per frond, each covered by two strongly convex, flattened indusial valves. The valve margins are jagged and used to distinguish H. tunbrigense from H. wilsonii, where the edges are entire. In common with all ferns, H. tunbrigense exhibits a gametophyte stage in its life cycle (alternation of generations) and develops a haploid reproductive prothallus as an independent plant.

Photomicrograph of Tritirachium oryzae in Nomarski Differential Interference Contrast microscopy Original illustration of Tritirachium oryzae (as Beauveria oryzae) by M.-F. Vincens Tritirachium oryzae was first described as Beauveria oryzae by Vincens in 1923 in a study of fungi on rice in the French Vietnamese colony of Cochinchina. The species epithet, "oryzae" derives from the Latin, orza, meaning rice. In 1940, Limber created the genus Tritirachium based on the zig- zag nature of the conidiom bearing cells that resembled the flowering rachis ofTriticum.

Mimosa pigra Mimosa pigra is a leguminous shrub, which can reach up to 6m in height. The stem is greenish in young plants but becomes woody as the plant matures. It is armed with broad-based prickles up to 7mm long. The leaves are bright green and bipinnate, consisting of a central prickly rachis 20 to 25 cm long with up to 16 pairs of pinnae 5 cm long, each divided into pairs of leaflets 3 to 8 mm long.

It is an arborescent plant, with a stem up to 3 m tall and with a diameter of 35 cm. The leaves are 110-150 cm long, light green in color, stiff and rather keeled. The spine is green, straight or slightly curved. The non-overlapping lanceolate leaflets, 14–17 cm long, are arranged on the rachis in the opposite way, with an insertion angle of about 60º; the margins are full and smooth and the apex thins to become a robust spine.

Tepals are elliptic and up to 4 mm long by 2.5 mm wide. They are green when newly opened, but later darken to red. The female inflorescence is similar in structure to the male one, but differs in having a shorter rachis (17–22 cm long) and longer pedicels of 5–15 mm, which either have greatly reduced bracts or lack them altogether. It also differs in that the tepals are narrower (up to 4 mm by 1.5 mm) and always green.

Alsophila andersonii, synonym Cyathea andersonii, is a species of tree fern native to India, Bhutan and southern China, where it grows in moist valleys and montane forest at an altitude of 300–1200 m. The trunk is erect and 6–10 m tall. Fronds are bi- or tripinnate and 2–3 m long. The entire plant is relatively dark in appearance; the rachis is flushed with dark purple and the stipe is dark, almost to the point of being black.

It may be hairless, or bear a few hairs (long ones of 1 mm and short ones less than 0.1 mm) on the upper surface. The leaf blades range in shape from deltate (triangular, broadest at the base) to ovate (egg-shaped, widest near the base). The blade is usually tripinnate (cut into pinnae, pinnules, and pinnulets) to tripinnate-pinnatifid (with deeply lobed pinnulets) at the base, or even quadripinnate. The rachis (leaf axis) is rounded on the upper side.

Usually growing to , but occasionally over , these massive palms have solitary trunks with widely spaced leaf-scar rings and old leaf bases attached to the top. Leaves are pinnately arranged, long, on petioles. The lanceolate leaflets are dark green to and occur on the rachis at varying angles, creating a plumose leaf. Unlike its monocarpic relatives, this species has a narrow inflorescence which develops within the leaf-bases; the stem is erect until the fruit matures and then sags to a pendent cluster.

It has been shown that the fungus usually requires wounds to infect the plant and necessary for the fungus to develop. The first symptoms of Pestalotiopsis palmarum begin as very small yellow, brown or black discoloration of the leaves. The disease can be restricted to the leaf blade or may only appear on the petiole and rachis right away. Spots and discoloration areas can be smaller than in size, but under optimal conditions can grow much larger eventually forming lesions.

Full R. garwellii pinnately compound leaves are unknown, with the leaflets being found without a petiole or rachis having been found at the time of description. Unlike R. malloryi and R. republicensis which both have sessile leaflets, R. garwell and R. boothillensis leaflets have petiolules. The R. garwell leaflets are elliptical in outline, tapering from the wide middle to the symmetrical base and pointed apex. They have a width of and a length to width ratio of up to 2.6:1.

This chromodorid nudibranch has a white mantle which is edged with yellow. The rhinophores and gills are translucent white with some opaque white pigment on the gill rachis and the rhinophore lamellae.Rudman W.B. (1984) The Chromodorididae (Opisthobranchia: Mollusca) of the Indo-West Pacific: a review of the genera. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 81 (2/3): 115-273. page(s): 130, 242Rudman W.B. (1985) The Chromodorididae (Opisthobranchia: Mollusca) of the Indo-West Pacific: Chromodoris aureomarginata, C. verrieri and C. fidelis colour groups.

Both lower and upper pitchers have an unusually long waxy zone, which in the latter extends for as much as three-quarters or more of the pitcher length. Nepenthes murudensis has a racemose inflorescence, with male and female inflorescences differing little in structure. It is very compact: the peduncle reaches 3 cm in length and 7 mm in diameter, while the rachis may be up to 6 cm long. Pedicels are one-flowered, bracteolate, and up to 7 mm long.

Geonoma undata fruiting inflorescence This plant is a medium sized, solitary palm that reaches a maximum height of 9-10 meters and has a trunk 10 cm wide in diameter at maturity. The leaves are approximately 2.5 m long and can be divided or undivided. If leaves are divided, they tend to be irregularly pinnate with the base of pinnate leaflets being diagonal to the stem rachis. The protective leaf sheath that surrounds leaf bases has a notable reddish tint.

Lithocarpus revolutus are often smallish trees up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The thick and coriaceous leaves are glabrous and distinctive because the margins are typically rolled in towards the midrib on the leaf's underside. The leaves can be large, measuring up to long and are obovate and the same color on both the upper and lower sides (concolorous). The fruits are large (4-5 cm long and equally large across) and sessile along the thick fruiting rachis.

The texture of the blade is leathery; the underside is densely covered in white farina (powder), which is absent from the upper side. The pinnae are oval to lance-shaped, attached to the rachis (leaf axis) by short stalks. Each pinna is tipped with a three-lobed, diamond-shaped terminal pinnule; the other pinnules are cut into pinnulets, which are oblong, blunt at the tip, and generally lack stalks connecting them to the costule (pinnule axis). They are not jointed at the base.

The orange sea pen is a colonial cnidarian, the individual polyps having their own specialised functions. One, the primary polyp, loses its tentacles and forms both the stalk of the colony (known as the rachis), and the bulbous base with which it anchors itself deep into the soft substrate. Other polyps are known as secondary polyps. They include autozooids, which are feeding polyps, being armed with cnidocytes on the eight branching tentacles which form the feathery branches of the sea pen.

The female seed cones also grow at the terminal ends of short shoots. The young seed cones are resinous, sessile, and pale green; they require 17 to 18 months after pollination to mature. The mature, woody cones are long and wide; they are scaly, resinous, ovoid or barrel-shaped, and gray-brown in color. Mature cones open from top to bottom, they disintegrate and lose their seed scales, releasing the seeds until only the cone rachis remains attached to the branches.

The drak green and coriaceous leaves are supported on a long stalk. Each rachis has a length of with 10 to 18 pairs of pinnae that are in length and are composed of 14 to 49 pairs of pinnules that have a narrowly oblong shape and a length of and a width if . It mostly blooms between December and March but sometime blooms between July and August usually following rains. It forms simple inflorescences mostly found in the axillary racemes.

The shape of leaf blades in A. tutwilerae is quite variable. The leaves are green in color, not leathery (unlike some other Asplenium species), and both leaves and their rachides (central axes) are covered by hairs like those on the upper stipe. Each rachis is similar in color to the stipe at the base, turning green and dull towards the tip of the leaf. In fertile fronds, sori are covered with membraneous indusia, which are attached to the leaf blade at one edge.

The ringed trunks are solitary, to 15 cm wide and, in habitat, grow to 15 m tall. White to gray at the swollen base, new trunk growth is light green up to the loose crownshaft which is densely covered in white wax and red to brown scales. The leaf is pinnately compound, 3 meters long on 60 cm, scaly petioles. The rachis may be scale bearing, the meter long leaflets regularly emerging from it, each with one fold, scaly and acuminate.

As in lower traps, the upper surface of the lid closely matches the exterior of the pitcher in colouration. The plant has a racemose inflorescence measuring up to 37 cm in length by 2.5 cm in diameter. The peduncle itself may be up to 18 cm long by 3 mm wide, whereas the rachis is up to 20 cm long. The inflorescence bears one-flowered pedicels (7–9 mm long), with the lowermost ones sometimes bearing a filiform bract up to around 0.5 mm long.

Phoenix loureiroi contains solitary and clustering plants with trunks from 1–4 m high and 25 cm in width, usually covered in old leaf bases. The leaves vary to some degree but usually reach 2 m in length with leaflets wide at the base and sharply pointed apices. The leaflets emerge from the rachis at varying angles creating a stiff, plumose leaf. The fruit is a single-seeded drupe, bluish-black when ripe, produced on erect, yellow inflorescences, usually hidden within the leaf crown.

The Indian Redwing, Camp Siege or BhocaFrom the Irula language in the Nilgiris (Pterolobium hexapetalum) is a flowering plant in the legume family, Fabaceae. It is found from Burma, Bhutan and Bangladesh to southern India, where it occurs up to 1200 m altitude. They are large scrambling or climbing shrubs that grow commonly in dry deciduous forest, or as pioneer plants in open land. They carry pairs of thorns below the rachis of their bipinnate leaves, and their sprawling twigs are armed with recurved thorns.

The characters used to differentiate the fossil genera have used in descending order of significance to group families based mainly on vegetative characters, notably the architecture of the frond: (1) the overall architecture of the frond, (2) the epidermis and cuticles, (3) how the pinnules are attached to the rachis, and (4) the veining pattern of the pinnules. Compression of a Lonchopteris rugosa pinna with mesh veins, probably middle Westphalian age. Collection of the Universiteit Utrecht. Compression of a Neuropteris ovata, probably Kasimovian age, Spain.

Persoonia daphnoides is an erect shrub to small tree that typically grows to a height of about and has finely fissured bark near the base, smooth bark above. Its young branchlets are covered with greyish hairs. The leaves are narrow elliptical to lance-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, long and wide, sometimes with a few hairs mainly on the edges. The flowers are arranged in groups of six to twenty-two along a rachis long that grows into a leafy shoot after flowering.

Persoonia graminea is an erect to weak, low-lying shrub that typically grows to a height of , with its young branchlets covered with greyish hairs. The leaves are linear, long and wide, usually in small groups at the end of each year's growth. The flowers are arranged in groups of ten to twenty-five along a rachis up to long, each flower on a pedicel long. The tepals are egg-shaped to lance-shaped, bright yellow to green, long with bright yellow to green anthers.

It is an arborescent plant, with a stem up to 3 m tall and with a diameter of 25–35 cm that often has shoots or branches that branch off from the base. The leaves are 100–125 cm long, light green in color. The spine is sometimes twisted in a spiral and the upper part is clearly curved. The lanceolate leaflets, 12–15 cm long, are arranged on the rachis in the opposite way, at an angle of 45-80º; the margins are integer and smooth.

The stipe (the stalk of the leaf, below the blade) is long in medium-sized specimens and a glossy dark brown in color. Overall, the blade is lance- shaped, and truncated at the base. It is pinnately cut, having from 15 up to 27 pinnae, or from 25 to 35 in larger, cultivated specimens, on each side of the rachis (leaf axis). The tip of the blade is elongated, with the pinnae diminishing into fused lobes and then curved edges before reaching the acute tip.

In young plants the trunks, petioles and rachises are covered in spines. Mature plants typically lose rachis and petiole spines but will retain trunks spines in its new growth. The suckering stems are small to mostly moderate and are among the few in the palm family that branch; among rattans it is the only one with splitting stems. The trunks are bare at the bottom but retain persistent leaf bases in its youngest parts; enlarged paper- like appendages, ocreas, form where the petioles meet the stem.

It has a creeping rhizome of up to 3.5 cm in diameter, that bears attenuate pale- brown rhizome-scales of up to 2 cm long. The stipe is up to 80 cm long and is only densely scaled towards its base. The lamina is up to 90 x 33 cm, broadly to narrowly ovate with an acuminate apex with the basal pinnae not reduced, or barely so. The pinnae are up to 33 x 16 cm and form an angle of more than 50° to the rachis.

The rachis of the inflorescence is 25–49 cm long and has 51-90 rachillae (branches) which are 8–32 cm long. Both sexes of the flowers are coloured purple, although according to Nigel Kembrey, a British horticulturist specialised in Butia, some forms may have yellow flowers. The staminate (male) flowers are 6–7mm in length and have a prominent pedicel (stalk). The pistillate (female) flowers are more or less globose (round), 5–6mm in length, and with sepals and petals about equal in size.

Synechanthus fibrosus is solitary while S. warscewiczianus is clustering. The trunks of both are slender, rarely more than 2.5 cm wide, growing to 4.5 m tall; usually dark green, they are ringed by white leaf scars. S. warscewiczianus will usually have a dominant main stem with smaller clustering units surrounding it. The pinnate leaf is over a meter long, borne on a 30 cm petiole; the rachis is angled above and rounded below, the leaflets are slightly offset, occasionally twisting, the apical set being widest.

The seeds of the poplar tree are easily dispersed by the wind, thanks to the fine hairs surrounding them. The flowers are mostly dioecious (rarely monoecious) and appear in early spring before the leaves. They are borne in long, drooping, sessile or pedunculate catkins produced from buds formed in the axils of the leaves of the previous year. The flowers are each seated in a cup-shaped disk which is borne on the base of a scale which is itself attached to the rachis of the catkin.

Botanically, pinnation is an arrangement of discrete structures (such as leaflets, veins, lobes, branches, or appendages) arising at multiple points along a common axis. For example, once-divided leaf blades having leaflets arranged on both sides of a rachis are pinnately compound leaves. Many palms (notably the feather palms) and most cycads and grevilleas have pinnately divided leaves. Most species of ferns have pinnate or more highly divided fronds, and in ferns the leaflets or segments are typically referred to as "pinnae" (singular "pinna").

Aiphanes species are pleonanthic—they flower repeatedly over the course of their lifespan—and monoecious, meaning that there are separate male and female flowers, but individuals plants bear both types of flowers. In Aiphanes, male and female flowers are borne together on the same inflorescence. Usually only a single inflorescence is borne at each node, although A. gelatinosa often bears then in groups of three at a single node. The inflorescence usually consists of a main axis consisting of a peduncle and a rachis.

The trunks are rough and solitary natured, and reach over 10 m at 20 cm wide, usually covered in old leaf bases. The sheath is tubular, splitting adaxially, striate, and covered in white and brown tomentum. The petiole is short, deeply channeled, flattened below, with armed margins and similar tomentum; the rachis is slightly arched, leaflets regular or grouped, in one or several planes with one fold. The undersides are glaucous, the apex is irregularly bifid, the midrib is prominent and the veinlets are evident.

The bracts are adnate to the rachis and adjacent bracts forming depressions around the pairs; the bracteoles are inconspicuous. The staminate flowers are long and asymmetrical with three linear, triangular sepals, basally connate and adnate to the receptacle. They have three pointed, obovoid petals, which are elongated, valvate, and longer, wider and thicker than the sepals. The stamens are numerous, from 60 to 100, irregularly inserted, with cylindrical, elongated, flexible filaments which are bent and twisted, occasionally joined, apiculate, and dorsifixed a third of their length.

The inflorescence, though axillary, is adnate to the internode and sheath of the following leaf, emerging erect between the auricles of the subtending leaf. In pistillate members it is branched to two orders, staminate to three; in both, a boat shaped, beak-ended prophyll encloses it. The prophyll may or may nor be armed and eventually develops a longitudinal split, exposing the flowers. The rachis bracts are small with free tips, the bracts on the first-order branches are tubular towards the base with triangular limbs.

Harpullia leichhardtii is a tree which grows up to 8 m high. The shoots and the stalks of the inflorescences are covered with short, weak, soft hairs, but otherwise the tree is glabrous. The rachis of the compound leaf is 5–17.5 cm long, and there are four to eight leaflets, which are ovate/elliptic, smooth-edged and 5.5–18 cm by 2.5–8 cm. Inflorescences are axillary, and up to 11 cm long, with the stalk of each flower being 6–10 mm long.

Persoonia hirsuta is a spreading to low-lying shrub that typically grows to a height of and has hairy branchlets leaves, flowers and fruit. The leaves are spatula-shaped to elliptic or linear to narrow oblong leaves, long and wide with the edges curved downwards or rolled under. The flowers are borne singly or in groups of up to ten on a rachis up to long that continues to grow into a leafy shoot after flowering. The tepals are yellow or orange, about long.

Flight feathers also have the ability to twist their rachis inside the pulp cavity, allowing the barbules of the feather to interlock on the down stroke, decreasing the amount of air flow between the feathers, creating a more efficient lift. The flight feathers of the wing are remiges; those located on the tail are rectrices. Flight feathers are separated into three separate groups—primary, secondary and tertiary. The primaries are at the far end of the wing and provide the forward thrust during takeoff and flight.

Plants are monoecious: with inflorescences up to 1.2 m long, erect among the leaves; prophylls and peduncles are not known. The rachis is 0.5 m long, with 2–4 partial spiky inflorescences, subtended by tubular bracts; rachillae 1 on each partial inflorescence, 160–220 mm long, 1.5–2 mm diameter, covered with scattered, very short, glandular hairs, with prominent floral stalks giving the rachillae a bumpy appearance. Flowers are not known to date, borne in pairs. Fruits are 8 mm long, 6 mm diam.

On very rare occasions, buds are found at the tip, but these are not known to form new plants in nature. The base of the blade may be squared off or notched to a varying extent along the rachis (central axis of the leaf). The blade ranges from long, rarely to , and in width, rarely to , and is thick and somewhat leathery. Blades are either entirely pinnatifid (lobed but not completely cut), or cut to form a single pair of pinnae at the base.

Asplenium resiliens, the blackstem spleenwort or little ebony spleenwort, is a species of fern native to the Western Hemisphere, ranging from the southern United States south to Uruguay, including parts of the Caribbean. Found on limestone substrates, it is named for its distinctive purplish-black stipe and rachis. A triploid, it is incapable of sexual reproduction and produces spores apogamously. First described by Martens and Galeotti in 1842 under the previously used name Asplenium parvulum, the species was given its current, valid name by Kunze in 1844.

The developing inflorescence is protected within a woody, hairless spathe which is lightly striated and 105–135 cm in total length, the swollen part of this spathe being 40–110 cm long and 7–14 cm wide. The branched inflorescence has a 40–75 cm long and 1.5-2.2 cm wide peduncle (stalk). The rachis of the inflorescence is 40–72 cm long and has 68-155 rachillae (branches) which are 16–72 cm long. The flowers are coloured yellow, yellow-purple, greenish-yellow or entirely purple.

Persoonia inconspicua is an erect, often spreading shrub that typically grows to a height of with smooth bark and branchlets that are densely hairy for the first one or two years. The leaves are densely hairy when young, arranged alternately, linear, more or less cylindrical, long and wide and grooved on the lower surface. The flowers are usually borne singly or in pairs on a short rachis, each flower on a hairy pedicel long. The tepals are greenish yellow, hairy on the outside, long with white anthers that curve outwards near their tips.

Fustiaria is a genus of scaphopods in the order Dentaliida and is the only genus comprising the family Fustiariidae, with 24 species. The shells of Fustiaria are characterized as smooth, slender, circular in cross section, slightly curved, thin-walled, and virtually transparent. The central tooth of its radula (chewing organ), called a "rachis", is unusual compared with that of other Dentaliids in that it is flat on its tip rather than pointed. The space around the foot (the "pedal sinus") is divided by a thin horizontal membrane called a septum.

The leaf blades are bipinnate at the base (with pinnae fully cut into pinnules), becoming pinnate-pinnatifid (with lobed pinnae) in the middle of the blade and merely pinnatifid (cut only to lobes) near the tip. The spores are abortive and the species is presumed to be triploid. In general, A. × wherryi is intermediate in form between its two parents. The dark color is present throughout the stipe of A. × wherryi; in A. bradleyi, the dark color extends well into the rachis, while in A. montanum, only the base of the stipe is dark.

In its harsh native habitat the compound leaves are one to four in number, but in cultivation plants may grow with up to twenty leaves —these have smooth petioles and rachis, and bear five to fifteen pairs of ovate leaflets, although in cultivation the plant grows more pairs of leaflets. They bear dark reddish brown, pedunclate pollen cones and dark reddish brown to gray seed cones. The seeds are ovoid and red to orange-red in colour. Zamia pygmaea is one of the species of Zamia that can change drastically under cultivation.

Another possibility is that the PWFDT feathers are not a novel type of feather unique to Cruralispennia, but instead are immature pennaceous feathers formed after a recent molt. There are several lines of reasoning supporting this hypothesis. With a long, thick rachis and minimal barbs at the tip, the PWFDT feathers resemble moderately developed pin feathers, which are known from modern birds as well as newly described juvenile enantiornitheans. In addition, they are interspersed with mature feathers, while truly unique feather types are expected to be separated from typical feathers.

Persoonia daphnoides is a prostrate shrub that typically grows to a height of about and has its young branchlets densely covered with light brown hairs. The leaves are spatula-shaped to egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, long, wide and twisted through 90°. The flowers are arranged in groups of up to eight along a rachis up to long that usually grows into a leafy shoot after flowering. Each flower is on an erect pedicel long and the tepals are yellow, long and hairy on the outside.

Persoonia hexagona is an erect, spreading shrub that typically grows to a height of with smooth bark and branchlets that are hairy for the first two or three years. The leaves are arranged alternately, mostly linear, more or less cylindrical, long and wide with six longitudinal ridges. The flowers are arranged singly or in groups of up to ten along a rachis up to long that usually grows into a leafy shoot after flowering, each flower on a pedicel long. The tepals are bright yellow, hairy on the outside, long with bright yellow anthers.

Persoonia leucopogon is an erect to low-lying shrub that typically grows to a height of with branchlets that are densely covered with greyish to rust-coloured hairs when young. The leaves are arranged alternately, narrow oblong to narrow elliptical, long and wide and twisted through 360°. The flowers are arranged singly or in groups of up to four along a rachis up to long that grows into a leafy shoot after flowering, each flower on a pedicel long. The tepals are yellow to greenish yellow, densely hairy on the outside, long with yellow anthers.

Persoonia dillwynioides is an erect, spreading shrub that typically grows to a height of with smooth, mottled grey bark and branchlets that are angular and densely hairy when young but become cylindrical and glabrous with age. The leaves are arranged alternately along the stems, linear, long and wide and more or less concave on the upper surface. The flowers are arranged singly or in groups of up to four along a rachis up to long, each flower on a pedicel long. The tepals are bright yellow, long and wide and the anthers are bright yellow.

Persoonia hakeiformis is an erect or spreading to low-lying shrub that typically grows to a height of with smooth, mottled grey bark, flaky near the base, and branchlets that are hairy when young. The leaves are arranged alternately along the stems, linear, long and wide and grooved on the lower surface. The flowers are arranged singly or in groups of up to sixty along a rachis up to long, each flower on a pedicel long. The tepals are bright yellow, long, the lowest tepal deeply sac-like with its anther fused to it.

The adult specimen of Epidexipteryx lacked preserved feathers around the forelimbs, but preserved simple feathers on the body and long, ribbon-like feathers on the tail. The tail feathers, likely used in display, consisted of a central shaft (rachis) and unbranched vane (unlike the vanes of modern feathers, which are broken up into smaller filaments or barbs). Yi also preserves feathers. These are notably very simple for a member of Pennaraptora (a clade of which scansoriopterygids are usually considered members), being "paintbrush-like", with long quill-like bases topped by sprays of thinner filaments.

After the exil of Archil, in Russia, the Eristavis still fought with Imereti. Shoshita III instaured ties with kings of Karti, especially with Vakhtang VI. At first, Racha's Eristavis relied on Rachvelian nobles with the battle with the Kingdom of Imereti. The Allies, firstly, misappropriated the king of Imereti's proprieties : the Iashvili family took Kvaristsikhe, the Tsulukidze family took Khotevisa and the major parts of Imeretian possessions were taken by the Eristavi. In 1769, the Imeretian king Solomon I captured Rostomi (Eristavi) and his family, and the Rachis Saeristavo was cancelled.

These spikes mature to form a two-ranked 'ear' of five to 10 triangular or trapezoidal, black or brown disarticulating segments, each with one seed. Each seed is enclosed by a very hard fruitcase, consisting of a cupule or depression in the rachis and a tough lower glume. This protects them from the digestive processes of ruminants that forage on teosinte and aid in seed distribution through their droppings. Teosinte seed exhibits some resistance to germination, but will quickly germinate if treated with a dilute solution of hydrogen peroxide.

They also restored N. eustachya as a separate species, making N. alata a Philippine endemic once again — a circumscription that has been accepted by subsequent authors. However, in his 2001 book, Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, Charles Clarke disagreed with Kiew's identification of Ridley 16097 as N. gracillima. He noted that the inflorescences of both N. gracillima and the closely related N. ramispina are very short, rarely exceeding 10 and 20 cm, respectively. Both female inflorescences of Ridley 16097 have a long peduncle and rachis, each exceeding 20 cm in length.

It is an acaule plant, with an underground stem 30 cm long and 25 cm wide. Occasionally, a small portion of the stem may come out of the ground. The leaves, from eight to ten, are opaque and flat, 80–120 cm long and bluish or silvery green in color. The leaflets, 15–18 cm long, are arranged on the rachis in the opposite way at an angle of 150-180º and are covered with a thick, waxy layer which, when rubbed, releases a characteristic odor; the margins are whole and equipped with small denticles.

The unarmed trunks of Barcella odora usually remain underground, producing 2 m arching leaves with pendent, lanceolate leaflets, 60 cm long and dark green in color. The leaflets are regularly arranged along the rachis, once-folded, with a prominent midrib and a tapering apex. They are monoecious with male and female flowers on a single plant, the interfoliar inflorescences are once branched with both pistilate and staminate flowers containing three sepals and three petals. The 3 cm ovoid fruit mature to a bright orange color each with one seed.

Allagoptera produces very short or acaulescent trunks and in cases where the trunk grows erect it often makes a downward turn leaving the crown below the trunk-base. The trunks in Allagoptera are among the few in the palm family which tend to bifurcate, producing multiple heads per unit. The pinnate leaves are gently arching to 2 m and are carried on long, slender petioles which are adaxially channeled. The single-fold leaflets are regularly or irregularly arranged on the rachis each protruding into a different plane, creating a plumose leaf.

The flowers of this species are entirely purple, each one only fully opening after anthesis of the previous one. The inflorescence itself is racemose, and its rachis spreads outwards and forwards in a zig-zag manner from the plant, and is not thickened. The inflorescence is between 30mm to 48mm in length, bearing from between one and 22 flowers, each on pedicels (flower stems) that are between 25mm to 29mm in length. The leaves are elliptic to (ob)ovate in shape, between 13mm to 19mm in length, and up to 5mm in width.

Leaves are borne on extremely short petioles, approximately 0.2mm in length. The plant has creeping rhizomes, up to 1mm in diameter. The species is very similar to Bulbophyllum iterans, but differs from the latter in having smaller flowers in which there is no median ridge, plus a rachis that is unthickened. Unlike most other species within this genus, the inflorescence of B. trichorhachis is racemose, and at the time of its discovery it was only the second species within the Section Hybochilus to have this form of flower structure.

The recurved edges are firm and distinctly curved, somewhat modified from the rest of the leaf tissue, and become thin only at the edge, which is very slightly ragged. The sori are long and follow the veins at their ends. They contain tan spores. Among its congeners in Mexico, M. allosuroides is similar to M. cucullans and M. notholaenoides in its largely undifferentiated false indusia and elongate sori along veins, but those species have more indument on their leaf tissue and lack the groove on the stipe and rachis.

The species is solitary trunked, reaching in height, and is relatively slender, usually no wider than . At the base, the white to tan trunks are anchored by a large, conical mass of aerial roots and are topped by a distinct crownshaft, slightly bulging at the base. The leaf crown is sparse but spherical, each arching leaf is around long with pinnately arranged leaflets which are dark green in colour. The leaflets are closely and regularly arranged along the rachis and the abaxially rounded petiole is usually long in youth but shorter in maturity.

Rachis is 20–120 mm long, angular and hairless. 15–45 pairs of widely spaced small leaflets (pinnules) are connected each other and 5–15 mm long by 0.4–1 mm wide, straight, parallel sided, pointed tip, tapering base, shiny and hairless or rarely sparsely hairy leaves. The small yellow or golden-yellow flowers are very cottony in appearance and are densely attached to the stems in each head with 5–7 mm long and 60–110 mm long axillary raceme or terminal panicle. They are bisexual and fragrant.

The leaves are abaxially keeled with a glossy texture, and leaflets always occur within a single plane on either side of the rachis. Inflorescences in the genus Ravenea are always interfoliar. R. musicalis is one of seven species in the genus observed to have apparent multiple staminate inflorescences, though, like the rest of its genus, it has solitary pistillate inflorescences. Whether or not any plants in the genus Ravenea, including R. musicalis have true multiple inflorescence or false multiple inflorescence (a condensed branch system within a single prophyll) is debated.

The trunks are clustering and climbing at 7 cm wide and are armed with whorls of sharp, golden spines. Reaching high into the canopy, the red to brown stems retain persistent leaf sheaths in its new growth but become bare toward the base, exposing conspicuous rings of leaf scars. Each mature leaf is comparatively large at 3 m, pinnate, and carried on armed petioles, with widely and regularly spaced, dark green leaflets. The spiny rachis extends well beyond the pinnae and is accompanied by pairs of recurved barbs adapted for climbing.

A. rubra inflorescence in bract The solitary trunks are robust and conspicuously ringed, sparsely armed in youth, with a slightly swollen base. The tubular leaf bases wrap the trunk, forming a 60 – 90 cm crownshaft covered in hairy tomentum and spines. The leaves are pinnate, 2 m long, and borne on a tomentose petiole, sparsely to densely spiny. The leaflets emerge from the hairy rachis in a flat plane, dark green above and lighter below, to 30 cm long, once-folded with a red or yellow, toothed midrib.

This plant has an erect or decombent stem, with a diameter of 25-30 cm and a height of 2.5 meters. The leaves, pinnate, irregularly twisted on themselves and 80-120 cm long, are composed of numerous pairs of lanceolate leaflets, with a leathery consistency, arranged on the rachis in the opposite way, with an angle of 45°. The base of the petiole is tomentose on the dorsal and glabrous side on the ventral side. It is a dioecious species, of which only male specimens have been described in nature.

The trunk is solitary to 15 m in height, at 13 cm wide, supported by a nearly 2 m tall mass of stilt roots. Prominently ringed by scars, the trunks are topped off by a tall green to white crownshaft with a bulging base. The leaves are pinnate up to 3 m long with 1 m long, single-fold, dark green leaflets; rachis and petiole scaly to tomentose.Uhl, Natalie W. and Dransfield, John (1987) Genera Palmarum - A classification of palms based on the work of Harold E. Moore.

They concluded that selective pressures meant that morphological domestication in the form of loss rachis fragility could occur within 200 generations, thus 200 years for this annual crop. Current interpretations of archaeological data by Dorian Fuller and others point instead to a prolonged process of domestication; nonetheless the debate is framed by the evolutionary theory and field data set out by Hillman and Davies. Difficulty in identifying the fragmented plant remains characteristic of early sites led Hillman to build an excellent seed reference collection. His identification guides often circulated in handwritten and drawn form.

Since the 1990s, dozens of feathered dinosaurs have been discovered in the clade Maniraptora, which includes the clade Avialae and the recent common ancestors of birds, Oviraptorosauria and Deinonychosauria. In 1998, the discovery of a feathered oviraptorosaurian, Caudipteryx zoui, challenged the notion of feathers as a structure exclusive to Avialae. Buried in the Yixian Formation in Liaoning, China, C. zoui lived during the Early Cretaceous Period. Present on the forelimbs and tails, their integumentary structure has been accepted as pennaceous vaned feathers based on the rachis and herringbone pattern of the barbs.

The trunks are small, very spiny, and high climbing, becoming bare with age. All species form dense clusters with undivided or bifid juvenile leaves which become pinnate in maturity, with leaf sheath spines, leaflet cirri, and spiny petioles, all adapted for climbing. The leaflets are few to many, with one, two, or more folds, entire, acute, linear or sigmoid, and regularly arranged along the rachis. As hapaxanths, the inflorescence emerges at the top of the stem, amongst reduced leaves, with male and female flowers, on a once-branched spike.

Aistulf died in 756, shortly after this severe humiliation. Aistulf's brother Ratchis left the monastery and attempted, initially with some success, to return to the throne. He opposed Desiderius, who was put in charge of the Duchy of Tuscia by Aistulf and based in Lucca; he did not belong to the dynasty of Friuli, frowned upon by the pope and the Franks, and managed to get their support. The Lombards surrendered to him to avoid another Frankish invasion, and Rachis was persuaded by the Pope to return to Monte Cassino.

Specimen IGM 100/977 of Shuvuuia was found surrounded by small, hollow, tube-like structures resembling the rachis (central vane) of modern bird feathers. Though highly deteriorated and poorly preserved, biochemical analyses later showed that these structures contain decay products of the protein beta-keratin, and more significantly, the absence of alpha-keratin. While beta-keratin is found in all integumentary (skin and feather) cells of reptiles and birds, only bird feathers completely lack alpha-keratin. These findings show that, though poorly preserved, Shuvuuia likely possessed a coat of feathers.

The trunks are both solitary and clustering with short internodes, usually covered in spiny, persistent leaf sheaths. The pinnate leaf has a tubular sheath with whorls and scatters of spines and hairy, brown tomentum, the sheath ending in a narrow, armed auricle on each side of the petiole. The petiole is abaxially rounded, adaxially flattened, hairy, and equipped with grapnel spines. The rachis is similarly armed, the leaflets widely spaced to crowded, linear, with one fold, and covered in bristles and scales; the midrib is adaxially prominent, the transverse veinlets are short yet conspicuous.

The inflorescence is a pendulous, solitary, interfoliar spike, unbranched, with an elongated peduncle and a tubular prophyll. The prophyll is two-keeled, short and fibrous and is much smaller than the single peduncular bract, which is deeply grooved with a long beak. The lower half of the length of the rachis is covered in triads while the top has pairs of staminate flowers which shed early, leaving the inflorescence tip bare at antithesis. The bracts around the triads are pointed and ovate; those around the pairs have longer points.

Hippobromus pauciflorus (Afrikaans: Baster-perdepis = False horse urine), commonly known as false horsewood, is a small South African semi-deciduous tree occurring on the margins of forest, stream banks and in scrub forest. Frequently growing as a tall, slender sapling and accordingly prized as wattle for hut-building. Leaves 75 mm to 150 mm long, paripinnate with some 5 pairs of leaflets which are extremely variable in shape, wedge-shaped at the base, entire, dentate or deeply lobed, sessile and winged on the rachis between leaflets. Panicles up to 75 mm long and many-flowered.

Each leaf, recurving at its end, is 1.5 m long on 30 cm petioles being light to bright green in color. The stiff pinnae are once-folded with a prominent midrib, 90 cm long, and regularly arranged along the rachis. The infrafoliar inflorescence produces small, white to yellow, unisexual flowers on bright red branches, basally divided to three orders and distally to one. The female flowers are nearly twice as long as the male's, both contain three distinct sepals and petals, the former with 3 staminodes, the latter with 6 stamens.

From base to tip of leaf, they are long, occasionally as short as or as long as . Of this length, nearly half is made up by the stipe (the stalk of the leaf, below the blade), which is shiny and round, hairless, and chestnut- brown to dark purple in color. The leaf blades are triangular in shape, tripinnate (cut into pinnae, pinnules and pinnulets) to almost quadripinnate, and leafy, rather than leathery, in texture. The rachis (leaf axis) is round, rather than flattened, and dark in color, as are the axes of the leaf segments.

Each blade has 7 to 12 pairs of pinnae, which are narrowly oblong, with a short stalk at the base, or none at all, connecting them to the rachis. The ultimate segments are widest near the base or the middle, and the dark color of their stalks usually passes into the leaf, rather than halting at a joint at the segment base. Hairs are not present on the leaf blade. The sori occur along the veins, starting from halfway to two-thirds of the way out from axis to edge.

Skeletal restoration E. hui is known from a well-preserved partial skeleton that includes four long feathers on the tail, composed of a central rachis and vanes. However, unlike in modern-style rectrices (tail feathers), the vanes were not branched into individual filaments but made up of a single ribbon- like sheet. Epidexipteryx also preserved a covering of simpler body feathers, composed of parallel barbs as in more primitive feathered dinosaurs. However, the body feathers of Epidexipteryx are unique in that some appear to arise from a "membranous structure" at the base of each feather.

The unnamed triploid backcross of A. × ebenoides with A. rhizophyllum was accidentally generated in culture in 1956, and subsequently identified with a fern collected in West Virginia in 1946, previously identified as an aberrant A. × ebenoides. This hybrid is intermediate between its parents, bearing lobes in the basal part of the frond only, and with purple color extending up the rachis but not the stipe. A. × crucibuli, an artificial hybrid between A. platyneuron and the Asian walking fern, A. ruprechtii, has narrower blades, deeply pinnatifid in the middle and becoming pinnate at the base.

Adiantum viridimontanum, commonly known as Green Mountain maidenhair fern, is a rare fern found only in outcrops of serpentine rock in New England and Eastern Canada. The leaf blade is cut into finger-like segments, themselves once-divided, which are borne on the outer side of a curved, dark, glossy rachis (the central stalk of the leaf). These finger-like segments are not individual leaves, but parts of a single compound leaf. The "fingers" may be drooping or erect, depending on whether the individual fern grows in shade or sunlight.

The stipe is from long, and may be from 0.5 to 1.5 times the length of the blade. Dark, narrowly lance-shaped scales and tiny hairs are present only at the very base of the stipe, which is slender and fragile, and lacks wings. The leaf blade is thick and hairless, and of a dark blue-green color; the rachis (leaf axis), like the stipe, is a dull green, with occasional hairs. The blade is triangular or lance-shaped, with a squared-off or slightly rounded base and a pointed tip.

Jointed goatgrass and winter wheat are genetically linked through a D genome which allows them to live in cold, continental climates and means they are capable of cross-breeding. They are both C3 plants, have similar phenology and growth rates and even germinate at the same time. Jointed goatgrass has glabrous to scabrous glumes with upright culms and the ability to produce 50 erect flowering stalks for each isolated plant. Both wheat and jointed goatgrass have spikes that are sessile and alternately arranged spikelets on opposite sides of the rachis.

The spreading slender shrub typically grows to in height with an erect to spreading nature usually with a slender to straggly habit. It has smooth brown to grey-green often mottled bark, terete and glabrous branchlets and subsessile leaves that are long. The rachis are in length and hold 2 to 11 pairs of pinnae that are in length with 4 to 21 pairs of pinnules. The pinnules usually have an oblong or oblanceolate shape and will tend to incurve as they dry and are in length and wide.

It resembled walking fern and had proliferating tips, but the basal portion of the leaf was sporadically and irregularly cut into sharp-pointed lobes (never pinnae) in a manner resembling Scott's spleenwort, and the edge of the long, drawn-out apical portion of the leaf had shallow undulations rather than being a smooth curve. The stipe was maroon, the color extending only a short distance into the rachis. Apart from the geographical confinement of A. tutwilerae, it can generally be distinguished from other spleenworts by the same characters as A. × ebenoides.

Blepharocarya involucrigera at Kewarra Beach, Queensland Blepharocarya involucrigera grows best in well developed rainforest, where it can reach 40m in height with a dense rounded canopy, but in marginal habitats it may only reach 15m. The leaves are compound with 10 to 18 opposite leaflets, up to 15cm long and up to 4.5cm wide, elliptic to ovate in shape. Mature leaves are dark green above and paler beneath, while new growth is a rosey red. Above the basal pair of leaflets the rachis is flattened on the upper surface with angular edges (tending to winged).

Carbonised Attalea maripa seeds have been found in archaeological sites in Colombia dating back to 9000 BP. The Huaorani of Amazonian Ecuador use the mesocarps for food. They use the petiole and leaf rachis to make blowgun darts and sleeping mats, the petioles for torches, the pinnae for kindling and the stems for firewood. In addition to using is as a food species, Kayapó of Brazil use the species as a source of salt, and value it because it attracts wildlife. The leaves are also used for thatching.

The short peduncle is waxy and covered in hairs, the enclosing prophyll is similarly covered, two keeled and beaked. The rachis is longer than the peduncle with spirally arranged, conspicuous bracts subtending long, tapering rachillae. These branchlets are stiff with prominent bracts subtending triads in their lower half with pairs or lone staminate flowers on the top. The staminate flowers have three pointed sepals and as many valvate petals; the six stamens have strongly inflexed filaments with oblong dorsifixed anthers carrying elliptic pollen with finely reticulate, tectate exine.

Persoonia oblongata is an erect or spreading shrub with smooth bark and with hairy young growth. The leaves range in shape from narrow elliptic to broadly egg-shaped and are long, wide. The leaves are more or less hairy when young but become glabrous with age and the upper and lower surfaces are the same colour. The flowers are arranged singly or in groups of up to sixteen, the groups on a rachis up to long, each flower on the end of a distinctive glabrous, curved pedicel long.

The leaves may be sparsely to densely tomentose on the rachis and petiole, the leaflets are regularly and widely spaced, up to 60 cm long, dark green on top and glaucous on the underside. Compared to other palms, the inflorescences in this genus are unusually large, once-branched, and emerge below the leaf crown. Both male and female flowers are white to yellow, growing on the same plant, both with three sepals and three petals. The fruit develops from one carpel, yellow to orange to brown when ripe, containing one basally attached, spherical seed.

Variables that may affect the nutrient – particularly mineral – compositions of M. stenopetala include the season, growing elevations, and soil type. During the dry season, the average southern Ethiopian adult eats 150 g of fresh leaves per day, providing 19% of their energy and 30% of their protein requirements. The taste of the leaves ranges from bitter to sweet, may vary per tree, and is described as more pleasant during the dry season. The leaflets are stripped from the rachis and eaten either raw or cooked like cabbage, inspiring the common name "cabbage tree".

The spreading shrub typically grows to a height of and has multiple stems with a flat topped habit. It has smooth greenish to gray coloured bark and terete, glabrous or lightly haired branchlets. The blue-green subcoriaceous filiform leaves have a rachis with a length of that hold two to four pairs of pinnae that are in length that are composed of 4 to 12 pairs of pinnules that have a lanceolate or obovate shape and are long and wide. It flowers from August to November producing yellow inflorescences.

They are dark green and smooth or glaucous above and paler and finely pubescent underneath. the rachis of the leaves are usually bright red or purple in color, a distinctive feature of red hickory that helps to separate it from pignut hickory.Ohio Trees Bulletin 700-00: Carya – Hickory The bark of a mature red hickoryThe bark of mature trees is grey, composed of tight, flat-topped intersecting ridges that can appear quite blocky but are generally strap-like. Occasionally, the ridges may separate from the trunk in peeling strips, loose at both ends, a trait characteristic of Shagbark and Shellbark Hickories.

The leaves are generally large in proportion to the trunk size, and sometimes even larger than the trunk. The leaves are pinnate (in the form of bird feathers, pinnae), with a central leaf stalk from which parallel leaflets emerge from each side. The leaves are typically either compound (the leaf stalk has leaflets emerging from it as "ribs"), or have edges (margins) so deeply cut (incised) so as to appear compound. Some species have leaves that are bipinnate, which means the leaflets growing along the rachis each have their own subleaflets growing along a rachilla (self-similar geometry).

The single-stemmed (not clumping) plant grows to 5-6m in the park, and is noted for its big parallelogram-shaped leaf, with a wrinkled surface and wavy border. Subspecies bousigonii has rachis bracts that are strictly tubular and for the most part intact, not splitting, and the first order branches are inserted at the mouth of the bracts. The smitinandii subspecies is "one of the most attractive of all Thai rattans ... glossy undulate diamond-shaped leaflets and its neat low habit give it considerable horticultural potential[, a]mong Thai species it is very distinctive." John Dransfield.

The shrub or tree has an erect habit and typically grows to a height of and has grey, green or brown coloured bark with a smooth or slightly fissured texture. The angled to terete branchlets have fine yellowish brown to white hairs found on the ridges. The filiform leaves have a long rachis with 7 to 27 pairs of pinnae with a length of that are, in turn, composed of 14 to 51 pairs of glabrous pinnules with an oblong to narrowly oblong shape that are in length and wide. It flowers throughout the year and produces yellow flowers.

Orites excelsus is a tree that typically grows to a height of up to with more or less smooth brown or grey bark, often with minute scales, and new shoots are covered with rust- coloured hairs at first. The leaves are elliptic, lance-shaped, egg-shaped or oblong, long and wide on a petiole long. They are usually lobed, usually have teeth regularly arranged along the edges, shiny green on the upper surface and grey to whitish below. The flowers are white or creamy-white, fragrant, about long and are arranged in leaf axils along a rachis long.

The pollen producing organs consisted of clusters of elongate sacs formed into a variety of cup-, bell- and cigar-shaped configurations, assigned to various fossil genera including Dolerotheca, Whittleseya, Aulacotheca and Potoniea. Unlike with the ovules, there is good anatomical evidence that they were borne on the fronds, attached to the rachis. The pollen that they produce is strictly known as pre-pollen, as it germinated proximally and was thus intermediate in structure between pteridophytic spores and gymnospermous true-pollen. The pollen organs of the parispermacean species (fossil genus Potoniea) produced spherical pre-pollen with a trilete mark.

Persoonia glaucescens is an erect shrub that typically grows to a height of , sometimes to , with smooth bark, brownish red branches and branchlets that are covered with greyish hairs when young. The leaves are narrow spatula-shaped to lance-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, strongly glaucous, especially when young, long, wide and twisted through 90° at the base. The flowers are arranged in groups of up to thirty along a rachis up to long, each flower on a hairy pedicel long. The tepals are yellow, long and sparsely to moderately hairy on the outside.

Asplenium azoricum is a fern from hybrid origin of the family Aspleniaceae, descendant of the Macaronesian ancestral fern Asplenium anceps. It lives exclusively in the Azores, that is a strict endemic Azorean fern. Its fronds are coriaceous like plastic and its rachis is very thick, dark garnet color and brilliance. A typical feature of this fern, which it shares with all the descendants of A. anceps, is the existence of a small atrium at the base of the medium and lower pinnae geared towards the apex of the frond with one or two sori in its underside.

The carambola tree flowers throughout the year, with main fruiting seasons from April to June and October to December in Malaysia, for example, but fruiting also occurs at other times in some other locales, such as South Florida. Growth and leaf responses of container-grown 'Arkin' carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) trees to long-term exposure of 25%, 50%, or 100% sunlight showed that shading increased rachis length and leaflet area, decreased leaflet thickness, and produced more horizontal branch orientation. Major pests are carambola fruit flies, fruit moths, ants, and birds. Crops are also susceptible to frost.

It has been speculated that N. mantalingajanensis may produce upper pitchers only in deep shade or if provided with sufficient vegetation to support a climbing stem, as is the case with the closely related N. deaniana and N. mira. Nepenthes mantalingajanensis has a racemose inflorescence measuring up to 35 cm in length by 3 cm in width. The peduncle itself may be up to 25 cm long and 8 mm wide, while the rachis, which is longer in male plants, reaches 16 cm. Pedicels are one-flowered, measure up to 14 mm in length, and may have a 1 mm basal bract.

Persoonia filiformis is an erect shrub that typically grows to a height of with thin bark and branchlets that are hairy when young. The leaves are arranged alternately, linear in shape, long and about wide with six prominent, parallel veins and a sharp point on the tip. The flowers are arranged singly or in pairs or groups of up to twenty along a rachis up to long that grows into a leafy shoot after flowering, each flower on a glabrous pedicel long. The tepals are greenish yellow, long and glabrous on the outside with greenish yellow anthers that are fused to the tepals.

The genus, Pterolobium (from Gr. πτερόν pterón, meaning "wing", and λόβιον lóbion, meaning "pod" or "capsule", alluding to the winged fruit), consists of 10 species of perennial flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae and tribe Caesalpinieae. They sometimes called redwing flowers and are native to the tropical to subtropical climes of Africa and Asia, including Indonesia and the Philippines. They are large scrambling or climbing shrubs that grow in riverside thickets, on rocky slopes or at forest margins. They bear colourful samara fruit, and have pairs of thorns below the rachis of their bipinnate leaves.

The Christmas Island duck-beak is an erect, tufted grass, 250–700 mm tall, with the stems often branched and the nodes smooth. The leaves are 30–110 mm long, 2.5–7 mm wide and are scattered along the stem. The two bristly racemes are 15–50 mm long, with long and hairy pedicels and rachis, and with paired, sessile spikelets 4.5 mm long and distinctly awned. The glumes are leathery at the base; the lower, bidentate glume has two membranous wings in the apical half; the upper glume has a winged keel towards the apex and a 6 mm awn.

In a frond which is pinnate (feather-shaped), each leafy segment of the blade is called a pinna (plural pinnae), the stalk bearing the pinna is termed a petiolule, and the main vein or mid-rib of the pinna is referred to as a costa (plural costae). If a frond is divided once into pinnae, the frond is called once pinnate. In some fronds the pinna are further divided into segments, creating a bipinnate frond. The segments into which each pinna are divided are called pinnules, and the extensions of the rachis that support these pinnules, are called rachillae.

The longest feathers were slightly shorter than the metatarsus, at about 55 mm (2 in) long. Additionally, the feathers of Pedopenna were symmetrical, unlike the asymmetrical feathers of some deinonychosaurs and birds. Since asymmetrical feathers are typical of animals adapted to flying, it is likely that Pedopenna represents an early stage in the development of these structures. While many of the feather impressions in the fossil are weak, it is clear that each possessed a rachis and barbs, and while the exact number of foot feathers is uncertain, they are more numerous than in the hind- wings of Microraptor.

Ebony spleenwort is capable of proliferating by forming new plantlets from buds on the rachis at the base of the plant. These allow new individuals to form at different levels when prostrate fronds become buried in the leaf litter. Wagner & Johnson found proliferous buds in almost every site in the Great Lakes populations they studied; very rarely did more than one bud per plant occur. They occurred, on average, on 1 out of 6 plants, both on sterile and fertile fronds, and their position at the base of the lowest pinnae made them difficult to find among the cluster of fronds.

This species is commonly known as "ebony spleenwort" or "brownstem spleenwort" for the dark color of its stipe and rachis. The basionym for the species is Acrostichum platyneuros, published by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum in 1753 (the official starting point of modern botanical nomenclature). Linnaeus' treatment came from a 1745 dissertation by his student J. B. Heiligtag, which in turn drew on the descriptions by several earlier authorities. The first description listed was that of Jan Gronovius, botanist and mentor of Linnaeus, in his Flora Virginica of 1743, based on a specimen collected by the collector John Clayton.

The orchid species is a small to medium-sized, cool growing, epiphytic species, with clustered, ovoid to subconical pseudobulbs carrying 2 to 3, towards the apex, strap-shaped to linear, acute or obtuse apically, gradually narrowing below into the base leaves. It blooms in the summer on an apical, to a 3 foot+ [90 cm+] long, paniculate, many flowered inflorescence that has a warty rachis, pedicel and ovary, as well as long-lasting, fragrant flowers. The flowers are rosy-pink to magenta, star-shaped flowers with narrow petals. The long pointed lip has dark pink markings and an interesting winged column.

Aerial pitchers have a lighter pigmentation than their lower counterparts, being light green on the outer surface. Red blotches may or may not be present on the waxy inner surface. The peristome is green throughout, while the lid may be entirely green or bear fine red stripes. Nepenthes chang has a racemose inflorescence. In male plants, it reaches 70 cm in length, of which the peduncle constitutes 35–50 cm and the rachis 17–22 cm. Around 30–130 flowers are borne on two-flowered partial peduncles measuring 1–3 mm in length, with pedicels 2–9 mm long.

It bears twisted hairs tightly pressed to it on the upper side, and scattered, spreading, straight hairs on the lower side; no scales are present. The pinnae are not jointed at the base, and the dark pigmentation of the rachis enters the edge of the pinnae. The pinnae at the base of the leaf are slightly larger than the pinnae immediately above them and the pinnae are somewhat asymmetric about the costa (pinna axis). The basiscopic pinnules (pointing at the leaf base) are slightly larger and more deeply dissected than the acroscopic pinnules (pointing at the leaf tip).

He considered it very similar to Pellaea seemannii (now Cheilanthes lozanoi var. seemannii), but distinguished by its lack of indument on stipe and rachis. Hieronymus considered this material identical with Cheilanthes allosuroides in 1920, but agreed with Christ that the species has close affinities to P. seemannii and hence transferred the senior name to that genus; he also noted a close resemblance to P. scabra, now Myriopteris scabra. Oliver Atkins Farwell, following, like Kuntze, a program of reviving what he considered to be senior synonyms, gave Cassebeera priority over Pellaea and transferred P. arsenei to that genus as Cassebeera arsenei.

The leaves are long, and wide; the upper surface is glossy dark green, flat and hairless with longitudinal veins, and the underside is shiny and smooth. Annotated spikelet The young leaves are rolled when in bud, the auricles are small and the ligule is white and translucent, wider than it is long. The unbranched flower spike is up to long, with the spikelets on alternating sides and edgeways-on to the rachis (stem), pressed into recesses in the stem. The spikelets bear up to twelve florets, mostly with a single glume, with only the terminal floret having two.

Persoonia helix is an erect to spreading shrub that typically grows to a height of with smooth bark and branchlets that are hairy for the first two or three years. The leaves are arranged alternately, mostly linear long and wide but twisted through up to six complete turns. The flowers are arranged singly or in groups of up to five along a rachis up to long that usually grows into a leafy shoot after flowering, each flower on a pedicel long. The tepals are bright yellow, long with bright yellow anthers that curve outwards near their tips.

The thick filaments tend to appear 'stiffer' than thin filaments, and the thin filaments tend to lie parallel to each other but at angles to nearby thick filaments. These properties suggest that the individual feathers consisted of a central quill (rachis) with thinner barbs branching off from it, similar to but more primitive in structure than modern bird feathers. Overall, the filaments most closely resemble the "plumules" or down-like feathers of some modern birds, with a thick central quill and long, thin barbs. The same structures are seen in other fossils from the Yixian Formation, including Confuciusornis.

It is an arborescent plant, with a stem up to 2 m long and with a diameter of 40 cm, at the base of which often some shoots grow. The leaves, arranged like a crown at the apex of the stem, are 60–80 cm long and bluish in color and sometimes twisted on their own axis. The lanceolate leaflets, 12–17 cm long, are arranged on the rachis in the opposite way, at an angle of 45º; the margins are whole and the lower one can be equipped with small denticles. The petiole is straight and equipped with small spines.

They may be acute to acuminate, S-shaped to linear, the terminal pair usually obscurely lobed corresponding to the fold count; reaching 90 cm, they are usually deep green with a lighter underside. The rachis, petiole and crownshaft may be lightly to densely covered in hairy, brown tomentum. The inflorescence is branched to one order, rarely to two, erect or pendulous, and emerges below the crownshaft in all but N. gajah which emerges within the leaf crown. The fleshy male and female flowers share the same branches, proximally arranged in triads and distally in pairs or singles.

In the clade Deinonychosauria, the continued divergence of feathers is also apparent in the families Troodontidae and Dromaeosauridae. Branched feathers with rachis, barbs, and barbules were discovered in many members including Sinornithosaurus millenii, a dromaeosaurid found in the Yixian formation (124.6 MYA). Previously, a temporal paradox existed in the evolution of feathers—theropods with highly derived bird-like characteristics occurred at a later time than Archaeopteryx—suggesting that the descendants of birds arose before the ancestor. However, the discovery of Anchiornis huxleyi in the Late Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation (160 MYA) in western Liaoning in 2009 resolved this paradox.

Rhus lanceolata, the prairie sumac, is a plant species native to Texas, Oklahoma, Arizona, New Mexico, and the Mexican states of Coahuila, Nuevo León and Tamaulipas.Virginia Tech Plant Data Sheet US Geological Survey, Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, Digital Representations of Tree Species Range Maps, Rhus lanceolata Rhus lanceolatais a shrub or small tree up to 9 m (30 feet) tall, reproducing by means of underground rhizomes. Leaves are pinnately compound with 13-17 lanceolate leaflets and a winged rachis. Leaflets are entire (untoothed) or with small teeth, green and shiny above but whitish and pubescent below.

The vanes of each feather have hooklets called barbules that zip the vanes of individual feathers together, giving the feathers the strength needed to hold the airfoil (these are often lost in flightless birds). The barbules maintain the shape and function of the feather. Each feather has a major (greater) side and a minor (lesser) side, meaning that the shaft or rachis does not run down the center of the feather. Rather it runs longitudinally of center with the lesser or minor side to the front and the greater or major side to the rear of the feather.

Shrub to 1m tall, twigs zig-zag shaped, pale green to olive, terete, internodes 10–14 mm. Leaves alternate, bipinnately compound, with a pair of spiny incurved basal stipules, 1.0-2.5 mm. Rachis 1.0-2.0 mm, with one pair of terminal pinnae, an acuminate to deltoid bract clasping the base of pinnae, small gland opposite the bract between the pinnae, rachilla 5.0-13.0 mm. Leaflets alternate, ovate to elliptic, 2.5-5.5 mm x 0.5-1.5 mm, with 13-17 leaflets per rachilla, margin entire. Inflorescence a capitulum, red to deep maroon, 5.0-8.5 mm in diameter, peduncle hirtellous, 4.0-13.5 mm.

The fruit is a pod 3–8 cm long, containing one to six seeds. Cladrastis is related to the genus Maackia, from which it differs in having the buds concealed in the leaf base, and in the leaflets being arranged alternately on the leaf rachis, not in opposite pairs. The genus name derives from the Greek klados, branch, and thraustos, fragile, referring to the brittle nature of the twigs. The combination of Cladrastis, Pickeringia and Styphnolobium form a monophyletic clade known as the Cladrastis clade; as the other two originated from within Cladrastis, Cladrastis is paraphyletic.

Persoonia manotricha is an erect shrub that typically grows to a height of and has smooth, mottled greyish bark usually fissured near the base, and branchlets that are hairy when young. The leaves are arranged alternately, more or less cylindrical but with six narrow grooves and a sharply pointed tip, long and wide. The leaf grooves are similar to those of P. bowgada but narrower than those of P. hexagona. The flowers are arranged in groups of two to eight on a rachis long, each flower on a densely hairy pedicel long and generaly longer than those of P. bowgada.

Mycteropoidea show even more extreme adaptations towards a sweep-feeding lifestyle. These adaptations are taken to an even further extreme within the Hibbertopteridae, with appendage IV possessing a blade alongside the appendages II-III (which also have blades in other hibbertopteroids). The coxae in Hibbertopterus are reduced, leading to part of the food masticatory process being assumed by the laden (plates overlaying the coxae). Some of its species have even further adaptations towards sweep- feeding than other mycteropoids, with its blades modified into comb-like rachis that could entrap smaller prey or other organic food particles.

The bio cultural studies initiated in the villages of Kerala indicated that nearly 50% of the seeds of Dysoxylum malabaricum could be raised as seedlings. Dysoxylum malabaricum known as white cedar belongs to the plant family Meliaceae, is called as Vella akil in Malayalam language, Vellayagil in Tamil language and Bilibudlige in Kannada language, all names attributing to the white colour of the species. The tree grows to height of 40 m height, has bark which is greyish-yellow in colour with inner bark in creamy yellow colour. Its leaves alternate or sub opposite, abruptly pinnate with angular rachis.

The developing inflorescence is protected in a woody spathe, 60–180 cm in total length, which is usually hairless but may rarely be densely pruinose (covered in waxy flakes) or tomentose (furry); the spathe has a swollen part at the end 33–150 cm long and 6–16 cm wide, and ends in a sharp apex (tip). The inflorescence is branched to the first order. The rachis of the inflorescence is 20–104 cm long and has 35-141 rachillae (flowering branches) 15–132 cm in length. The flowers may be coloured yellow, reddish-orange, purple, yellow & purple, or greenish-yellow.

Gladius, showing measurement of rachis and vane The gladius (plural: gladii), or pen, is a hard internal bodypart found in many cephalopods of the superorder Decapodiformes (particularly squids) and in a single extant member of the Octopodiformes, the vampire squid (Vampyroteuthis infernalis). It is so named for its superficial resemblance to the Roman short sword of the same name, and is a vestige of the ancestral mollusc shell, which was external. The gladius is located dorsally within the mantle and usually extends for its entire length. Composed primarily of chitin, it lies within the shell sac, which is responsible for its secretion.

Wilting of leaves caused by necrosis of the rachis Small lens-shaped lesion on the bark of stem Large lesion extending along a branch Initially, small necrotic spots (without exudate) appear on stems and branches. These necrotic lesions then enlarge in stretched, perennial cankers on the branches, wilting, premature shedding of leaves and particularly in the death of the top of the crown. Below the bark, necrotic lesions frequently extend to the xylem, especially in the axial and paratracheal ray tissue. The mycelium can pass through the simple pits, perforating the middle lamella but damage to either the plasmalemma or cell walls was not observed.

Morphologically, it is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed. The modifications can involve the length and the nature of the internodes and the phyllotaxis, as well as variations in the proportions, compressions, swellings, adnations, connations and reduction of main and secondary axes. One can also define an inflorescence as the reproductive portion of a plant that bears a cluster of flowers in a specific pattern. The stem holding the whole inflorescence is called a peduncle and the major axis (incorrectly referred to as the main stem) holding the flowers or more branches within the inflorescence is called the rachis.

The spreading shrub or small tree typically grows to a height of and has smooth to finely fissured bark. The terete branchlets have low pale rusty to silvery grey coloured ridges. The filiform silvery grey coloured leaves are supported on a stalk that is in length and quite hairy. The leaves form along a rachis that is in length and made up of 4 to 10 pairs of pinnae that are in length and in turn are made up of 7 to 27 pairs of narrowly oblong to linear shaped pinnules that have a length of in length and wide and covered with silvery coloured and finely textured hairs.

In the distal 10% of the feather's length, the individual parallel barbs become distinguishable, forming a brush- like tip. This form of feather morphology, dubbed "proximally wire-like part with a short filamentous distal tip (PWFDT)" , is also present in feathers projecting along the front edge of the left wing. PWFDT feathers are currently only known in Cruralispennia, although they are similar to the ribbon-like tail feathers of the oviraptorosaur Similicaudipteryx. It is probable that PWFDT feathers are a result of a genetic overexpression of the BMP4 gene (which promotes barb fusion and rachis formation) or a suppression of the Sonic hedgehog gene (which promotes the formation of individual barbs).

Integumentary structures that gave rise to the feathers of birds are seen in the dorsal spines of reptiles and fish. A similar stage in their evolution to the complex coats of birds and mammals can be observed in living reptiles such as iguanas and Gonocephalus agamids. Feather structures are thought to have proceeded from simple hollow filaments through several stages of increasing complexity, ending with the large, deeply rooted feathers with strong pens (rachis), barbs and barbules that birds display today. According to Prum's (1999) proposed model, at stage I, the follicle originates with a cylindrical epidermal depression around the base of the feather papilla.

Fraxinus mandshurica, the Manchurian ash, is a species of Fraxinus native to northeastern Asia in northern China (Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shanxi), Korea, Japan and southeastern Russia (Sakhalin Island). It is a medium-sized to large deciduous tree reaching 30 m tall, with a trunk up to 50 cm in diameter. The leaves are 25–40 cm long, pinnate compound, with 7–13 leaflets, the leaflets 5–20 cm long and 2–5 cm broad, subsessile on the leaf rachis, and with a serrated margin. They turn to a golden-yellow in early autumn, and the tree is usually early to change color.

Sumerian harvester's sickle, 3000 BC, made from baked clay Early people began altering communities of flora and fauna for their own benefit through means such as fire-stick farming and forest gardening very early. Wild grains have been collected and eaten from at least 105,000 years ago, and possibly much longer. Exact dates are hard to determine, as people collected and ate seeds before domesticating them, and plant characteristics may have changed during this period without human selection. An example is the semi-tough rachis and larger seeds of cereals from just after the Younger Dryas (about 9500 BC) in the early Holocene in the Levant region of the Fertile Crescent.

Herbs, perennial, stout, to 100 cm; rhizomes present. Leaves emersed, submersed leaves mostly absent; petiole 5--6-ridged, 17.5--45 cm; blade with translucent markings distinct lines, ovate to elliptic, 6.5--32 ´ 2.5--19.1 cm, base truncate to cordate. Inflorescences racemes, of 3--9 whorls, each 3--15-flowered, decumbent to arching, to 62 ´ 8--18 cm, often proliferating; peduncles terete, 35–56 cm; rachis triangular; bracts distinct, subulate, 10–21 mm, coarse, margins coarse; pedicels erect to ascending, 2.1-- 7.5 cm. Flowers to 25 mm wide; sepals spreading, 10–12-veined, veins papillate; petals not clawed; stamens 22; anthers versatile; pistils 200–250.

Stem of Aiphanes minima showing spines and leaf scarsDetails of the stem, petioles and leaf bases of Aiphaes horrida showing its spiny nature Aiphanes minima is a single-stemmed, spiny palm with pinnately compound leaves—rows of leaflets emerge on either side of the axis of the leaf in a feather-like or fern-like pattern. Stems are usually tall, though occasionally as little as tall and in diameter. Younger stems are covered with rings of black spines, but on older stems these are often lost. Individuals bear 10–20 leaves which are pinnately compound, bearing 18 to 34 pairs of leaflets along a central rachis that is long.

The stem is 30 cm high for a diameter of 15–20 cm. The leaves are 50 to 150 cm long, dark green in color, with leaflets that branch off opposite to an angle of 180 ° from the rachis and that are reduced to thorns towards the base of the leaf. It is a dioecious species, with yellow, ovoid male cones 20–25 cm long by 5–7 cm in diameter, and yellow, ovoid female cones 25 cm long by 12–15 cm in diameter. The seeds are oblong in shape, 25–30 mm long and 15–20 mm wide, with a red sarcotesta.

These plants have an erect stem, without branches, which can reach 3 m in height and 35 cm in diameter. The leaves, up to 2 m long, are composed of lanceolate leaflets, with margins endowed with small spines, 12–15 cm long and arranged on the rachis in the opposite way to 135º. It is a dioecious species, endowed with ovoid male cones, sessile, yellow in color, 29–38 cm long and 14–18 cm broad, with broad and rhombic microsporophylls. The female cones have a yellow-green color, are 35–40 cm long and 20–23 cm broad, with macrosporophylls with a warty surface.

The leaves are opposite, pinnate, with 7–9 leaflets; each leaf is 25–40 cm long, the leaflets 8–20 cm long and 5–8 cm broad, with a finely toothed margin; they are downy on the underside and along the rachis. The leaflets are stalked, with a short petiolule. The flowers are produced in panicles in spring shortly before the new leaves; they are inconspicuous purplish-green with no petals, and are wind-pollinated. The fruit is a samara; it is the largest of any North American ash species, 5–8 cm long, comprising a single seed with an elongated apical wing 9 mm broad.

Undescribed fossil specimen at the Hong Kong Science Museum Cast of the skeleton belonging to GMV 2124, which is probably not a Sinosauropteryx Despite its feathers, most palaeontologists do not consider Sinosauropteryx to be a bird. Phylogenetically, the genus is only distantly related to the clade Aves, usually defined as Archaeopteryx lithographica plus modern birds. The scientists who described Sinosauropteryx, however, used a character-based, or apomorphic, definition of the Class Aves, in which any animal with feathers is considered to be a bird. They argued that the filamentous plumes of Sinosauropteryx represent true feathers with a rachis and barbs, and thus that Sinosauropteryx should be considered a true bird.

Leaf scars are often prominent along the stem, especially in young, rapidly growing individuals. Stem color ranges from gray-white to gray-brown except in R. violacea, which have violet-brown or mauve stems. Royal palm, R. oleracea, reaches heights of , but most species are in the range. The largest Royal palm is located in Floresta Estadual Edmundo Navarro de Andrade in Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil with 42.4 m and was discovered by Vincent Ferh and Mauro Galetti Close up of crown of Roystonea regia showing smooth tapering leaf sheath and fresh leaf scars, Kolkata, India Roystonea leaves consist of a sheathing leaf base, a petiole, and a rachis.

The Bornean brachyphorus (=insularis), banguey of Banggai lack crests (banguey has frontal feathers that arch forwards) while very reduced crests are found in microlophus (=endomychus; Natunas, Anambas and Tiomans) and platurus (Sumatra). A number of forms are known along the Southeast Asian islands and mainland including formosus (Java), hypoballus (Thailand), rangoonensis (northern Burma, central Indian populations were earlier included in this) and johni (Hainan). Young birds are duller, and can lack a crest while moulting birds can lack the elongate tail streamers. The racket is formed by the inner web of the vane but appears to be on the outer web since the rachis has a twist just above the spatula.

Additional species seen in The Banksia Atlas survey include white-eared honeyeater (Lichenostomus leucotis), white-plumed honeyeater (Lichenostomus penicillatus), crescent honeyeater (Phylidonyris pyrrhoptera), noisy miner (Manorina melanocephala), and species of friarbird for B. ericifolia var. ericifolia and brown honeyeater (Lichmera indistincta), tawny- crowned honeyeater (Gliciphila melanops) and black-faced cuckoo-shrike (Coracina novaehollandiae) for B. ericifolia var. macrantha. Insects recovered from inflorescences include the banksia boring moth (Arotrophora canthelias), younger instars of which eat flower and bract parts before tunneling into the rachis as they get older and boring into follicles and eating seeds. This tunneling itself damages the architecture of the spike and prevents seed development.

These two groups have not been formally named as subgenera or sections within Lellingeria. Lellingeria can be distinguished from Melpomene by the lack of setae, the presence of hairs on the rhizome, the sparse covering of very short hair on the upper surface of the rachis or midrib, and by the sori, which are slightly sunken into the lamina. When Lellingeria was first described in 1991, it was thought to always have a radially symmetrical rhizome, but it has since been learned that some of the species that belong in Lellingeria have a dorsiventral rhizome. The unequally forked hairs are almost always present, but they are not a synapomorphy for Lellingeria.

Notholaena pallens was first described by Rolla M. Tryon Jr. in 1956. The name was originally invented by Charles Alfred Weatherby while working on a revision of Notholaena, but he died before completing it and it was left to Tryon to finish and publish. The description is based on material collected by Cyrus Pringle in Durango. It had theretofore been identified as N. palmeri; however, the type specimen of that species was observed to have a black, rather than a chestnut-brown, rachis, lacking glands and scales, differentiating it from the material that had been assigned that name and necessitating the description of a new species for the latter.

Acacia fasciculifera shoot, showing phyllodes on the pinnate leaves, formed by dilation of the petiole and proximal part of the rachis Acacia, commonly known as the wattles or acacias, is a large genus of shrubs and trees in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the pea family Fabaceae.It comprises a group of plant Genera native to Africa and Australasia. The genus name is New Latin from the Greek word for 'thorn' from the habit of many species originally included in the genus. In the early 2000s when it had become evident that the genus as it stood was not monophyletic and that several divergent lineages needed to be placed in separate genera.

The lower pinnae are widely spaced on the rachis, and reflexed downwards. Leaf veins are free (they do not rejoin one another) and are difficult to see; fertile veins are once-forking and do not terminate in hydathodes (prominent swellings). Fertile pinnae bear 2 to 6 pairs of sori (rarely as few as 1 pair or as many as 10), about in length, on both sides of the midrib; the sori are crowded at the edges and often merge as they age. The indusia covering them are from long (rarely to ) and from wide, greenish or pale yellowish to whitish in color and opaque, with straight or slightly jagged edges.

Fragments of the fronds are the most frequently found fossils of the Medullosales, and they have been widely used for biostratigraphy and biogeographical studies. Most are characterised by a major fork of the main rachis in the lower (proximal) part of the frond. Each branch produced by the fork has an essentially pinnate appearance, superficially resembling the fronds of many ferns, but it is now thought that they in fact consist of a series of more or less overtopped dichotomies. Only one group of fronds, known as parispermacean fronds (fossil genera Paripteris and Linopteris), lacked this major dichotomy although they were still thought to have been constructed from a series of overtopped dichotomies.

Persoonia comata is an erect, sometimes spreading to low-lying shrub that typically grows to a height of with smooth grey bark, sometimes flaky near the base and branchlets that are densely hairy when young but become glabrous with age. The leaves are arranged alternately along the stems, narrow spatula- shaped to lance-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, long and wide. The flowers are mostly arranged in groups of ten to fifty along a rachis long, each flower on a pedicel long. The tepals are bright yellow, often tinged with pink, hairy on the outside, the upper tepal long and wide, the side tepals asymmetrical and the lower tepal sac-like.

Lomentospora prolificans is distinct from Scedosporium prolificans based on phylogenetic analysis and DNA barcoding gap analysis, in respect of the "one fungus = one name" nomenclature. The genus Lomentospora was erected by G. Hennebert and B.G. Desai in 1974 to accommodate a culture obtained from greenhouse soil originating from a forest in Belgium. The fungus, which they named Lomentospora prolificans, was thought incorrectly to be related to the genus Beauveria - a group of insect-pathogenic soil fungi affiliated with the Order Hypocreales. The genus name "Lomentospora" referred to the shape of the apex of the spore-bearing cell, which the authors interpreted to be a rachis resembling a bean pod of the sort constricted at each seed.

It is a cycad with an arborescent habit, with a stem up to 2.5 m tall and 40-45 cm in diameter, with secondary stems originating from basal suckers. [3] The leaves, pinnate, of a bluish-green color, are 1–2 m long, supported by a petiole about 15 cm long, and composed of numerous pairs of lanceolate, coriaceous leaflets, arranged on the rachis with an angle of about 40 °, long up to 20–25 cm, with entire margin and a pungent. It is a dioecious species, of which, however, only male specimens are known which have from 1 to 3 sub- conical cones, about 20–24 cm long and 12–15 cm broad, of greenish-yellow sarcotesta.

These plants have an erect stem, without branches, but often with secondary stems that develop from basal suckers, up to 1.8 meters high and with 45 cm of diameter. The leaves, pinnate, 100–150 cm long, are composed of lanceolate leaflets, with margins endowed with small spines, 12–18 cm long and arranged on the rachis at 45-80 °. It is a dioecious species, with 1-3 ovoid male cones, sessile, green in color, 50–70 cm long and 8–10 cm in diameter, with large, rhombic-shaped microsporophylls. The female cones, solitary, have a yellow-green color, are 35–40 cm long and 20–23 cm broad, with macrosporophylls with a warty surface.

Uprooted sea pen with the bulbous peduncle in view Pierre's armina feeding on purple sea pen Sea pen at Vancouver Aquarium As octocorals, sea pens are colonial animals with multiple polyps (which look somewhat like miniature sea anemones), each with eight tentacles. Unlike other octocorals, however, a sea pen's polyps are specialized to specific functions: a single polyp develops into a rigid, erect stalk (the rachis) and loses its tentacles, forming a bulbous "root" or peduncle at its base. The other polyps branch out from this central stalk, forming water intake structures (siphonozooids), feeding structures (autozooids) with nematocysts, and reproductive structures. The entire colony is fortified by calcium carbonate in the form of spicules and a central axial rod.

This part is embedded within the skin follicle and has an opening at the base (proximal umbilicus) and a small opening on the side (distal umbilicus). Hatchling birds of some species have a special kind of natal down feathers (neossoptiles) which are pushed out when the normal feathers (teleoptiles) emerge. Flight feathers are stiffened so as to work against the air in the downstroke but yield in other directions. It has been observed that the orientation pattern of β-keratin fibers in the feathers of flying birds differs from that in flightless birds: the fibers are better aligned along the shaft axis direction towards the tip, and the lateral walls of rachis region show structure of crossed fibers.

Young male catkin Willows are dioecious, with male and female flowers appearing as catkins on separate plants; the catkins are produced early in the spring, often before the leaves. The staminate (male) flowers are without either calyx with corolla; they consist simply of stamens, varying in number from two to 10, accompanied by a nectariferous gland and inserted on the base of a scale which is itself borne on the rachis of a drooping raceme called a catkin, or ament. This scale is square, entire, and very hairy. The anthers are rose- colored in the bud, but orange or purple after the flower opens; they are two- celled and the cells open latitudinally.

Male flowers Seeds of Fraxinus excelsior, popularly known as "keys" or "helicopter seeds", are a type of fruit known as a samara It is a large deciduous tree growing to (exceptionally to ) tall with a trunk up to (exceptionally to ) diameter, with a tall, narrow crown. The bark is smooth and pale grey on young trees, becoming thick and vertically fissured on old trees. The shoots are stout, greenish-grey, with jet-black buds (which distinguish it from most other ash species, which have grey or brown buds). The leaves are opposite, long, pinnately compound, with 7–13 leaflets with coarsely serrated margins, elliptic to narrowly elliptic, long and broad and sessile on the leaf rachis.

The winging of the stipe extends up the rachis; it is variously described as taking the form of parallel, cartilaginous ribs, with a narrow, green, leafy wing, the ribs fusing into a wing towards the tip of the leaf, or a whitish to tan wing similar in dimensions to that of the stipe. The blade is cut into pinnae throughout its length, from 20 to 40 pairs per leaf. The pinnae are sessile (stalkless) or have minute stalks and are rectangular in shape, tapering slightly toward the tip. In North American and Mexican material, those in the middle of the leaf blade measure from in length (rarely as small as ) and from in width.

On the underside of the blade, the veins are difficult to see and anastomose (split and rejoin each other), forming a series of areoles (the small areas enclosed by the veins) near the rachis. Fertile fronds are usually larger than sterile fronds, but their shape is otherwise the same. The base of the blade is typically heart-shaped (with the stipe protruding from the cleft); the bulges on either side of the cleft are frequently enlarged into auricles (rounded lobes), or occasionally into sharply-pointed, tapering lobes. The leaf tips may be rounded but are typically very long and attenuate (drawn out); the attenuate tips are capable of sprouting roots and growing into a new plant when the tip touches a surface suitable for growth.

The shrub or tree typically grows to a height of and has an erect habit. It has silvery to bluish grey smooth bark and angled to erect branchlets that have low ridges and are often covered in a fine white powder and are densely covered with minute hairs. The leaves are in length and are also hairy with a rachis that has a length of and contain 4 to 13 pairs of pinnae that are long and composed of 13 to 42 pairs of pinnules that have a narrowly oblong shape with a length of and a width of . It blooms between April and January producing simple inflorescences in both axillary and terminal panicles and racemes on stalks that are in length.

This cycad is acaulescent; the 8–20 cm (3.2–8 in) diameter stem does not generally grow above ground level. Plants have 2–12 leaves that range from 35 to 100 cm (14–40 in) in length. Each compound frond has 45–120 simple pinnae that are 12–20 cm (4.5–8 in) long at the leaf's greatest width. Each pinna is 0.5–1 cm (0.2–0.4 in) wide. The rachis of the leaf is often twisted 180 degrees, sometimes up to 360 degrees, though sometimes not at all. A male plant develops 1 to 4 male (or pollen-bearing) cones, which are fusiform (spindle-shaped), and measure 15–20 cm (6–8 in) high by 5–6 cm (2-2.4 in) wide.

The stem is 3.5–4 m tall for a diameter of 35–45 cm. The leaves are rigid, 3–4 m long and 30–40 cm broad, dark green, with a petiole up to 13 mm long. The leaflets depart from the rachis at an angle of 30 °, are up to 20-25 cm long and about 20 mm wide. It is a dioecious species, has conical male cones of 30–40 cm in length and 9–10 cm in diameter with oblong microsporophylls of 20–30 mm in size by 10–15 mm and ovoid female cones 35–40 cm long by a diameter of 18–20 cm with rhomboid macrosporophylls with sides of sides 55 mm for 60 mm and height 30 mm.

Overall disposition of the grapevine and weather forecasts are taken into account. Mechanical harvesters are large tractors that straddle grapevine trellises and, using firm plastic or rubber rods, strike the fruiting zone of the grapevine to dislodge the grapes from the rachis. Mechanical harvesters have the advantage of being able to cover a large area of vineyard land in a relatively short period of time, and with a minimum investment of manpower per harvested ton. A disadvantage of mechanical harvesting is the indiscriminate inclusion of foreign non-grape material in the product, especially leaf stems and leaves, but also, depending on the trellis system and grapevine canopy management, may include moldy grapes, canes, metal debris, rocks and even small animals and bird nests.

Most ancient T. compactum was cultivated between the Neolithic era and the Bronze Age and thus the most common evidence of ancient T. compactum is carbonized. Although carbonized wheat may often resemble its unfossilized counterpart and can often be identified with the same methods described above it is sometimes difficult to distinguish carbonized wheat this way due to a damaged or incomplete specimen. As a general rule, if a naked wheat, wheat with round grains and irregularly broken rachis forming internodes, is uncovered in a European site, excluding all sites on the Italian or Balkan peninsulas, it should be considered a hexaploid club wheat (either T. aestivum or T. compactum ). If such wheat has short internodes it should be identified as T. compactum.

Thomas, K.D. and Cartwright, C. 2010. The biological remains from Sheri Khan Tarakai, In Petrie, C.A. (Ed.). Sheri Khan Tarakai and early village life in the borderlands of north-west Pakistan, Pakistan, Bannu Archaeological Project Monographs - Volume 1, Oxford, Oxbow Books: 305-342 The abundance of grinding artefacts at the site and the presence of rachis internodes and chaff in some deposits suggests that several phases of grain processing were probably taking place on-site. Few young domestic animals appear to have been slaughtered at the site, and the fact that most lived on into adulthood suggests that they were primarily used as a source of meat, but possibly also to provide secondary products such as wool and milk, as well as work and dung.

The narrow filmy-fern is distinct by its long thin, creeping rhizome, membranous fronds, that grow in moist areas. Fronds are pale grey- green, and the entire plant is glabrous (devoid of hairs). Fronds are pendant and up to 15 cm long; stipe to 20–70 mm long, very thin, black; rachis winged in the uppermost section of the frond; lamina 1-pinnate 1–2-pinnatifid, pale green, and up to 100 mm in length and 10–25 mm wide, with no toothed margins. Solitary sori borne at apex of segments, and sunken at the base but not tubular; a whorl or rosette of bracts surrounding the inflorescence or at the base of an umbel, shaped like a rhomboid, apex rounded or obtusely angled; receptacle slender, included.

Aphlebiae are the imperfect or irregular leaf endings commonly found on ferns and fossils of ferns from the Carboniferous Period, but seem to have disappeared by the beginning of the Mesozoic. According to the United States Geological Survey in 1983, “The discovery in recent years of Aplebiæ attached to the rachis of many species of Pecpteris and Sphenopteris, such as P. dentata, P. Biotii, P. abbrebiata, and Sphenopteris cremate strengthens the view now generally entertained, that most of the species of Aphlebia are stipal abortive pinnæ growing from the bases of primary or secondary rachises” (101).Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey, Issues 98-99 The word itself is derived from the Greek "phleb-", meaning vein, and "a-", meaning without.

Jayaweera (1981) at Sindhrot in Vadodara District of Gujarat, India. Avaram senna is a much branched shrub with smooth cinnamon brown bark and closely pubescent branchlets. The leaves are alternate, stipulate, paripinnate compound, very numerous, closely placed, rachis 8.8-12.5 cm long, narrowly furrowed, slender, pubescent, with an erect linear gland between the leaflets of each pair, leaflets 16-24, very shortly stalked 2-2.5 cm long 1-1.3 cm broad, slightly overlapping, oval oblong, obtuse, at both ends, mucronate, glabrous or minutely downy, dull green, paler beneath, stipules very large, reniform-rotund, produced at base on side of next petiole into a filiform point and persistent. Its flowers are irregular, bisexual, bright yellow and large (nearly 5 cm across), the pedicels glabrous and 2.5 cm long.

The shrub or tree typically grows to a height of and has angled to terete, ridged and glabrous branchlets that have smooth grey bark. The filiform and glabrous leaves have a rachis that is and has one or two, or sometimes three pairs of pinnae that are made up of four to ten pairs of widely spaced pinnules with a linear shape and a length of and a width of . The plant blooms between August and December and produces simple inflorescences that occur in terminal panicles with spherical flower-heads with a diameter of containing 5 to 14 cream-coloured flowers. The thinly leathery and glabrous seed pods that form after flowering are more or less flat and are straight to curved and irregularly constricted between the seeds.

Nepenthes hamata has a racemose inflorescence. The male inflorescence is 8–15 cm long, of which the peduncle constitutes 2.4–10 cm and the rachis up to 8 cm. The peduncle has a basal diameter of around 3 mm. Flowers are borne solitarily on ebracteate pedicels measuring 10–15 mm in length by 0.1–0.3 mm in width. The pedicels number around 22 per inflorescence. Tepals are elliptic, reflexed, and 1.5–3 mm long by 1–1.5 mm wide. Androphores are 1–2.5 mm long and bear anther heads measuring 0.6–0.8 mm by 0.8–1.4 mm. One infructescence was measured at 8.5 cm long by roughly 5 cm wide (fruits included), with a peduncle measuring 6.5 cm in length and having a basal diameter of 2.25 mm.

The estimated size of C. permianus compared to a humanHibbertopterids such as Campylocephalus were sweep-feeders, having modified spines on their forward-facing prosomal appendages that allowed them to rake through the substrate of their living environments. Though sweep-feeding was used as a strategy by many genera within the Stylonurina, it was most developed within the hibbertopterids, which possessed blades on the second, third and fourth pair of appendages. Some species of the closely related Hibbertopterus had specialized comb-like rachis (shafts) that were able to entrap small prey and other organic food particles. Though they would have been slow owing to their massive size and robust form, studies on Hibbertopterus footprints discovered in Scotland have demonstrated that hibbertopterids would have been able to walk on land for at least short periods of time.

The scientific discovery of A. bradleyi occurred in 1871, when Frank Howe Bradley collected a number of specimens near Coal Creek, on Walden's Ridge in East Tennessee. Bradley sent some of them to Daniel Cady Eaton, who recognized it as a species distinct from A. montanum and named it for Bradley in an 1873 publication. While both Asa Gray and Eaton identified A. bradleyi as a hybrid intermediate between A. montanum and A. platyneuron, the English botanist R. Morton Middleton proposed in 1892 that it was identical or closely related to A. viride. This conclusion was based on the examination of forms growing in shade on the Cumberland Plateau which lacked color in the rachis, and was endorsed by contemporary Tennessee botanists such as Augustin Gattinger and Kirby Smith.

It is extremely similar to Butia capitata, juvenile specimens of that species being very easy to confuse with this one. According to Soares in 2015 the main difference between these two species is that B. matogrossensis has much smaller fruit with a purplish hue, compared to the big yellow fruit of B. capitata. Noblick in his 2014 key to the genus Butia also contrasts it to B. capitata, distinguishing the two species from each other by B. matogrossensis having a usually subterranean trunk, a shorter leaf rachis, less pinnae, a smaller swollen portion of the spathe, much less rachillae and the ripe fruit being green or purplish-green as opposed to yellow. It is also very similar to B. arenicola, but is much larger than this dwarf species.

The name Cycas inermis, meaning "unarmed", may be confusing because spines, albeit very small ones, are present on the petiole. The trunk of this cycad is erect with growth rings (see illustration): it is up to 1.5–4 m high and with a diameter of 80–140 mm. The fronds are pinnate, 2.2–3 m, surrounding the crown at the apex of the stem, with a long petiole 650–800 mm; each rachis is composed of 130-230 pairs of lanceolate leaflets, with an entire and toothed margin, on average, 290–350 mm long, dark green, placed on the spine at an angle of 60-80°. It is a dioecious species with male specimens that have microspores dispersed from cones of ovoid shaped terminals, 120 mm long and 80 mm wide.

The stimulus is transmitted as an action potential from a stimulated leaflet, to the leaflet's swollen base (pulvinus), and from there to the pulvini of the other leaflets, which run along the length of the leaf's rachis. The action potential then passes into the petiole, and finally to the large pulvinus at the end of the petiole, where the leaf attaches to the stem. The pulvini cells gain and lose turgor due to water moving in and out of these cells, and multiple ion concentrations play a role in the manipulation of water movement. Ions cannot easily move in and out of cells, so protein channels such as voltage-gated potassium channels and calcium-permeable anion channels are responsible for allowing potassium and calcium, respectively, to flow through the cell membrane, making cells permeable to these ions.

Salim Ali wrote a response pointing out that this was in error and that such inaccuracies had been carried on from early literature and pointed out that it was incorrect observation that did not take into account a twist in the rachis. Whistler was initially resentful of an unknown Indian finding fault and wrote "snooty" letters to the editors of the journal S H Prater and Sir Reginald Spence. Subsequently, Whistler re-examined his specimens and not only admitted his error but became a close friend.Ali (1985):64–65 Whistler wrote to Ali on 24 October 1938: :It has been a very great benefit to me that we drifted into collaboration largely in its beginning as an accident-when you pointed out my mistake over the webs of Drongo's tail feather-and the mistake has proved to me well worth while.

Spring blossoms at Hodal in Faridabad District of Haryana, India Vachellia nilotica is a tree 5–20 m high with a dense spheric crown, stems and branches usually dark to black coloured, fissured bark, grey-pinkish slash, exuding a reddish low quality gum. The tree has thin, straight, light, grey spines in axillary pairs, usually in 3 to 12 pairs, 5 to long in young trees, mature trees commonly without thorns. The leaves are bipinnate, with 3–6 pairs of pinnulae and 10–30 pairs of leaflets each, tomentose, rachis with a gland at the bottom of the last pair of pinnulae. Flowers in globulous heads 1.2–1.5 cm in diameter of a bright golden-yellow color, set up either axillary or whorly on peduncles 2–3 cm long located at the end of the branches.

Hawksworth along with Riedl in 1977 re- proposed Rhinocladiella ellisii, but in 1979 was criticized by De Hoog as the genus Rhinocladiella characterized Z. cellare's asexual (conidial) form of which the fungus rarely presents in and decided that Z. cellare was the most appropriate name for this species. To prevent any further contention, de Hoog amended the genus Zasmidium to include fungi with undifferentiated conidiogenous cells with wavy branches, "denticulate rachis", and pigmented scars. Today, the literature agrees that the proper classification is in fact Zasmidium cellare of the division Ascomycota, representing spore shooting fungi; the class Dothideomycetes, which are fungi that grow in what are considered hostile or non-optimal conditions to most fungal species; the order Capnodiales, which typically grow masses of black cells; and the family Mycosphaerellaceae, which is a grouping of sac fungi.

Most owls share an innate ability to fly almost silently and also more slowly in comparison to other birds of prey. Most owls live a mainly nocturnal lifestyle and being able to fly without making any noise gives them a strong advantage over their prey that are listening for the slightest sound in the night. A silent, slow flight is not as necessary for diurnal and crepuscular owls given that prey can usually see an owl approaching. While the morphological and biological mechanisms of this silent flight are more or less unknown, the structure of the feather has been heavily studied and accredited to a large portion of why they have this ability. Owls’ feathers are generally larger than the average birds’ feathers, have fewer radiates, longer pennulum, and achieve smooth edges with different rachis structures.

Asplenium anceps is a diploid fern of family Aspleniaceae and one of the ancestors of the ferns that form the trichomanes complex. It lives exclusively in the three northernmost islands of the Macaronesian region, that is, is an endemic macaronesian fern. Its fronds are leathery and plastic and rachis is very thick, bright reddish brown and is traversed throughout its length of three wings, two on the upper surface to draw a groove and a third on the lower surface which is characteristic and unique to this species, since all other species of the trichomanes complex without. A typical feature of this fern, which he shares with all its hybrid offspring ( Asplenium azoricum, Asplenium azomanes and Asplenium X tubalense ) is the existence of a small atrium on the basis of medium and less pinnae directed toward the apex of the blade with one or two sori on its underside.

It is a cycad with a largely underground stem, no more than 30 cm high and with a diameter of about 20 cm. [2] The leaves, pinnate, 40–60 cm long, are arranged in a crown at the apex of the stem and are supported by a short spiny petiole; each leaf is composed of numerous pairs of lanceolate leaflets, with whole or slightly toothed margins, on average 10-14 cm long, of glaucous green color, inserted on the rachis with an angle of 45-80 ° It is a dioecious species with male specimens showing 1-3 cones, cylinder-ovoid, 8–10 cm long and 3–4 cm broad, of bluish-green color and female specimens with solitary ovoid cones, 20–25 cm long and with diameter of 10–12 cm. The seeds are coarsely ovoid, 20–25 mm long, covered with an orange-red sarcotesta.

It is a cycad with a more or less underground stem, up to 25 cm high and with a diameter of 20-30 cm, often with secondary stems originating from shoots that arise at the base of the main stem. The leaves, pinnate, erect, 80–120 cm long, are arranged in a crown at the apex of the stem and are supported by a 2 cm long petiole; each leaf is composed of 48-58 pairs of lanceolate leaflets, with a spiny green glaucous margin, inserted on the rachis at an angle of 70-75 °. It is a dioecious species with male specimens that have a single cone, 15–17 cm long and 4–4.5 cm wide, of greenish-yellow color, and female specimens also with a single cylindrical- ovoid cone, erect, long 29–32 cm and 12–15 cm in diameter, gray to greenish in color.

It is a cycad with an arborescent habit, with an erect or decombent stem, up to 2.5 m tall and 30-45 cm in diameter. The pinnate leaves, arranged like a crown at the apex of the stem, are 1.4-2.2 m long, supported by a 12-15 cm long petiole, and composed of numerous pairs of lanceolate, leathery leaflets, up to 25 long cm, insert on the rachis at right angles It is a dioecious species, with male specimens presenting from 6 to 14 closely ovoid cones, erect, 18–20 cm long and 5 cm broad, olive green in color, and female specimens with 1-3 large cylindrical-ovoid cones, long to at 80 cm and 30 cm wide, initially dark green, olive green when ripe. The seeds are coarsely ovoid, 3.2-3.6 cm long, covered by a yellow to red seed coat.

These scientists suggested that a fan of tail feathers and the associated musculature needed to control them, known as the rectrical bulb, evolved alongside a short, triangular pygostyle, like the ones in modern birds, rather than the long, rod- or dagger-shaped pygostyles in more primitive avialans like enantiornitheans. Instead of a feather fan, most enantiornitheans had a pair of long specialized pinfeathers similar to those of the extinct Confuciusornis and certain birds-of-paradise. However, further discoveries showed that at least among primitive enantiornitheans, tail anatomy was more complex than previously thought. One enantiornithean, Shanweiniao, was initially interpreted as having at least four long tail feathers that overlapped each other and might have formed a lift-generating surface similar to the tail fans of euornitheans, though a later study indicates that Shanweiniao was more likely to have rachis-dominated tail feathers similar to feathers present in Paraprotopteryx.

It is an acaule cycad, with stem, mostly underground, which does not exceed 50 cm in height and with a diameter of 15-20 cm, sometimes with secondary stems originating from basal shoots. The leaves, pinnate, from 5 to 8, arranged in a crown at the apex of the stem, are 30–50 cm long, supported by a petiole about 10 cm long, and composed of numerous pairs of lanceolate, leathery leaflets, up to 13 long cm, with entire margin and about 9 parallel veins on the lower face, inserted on a greenish- yellow rachis. It is a dioecious species, with male specimens that have fusiform cones, sessile, 15–20 cm long and 4–5 cm broad, of brownish-gray color, and female specimens with a coarsely cylindrical solitary cone, about 25 cm long and 8 cm wide –10 cm, of the same color as the masculine ones. The seeds are roughly ovoid, 2.5-3.5 cm long, covered with a light yellow to orange flesh.

It is a cycad with an arborescent habit, with an erect or decumbent stem, up to 2.5 m tall and 35-40 cm in diameter, sometimes with secondary stems originating from basal suckers. The pinnate leaves, arranged in a crown at the apex of the stem, are 1–2 m long, supported by a stem about 23 cm long, which has a characteristic reddish ring at the base; they are composed of numerous pairs of lanceolate, leathery leaflets, up to 25 cm long, with a toothed margin and a pungent apex, arranged on the rachis at an angle of 70°. It is a dioecious species, with male specimens presenting from 1 to 5 sub-conical, pedunculated, 25–40 cm long and 5–9 cm broad cones, and female specimens with 1-3 ovoid cones, 35–40 cm long and 18– wide 20 cm, light green color. The seeds are roughly ovoid, 3.5-3.8 cm long, covered with an orange-red sarcotesta.

It is a cycad with a stem up to 3.5 m tall and 35 cm in diameter, first erect, then decombent, characterized by the presence of numerous secondary stems originating from basal shoots. [2] The pinnate leaves, arranged like a crown at the apex of the stem, are up to 1.5 m long, composed of numerous pairs of obovate, coriaceous, tomentose leaves, 15–17 cm long, with 3-5 spines on the upper margin and a pungent apex, inserted on the rachis with an angle of 45 °. It is a dioecious species, with male specimens showing up to 10 cylindrical, pedunculated cones, about 22 cm long and 9 cm broad, light green in color that turns towards yellow when ripe, and female specimens with 1-2 long, ovoid cones about 40 cm and wide 16-18 cm, initially light green in color, from olive green to brownish yellow when ripe. The seeds are roughly ovoid, 3.5 cm, covered with an orange-red seed coat.

It is an arborescent cycad, with an erect or decombent stem, up to 4.5 m tall and 30-45 cm in diameter. The leaves, pinnate, of a bright green color, arranged in a crown at the apex of the trunk, are 1–1,5 m long, supported by a 10-20 cm long petiole, curved downwards; they are composed of numerous pairs of large leathery leaflets, up to 15 cm long, arranged on the rachis with an acute angle, partially overlapping, with the lower margin presenting from 3 to 4 triangular lobes. It is a dioecious species, with male specimens that have from 1 to 3 sub-cylindrical, sessile cones, about 30–50 cm long and 8–17 cm broad, olive-green in color, and female specimens with 1-3 cylindrical cones, erect, about 50–60 cm long and 23–25 cm wide, olive green in color, with macrosporofilli about 8 cm long. The seeds are coarsely ovoid, 2.5-3.0 cm long, covered with a dark red flesh.

It is an acaulic plant, with a partially underground stem, without branches, 15–40 cm tall and 20–30 cm in diameter; secondary stems can originate from shoots that arise at the base of the main stem. The pinnate leaves, arranged in a crown at the apex of the stem, up to 100 cm long, are composed of lanceolate leaflets, with margins equipped with small spines and arranged on the rachis at an angle of 50-100 °. It is a dioecious species, endowed with solitary male cones, fusiform, pedunculated, of apple green color, 18–30 cm long and with a diameter of 5–8 cm, with broad and rhombic microsporophylls, and female, ovoid cones, in solitary genus but rarely in pairs, 20–30 cm long and with a diameter of 15–20 cm, with macrosporophylls with a warty surface. The seeds have an ovoid shape, are 25–35 mm long, have a width of 15–20 mm and are covered with an apricot-colored sarcotesta.

It is an arborescent plant, with erect or decumbent stem, without branches, up to 2.5–3 m tall and with a diameter of 35–45 cm, covered with tomentose cataphylls. The pinnate leaves, arranged in a crown at the apex of the stem, are 150–200 cm long, composed of about 50 pairs of lanceolate leaflets, with margins endowed with small spines and arranged on the rachis at an angle of 45-80 °. It is a dioecious species, endowed with 1-4 fusiform male cones, sessile, green in color, 30–50 cm long and with a diameter of 7–10 cm, with broad and rhombic- shaped microsporophylls, and 1-2 female cones, ovoid, always green, but 35–45 cm long and with a diameter of 15–20 cm, with macrosporophylls with a warty surface. The seeds have an oblong shape, are 30–35 mm long, have a width of 8–23 mm and are covered with a brown sarcotesta.

Flower spike Digitaria insularis is a tufted perennial bunchgrass with very short, swollen rhizomes. The stems reach a height of 80–130 cm and are erect, branched from the lower and middle nodes, swollen bases, with woolly bracts, glabrous internodes and nodes. Sheaths papillose - pilose in their majority, ligule 4–6 mm long, blades linear, 20–50 cm long and 10–20 mm wide. Inflorescence 20–35 cm long, numerous clusters, 10–15 cm long, solitary triquetrous rachis of clusters, 0.4-0.7 mm wide, scabrous; spikelets lanceolate, 4.2-4.6 mm long, paired, caudate, densely covered with trichomes up to 6 mm long, brown or whitish, ranging up to 5 mm from the apex of the spikelet; lower glume triangular to ovate, to 0.6 mm long, enervate, membranous; upper glume 3.5-4.5 mm long, acute, 3-5 nerved, ciliated; inferior lemma as long as spikelet, acuminate, 7-nerved, covered with silky hairs, upper lemma 3.2-3.6 mm long, acuminate, dark brown; anthers 1-1.2 mm long.

According to paleontologist Alan Turner, V. mongoliensis, showing large wing feathers as evidenced by the discovery of quill knobs Co-author Mark Norell, Curator-in- Charge of fossil reptiles, amphibians and birds at the American Museum of Natural History, also weighed in on the discovery, saying: According to Turner and co-authors Norell and Peter Makovicky, quill knobs are not found in all prehistoric birds, and their absence does not mean that an animal was not feathered – flamingos, for example, have no quill knobs. However, their presence confirms that Velociraptor bore modern-style wing feathers, with a rachis and vane formed by barbs. The forearm specimen on which the quill knobs were found (specimen number IGM 100/981) represents an animal in length and in weight. Based on the spacing of the six preserved knobs in this specimen, the authors suggested that Velociraptor bore 14 secondaries (wing feathers stemming from the forearm), compared with 12 or more in Archaeopteryx, 18 in Microraptor, and 10 in Rahonavis.

The gill is placed at the end of the anterior half of the body; it is formed by three simple leaves in the animals of 1–2 mm, and by five leaves in the rest with the anterior gill leaf largest and most branched; the inside of the gill around the anus and the internal face of the rachis of the leaves becomes increasingly dark to as the animals grow, being dark grey to black at 25 mm, while the ramifications are always white or hyaline with orange spots. Anal papilla wide, located in the center of the arc of gills, with the edge of the opening white and the trunk dark grey in older individuals. The anterior edge of the foot has tentacular expansions at the angles, as the oral veil and the sole colour is salmon, translucent, with a speck or orange dot. The rhinophores are cylindrical and robust, with 10 lamellae in larger animals; the peduncle is hyaline with points and patches of white, orange and grey, like that the lamellae.

It is a cycad with a trunk at least partly underground, up to 1.5 m high and with a diameter of 25-30 cm, often with secondary stems originating from shoots that arise at the base of the main stem. The leaves, pinnate, 60–90 cm long, are arranged in a crown at the apex of the stem and are supported by a 10-20 cm long petiole, without thorns; each leaf is composed of numerous pairs of lanceolate leaflets, with an entire margin, of an average length of 9-12 cm, of olive-green color, inserted on the yellowish rachis. It is a dioecious species with male specimens that have 1 or 2 cones, cylindrical-conical, 13–22 cm long and 5–7 cm broad, sessile, covered with a greyish tomentum, and female specimens with 1 or 2 cylindrical-ovoid cones, pedunculate, 20–30 cm long and 16–18 cm in diameter, greenish-yellow in color, also thickly tomentose, gray to brown in color. The seeds are coarsely ovoid, 20–30 mm long, covered by a yellow-orange to amber color sarcotesta.

Inflorescencessessile, lateral, extra-axillary or subopposite the leaves, unbranched, with 1–4 flowers, the axes with pubescence like that of the stems; peduncles absent; rachis very short; pedicels 6–10 mm in flower, 7–14 mm in fruit, almost contiguous, articulated at the base. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx 2–7 mm long, the tube 1–2 mm, the lobes 2–6 × 1–2.6 mm, ovate-elliptic, the apex acuminate, moderately pubescent abaxially with almost exclusively glandular unbranched multicellular erect hairs, densely pubescent adaxially with very small glandular hairs with 1-celled stalks; calyx accrescent in fruit, the lobes up to 8 mm long, equal to or exceeding the berry at maturity. Corolla 1–2.5 (-3) cm in diameter, rotate with abundant interpetalar tissue, membranaceous, white, the lobes 2–4 × 1–3 mm, triangular, acute at apex, with a few eglandular hairs abaxially, mainly on the central part of each lobe, glabrous adaxially. Stamens 4–9.5 mm long; filaments 1–2 mm long, with one much longer than the others, up to 5 mm long, glabrous; anthers 4–6 × 1.3–2 mm, connivent, yellow, the base cordate, with a small bulge dorsally, the apex emarginate, the pores directed introrsely and subapically, not opening into longitudinal slits.