I usually feel like a plebeian at festivals, you know?
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But as a medium, Maureen is above such plebeian antics.
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Yet such things are a bit too plebeian for Stephen Hung.
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We are not sexy, we are not unique—we are plebeian.
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I'm just another plebeian dude who expects to die one day.
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I believed if I took off my fraudulent robe, I would become plebeian.
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This seems especially true in Australia when it comes to our more plebeian offerings.
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He is a pleasant-looking man with a high forehead and a plebeian nose.
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As long as I'd known her, she'd been a follower, a plebeian, straitlaced and conformist.
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Please. Not all of us plebeian moviegoers can expense our snacks on a company's dime.
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Off the wait list and into, yikes, the plebeian wilds of Instagram and the RealReal.
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After all, why would an A-list star hang out on a plebeian dating site?
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But, and here is the important thing, he did it with a plebeian, nihilistic touch.
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If traveling first class is just a teensy bit too plebeian for you, JetSmarter has you covered.
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For the average plebeian, maintaining the same hair and makeup for months on end is entirely normal.
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One theory is that intelligent alien life surrounds us, but is keeping itself hidden from us plebeian life forms.
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In Rome, the patricians ruled, but could be overruled by plebeian tribunes whose role was to protect the poor.
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Easy to discount as plebeian fill, I know, but to cross EIEIO with OUI OUI is just incroyable, non?
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Why limit yourself to such plebeian gyrations as running, bicycling and weightlifting when you have several billion dollars to burn?
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Like a Hamlet kicking out usurpers — a popular comparison — Mr. Xi promptly went after each of the two Plebeian subgroups.
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He demonstrates an emotional maturity unparalleled by most adult men, and certainly not by the romantically plebeian contemporaries dated by Rory.
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Why dip your toes into the plebeian pool of music streaming services when you can have your own private aural sauna?
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The top floors of the amphitheatre which housed seats for the plebeian class have opened for the first time in 40 years.
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Its newest products are savings accounts and consumer loans, plebeian products that Goldman would never have deigned to offer before the crisis.
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Harvey Weinstein seemed miffed more than anything else, exuding annoyance at being made to bother with such plebeian rituals as arrests and arraignments.
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In reality, though, management fees have fallen to about 20163%, according to one large firm—similar to what a plebeian mutual fund charges.
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In the meantime, Mr. VandeHei, one of the founders of Politico, is keeping himself occupied with a more plebeian venture: a Snapchat channel.
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Wearing lounge attire in what is (for me, a plebeian, at least) a fairly upscale hotel, it does seem like Allen has no shame.
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Once there's a critical mass of blue check marks, those verified users will be able to toggle between verified-only and the plebeian masses.
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Available in a limited edition of 100, the hand-sculpted borosilicate glass body doesn't measure 10-minute spans with anything so plebeian as sand.
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Mr. Trump comes off as a plebeian hero in spite of his inherited wealth because he did not inherit the sensibilities of the elite.
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Throughout the 19463s, Burnham was a divided figure: helping organize plebeian protests even as he and his wife Marcia continued to throw elegant dinner parties.
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She sees in the president the unmistakable imprint of his father: the eyes, the high forehead, the large but slender hands, the pleasantly plebeian nose.
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Call my tastes plebeian if you must, but I can only relay what I've experienced: the Hugo 2's technical superiority doesn't translate to better music.
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"So the German Army was reunited with its kaiser," the old man reflects, though the emperor seems to consider the Nazi state a fairly plebeian regime.
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Look through the press materials, and you'll find at no point does the company say that the Cadenza is gunning for anything but its plebeian competition.
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The RDX has moved away from its plebeian Honda roots, embracing a new Acura-exclusive platform and a premium interior that exceed the standards of its class.
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The plebeian area is now open to small groups and offers visitors the chance to observe the iconic structure from a 40 meter-high (131 feet) perch.
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I couldn't help it if my busy schedule as a 17-year-old musical theater diva prevented me from completing something as plebeian as a driving course.
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There are a lot of defaults in The Sims 3 that are painfully plebeian and would not shape the Donald Trump that is currently serving as our president.
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Were it not, they would view the question "Are you prepared to die for your country?" as a tactical consideration instead of a plebeian breach of good taste.
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This is all meant to be relatively harmless fun; only a real killjoy wouldn't see the appeal of the weirdness of finding celebrities on a highly plebeian money app.
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The hunt for insanely exclusive sneakers is real — if you're a plebeian like me, viable options for getting your hands on hard-to-acquire kicks aren't all that appealing.
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He made a groaner of a joke about his wealth, saying that he could hardly use a plebeian instrument like TurboTax to ready his tax returns for public consumption.
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Even experts resort to the plebeian measures any hiker might employ to recognize one; the plain fact is, crickets are often easier to identify with your ears than your eyes.
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Word of the Day adjective: of or associated with the great masses of people noun: one of the common people _________ The word plebeian has appeared in five articles on nytimes.
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Beneath these broad indicators, France is cleaved by profound forms of inequality: between urban and rural communities; full-time employees and temporary workers; graduates of prestigious universities and the plebeian masses.
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Insta-stalking is an art If you're going to follow Richard Prince's lead on Instagram, for instance, you'd better dispense with that plebeian rhetoric about mindless scrolling and stalking other people's profiles.
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Episode 28: "Camelot" Within the first few minutes of the pilot episode, Narcos: Mexico positions itself as the story you haven't heard, because you, naïve plebeian, were paying attention to the headlines.
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From: Emanuel MaibergTo: Derek Mead27 February 2017 at 16:04Dear console plebeian,You hit the goomba on the head: The Switch is a better device than Nintendo's messaging will lead people to believe.
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This became most obvious in the failed 1848 revolutions, which in many places soon lost the support of the panicking middle classes, terrorized by the fear of plebeian rage and proletarian political participation.
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He who did not believe in the distinction Philip Rahv made between what he called paleface and redskin — highbrow and lowbrow, patrician and plebeian — was saying what his freedoms as a black writer were.
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Nate Parrott, a coder, designer, and student at Brown University created a neural network that mashes up thousands of the most common baby names into futuristic sounding interpretive takes on the current plebeian options.
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But Granite Bay High clearly isn't having it and students will now have to return to the misery of food prepared by their parents and cafeteria workers, or resort to the plebeian barter system.
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Moreover, the 570S is supposed to be the McLaren you could — and want to — drive every single day, In other words, the 570S might be mental by commuter car norms, but by McLaren standards, it's rather plebeian.
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The nature of celebrity is to fabricate a certain cult of personality around pop culture figures, giving the impression that they're not only perennially flawless, but also living lives cloaked in obscurity and beyond our simple, plebeian understanding.
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Readers of The Verge are best served by reviews that treat the gear as they would: which means testing via plebeian sources like Soundcloud and YouTube as well as higher-quality 27kbps MP2800s and Tidal's "Master Quality" setting.
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But culturally, they are drawn to the plebeian forms that Trump so expertly deploys: the insult humor of stand-up comedy, the over-the-top stereotypes and cartoonish conflicts of pro wrestling, and the Darwinian ethos of boxing.
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When you're in the presence of an Olsen (or, you know, just checking out a paparazzi shot of the duo) it's not uncommon to feel mildly uncomfortable, slightly less-than, and a bit plebeian — in the best way.
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In any case, clearly, while the rest of us were busy making our plebeian resolutions to lose weight, drink water, and generally be better human beings in 2017, Kim was busy crafting a few fresh fashion rules of her own.
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So while I'm not going to come right out and say that the next-generation Oculus Rift will be a pacification device for Peter Thiel's plebeian blood-thralls on a seasteading version of Galt's Gulch... well, I'm not ruling it out, either.
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If you happen to be a Prime member *and* a pet owner, you're in luck, because Embark's dog DNA test kit just got that magical discount treatment: Whereas plebeian Amazon shoppers are advertised a price of $189... Always read the fine print, people.
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But she also tracks larger shifts, observing that the same Democratic Party that encouraged ordinary white men to run for office and welcomed plebeian immigrants from all over Europe also reviled the abolitionists and grabbed a huge chunk of land from Mexico.
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Princely performance at a plebeian price Everything I know about the physics of acoustics tells me that earphones of this size should not be able to extend down into the sub-bass region with the ease and grace that the Tenores exhibit.
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Mr. Crowe and Tristan Raines, the costume designer, dress the characters in stylized mid-20th-century clothes; the aristocracy are garbed mostly in bright whites, while the lower orders wear plebeian black and gray, augmented by red trimmings that increase as they grow more powerful.
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The Plebeian faction expanded during the first decade of this century, under the leadership of President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao: They tapped their power base in the Communist Youth League, a boot camp for commoners wishing to be credentialed for Party membership.
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Whether you're a Loot Crate n33b, already a devoted Looter, or a plebeian who's shopping for the nerd in your life, you can visit the Mashable Shop to save big on three-month subscriptions to two rad Loot Crate options — but only for a limited time.
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Since we wore jeans and gym clothes during the week, and cars on campus were prohibited until the second semester of senior year, there were few ways to tell the difference between those who were second- or third-generation attendees and others from more plebeian backgrounds.
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Rhetoric is the language Rome's elite used to debate; by denying that he knows the first thing about it, Mark Antony is in effect tearing up his gold membership card and reassuring his plebeian audience that, though he may look rich and powerful, he is really one of them.
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Their plebeian sisters must settle for the seedy sleuth in Mick Finlay's first mystery, ARROWOOD (Mira, paperback, $15.99), who lives in a squalid district of South London and caters to clients like Miss Caroline Cousture, whose brother has disappeared from his kitchen job at the Barrel of Beef chophouse.
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Though catalogs are available to help those with limited Italian, the professional staff is also eager to offer assistance, bringing up from the basement on a stock elevator classic offerings from manufacturers like Pelikan and Graf von Faber-Castell or the more plebeian Lamy we'd come to find.
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But as soon as I was back on the Pixel, tapping the multitasking button like some 20th century plebeian, looking at the less impressive display, listening to the less stellar speakers, swiping through the Twitter app with the buttons at the top instead of the bottom... I started feeling sad.
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We learn the cultural significance of attending the German synagogue ("so severe and contrasting in its almost Lutheran gathering of prosperous, burgherly Homburg hats") versus the Italian synagogue ("more working-class and theatrical, almost Catholic") or of vacationing at the bourgeois seaside resort of Riccione versus the more plebeian Gatteo.
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James M. Nederlander, who, with mercenary guile and an admittedly plebeian aesthetic, presided for nearly half a century over a theater empire that encompassed as many as 10 houses on Broadway and stretched across the country to California and across the Atlantic to London, died on Monday in Southampton, N.Y. He was 94.
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Kravitz is pitch-perfect as the elusive A-lister who's had enough of the Hollywood life, but Kirke, who holds our attention for the entirety of the film, is the kind of everywoman protagonist who is not plebeian but rather someone who proves to be clever—even when her disguise isn't so—in dire situations.
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You can see her mastery of this improvisational process in her debut show at PPOW, Judith Linhares: Hearts on Fire (February 535–March 16, 2019), which consists of 17 paintings in an indescribable palette of acid and bile greens, saffron and egg yolk yellows, bubblegum pinks, different shades of plebeian browns, hot reds and dusty violets, and assorted blues and grays.
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In a way, it's impossible to review Gold's staging of "King Lear," because, in the arrogance of its conception, it turns up its nose at the plebeian notion of simply providing the audience with what it might want: Shakespeare's words, that accumulation of more intelligence and insight about humanity and the unifying and divisive force of politics than it seems possible for one mind to have produced.
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Postmodernists, Heer wrote, describe a world where Fragmented sound bites have replaced linear thinking, where nostalgia ("Make America Great Again") has replaced historical consciousness or felt experiences of the past, where simulacra is indistinguishable from reality, where an aesthetic of pastiche and kitsch (Trump Tower) replaces modernism's striving for purity and elitism, and where a shared plebeian culture of vulgarity papers over intensifying class disparities.
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These writers describe a world where the visual has triumphed over the literary, where fragmented sound bites have replaced linear thinking, where nostalgia ("Make America Great Again") has replaced historical consciousness or felt experiences of the past, where simulacra is indistinguishable from reality, where an aesthetic of pastiche and kitsch (Trump Tower) replaces modernism's striving for purity and elitism, and where a shared plebeian culture of vulgarity papers over intensifying class disparities.
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After 494 BC, a plebeian tribune always presided over the Plebeian Curiate Assembly. This "Plebeian Curiate Assembly" was the original Plebeian Council, which elected the plebeian Tribunes and Aediles,Abbott, 21 and passed legislation (plebiscita) that applied only to the plebeians.
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It was not until 287 BC that the Patrician senators lost their last check over the Plebeian Council. However, the Patricio-Plebeian aristocracy in the senate still retained other means by which to control the Plebeian Council, in particular the closeness between the Plebeian Tribunes and the senators. While this conflict would end in 287 BC with the Plebeians having acquired political equality with the Patricians, the plight of the average Plebeian had not changed. A small number of aristocratic Plebeian families had emerged, and most Plebeian politicians came from one of these families.
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In contrast, both classes were entitled to a vote in the Tribal Assembly. Under the presidency of a Plebeian Tribune (the chief representative of the people), the Plebeian Council elected Plebeian Tribunes and Plebeian Aediles (the Plebeian Tribune's assistant), enacted laws called plebiscites, and presided over judicial cases involving Plebeians. Originally, laws passed by the Plebeian Council only applied to Plebeians.Byrd, 31 However, by 287 BC, laws passed by the Plebeian Council had acquired the full force of law, and from that point on, most legislation came from the council.
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Popularists used her name and attributes to appeal their guardianship of plebeian interests, particularly the annona and frumentarium; and plebeian nobles and aediles used them to point out their ancestral connections with plebeians as commoners.The plebeian L. Assius Caeicianus, identifies his plebeian ancestry and duties to Ceres on a denarius issue, c.102 BC.
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While it did not pass many laws, the Comitia Tributa did elect quaestors, curule aediles, and military tribunes.Taylor, 7 The Plebeian CouncilAbbott, 196 was identical to the assembly of the tribes, but excluded the patricians. They elected their own officers, plebeian tribunes and plebeian aediles. Usually a plebeian tribune would preside over the assembly.
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As such, the Plebeian Council changed from a "Plebeian Curiate Assembly" to a "Plebeian Tribal Assembly".Abbott, 261 The only difference between the Plebeian Council after 471 BC and the ordinary Tribal Assembly (which also organized on the basis of the tribes) was that the tribes of the Plebeian Council included only plebeians, whereas the tribes of the Tribal Assembly included both plebeians and patricians. However, most Romans were plebeians. Therefore, the principal differences between the Plebeian Council and the Tribal Assembly were mostly legal rather than demographic.
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The Plebeian Assembly was similar to the Tribal Assembly, except that only plebeians were permitted, and it was presided by a plebeian tribune. The Plebeian Assembly eventually became the main legislative body of the republic.Hall (1998), p. 20. In addition to their roles in electing magistrates and passing legislation, the Tribal and Plebeian assemblies could try judicial cases.
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Since the plebeian tribunes and plebeian aediles were elected by the plebeians (commoners) in the Plebeian Council, rather than by all of the People of Rome (plebeians and the aristocratic patrician class), they were technically not magistrates. While the term "plebeian magistrate" (magistratus plebeii) has been used as an approximation, it is technically a contradiction.Abbott, p. 152 The plebeian aedile functioned as the tribune's assistant, and often performed similar duties as did the curule aediles (discussed above).
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Abbott, 48 A small number of Plebeian families had achieved the same standing that the old aristocratic Patrician families had always had, but these new Plebeian aristocrats were as uninterested in the plight of the average Plebeian as the old Patrician aristocrats had always been.Abbott, 48 During this time period, the Plebeian plight had been mitigated due to the constant state of war that Rome was in.Abbott, 49 These wars provided employment, income, and glory for the average Plebeian, and the sense of patriotism that resulted from these wars also eliminated any real threat of Plebeian unrest. The lex Publilia, which had required the election of at least one Plebeian Censor every five years, contained another provision.
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The Concilium Plebis (English: Plebeian Council, Plebeian Assembly, People's Assembly or Council of the Plebs) was the principal assembly of the common people of the ancient Roman Republic. It functioned as a legislative/judicial assembly, through which the plebeians (commoners) could pass legislation (called plebiscites), elect plebeian tribunes and plebeian aediles, and try judicial cases. The Plebeian Council was originally organized on the basis of the Curia but in 471 BC adopted an organizational system based on residential districts or tribes. The Plebeian Council usually met in the well of the Comitium and could only be convoked by the Tribune of the Plebs.
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As the privileged status of the old patrician elite eroded over time, a plebeian aristocracy developed whose status was theoretically based on merit and popular election rather than birth. Because patricians were ineligible to run for plebeian offices, the new plebeian aristocracy actually had more opportunities for advancement than their patrician counterparts. Over time distinctions between patricians and plebeian aristocrats became less important, giving rise to a new "patricio-plebeian aristocracy" termed the nobilitas. In 287 BC, the plebeians again seceded.
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Abbott, 45 Also around the year 350 BC, the Plebeian Council (popular assembly) enacted a significant law (the "Ovinian Law")Abbott, 46 which transferred, from the Consuls to the Censors, the power to appoint new senators. This law also required the Censors to appoint any newly elected magistrate to the Senate, which probably resulted in a significant increase in the number of Plebeian senators.Abbott, 47 This, along with the closeness between the Plebeian Tribunes and the Senate, helped to facilitate the creation of a new Plebeian aristocracy. This new Plebeian aristocracy soon merged with the old Patrician aristocracy, creating a combined "Patricio- Plebeian" aristocracy.
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However, there were certainly plebeian Curtii; Gaius Curtius Peducaeanus was tribune of the people in 57 BC, indicating that a plebeian branch developed at some point.
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During this first secession, the plebeians created their own institutions which were separate from those of the Roman state, which at that time was controlled by the patricians, and were intended to protect the interests of the plebeians. These included the plebeian tribunes, the plebeian aediles and the plebeian assembly. Forsythe takes the revisionist view further. He rejects the idea there was a plebeian assembly and maintains that the comitia tributa was an assembly of the whole of the Roman people and opines that the plebeian secession was a myth created in later times.
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The Conflict of the Orders was finally coming to an end, since the Plebeians had achieved political equality with the Patricians. A small number of Plebeian families had achieved the same standing that the old aristocratic Patrician families had always had, but these new Plebeian aristocrats were as uninterested in the plight of the average Plebeian as the old Patrician aristocrats had always been. During this time period, the Plebeian plight had been mitigated due to the constant state of war that Rome was in. These wars provided employment, income, and glory for the average Plebeian, and the sense of patriotism that resulted from these wars also eliminated any real threat of Plebeian unrest.
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Lintott, A. (1999). The Constitution of the Roman Republic. Oxford University Press, pp. 44-48 Given the extra- legal character of the plebeian institutions, the plebeians found a way to give power to the plebeian tribunes by using the lex sacrata and declaring the person of a plebeian tribune sacrosanct.
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Accordingly, each plebeian family belonged to the same curia as did its patrician patron. While the plebeians each belonged to a particular curia, only patricians could actually vote in the Curiate Assembly. The Plebeian Council was originally organized around the office of the Tribunes of the Plebs in 494 BC. Plebeians probably met in their own assembly prior to the establishment of the office of the Tribune of the Plebs, but this assembly would have had no political role. The Offices of the plebeian tribune and plebeian aedile were created in 494 BC following the first plebeian secession.
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Therefore, he needed to be transferred to the plebeian order (transitio ad plebem) by being adopted into a plebeian family. In some letters written in 62 BC, the year after Clodius's trial, Cicero wrote that Herrenius, a plebeian tribune, made frequent proposals to the plebeian council to transfer Clodius to the plebs, but he was vetoed by many of his colleagues. He also proposed a law to the plebeian council to authorise the comitia centuriata (the assembly of the soldiers) to vote on the matter. The consul Quintus Metellus Celer proposed an identical bill to the comitia centuriata.
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Liber asserted plebeian rights to ecstatic release, self-expression and free speech; he was, after all, Liber Pater, the Free Father - a divine personification of liberty, father of plebeian wisdoms and plebeian augury.Barbette Stanley Spaeth, The Roman goddess Ceres, University of Texas Press, 1996, pp. 6-8, 92, While the Aventine temple and ludi may represent a patrician attempt to reconcile or at least molify the plebs, plebeian opposition to patrician domination continued throughout contemporary and later Republican history.
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Lex Valeria Horatia de plebiscitis. This established that the resolutions passed by the Plebeian Council were binding on all. The plebeians had created this body as their own assembly where they could debate their own issues during their first rebellion, the first plebeian secession (494 BC). The patricians were excluded from the Plebeian Council.
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Melanoplus plebejus, known generally as the plebeian short-wing grasshopper or plebeian spur-throat grasshopper, is a species of spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is found in North America.
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Although the Plebeian Council survived the fall of the Roman Republic,Abbott, 397 it quickly lost its legislative, judicial and electoral powers to the senate. By virtue of their status as perpetual tribunes, both Julius Caesar and the Emperor Augustus always had absolute control over the Plebeian Council. The Plebeian Council disappeared shortly after the reign of Tiberius.
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During the rebellion of the first plebeian secession in 494 BC, which marked the beginning of the Conflict of the Orders between patricians (the aristocrats) and plebeians (the commoners), the plebeian movement instituted and elected its leaders, who soon also came to act as the representatives of the plebs: the plebeian tribunes. It also instituted the assistants of these tribunes (the plebeian aediles) and its own assembly, the Plebeian Council (Concilium Plebis). These plebeian institutions were extra-legal in that they were not recognised by the senate and the Roman state, which were controlled by the patricians. The bones of contention in the Conflict of the Orders were the economic grievances of the poor, the protection of plebeians and, later, power-sharing with the patricians (who monopolised political power) with the rich plebeians.
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Plebeian Tribunes were made personally sacrosanct during their period in office.
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According to Livy, there were two temples of Pudicitia in Rome, the Temple of Pudicitia Patricia and the Temple of Pudicitia Plebeia. The original one was for women of the patrician class only, but when Verginia was excluded on account of marrying a plebeian consul, she and a group of plebeian matrons founded an altar of Pudicitia for women of the plebeian class as well. Livy states that the plebeian shrine of Pudicitia eventually fell into disuse after its sacred character had been abused.
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Plebeian aediles were elected by the Plebeian Council, usually while under the presidency of a Plebeian Tribune. Curule aediles were elected by the Tribal Assembly, usually while under the presidency of a consul. Since the plebeian aediles were elected by the plebeians, rather than by all of the People of Rome (plebeians as well as members of the Patrician aristocracy), they were not technically magistrates. Before the passage of the lex annalis, individuals could run for the aedileship by the time they turned twenty-seven.
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The Tribal Assembly, while under the presidency of a higher magistrate (either a consul or praetor), elected the two curule aediles. While they had a curule chair, they did not have lictors, and thus they had no power of coercion.Lintott, p. 130 The Plebeian Council (principal popular assembly), under the presidency of a plebeian tribune, elected the two plebeian aediles.
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The significance of the law on the consulship of 367 BC, according to Cornell, lies elsewhere. He suggests that before this law, the plebeian tribunes were excluded from high office and that the plebeians who served prior to this were clients of the patricians who had nothing to do with the plebeian movement and its agitations or the Plebeian Council and did not hold plebeian offices (they were neither plebeian tribunes nor aediles, their assistants). Cornell argues "[t]hat the aim of Licinius and Sextius was to abolish all forms of discrimination against the plebeians as such", and their law was a victory for the plebeians who were attracted to the plebeian movement and chose to join this, rather than becoming clients of patricians, which offered nominal prestige, but no independent power. Many leading plebeians were "wealthy, socially aspiring and politically ambitious".
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I, p. 470 ("Basilus"). A number of plebeian Minucii had no cognomen.
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In politics Lepidus seems to have belonged to the optimates, a conservative political faction which supported the interests of the aristocracy. During his consulship he supported the opposition by Marcus Antius Briso (a plebeian tribune) against a bill on the introduction of voting by secret ballot in the Plebeian Council (Lex Cassia Tabellaria) proposed by another plebeian tribune, Lucius Cassius Longinus Ravilla. This bill would free the plebeian voters from electoral pressure. However, on the advice of Scipio Aemilianus Africanus, Brisio dropped his opposition and the bill was carried.
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Abbott, 50 It is not known why, but this modification seems to have made the auctoritas patrum irrelevant. By 287 BC, the economic condition of the average Plebeian had become poor, and the result was the final Plebeian secession. The Plebeians seceded to the Janiculum hill, and to end the secession, a Dictator named Quintus Hortensius was appointed. Hortensius, a Plebeian, passed a law called the "Hortensian Law" (Lex Hortensia), which ended the requirement that an auctoritas patrum be passed before any bill could be considered by either the Plebeian Council or the Tribal Assembly.
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The most significant component of this law was its termination of the requirement that auctoritas patrum be obtained before any bill could be considered by the Plebeian Council.Abbott, 52 In this way the law removed from the patrician senators their final check over the Plebeian Council.Abbott, 53 The lex Hortensia, however, should not be viewed as the final triumph of democracy over aristocracy.Abbott, 53 Close relations between the plebeian tribunes and the senate meant that the senate could still exercise a great degree of control over the Plebeian Council.
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A member of the plebeian gens Aurelia, Cotta was elected tribune of the plebs in 154 BC. During his term as Plebeian tribune, Cotta refused to pay his debts during his term as magistrate, citing the 'sanctity' of his position.
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The plebeians, through the Plebeian Council, began to gain power during this time. Two secessions in 449 BC and 287 BC brought about increased authority for the plebeian assembly and its leaders, and it was greatly due to concessions made by dictators and consuls that the now mobilized and angry plebeian population began to develop power. In 339 BC, the Lex Publilia made plebiscites (plebeian legislation) law, however this was not widely accepted by patricians until the 287 BC Lex Hortensia, which definitively gave the council the power to create laws to which both plebeians and patricians would be subject. Additionally, between 291 and 219 BC, the Lex Maenia required the senate to approve any bill put forward by the Plebeian Council.
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He died in 241 BC and was succeeded by Lucius Caecilius Metellus, another plebeian.
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Although sometimes referred to as plebeian magistrates, the tribunes of the people, like the plebeian aediles, who were created at the same time, were technically not magistrates, as they were elected by the plebeian assembly alone. However, they functioned very much like magistrates of the Roman state. They could convene the concilium plebis, which was entitled to pass legislation affecting the plebeians alone (plebiscita), and beginning in 493 BC to elect the plebeian tribunes and aediles. From the institution of the tribunate, any one of the tribunes of the plebs was entitled to preside over this assembly.
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At its formation, the Plebeian Council was organized by Curiae and served as an electoral council wherein plebeian citizens could vote to pass laws. The Plebeian Council would elect Tribunes of the Plebs to preside over their meetings. It is unlikely, however, that the council had any constitutional recognition before the creation of the Twelve Tables between 451 and 450 BC. At the meetings of the Plebeian Council, they would pass resolutions, conduct trials, and discuss matters pertaining to the condition of the plebeians. Their ability to perform political prosecutions was later restricted by the Twelve Tables.
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The plebeians turned the Aventine Hill into their stronghold and their own jurisdiction in contraposition to the Roman state. The Plebeian Council, under the leadership of the plebeian tribunes, who presided over its sessions, voted on and issued its own laws which applied to this hill and to the plebeians. The patricians did not recognise these plebeian resolutions as laws because they refused to recognise the plebeian movement. Moreover, formally, legislation was supposed to be proposed by the consuls (the two annually elected heads of the Republic) and put to the vote of the Comitia Centuriata, the Assembly of the Soldiers.
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III, p. 795 ("Sestia Gens"). The plebeian gens Sextilia was derived from the same praenomen.
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The gens Obellia was an obscure plebeian family at Rome, known almost entirely from inscriptions.
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Gauius Canuleius proposed a law (the Canuleian law) that granted plebeian and patricians to intermarry.
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Hortensius, a Plebeian, passed a law called the "Hortensian Law" (lex Hortensia), which ended the requirement that an auctoritas patrum be passed before any bill could be considered by either the Plebeian Council or the Tribal Assembly.Abbott, 52 The requirement was not changed for the Centuriate Assembly. The Hortensian Law also reaffirmed the principle that an act of the Plebeian Council have the full force of law over both Plebeians and Patricians, which it had originally acquired as early as 449 BC.Abbott, 51 The importance of the Hortensian Law was in that it removed from the Patrician senators their final check over the Plebeian Council.Abbott, 53 It should therefore not be viewed as the final triumph of democracy over aristocracy,Abbott, 53 since, through the Tribunes, the senate could still control the Plebeian Council.
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At 36 years of age, proquaestor could stand for election to one of the aedile (pronounced EE-dyle /ˈiːdaɪl/, from aedes, "temple edifice") positions. Of these aediles, two were plebeian and two were patrician, with the patrician aediles called Curule Aediles. The plebeian aediles were elected by the Plebeian Council and the curule aediles were either elected by the Tribal Assembly or appointed by the reigning consul. The aediles had administrative responsibilities in Rome.
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Lex Valeria Horatia de senatus consulta ordered that the senatus consulta (the decrees of the senate) had to be kept in the Temple of Ceres by the plebeian aediles (assistants of the plebeian tribunes). This meant that the plebeian tribunes and aediles had knowledge of these decrees, which previously was privileged knowledge. Thus, the decrees entered into the public domain. In the past, the consuls had been in the habit of suppressing or altering them.
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The Council could also vote on laws which concerned the plebeians. It was convened and presided over by the plebeian tribunes, positions which had been created during the first plebeian rebellion. These tribunes proposed resolutions to the vote of the Council. These plebeian institutions were created for the self-defence of the plebeians against abuse by the consuls and the Roman aristocracy and were separate from the institutions of the patrician-controlled Roman senate.
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Abbott, 42 In 337 BC, the first Plebeian Praetor (Q. Publilius Philo) was elected.Abbott, 42 In addition, during these years, the Plebeian Tribunes and the senators grew increasingly close.Abbott, 44 The senate realized the need to use Plebeian officials to accomplish desired goals,Abbott, 44 and so to win over the Tribunes, the senators gave the Tribunes a great deal of power, and unsurprisingly, the Tribunes began to feel obligated to the senate.
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Cambridge University Press, 1960, p. 15. Modern historians have questioned the traditional account of plebeian emancipation during the early Republic (see Conflict of the Orders), noting for instance that about thirty percent of the consuls prior to Sextius had plebeian, not patrician, names. It is possible that only the chronology has been distorted, but it seems that one of the first consuls, Lucius Junius Brutus, came from a plebeian family.Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd ed.
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Her bloodstained practising had succeeded in foisting one baseborn plebeian of alien blood into the family.
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Plebeian Genucii appear as early as 476 BC, when a Titus Genucius was Tribune of the Plebs. If the gens was originally patrician, then the plebeian Genucii may have arisen as the result of intermarriage with the plebeians, or because some of the Genucii were expelled from the patriciate or voluntarily chose to become plebeians. Throughout the history of the Republic, these Genucii were renowned as representatives of and advocates for the rights of the plebeian order.
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He then became consul in 162, alongside the plebeian Gaius Marcius Figulus.Broughton, vol. I, pp. 441, 442.
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Cato, who in that year was a plebeian tribune, called people from the forum into the senate house because voting was not allowed in the presence of non-senators. However, other plebeian tribunes prevented the outsiders from getting in. The decree was passed. Another decree was opposed by Cato.
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Marcius Censorinus was a member of the plebeian Marcia gens of ancient Rome. The cognomen Censorinus was acquired through Gaius Marcius Rutilus, the first plebeian censor, whose son used it. The gens Marcia claimed descent from both Ancus Marcius, a King of Rome, and symbolically from Marsyas the satyr.
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Chart showing the checks and balances of the Constitution of the Roman Republic. The creation of the office of plebeian tribune and plebeian aedile marked the end of the first phase of the struggle between the plebeians and the patricians (the Conflict of the Orders). The next major development in this conflict occurred through the Plebeian Council. During a modification of the original Valerian law in 449 BC, plebiscites acquired the full force of law, and thus applied to all Romans.
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Traditionally, patrician refers to members of the upper class, while plebeian refers to lower class. Economic differentiation in Rome saw a small number of families accumulate most of the wealth in Rome, thus giving way to the creation of the patrician and plebeian classes. After this initial distinction, however, the divide between patrician and plebeian families was strictly hereditary, based on social status.The toga, shown here on a statue restored with the head of Nerva, was the distinctive garb of Roman male citizens.
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These new Plebeian senators, however, could neither vote on an auctoritas patrum ("authority of the fathers" or "authority of the Patrician senators"), nor be elected interrex. In the year 494 BC, the city was at war,Abbott, 28 but the Plebeian soldiers refused to march against the enemy, and instead seceded to the Aventine Hill.Holland, 22 The Patricians quickly became desperate to end what was, in effect, a labor strike, and thus they quickly agreed to the demands of the Plebeians, that they be given the right to elect their own officials. The Plebeians named these new officials Plebeian Tribunes (tribuni plebis), and gave them two assistants, the Plebeian Aediles (aediles plebi).
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Publius Cornelius Dolabella (c. 85–69James K. Finn, Frank J. Groten; Res publica conquassata - page: 190 BC – 43 BC) was a Roman general, by far the most important of the Dolabellae. He arranged for himself to be adopted by a plebeian so that he could become a plebeian tribune.Oxford Classical Dictionary.
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The gens Ofania was a minor plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens known almost entirely from inscriptions.
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The gens Tuccia was a plebeian family at Rome.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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Each magistrate could only veto an action that was taken by a magistrate with an equal or lower degree of power. Since plebeian tribunes (as well as plebeian aediles) were technically not magistrates,Abbott, 196 they relied on the sacrosanctity of their person to obstruct.Holland, 27 If one did not comply with the orders of a Plebeian Tribune, the Tribune could interpose the sacrosanctity of his personPolybius, 136 (intercessio) to physically stop that particular action. Any resistance against the tribune was considered to be a capital offense.
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The Sicinius gens has been traditionally known as a plebeian family although it also had a singular Patrician branch of which it is likely Titus Sicinius belonged. He is the only member of his gens to ever rise to the office of Consul of Rome. Although no other members of this gens, almost all of whom were Plebeian, rose to that high office, many were later to go on to become significant members in the Patrician-Plebeian struggles that dominated the mid to late republican period.
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While the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults.Smith, in Rüpke (ed), 42. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy; Dionysus was equated with Father Liber, the inventor of plebeian augury and personification of plebeian freedoms, and with Roman Bacchus. Official consternation at these enthusiastic, unofficial Bacchanalia cults was expressed as moral outrage at their supposed subversion, and was followed by ferocious suppression.
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It was felt that two more laws were needed to complete the legislation. A new decemvirate was elected. According to Livy, the second decemvirate was despotic and abused the people, taking advantage of their exemption from the right to appeal. This eventually led to the plebeian rebellion known as the second plebeian secession.
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Some wealthy, childless citizens resorted to adoption to provide male heirs for their estates, and to forge political alliances. Adoption was subject to the senate's approval; the notoriously unconventional patrician politician Publius Clodius Pulcher had himself and his family adopted into a plebeian clan, so that he could hold a plebeian tribunate.
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A member of the Plebeian gens Marcia, Crispus had possibly been elected to the office of Aedile by 58 BC.
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However Hermas' statement that he was a slave may just mean that he belonged to a low-ranking plebeian family.
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Plebeian men wore a tunic with a belt at the waist, and women wore a long dress called a stola.
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Ceres was patron and protector of plebeian laws, rights and Tribunes. Her Aventine Temple served the plebeians as cult centre, legal archive, treasury and possibly law-court; its foundation was contemporaneous with the passage of the Lex Sacrata, which established the office and person of plebeian aediles and tribunes as inviolate representatives of the Roman people. Tribunes were legally immune to arrest or threat, and the lives and property of those who violated this law were forfeit to Ceres.For discussion of the duties, legal status and immunities of plebeian tribunes and aediles, see Andrew Lintott, Violence in Republican Rome, Oxford University Press, 1999,pp. 92–101 The Lex Hortensia of 287 BC extended plebeian laws to the city and all its citizens.
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The plebs continued to establish and administer their own laws (plebiscita) and held formal assemblies from which patricians were excluded,. They elected their own magistrates and sought religious confirmation of their decisions through their own augury, which in plebeian religious tradition had been introduced by Marsyas, a satyr or silen in the entourage of Liber. Meanwhile, the plebeian tribunes, an emergent plebeian nobility and a small but growing number of popularist politicians of patrician ancestry gained increasing influence over Rome's religious life and government. Any person who offended against the sacred rights and person of a plebeian tribune was liable to declaration as homo sacer, who could be killed with impunity and whose property was, almost certainly, forfeit to Ceres.
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Gaius Gracchus, Tribune of the people, presiding over the Plebeian Council Tiberius Gracchus was elected Plebeian Tribune (the chief representative of the people) in 133 BC, and as Tribune, he attempted to enact a law that would have distributed some of the public land amongst Rome's veterans. The aristocrats, who stood to lose an enormous amount of money, were bitterly opposed to this proposal. Tiberius submitted this law to the Plebeian Council, but the law was vetoed by a Tribune named Marcus Octavius, and so Tiberius used the Plebeian Council to impeach Octavius. The theory, that a representative of the people ceases to be one when he acts against the wishes of the people, was repugnant to the genius of Roman constitutional theory.
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In addition, during these years, the Plebeian Tribunes and the senators grew increasingly close. The senate realized the need to use Plebeian officials to accomplish desired goals, and so to win over the Tribunes, the senators gave the Tribunes a great deal of power, and unsurprisingly, the Tribunes began to feel obligated to the senate. As the Tribunes and the senators grew closer, Plebeian senators were often able to secure the Tribunate for members of their own families.Abbott, 45 In time, the Tribunate became a stepping stone to higher office.
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The patricians resisted the plebeian movement and its demands because the interests of the plebeians most often clashed with theirs and they saw this movement as a threat to their political and economic privileges. The first plebeian secession was spontaneous and was the result of the exasperation of the plebeians with the refusal of the senate to address their demands. They lost faith in the Roman state. After the rebellion the disaffected plebeians effectively created a “state within the state.”This phrase was used by Mommsen to describe the plebeian organisation; Romisches Staatsrecht, vol.
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The plebeians comprised the majority of Roman citizens. Although patricians are often represented as rich and powerful families who managed to secure power over the less-fortunate plebeian families, plebeians and patricians among the senatorial class were often equally wealthy. As civil rights for plebeians increased during the middle and late Roman Republic, many plebeian families had attained wealth and power while some traditionally patrician families had fallen into poverty and obscurity. Regardless of how rich a plebeian family became, they would not rise to be included in the ranks of the patricians.
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Thus, the Plebeian Curiae Assembly became the Plebeian Tribal Assembly, and the Plebeians became politically independent.Abbott, 29 During the regal period, the king nominated two equators to serve as his assistants, and after the overthrow of the monarchy, the Consuls retained this authority. However, in 447 BC, Cicero tells us that the Equators began to be elected by a tribal assembly that was presided over by a magistrate.Abbott, 33 It seems as though this was the first instance of a joint Patricia-Plebeian Tribal Assembly, and thus was probably an enormous gain for the Plebeians.
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By 290 BC these conflicts largely came to an end when plebeian consuls were introduced. However, patrician/plebeian issues still surfaced from time-to-time in the later Republic. Although the most well-documented example of this conflict arose around the Gracchi (133/123 BC), it is possible that the passage of the lex Claudia may also be an example of this continuing theme. Proposed by a tribune of the plebs and aimed at senators, the lex Claudia may be seen as an example of the plebeian order struggling to get ahead.
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Badian, "Family and Early Career", p. 105. Other praenomina were used by the plebeian Quinctii, such as Decimus, Titus, or Publius.
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Possibly son of the consul in 195 BC. Or the Plebeian Tribune who spoke for the repeal of the Oppian Law.
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Cecilia Méndez, The Plebeian Republic: The Huanta Rebellion and the Making of the Peruvian State, 1820-1850. Durham: Duke University Press 2005. The Huanta rebellion was defeated militarily, but the local leaders did not suffer the severe repression that characterized earlier rebellions, most notably the Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II.Méndez, The Plebeian Republic, pp. 234-35.
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The gens Aliena or Alliena was a plebeian family of the Roman Republic. The first member of the gens to achieve prominence was Lucius Alienus, plebeian aedile in 454 BC. However, the family then slipped into obscurity for several centuries, emerging once more in the first century BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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There was a distinction between the two sets of Aediles when it came to public festivals. Some festivals were Plebeian in nature, and thus were under the superintendence of Plebeian Aediles.Liv. XXXI.56 Other festivals were supervised exclusively by the Curule Aediles,Liv. XXXI.50 and it was often with these festivals that the Aediles would spend lavishly.
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To deal with this problem, the so-called clientela was created. By this institution, a plebeian joined the family of a patrician (in a legal sense) and could close contracts by mediation of his patrician pater familias. Everything the plebeian possessed or acquired legally belonged to the gens. He was not allowed to form his own gens.
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In 159 Corculum was elected censor prior with the plebeian Marcus Popillius Laenas, despite his abortive consulship.Broughton, vol. I, pp. 445, 446.
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Cope, R. Douglas. The Limits of Racial Domination: Plebeian Society in Colonial Mexico City, 1660-1720. Madison, Wis.: U of Wisconsin, 1994.
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At first only Patricians were allowed to stand for election to political office, but over time these laws were revoked, and eventually all offices were opened to the Plebeians. Since most individuals who were elected to political office were given membership in the Roman Senate, this development helped to transform the senate from a body of Patricians into a body of Plebeian and Patrician aristocrats. This development occurred at the same time that the Plebeian legislative assembly, the Plebeian Council, was acquiring additional power. At first, its acts ("plebiscites") applied only to Plebeians, although after 339 BC, with the institution of laws by the first Plebeian dictator Q. Publilius Philo, these acts began to apply to both Plebeians and Patricians, with a senatorial veto of all measures approved by the council.
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Domitius Calvinus was a member of the Plebeian gens Domitia, who was elected praetor, serving in the office around the year 80 BC.
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Livy, i. 30.Niebuhr, History of Rome, ii. 291, 292. As with other patrician families, in later times there were also plebeian Quinctii.
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The plebeian members were Quintus Poetilius Libo Visolus, Titus Antonius Merenda, Caeso Duilius Longus, Spurius Oppius Cornicen, and Manius Rabuleius.Dionysius, x. 58, 59.
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Spurius Maelius (died 439 BC) was a wealthy Roman plebeian who was slain because he was suspected of intending to make himself king.
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The eldest son was probably the plebeian tribune Quintus Baebius who opposed going to war with Philip V of Macedon in 200 BC.
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Therefore, for the first time, the Plebeians seemed to have indirectly acquired authority over Patricians. During the 4th century BC,Abbott, 49 a series of reforms were passed (the leges Valeriae Horatiae), which ultimately required that any law passed by the Plebeian Council have the full force of law over both Plebeians and Patricians. This gave the Plebeian Tribunes, who presided over the Plebeian Council, a positive character for the first time. Before these laws were passed, Tribunes could only interpose the sacrosanctity of their person (intercessio) to veto acts of the senate, assemblies, or magistrates.
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Tiberius Gracchus was elected Plebeian Tribune in 133 BC, and as Tribune, he attempted to enact a law that would have distributed land amongst Rome's landless citizens. The aristocrats, who stood to lose an enormous amount of money, were bitterly opposed to this proposal. Tiberius submitted this law to the Plebeian Council, but the law was vetoed by a Tribune named Marcus Octavius, and so Tiberius used the Plebeian Council to impeach Octavius. The theory, that a representative of the people ceases to be one when he acts against the wishes of the people, was repugnant to the genius of Roman constitutional theory.
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Ambitious young plebeians had sought election to this tribunate as a stepping stone for election to other offices and to climb up the cursus honorum. Therefore, the plebeian tribunate became a dead end for one's political career. He also limited the ability of the plebeian council (the assembly of the plebeians) to enact bills by reintroducing the senatus auctoritas, a pronouncement of the senate on bills that, if negative, could invalidate them. The reforms reflected Sulla's view of the hated plebeian tribunate as a source of subversion that roused the "rabble" (the plebeians) against the aristocracy.
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The election of a plebeian to succeed an impeccably pedigreed Aemilius Papus was predictably controversial, even though the office of curio maximus had become "anachronistic and somewhat bizarre",Vishnia, State, Society, and Popular Leaders, p. 105. and the election of both a plebeian pontifex maximus as early as 254 BC and rex sacrorum just the previous yearCicero asserts that no plebeian had ever been rex sacrorum, but a Marcius had held the office, and no patrician Marcii are known; S. P. Oakley, A Commentary on Livy Books VI-X (Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 81. would have seemed to clear the way.
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As the controversy dragged and given that with the return of the troops voting could be carried out, the patrician senate appointed Marcus Furius Camillus as dictator (a head of state with extraordinary powers appointed for a term of six months at times of crisis), who strongly opposed the bills and threatened the use of violence. However, he had to resign for unclear reasons. The plebeian tribunes put the bills to the vote of the Plebeian Council (the assembly of the plebeians). The bills on land and debt were passed, but the one on plebeian consuls was rejected.
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352 The sources however mention many proposals for agrarian laws to divide up public land, some of which might be unhistorical. The Sicinii feature prominently as plebeian leaders in the Struggle of the Orders, but it's questionable how much of this has any historical basis. The plebeian tribune of 388, L. Sicinius, is otherwise unknown and could be an invention.
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4, notes 26–28. The plebeian gens of the Marcii claimed that they were descended from Marsyas. Gaius Marcius Rutilus, who rose to power from the plebs, is credited with having dedicated the statue that stood in the Roman forum, most likely in 294 BC, when he became the first plebeian censor and added the cognomen Censorinus to the family name.
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Some modern historians describe the Aventine Triad as a plebeian parallel and self-conscious antithesis to the Archaic Triad of Jupiter, Mars and Quirinus and the later Capitoline Triad of Jupiter, Minerva and Juno. The Aventine Triad, temple and associated ludi (games and theatrical performances) served as a focus of plebeian identity, sometimes in opposition to Rome's original ruling elite, the patricians.
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Any Roman citizen had the absolute right to appeal any ruling by a magistrate to a plebeian tribune. In this case, the citizen would cry "provoco ad populum", which required the magistrate to wait for a tribune to intervene, and make a ruling.Lintott, p. 94 Sometimes, the case was brought before the College of tribunes, and sometimes before the Plebeian Council (popular assembly).
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Beethoven's 1807 Coriolan Overture was written for a production of the von Collin play. T. S. Eliot wrote a sequence of poems in 1931 entitled "Coriolan". Coriolanus: Hero without a Country is a 1963 Italian film based on the legend of Coriolanus. Steven Saylor's 2007 novel Roma presents Coriolanus as a plebeian, the child of a patrician mother and plebeian father.
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The plebeian tribune Gaius Canuleius, whose lex it was, retorted that it was arcane because the patricians kept it secret.Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, 4.3.9.
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Paetus Catus came from a prominent plebeian noble family; his father was a praetor, and his elder brother was another consul, Publius Aelius Paetus.
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None of the Rupilii bore cognomina under the Republic, but as with other plebeian families most of them had individual surnames in imperial times.
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The gens Appia was a plebeian family at Rome. Its nomen, Appius, is a patronymic surname based on the praenomen Appius.Chase, pp. 151, 152.
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Several men of plebeian status were named Lucius Scribonius Libo during the Roman Republic and Roman Empire; they were members of the gens Scribonia.
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Rather than joining the middle-class Rechabite temperance association to which his Uncle Tristram belonged, Gilman became a member of the more plebeian Washingtonians.
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The distinction between the joint Tribal Assembly (composed of both Patricians and Plebeians) and the Plebeian Council (composed only of Plebeians) is not well defined in the contemporary accounts, and because of this, the very existence of a joint Tribal Assembly can only be assumed through indirect evidence.Abbott, 33 During the 4th century BC, a series of reforms were passed (the legs Valeria Horatio or the "laws of the Consul Publish Valerie Publication and the Dictator Quints Foreshortens"), which ultimately required that any law passed by the Plebeian Council have the full force of law over both Plebeians and Patricians. This gave the Plebeian Tribunes, who presided over the Plebeian Council, a positive character for the first time. Before these laws were passed, Tribunes could only interpose the sacrosanct of their person (intercession) to veto acts of the senate, assemblies, or magistrates.
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Livy, IV, 54 During his consulship, due to the intervention of three Plebeian tribunes from the Icilius family, for the first time in the history of the Republic, three quaestors of plebeian extraction were elected. Strengthened by this success, the tribunes next opposed the raising of levies necessary to meet the raids of the Aequi and Volsci within the territory of the allied Latins and Hernici tribes, hoping thereby to obtain other concessions for the plebeians. Eventually it was agreed that in the following year (408 BC) consular tribunes would be elected; however, the Senate declared that it would accept no consular candidate who had been plebeian tribune that year, nor could any plebeian tribune be re-elected for the following year, thereby ensuring that no representative of the Icilius family could participate in those elections.
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The gens Seppia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens appear in history, but many are known from inscriptions.
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The gens Curtilia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens appear in history, but others are known from inscriptions.
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The gens Severia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens appear in history, but many are known from inscriptions.
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16 Two more of the traditional magistracies followed: plebeian tribune and praetor; at some time afterwards he received his commission with the Twenty- second Legion.
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The gens Viridia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are known only from inscriptions, evidently dating to imperial times.
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The gens Romania was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens appear in history, but many are known from inscriptions.
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The gens Quartia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens appear in history, but several are known from inscriptions.
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The gens Quirinia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens appear in history, but several are known from inscriptions.
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However, the interpretation of the events was different across the centuries.Winter, Yves. "Plebeian Politics: Machiavelli and the Ciompi Uprising." Political Theory 40.6 (2012): 736-766.
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The gens Salviena was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens appear in history, but several are known from inscriptions.
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Manius Rabuleius was an Ancient Roman politician and a member of the second decemvirate in 450 BC.Livy 3.35; Dionysius of Halicarnassus 10.58, 11.23 Dionysius of Halicarnassus calls him a patrician, whereas he speaks of Gaius Rabuleius as a plebeian. As no other persons of this name are mentioned by ancient writers, we have no means for determining whether the gens was patrician or plebeian.
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Under this law, military tribunes with consular power were abolished, and one of the consuls elected each year was to be a plebeian. Although this law was occasionally violated by the election of two patrician consuls, Sextius himself was elected consul for 366, and Licinius in 364. At last, the plebeian tribunes had broken the patrician monopoly on the highest magistracies of the state.
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The lex Publilia required the auctoritas patrum to be passed before a law could be voted on by one of the assemblies, rather than afterward.Abbott, 50 This modification seems to have made the auctoritas patrum irrelevant.Abbott, 51 Thus, the Plebeian Council became independent of the patrician aristocracy in everything but name. By 287 BC, the economic condition of the average plebeian had deteriorated further.
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The Cornelian gens included both patricians and plebeians, but all of its major families were patrician. The surnames Arvina, Blasio, Cethegus, Cinna, Cossus, Dolabella, Lentulus, Maluginensis, Mammula, Merenda, Merula, Rufinus, Scapula, Scipio, Sisenna, and Sulla belonged to patrician Cornelii, while the plebeian cognomina included Balbus and Gallus. Other surnames are known from freedmen, including Chrysogonus, Culleolus, Phagita, and others. A number of plebeian Cornelii had no cognomen.
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The Republic was created during a time of warfare, economic recession, food shortages, and plebeian debt. In wartime, plebeian farmers were liable to conscription. In peacetime, most depended on whatever cereal crops they could produce on small farming plots, allotted to them by the state, or by patrons. Soil fertility varied from place to place, and natural water sources were unevenly distributed throughout the landscape.
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A similar objection has been made with respect to the decemvirs; while plebeians are not supposed to have been included in the first college, it has been argued that some of the decemvirs bore plebeian names.Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome, pp. 252–256. Since the Romilii vanish from history for several centuries after the time of the decemvirs, it may not be possible to prove whether the Romilii were patrician or plebeian. The Romilii mentioned in imperial times may well have been plebeians; but most patrician gentes eventually acquired plebeian branches, often descended from freedmen or newly enfranchised citizens, who assumed the nomina of their patrons.
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In 445 BC, the tribunes of the plebs succeeded in passing the lex Canuleia, repealing the law forbidding the intermarriage of patricians and plebeians, and providing that one of the consuls might be a plebeian. Rather than permit the consular dignity to pass into the hands of a plebeian, the senate proposed a compromise whereby three military tribunes, who might be either patrician or plebeian, should be elected in place of the consuls. The first tribuni militum consulare potestate, or military tribunes with consular power, were elected for the year 444. Although plebeians were eligible for this office, each of the first "consular tribunes" was a patrician.
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A member of the Plebeian gens Cocceia, Cocceius Balbus was a supporter of Marcus Antonius.Syme, pg. 200 He was probably elected as Praetor in 42 BC.
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Mario Vargas Llosa et al., Informe de la Comisión Investigadora de los Sucesos de Achuraccay. Lima: Editora Perú 1983.Méndez, The Plebeian Republic, pp. 2-3.
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John Robins (fl. 1650–1652) was an English Ranter and plebeian prophet. Though imprisoned for his teachings, he avoided charges of blasphemy by signing a recantation.
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The gens Subria was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens are mentioned in history, but others are known from inscriptions.
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Quintus Pompeius was the name of various Romans from the gens Pompeia, who were of plebeian status. They lived during the Roman Republic and Roman Empire.
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The gens Ignia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens appear in history, but a number are known from inscriptions.
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The gens Septueia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens are mentioned in ancient writers, but several are known from inscriptions.
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The gens Cossutia was a plebeian family of equestrian rank at Rome. It never attained any importance.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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Though not the first plebeian to hold the office,T.R.S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic (American Philological Association, 1951, 1986), vol. 1, pp. 166–168.
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The result was that the ultimate control over the state fell, not onto the shoulders of democracy, but onto the shoulders of the new Patricio-Plebeian aristocracy.
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The gens Patulcia was an obscure plebeian family at Rome. Few members of this gens occur in history, but a number of others are known from inscriptions.
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The gens Rullia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens are mentioned in history, but a number are known from inscriptions.
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The gens Quartinia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens are mentioned in history, but a number are known from inscriptions.
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The gens Stellia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens are mentioned in history, but a few are known from inscriptions.
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The gens Suedia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens are mentioned by ancient historians, but others are known from inscriptions.
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The gens Strabonia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens are mentioned by ancient writers, but several are known from inscriptions.
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The gens Lucceia, occasionally Luceia or Luccia, was a plebeian family at Rome, which flourished during the final century of the Republic and under the early Empire.
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The gens Justia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens are mentioned in ancient writers, but several are known from inscriptions.
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The gens Ituria was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Almost no members of this gens are mentioned by historians, but several are known from inscriptions.
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The gens Socellia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens are mentioned by ancient writers, but several are known from inscriptions.
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The gens Rusonia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Hardly any members of this gens are mentioned in history, but several are known from inscriptions.
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The gens Safinia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens are mentioned in history, but a number are known from inscriptions.
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The Theatre of Pompey and the Temple of Venus Victrix, as reimagined in 1908 Galeria made her stage debut in 82 BC at the age of 13 or 14,Lebek, "Moneymaking on the Roman Stage," p. 44. during Sulla's dictatorship, in a theatrical event produced by the plebeian aedile Marcus Pomponius. The occasion was either the Feast of Ceres in April or the Plebeian Games in November.Starks, "Pantomime Actresses," p. 124.
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Benko, p. 177. Funerary statue of an unknown woman, depicted as Ceres holding wheat. Mid 3rd century AD. (Louvre) From at least the mid-republican era, an official, joint cult to Ceres and Proserpina reinforced Ceres' connection with Roman ideals of female virtue. The promotion of this cult coincides with the rise of a plebeian nobility, an increased birthrate among plebeian commoners, and a fall in the birthrate among patrician families.
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The problem appears to have centered on widespread indebtedness.Abbott, 52 The plebeians demanded relief, but the senators, most of whom belonged to the creditor class, refused to abide by the plebeians' demands. The plebeians withdrew en masse to the Janiculum hill, resulting in the final plebeian secession. To end this movement, a plebeian dictator (Quintus Hortensius) was appointed, who ultimately passed a law called the "Hortensian Law" (lex Hortensia).
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By definition, plebeian tribunes and plebeian aediles were technically not magistrates as they were elected only by the plebeians, but no ordinary magistrate could veto any of their actions. Dictator was an extraordinary magistrate normally elected in times of emergency (usually military) for a short period. During this period, the dictator's power over the Roman government was absolute, as they were not checked by any institution or magistrate.
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154 To prevent this, magistrates used a principle of alteration, assigned responsibilities by lot or seniority, or gave certain magistrates control over certain functions.Abbott, p. 155 If this obstruction occurred against a magistrate of a lower rank, then it was called intercessio, where the magistrate literally interposed his higher rank to obstruct the lower-ranking magistrate. By definition, plebeian tribunes and plebeian aediles were technically not magistratesAbbott, p.
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Inscription of Lucius Pupius Buccio, from Sena Gallica, . The gens Pupia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are mentioned as early as 409 BC, when Publius Pupius was one of the first plebeian quaestors, but over the course of centuries they achieved little of significance, and rarely held any of the higher offices of the Roman state.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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The gens Tanicia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens are mentioned by ancient writers, but a few are known from inscriptions.
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The gens Servia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens are mentioned in ancient writers, but a number are known from inscriptions.
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However, the power and position of kurakas in general was eroded. At independence in 1825, independence leader Simón Bolívar abolished titles of nobility.Méndez, Plebeian Republic, pp. 102-5.
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The gens Opsilia was an obscure plebeian family at Rome. No members of this gens are known to have held any magistracies, but several are found in inscriptions.
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I, p. 58. The only other known cognomen was Gracchus, held by one of the Aequian Cloelii. The Cloelii recorded at the end of the Republic were plebeian.
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The gens Ancharia was a plebeian family at Rome. The first of the gens to achieve prominence was Quintus Ancharius, a senator early in the first century BC.
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The gens Surdinia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Hardly any members of this gens are mentioned in ancient writers, but several are known from inscriptions.
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His plebeian sentiments against the Senate would explain his motivations behind supporting the lex Claudia and the manner in which it was passed, however this cannot be confirmed.
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The gens Balonia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens are mentioned in ancient writers, but a number are known from inscriptions.
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The gens Jucundia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens are mentioned in ancient writers, but a number are known from inscriptions.
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The gens Simplicinia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens are mentioned by ancient writers, but a few are known from inscriptions.
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Festus, On the meaning of words, Epitome of Paul The violator became sacer (accursed), was considered as having harmed a god or the gods in addition to the sacrosanct object or person, became forfeit to the god(s), anyone who killed him/her was performing sacred duty and would not be punished and the dead violator was surrendered to the god(s) in question. The principle of the inviolability of the plebeian tribunes had been established following the first plebeian rebellion. Besides being the leaders of the plebeians, the plebeian tribunes were the protectors of the plebeians. They had the power to stop actions by the consuls or officials which they deemed as summary and harmful to individual plebeians.
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Consul Quintus Publilius Philo is credited with passing three more laws to the benefit on plebeian people in 339 BC, which are as follows: # A law stating that one censor must be a plebeian. # A law limiting the role of the comitia curiata to the ratification of proposals to be submitted to the comitia centuriata. # A law binding all the people of Rome to decisions made by the plebeian assembly. Although there is little to no dispute that Quintus Publilius Philo is responsible for the first two of these laws, the third appears to be a duplicate of a later measure passed in 287-286 BC by Q. Hortensius, and considered by some to possibly be fictitious.
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However, scholars have long suspected that a number of consuls bearing traditionally plebeian names during the nearly century and a half before this law were in fact plebeians, and that the original intent of the lex Licinia Sextia was not to open the consulship to the plebeians, but to require the election of a plebeian consul each year, although this was not permanently achieved for a number of years after its passage. Viscellinus may thus have been a plebeian, who made enemies of the patricians through his efforts at agrarian reform, and his proposed treaty with Rome's allies during his last consulship.Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome, pp. 252–256. However, this point cannot be definitely settled.
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Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi (sometimes Censorinus), (c.180 BC- 112 BC), was a Roman politician and historian of plebeian origin, consul in 133 BC and censor in 120 BC.
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219–21 ff. He made much of his humble origins in "Le Villain" (The Plebeian):Oeuvres complet, vol. 1, 1847, pp. 185–6.Young, 1850, p. 135–7 ff.
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The gens Domitia was a plebeian family at Rome. The first of the gens to achieve prominence was Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus, consul in 332 BC. His son, Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus Maximus, was consul in 283, and the first plebeian censor. The family produced several distinguished generals, and towards the end of the Republic, the Domitii were looked upon as one of the most illustrious gentes.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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When they continued in office the following year without bothering to stand for re-election, the people rose against the decemvirs, and withdrew to the Aventine Hill, the site of the plebeian secession in 494, which had led to the establishment of the plebeian tribunes. Julius was one of three envoys dispatched by the senate to negotiate with the plebeians. The decemvirs were soon overthrown, and the consular government restored.Livy, iii. 50.
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In the 4th century, plebeians gradually obtained political equality with patricians. The starting point was in 400, when the first plebeian consular tribunes were elected; likewise, several subsequent consular colleges counted plebeians (in 399, 396, 388, 383, and 379). The reason behind this sudden gain is unknown,It has nevertheless been speculated that Lucius Atilius Luscus in 444, and Quintus Antonius Meranda in 422 were also plebeian. cf. Brennan, The Praetorship, p. 50.
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The gens Seppiena was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. None of the Seppieni are mentioned in ancient writers, but several members of this gens are known from inscriptions.
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Decimus Haterius Agrippa (c. 13 BCAD 32) was a Roman plebeian tribune, praetor and consul. He was the son of the orator and senator Quintus Haterius and his wife Vipsania.
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The gens Reginia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens are mentioned in history, but several are known from inscriptions.PIR, vol. III, p. 126.
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The gens Stallia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Hardly any members of this gens are mentioned by ancient writers, but a number are known from inscriptions.PW, "Stallius".
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The gens Scutaria was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens are mentioned in history, but others are known from inscriptions.PIR, vol. III, p. 187.
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The gens Scaevinia, sometimes written Scaevina, was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are not mentioned in ancient writers, but several are known from inscriptions.
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The gens Sennia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens are mentioned in history, but others are known from inscriptions.PIR, vol. III, p. 198.
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The gens Praeconia, occasionally written Preconia, was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens are mentioned in history, but a few are known from inscriptions.
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The gens Talia or Tallia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Hardly any members of this gens are mentioned by ancient writers, but several are known from inscriptions.
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It was religiously prohibited to disturb these. The precinct held numerous shrines, altars, statues, and victory trophies.Richardson, A New Topographical Dictionary, p. 32. Some plebeian and tribal assemblies met there.
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The gens Sariolena was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. They were of senatorial rank, and Lucius Sariolenus Naevius Fastus obtained the consulship in the time of Antoninus Pius..
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The gens Opetreia was a plebeian family at Rome. No members of this gens are known to have held any important magistracies, but a number of them are found in inscriptions.
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The gens Spurinnia was a minor plebeian family of Etruscan descent at ancient Rome. No members of this gens are mentioned in ancient writers, but several are known from inscriptions.PW, "Spurinna".
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The gens Bellia, also written Billia and Bilia, was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens are mentioned in history, but several are known from inscriptions.
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The gens Pasidia was an obscure plebeian family at Rome. No members of this gens achieved any of the higher offices of the Roman state, but several are known from inscriptions.
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III, p. 298 ("Veturius Philo"). The last Veturii appearing in history came from the Sempronii Gracchi, whose cognomen they adopted; they were thus plebeian. Coins of this gens bear no cognomen.
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The Genucii have traditionally been regarded as a gens with both patrician and plebeian branches, in part because they held consulships in 451 and 445 BC, when the office is generally supposed to have been closed to the plebeians. But in support of the argument that Titus Genucus Augurinus, the consul of 451, was a plebeian, it has been noted that several other consuls in the decades preceding the decemvirate bore names that in later times were regarded as plebeian. Further, Diodorus Siculus gives the consul's name as Minucius. But Livy, Dionysius, and the Capitoline Fasti all give Genucius, and the same man is supposed to have been one of the first college of decemvirs; all of the other decemvirs that year were patricians.
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Some modern historians have pointed out that there is lack of clarity regarding the law which provided that one consul should be a plebeian. Livy saw this law as a breakthrough in the political advancement of the plebeians. T.J. Cornell notes that, according to Livy and his sources, the regular and unbroken sharing of the consulship stemmed from the Lex Genucia proposed by the plebeian tribune Lucius Genucius in 342 BC which, it is claimed, allowed plebeians to hold both consulships.Livy, The History of Rome, 7.42 However, the Fasti consulares (a chronicle of yearly events in which the years are denoted by their consuls) suggest that this law made it obligatory for one consulship to be held by a plebeian.
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Sulla required Senatorial approval before any bill could be submitted to the Plebeian Council (which had developed into the Republic's principal legislative assembly). Sulla also reduced the power of the Tribunes. Through his reforms to the Plebeian Council, the Tribunes effectively lost the power to initiate legislation. Sulla then prohibited ex-Tribunes from ever holding any other office, so ambitious individuals would no longer seek election to the Tribunate, since such an election would end their political career.
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Abbott, 51 By 287 BC, the economic condition of the average Plebeian had become poor. The problem appears to have centered around widespread indebtedness,Abbott, 52 and the Plebeians quickly demanded relief. The senators, most of whom belonged to the creditor class, refused to abide by the demands of the Plebeians, and the result was the final Plebeian secession. The Plebeians seceded to the Janiculum hill, and to end the secession, a Dictator named Quintus Hortensius was appointed.
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The gens Digitia was a plebeian or family at Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned during the Second Punic War.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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The gens Epidia was a plebeian family at Rome. The only members to achieve any importance lived during the first century BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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The gens Justinia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens are mentioned in ancient writers, but several are known from inscriptions, chiefly from Gaul and Germania.
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The gens Rusticelia, occasionally spelled Rusticellia, was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Hardly any members of this gens are mentioned in ancient writers, but a number are known from inscriptions.
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The gens Saria was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens attained any of the higher offices of the Roman state, but several are known from inscriptions.
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The gens Salvidia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens attained any of the higher offices of the Roman state, but several are known from inscriptions.
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In contrast to many festivals which had a patrician character, the games of Flora were plebeian in nature.William Warde Fowler, The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic (London, 1908), p. 92.
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The gens Obultronia was an obscure plebeian family at Rome. Most members of this gens are known only from inscriptions, especially a group from Casinum in Latium, and another from Salona in Dalmatia.
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Spurius Carvilius C. f. C. n., later surnamed Maximus, was the first member of the plebeian gens Carvilia to obtain the consulship, which he held in 293 BC, and again in 272 BC.
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Antony was then elected as one of the ten plebeian tribunes for 49 BC. In this position, Antony could protect Caesar from his political enemies, by vetoing any actions unfavorable to his patron.
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Drucker is often the only character who is inspired by Oliver's rural patriotism. He filters Oliver's idealism to the townsfolk and, conversely, filters the plebeian backwoods notions of the community back to Oliver.
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The gens Gabinia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens first appear in the second century BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, pp. 192 ff. ("Gabinia gens").
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Although the constitution was never formally abrogated, the King returned to reigning as an absolute monarch.Davis, p. ?? Deploring the pattern of events in his country, Mercadante selected Alfieri's Virginia as a means of expressing his criticism of the constitution's suppression. Alfieri's story, set in Ancient Rome, tells the tale of a plebeian revolt, spurred on by the tragic murder of the title heroine by her father, which leads to the founding of the Roman Republic tribunes and the Plebeian Council.
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The gens Verginia or Virginia was a prominent family at Rome, which from an early period was divided into patrician and plebeian branches. The gens was of great antiquity, and frequently filled the highest honors of the state during the early years of the Republic. The first of the family who obtained the consulship was Opiter Verginius Tricostus in 502 BC, the seventh year of the Republic. The plebeian members of the family were also numbered amongst the early tribunes of the people.
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However, on the day when they were to incur the established penalties they took the oath.Cassius Dio, Roman History, 6.4–6, 7 Appian wrote that many senators refused to take the oath but they relented because Caesar, through the plebeian council, enacted the death penalty for recusants. In Appian's account it is at this point that the Vettius affair occurred.Appian, The Civil wars, 2.12 Appian wrote that Vettius, a plebeian, ran to the forum with a drawn dagger to kill Caesar and Pompey.
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After the monarchy had been overthrown, and the Roman Republic had been founded, the people of Rome began electing two Consuls each year.Holland, 2 In the year 494 BC, the Plebeians (commoners) seceded to the Aventine Hill, and demanded of the Patricians (the aristocrats) the right to elect their own officials.Abbott, 28Holland, 22 The Patricians duly capitulated, and the Plebeians ended their secession. The Plebeians called these new officials Plebeian Tribunes, and gave these Tribunes two assistants, called Plebeian Aediles.
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A piazza in front of the Fieschi palaceVerdi to Ricordi, 20 November 1880, in Werfel and Stefan, pp. 360–361Rodolfo Celletti, "A Historical Perspective", in Kahn, (ed.) p. 11 Paolo Albiani, a plebeian, tells his ally Pietro that in the forthcoming election of the Doge, his choice for the plebeian candidate is Simon Boccanegra. Boccanegra arrives and is persuaded to stand when Paolo hints that if Boccanegra becomes Doge, the aristocratic Jacopo Fiesco will surely allow him to wed his daughter Maria.
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Both Marcus and Lucius were patricians who stood up when a plebeian was being abused by the second decemvirate, spoke critically of the decemviri and showed sympathy towards the plebeians. When the plebeians rebelled in the second plebeian secession they were chosen as negotiators, because their actions had put them in a favourable light in the eyes of the plebeians, who felt that they were trustworthy.Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, 3.49-50 Both Marcus and Lucius would later be elected consuls in 449.
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A member of the plebeian branch of the Marcia family, Philippus was the son of Lucius Marcius Philippus, the consul of 56 BC. By 50 BC, he had possibly become an Augur, one of the priests of ancient Rome.Broughton, pg. 254 In 49 BC he was elected as Plebeian Tribune, where he vetoed the proposal to send Faustus Sulla, Pompey’s son-in-law, as propraetor to Mauretania, to persuade kings Bocchus II and Bogud to side with Pompey and abandon Julius Caesar.Holmes, pg.
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The Ludi Plebeii were presented by the plebeian aediles and celebrated plebeian political liberty, but tradition varied as to freedom from what: either the tyranny of the Tarquins in the Regal period, or the dominance of the patricians, the hereditary ruling class of early Republican Rome (see "Conflict of the Orders").T.P. Wiseman, "The Games of Hercules," in Religion in Archaic Republican Rome and Italy: Evidence and Experience (Edinburgh University Press, 2000), p. 112. A scholiast to Cicero offers both causes.
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If the Senate proposed a bill that the plebeian tribune (the magistrate who was the chief representative of the people) did not agree with, he issued a veto, which was backed by the promise to literally "'interpose the sacrosanctity of his person'" (or intercessio) if the Senate did not comply. If the Senate did not comply, he could physically prevent the Senate from acting, and any resistance could be criminally prosecuted as constituting a violation of his sacrosanctity. If the vetoed motion was proposed the next day, and the plebeian tribune who had vetoed it the day before was not present to interpose himself, the motion could be passed. In general, the plebeian tribune had to physically be present at the Senate meeting, otherwise his physical threat of interposing his person had no meaning.
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Appian, The Civil Wars, 2.14 Moreover, Clodius was already an ally of Pompey before this. As mentioned in the previous section, Plutarch wrote that Pompey had already allied with Clodius when his attempt to have the acts for his settlements in the east failed before the creation of the triumvirate.Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The Life of Pompey, 46.3 Clodius sought to become a plebeian tribune so that he could enjoy the powers of these tribunes to pursue his revenge against Cicero, including presiding over the plebeian council, proposing bills to its vote, vetoing the actions of the officers of state and the senatus consulta (written opinions of the senate on bills, which were presented for advice and usually followed to the letter). However, Clodius was a patrician and the plebeian tribunate was exclusively for plebeians.
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The first secessio plebis was a significant event in ancient Roman political and social history that occurred between 495 and 493 BC. It involved a dispute between the patrician ruling class and the plebeian underclass, and was one of a number of secessions by the plebs and part of a broader political conflict known as the conflict of the orders. The Secession of the People to the Mons Sacer, engraving by B. Barloccini, 1849. The secession was initially sparked by discontent about the burden of debt on the poorer plebeian class. The failure of the patrician rulers, including the consuls and more generally the senate, to address those complaints and, subsequently, the senate's outright refusal to agree to debt reforms, caused the issue to flare into a more widespread concern about plebeian rights.
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As the patricians controlled Roman politics, the plebeians found no help from within the existing political system. Their solution was to go on strike. In 494 BC Rome was at war with three Italic tribes (the Tequila, Sabine and Vol sci),Abbott, 28 but the Plebeian soldiers advised by Lucius Musicians Vellum, refused to march against the enemy, and instead seceded to the Sacred Mount outside Rome. A settlement was negotiated and the patricians agreed that the plebs be given the right to meet in their own assembly, the Plebeian Council (Con cilium Plebs), and to elect their own officials to protect their rights, the Plebeian Tribunes (Tribune Plebs). During the 5th century BC, there were a number of unsuccessful attempts to reform Roman agrarian laws to distribute newly conquered territories among st the plebs.
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Sulla retained his earlier reforms, which required senatorial approval before any bill could be submitted to the Plebeian Council (the principal popular assembly), and which had also restored the older, more aristocratic "Servian" organization to the Centuriate Assembly (assembly of soldiers).Abbott, 103 Sulla, himself a patrician and thus ineligible for election to the office of Plebeian Tribune, thoroughly disliked the office. As Sulla viewed the office, the Tribunate was especially dangerous and his intention was to not only deprive the Tribunate of power, but also of prestige. (Sulla himself had been officially deprived of his eastern command through the underhand activities of a tribune.) Over the previous three hundred years, the tribunes had directly challenged the patrician class and attempted to deprive it of power in favor of the plebeian class.
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The gens Gallia was a plebeian family at Rome. Several members of this gens are mentioned during the first century BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, pp. 221, 222 ("Gallius").
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The gens Decimia was a plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned towards the end of the third century BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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The gens Secundia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. This gens is known almost entirely from inscriptions, as none of its members held any of the higher offices of the Roman state.
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The gens Scoedia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are known entirely from inscriptions dating to the early Empire. Gaius Scoedius Natta Pinarianus obtained the consulship under Titus..
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The nomen Scribonius belongs to a large class of gentilicia derived from cognomina ending in -o, most of which were of plebeian origin. The root of the name is scribo, a writer.Chase, p. 119.
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Calpurnius Piso was a member of the Plebeian gens Calpurnia. He was the son of Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, consul in 23 BC, and the brother of Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, the consul in 7 BC.
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The gens Fufidia was a plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned toward the end of the second century BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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V, p. 146. The gens Labiena was a plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned during the final century of the Republic.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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The gens Lamponia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome, known from only a few individuals. The most important was Marcus Lamponius, one of the leaders of the allies during the Social War.
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The nomen Numonius belongs to a class of gentilicia ending in -onius, typical of plebeian gentes, or those of Oscan origin. It is likely based on the cognomen nummus, "money".Chase, pp. 118, 119.
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The gens Numeria was a minor plebeian family at Rome. Few of its members held any of the higher offices of the Roman state.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p.
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The gens Vetilia, also written Vecilia, was a minor plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens never attained much importance in the Roman state.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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In a number of instances, these reforms were advocated by the plebeian tribunes. In 471 BC the Le Publican was passed. It was an important reform shifting practical power from the patricians to the plebeians.
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The gens Rufria was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in imperial times. Few of the Rufrii appear in history, but others are known from inscriptions.PIR, vol.
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4–5, 9, 20 (historical overview and Aventine priesthoods), 84–89 (functions of plebeian aediles), 104–106 (women as priestesses): citing among others Cicero, In Verres, 2.4.108; Valerius Maximus, 1.1.1; Plutarch, De Mulierum Virtutibus, 26.
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The gens Laceria was a minor plebeian family at Rome. It is known primarily from Gaius Lacerius, one of the tribunes of the plebs in 401 BC. A few other Lacerii are known from inscriptions.
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The gens Arruntia was a plebeian family at Ancient Rome. Members of this gens first came to prominence during the final years of the Republic.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p.
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Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, pp. 610–612 ("Carbo"). Paetus, the surname of Cicero's plebeian friend, referred to a mild defect of vision, variously described as "blink-eyed", or "squinty".
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The gens Stenia or Stennia, occasionally spelled Sthenia, was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Hardly any members of this gens are mentioned in ancient writers, but a large number are known from inscriptions.
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Diodorus Siculus, xv. 51.Broughton, vol. I, p. 106. Otherwise, the year was marked by unusual domestic harmony at Rome, where the gradual acceptance of plebeian magistrates was helping to soothe relations between the orders.
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The gens Sotidia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Hardly any members of this gens occur in history, but a few are known from inscriptions, dating to the first century of the Empire.
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The gens Sibidiena, sometimes written Sabidiena, was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens attained any of the higher offices of the Roman state, but several are known from inscriptions.
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The gens Caesetia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. It is known from a small number of individuals living during the late Republic.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p.
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The gens Satellia was an obscure plebeian family of equestrian rank at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens are mentioned in ancient writers, but a number are known from inscriptions.PIR, vol. III, p. 175.
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Byrd, 32 Another magistrate, the Censor, conducted a census, during which time they could appoint people to the senate.Lintott, 119 Aediles were officers elected to conduct domestic affairs in Rome, and were vested with powers over the markets, and over public games and shows.Byrd, 31 Quaestors usually assisted the consuls in Rome, and the governors in the provinces with financial tasks.Byrd, 31 Though they technically were not magistrates, the Plebeian Tribunes and the Plebeian Aediles were considered to be the representatives of the people.
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Abbott, 52 The requirement was not changed for the Centuriate Assembly. The importance of the Hortensian Law was in that it removed from the senate its final check over the Plebeian Council (the principal popular assembly).Abbott, 53 It should therefore not be viewed as the final triumph of democracy over aristocracy, since, through the Tribunes, the senate could still control the Plebeian Council. Thus, the ultimate significance of this law was in the fact that it robbed the Patricians of their final weapon over the Plebeians.
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These legal differences derived from the fact that Roman law did not recognize an assembly consisting only of one group of people (plebeians in this case) from an assembly consisting of all of the People of Rome. Over time, however, these legal differences were mitigated with legislation.The Plebeian Council elected two plebeian officers, the tribunes and the aediles, and thus Roman law classified these two officers as the elected representatives of the plebeians.Abbott, 196 As such, they acted as the presiding officers of this assembly.
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Titus Annius Milo, another plebeian tribune, presented the measure to the plebeian council and Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, one of the consuls for 57 BC, provided support in the senate partly as a favour to Pompey and partly because of his enmity towards Clodius. Clodius was supported by his brother Appius Claudius, who was a praetor, and the other consul, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos who had opposed Cicero six years earlier (see above). Pro-Cicero and pro-Clodius factions developed, leading to violence between the two.
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The former favoured the plebeians (the commoners), wanted to address the problems of the urban poor and promoted reforms which would help them, particularly the redistribution of land for the landless poor to farm and the problem of indebtedness. The latter was a conservative faction which favoured the patricians (the aristocracy). It opposed the mentioned reforms. It also wanted to limit the power of the plebeian tribunes and the Plebeian Council (the assembly of the plebeians) and strengthen the power of the senate, which represented the patricians.
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Fonteius Capito, a novus homo, was the son of Gaius Fonteius Capito and a supporter of the Triumvir Marcus Antonius. Of Plebeian origins, perhaps he was a Plebeian Tribune in about 39 BC, and he may have belonged to one of the priesthoods of Ancient Rome by this time.Broughton III, pg. 92 In 39/38 BC, Antonius appointed him to the office of monetalis in one of the eastern provinces of the empire, during which time he minted coins with Antony’s and his wife Octavia’s portrait.
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Concerns that the Patricians would attempt to influence future elections in this manner, or by obtaining the office themselves prevent the Plebeian Tribunes from exercising their powers, led to the passage of the Le Treblinka, forbidding the Plebeian Tribunes from co-opting their colleagues in the future.Livy, Ab Ur be Condition, iii. 65. In 445 BC, the Plebeians demanded the right to stand for election as consul (the chief-magistrate of the Roman Republic),Abbott, 35 but the Roman senate refused to grant them this right.
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While these two offices, the Praetorship and the Curule Aedileship, were at first open only to Patricians, within a generation, they were open to Plebeians as well. Beginning around the year 350 BC, the senators and the Plebeian Tribunes began to grow closer.Abbott, 44 The Senate began giving Tribunes more power, and, unsurprisingly, the Tribunes began to feel indebted to the senate. As the Tribunes and the senators grew closer, Plebeian senators began to routinely secure the office of Tribune for members of their own families.
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Having parents who were married by confarreatio was a prerequisite for becoming a Vestal or the Flamen Dialis. Confarreatio seems to have been limited to those whose parents were also married by confarreatio, but later, perhaps with the rise of plebeian nobiles, this requirement must have been relaxed. Scipio Africanus presumably married his wife Aemilia Tertia by confarreatio, because their elder son was Flamen Dialis; yet Scipio's mother Pomponia was a plebeian. Divorce for confarreatio marriages, diffarreatio, was a difficult process and therefore rare.
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Besides having the right to sit on a Curule Chair (sella curulis) and to wear a toga praetexta, the Curule Aediles also held the power to issue edicts (jus edicendi). These edicts often pertained to matters such as the regulation of the public markets, or what we might call "economic regulation".Cic. Verr. V.14 Livy suggests, perhaps incorrectly, that both Curule as well as Plebeian Aediles were sacrosanct. Although the curule aediles always ranked higher than the plebeian, their functions gradually approximated and became practically identical.
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The gens Publilia, sometimes written Poblilia, was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in the early decades of the Republic. The lex Publilia passed by Volero Publilius, tribune of the plebs in 471 BC, was an important milestone in the struggle between the patrician and plebeian orders. Although the Publilii appear throughout the history of the Republic, the family faded into obscurity around the time of the Samnite Wars, and never again achieved positions of prominence in the Roman state.
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The gens Seria was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens rose to prominence during the second century, attaining the consulship twice, and holding various other offices under the Nerva-Antonine dynasty.
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The gens Pasidiena, occasionally found as Passidiena, and perhaps the same as Passidinia, was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. It is chiefly known from two individuals who held the consulship during the first century.
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The gens Castricia was a minor plebeian family during the later Republic and under the early Empire. No members of this gens held any important magistracy.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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The patrician Antonii bear the cognomen Merenda; the plebeian Antonii bear no surname under the Republic, with the exception of Quintus Antonius, propraetor in Sardinia in the time of Sulla, who is called Balbus on coins.
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The poet, Aulus Persius Flaccus. Modern woodcut. The gens Persia was a minor plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned during the Second Punic War, but they only occasionally occur in history.
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The assembly also had jurisdiction over the admission of new families to a curia, the transfer of families between two curiae, and the transfer of individuals from plebeian (commoner) to patrician (aristocratic) status (or vice versa).
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The Plebiscitum Ovinium (often called the Lex Ovinia) was an initiative by the Plebeian Council that transferred the power to revise the list of members of the Roman Senate (the lectio senatus) from consuls to censors.
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The gens Postumulena was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens are mentioned in history, but others are known from inscriptions.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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The gens Priscia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens are mentioned in history, but several are known from inscriptions. A family of this name settled at Virunum in Noricum.
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In 211 BC, Minucius was an officer serving under Q. Fulvius Flaccus when Roman forces took back Capua after their defeat the previous year by Hannibal.Livy 26.33.5. He was a plebeian aedile in 201.Livy 31.4.7.
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The gens Rabonia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Only a few members of this gens are mentioned in history or known from inscriptions.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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He also wrote that the allocations concerned land in the plain of Stella (a relatively remote area on the eastern Campanian border) that had been made public in by-gone days, and other public lands in Campania that had not been allotted but were under lease.Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, Julius Caesar, 30.3 Plutarch, who had a pro-aristocratic slant, thought that this law was not becoming of a consul, but for a most radical plebeian tribune. Land distribution, which was anathema to conservative aristocrats, was usually proposed by the plebeian tribunes who were often described by Roman writers (who were usually aristocrats) as base and vile. It was opposed by ‘men of the better sort’ (aristocrats) and this gave Caesar an excuse to rush to the plebeian council, claiming that he was driven to it by the obduracy of the senate.
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406, 407. The plebeian tribunes (the representatives of the plebeians) and the Plebeian Council (the assembly of the plebeians) at times clashed with the Senate over the mentioned reforms and over the power relationship between the plebeian institutions and the Senate. The Optimates among the senators spearheaded the senatorial opposition. These tribunes were supported by Populares politicians such as Gaius Marius and Julius Caesar, who were often patricians, or equites. Their conflicts also played a part in some of the civil wars of the Late Roman Republic: Sulla's first civil war (88–87 BC), Sulla's second civil war (82–81 BC), the Sertorian War (83–72 BC), Lepidus' rebellion (77 BC), Caesar's Civil War (49–45 BC), the post-Caesarian civil war (44–43 BC), the Liberators' civil war (44–42 BC) and the Sicilian revolt (44–36 BC).
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The tribune benches represented the typical sitting right of the Roman magistrates. The plebeian tribunes sat on the benches during business hours to perform their duties.Theodor Mommsen: Römisches Staatsrecht, Band 2: II. Die einzelnen Magistraturen. Erste Abteilung.
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The gens Gratidia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Originally coming from Arpinum, members of this gens are known from the final century of the Republic.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p.
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The gens Catia was a plebeian family at Rome from the time of the Second Punic War to the 3rd century AD. The gens achieved little importance during the Republic, but held several consulships in imperial times.
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The gens Scaevia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens are mentioned in ancient writers, but several are known from inscriptions.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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Spaeth, 1996, pp. 14, 94–97. See also the legend of Claudia Quinta. In 133 BC, the plebeian noble Tiberius Gracchus bypassed the Senate and appealed directly to the popular assembly to pass his proposed land-reforms.
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The gens Laelia was a plebeian family at Rome. The first of the gens to obtain the consulship was Gaius Laelius in 190 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p. 704 ("Laelia Gens").
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970 ("Maso").Broughton, vol. I, p. 198. Among the plebeian branches of the Papiria gens, the most important was that surnamed Carbo, referring to a piece of coal or charcoal; metaphorically, something black, or of little value.
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But in more than three decades, no plebeian had yet obtained that office, and despite the efforts of the tribunes of the plebs, the three elected were once again patricians.Livy, iv. 56, 57.Diodorus Siculus, xiii. 104.
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The gens Precia was a minor plebeian family of equestrian rank at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned toward the end of the Republic.Dictionary of Greek and Latin Biography and Mythology, vol. III, pp.
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Cope, R. Douglas. The Limits of Racial Domination: Plebeian Society in Colonial Mexico City, 1660-1720. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press 1994. The viceroy sought to restore order and reaffirm royal authority, which the rioters had challenged.
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IGR III.174 = OGIS 543. English translation in Robert K. Sherk, The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian (Cambridge: University Press, 1988), p. 208 He was praetor, the next magistracy after plebeian tribune, probably around the year 126.
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The plebeian Manlii were probably descended from freedmen of the patricians, from members who had gone over to the plebeians, or from unrelated persons who acquired the nomen after obtaining the franchise from one of the Manlii.
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The gens Numonia, occasionally written Nummonia, was a minor plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in the early years of the Empire. Few if any of the Numonii held any Roman magistracies.
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The gens Saltia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Hardly any members of this gens are mentioned in history, but others are known from inscriptions.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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Méndez, Plebeian Republic, p. 102. Some kurakas in the colonial era attempted to strengthen their claims to power and intermarried with the royal Inca descent groups, while at the same time pledging loyalty to the Spanish crown. This situation resulted in their needing to reconcile these two loyalties in the colonial situation.Méndez, Plebeian Republic, p. 103, David Cahill, "Conclusion" in Peter Bradley and David Cahill, Habsburg Peru: Images, Imagination, and Memory. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press 2000, p. 140. The role of the kuraka was further transformed in the late colonial era.
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This became less important in the later Republic, as some plebeian families became wealthy and entered politics, and some patrician families fell economically. Anyone, patrician or plebeian, who could count a consul as his ancestor was a noble (nobilis); a man who was the first of his family to hold the consulship, such as Marius or Cicero, was known as a novus homo ("new man") and ennobled his descendants. Patrician ancestry, however, still conferred considerable prestige, and many religious offices remained restricted to patricians. A class division originally based on military service became more important.
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The emperor's tribunician powers (potestas tribunicia) gave him power over Rome's civil apparatus, although perhaps the most useful facet of the tribunician power was the prestige associated with the office.Abbott, 357Abbott, 356 The Plebeian Tribune had been the magistrate most responsible for the political enfranchisement of the Plebeian (commoner) class during the early republic. The emperor's tribunician powers also gave him the power to preside over, and thus to dominate, the assemblies and the senate.Abbott, 357 When an emperor was vested with the tribunician powers, his office and his person became sacrosanct.
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The Comitia Tributa was a tribal assembly which organized citizens by place of residence. There is confusion concerning the difference between The Plebeian Council and the Comitia Tributa. Some scholars have found reason in believing that the Concilium Plebis became the Comitia Tributa in 339 or 287 BC. De Martino and Von Fritz believe that after the Lex Hortensia of 287 BC, patricians must not have been excluded from the Plebeian Council, as the laws created by the council were now applicable to the patricians. However, others believe that they were separate assemblies.
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See also Cornell, T., The beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c.1000–264 BC), Routledge, 1995, p. 264. While the original temple fabric and furnishings may have been funded in whole or part by its patrician sponsors, its cult images and perhaps its maintenance were supported partly through voluntary offerings and partly through the fines collected by the plebeian aediles from those who infringed plebeian civil and religious laws.Barbette Stanley Spaeth, The Roman goddess Ceres, University of Texas Press, 1996, p. 90.
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The Valerio-Horatian Laws (leges Valeriae Horatiae) were three laws which were passed by the consuls of Rome for 449 BC, Lucius Valerius Potitus and Marcus Horatius Barbatus. They restored the right of appeal to the people and introduced measures which were favourable to the plebeians. The consuls' actions came after a plebeian rebellion, the second plebeian secession, which overthrew the second decemvirate, which had ruled tyrannically. The two consuls had shown sympathy towards the plebeians and, as a result, had been chosen to negotiate the resolution of the rebellion.
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Patrician supremacy was assured by limiting eligibility to hold the republican offices to patricians only. The establishment of a hereditary oligarchy obviously excluded wealthy non-patricians from political power and it is this class that led plebeian opposition to the early Republican settlement. The early Republic (510–338 BC) saw a long and often bitter struggle for political equality, known as the Conflict of the Orders, against the patrician monopoly of power. The plebeian leadership had the advantage that they represented the vast majority of the population and of their own growing wealth.
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Nepos was strongly opposed by Cato the Younger, who in that year was a plebeian tribune and a staunch optimate. The dispute came close to violence; Nepos had armed some of his men. According to Plutarch, the senate announced the intention to issue a final decree to remove Nepos from his office but Cato opposed it.Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The life of Cato the younger, 27–29.1–2 Nepos went to Asia to inform Pompey about the events, even though, as a plebeian tribune, he had no right to be absent from the city.
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Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The Live of Pompey, 52.3 According to Appian Pompey lent Caesar only one legion. This was when Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta and Quintus Titurius Sabinus, two of Caesar's lieutenants, were defeated in Gaul by Ambiorix in 54 BC.Appian, The Civil Wars, 2.29, 33.2 Two plebeian tribunes, Favonius and Cato, led the opposition to the steps of the consuls. However, they did not get far, due to popular support for the measures. Favonius was given little time to speak before the plebeian council, and Cato applied obstructionist tactics that did not work.
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Patricians were considered the upper-class in early Roman society. They controlled the best land and made up the majority of the Roman senate. It was rare—if not impossible—for a plebeian to be a senator until 444 BC. A common type of social relation in ancient Rome was the clientela system that involved a patron and client(s) that performed services for one another and who were engaged in strong business-like relationships. Patricians were most often the patrons, and they would often have multiple plebeian clients.
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After Postumius' defeat, the Senate finally shook itself from its lethargy, appointing as commander in Africa the plebeian noble Quintus Metellus, who had a reputation for integrity and courage. Metellus proved the soundness of his judgement by selecting as officers for the campaign men of ability rather than of rank, as the former tribune Gaius Marius (a plebeian from Arpinum) and the noted disciplinarian and military theorist Publius Rutilius Rufus.Mommsen, p. 102 When Metellus arrived in Africa in 109 BC, he first had to retrain the army and institute some for of discipline.
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Taylor, Voting Districts, pp. 132–138. Caecus also launched a vast construction program, building the first aqueduct (Aqua Appia), and the first Roman road (Via Appia).Bruce MacBain, "Appius Claudius Caecus and the Via Appia", in The Classical Quarterly, New Series, Vol. 30, No. 2 (1980), pp. 356–372. In 300, the two tribunes of the plebs Gnaeus and Quintus Ogulnius passed the Lex Ogulnia, which created four plebeian pontiffs, therefore equalling the number of patrician pontiffs, and five plebeian augurs, outnumbering the four patricians in the college.
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Nevertheless, in 368 BC, Camillus was appointed Roman dictator once more, nominally to conduct the war of Velletri. However, in Rome, the patricians of the Senate were planning to use Camillus as leverage against the agitated plebeians because the Conflict of the Orders had worsened due to a severe economic downturn. For the Roman magistracy, the populists were demanding a dyad of Roman consuls, of whom one should always be a plebeian. Through a false military levy, Camillus attempted to trick the plebeian council so it might not meet to approve such plans.
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Military tribunes were elected in place of the consuls in half the years from 444 to 401 BC, and in each instance, all of the tribunes were patricians; nor did any plebeian succeed in obtaining the consulship. The number of tribunes increased to four beginning in 426, and six beginning in 405. At last, the plebeians elected four of their number military tribunes for the year 400; others were elected in 399, 396, 383, and 379. But apart from these years, no plebeian obtained the highest offices of the Roman State.
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The Senate began giving tribunes more power, and the tribunes began to feel indebted to the Senate. As the tribunes and the senators grew closer, plebeian senators began to routinely secure the office of tribune for members of their own families. Also, this period saw the enacting of the plebiscitum Ovinium, which transferred the power to appoint new senators from the consuls to the censors. This law also required the censors to appoint any newly elected magistrate to the Senate, which probably resulted in a significant increase in the number of plebeian senators.
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A citizen's tribe was inherited from his father, and only changed upon adoption or reallocation in the census; over time, this meant that tribal affiliation had little relationship to a citizen's home or even place of birth. The vast majority of legislation was enacted in the comitia tributa, which also elected quaestors, curule aediles, and military tribunes. The Plebeian council () was identical to the Tribal assembly with one key exception: only plebeians had the power to vote in it. It elected the plebeian tribunes and aediles, and later, various other minor posts.
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After the passage of lex Ovinia, the censors were also transferred the power from the consuls to control membership in the Senate. Along with the main responsibility of dealing with the census, the censors also dealt with property disputes, public contracts, and the management of public lands. Gaius Gracchus, tribune of the people, presiding over the Plebeian Council, in an artist's impression from 1799. The lower magistrates included the tribune of the plebs, who was elected by the Plebeian Council, and the aediles and quaestors, elected by the Tribal Assembly.
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Patrician supremacy was assured by restricting the eligibility to hold the Republican offices to just patricians. The establishment of a hereditary oligarchy obviously excluded wealthy non-patricians from political power and it is this class that led plebeian opposition to the early Republican settlement. The early Republic (510-338 BC) saw a long and often bitter struggle for political equality, known as the Conflict of the Orders, against the patrician monopoly of power. The plebeian leadership had the advantage that they represented the vast majority of the population and of their own growing wealth.
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It might be that it was the Lex Genucia which truly introduced power-sharing between patricians and plebeians and that the Lex Licinia Sextia may simply have been an administrative adjustment which transferred plebeian access to the highest office from the consular tribunes to the consulship and, thus, Lucius Sextius becoming the first plebeian consul "becomes rather less impressive." Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome, pp.337-38 Von Fritz and Sordi also think that the Lex Licinia Sextia on the consuls and the praetors was an administrative reform.
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Coruncanius, of plebeian descent, is believed to have hailed from Tusculum. He was first elected consul in 280 BC with Publius Valerius Laevinus, and led an expedition into Etruria against the Etruscan cities. When Pyrrhus of Epirus invaded Italia, and defeated the Roman legions of Laevinus at the Battle of Heraclea, Tiberius' legions were recalled to Rome to bolster the defense of Roman territory. In 254 BC or 253 BC, he was the first plebeian elected Pontifex Maximus, or chief priest of the Roman Republic, which position had been previously monopolized by patricians.
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The gens Tullia was a family at ancient Rome, with both patrician and plebeian branches. The first of this gens to obtain the consulship was Manius Tullius Longus in 500 BC, but the most illustrious of the family was Marcus Tullius Cicero, the statesman, orator, and scholar of the first century BC. The earliest of the Tullii who appear in history were patrician, but all of the Tullii mentioned in later times were plebeian, and some of them were descended from freedmen.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography & Mythology, vol. III, p.
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The Tribunate was a natural fit for an autocrat who sought to maintain popularity with the people. The Tribunate was a popular office, because it had been the principal vehicle through which plebeians gained political power and through which they had been protected against the abuses of the state. The "Plebeian Tribunes" had strong positive powers, such as the right to convene the Plebeian Council, and strong negative powers, such as the right to veto an act of the senate. In addition, by history and precedent, the Tribunate, unlike the Consulship, was radical by nature.
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Their joint cult recalls Demeter's search for Persephone, after the latter's rape and abduction into the underworld by Hades (or Pluto). At the Aventine, the new cult took its place alongside the old. It made no reference to Liber, whose open and gender-mixed cult continued to play a central role in plebeian culture, as a patron and protector of plebeian rights, freedoms and values. The exclusively female initiates and priestesses of the new "Greek-style" mysteries of Ceres and Proserpina were expected to uphold Rome's traditional, patrician-dominated social hierarchy and traditional morality.
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The gens Cottia was a plebeian family of equestrian rank. It is known chiefly from the brothers Marcus and Publius Cottius, equites of Tauromenium in Sicily. They served as witnesses against Verres.Marcus Tullius Cicero, In Verrem, v. 64.
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However, the proposal that would permit plebeians to stand for the consulship was not brought to a vote. Threatening a radical escalation of the conflict between the plebeian assembly and the patrician senate.Livy, iv. 7.Dionysius, xi. 60.
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Lollius was a member of the plebeian gens Lollia.Lollia Gens article at ancient library He was the son of the Roman senator and Military Officer Marcus LolliusMarcus Lollius’ article at Livius.org and his wife Aurelia.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, p.
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Later, as the Conflict of the Orders was resolved, the sacrosanct character of the plebeian tribunes or, as they also came to be known, Tribunes of the Plebs was accepted by the patricians and implemented into Roman law.
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Richard Burger, Chavín and the Origins of Andean Civilization. London: Thames and Hudson 1995.Méndez, The Plebeian Republic, pp. 14-15. The Mantaro River (by west) and the Apurímac River (by northeast) delineate the boundaries of the province.
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In 106 the Commission would have its independence significantly eroded in a bill introduced by Quintus Servilius Caepio to the Plebeian Council, which changed the jury pool from solely the equestrians to a mix of equestrians and Senators.
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The gens Aquinia was a plebeian family in Rome. The gens does not appear to have been particularly large or important, and is known primarily from two individuals.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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The gens Cispia was a plebeian family at Rome. Although the gens was supposedly of great antiquity, the Cispii only achieved prominence toward the end of the Republic.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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The gens Sabidia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens are mentioned in ancient writers, but a number are known from inscriptions.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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Regulus was born into the plebeian gens Memmia, the son of Publius Memmius Regulus, consul suffectus in AD 31, and Lollia Paulina, a woman of great beauty and considerable wealth.Cassius Dio, lviii. 9.Fasti Ostienses, .O'Driscoll, "Memmius Regulus".
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Nicola Terrenato interprets this as a signal that the Plautii were at the forefront of the plebeian push for more power, pointing out evidence that "it is not hard to see a political partnership between" Plautius and Rutilus.
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The gens Septimuleia or Septumuleia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens are mentioned in ancient writers, but others are known from inscriptions.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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The gens Sepunia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens are mentioned by ancient writers, but several were municipal officers of towns in Latium, Samnium, and Campania, and others are known from inscriptions.
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Hillebrand, Der Vigintivirat, p. 205 Upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy Postumus would be enrolled in the Senate. The inscription breaks off after telling us he had been a plebeian tribune. Postumus' tenure as praetor can be deduced.
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The gens Oclatia was an obscure plebeian family at Rome. The only member known to have held any magistracy is Gaius Oclatius Modestus, quaestor in the first half of the second century, but many Oclatii are known from inscriptions.
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Gaius Mamilius was a politician in the Roman Republic who served as one of the plebeian tribunes for 109 BC. During his year as tribune, he established a special tribunal called the Mamilian Commission to investigate corruption and treason.
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Furthermore, there are those within the sphere of taishū engeki who object to the plebeian denotation of the word taishū (the masses). Nevertheless, for lack of a better term, the moniker of taishū engeki continues to be widely used.
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Coin of Gaius Sosius, consul in 32 BC. The implements and initial 'Q' on the reverse allude to his term as quaestor.Broughton, vol. II, p. 387 The gens Sosia, occasionally written Sossia, was a plebeian family at ancient Rome.
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The gens Cincia was a plebeian family at Rome. The first member of the gens to achieve prominence was Lucius Cincius Alimentus, who was elected praetor in 209 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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All of the major branches of the Cornelian gens were patrician, but there were also plebeian Cornelii, at least some of whom were descended from freedmen.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 855 ("Cornelia Gens").
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Dionysius, viii. 72, x. 58. However, Broughton points out that all of the other Rabuleii known were plebeians, and that precisely half of the decemvirs in 450 are either described as plebeians, or bore plebeian names, including Rabuleius.Broughton, vol.
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The gens Ovidia was a plebeian family of ancient Rome. Only a few members of this gens are mentioned in history, of whom the most famous is unquestionably the poet Publius Ovidius Naso, but others are known from inscriptions.
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His father was called Lucius Vipsanius.cf Pantheon inscription "M·AGRIPPA·L·F·COS·TERTIVM·FECIT" . He had an elder brother whose name was also Lucius Vipsanius, and a sister named Vipsania Polla. His family originated in the Italian countryside, and was of humble and plebeian origins.
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The gens Opsidia or Obsidia was a minor plebeian family at Rome. Few members of this gens are known to have held any magistracies, but several are found in inscriptions.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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The gens Icilia was a plebeian family at Rome. During the early Republic, the Icilii were distinguished by their unwavering support for the rights of the plebeians against the patrician aristocracy.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p.
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The gens Iccia was a minor plebeian family at Rome. It is known primarily from a small number of individuals who lived during the first century BC,Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p. 559 ("Iccius").
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The gens Rasinia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Hardly any members of this gens are mentioned in history, but a number are known from inscriptions. In imperial times a Gaius Rasinius Silo was governor of Noricum.PIR, vol.
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A plebeian aedile, C. Memmius, claims credit for Ceres' first ludi scaeneci. He celebrated the event with the dole of a new commemorative denarius; his claim to have given "the first Cerealia" represents this innovation. See Spaeth, 1996, p. 88.
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The gens Ofilia, also spelled Ofillia and Ofellia, was a plebeian family at Rome. Its most illustrious member was doubtless the jurist Aulus Ofilius, a friend of both Caesar and Cicero.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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The gens Resia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. The Resii traced their ancestry to Fertor Resius, King of the Aequicoli, in the time of the Roman monarchy. However, few members of this gens are mentioned in history.
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The gens Ateia was a plebeian family at Rome. The gens does not appear to have been particularly large or important, and is known from a small number of individuals.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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The gens Stlaccia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Hardly any members of this gens are mentioned in history, but a number are known from inscriptions. By the second century, some of the Sltaccii had reached senatorial rank.
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Due to the loss of Livy's books covering the period between 293 and 218, nothing is known on Asina's career before his election to the consulship in 221. He was elected alongside the plebeian Marcus Minucius Rufus.Broughton, vol. I, pp.
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Set in medieval times, the telenovela shows a history of love established between a prince and a plebeian, who survives in a chaotic kingdom called Belaventura, where numerous conflicts and wars are proclaimed and whose castle is surrounded by guards.
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The gens Minidia was an obscure plebeian family at Rome. Two are known to have been admitted to the Roman Senate. Otherwise, they are known chiefly from the writings of Cicero and Vitruvius, as well as a number of inscriptions.
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The gens Nasidiena was an obscure plebeian family at Rome. The gens is best known from Nasidienus Rufus, a wealthy eques whose dinner given for Maecenas is satirized by Horace.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, pp.
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Tiberius ( , ) is a Latin praenomen, or personal name, which was used throughout Roman history. Although not especially common, it was used by both patrician and plebeian families. The feminine form is Tiberia. The name is usually abbreviated Ti., but occasionally Tib.
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The gens Nummia was a plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens appear almost exclusively under the Empire. During the third century, they frequently obtained the highest offices of the Roman state.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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The gens Sornatia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens appear in history, of whom the most famous was a general of Lucullus during the Third Mithridatic War, but several others are known from inscriptions.
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The gens Artoria was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens are mentioned in history, but a number are known from inscriptions. Under the later Empire at least some of them were of senatorial rank.
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The attack, though of no strategic value, resulted in the retreat of several enemy units, and so the Roman people, desperate for good news, believed Minucius to be a hero. On hearing of this, Fabius became enraged, and, as Dictator, could have ordered Minucius' execution for his disobedience. One of the Plebeian Tribunes (chief representatives of the people) for the year, Metilius, was a partisan of Minucius, and as such he sought to use his power to help Minucius. The Plebeian Tribunes were the only magistrates independent of the Dictator, and so with his protection, Minucius was relatively safe.
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Leges Clodiae ("Clodian Laws") were a series of laws (plebiscites) passed by the Plebeian Council of the Roman Republic under the tribune Publius Clodius Pulcher in 58 BC. Clodius was a member of the patrician family ("gens") Claudius; the alternative spelling of his name is sometimes regarded as a political gesture. With the support of Julius Caesar, who held his first consulship in 59 BC, Clodius had himself adopted into a plebeian family in order to qualify for the office of Tribune of the Plebs, which was not open to patricians. Clodius was famously a bitter opponent of Cicero.
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The family was one of the most prominent Plebeian families during late antiquity, producing several consuls, plebeian tribunes, provincial governors, urban prefects (or "mayors" of the city of Rome), and scholarly men of letters.Joseph Hilarius Eckhel, Doctrina Numorum Veterum, v. p. 147.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor. Despite being most notable for their defense of Roman polytheism and traditional Roman culture (especially by Quintus Aurelius Symmachus) during the Theodosian persecution of paganism, the family also had several distinguished Christian members during the Ante-Nicene Period, including an early pope, Symmachus.
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391 BC, the city's overspill had overtaken the Aventine and the Campus Martius, and left the city vulnerable to attack; around that year, the Gauls overran and temporarily held the city. After this, the walls were rebuilt or extended to properly incorporate the Aventine; this is more or less coincident with the increasing power and influence of the Aventine-based plebeian aediles and tribunes in Roman public affairs, and the rise of a plebeian nobility.Carter, Jesse Benedict. "The Evolution of the City of Rome from Its Origin to the Gallic Catastrophe"], Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, September 2, 1909, pp. 132 - 140.
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Shortly after the founding of the republic, the Centuriate Assembly became the principle Roman assembly in which magistrates were elected, laws were passed, and trials occurred. During his Consulship in 509 BC, Publius Valerius Publicola enacted a law (the lex Valeria) which guaranteed due process rights to every Roman citizen. Any condemned citizen could evoke his right of Provocatio, which appealed any condemnation to the Centuriate Assembly,Abbott, 27Cicero, 235Cicero, 236 and which was a precursor to habeas corpus. Also around this time, the Plebeians assembled into an informal Plebeian Curiate Assembly, which was the original Plebeian Council.
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Since they were organized on the basis of the CuriaByrd, 33Taylor, 3, 4 (and thus by clan), they remained dependent on their Patrician patrons. In 471 BC, a law was passed due to the efforts of the Tribune Volero Publilius,Abbott, 29 which allowed the Plebeians to organize by Tribe, rather than by Curia. Thus, the Plebeian Curiate Assembly became the Plebeian Tribal Assembly, and the Plebeians became politically independent. During the regal period, the king nominated two Quaestors to serve as his assistants, and after the overthrow of the monarchy, the Consuls retained this authority.
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The plebeians seceded to Mons Sacer (Sacred Mount) outside the city and pledged to remain there until their demands were met. Their demands were the resignation of the decemviri, the restoration of the right to appeal to the people and the restoration of the plebeian tribunes and their powers. Lucius Valerius and Marcus Horatius, two patricians who had stood up to one instance of abuse of a plebeian by the decemviri and had shown sympathy towards the plebeians, were sent to Mons Sacer negotiate. The negotiations were successful, the decemviri resigned and the secession was called off.
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Caesar adjourned the session and decided that since the senate was not willing to pass a preliminary decree he would get the plebeian council to vote. He did not convene the senate for the rest of his consulship and proposed motions directly to the plebeian council. Cassius Dio thought Caesar proposed the bill as a favour to Pompey and Crassus.Cassius Dio, Roman History, 2.1–4.1 Appian wrote that the law provided for distribution of public land that was leased to generate public revenues in Campania, especially around Capua, to citizens who had at least three children, and that this included 20,000 men.
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The Temple of Pudicitia Plebeia was an ancient Roman temple on the Quirinal Hill, along the Vicus Longus, on what is now via Nazionale. It was dedicated to 'plebeian chastity' and built in 296 BC by Virginia, wife of the future consul Lucius Volumnius, in a section of her own house. According to Livy, (10.23.6-10), it was built in opposition to a shrine or temple to Pudicitia Patricia (whose existence is not definite and may be a conflation with the Temple of Fortuna) after the patrician-born Virginia was excluded from the latter after her marriage to a plebeian.
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Abbott, 37Abbott, 38 Shortly after the founding of the republic, the Centurion Assembly became the principal Roman assembly in which magistrates were elected, laws were passed, and trials occurred. Also around this time, the Plebeians assembled into an informal Plebeian Curiae Assembly, which was the original Plebeian Council. Since they were organized on the basis of the Curia (and thus by clan), they remained dependent on their Patrician patrons. In 471 BC, a law was passed due to the efforts of the Tribune Bolero Publicists,Abbott, 29 which allowed the Plebeians to organize by Tribe, rather than by Curia.
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As the Tribunes and the senators grew closer, Plebeian senators were often able to secure the Tribunate for members of their own families.Abbott, 45 In time, the Tribunate became a stepping stone to higher office.Abbott, 45 During the era of the kingdom, the Roman King appointed new senators through a process called lectio senatus, but after the overthrow of the kingdom, the Consuls acquired this power. Around the middle of the 4th century BC, however, the Plebeian Council enacted the "Ovinian Plebiscite" (plebiscitum Ovinium),Abbott, 46 which gave the power to appoint new senators to the Roman Censors.
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Shortly after the founding of the Roman Republic (traditionally dated to 509 BC), the principal legislative authority shifted to two new assemblies, the Tribal Assembly ("Citizen's Assembly") and the Centuriate Assembly. Eventually, most legislative powers were transferred to another assembly, the Plebeian Council ("Assembly of the Commoners"). Ultimately, it was the Plebeian Council that disrupted the balance between the senate, the legislative branch, and the executive branch. This led to the collapse of the republic, and the founding of the Roman Empire in 21 BC. Under the empire, the powers that had been held by the assemblies were transferred to the senate.
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Isauricus was the son of Gaius Servilius Vatia and a member of the plebeian branch of the gens Servilia, while his mother was Caecilia Metella, daughter of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus. A traditionalist, he was among the group of young Roman nobles who killed Lucius Appuleius Saturninus in the Curia Hostilia after his failed revolt.Smith, pg. 1232 It has been conjectured that he served as plebeian tribune in 97 BC.Broughton, pg. 5 He held the office of praetor in 90 BC, following which he was given a propraetoreal governorship in 89 BC, with his province being either Corsica et Sardinia or Cilicia.
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The four time consul Gaius Marcius Rutilus became the first plebeian dictator in 356 and censor in 351. In 342, the tribune of the plebs Lucius Genucius passed his Leges Genuciae, which abolished interest on loans, in a renewed effort to tackle indebtedness, required the election of at least one plebeian consul each year, and prohibited a magistrate from holding the same magistracy for the next ten years or two magistracies in the same year.Livy, vii. 42.Brennan, The Praetorship, pp. 65–67, where he shows that the ten-year rule was only temporary at this time.
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He also wrote "[t]he plebs, satisfied with their victory, made the concession to the patricians that for the present all mention of consuls should be dropped." Consular tribunes were elected for 367 BC.Livy, The History of Rome, 38, 39.1-5,11-12, 42.1-5 In 367 BC Marcus Furius Camillus was again appointed as dictator, this time to fight Gauls who had got into territories near Rome. The senate, bruised by years of civic strife, carried the proposals of the plebeian tribunes and the two consuls were elected. In 366 BC Lucius Sextius Lateranus became the first plebeian consul.
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The two men were patricians who stood up when a plebeian was being abused by the despotic second decemvirate, spoke critically of the decemviri and showed sympathy towards the plebeians. When the plebeians rebelled in the second plebeian secession they were chosen as negotiators because their previous actions had put them in a favourable light in the eyes of the plebeians, who felt that they were trustworthy.Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, 3.49-50 When the demands of the plebeians were met and the secession was called off, both men were elected as consuls.Livy, 3.53-54 They passed the Valerio-Horatian Laws (Leges Veleriae- Horatiae).
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Murena's son was praetor in 65 BC, and consul in 63 BC, the first of his family to reach this rank. He was promptly charged by an election rival with bribery, and was defended in court by Cicero. His former commanding officer, Lucullus, was there as a character witness. Cicero said that Murena, father, and his father, had been honorable praetors at Rome, that the family was plebeian, that the charges were trumped up, and in his view it was high time that the plebeian family were admitted to a Senatorial post (De Murena, Chapter 12).
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Corculum was elected consul a second time in 155, together with the plebeian Marcus Claudius Marcellus—former consul in 166, and the grandson of the great Claudius Marcellus.Broughton, vol. I, p. 448. Corculum was once again described as consul prior by Cassiodorus.
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The gens Egnatuleia was a plebeian family at Rome. The only member of the gens to achieve any of the higher offices of the state was Lucius Egnatuleius, quaestor in 44 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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But it was only in 254 BCE that Tiberius Coruncanius became the first plebeian Pontifex Maximus.Titus Livius. Ex Libro XVIII Periochae, from livius.org retrieved August 16, 2006 The lex Ogulnia also increased the number of pontiffs to nine (the pontifex maximus included).
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The gens Hirtuleia was a minor plebeian family of equestrian rank at ancient Rome, which appears in history during the final century of the Republic, and under the early Empire.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p. 498 ("Hirtuleius").
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The upper classes who sponsored the Magna Mater's festivals delegated their organisation to the plebeian aediles, and honoured her and each other with lavish, private festival banquets from which her Galli would have been conspicuously absent.Summers, in Lane, 1996, pp. 337 – 9.
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The gens Aurunculeia was a plebeian family at Rome. None of the members of this gens ever obtained the consulship; the first who obtained the praetorship was Gaius Aurunculeius, in 209 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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Although the plebeian Verginii are also mentioned at an early period, none of them had any cognomen. Under the Empire there are Verginii with other surnames.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.D.P. Simpson, Cassell's Latin & English Dictionary (1963).
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The gens Palfuria was an obscure plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned during the first century of the Empire. The most illustrious of the family was Publius Palfurius, who held the consulship in AD 55.PIR, vol.
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The gens Pactumeia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are not mentioned by the historians until imperial times, when one branch of the family achieved high rank, holding several consulships during the first and second centuries.
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The gens Arellia was a plebeian family at Rome. Although of equestrian rank, this gens does not appear to have been particularly large or important, and is known primarily from three individuals.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p.
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The gens Arpineia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. It is known chiefly from a single individual, Gaius Arpineius, an eques in the army of Caesar's army during the Gallic Wars.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p.
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The gens Apustia was a plebeian family at Rome during the period of the Republic. The first member of this gens who obtained the consulship was Lucius Apustius Fullo, in 226 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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The gens Selicia, possibly identical with Silicia, was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Hardly any members of this gens are mentioned in history, but a number are known from inscriptions.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, pp. 455–457 ("Balbus", V, "Cornelii Balbi"). Another plebeian surname of the Cornelii was Gallus, known from Gaius Cornelius Gallus, the poet, who came to Rome from Forum Julii as a young man.
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The gens Spellia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens appear in history, but several are known from inscriptions. The only Spellius known to have held any magistracy was Publius Spellius Spellianus Sabinus, quaestor in AD 57..
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The gens Tadia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in the time of Cicero, but few achieved any great distinction in the Roman state.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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Gaius Memmius was a Roman plebeian and a soldier of the Late Roman Republic. He was a member of the gens Memmia. His father was probably Gaius Memmius Mordax, the tribune of 111.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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Publilian Laws refers to a set of laws meant to increase the amount of political power the plebeian class held in the Roman Republic. The laws are named for Volero Publilius and Quintus Publilius Philo, the two tribunes responsible for the law's passing.
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Paul Sullivan at Lowell City Hall Paul Harold "Sully" Sullivan (May 24, 1957 - September 9, 2007) was an accomplished radio talk-show host of "The Paul Sullivan Show" on WBZ radio. He was best known for his blue-collar politics and plebeian attitude.
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The gens Velia was a minor plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in the latter part of the first century AD. The first of the Velii to obtain the consulship was Decimus Velius Fidus in AD 144.
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The only praenomina known from the senatorial Mussidii are Titus and Lucius. Gaius and Decimus are found in inscriptions. All but Decimus were very common throughout Roman history, while Decimus was favoured by a small number of families, mostly of plebeian origin.
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The gens Javolena, occasionally found as Javolenia, was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens appear in history, but two of them attained the consulship, one under Domitian, and the other in the time of Antoninus Pius.
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The gens Novellia was an obscure plebeian family at Rome. None of its members are known to have held any magistracies, and the gens is best known from an anecdote recorded by Pliny the Elder; however, many Novellii are known from inscriptions.
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I, p. 762 ("Claudia Gens"). Plebeian Claudii are found fairly early in Rome's history. Some may have been descended from members of the family who had passed over to the plebeians, while others were probably the descendants of freedmen of the gens.
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As with many other ancient patrician houses, the family also acquired plebeian branches, which must have been descended either from freedmen of the Valerii, or from members of the family who, for one reason or another, had gone over to the plebeians.
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The gens Sammia or Samia was an obscure plebeian family of equestrian rank at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens are mentioned in history, but a number are known from inscriptions.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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The gens Salvidiena was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned toward the end of the Republic, and from then to the end of the second century they regularly filled the highest offices of the Roman state.
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The gens Ninnia was a plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned at Capua during the Second Punic War, and are found at Rome towards the end of the Republic.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p.
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The gens Curia was a plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned at the beginning of the third century BC, when the family was rendered illustrious by Manius Curius Dentatus.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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Lex Cincia (The Law of the tribune Marcus Cincius Alimentus) was a plebiscite (law passed by the Plebeian Council) passed in 204 BC, and was intended to reform the legal system of the Roman Republic.Cicero. de Orat. II.71, ad Att. 1.20; Liv. XXXIV.
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Festus, s. v. Opiter. If Chase is correct, then Opiter is probably derived from the same root as the names of the plebeian gentes Opimia and Opisia, and may be the Latin cognate of the Oscan praenomen Oppius or Oppiis, as well as gens Oppia.
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The gens Orcivia, also written Orcevia and Orchivia, was a minor plebeian family at Rome. Few of them achieved any prominence in the Roman state, but many are known from inscriptions.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III. p. 41 ("Gaius Orcivius").
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The gens Cocceia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. The gens is first mentioned towards the latter end of the Republic, and is best known as the family to which the emperor Nerva belonged.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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The gens Coruncania was a plebeian family at Rome. The first of the family to come to prominence was Tiberius Coruncanius, a novus homo who became consul in 280 BC, and dictator in 246.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, pp.
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Cecilia Méndez, The Plebeian Republic: The Huanta Rebellion and the Making of the Peruvian State, 1820-1850. Durham: Duke University Press 2005, pp.1-5. The town was deserted in 1984 due to the Peruvian government's struggle against Sendero Luminoso, but some families eventually returned.
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One check on his power came in the form of vetoes by other magistrates. Also, any decision made by a presiding magistrate could be vetoed by the plebeian tribunes. The Tribal Assembly elected the quaestors, and the curule aediles.Taylor, L. R., Roman Voting Assemblies, p.
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The gens Laetoria was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Its members appear regularly throughout the history of the Republic. None of the Laetorii ever obtained the consulship, but several achieved lesser offices of the Roman state.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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The gens Terentia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Dionysius mentions a Gaius Terentilius Arsa, tribune of the plebs in 462 BC, but Livy calls him Terentilius, and from inscriptions this would seem to be a separate gens.Livy, iii. 9.Dionysius, x. 1.
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He joined the Lapua Movement but looked down on the Fascist and National Socialist movements which he found to be plebeian. He participated in the Peasant March to Helsinki in the summer of 1930, but after that rarely took part in any public political activity.
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The gens Scantinia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in the third century BC, but few of them held positions of importance in the Roman state.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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The gens Scandilia, also written Scantilia, was an obscure plebeian family of equestrian rank at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens are mentioned by ancient writers, but a number are known from inscriptions.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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The gens Pontia was a plebeian family at Rome. Few members of this gens rose to prominence in the time of the Republic, but the Pontii flourished under the Empire, eventually attaining the consulship.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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The son of Gaius Marcius Rutilus, the first plebeian censor, was himself censor twice, and took the name Censorinus, which was thereafter passed down in this family for several centuries.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p. 682 ("Gaius Marcius Rutilus").
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In 368 BC, Capitolinus succeeded Marcus Furius Camillus as Dictator, who was forced to step down by the tribunes. Capitolinus successfully brokered a settlement between the plebeians and patricians. He appointed Gaius Licinius Stolo as Magister Equitum, the first plebeian to hold the office.
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Three distinct forms of legislative actions undertaken by the Roman Republic exist. These are: Rogationes, Plebescitas and Leges. It is important to distinguish between these forms of legislation as it creates a deeper understanding of Roman political structure, and the role of the Plebeian Council.
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These two later writers had pro-aristocracy views and always portrayed the plebeian tribunes in a negative light. As for Cicero's speeches, their rhetoric appears to be designed to undermine support for the bill. Cicero tried to give a conspiratorial hue to the bill.
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The gens Rufinia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens are mentioned in history, although the derivative surname Rufinianus appears in several sources. A number of Rufinii are known from inscriptions.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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407 ("Atratinus").Cassell's Latin and English Dictionary, s.v. atratinus. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, from Guillaume Rouillé's Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum Most or all of the other stirpes of the Sempronii were plebeian. Their surnames included Asellio, Blaesus, Densus, Gracchus, Longus, Musca, Pitio, Rufus, Rutilus, Sophus, and Tuditanus.
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The gens Fufia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. The gens does not appear to have been of great antiquity, and only appears in history toward the beginning of the first century BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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They all ran away, except for the consul Gaius Piso, who was arrested. Gabinius had him freed. The optimates tried to persuade the other nine plebeian tribunes to oppose the bill. Only two, Trebellius and Roscius, agreed, but they were unable to do so.
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He was part of the gens Antonia. It is possible that he was a plebeian, since the nomen Antonius is found among the plebeians more often than the patricians in this era. He was the father of Quintus Antonius Merenda, military tribune in 422 BC.
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The gens Praecilia or Precilia, also written as Praecillia or Precillia, was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens are mentioned in history, but a number are known from inscriptions.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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The gens Racilia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are mentioned as early as the fifth century BC, but few of them achieved any prominence in the Roman state.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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The gens Tremellia was a plebeian family at Rome. The gens is first mentioned towards the end of the Second Punic War, but never obtained much importance. None of its members held the consulship until the Empire. They bore the surnames of Scropa and Flaccus.
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Publius Decius Mus (died 295 BC), of the plebeian gens Decia, was a Roman consul in the years 312 BC, 308 BC, 297 BC and 295 BC. He was a member of a family that was renowned for sacrificing themselves on the battlefield for Rome.
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11, 13–30.Cornell, Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 7-2, pp. 331, 332. Between 376 and 367, the tribunes of the plebs Gaius Licinius Stolo and Lucius Sextius Lateranus continued the plebeian agitation and pushed for an ambitious legislation, known as the Leges Liciniae Sextiae.
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A member of the ancient plebeian clan Licinia, he was tribune in 73BC. Sallust mentions him agitating for the people's rights.Sallust, Histories, 3.34. He became praetor in 68BC, but in 66BC Cicero succeeded in convicting him of bribery and extortion, upon which Macer committed suicide.
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The gens Terentilia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Only one member of this gens appears in history; Gaius Terentilius Arsa was tribune of the plebs in 462 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p. 996 ("Terentius", No. 1).
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The gens Orfidia was a minor plebeian family at Rome. Only a few members of this gens occur in history, but others are mentioned in inscriptions. The most illustrious of the Orfidii was probably Publius Orfidius Senecio, consul suffectus in AD 148.PIR, vol.
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Only plebeians were eligible for these offices, although there were at least two exceptions.Livy, Ab urbe condita, ii. 33, 58 (citing Piso, iii. 31) The tribunes of the plebs had the power to convene the concilium plebis, or plebeian assembly, and propose legislation before it.
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The gens Secundinia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens are mentioned by ancient writers, but a number are known from inscriptions, dating entirely or almost entirely from imperial times, and concentrated in Gaul, Germania, Noricum, and adjacent areas.
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During this period, they allied with the plebeian Atilii from Campania, where the Fabii had significant estates, the Fulvii and Mamilii from Tusculum, the Otacili from Beneventum, the Ogulnii from Etruria, and the Marcii.Münzer, Roman Aristocratic Parties, pp. 57, 58, 63–66, 69–71.
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Charles Short (1879). is a Latin praenomen, or personal name, and was one of the most common names throughout Roman history. It was used by both patrician and plebeian families, and gave rise to the patronymic gens Titia. The feminine form is Tita or Titia.
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The gens Sabinia, occasionally written Sabineia, was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Only a few members of this gens are mentioned in history, but others are known from inscriptions. Titus Sabinius Barbarus attained the consulship in the reign of Hadrian.PW, "Sabinius", No. 2.
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The gens Sabucia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in imperial times. The most illustrious of the family was Gaius Sabucius Major Caecilianus, who obtained the consulship in AD 186. Other Sabucii are known from inscriptions.
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The gens Sollia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens appear in history, of whom the most famous is the fifth-century bishop and scholar Gaius Sollius Modestus Sidonius Apollinaris, a son-in-law of the emperor Avitus.
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M. Baebius Tamphilus was a tribune of the plebs in 194.CIL 12 2.585. Broughton notes that the Lex agraria of 111 names a M. Baebius who was both plebeian tribune and one of the IIIvir col. deduc. and whom Mommsen identified as this man.
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The gens Satriena was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens obtained any of the higher offices of the Roman state, but a number are known from coins and inscriptions.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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The Plebeian Games (Latin Ludi Plebeii) were an ancient Roman religious festival held November 4–17.Dates according to CIL i2 335. The games (ludi) included both theatrical performances (ludi scaenici) and athletic competitions for the purpose of entertaining the common people of Rome.
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Gaius () is a Latin praenomen, or personal name, and was one of the most common names throughout Roman history. The feminine form is Gaia.Chase, pp. 174–176. The praenomen was used by both patrician and plebeian families, and gave rise to the patronymic gens Gavia.
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Plutarch states that Metilius "boldly applied himself to the people in the behalf of Minucius", and had Minucius granted powers equivalent to those of Fabius. By this, Plutarch probably means that as a Plebeian Tribune, Metilius had the Plebeian Council, a popular assembly which only Tribunes could preside over, grant Minucius quasi-dictatorial powers. Roman senators killed during the Battle of Cannae, statue by Sébastien Slodtz, 1704, Louvre Fabius did not attempt to fight the promotion of Minucius, but rather decided to wait until Minucius' rashness caused him to run headlong into some disaster. He realized what would happen when Minucius was defeated in battle by Hannibal.
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Abbott, 151 Dictators had more "major powers" than any other magistrate, and after the Dictator was the censor, and then the consul, and then the praetor, and then the curule aedile, and then the quaestor. Any magistrate could obstruct ("veto") an action that was being taken by a magistrate with an equal or lower degree of magisterial powers.Abbott, 154 By definition, plebeian tribunes and plebeian aediles were technically not magistratesAbbott, 196 since they were elected only by the plebeians,Abbott, 151 and as such, . During the transition from republic to the Roman empire, the constitutional balance of power shifted from the Roman Senate back to the executive (the Roman Emperor).
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When the Curule Aedileship had been created, it had only been opened to Patricians.Abbott, 42-43 Eventually, however, Plebeians won full admission to the Curule Aedileship. In addition, after the Consulship had been opened to the Plebeians, the Plebeians acquired a de facto right to hold both the Roman Dictatorship and the Roman Censorship (which had been created in 443 BC) since only former Consuls could hold either office. 356 BC saw the appointment of the first Plebeian Dictator,Abbott, 42 and in 339 BC the Plebeians facilitated the passage of a law (the lex Publilia), which required the election of at least one Plebeian Censor for each five-year term.
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Abbott, 47 By this point, Plebeians were already holding a significant number of magisterial offices, and so the number of Plebeian senators probably increased quickly. It was, in all likelihood, simply a matter of time before the Plebeians came to dominate the senate. Under the new system, newly elected magistrates were awarded with automatic membership in the senate, although it remained difficult for a Plebeian from an unknown family to enter the senate. Several factors made it difficult for individuals from unknown families to be elected to high office, in particular the very presence of a long-standing nobility, as this appealed to the deeply rooted Roman respect for the past.
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The lex Publilia, which had required the election of at least one Plebeian Censor every five years, contained another provision. Before this time, any bill passed by an assembly (either by the Plebeian Council, the Tribal Assembly, or the Centuriate Assembly) could only become a law after the Patrician senators gave their approval. This approval came in the form of an auctoritas patrum ("authority of the fathers" or "authority of the Patrician senators"). The lex Publilia modified this process, requiring the auctoritas patrum to be passed before a law could be voted on by one of the assemblies, rather than after the law had already been voted on.
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They then began filling the ranks of the assemblies, and the fact that they were no longer away from Rome made it easier for them to vote. In the principle legislative assembly, the Plebeian Council,Lintott, 43 any individual voted in the Tribe that his ancestors had belonged to.Lintott, 51 Thus, most of these newly unemployed Plebeians belonged to one of the thirty-one rural Tribes, rather than one of the four urban Tribes, and the unemployed Plebeians soon acquired so much political power that the Plebeian Council became highly populist. These Plebeians were often angry with the aristocracy, which further exacerbated the class tensions.
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Rather than permit the election of a plebeian consul, the senate resolved upon the election of military tribunes with consular power, who might be elected from either order. Initially this compromise satisfied the plebeians, but in practice only patricians were elected. The regular election of military tribunes in the place of consuls prevented any plebeians from assuming the highest offices of state until the year 400, when four of the six military tribunes were plebeians. Plebeian military tribunes served in 399, 396, 383, and 379, but in all other years between 444 and 376 BC, every consul or military tribune with consular powers was a patrician.
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Given that the plebeian tribunes were not part of the Roman state and had no secular legal status, the threat to kill those who harmed them by the plebeians formed the base from which the powers of the plebeian tribunes were derived. The invocation of a religious law provided the justification and sacrosanctity conferred impunity. These tribunes provided protection from arbitrary coercion by public officials though auxilium (assistance) by personal intervention to stop the action. They also could use coercitio, the enforcement of their will by coercion through which they could impose fines, imprisonment or the death penalty on anyone who challenged them or abused them verbally or assaulted them.
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The Aventine Triad's temple was known by the name of its leading deity - thus, Roman sources describe it as the Temple of Ceres, though within it, each deity had a separate internal sanctuary (cella). The temple served as a cult centre for the patron deities of the plebs, a sacred depository for plebeian records and the headquarters for the plebeian aediles; the minutes or conclusions of senatorial decrees were also placed there, under the protection of Ceres as the guardian of laws on behalf of the Roman people.Beard, M., Price, S., North, J., Religions of Rome: Volume 1, a History, illustrated, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 64 -5.
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This law restored the potestas tribunicia, the powers of the plebeian tribunes (often referred to as tribunician powers). It also put in place the principle of the inviolability (sacrosanctitas) of the plebeian tribunes, the aediles (the assistants of the tribunes) and the decemviri into law. This principle was based on the lex sacrata (sacred law), which was a religious sanction according to which a temple, sacred object or person could be declared physically inviolable (sacrosanct). According to Festus "Sacred laws are laws which have the sanction that anyone who broke them becomes accursed to one of the gods, together with his family and property".
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Milestones in their ultimately successful struggle are the establishment of a plebeian assembly (the concilium plebis) with some legislative power and to elect officers called tribunes of the plebs, who had the power to veto Senatorial decrees (494); and the opening of the Consulship to plebeians (367). By 338, the privileges of the patricians had become largely ceremonial (such as the exclusive right to hold certain state priesthoods). But this does not imply a more democratic form of government. The wealthy plebeians who had led the "plebeian revolution" had no more intention of sharing real power with their poorer and far more numerous fellow-plebeians than did the patricians.
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Abbott, 52 The ultimate significance of this law was in the fact that it robbed the Patricians of their final weapon over the Plebeians. The result was that the ultimate control over the state fell, not onto the shoulders of democracy, but onto the shoulders of the new Patricio-Plebeian aristocracy.Abbott, 53 By the middle of the second century BC, the economic situation for the average Plebeian had declined significantly.Abbott, 77 Farmers became bankrupted, and soon masses of unemployed Plebeians began flooding into Rome, and thus into the ranks of the legislative assemblies, where their economic status usually led them to vote for the candidate who offered them the most.
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According to Livy (vi. 42), after the passing of the Licinian rogations in 367 BC, an extra day was added to the Roman games; the plebeian aediles refused to bear the additional expense, whereupon the patricians offered to undertake it, on condition that they were admitted to the aedileship. The plebeians accepted the offer, and accordingly two curule aediles were appointed—at first from the patricians alone, then from patricians and plebeians in turn, lastly, from either—at the Tribal Assembly under the presidency of the consul. Curule Aediles, as formal magistrates, held certain honors that Plebeian Aediles (who were not technically magistrates), did not hold.
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340, 341. As a result of the end of the patrician monopoly on senior magistracies, many small patrician gentes faded into history during the 4th and 3rd centuries due to the lack of available positions; the Verginii, Horatii, Menenii, Cloelii all disappear, even the Julii entered a long eclipse. They were replaced by plebeian aristocrats, of whom the most emblematic were the Caecilii Metelli, who received 18 consulships until the end of the Republic; the Domitii, Fulvii, Licinii, Marcii, or Sempronii were as successful. About a dozen remaining patrician gentes and twenty plebeian ones thus formed a new elite, called the nobiles, or Nobilitas.
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The Tribuni Plebis, known in English as Tribunes of the Plebs, Tribunes of the People, or Plebeian Tribunes, were instituted in 494 BC, after the first secession of the plebs, in order to protect the interests of the plebeians against the actions of the senate and the annual magistrates, who were uniformly patrician. The ancient sources indicate the tribunes may have originally been two or five in number. If the former, the college of tribunes was expanded to five in 470 BC. Either way, the college was increased to ten in 457 BC, and remained at this number throughout Roman history. They were assisted by two aediles plebis, or plebeian aediles.
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Denarius minted at Rome in 82 BC by L. Marcius Censorinus, with the head of Apollo and the figure of Marsyas the satyr (CNG) Marcius Censorinus was a name used by a branch of the plebeian gens Marcia of ancient Rome. The cognomen Censorinus was acquired through Gaius Marcius Rutilus, the first plebeian censor, whose son used it. The gens Marcia claimed descent from both Ancus Marcius, a king of Rome, and symbolically from Marsyas the satyr, who was associated with free speech and political liberty; see further discussion at Prophecy and free speech at Rome. The Marcii Censorini were consistent populares, supporting Marius, Cinna, Julius Caesar, and Antonius.
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In 23 BC, Augustus gave the emperorship its legal power. The first was Tribunicia Potestas, or the powers of the tribune of the plebs without actually holding the office (which would have been impossible, since a tribune was by definition a plebeian, whereas Augustus, although born into a plebeian family, had become a patrician when he was adopted into the gens Julia). This endowed the emperor with inviolability (sacrosanctity) of his person, and the ability to pardon any civilian for any act, criminal or otherwise. By holding the powers of the tribune, the emperor could prosecute anyone who interfered with the performance of his duties.
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The first law established that the resolutions (plebiscites) of the Plebeian Council were binding on whole people, including the patricians. The second law restored the right of appeal to the people which had been suspended during the two decemvirates and added the provision that no official exempt from the right of appeal was to be appointed and in the case of such an appointment anyone could lawfully kill him. The third law put the principle of the inviolability (sacrosanctity) of the plebeian tribunes (the representatives of the plebeians) into the statutes.Livy, 3.55 Previously, this principle was only enshrined in the religious sanction of the lex sacrata.
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Her festival, the Feroniae, was November 13 (the ides of November) during the Ludi Plebeii ("Plebeian Games"), in conjunction with Fortuna Primigenia; both were goddesses of Praeneste.William Warde Fowler. (1908). The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic, pp. 252–254. London.Peter F. Dorcey. (1992).
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The gens Sepullia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Hardly any members of this gens are mentioned in ancient writers, of whom the most famous was Sepullius Bassus, a rhetorician known to Seneca the Elder.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p.
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The gens Bellicia, also spelled Vellicia and Bellica, was an aristocratic plebeian family at ancient Rome, which flourished during the first and second centuries. The Bellicii rose to prominence from Gallia Narbonensis, attaining senatorial status with Gaius Bellicius Natalis, who was appointed consul suffectus in AD 68.
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2; Broughton, MRR1, pp. 20–21. Since the plebeian tribunes numbered ten only much later, and since the listed names indicate that the men were of consular rank and patrician status, this incident during the Volscian Wars remains mysterious.Broughton, MRR1, p. 21, citing also Cassius Dio frg.
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The gens Duronia was a plebeian family at Rome. Although relatively obscure, the family was of sufficient importance to hold a seat in the Roman Senate. Its members are mentioned during the first and second centuries BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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The gens Cossinia was a plebeian family at Rome. The gens originated at Tibur, and came to Rome early in the first century BC. None of its members ever obtained the higher offices of the state.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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The gens Falcidia was a plebeian family at Rome. It is known chiefly from two individuals, Gaius Falcidius and Publius Falcidius, both of whom were influential in the development of Roman law during the first century BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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Denarius of Lucius Cupiennius, 147 BC. The cornucopia is behind the head of Roma, on the obverse. The gens Cupiennia was a plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned toward the end of the Republic. None of them achieved any great importance.
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1999, S.36-39. This location was near the Tarpeian Rock, a steep cliff used as an execution site. The condemned would necessarily pass the tribune benches on their way to execution, thus allowing tribunes to stop an execution of a plebeian by invoking the ius intercedendi.
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He became plebeian tribune in AD 15 and vetoed proposals. Agrippa advanced to praetor in 17. Agrippa was ordinary consul in 22 with Gaius Sulpicius Galba as his colleague.Attilio Degrassi, I fasti consolari dell'Impero Romano dal 30 avanti Cristo al 613 dopo Cristo (Rome, 1952), p.
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The gens Titinia was a plebeian family at Rome. It is mentioned as early as the time of the decemvirs, but it never attained much importance, and none of its members were raised to the consulship.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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Appius Annius Trebonius Gallus was a distinguished Roman senator, who was consul in AD 108, as the colleague of Marcus Appius Bradua.Birley, The Roman Government of Britain p. 112 He is mentioned in an honorific inscription at Olympia. Trebonius Gallus was born into the plebeian gens Annia.
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The gens Considia was a plebeian family at Rome. The Considii came to prominence in the last century of the Republic, and under the early Empire, but none of them rose any higher than the praetorship.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p.
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The gens Villia was a plebeian family at Rome. Its members are mentioned in the first century of the Republic, but the only Villius who obtained the consulship was Publius Villius Tappulus, in BC 199.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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Aureus of Aulus Hirtius, depicting Caesar in his third consulship. The gens Hirtia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. The most distinguished member of the gens under the Republic was Aulus Hirtius, consul in 43 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p.
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Many of these were connected to famine and manifestations of plebeian unrest, rather than war. From the Middle Republic onwards, expiation was increasingly addressed to her as mother to Proserpina. The last known followed Rome's Great Fire of 64 AD.Spaeth, 1996, pp. 14–15, 65–7(?).
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The gens Scaptia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens are mentioned in history, but they gave their name to the Scaptian tribe, established in 332 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, pp. 734, 735 ("Scaptius").
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The gens Octavena was an obscure plebeian family at Rome. The gens is known primarily from a single individual, the jurist Octavenus, cited by a number of later authorities, although several other Octaveni are known from inscriptions.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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However, the word's true etymology is obscure. It may possibly be that of a clan that lived in this area,Jordan I.1.183–188 a gens name of plebeian status. Detlefsen's conjectureBull. d. Inst. 1861, 18 that Oppius is derived from Oppidus was revived by Pinza,Mon.
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Atticus was elected consul for the first time in 244 together with Gaius Sempronius Blaesus, a plebeian who had already been consul in 253.Broughton, vol. I, p. 217. Atticus is described by Cassiodorus—who relied on Livy for his list of consuls—as the consul prior.
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Atilius was elected consul in 225 as the plebeian consul with the patrician Lucius Aemilius Papus, and was sent to quell a revolt in Sardinia which he quickly accomplished. He then returned to the Italian mainland to fight the Gauls, and fell in the Battle of Telamon.
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The gens Carfulena was a plebeian family at Rome toward the end of the Republic. The gens is best known from Decimus Carfulenus, who served under Caesar during the Alexandrine War; other members are known from inscriptions.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p.
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The gens Paconia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens obtained any of the higher offices of the Roman state in the time of the Republic, but Aulus Paconius Sabinus held the consulship in AD 58, during the reign of Nero.
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The gens Perperna, also found as Perpenna, was a plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens first appear in history during the second century BC, and Marcus Perperna obtained the consulship in 130 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p. 202 ("Perperna").
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10-11Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, X It is in this context that Aulus Verginius, one of the plebeian tribunes, brought the young Caeso Quinctius to trial on a capital charge of obstructing the tribunes of the plebs based primarily on the testimony of Marcus Volscius Fictor.
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Gaia (or Caia) Afrania (fl. 1st century BC) was the wife of the senator Licinius Buccio. Afrania was born into an old plebeian family, the gens Afrania. She lived during the chaotic time of the breakup of the Republic,Raia, Ann R., and Judith L. Sebesta.
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The gens Spedia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens are mentioned in ancient writers, but many are known from inscriptions, and several were locally important, serving as duumvirs at Antinum in Samnium, Pompeii in Campania, and Sarmizegetusa in Dacia.
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Mitchell often speaks in first person while offering personal accounts and memories revolving around the plot. Furthermore, Gould's nonexistent “Oral History” is an attempt to capture the voices of the plebeian class, or the anti-heroes. Mitchell's entire work, especially Joe Gould’s Secret, captures the selfsame essence.
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The gens Maecia was a plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens are rarely mentioned before the time of Cicero, but in Imperial times they rose to prominence, achieving the consulship on at several occasions.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p.
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Sextus () is a Latin praenomen, or personal name, which was common throughout all periods of Roman history. It was used by both patrician and plebeian families, and gave rise to the patronymic gentes Sextia and Sextilia. The feminine form is Sexta. The name was regularly abbreviated Sex.
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The gens Splattia or Splatia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Almost no members of this gens appear in history, but a few are known from inscriptions. The most illustrious of the Splattii was Gaius Splattius, praetor in AD 29, during the reign of Tiberius.
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The gens Saenia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in the final century of the Republic, and Lucius Saenius attained the consulship in 30 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p. 693 ("Lucius Saenius").
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The gens Saliena or Salliena, also written Salena, Sallena, Sallenia, and Sallienia, was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens are mentioned in history, but a number are known from inscriptions.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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Plautus first presented his comedy Stichus at the Plebeian Games of 200 BC.Davis, "Games," p. 266. Livy notes that the ludi had to be repeated three times in 216 BC, owing to a vitium (ritual fault) that disrupted the correct performance of events.Davis, "Games," p. 266.
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The gens Cuspia was a plebeian family of equestrian rank at ancient Rome. Few of its members obtained any of the higher offices of the Roman state, although Lucius Cuspius Camerinus attained the consulship in the time of Hadrian.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p.
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At that time, Estrada Cabrera was 44 years old; he was stocky, of medium height, and broad-shouldered. The mustache gave him a plebeian appearance. Black and dark eyes, metallic sounding voice and was rather sullen and brooding. At the same time, he already showed his courage and character.
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The gens Crepereia was a plebeian family of equestrian rank at ancient Rome. The family appears in history from the first century BC to the first or second century AD. Cicero describes the strict discipline of the Crepereii.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p.
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At that time, Estrada Cabrera was 44 years old; he was stocky, of medium height, dark, and broad-shouldered. The mustache gave him plebeian appearance. Black and dark eyes, metallic sounding voice and was rather sullen and brooding. At the same time, he already showed his courage and character.
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Surdas's poetry was written in a dialect of Hindi called Braj Bhasha, until then considered to be a very plebeian language, as the prevalent literary languages were either Persian or Sanskrit. His work raised the status of Braj Bhasha from a crude language to that of a literary one.
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The plebeian aediles had a similar role to the curule aediles. The Centuriate Assembly consisted of 193 groupings called centuries, each of which had one vote.Hall, p. 18 The vote of a century was determined by the votes of the members of that century who were present to vote.
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He was praetor, most likely in 55 BC, during the second consulship of Pompeius and Marcus Crassus. In 53 BC, Scipio was interrex with Marcus Valerius Messalla.Since only a patrician could be interrex, the holding of this office casts further doubt on whether he was ever plebeian tribune.
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The gens Crassicia, occasionally written Crassitia, was a minor plebeian family at Rome. Few members of this gens are mentioned in history, and it is best known from a single individual, Lucius Crassitius, a freedman and a Latin grammarian.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, pp.
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The gens Silicia, possibly the same as Selicia, was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Hardly any members of this gens are mentioned in history, but a number are known from inscriptions, many of them from Roman Africa.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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The older form of cult included both men and women, and probably remained a focus for plebeian political identity and discontent. The new identified its exclusively females initiates and priestesses as upholders of Rome's traditional, patrician-dominated social hierarchy and morality.Spaeth, 1996, pp. 13, 15, 60, 94–97.
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The gens Ollia was a minor plebeian family at Rome. Few members of this gens achieved any prominence, and the best-known may have been Titus Ollius, the father of the empress Poppaea Sabina. Other Ollii are known from inscriptions.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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The gens Carvilia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome, which first distinguished itself during the Samnite Wars. The first member of this gens to achieve the consulship was Spurius Carvilius Maximus, in 293 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 617 ("Carvilia Gens").
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Marcia Furnilla came from a noble and distinguished family. She was from the gens Marcia who were of plebeian status,Pauly-Wissowa, RE 14.2, 1535-1600. claiming descent from the Roman king Ancus Marcius. She was a daughter of Roman Senator Quintus Marcius Barea Sura and Antonia Furnilla.
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The gens Autronia was a plebeian family at Rome. Persons of this gens first came into notice in the last century of the Republic; the first member who obtained the consulship was Publius Autronius Paetus, in 65 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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The gens Sellia or Selia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are mentioned in the time of Cicero, but none of them attained any of the higher offices of the Roman state.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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The plunder was very rich and extensive including the statue of Juno taken to Rome. Camillus supported the patricians in opposing the plebeian plan to populate Veii with half of the city of Rome designed to resolve poverty and space issues. Camillus deliberately protracted the project until its abandonment.
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Aediles were officers elected to conduct domestic affairs in Rome, and often assisted the higher magistrates.Byrd, p. 31 The office was not on the cursus honorum, and therefore did not mark the beginning of a political career. Every year, two curule aediles and two plebeian aediles were elected.
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Regulus was a member of the plebeian Memmia gens. His father was also named Publius. He was from the town of Rosceliona in the province of Gallia Narbonensis. Regulus came to the consulate a novus homo, meaning that no member of his family had previously achieved that office.
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Reverse of a denarius issued by Lucius Procilius in 80 BC, depicting Juno Sospita driving a chariot. The snake alludes to Lanuvium, where a serpent lived in a sacred grove.Aelian, De Natura Animalium, xi, 16. The gens Procilia, sometimes written Procillia, was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome.
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The gens Suettia or Suetia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are mentioned in the time of Cicero, but none of them achieved any of the higher offices of the Roman state.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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The gens Laecania or Lecania was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens first appear in history during the reign of Tiberius. The first to attain the consulship was Gaius Laecanius Bassus in AD 40.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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Octavius was from the plebeian gens Octavia and was the first member of the gens to be elected consul. His father also had the praenomen Gnaeus and was a praetor in 205 BC who fought in the Second Punic War. His grandfather, Gnaeus Octavius Rufus was quaestor 230 BC.
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The gens Iteia or Itia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens are mentioned by ancient writers, but several are known from inscriptions. Perhaps the most illustrious of the family was Iteius Rufus, legate of Thracia during the reign of Hadrian.PIR, I. 45.
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4-8 His next office was as a military tribune in Legio V Macedonica. As quaestor, Montanus was assigned his home province of Bithynia et Pontus. Montanus held these posts, as well as the subsequent offices of plebeian tribune and praetor, under Nero, who apparently favored the young senator.
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The gens Silia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are mentioned as early as the fifth century BC, but first to hold the consulship was Publius Silius Nerva, in the time of Augustus.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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The patrician Tullii bore the cognomen Longus, tall, but only one of them appears in history.Chase, p. 110. The notable plebeian families bore the surnames Decula and Cicero. The latter, among the most famous of Roman cognomina, belongs to a common class of surnames derived from familiar objects.
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The records of this commission have been found among the archives of the Order of Santiago. Velázquez was awarded the honor in 1659. His occupation as plebeian and tradesman was justified because, as painter to the king, he was evidently not involved in the practice of "selling" pictures.
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Originally born into the Orestes branch of the Plebeian gens Aurelia, Aufidius Orestes was adopted by the elderly Gnaeus Aufidius, a Roman historian.Broughton, pgs. 122-123 He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Plebeian tribunate, but was elected to the post of Aedile by or before 79 BC.Broughton, pg. 83 In 77 BC, he was elected Praetor urbanus. His period in office was contentious for at least one legal proceeding where, after he had ruled in favour of a castrated priest of Magna Mater who had been named as the heir of a deceased freedman, his ruling was overturned by the ruling consul Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus Livianus in favour of the freedman’s former patron.
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The first step in a political career was election to the Quaestorship,Abbott, 374 although candidates for the Quaestorship had to be at least twenty-four years old. After they served as Quaestor, they had to wait for at least one year before they could seek election to a higher office, which was usually either the Plebeian Tribunate or the Aedileship.Abbott, 375 After this, they had to wait for another year before they could seek election to a higher office, which was typically the Praetorship.Abbott, 375 Members of Patrician (aristocratic) families could seek election to the Praetorship after serving as Quaestor,Abbott, 375 and they did not have to serve as Plebeian Tribune or Aedile before this.
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Against a background of famine in Rome, an imminent war against the Latins and a threatened plebeian secession, the dictator A. Postumius vowed a temple to the patron deities of the plebs, Ceres, Liber and Libera on or near the Aventine Hill. The famine ended and Rome's plebeian citizen-soldiery co-operated in the conquest of the Latins. In 493 BC, a new built temple on or near the Aventine hill was dedicated to the Triad and Rome's first recorded ludi scaenici (religious dramas) were held in honour of Liber, for the benefit of the Roman people. Liber's festival, the Liberalia, may date from this time.T.P. Wiseman, Remus: a Roman myth, Cambridge University Press, 1995, p.133.
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The gens Sextia was a plebeian family at Rome, from the time of the early Republic and continuing into imperial times. The most famous member of the gens was Lucius Sextius Lateranus, who as tribune of the plebs from 376 to 367 BC, prevented the election of the annual magistrates, until the passage of the lex Licinia Sextia, otherwise known as the "Licinian Rogations," in the latter year. This law, brought forward by Sextius and his colleague, Gaius Licinius Calvus, opened the consulship to the plebeians, and in the following year Sextius was elected the first plebeian consul. Despite the antiquity of the family, only one other member obtained the consulship during the time of the Republic.
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Along with Atratinus, Gracchus and Pitio are found on coins. Sophus, referring to someone regarded as "wise", belonged to a small, plebeian family that flourished from the time of the Samnite Wars down to the middle of the third century BC. Blaesus, originally indicating someone known for stammering, was the surname of a plebeian family that attained prominence during the Punic Wars. Tuditanus, which the philologist Lucius Ateius Praetextatus supposed to have been bestowed upon one of the Sempronii with a head like a tudes, or mallet, belonged to a family that flourished during the latter half of the third century BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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The second type of assembly was the council (concilium), which was an assembly of a specific group of citizens. For example, the "Plebeian Council" was an assembly where Plebeians gathered to elect Plebeian magistrates, pass laws that applied only to Plebeians, and try judicial cases concerning Plebeians.Lintott, 43 A convention (conventio), in contrast, was an unofficial forum for communication, where citizens gathered to debate bills, campaign for office, and decide judicial cases. The voters first assembled into conventions to deliberate, and then they assembled into committees or councils to actually vote.Taylor, 2 In addition to the curiae (familial groupings), Roman citizens were also organized into centuries (for military purposes) and tribes (for civil purposes).
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The ager publicus (; "public land") is the Latin name for the public land of Ancient Rome. It was usually acquired via the means of expropriation from enemies of Rome. In the earliest periods of Roman expansion in central Italy, the ager publicus was used for Roman and (after 338 BC) Latin colonies. Later tradition held that as far back as the 5th century BC, the Patrician and Plebeian classes disputed the rights of the rich to exploit the land, and in 367 BC two Plebeian Tribunes, Gaius Licinius Stolo and Lucius Sextius Sextinus Lateranus promulgated a law which limited the amount of the ager publicus to be held by any individual to 500 iugera, roughly .
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Gaius Licinius Calvus Stolo, along with Lucius Sextius, was one of the two tribunes of ancient Rome who opened the consulship to the plebeians. A member of the plebeian Licinia gens, Stolo was tribune from 376 BC to 367 BC, during which he passed the lex Licinia Sextia restoring the consulship, requiring a plebeian consul seat, limiting the amount of public land that one person could hold, and regulating debts. He also passed a law stipulating that the Sibylline Books should be overseen by decemviri, of whom half would be plebeians in order to prevent any falsification in favor of the patricians. The patricians opposed these laws, though they finally were passed.
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Gaius Memmius was a member of the Plebeian gens Memmia. He was elected Plebeian Tribune in 111 BC, and was instrumental in relaunching the Jugurthine War after Jugurtha’s surrender in 111 BC. During his tribunate, he accused the consul Lucius Calpurnius Bestia, the senator Marcus Aemilius Scaurus and other aristocrats of accepting bribes from King Jugurtha. He summoned Jugurtha to appear in Rome, and promised him safe conduct in order that he may be questioned, but when Jugurtha arrived, Memmius was prevented from questioning the king by his colleague Gaius Baebius, whom Jugurtha bribed to impose his veto.Broughton I, pg. 541 It is speculated that Memmius served as Praetor in 104 BC,Broughton I, pgs.
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In the cities, plebeian women were domestic servants, workers in bakeries, and factories, while plebeian men pursued a whole variety of manual tasks. In central and southern Mexico, the state increasingly undermined the political structure of rule and the loss of community land had a significant impact, but traditional ways persisted, especially in places that produced for the regional rather than the export market. The liberal project sought to nurture a citizenry that adhered to civic virtues through improved public health, professional military training for men, a rehabilitative penal system, and secular public education. The state sought to replace traditional values based on religion and local loyalties with abstract principles shared by all citizens.
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The gens Fannia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome, which first appears in history during the second century BC. The first member of this gens to attain the consulship was Gaius Fannius Strabo, in 161 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p. 136 ("Fannia Gens").
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The gens Cantia was an obscure plebeian family at Rome. The only member of this gens mentioned in history is Marcus Cantius, tribune of the plebs in 293 BC; however, some manuscripts of Livy give his nomen as Scantius.Livy, x. 46.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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The gens Geminia was a plebeian family at Rome. The only member of this gens to hold any of the higher offices of the Roman state under the Republic was Gaius Geminius, praetor in 92 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p. 238 ("Geminius", no. 1).
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The temple overlooked the Circus Maximus and the Temple of Vesta, and faced the Palatine Hill. It became an important repository for plebeian and senatorial records.Cornell, T., The beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c.1000–264 BC), Routledge, 1995, p. 264.
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The gens Oppidia was a minor plebeian family at Rome. Few members of this gens are mentioned by ancient writers, of whom the best known may be Servius Oppidius, whose advice to his sons is described by the poet Horace.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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Inscription of Quintus Ranius Terentius Honoratianus Festus, . The gens Rania was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens occur in history, but others are known from inscriptions. Lucius Ranius Optatus was consul in the early third century AD.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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Ernst Philip Goldschmidt: Medieval Texts and their First Appearance in Print. 1943, reprinted Biblio-Moser, 1969, , p. 5. ' tells how , the daughter of the Roman senator , is wooed by the idle patrician and the studious plebeian . asks her father for advice, and asks the senate to decide on the matter.
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Inscription of Lucius Burbuleius Matutinus (). The gens Burbuleia, occasionally written Burboleia, was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are mentioned in the time of Cicero, but the only one who achieved any distinction in the Roman state was Lucius Burbuleius Optatus, consul in AD 135.
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The gens Sattia was an obscure plebeian family of senatorial rank at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are known from the final century of the Republic to the time of Diocletian, but few of them held any of the higher offices of the Roman state.PIR, vol. III, p. 175.
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The gens Scantia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens occur in history, and none of them attained any of the higher offices of the Roman state, but a number are known from inscriptions.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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The gens Rutilia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens appear in history beginning in the second century BC. The first to obtain the consulship was Publius Rutilius Rufus in 105 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, pp. 680, 681 ("Rutilia Gens").
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Two more of the traditional Republican magistracies followed: plebeian tribune, then praetor around the year 150. After stepping down as praetor, Antiquus was appointed curator of the viae tres Trajana: the Via Clodia, Via Cassia, and Via Ciminia; Alföldy dates this office from around the year 152 to around 155.
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A member of the plebeian gens Junia, he was one of the young nobles who fought against Lucius Appuleius Saturninus and killed him and his followers in the Curia Hostilia.Smith, pg. 510 A supporter of the Dictator, Lucius Cornelius Sulla,Gruen, pg. 123 he was elected Praetor, probably in 80 BC.
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Tribunes were responsible for organizing support for legislation, organizing contiones, a form of discourse or assembly, as well as prosecute criminals before the council. Their position as leaders of the Plebeian Council gave the Tribunes great control over the city in their ability to organize the plebeians into a political weapon.
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The gens Paccia, occasionally written Pactia, was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Only a few members of this gens achieved distinction in the Roman state, of whom the most illustrious was Gaius Paccius Africanus, consul in AD 67.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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This power rested on the principle that the person of the plebeian tribune was sacrosanct. Anyone who hurt him would be declared sacer. In effect this meant that the plebeians swore to kill whoever hurt their tribunes and this was given a religious basis.Cornell, T.J., The Beginnings of Rome, pp.
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Denarius issued by Publius Plautius Hypsaeus in 60 BC. The obverse features a head of Neptune, while the reverse depicts the triumph of Gaius Plautius Decianus after his capture of Privernum.Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, pp. 444, 445. The gens Plautia, sometimes written Plotia, was a plebeian family at ancient Rome.
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The gens Palpellia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned during the first century of the Empire, with Sextus Palpellius Hister obtaining the consulship in AD 43. Few other Palpellii are known from the historians, but several are known from inscriptions.PIR, vol.
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The gens Rubellia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in the time of Augustus, and they achieved prominence during the first century, when two of them obtained the consulship: Gaius Rubellius Blandus in AD 18, and Lucius Rubellius Geminus in AD 29.
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In the 19th century, the villa was acquired by Prince Torlonia whose name it commemorates. During the Napoleonic Age, the Torlonias profited by the Holy See's troubles and amassed a fortune by speculative transactions. Besides, they acquired titles and redeemed their plebeian extraction. Water Theatre, by Carlo Maderno, 1607-25.
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A member of the celebrated plebeian gens Junia, Silanus first appears in history in 216 BC, when he was appointed Prefect over the Roman garrison at Neapolis, one of the cities of Magna Graecia that had requested protection from the Carthaginian general Hannibal.Livy, xxiii. 15.Broughton, vol. I, p. 251.
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The gens Afrania was a plebeian family at Rome, which is first mentioned in the second century BC. The first member of this gens to achieve prominence was Gaius Afranius Stellio, who became praetor in 185 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 55 ("Afrania Gens").
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The plebeian status of the Junia gens has also raised doubts about his position as a consul and the alleged initial patrician domination of the office. Depicted as the nephew of Tarquinius, he may have symbolized the internal tensions that occurred during the transition between the monarchy and the republic.
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The gens Orfia was a minor plebeian family at Rome. Few members of this gens are mentioned by ancient writers, but others are known from inscriptions. The best-known may be Marcus Orfius, a military tribune who served under the command of Caesar.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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The gens Mussidia was a minor plebeian family at Rome. Few of the Mussidii attained the higher offices of the Roman state, although Titus Mussidius Pollianus obtained the consulship in the time of Caligula. Other members of this gens are known from inscriptions.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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The gens Mustia was a minor plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in the final decades of the Republic, and at least some were of equestrian rank. However, few of the family are recorded outside of inscriptions.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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Octavius Mamilius, prince of Tusculum, on horseback before the Walls of Rome. On his left, in a chariot, is Lars Porsena, the King of Clusium. John Reinhard Weguelin, illustration from Lays of Ancient Rome (1881 edition). The gens Mamilia was a plebeian family at Rome during the period of the Republic.
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The gens Nasennia was an obscure plebeian family at Rome. None of the Nasennii held any of the higher offices of the Roman state, and the family is best known from Gaius Nasennius, a soldier in the time of Caesar.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p.
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Denarius of Gaius Norbanus, 83 BC. The obverse depicts Venus, while the reverse features a prow-stem, fasces, caduceus, and an ear of wheat, an allusion to his father raising the siege of Rhegium during the Social War.Diodorus Siculus, xxxvii. 2. § 11. The gens Norbana was a plebeian family at Rome.
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Servius () is a Latin praenomen, or personal name, which was used throughout the period of the Roman Republic, and well into imperial times. It was used by both patrician and plebeian families, and gave rise to the patronymic gens Servilia. The feminine form is Servia. The name was regularly abbreviated Ser.
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Coriolanus directed the Volsci to target plebeian properties and to spare the patricians'. The consuls, now Spurius Nautius Rutilus and Sextus Furius Medullinus, readied the defences of the city. But the plebeians implored them to sue for peace. The senate was convened, and it was agreed to send supplicants to the enemy.
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Large numbers of Pompey's veterans came to Rome to participate in the expected vote. Bibulus lost popularity by treating them with aristocratic contempt, telling them that he did not care what they wanted.Holland, pg. 226 Bibulus was able to secure the support of three plebeian tribunes to block the passage of the bill.
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The gens Egilia was a plebeian family at Rome. It is known chiefly from a single individual, Lucius Egilius, one of three commissioners who superintended the foundation of the colony planted at Luca, in 177 BC.Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita xli. 17.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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Cecilia Méndez, The Plebeian Republic: The Huanta Rebellion and the Making of the Peruvian State. Durham: Duke University Press 2005, p. 102. Outside of the former Inca capital of Cuzco, "the regional caciques [kurakas] were the most resolute collaborators with the Spanish Crown."Teresa Gisbert, Iconografía y mitos indígenas en el arte.
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The gens Genucia was a prominent family of the Roman Republic. It was probably of patrician origin, but most of the Genucii appearing in history were plebeian. The first of the Genucii to hold the consulship was Titus Genucius Augurinus in 451 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p.
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The gens Opsia was a minor plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens first appear in history during the reign of Tiberius. The most notable may have been Marcus Opsius Navius Fannianus, who filled a number of important posts, rising to the rank of praetor. Many other Opsii are known from inscriptions.
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The Catii may have been of Vestinian origin; Gaius Catius, who served under Marcus Antonius, is said to have belonged to this ancient race.Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares, x. 23. However, members of the family were already at Rome by the time of the Second Punic War, when Quintus Catius was plebeian aedile.Livy, xxvii.
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The gens Trebonia, rarely Terebonia, was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are mentioned in the first century of the Republic, and regularly throughout Roman history, but none of them attained the consulship until the time of Caesar.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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The Trebonii of the Republic bore no hereditary surnames, but a few had personal cognomina, such as Asper, bestowed upon Lucius Trebonius, the plebeian tribune of 448 BC. Translating "rough, harsh, rude", or "annoying", this surname alluded to Trebonius' determined pursuit of reforms favouring the plebeians.New College Latin & English Dictionary, s.v. asper.
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The gens Seia was a minor plebeian family of equestrian rank at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in the time of Cicero, and a few of them held various magistracies under the late Republic and into imperial times.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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Lateranus family or Laterani were a prominent family of Ancient Rome. The founder of the family P. Sextius Lateranus, was the first plebeian to attain the rank of consul. They remained influential until the time of Constantine. Juvenal mentions their palace, and speaks of it as being of some magnificence, "regiæ ædes Lateranorum".
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The gens Cornificia was a plebeian family at Rome. No persons of this name occur until the last century of the Republic; and the first who obtained any of the higher honours of the state was Quintus Cornificius, praetor in 66 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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An urn into which lots were cast was brought in. From then on, the plebeian tribunes were not allowed to exercise their right to veto.Lintott, A.,The Constitution of the Roman Republic, p. 46 The first tribe to vote was called praerogativa or principium and the result of its vote was announced immediately.
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The gens Remmia, occasionally written Remia, was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Only a few members of this gens are mentioned in history, of whom the most illustrious was the grammarian Quintus Remmius Palaemon, but many others are known from inscriptions.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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The gens Aburia was a plebeian family at Rome during the latter centuries of the Republic, and the first century of the Empire. The first member of this gens to achieve prominence was Marcus Aburius, praetor peregrinus in 176 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 4 ("Aburia Gens").
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The gens Atinia was a plebeian family at Rome. None of the members of this gens ever attained the consulship; and the first who held any of the higher offices of the state was Gaius Atinius Labeo, who was praetor in 195 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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The patrician Aebutii used the cognomen Helva (also found as Elva in some sources). Cornicen was a personal surname belonging to one of the Helvae. No patrician Aebutius held any curule magistracy from 442 to 176 BC, when Marcus Aebutius Helva obtained the praetorship. Carus was a cognomen of the plebeian Aebutii.
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191, p. 194. He argues that plebeian English people were attached to the Church of England because it embodied a myth of unity and they feared Hanoverian–Whig rule would return England to the rule of Puritans between 1649–1660, when the Church of England had been abolished.Monod, p. 194, p. 176.
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Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum The gens Lollia was a plebeian family at Rome. Members of the gens do not appear at Rome until the last century of the Republic. The first of the family to obtain the consulship was Marcus Lollius, in 21 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p.
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Ancient Roman coin in the National Roman Museum The gens Aufidia was a plebeian family at Rome, which is not known until the later times of the Republic. The first member to obtain the consulship was Gnaeus Aufidius Orestes, in 71 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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Ceres was served by a flamen Cerealis, usually a plebeian. His duties included the invocation of her assistant deities and cult service to the earth-goddess Tellus. From ca. 205 BC, a joint mystery cult to Ceres and Proserpina was held at the Aventine Triad's temple, in addition to its older rites.
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Publius Servilius Rullus was plebeian tribune of the Roman Republic in 63 BC. He proposed an agrarian law aimed at redistributing land for the landless poor in Rome to farm. We know about this through the speeches delivered by Marcus Tullius Cicero against this bill. Cicero delivered four speeches. Three are extant.
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The gens Papinia was a plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned toward the end of the Republic. In imperial times, the family achieved some prominence, with Sextus Papinius Alienus holding the consulship in AD 36. The nomen Papinius is sometimes confused with the more common Papirius and Pomponius.
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The gens Acutia was a minor plebeian family at Ancient Rome. Members of this gens are mentioned from the early Republic to imperial times. The first of the Acutii to achieve prominence was Marcus Acutius, tribune of the plebs in 401 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p.
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The gens Popillia, sometimes written Popilia, was a plebeian family at Rome. The first of the Popillii to obtain the consulship was Marcus Popillius Laenas in 359 BC, only eight years after the lex Licinia Sextia opened that magistracy to the plebeians.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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The gens Steia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens are mentioned by ancient writers, but several are known from inscriptions, and at least some of them were of senatorial rank. A large number of the Steii settled in the provinces of Africa and Numidia.PIR, vol.
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The gens Cluvia was a plebeian family at Ancient Rome, known from the later Republic, and early imperial times. The first member of the gens to achieve prominence was Gaius Cluvius Saxula, praetor in 175 and 173 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 807 ("Faucula Cluvia", "Cluvius").
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The gens Suillia, occasionally written Suilia, was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned under the early Empire. The first of the Suillii to obtain the consulship was Publius Suillius Rufus, early in the reign of Claudius.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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Holt, p. 10. Other scholars have by contrast stressed the subversive aspects of the legend, and see in the medieval Robin Hood ballads a plebeian literature hostile to the feudal order.Singman, Jeffrey L Robin Hood: The Shaping of the Legend, 1998, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 46, and first chapter as a whole. .
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The gens Magia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned at the time of the Second Punic War. Although several of them performed useful service to the Roman state, none of the Magii ever held the consulship.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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Appian, The civil Wars, 1.31-32 Later in the same year, Saturninus got into political trouble and was lynched by an angry crowd. The senate and the people called for the recall of Metellus. Publius Furius, another plebeian tribune, opposed this. However, he, too, was lynched and Metellus was allowed to return.
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The gens Minatia was a minor plebeian family at Rome. The gens was probably of Sabine origin, as its nomen is derived from the Oscan praenomen Minatus, and the first of the family to appear in Roman history bore the surname Sabinus.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p.
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The gens Otacilia, originally Octacilia, was a plebeian family at Rome. The gens first rose to prominence during the First Punic War, but afterwards lapsed into obscurity. The first of the family to obtain the consulship was Manius Otacilius Crassus, in 263 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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The gens Neratia was a plebeian family at Rome, some of whom subsequently became patricians. The first of the gens to appear in history occur in the time of Augustus, but they did not rise to prominence until the time of Vespasian, when Marcus Neratius Pansa became the first to obtain the consulship.
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Lollius was a member of the plebeian gens Lollia.Lollia Gens article at ancient library His father was Marcus Lollius, and his mother was perhaps called Paulina. Little is known of his family and early life. It is likely that he was a homo novus or a new manMarcus Lollius' article at Livius.
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The gens Novia was a minor plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens first appear during the final century of the Republic, but the first of the Novii to obtain the consulship was Decimus Junius Novius Priscus in AD 78.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, pp.
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Hortensius was a member of the plebeian gens Hortensia, and possibly the uncle of the famous orator Quintus Hortensius.Broughton, pg. 542 It has been speculated that he served as a legatus under Quintus Mucius Scaevola Augur in Asia in 121 BC, and was a witness at his trial in 120.Broughton, pgs.
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It might be nuanced as "a religious duty not to", as in Festus' statement that "a man condemned by the people for a heinous action is sacer" — that is, given over to the gods for judgment and disposal — "it is not a religious duty to execute him, but whoever kills him will not be prosecuted".Festus p. 424 L: At homo sacer is est, quem populus iudicavit ob maleficium; neque fas est eum immolari, sed qui occidit, parricidi non damnatur. Livy records that the patricians opposed legislation that would allow a plebeian to hold the office of consul on the grounds that it was nefas: a plebeian, they claimed, would lack the arcane knowledge of religious matters that by tradition was a patrician prerogative.
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Therefore, the Aediles would have been in some cooperation with the current Censors, who had similar or related duties. Also they oversaw the organization of festivals and games (ludi), which made this a very sought-after office for a career minded politician of the late republic, as it was a good means of gaining popularity by staging spectacles. Cursus Honorum as during Julius Caesar's career (1st century BC) Curule Aediles were added at a later date in the 4th century BC, and their duties do not differ substantially from plebeian aediles. However, unlike plebeian aediles, curule aediles were allowed certain symbols of rank—the sella curulis or 'curule chair,' for example—and only patricians could stand for election to curule aedile.
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Vetus was a descendant of the Plebeian Roman house of the Antistii Veteres. He was probably the son of Gaius Antistius Vetus, propraetor in Hispania Ulterior about 68 BC, under whom Julius Caesar served as quaestor.Syme, pg. 64 Initially a supporter of Caesar, Vetus was appointed Quaestor pro praetore of Syria by Caesar, a position which he held in 45 BC.Broughgton, pg. 307According to Broughton, the position of Quaestor which Vetus was supposed to have held in 61 BC never existed, while the position of Plebeian Tribune in 56 BC, where an Antistius was supposed to have attempted to prosecute Julius Caesar for his actions while Consul, refers to L. Antistius – see The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol III.
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T.P. Wiseman, Remus: a Roman myth, Cambridge University Press, 1995, p.133. The formal, official development of the Aventine Triad may have encouraged the assimilation of its individual deities to Greek equivalents: Ceres to Demeter, Liber to Dionysus and Libera to Persephone or Kore.T.P. Wiseman, Remus: a Roman myth, Cambridge University Press, 1995, p.133 and note 20. Liber's patronage of Rome's largest, least powerful class of citizens (the plebs, or plebeian commoners) associates him with particular forms of plebeian disobedience to the civil and religious authority claimed by Rome's Republican patrician elite. The Aventine Triad has been described as parallel to the Capitoline Triad of Jupiter, Mars and Quirinus on the Capitoline Hill, within the city's sacred boundary (pomerium): and as its "copy and antithesis".
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Secessio plebis (withdrawal of the commoners, or secession of the plebs) was an informal exercise of power by Rome's plebeian citizens, similar in concept to the general strike. During the secessio plebis, the plebs would abandon the city en masse in a protest emigration and leave the patrician order to themselves. Therefore, a secessio meant that all shops and workshops would shut down and commercial transactions would largely cease. This was an effective strategy in the Conflict of the Orders due to strength in numbers; plebeian citizens made up the vast majority of Rome's populace and produced most of its food and resources, while a patrician citizen was a member of the minority upper class, the equivalent of the landed gentry of later times.
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In 48 BC, Caesar was granted tribunicia potestas ("Tribunician Powers") for life, which granted him all the powers of a Tribune without actually holding the office itself. His person was made sacrosanct, he was allowed to convene the Senate and lay business before it (including vetoing any of its actions), he was allowed to veto the actions of any magistrate (including exercising summary execution against those who disobeyed him), and he could convene the Plebeian Council and lay legislation before it. Significantly, his holding of tribunal power without actually holding the office allowed Caesar to veto the Tribunes without being vetoed by them in return. Caesar thus dominated the Plebeian Council, preventing the election of Tribunes who might oppose him.
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In most versions of the Roman founding myth, this was the hill on which the unfortunate Remus lost to his brother Romulus in a contest of augury to decide Rome's foundation, name and leadership.T.P. Wiseman, Remus: a Roman myth, Cambridge University Press, 1995, 4-17, et passim. Postumius' vow has been interpreted as a pragmatic, timely recognition of the plebeian citizenry as a distinct social and political grouping with its own values, interests and traditions; the vow may have intended confirmation of the plebs and their deities as fully Roman, but its fulfillment focused plebeian culture and identity on a Triad of deities only part-assimilated into official Roman religion. Some aspects of their cults were still considered morally "un-Roman" by Rome's authorities.
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One year, the Curule Aedileship was to be open to Plebeians, and the next year, it was only to be open to Patricians.Abbott, 42-43 Eventually, however, this agreement was abandoned and the Plebeians won full admission to the Curule Aedileship. In addition, after the Consulship had been opened to the Plebeians, the Plebeians acquired a de facto right to hold both the Roman Dictatorship and the Roman Censorship Abbott, 37 since only former Consuls could hold either office. 356 BC saw the appointment of the first Plebeian Dictator,Abbott, 42 and in 339 BC the Plebeians facilitated the passage of a law (the lex Publilia), which required the election of at least one Plebeian Censor for each five-year term.
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The patricians' monopoly on power was finally broken by Gaius Licinius Calvus Stolo and Lucius Sextius Lateranus, tribunes of the people, who in 376 BC brought forward legislation demanding not merely that one of the consuls might be a plebeian, but that henceforth one must be chosen from their order. When the senate refused their demand, the tribunes prevented the election of annual magistrates for five years, before relenting and permitting the election of consular tribunes from 370 to 367. In the end, and with the encouragement of the dictator Marcus Furius Camillus, the senate conceded the battle, and passed the Licinian Rogations. Sextius was elected the first plebeian consul, followed by Licinius two years later; and with this settlement, the consular tribunes were abolished.
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He was appointed princeps senatus ('first man of the Senate') in 43 BC, becoming the first plebeian to hold the position. Cicero's attacks rallied the Senate to firmly oppose Antony, whom he called a "sheep". According to the historian Appian, for a few months Cicero "had the [most] power any popular leader could possibly have".
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Second place went to Betty Grunstra, age 12 of New Jersey, who misspelled plebeian.(27 May 1937). P-L-E-B-E-I-A-N Spells $500, Niagara Falls Gazette Third place went to 14-year-old Angelo Mangieri from Jersey City, New Jersey, the first blind person to reach the finals.(5 June 1937).
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The gens Orbia was a minor plebeian family at Rome. No members of this gens are known to have held any magistracies, but many of them are known from inscriptions. The most illustrious of the family may have been the jurist Publius Orbius, a contemporary of Cicero.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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The gens Orbilia was an obscure plebeian family of ancient Rome. None of its members are known to have held any magistracies. Its most famous representative may have been the grammarian Lucius Orbilius Pupillus, who operated a school at Rome, and was the master of Horace.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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Lucius Afranius (died 46 BC) was an ancient Roman plebeian and a client of Pompey the Great. He served Pompey as a legate during his Iberian campaigns, his eastern campaigns and remained in his service right through to the Civil War. He died in Africa right after the Battle of Thapsus in 46 BC.
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It nominally had largely advisory powers, but in practice its advice was almost always taken, and it was the predominant body in charge of foreign policy and the treasury.Walbank (1990), p. 165. The Republic had three popular assemblies: the Centuriate Assembly, Tribal Assembly, and Plebeian Council. The first elected the higher magistrates,Hall, p. 17.
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Bellamy was briefly married to bond broker Logan F. Metcalf. They married in Tijuana on January 24, 1928. They separated four days later. Metcalf filed for divorce claiming that while the two were on honeymoon, Bellamy had refused to speak to him because of his fondness for eating ham and eggs, which she considered "plebeian".
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The gens Raecia, also spelled Racia, was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned at the time of the Second Punic War. Marcus Raecius was praetor in 170 BC. However, after this the family fell into obscurity until imperial times.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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Marcus Servilius was a Roman senator who was active during the reigns of the emperors Augustus and Tiberius. He was ordinary consul in AD 3 as the colleague of Lucius Aelius Lamia. Servilius was the son of Marcus Servilius, plebeian tribune in 43 BC.Ronald Syme, "The Historian Servilius Nonianus", Hermes, 92. Bd (1964), p.
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The gens Satria was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are mentioned in the first century BC, and under the early Empire, but none of them rose higher than the rank of praetor. Otherwise the Satrii are known largely from inscriptions.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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1947, citing Ovid, Fasti, 4.411 - 416. Ceres' main festival, Cerealia, was held from mid to late April. It was organised by her plebeian aediles and included circus games (ludi circenses). It opened with a horse-race in the Circus Maximus, whose starting point lay below and opposite to her Aventine Temple;Wiseman, 1995, p. 137.
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While females could serve as Vestal Virgins, few were chosen, and those were selected as young maidens from families of the upper class.Spaeth, 1996, pp. 4–5, 9, 20 (historical overview and Aventine priesthoods), 84–89 (functions of plebeian aediles), 104–106 (women as priestesses): citing among others Cicero, In Verres, 2.4.108; Valerius Maximus, 1.1.
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Kołłątaj's Forge group gave the fullest expression to anti-noble sentiments and condemnation of the near-anarchy brought about by the privileged. Plebeian values and the early French Revolution examples were frequently invoked. Franciszek Salezy Jezierski published in 1790 Sieyès' What Is the Third Estate? in Polish as The Ghost of the Late Bastille.
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The gens Seccia, Secia, or Siccia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens occur in history, but a number are known from inscriptions. The best known members include Lucius Siccius Dentatus, who won martial fame in the fifth century BC, and Gaius Secius Campanus suffect consul under Domitian.PIR, vol.
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In 287 BC, the plebeians seceded for the fifth and final time. Lands confiscated from the Sabines during war had been distributed solely to the Patricians. Meanwhile the plebeian farmers, returning from those very wars, found difficulty in repaying debts incurred with these wealthy patricians. This time plebeians seceded to Aventine Hill in protest.
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Quintus Marcius Tremulus was a Roman plebeian magistrate. He was first elected in 306 BC with Publius Cornelius Arvina. In his first consulate Tremulous led wars, which were won with ease, against Hernici and Anagni. When Tremulus returned to Rome an equestrian statue dedicated to him was erected in front of the temple of Castor.
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Gnaeus Egnatius, the son of Gaius Egnatius, was a plebeian and a member of the tribe Stellatina. A member of the Roman Senate, he first turns up in the historical record around the year 149 BC, where he appeared as the senior witness to a Senatus consultum sent to Corcyra.Brennan, pg. 225; Sherk, pg.
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In a royal census of 1795, Huanta province had 27,337 inhabitants, of which 10,080 (36%) were mixed-race mestizos.Méndez, The Plebeian Republic, p. 18 citing Hipólito Unanue, Guía Polítical, Eclesiástica y Militar del Virreynato del Perú para el año de 1795 reprinted in Colección Documental de la Independencia del Perú, tomo 1. Los Ideólogos, comp.
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The gens Septimia was a minor plebeian family at Rome. The gens first appears in history towards the close of the Republic, and they did not achieve much importance until the latter half of the second century, when Lucius Septimius Severus obtained the imperial dignity.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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La Cuarta () is a Chilean daily tabloid part of the Copesa group. The newspaper is famous for its tone and plebeian style of headlining stories. The newspaper began publication on 13 November 1984. From 17 November 2017, the newspaper changed its logo and format, with the newspaper now published in Berliner, changed from tabloid.
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The gens Pedania was a minor plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned at the time of the Second Punic War, but they achieved little prominence until imperial times, when the ill-starred Lucius Pedanius Secundus attained the consulship under Nero.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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The praenomina favored by the patrician Sempronii were Aulus, Lucius, and Gaius. The plebeian families of the gens used primarily Gaius, Publius, Tiberius, and Marcus. The Tuditani used Marcus, Gaius, and Publius, while their contemporaries, the Gracchi, used Tiberius, Gaius, and Publius. Some families, including the Rutili and Muscae, used Titus instead of Tiberius.
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T.P. Wiseman, Remus: A Roman Myth (Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 137. After around 175 BC, the Cerealia included ludi scaenici, theatrical performances, held April 12–18. The plebeian aedile Gaius Memmius is credited with staging the first of these ludi scaenici. He also distributed a new commemorative denarius coin in honor of the event.
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To represent their interests, the plebs elected tribunes, who were personally sacrosanct, immune to arbitrary arrest by any magistrate, and had veto power over the passage of legislation.For a discussion of the duties and legal status of plebeian tribunes and aediles, see Andrew Lintott, Violence in Republican Rome, Oxford University Press, 1999, pp. 92–101.
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The gens Maelia was a plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens are mentioned in the time of the early Republic, from just after the decemvirs down to the Samnite Wars. The Maelii belonged to the equestrian order, and were among the wealthiest of the plebeians.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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Until 300 BC only patricians could become augures. Plebeian assemblies were forbidden to take augury and hence had no input as to whether a certain law, war or festival should occur. Cicero, an augur himself, accounts how the monopoly of the patricians created a useful barrier to the encroachment of the populares.F. Guillaumont. (1984).
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The Romans dubbed Camillus a "second Romulus," a second founder of Rome.Livy, History of Rome, Book 5, Chapter 49. Camillus sacrificed for the successful return and he ordered the construction of the temple of Aius Locutius. When plebeian orators again proposed moving to Veii, Camillus ordered a debate in the Senate and argued for staying.
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The Caecilii Metelli were very prominent and conservative members of the Roman nobility in the Republican period, though they were members of the plebeian gens Caecilia. Their greatest influence was from the second century BC onwards.Salazar, Christine F. Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopedia of the Ancient World Vol. 2. Boston: Brill Leiden. 2003. 874-879.
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Lucretius was put on trial and fined by the plebeian tribunes; the senate ordered Hortensius to free the men enslaved by Lucretius and not to let the sailors lodge on the island.A compensation was paid. Livy, The History of Rome, 43.7-8 It was suspected that Gentius, the king of Illyria, might side with Perseus.
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The gens Septicia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Hardly any members of this gens are mentioned in ancient writers, but a number are known from inscriptions. The most famous of the Septicii was Gaius Septicius Clarus, Prefect of the Praetorian Guard under the emperor Hadrian.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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The gens Duilia or Duillia was a plebeian family at Rome. The first of the gens to achieve prominence was Marcus Duilius, tribune of the plebs in BC 470. The family produced several important statesmen over the first three centuries of the Republic, before fading into obscurity.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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The gens Erucia was a plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned early in the first century BC; the name has been claimed as Etruscan.Ronald Syme, "Pliny's Less Successful Friends", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 9 (1960), p. 374 However, in the second century of the Empire, the Erucii attained considerable distinction.
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A guajolota, a tamale torta invention. Once considered plebeian fare, by the 19th century tacos had become a standard of Mexico City's cuisine. As authorities struggled to tax local taquerias, imposing licensing requirements and penalties, they recorded some details of the types of foods being served by these establishments. The most frequent reference was for tacos de barbacoa.
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Richard Talbert, The Senate of Imperial Rome (Princeton: University Press, 1984), p. 16 The next two traditional Republican magistracies followed: plebeian aedile and praetor. Upon concluding the office of praetor, Caecilianus could then hold a number of significant offices. The first was curator alvei Tiberis et riparum, or overseer of civil works concerning the Tiber river.
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Andrew Lintott, The Constitution of the Roman Republic (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999, reprinted 2002), pp. 129–130; Karl Loewenstein, The Governance of Rome (Martinus Nijhoff, 1973), p. 62. The temple (aedes) of Flora, for instance, was built in 241 BC by two aediles acting on Sibylline oracles. The plebeian aediles had their headquarters at the aedes of Ceres.
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Pliny mentions a metoposcopos, described by Appion the Grammarian, who ("a thing incredible to be spoken") could judge a person's age and how much longer they would live. According to Suetonius, another practitioner determined that Titus, and not Britannicus, would become Emperor. Juvenal was disdainful, and considered metoposcopy to be plebeian. Metoposcopy is prominently featured in the Zohar.
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Nunziata belonged to the class of plebeian artists, and Vasari generally omitted their works. His story represents a part of Florentine art outside Vasari's canon, that became art history's. His son Antonio, also a painter, left to work in England in 1519, and as Anthony Toto became court artist or Serjeant Painter to Henry VIII and Edward VI.
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The nomen Trebonius belongs to a large class of gentilicia formed using the suffix ', originally applied to cognomina ending in ', but later used as a regular gentile-forming suffix, and applied in cases for which there was no morphological justification. These gentes were largely plebeian, and the form Terebonius strongly hints at an Oscan origin.Chase, pp. 119, 120.
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The gens Cosconia was a plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in the Second Punic War, but none ever obtained the honours of the consulship; the first who held a curule office was Marcus Cosconius, praetor in 135 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 863 ("Cosconia Gens").
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The gens Laberia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in the second century BC, at which time they held senatorial rank. Most of the members mentioned later were equites, but toward end of the first century AD they attained the consulship, which several of them held throughout the second century.
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Claudianus married a woman of plebeian status called Alfidia. They had at least one child: a daughter Livia Drusilla (58 BC–29). The usage of the nickname "Drusilla" might imply that she had an older sister. Claudianus relatively advanced age at the time of his marriage to Alfidia could indicate that he had been married before.
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The gens Sertoria was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens appear in history, the most illustrious of whom was the Roman general Quintus Sertorius, who defied the dictator Sulla and his allies for a decade after the populares were driven from power in Rome.Dictionary of Greek & Roman Biography & Mythology, vol. III, pp.
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In ancient Roman religion, Ceres ( , ) was a goddess of agriculture, grain crops, fertility and motherly relationships.Room, Adrian, Who's Who in Classical Mythology, p. 89-90. NTC Publishing 1990. . She was originally the central deity in Rome's so-called plebeian or Aventine Triad, then was paired with her daughter Proserpina in what Romans described as "the Greek rites of Ceres".
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The gens Saturia was an obscure plebeian family of equestrian rank at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in the time of Cicero, and a number of them had distinguished military careers, but none of them attained any of the higher offices of the Roman State.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, pp.
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In the era of the Spanish American wars of independence, Huanta remained loyal to the Spanish monarch Ferdinand VII and the viceroy of Peru designated it the "Loyal and Invincible Villa of Huanta", a source of pride for the residents.Monografía Histórico-Geográfica del Departamento de Ayacucho, p. 181, quoted in Méndez, The Plebeian Republic, pp. 33, 259, fn.8.
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Holland, 26 It was a modification to the Valerian lawAbbott, 51 in 449 BC which first allowed acts of the Plebeian Council to have the full force of law, but eventually the final law in the series was passed (the "Hortensian Law"), which removed the last check that the Patricians in the senate had over this power.
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Second, he wanted to create a strong central government in Rome. And finally, he wanted to knit together the entire empire into a single cohesive unit. Caesar held both the Dictatorship and the Plebeian Tribunate, but alternated between the Consulship and the Proconsulship.Abbott, 134 His powers within the state seem to have rested upon these magistracies.
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As part of the process of establishing the Twelve Tables of Roman law, the second decemvirate placed severe restrictions on the plebeian order, including a prohibition on the intermarriage of patricians and plebeians.Livy, iv. 4.Dionysius, x. 60. Gaius Canuleius, one of the tribunes of the plebs in 445 BCE, proposed a rogatio repealing this law.
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The gens Belliena or Billiena was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Bellienus is the form that occurs in writers, while Billienus is more common in inscriptions. Members of this gens are first mentioned toward the end of the Republic. Lucius Bellienus obtained the praetorship in 107 BC, but was prevented from obtaining the consulship.
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640 ("Ralla"). The cognomen Rex, meaning "king", is usually interpreted as an allusion to the family's traditional descent from Numa Pompilius and Ancus Marcius.Chase, p. 112. However, another possibility is that the surname was borne by the descendants of a certain Marcus Marcius, Rex Sacrorum during the third century BC, and perhaps the first plebeian to hold that office.
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The gens Scribonia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens first appear in history at the time of the Second Punic War, but the first of the Scribonii to obtain the consulship was Gaius Scribonius Curio in 76 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p. 758 ("Scribonia Gens").
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The earliest family of the plebeian Marcii bore the surname of Rutilus, meaning "reddish", probably signifying that the first of this family had red hair.Chase, p. 110. It is through this family that the Marcii emerged from obscurity, only a few years after the passage of the lex Licinia Sextia opened the consulship to the plebeians.
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Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus was a member of the plebeian gens Sempronia. His father had the same name and was senator and in 146 BC member of a commission of ten men who had to reorganize the political conditions in Greece.Base of a statue in Olympia, Greece: Inscriptions of Olympia, No. 323; Cicero, ad Atticum 13.4.1; 13.6.
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Neither men dismissed their armies. Both were candidates for the consulship. Crassus had been praetor as the law of Sulla required. Pompey had been neither praetor nor quaestor, and was only thirty-four years old, but he had promised the plebeian tribunes to restore much of their power that had been taken away by Sulla's constitutional reforms.
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The gens Albia was a minor plebeian family at Rome. They were of senatorial rank during the latter part of the Republic, but the only of this gens who obtained the consulship was Lucius Albius Pullaienus Pollio, in AD 90. Other Albii are known from various parts of Italy.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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Lucius Caninius Gallus (died 44 BC) was a Roman politician of the Roman Republic. Gallus was of plebeian status and came from a family of consular rank. Caninius Gallus Gallus was a contemporary and friend to dictator Gaius Julius Caesar, also to politicians Marcus Terentius Varro and Marcus Tullius Cicero. Gallus was a man of political talent and acquirements.
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Lucius Caecilius Jucundus, a Pompeian banker. The gens Caecilia was a plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens are mentioned in history as early as the fifth century BC, but the first of the Caecilii who obtained the consulship was Lucius Caecilius Metellus Denter, in 284 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p.
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2, p. 577. he was also appointed dictator or magister equitum thrice, and censor in 307 BC. In 311, he made a vow to the goddess Salus that he went on to fulfill, becoming the first plebeian to build a temple.Anna Clark, Divine Qualities: Cult and Community in Republican Rome (Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 50.
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When many senators opposed the bill, Caesar pretended to be indignant and rushed out of the senate. Appian noted that Caesar did not convene it again for the rest of the year. Instead, he harangued the people and proposed his bills to the plebeian council.Appian, The Civil Wars, 2.10 Suetonius also mentioned the 20,000 citizens with three children.
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Instead he brought forward the two most influential men in Rome, Pompey and Crassus, now private citizens, who both declared their support for the law. Caesar asked Pompey if he would help him against the opponents of the law. Pompey said that he would and Crassus seconded him. Bibulus, supported by three plebeian tribunes, obstructed the vote.
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Pompey left and did not return to the forum while Clodius was a tribune (Plutarch must have meant except for public business as Pompey did attend sessions of the senate and the plebeian council, which were held in the northern area of the forum). He stayed at home and conferred about how to appease the senate and the nobility.
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The gens Ampia was a plebeian family at Rome, during the last century of the Republic, and into the first century AD. The first member of the gens to achieve prominence was Titus Ampius Balbus, who was first tribune of the plebs, then held the praetorship in 59 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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The gens Pacilia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens are mentioned by the ancient historians, of whom the most famous may be a certain Marcus Pacilius spoken of by Cicero in his second oration against Verres. However, many Pacilii are known from inscriptions.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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The gens Pantuleia, occasionally written Patuleia, was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned during the first century of the Empire. According to Tacitus, at least some of the Pantuleii were of equestrian rank, but few of them achieved any of the higher offices of the Roman state.Tacitus, Annales, ii. 48.
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They are visited and possibly pollinated by Paratrea plebeja, commonly known as the plebeian sphinx moth, and Battus philenor, the pipevine swallowtail butterfly. The plant was first observed in 1783 by William Bartram and described as the "odoriferous Pancratium fluitans which almost alone possesses the little rocky islets". He saw it growing in the Savannah River near Augusta, Georgia.
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The gens Rubria was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in the time of the Gracchi, but they did not rise to prominence until imperial times. The first of the Rubrii to obtain the consulship was Rubrius Gallus, some time before AD 68.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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It was a modification to the Valerian law in 449 BC which first allowed acts of the Plebeian Council to have the full force of law over both Plebeians and Patricians, but eventually the final law in the series was passed (the "Shortening Law"), which removed the last check that the Patricians in the senate had over this power.
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Marcus Antistius Labeo (d. 10 or 11 AD) was an Ancient Roman jurist of the gens Antistia. Marcus Antistius Labeo was the son of Quintus Antistius Labeo, a jurist who caused himself to be slain after the defeat of his party at Philippi. A member of plebeian nobility in easy circumstances young Labeo entered public life early.
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Cicero, p. 235 A tribune had to assess the situation, and give the magistrate his approval before the magistrate could carry out the action. Sometimes the tribune brought the case before the College of tribunes or the Plebeian Council for a trial. Any action taken in spite of a valid provocatio was on its face illegal.
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The gens Arria was a plebeian family at Rome, which occurs in history beginning in the final century of the Republic, and became quite prominent in imperial times. The first of the gens to achieve prominence was Quintus Arrius, praetor in 72 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 350 ("Arria Gens").
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Claudius proposed that Caesar be declared public enemy and that the army at Capua be sent against him. Curio opposed this on the ground that it was a false rumour. Two of the new plebeian tribunes, Mark Antony and Quintus Cassius Longinus, did not allow the motions to be ratified. The angered senators who debated a punishment for them.
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The gens Appuleia, occasionally written Apuleia, was a plebeian family at ancient Rome, which flourished from the fifth century BC into imperial times. The first of the gens to achieve importance was Lucius Appuleius, tribune of the plebs in 391 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 248 ("Appuleia or Apuleia Gens").
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Denarius of Gaius Marius Capito, 81 BC. Ceres is shown on the obverse, while the reverse depicts a ploughman with yoke of oxen. The gens Maria was a plebeian family of Rome. Its most celebrated member was Gaius Marius, one of the greatest generals of antiquity, and seven times consul.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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The gens Furnia was a plebeian family at Rome. The Furnian gens was of great antiquity, dating to the first century of the Republic; Gaius Furnius was tribune of the plebs in 445 BC. However, no member of the family achieved prominence again for nearly four hundred years.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, pp.
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Statue of Sallust in L'Aquila Gaius Sallustius Crispus, usually anglicised as Sallust (; 86 – c. 35 BC),. was a Roman historian and politician from an Italian plebeian family. Sallust was born at Amiternum in the country of the Sabines and was a popularis, an opponent of the old Roman aristocracy, throughout his career, and later a partisan of Julius Caesar.
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Most of the Papirii who held office under the later Republic belonged to various plebeian branches of the family. Although the most illustrious Papirii flourished in the time of the Republic, a number of the family continued to hold high office during the first two centuries of the Empire.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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Frequent subjects featured in the trials included divorces and seductions. Clement Scott once described Nicholson's role in the event as a "plebeian Falstaff". During the performances, Nicholson wore a judge's wig and robe and was referred to as "my lord" by the cast. He sat at a raised desk next to boxes for the prosecutor, witness, and jury.
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Jean-Baptiste Kléber () (9 March 1753 – 14 June 1800) was a French general during the French Revolutionary Wars. After having served one year in the French Royal Army, he entered Habsburg service seven years later. But his plebeian ancestry hindered his opportunities. Eventually, he volunteered for the French Army in 1792 and quickly rose through the ranks.
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Five years earlier, as part of the process of establishing the Twelve Tables of Roman law, the second decemvirate had placed severe restrictions on the plebeian order, including a prohibition on the intermarriage of patricians and plebeians.Livy, iv. 4.Dionysius, x. 60. Gaius Canuleius, one of the tribunes of the plebs, proposed a rogatio repealing this law.
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The gens Suellia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens first appear in the time of the Republic, but few are mentioned by ancient writers. Others are known from inscriptions. The Suellii are easily confused with the Suilii, although there is a possibility that the two gentes were in fact identical.
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Metellus led the opposition to the agrarian bill. He contested every point of Flavius' bill and attacked him so persistently that the plebeian tribune had him put in prison. Metellus wanted to convene the senate there and Flavius sat at the entrance of the cell to prevent this. Metellus had the wall cut through to let them in.
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The Acilii Balbi, like the Glabriones, were definitely plebeian. The surname Balbus was quite common at Rome, and originally given to one who stammered. A coin of this family depicts the head of Pallas within a laurel wreath on the obverse, and on the reverse, a quadriga bearing Jupiter and Victoria.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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14.4, 17.1 The 'lex Manilia' proposed by the plebeian tribune Gaius Manilius gave the command of the war to Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, who replaced Acilius. Little else is known of Manius Acilius except that he declared in favor of capital punishment for the Catilinarian conspirators. He may have been the Manius Acilius Glabrio married to Aemilia Scaura.
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Capito was born a member of the plebeian gens Fonteia. He was the son of Gaius Fonteius Capito (consul suffectus of 33 BC), who was a novus homo ("new man") and the first of the Fonteii to obtain the consulship. This Capito's son was also named Gaius Fonteius Capito, and became consul as well in AD 59.
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Servilius was probably the father of Marcus Servilius, one of the military tribunes in 181 BC, who was appointed pontifex in 170. The Vatiae, a plebeian family of the Servilii, including several of the moneyers whose coins depict Marcus Servilius Pulex Geminus, are thought to be descended through this line.PW, "Servilius", Nos. 18, 91, and stemma.
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Quintus Caecilius Metellus was the eldest son of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, the Roman consul of 143 BC, and a member of the plebeian gens Caecilia. It is suspected that he served under his father in Hispania Citerior during 143-142 BC.Broughton III, pg. 36 By 126 BC, he had been elected to the office of Praetor.Broughton I, pg.
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Then the Volscian army took Lavinium, then Corbio, Vitellia, Trebia, Lavici and Pedum.Livy, Ab urbe condita, 2:39 From there the Volsci marched on Rome and besieged it. The Volscians initially camped at the Cluilian trench, five miles outside Rome, and ravaged the countryside. Coriolanus directed the Volsci to target plebeian properties and to spare the patricians'.
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The gens Luria was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Although many Lurii are known from inscriptions, the only member of this gens to play a significant role in history was Marcus Lurius, a lieutenant of Octavian in the years following the death of Caesar.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p.
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This form of worship had spread from Sicily under Greek influence, and the Aventine cult of Ceres in Rome was headed by male priests.Spaeth, The Roman Goddess Ceres, pp. 4–5, 9, 20 (historical overview and Aventine priesthoods), 84–89 (functions of plebeian aediles), 104–106 (women as priestesses): citing among others Cicero, In Verres, 2.4.108; Valerius Maximus, 1.1.
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Decimus Laelius Balbus was a Roman senator, who was active during the reign of Augustus. He was consul in 6 BC with Gaius Antistius Vetus as his colleague.Alison E. Cooley, The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy (Cambridge: University Press, 2012), p. 458 Balbus was the son of Decimus Laelius, plebeian tribune in 54 BC, and thus a novus homo.
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Cotta, hailing from a distinguished plebeian family, was the son of Lucius Aurelius Cotta who was consul in 119 BC, while his older brother Gaius Aurelius Cotta preceded him as consul in 75 BC. His younger brother Lucius Aurelius Cotta was consul in 65 BC. Aurelia Cotta, the mother of Julius Caesar, was his half-sister.
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Livius Drusus was a member of the plebeian gens Livia. His father was born to the patrician gens Aemilia, most likely a younger brother of Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, who was adopted by Marcus Livius Drusus Salinator.Münzer, Friedrich, Ridley, T. (Tr.), Roman Aristocratic Parties and Families (1999), pg. 216 He was the father of Marcus Livius Drusus.
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Two more of the traditional Republican magistracies then followed: plebeian tribune, and praetor. Once he stepped down from his duties as praetor, Maximus was assigned a series of imperial posts. First was curator of the Via Aurelia, which Géza Alföldy dates to around 132.Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antoninen (Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 1977), p.
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The gens Minicia was a plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in the first century, achieving the consulate under the emperor Claudius. Owing to the similarity of their names, the Minicii are regularly confused with members of the ancient and far more prominent gens Minucia.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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The gens Mummia was a plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned after the Second Punic War, and within a generation, Lucius Mummius Achaicus became the first of the family to obtain the consulship. Although they were never numerous, Mummii continued to fill the highest offices of the state through the third century AD.
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Fragment of an inscription detailing the cursus honorum of Marcus Iallius Bassus. The gens Iallia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are not mentioned in ancient writers, but they rose to prominence during the middle part of the second century, with two of them achieving the consulship under Antoninus Pius.
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The gens Ovinia was a plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens occur in history toward the end of the Republic, and from then to at least the fourth century. They produced generations of Roman senators, with Gaius Ovinius Tertullus obtaining the consulship toward the end of the second century.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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The early Claudii favored the praenomina Appius, Gaius, and Publius. These names were used by the patrician Claudii throughout their history. Tiberius was used by the family of the Claudii Nerones, while Marcus, although used occasionally by the earliest patrician Claudii, was favored by the plebeian branches of the family.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, pp.
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The gens Gavia, or occasionally Gabia, was a Roman family of plebeian descent. It first appears in history during the first century BC, but none of its members obtained any of the curule magistracies until imperial times. The Gavi Arch at Verona was built in honor of one of the Gavii.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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Niebuhr, History of Rome, vol. i. p. 538. Although one of the most noble and illustrious families of the Roman aristocracy, from the very beginning the Valerii were notable for their advocacy of plebeian causes, and many important laws protecting the rights of the plebeians were sponsored by the Valerii.Dictionary of Antiquities, s. v. Leges Valeriae.
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The gens Poppaea was a minor plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens first appear under the early Empire, when two brothers served as consuls in AD 9. The Roman empress Poppaea Sabina was a descendant of this family, but few others achieved any prominence in the Roman state. A number of Poppaei are known from inscriptions.
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Glabrio was a tribune of the plebs in 201, plebeian aedile in 197, and praetor peregrinus in 195. He was elected consul for the year 191 BC together with Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica.Broughton, MRR2, p. 525. As consul, Glabrio defeated the Seleucid ruler Antiochus the Great at the Battle of Thermopylae, and compelled him to leave Greece.
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Aulus ( , ) is a Latin praenomen, or personal name, which was common throughout Roman history from the earliest times to the end of the Western Empire in the fifth century. The feminine form is Aula. An alternative pronunciation leads to the variant spellings Olus or Ollus and Olla. Aulus was widely used by both patrician and plebeian gentes.
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There were two festivals called epulum Iovis ("Feast of Jove"). One was held on September 13, the anniversary of the foundation of Jupiter's Capitoline temple. The other (and probably older) festival was part of the Plebeian Games (Ludi Plebei), and was held on November 13.Henri Le Bonniec Le culte de Cérès á Rome Paris 1958 p.
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Chart showing the checks and balances of the constitution of the Roman Republic Andrew Lintott notes that many modern historians follow Theodor Mommsen's view that during the Roman Republic there were two assemblies of the tribes and that the ancient sources used the term comitia tributa with reference both of them. One was the assembly by the tribes which was used for plebeian meetings to which the patricians were excluded and which was convened by the plebeian tribunes. The other assembly based on the tribes was convened by the Roman consuls or the praetors and was an assembly of the whole of the Roman people (both patricians and plebeians). However, the ancient sources did not have a differentiation in terminology for the two of them and used the term comitia tributa for both.
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The Dictatorship of Caesar was fundamentally different from the Dictatorship of the early and middle republic, as he held the office for life, rather than for six months, and he also held certain judicial powers which the ordinary Dictators had not held.Byrd, 24 In 48 BC, Caesar was given permanent tribunician powers,Abbott, 135 which made his person sacrosanct,Byrd, 23 allowed him to veto the Roman Senate, and allowed him to dominate the Plebeian Council. Since Tribunes were always elected by the Plebeian Council, Caesar had hoped to prevent the election of Tribunes who might oppose him. In 46 BC, Caesar gave himself the title of "Prefect of the Morals" (praefectura morum), which was an office that was new only in name, as its powers were identical to those of the Censors.
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The tribal unit organizational system was adopted by the council in 471 BC, although the exact relationship between the Tribunes and tribes is unclear, as the number of Tribunes was not equal to the number of tribes. Additionally, most tribes were located outside of the city, whereas the plebeian Tribunes were exclusive to the city. Image depicting the engraving of the Twelve Tables In the Tribal system, the Council of the Plebeians elected Tribunes of the Plebs, who acted as spokespeople for the plebeian citizens. The Tribunes were revered, and plebeians swore an oath to take vengeance on anyone who would bring them harm. Over time, the Concilium Plebis became the most effective medium of legislation in the Republic, until the introduction of Sulla’s measures in 88 BC.
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Barbette Stanley Spaeth, "The Goddess Ceres and the Death of Tiberius Gracchus", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Vol. 39, No. 2 (1990), pp. 185-186. The sacred status and functions of the plebeian tribunes are respected by Rome's entire divine community, but as protectress of plebeian rights, Ceres is entitled to the property of the homo sacer. Even so, official Ludi Cereales were not established until as late as 202 BC. Liber's festival and the Bacchic or Dionysian aspects of his cult were suppressed under the ferocious Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus of 186 BC. The Liberalia rites were transferred to Cerealia; after a few years they were restored to Liber.Beard, M., Price, S., North, J., Religions of Rome: Volume 1, a History, illustrated, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp66 - 67, 93 - 96.
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Curius Dentatus refusing wealth in favour of a turnip, as depicted by Jacopo Amigoni Manius Curius Dentatus (died 270 BC), son of Manius, was a three-time consul and a plebeian hero of the Roman Republic, noted for ending the Samnite War. According to Pliny, he was born with teeth, thus earning the cognomen Dentatus, "Toothed."Pliny, Natural History 7.68, LacusCurtius edition. Dentatus was a tribune of the plebs sometime between 298 and 291 BC. As tribune, he foiled efforts by the interrex Appius Claudius Caecus to keep plebeian candidates out of the consular elections. If his tribunate is dated to 291, his actions advanced his own candidacy, but since Appius served three times as interrex, the earliest date accords better with the timeline of Dentatus's own career.
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A coin of Norbanus depicting Venus A member of the plebeian and a novus homo, Gaius Norbanus first came to prominence when he was elected one of the plebeian tribunes for 103 BC. He achieved notoriety for his prosecution of Quintus Servilius Caepio, where he accused Servilius Caepio of incompetence and dereliction of duty at the catastrophic defeat of the Roman armies by the Cimbri at the Battle of Arausio in 105 BC. At the concilium plebis where Servilius Caepio was tried, two tribunes attempted to veto proceedings, but were driven off by force.Broughton I, pg. 563 Although the Senate vigorously tried to obtain his acquittal and he was defended by Lucius Licinius Crassus, Norbanus managed to secure Caepio’s conviction. Caepio was forced into exile to Smyrna, while his fortune was confiscated.
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Sulla, who had observed the violent results of radical popularis reforms (in particular those under Marius and Cinna), was naturally conservative, and so his conservatism was more reactionary than it was visionary.Abbott, 104 As such, he sought to strengthen the aristocracy, and thus the senate.Abbott, 104 Sulla retained his earlier reforms, which required senate approval before any bill could be submitted to the Plebeian Council (the principal popular assembly), and which had also restored the older, more aristocratic "Servian" organization to the Centuriate Assembly (assembly of soldiers).Abbott, 103 Up until the 3rd century BC, the Plebeian Council was legally required to obtain senatorial authorization before enacting any law, while the Centuriate Assembly had been organized in such an aristocratic manner as to have denied the lower classes any political power.
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According to Livy, Gaius Licinius and Lucius Sextius proposed three bills before the Plebeian Council (the assembly of the plebeians) in 375 BC. Two of them concerned land and debt (which were two issues which greatly affected the plebeians) and the third concerned the termination of the military tribunes with consular power (often referred to as consular tribunes), who had periodically replaced the consuls as the heads of the Republic (444, 438, 434-32, 426-24, 422, 420-14, 408-394 and 391-76 BC), the restoration of consuls and the admission of plebeians to the consulship by providing that one of the two consuls was to be a plebeian. The latter proposal created fierce opposition by the patricians, who held vast political power by monopolising the consulship and the seats of the senate, thinking that, as aristocrats, this was their sole prerogative, and abhorred the idea of sharing power with the plebeians. They persuaded other plebeian tribunes to veto voting on this bill. In retaliation, Gaius Licinius and Lucius Sextius vetoed the election of the consular tribunes for five years, until 370 BC, when they relented because the Volscian town of Velitrae had attacked the territory of Rome and one of her allies.
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Gaius Canuleius, tribune of the plebs in 445 BC, addresses the senate. The gens Canuleia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Although members of this gens are known throughout the period of the Republic, and were of senatorial rank, none of them ever obtained the consulship. However, the Canuleii furnished the Republic with several tribunes of the plebs.
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59Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities, p. 475 ("Decimation"). In 470 BC, Appius opposed the agrarian law originally proposed by Spurius Cassius Viscellinus, and was summoned to answer for his conduct by the plebeian tribunes, Marcus Duilius and Gnaeus Siccius. At his trial, Appius had the full support of the Senate, which viewed him as the champion of the aristocratic order.
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Géza Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter den Antoninen (Bonn: Habelt Verlag, 1977), p. 277 At this point Crispinus became a quaestor, and was assigned to assist in the administration of the province of Macedonia. This was followed by the traditional Republican offices of plebeian tribune and praetor; the last is dated around the year 135 at the latest.Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand, p.
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The gens Grania was a plebeian family at Rome. Although none of them ever obtained the consulship, the family was of "senatorial rank", and was well- known from the latter half of the second century BC. In Imperial times, a number of them became distinguished in military and provincial service.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p.
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The gens Hateria, occasionally Ateria, was a plebeian family at Rome, known from the last century of the Republic and under the early Empire. The most distinguished of the Haterii was Quintus Haterius, a senator and rhetorician in the time of Augustus and Tiberius. He was consul suffectus in 5 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p.
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Centumalus was a member of the gens Fulvia, one of the most illustrious of the plebeian families in Rome at the time. Little is known of his life before or after his consulship, though according to the Fasti Capitolini he shared his name with his grandfather, Gnaeus Fulvius Maximus Centumalus, who had been consul in 298 BC and dictator in 263 BC.
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The gens Cestia was a plebeian family at Rome during the later Republic, and in imperial times. The first member of the gens to obtain the consulship was Gaius Cestius Gallus in AD 35. The family's name is commemorated on two monuments, the Pons Cestius and the Pyramid of Cestius which survive into modern times.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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The nomen Ragonius belongs to a class of gentilicia formed using the suffix , typically of plebeian origin, and frequently of Oscan ancestry. Such names were originally formed from cognomina ending in -o, but once they became common, came to be regarded as a regular gentile-forming suffix, and was used in cases where it had no morphological justification.Chase, pp. 118, 119.
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The Tribal Assembly (comitia populi tributa) was an assembly consisting of all Roman citizens convened by tribes (tribus). In the Roman Republic, citizens did not elect legislative representatives. Instead, they voted themselves on legislative matters in the popular assemblies (the comitia centuriata, the tribal assembly and the plebeian council). Bills were proposed by magistrates and the citizens only exercised their right to vote.
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The gens Staia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens are mentioned by ancient writers, but a number are known from inscriptions. The most illustrious of the Staii was Lucius Staius Murcus, governor of Syria in 44 BC, and a military commander of some ability who served under several leading figures of the period.
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Robert Morstein-Marx, Mass Oratory and Political Power in the Late Roman Republic (Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 99 online. Marcius Rutilus was also among the first plebeian augurs, co-opted into their college in 300, and so the mythical teacher of augury was an apt figure to represent him.T.P. Wiseman, "Satyrs in Rome?" Journal of Roman Studies 78 (1988), p. 4.
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Although the senate might review these resolutions, it could only reject them if they had been passed without the proper formalities. The comitia tributa also decided suits instituted by the plebeian tribunes and aediles, for offenses against the plebs or their representatives. In the later Republic, these suits typically involved charges of maladministration; the tribunes and aediles were entitled to levy substantial fines.
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622 Based on Aviola's name, Ronald Syme argues that he was "presumably an Acilius Aviola adopted by a C. Calpurnius Piso"; Olli Salomies disagrees, believing the adoptive parent was a "C. Calpurnius without a cognomen (e.g. a son of C. Calpurnius, curule and plebeian aedile in 23 BC)". Salomies, Adoptive and polyonymous nomenclature in the Roman Empire, (Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1992), p.
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Calvinus then served as quaestor in Africa. Later, he was the emperor Hadrian's candidate for the other traditional Roman magistracies of plebeian tribune and praetor; this dates the last prior to Hadrian's death in 138. As ex-praetor, Calvinus was appointed legatus or commander of Legio III Gallica, also stationed in Syria, which Alföldy dates to around 138.Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand, p.
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Roma, while the reverse depicts Jupiter driving a quadriga. The gens Sentia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in history toward the end of the Republic. The first of the Sentii to obtain the consulship was Gaius Sentius Saturninus, in 19 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III. pp.
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The gens Minucia was a Roman family, which flourished from the earliest days of the Republic until imperial times. The gens was apparently of patrician origin, but was better known by its plebeian branches. The first of the Minucii to hold the consulship was Marcus Minucius Augurinus, elected consul in 497 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p.
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The thirty curiae gathered into a legislative assembly known as the Comitia Curiata or Curiate Assembly. This assembly was created shortly after the legendary founding of the city in 753 BC, and it formally elected new Roman kings. During this time, plebeians had no political rights and were unable to influence Roman Law. Each plebeian family was dependent on a particular patrician family.
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Plebiscita (sing. Plebiscitum) were proposals brought forward by the Tribunes of the Plebs that were approved by majority vote of the tribes of the Concilium Plebis. After the Lex Hortensia was introduced in 287 BC, Plebiscitas became law for the entire Roman population, including patricians. Plebiscitas no longer required senatorial or magisterial approval, and were demonstrative of the will of the plebeian class.
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The patrician Flaccus became a friend, political patron, and ally of the young plebeian senator Marcus Porcius Cato, later called Cato the Elder, during the earlier years of the Second Punic War. Flaccus is possibly the Valerius Flaccus who was a military tribune in 212 BC, serving under the consuls who captured Hanno's camp at Beneventum.Livy 25.14.6; Valerius Maximus 3.2.20.
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T.P. Wiseman, Catullus and His World: A Reappraisal (Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 46. During the civil wars of the 80s, these ludi gave rise to often unruly plebeian political expression by the neighborhood organizations. Freedmen played a leading role, and even slaves participated in the festivities. In 67 BC, the Compitalia had been disrupted by a riot at the ludi,Asconius 45C.
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Cicero and Pliny report that Flavius was a scribe, rather than aedile, at the time of the dedication,Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum, vi. 1. § 8, Pro Murena, 25.Pliny the Elder, Historia Naturalis, xxxiii. 17. and a law was passed immediately afterward forbidding anyone from dedicating a temple without the authorization of the senate or a majority of the plebeian tribunes.
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Marcus Licinius Crassus was a member of the gens Licinia, an old and highly respected plebeian family in Rome. He was the second of three sons born to the eminent senator and vir triumphalis Publius Licinius Crassus (consul 97, censor 89 BC). This line was not descended from the wealthy Crassi Divites, although often assumed to be. The eldest brother Publius (born c.
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Its date connects her to Maia; its location connects her to Rome's plebeian commoner class, whose tribunes and emergent aristocracy resisted patrician claims to rightful religious and political dominance. The festival and temple's foundation year is uncertain - Ovid credits it to Claudia Quinta (c. late 3rd century BC).Ovid, Fasti, 2, 35; he is the only source for this assertion.
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The gens Aulia was a Roman family during the period of the Republic. The gens was probably plebeian, but only a few members are known to history. The most illustrious of the family was Quintus Aulius Cerretanus, who obtained the consulship twice, in 323 and 319 BC, during the Second Samnite War.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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The gens Aviena, occasionally written Avienia, was an obscure plebeian family at Ancient Rome. Hardly any members of this gens are mentioned in history, and the name is perhaps best known from Postumius Rufius Festus Avienus a fourth century poet and historian, who was probably descended from the Avieni through a female line. A number of Avieni are known from inscriptions.
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Coin of Lucius Sestius, consul suffectus in 23 BC The gens Sestia was a family at Rome. The gens was originally patrician, but in later times there were also plebeian members. The only member of the family to obtain the consulship under the Republic was Publius Sestius Capitolinus Vaticanus, in 452 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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Syme, pg. 95 but had not been a magistrate, and the son was considered a novus homo ("new man"), one of several in Caesar's circle.Syme, pg. 94 He served as quaestor around 60 BC,Broughton, pg. 184 during which he attempted to prevent the adoption of Publius Clodius Pulcher into a plebeian family, against the wishes of the triumvirs.Smith, pg.
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The gens Sextilia was a plebeian family at Rome. The first member of this gens to achieve prominence was Gaius Sextilius, consular tribune in 379 BC. None of the family obtained the consulship, but they endured throughout Roman history from the early Republic into imperial times.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, vi. 30.
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The patrician Lucretii favored the praenomina Titus, Spurius, Lucius, and Publius. They were one of the only gentes known to have used the name Hostus, and may also have used Opiter, which was favored by the Verginii. The main praenomina used by the plebeian Lucretii were Lucius, Marcus, Spurius, and Quintus. There are also examples of Gaius, Gnaeus, and Titus.
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When Pompey heard this he was afraid about the reaction of the people and told Flavius to desist. Metellus Celer did not consent when the other plebeian tribunes wanted to set him free.Cassius Dio, Roman History, 37.49 The antics of Flavius alienated the people. As time went by they lost interest in the bill and by June the issue was 'completely cold.
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The gens Pacidia was an obscure plebeian or patrician family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens are mentioned by the historians, but a number are known from inscriptions. The most notable may have been the two Pacidii who were commanders in the army of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus during the Civil War.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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Denarius of Lucius Aurelius Cotta, 105 BC. The obverse is identical with the coins of Lipara, captured by Gaius Aurelius Cotta in 252 BC. The reverse depicts the triumph awarded for this victory.Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, pp. 321, 322. The gens Aurelia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome, which flourished from the third century BC to the latest period of the Empire.
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Gnaeus Pompeius (Rufus) (died AD 14) was suffect consul in 31 BC, during the transitional period when Octavian, the future Augustus, was consolidating his powers as princeps. A member of the plebeian gens Pompeia, he may have been one of the Pompeii Rufi, the son of Quintus Pompeius Rufus, and therefore the great-grandson of the dictator Sulla.Broughton III, pg. 160; Syme, pg.
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The gens Apronia was a plebeian family at Rome throughout the history of the Republic and into imperial times. The first member of the gens to achieve prominence was Gaius Apronius, tribune of the plebs in 449 BC. None of the Apronii obtained the consulship until the first century AD.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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The gens Manilia was a plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens are frequently confused with the Manlii, Mallii, and Mamilii. Several of the Manilii were distinguished in the service of the Republic, with Manius Manilius obtaining the consulship in 149 BC; but the family itself remained small and relatively unimportant.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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Lucius Volumnius Flamma Violens was a consul of the Roman Republic, a novus homo ("new man") who was the first consul to come from his plebeian gens. Volumnius served as consul twice, in 307 BC and 296 BC, both times in partnership with the patrician Appius Claudius Caecus. He took an active role in leading Roman forces during the Third Samnite War.
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Up until 202 BC, dictators were often appointed to fight plebeian unrest. In 217 BC, a law was passed that gave the popular assemblies the right to nominate dictators. This, in effect, eliminated the monopoly that the aristocracy had over this power. In addition, a series of laws were passed, which placed additional checks on the power of the dictator.
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A second black soldier was a crier and piper, Juan Garcia Pregonero. He is referred to as Juan Garcia Pregonero or Juan Garcia Gaitero because of his respective jobs. According to records, Juan Garcia Pregonero is referred to multiple times as "negro", but did most likely not have full African ancestry. Pregonero was illiterate, and was notably viewed as a lower plebeian.
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Livy, viii. 29–35. There is also evidence that the power of the plebeian tribunes was not vitiated by the dictator's commands, and 210 BC, the tribunes threatened to prevent elections held by the dictator, Quintus Fulvius Flaccus, unless he agreed to withdraw his name from the list of candidates for the consulship.Livy, xxvii. 6.Plutarch, "Life of Fabius Maximus", 9.
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Typically, an English, Welsh or Scottish regiment would have two militia battalions (the 3rd and 4th) and Irish regiments three (numbered 3rd–5th). The militia must not be confused with the volunteer units created in a wave of enthusiasm in the second half of the nineteenth century. In contrast with the Volunteer Force, and the similar Yeomanry Cavalry, they were considered rather plebeian.
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The plebeian aediles were created in the same year as the Tribunes of the People (494 BC). Originally intended as assistants to the tribunes, they guarded the rights of the plebs with respect to their headquarters, the Temple of Ceres. Subsequently, they assumed responsibility for maintenance of the city's buildings as a whole.McCullough, 938 Their duties at first were simply ministerial.
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The gens Propertia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens are mentioned in history, and none of them ever obtained the consulship, but a few of them held other magistracies in imperial times. The most famous of the Propertii was Sextus Propertius, a celebrated poet of the Augustan age. Many other Propertii are known from inscriptions.
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The gens Proculeia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned at the end of the Republic. Gaius Proculeius was one of the most trusted friends and advisers of Octavian, and one of those whom he considered a possible heir. None of the Proculei ever obtained the consulship, but a number are known from inscriptions.
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Lucius Vipsanius was the father of the Roman politician and general Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, the distinguished Roman woman Vipsania Polla, and another Lucius Vipsanius. The family of Lucius Vipsanius originated in the Italian countryside and was of humble and plebeian origins. The family was of the equestrian rank and had acquired wealth. However, the Roman aristocracy considered them undistinguished and unsophisticated.
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1–3; Brennan, Praetorship, p. 142. Diodorus reports only the second version that ameliorates Scipio's conduct, but has Scipio summoning Pleminius to Sicily, throwing him in chains, then handing him over to the two plebeian tribunes sent with the commission, who were duly impressed by this firm response. Pleminius was later shipped off to Rome and imprisoned, but died before his trial concluded.
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The gens Suetonia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in the reign of Claudius, under whom the general Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, consul in AD 66, won his first military victories; but the family is perhaps best known for the historian Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, who flourished toward the beginning of the second century.
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However, by 218 BC there were plebeian consuls and senators. The plebeians were in the senate and were able to obtain the consulship. The ultimate beneficiaries of the lex Claudia were probably the equestrian class, rich citizens not in the senate.Aubert As rich traders, equestrians would not have been affected by the law and so would have been able to continue trading.
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The prominent figures involved with the passage of this law were tribune Quintus Claudius and Gaius Flaminius, the senator.Livy 21.63.3 Unfortunately the only information known about Quintus Claudius is that he passed this law. On the other hand, Gaius Flaminius Nepos, while also a plebeian, had quite a distinguished career as a novus homo, even reaching the office of Censor.
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Atia, one of Julia's daughters. Caesar's youngest sister married Marcus Atius Balbus, a praetor and commissioner who came from a senatorial family of plebeian status. Julia bore him three (or two, according to other sources) daughters. The second daughter, known as Atia Balba Caesonia was the mother of Octavia Minor (fourth wife of triumvir Mark Antony) and of first Emperor Augustus.
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In Vienna Metastasio met with no marked social success. His plebeian birth excluded him from aristocratic circles. To make up in some measure for this comparative failure, he enjoyed the intimacy of the , sister-in-law of his old patroness the Princess Belmonte Pignatelli. She had lost her husband, and had some while occupied the post of chief favourite to the emperor.
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Bruce W. Frier and Thomas A.J. McGinn, A Casebook on Roman Family Law (Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 20, 53, 54. Plebeian marriage forms include coemptio (marriage "by purchase" – a form of dowry), and usus (marriage recognised through the couple's "habitual cohabitation") Infant mortality was high. Towards the end of the Republic, the birthrate began to fall among the elite.
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Cornell, The beginnings of Rome, p. 264. The plebs had their own forms of augury, which they credited to Marsyas, a satyr or silen in the entourage of Liber, plebeian god of grapes, wine, freedom and male fertility.Barbette Stanley Spaeth, "The Goddess Ceres and the Death of Tiberius Gracchus", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Vol. 39, No. 2 (1990), pp. 185–186.
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The gens Maevia, occasionally written Mevia, was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are known from the later Republic, although the family may possibly have been much older, and well into Imperial times. None of the Maevii ever obtained the higher offices of the Roman state. Their nomen is frequently confounded with the similar Maenius.
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The statue, depicting Plancus in the Renaissance version of Roman armor, is dated 1580. The gens Munatia was a plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned during the second century BC, but they did not obtain any of the higher offices of the Roman state until imperial times.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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The Caecilii Metelli were an illustrious family of the Roman republic. They were politically conservative, although members of the plebeian gens Caecilia. Lucius' grandfather was Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus. He was praetor in 148 BC, consul in 143 BC, and censor in 131 BC. He was given the command in Macedonia, where he defeated Andriscus, a pretender to the throne.
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The Caecilii Metelli were an extremely prominent family in the late Roman Republic. They were conservative aristocrats, though members of the plebeian gens Caecilia. Caprarius was the youngest son of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus. Macedonicus was praetor in 148 BC and consul in 143 BC. He received the command in Macedonia, where he defeated a pretender to the throne named Andriscus.
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The patrician Claudii bore various surnames, including Caecus, Caudex, Centho, Crassus, Nero, Pulcher, Regillensis, and Sabinus. The latter two, though applicable to all of the gens, were seldom used when there was a more definite cognomen. A few of the patrician Claudii are mentioned without any surname. The surnames of the plebeian Claudii were Asellus, Canina, Centumalus, Cicero, Flamen, Glaber, and Marcellus.
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The name was used by the early Valerii, first as praenomen, then as cognomen; Volusus was occasionally revived by that great patrician house, which used it as late as the first century AD. The form Volero was used by the plebeian gens Publilia.Dictionary of Greek & Roman Biography & Mythology, vol. III, pp. 297, 298 ("Publilius or Poblilius Philo"), 603 ("Publilius", No. 1).
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Later they issued edicts for amendments of existing laws. They also held imperium; that is, they could command an army. Forty years later, in 337 BC, the plebeians gained access to the praetorship, when the first plebeian praetor, Quintus Publius Philo, was elected.Livy, The History of Rome, 8.12 Law proposed at the beginning of the tenth tribunate: Lex de Decemviri Sacris Faciundis.
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Triarius belonged to the famous gens Valeria, but unlike the more famous members of the gens, the Triarii were plebeian. The cognomen Triarius may be an allusion to their military service, since the third, the most veteran, line of the Republican legions were named the Triarii. Triarius's father was likewise named Gaius.Hans Volkmann, RE, Band VIII A,1, p. 232.
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Tiberius Coruncanius (died 241 BC) was a consul of the Roman Republic in 280 BC. As a military commander in that year and the following, he was known for the battles against Pyrrhus of Epirus that led to the expression "Pyrrhic victory". He was the first plebeian Pontifex Maximus, and possibly the first teacher of Roman law to offer public instruction.
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The gens Caesonia was a plebeian family of ancient Rome. They first appear in history during the late Republic, remaining on the periphery of the Roman aristocracy until the time of Nero. Another family of Caesonii attained the consulship several times beginning in the late second century; it is not clear how or whether they were related to the earlier Caesonii.
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The gens Simplicia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are known from inscriptions dating to the imperial period, most occurring without praenomina from the third century onward, and in many instances their full nomenclature is uncertain. Some of them were from senatorial families, and one of the Simplicii was Praefectus Urbi of Constantinople in AD 403.
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The principal names used by members of this family are Lucius, Spurius, Publius, Marcus, Agrippa, Sextus, and Quintus. The Furii Pacili used Gaius, a name not used by other branches of the gens. Other praenomina appear towards the end of the Republic, and may represent plebeian branches of the family. The Furii Brocchi are distinguished by their use of Gnaeus and Titus.
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The final secession brought about a new law which would truly bring some form equality between plebs and patricians in the political offices. A new law was brought about known as Hortensian law, which banned the senate's veto of the plebeian council. That brought a halt to aristocracy-based offices based on wealth. Rome was beginning to become like a democracy.
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Since meat was very expensive, animal products such as pork, beef and veal would have been considered a delicacy to plebeians. Instead, a plebeian diet mainly consisted of bread and vegetables. Common flavouring for their food included honey, vinegar and different herbs and spices. A well-known condiment to this day known as 'garum', which is a fish sauce was also largely consumed.
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The gens Sabellia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens are mentioned in history, and none of them achieved any of the higher offices of the Roman state. The most famous of this family was Sabellius of Ptolemais in Pentapolis, the author of the so-called Sabellian Heresy. Other Sabellii are known from inscriptions.
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The Aventine was a predominantly plebeian area. Otherwise, the Circus was probably still little more than a trackway through surrounding farmland. By this time, it may have been drainedTarquin might have employed the plebs in constructing a conduit or drain (cloaca) for Murcia's stream, discharging into the Tiber. See but the wooden stands and seats would have frequently rotted and been rebuilt.
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1, p. 80. The Capitoline cult to Venus seems to have been reserved to higher status Romans. A separate cult to Venus Erycina as a fertility deity, was established in 181 BC, in a traditionally plebeian district just outside Rome's sacred boundary, near the Colline Gate. The temple, cult and goddess probably retained much of the original's character and rites.
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Marcus Fulvius Curvus Paetinus was a Roman suffect consul in 305 BC with Lucius Postumius Megellus. He was elected to replace Tiberius Minucius Augurinus, who died in office. He was the son of Lucius Fulvius Curvus, consul in 322 BC. He was a member of the plebeian Fulvian gens. He defeated the Samnites in the Second Samnite War, and celebrated a triumph.
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74–96 Lintott disagrees with the notion that there was only one assembly based on the tribes, which was the one of the plebeians. He notes that there are examples in which laws were proposed to the comitia tributa by the consuls, who did not preside over the assembly of the plebeians. Examples of such laws are the law which increased the number of quaestors to twenty, which was attributed to Lucius Cornelius Sulla, the lex Gabinia Calpurnia de insula Delo of 58 BC and the lex Quinctia of 9 BC. Moreover, the consuls conducted the elections of the curule aediles, who were not plebeian officials, before the tribes. Therefore, it is likely that the term comitia tributa was used both for the assemblies presided over by the consuls and the praetors and the assemblies presided over by the plebeian tribunes.
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Roman historians emerged in the late third and early second century BC, some three hundred year after the date attributed to this secession and the events of Rome's early history were poorly documented. Based on T. P. Wiseman's view that many of Rome's early historical traditions 'were created, propagated, accepted and reshaped' from the middle of the fourth century BC onward through dramas played on the stage at religious festivalsWiseman, T. P., Remus, a Roman Myth (1995), p. 129 Forsythe argues that the story of the plebeian secession was invented in one such performances to explain the origin of the temple of Ceres and its plebeian associations. It was inspired by Herodotus' account of how Telines, a ruler of Gela, a Greek town in Sicily, used the rites of Demeter and Persephone to bring back to Gela a group of political exiles.
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To resolve the matter, Quintus Hortensius was appointed as dictator, who convinced the crowd to stop the secession. Shortly afterwards Hortensius promulgated a law, the Lex Hortensia, which established that the laws decided on by plebeian assemblies (plebiscite) were made binding on all Roman citizens, including patricians. This law finally eliminated the political disparity between the two classes, closing the Conflict of Orders after about two hundred years of struggle. This event, although far from resolving all the economic and social inequalities between patricians and plebeians, nevertheless marked an important turning point in the history of Roman democracy as it gave rise to the formation of a new type of patrician-plebeian nobility (nobilitas) which, allowing continuity in the government of the republic, constituted one of the main elements of strength in its economic and military expansion.
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He wrote that they "differed on almost every measure, and by their contentiousness rendered their consulship barren politically and without achievement, except that Crassus made a great sacrifice in honour of Hercules and gave the people a great feast and an allowance of grain for three months."Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The Life of Crassus, 12.2 The deep enmity during this consulship was also noted by Appian.Appian, The Civil Wars, 1.121 Plutarch also wrote that Pompey gave the people back their tribunate.Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The Live of Pompey, 21–23.1–2 This was a reference to the repeal of laws introduced by Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 81 BC that had emasculated the power of the plebeian tribunes, by banning it from presenting bills to the vote of the plebeian council and from vetoing the actions of the officers of state and the senatus consulta.
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A consul elected to start the yearcalled a consul ordinarius ("ordinary consul")held more prestige than a suffect consul, partly because the year would be named for ordinary consuls (see consular dating). According to tradition, the consulship was initially reserved for patricians and only in 367 BC did plebeians win the right to stand for this supreme office, when the Lex Licinia Sextia provided that at least one consul each year should be plebeian. The first plebeian consul, Lucius Sextius, was elected the following year. Nevertheless, the office remained largely in the hands of a few families as, according to Gelzer, only fifteen novi homines - "new men" with no consular background - were elected to the consulship until the election of Cicero in 63 BC.Wirszubzki, Ch. Libertas as a Political Idea at Rome during the Late Republic and Early Principate. Reprint.
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The gens Canidia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome, first mentioned during the late Republic. It is best known from a single individual, Publius Canidius Crassus, consul suffectus in 40 BC, and the chief general of Marcus Antonius during the Perusine War. Other Canidii are known from inscriptions. The name Canidia was also used by Horace as a sobriquet for the perfumer, Gratidia.
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Marcellus was born into the Claudii Marcelli, a plebeian branch of the gens Claudia in 42 BC, the eldest son of Gaius Claudius Marcellus and Octavia Minor. He had two younger sisters: Claudia Marcella Major and Claudia Marcella Minor. His mother was the great-niece of Julius Caesar and the sister of Octavius. Octavius would later become the first emperor of Rome and assume the name "Augustus".
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Lucius (or Gaius) Fulcinius TrioPIR F 349 (died 35 CE) was a Roman senator who came from a plebeian family. Trio was an active prosecutor (accusator) during the reign of Tiberius who developed a reputation for making accusations. He held the office of consul suffect with Publius Memmius Regulus in 31.Alison E. Cooley, The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy (Cambridge: University Press, 2012), p.
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The Roman Republic at the time of Bibulus Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus was a member of the plebeian Calpurnia clan. He has been described as "earnest and somewhat plodding".Holland, pg. 224 He served as curule aedile alongside Julius Caesar in 65 BC. Two curule aediles were appointed each year and they were responsible for maintenance of public buildings (aedēs) and the regulation of public festivals.
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The gens Egnatia was a plebeian family of equestrian rank at Rome. Only a few of the Egnatii held any magistracies, of whom the most important may have been Gnaeus Egnatius, who held the praetorship during the second century BC, and served as governor of Macedonia, shortly after its institution as a Roman province.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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The gens Cotia was a plebeian family at Rome. It is known chiefly from a single individual, Quintus Cotius Achilles. On account of his bravery, he served as the legate of Quintus Caecilius Metellus during his campaign against the Celtiberi in Hispania, 143 BC. He distinguished himself by slaying two of the enemy in single combat.Valerius Maximus, Factorum ac Dictorum Memorabilium libri IX, iii. 2.
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Manius ( , ) is a Latin praenomen, or personal name, which was used throughout the period of the Roman Republic, and well into imperial times. The feminine form is Mania. The name was used by both patrician and plebeian families, and gave rise to the patronymic gentes Manlia and Manilia. Manius was originally abbreviated with an archaic five-stroke "M" (in Unicode ), which was not otherwise used in Latin.
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The gens Tampia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in history during the time of Nero, but few achieved any distinction in the Roman state. The nomen Tampius is easily confused with that of Ampius. The most illustrious of the Tampii was Lucius Tampius Flavianus, who held the consulship twice during the latter half of the first century.
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The gens Orbicia was an obscure plebeian family of ancient Rome. None of its members are known to have held any magistracies, but several are known from inscriptions. The name may be best remembered from Orbicius, perhaps a Byzantine military strategist of uncertain date, credited with the authorship of a short treatise on the Byzantine army.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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The gens Segulia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome, which flourished from the end of the Republic to the third century AD. A number of this gens lived at Ostia and Portus, where they were engaged in the shipbuilding trade. Hardly any of the Segulii are mentioned in history, but several are known from inscriptions.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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The gens Rammia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in the period leading to the Third Macedonian War, but no Rammius attained a position of importance in the Roman state until Quintus Rammius Martialis, governor of Egypt early in the second century AD.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p. 641 ("Lucius Rammius").
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The gens Hortensia was an ancient plebeian family in Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in the fifth century BC, but from that time somewhat infrequently until the final century of the Republic. The most illustrious of the gens was the orator Quintus Hortensius, a man of great learning, and a contemporary of Cicero. Under the Empire they seem to have sunk back into obscurity.
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The gens Pompilia was a plebeian family at Rome during the time of the Republic. The only member of the gens to attain any prominence in the Roman state was Sextus Pompilius, who was tribune of the plebs in 420 BC; however, persons by this name are occasionally found throughout the history of the Republic.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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The gens Ragonia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in the early decades of the Empire, but they did not become prominent until the time of Commodus, in the late second century, from which period several of them attained positions of high distinction in the Roman state.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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Gaius Caninius Rebilus, a member of the plebeian gens Caninia, was a Roman general and politician. As a reward for devoted service, Julius Caesar appointed him consul suffectus in 45 BC. Rebilus, a novus homo of the late Republic,Syme, pg. 94 served with Julius Caesar throughout the Gallic Wars and the Civil Wars. He was Military tribune in Gaul in 52 BC,Broughton, pg.
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Paulina was a member of the plebeian gens Lollia.Lollia Gens article at ancient library Marcus Lollius no. 5 article at ancient library Paulina was the second daughter of Marcus Lollius with Volusia Saturnina, while her elder sister was Lollia Saturnina.Marcus Lollius’ article at Livius.org Her father, Marcus Lollius was the son born to the Roman Politician and Military Officer Marcus LolliusMarcus Lollius’ article at Livius.
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The gens Statia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in the early decades of the Republic, but the name does not appear again in history until the time of Cicero. The Statii remained relatively undistinguished until the reign of Trajan, when Lucius Statius Aquila was raised to the consulship.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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In 450 BC, they issued a set of laws, but did not resign at the end of their term and held onto their power instead. They killed a soldier, a former plebeian tribune, who had criticised them. One of the decemviri, Appius Claudius Crassus, tried to force a woman, Verginia, to marry him. To prevent this, her father stabbed her and cursed Appius Claudius Crassus.
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Because Gracchus had been highly popular with the poor, and he had been murdered while working on their behalf, mass riots broke out in the city in reaction to the assassination.Flower, pp. 91-92. Barbette Stanley Spaeth asserts that Ceres' roles as (a) patron and protector of plebeian laws, rights and Tribunes and (b) "normative/liminal" crimes, continued throughout the Republican era.Spaeth (1996), p. 73.
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80, in Mogontiacum (modern Mainz). Next he held the office of quaestor (c. 83/84), and upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy Priscus would be enrolled in the Senate. The two other magistracies followed: plebeian tribune (c. 85/86) and praetor (c. 88/89); usually a senator would govern either a public or imperial praetorian province before becoming a consul, but none is known for Priscus.
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Brutus is also known to have had a brother, who was put to death by his uncle the king, and there may have been other relatives. Moreover, Niebuhr raised the possibility that Brutus himself was a plebeian. But even if he had been a patrician, as the weight of tradition holds, his descendants may still have gone over to the plebeians.Dionysius, v. 18.Cassius Dio, xliv. 12.
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Clodius had sought popular support by defecting from a patrician to a plebeian gens. The Megalesia was a predominantly patrician affair; and in an apparent attempt to undermine patrician privilege, Clodius had hired slave-gangs to forcibly take control of the festival. The attempt was a failure, and Clodius was prosecuted for this and other outrages against Rome's traditional and social proprieties.Roller, 1999, p.
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The Aventine Triad (also referred to as the plebeian Triad or the agricultural Triad) is a modern term for the joint cult of the Roman deities Ceres, Liber and Libera. The cult was established ca. 493 BC within a sacred district (templum) on or near the Aventine Hill, traditionally associated with the Roman plebs. Later accounts describe the temple building and rites as "Greek" in style.
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The only patrician family of the Lucretii bore the cognomen Tricipitinus. The plebeian families are known by the surnames Gallus, Ofella, and Vespillo. Gallus was a common name referring either to a Gaul, or a cockerel. Vespillo, an occupational surname referring to one who removes corpses, was bestowed on one of this family who had thrown the body of Tiberius Gracchus into the river.
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Junius was consul in 317 BC with the patrician Quintus Aemilius Barbula. The two were joint consuls again in 311. From the mid-4th century to the early 3rd century BC, several plebeian-patrician "tickets" repeated joint terms, suggesting a deliberate political strategy of cooperation.Gary Forsythe, A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War (University of California Press, 2005), p. 269.
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601 Originally of Etruscan descent and hailing from Perusia (modern Perugia),see Syme, pg. 90 – his second cognomen Caetronianus is Etruscan in origin and possibly from a family which had been proscribed under Lucius Cornelius Sulla,Syme, pg. 71, referencing Dio, 45:17:1 Pansa was elected Plebeian Tribune in 51 BC where he vetoed a number of anti-Caesarean resolutions of the Senate.Broughton, pg.
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The plebeians quickly forgot about the land they had yet to receive when the patrician senate halted payment to the soldiers who fought in the following war against the Volscians and Æquans. The land was sold off by the consul Quintus Fabius and most likely bought up by the wealthier patrician class.Livy 2.42 This event planted the seeds for hundreds of years of plebeian-patrician antagonism.
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Cassius Dio, Roman History, 37.43 Tatum maintains that Nepos leaving the city even though plebeian tribunes were not allowed to do so was 'a gesture demonstrating the senate's violation of the tribunate.'Tatum, J. W., The final Crisis (69–44), p.198 Caesar also brought a motion to have Pompey recalled to deal with the emergency. Suetonius wrote that Caesar was suspended by a final decree.
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The gens Papia was a plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned at the time of the Samnite Wars, but do not appear at Rome until the final century of the Republic. Marcus Papius Mutilus was the only member of the family to attain the consulship, which he held in AD 9.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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The gens Rubrena, probably the same as Rubrenia, was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are mentioned in the time of Juvenal, but very few appear in history. At least one obtained the consulship some time in the latter part of the third century AD, but little else is known of this family.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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The gens Titia was a plebeian family at Rome. The gens is rarely mentioned in the Republican period, and did not rise out of obscurity till a very late time. None of its members obtained the consulship under the Republic, and the first person of the name who held this office was Marcus Titius in BC 31.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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The gens Antonia was a Roman family of great antiquity, with both patrician and plebeian branches. The first of the gens to achieve prominence was Titus Antonius Merenda, one of the second group of Decemviri called, in 450 BC, to help draft what became the Law of the Twelve Tables.The most prominent member of the gens was Marcus Antonius.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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Innis (Empire), p.107. Although plebeian pressure eventually resulted in the adoption of the Twelve Tables—a written constitution—interpretation remained in the hands of priests in the College of Pontiffs. One of Roman law's greatest achievements, Innis writes, lay in the development of civil laws governing families, property and contracts. Paternal rights were limited, women became independent and individual initiative was given the greatest possible scope.
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129-131 Any expenditure of public funds, by either a curule aedile or a plebeian aedile, had to be authorized by the senate. The office of quaestor was considered the lowest-ranking of all major political offices. Quaestors were elected by the Tribal Assembly, and the assignment of their responsibilities was settled by lot. Magistrates often chose which quaestor accompanied them abroad,Lintott, p.
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If they disobeyed the dictator, they could be forced out of office. While a dictator could ignore the right of Provocatio, that right, as well as the plebeian tribune's independence, theoretically still existed during a dictator's term.Lintott, p. 111 A dictator's power was equivalent to that of the power of the two consuls exercised conjointly, without any checks on their power by any other organ of government.
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14.4, 17.1 Another plebeian tribune, Gaius Manilius, proposed the lex Manilia. It gave Pompey command of the forces and the areas of operation of Lucullus and in addition to this, Bithynia, which was held by Acilius Glabrio. It commissioned him to wage war on Mithridates and Tigranes. It allowed him to retain his naval force and his dominion over the sea granted by the lex Gabinia.
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Thus, under the empire, the chief executive again became the chief lawgiver, which was a power he had not held since the days of the early republic. The Plebeian Council also survived the fall of the republic, and it also lost its legislative, judicial and electoral powers to the senate. By virtue of his tribunician powers, the emperor had absolute control over the council.
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Administration et prosopographie sénatoriale (Rome: École Française de Rome, 1974), p. 210 His next posting was as quaestor to the proconsular governor of Africa, and upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy Modestinus was enrolled in the Senate. Two more of the traditional Republican magistracies followed: plebeian tribune and praetor. Once he completed his term as praetor, Modestinus was qualified to hold several important offices.
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Paratrea is a monotypic moth genus in the family Sphingidae erected by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1903. Its single species, Paratrea plebeja, the plebeian sphinx moth, was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1777. It is found in the eastern part of the United States as far west as Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma and eastern Texas. The length of the forewing is 31–35 mm.
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Livia Drusilla, wife of the emperor Augustus. The gens Livia was an illustrious plebeian family at ancient Rome. The first of the Livii to obtain the consulship was Marcus Livius Denter in 302 BC, and from his time the Livii supplied the Republic with eight consuls, two censors, a dictator, and a master of the horse. Members of the gens were honoured with three triumphs.
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Denarius issued by Gaius Coelius Caldus in 104 BC. The obverse depicts a head of Roma, the reverse Victoria driving a biga.Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, p. 324. The gens Coelia, occasionally written Coilia, was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. The Coelii are frequently confounded with the Caelii, with some individuals called Caelius in manuscripts, while they appear as Coelius or Coilius on coins.
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As tribune of the plebs in BC 472, Publilius proposed a law transferring the election of the plebeian tribunes from the comitia curiata (or possibly the comitia centuriata) to the comitia tributa. The significance of this measure was that it would prevent the patricians from influencing the election through the votes of their clientes. The proposal was debated throughout the year, but never passed.Livy, ii. 55.
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When Pompey heard this he was afraid of the reaction of the people and told Flavius to desist. Metellus did not consent when the other plebeian tribunes wanted to set him free.Cassius Dio, Roman History, 37.50.2-4 In 59 BC Metellus Celer and Cato the Younger for a time refused to swear obedience to the agrarian law of Julius Caesar, who was consul in that year.
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After this meeting, Marcellus earned the title of proconsul. In the same year, when the consul Lucius Postumius Albinus was killed in battle, Marcellus was unanimously chosen by the Roman people to be his successor. Livy and Plutarch tell us a bad omen occurred, allegedly because the other consul was also a plebeian. Marcellus stepped aside and Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus took his place.
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Supposedly, the senate (interpreting the gods) disapproved of having two plebeian consuls. Marcellus was appointed proconsul, whereupon, he defended the city of Nola, once again, from the rear guard of Hannibal’s army. The following year, 214 BC, Marcellus was elected consul yet again, this time with Fabius Maximus. For a third time, Marcellus defended Nola from Hannibal and even captured the small but significant town of Casilinum.
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Lollia was a Plebeian of the gens Lollia.Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, De Vita Caesarum, Caesar, 50. She may have been a daughter of Marcus Lollius Palicanus, who was tribune of the plebs in 71 BC. Lollia married Aulus Gabinius and they had the son Aulus Gabinius Sisenna together.Aulus Gabinius Sisenna article at ancient library Some time during their marriage she became a mistress of Julius Caesar.
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42, 48. One of the plebeian members of the college, Lucius Trebonius, then proposed a law forbidding the co- optation of tribunes, but calling for their election to continue until the full number had been elected. The law was passed, and so effective was Trebonius at frustrating the patricians' designs during his year of office that he earned the surname Asper, meaning "prickly".Livy, iii. 65.
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Syme, "The Ummidii", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 17 (1968), pp. 101f This was followed by the office of plebeian tribune as the candidatus of the emperor. After reaching the office of praetor, around 130 he was appointed legatus legionis or commander of the Legio VI Victrix in Britain. Birley speculates that he owed this command to the recommendation of Sextus Julius Severus, governor of Roman Britain.
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The gens Rabuleia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in the early decades of the Republic, and Manius Rabuleius was a member of the second decemvirate in 450 BC. However, the Rabuleii subsequently fell into obscurity, and only a few of this family are known from later inscriptions.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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This made his person sacrosanct, gave him the power to veto the senate, and allowed him to dominate the Plebeian Council. In 46, Caesar was given censorial powers,Abbott, 135 which he used to fill the senate with his own partisans. Caesar then raised the membership of the Senate to 900. This robbed the senatorial aristocracy of its prestige, and made it increasingly subservient to him.
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The gens Mallia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Due to its relative obscurity, the nomen Mallius is frequently, but erroneously amended to the more common Manlius. The only member of this gens to obtain any of the higher curule magistracies under the Republic was Gnaeus Mallius Maximus, consul in 105 BC. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p.
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Solidus of Marcus Maecilius Avitus, emperor from AD 455 to 456. The gens Maecilia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Although of great antiquity, only two members of this gens are mentioned in republican times, both tribunes of the plebs in the first century of the Republic. The Maecilii appear again, somewhat sporadically, in imperial times, even obtaining the consulship during the early fourth century.
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Goldsworthy (2007), p. 186 Finally, in 67 BC the Lex Gabinia was passed in the Plebeian Council, vesting Pompey with unprecedented powers and authorizing him to move against them.Appian, The Mithridatic Wars, § 94 In a massive and concerted campaign, Pompey cleared the seas of the pirates in only three months.Appian, The Mithridatic Wars, § 95–§ 96 Afterwards, the fleet was reduced again to policing duties against intermittent piracy.
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Lucius Anicius Gallus belonged to the Anicia gens, an old plebeian family of Rome. He was elected praetor in 168 BC,Livy xliv.17 replacing the propraetor Appius Claudius Caecus as the military leader of the Roman conquest of Illyria. He took control of the region in twenty or thirty days following the defeat of Perseus of Macedon, the ally of the Illyrian king Gentius.
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The gens Oscia was an obscure plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in imperial times, when a few of them appear among the Roman aristocracy. None of them are known to have held any magistracies, but an Oscia Modesta was the wife of a Roman consul during the time of Severus Alexander. A number of Oscii appear in inscriptions.
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Gyoshū was born in the plebeian downtown district of Asakusa in Tokyo. He studied traditional painting techniques as an apprentice to Matsumoto Fuko from the age of 15. When he was 17, his talent was recognized by Shikō Imamura, who invited him to join the Kojikai circle of leading young artists. With the revival of the Japan Fine Arts Academy (Nihon Bijutsuin), Gyoshū became a founding member.
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Drusus, as was the custom, requested that lots be drawn to assign the provinces to the respective consuls. This was vetoed by one of the plebeian tribunes, who proposed that the assignment of the provinces be put before the concilium Plebis. The people then voted to assign the war against Carthage to Scipio Aemilianus.Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro, The Romans: From Village to Empire (2004), pg.
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The nomen Balonius belongs to a class of gentilicia formed using the suffix ', originally applied to cognomina ending in ', but later used as a regular gentile-forming suffix, without regard to the orthography of the root. These nomina tended to be of plebeian origin, and were frequently Oscan. Chase suggests that Balonius might be derived from the cognomen Bala, perhaps from Latin balare, "to bleat".Chase, pp.
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The gens Mettia, also written Metia, was a plebeian family at Rome. Few members of this gens occur in history, and none attained the higher offices of the Roman state under the Republic. Several Mettii rose to prominence in imperial times, with at least three obtaining the consulship in the late first and early second century.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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12, 13 ("Acidinus"). From coins of the Manlii featuring the inscriptions SER and SERGIA, Münzer concluded that one stirps of this gens bore the cognomen Sergianus, indicating descent from the Sergia gens. However, this probably referred to the tribus Sergia; a plebeian branch of the Manlii used the name of their tribe to distinguish themselves from the patrician Manlii, a practice also found among the Memmii.Eckhel, vol.
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Most of those who used the spelling Clodius were descended from plebeian members of the gens, but one family by this name was a cadet branch of the patrician Claudii Pulchri, which voluntarily went over to the plebeians, and used the spelling Clodius to differentiate themselves from their patrician relatives.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 771 ("Claudius", no. 40).
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The gens Nymphidia was a plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens are not mentioned until imperial times, and none of them are known to have obtained any of the higher offices of the Roman state, although one of them, Gaius Nymphidius Sabinus, attempted to seize the throne following the death of the emperor Nero.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p.
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The gens Numitoria was an ancient but minor plebeian family at Rome. The first member of this gens to appear in history was Lucius Numitorius, elected tribune of the plebs in 472 BC. Although Numitorii are found down to the final century of the Republic, none of them ever held any of the higher magistracies.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p.
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The Veturii occur regularly in the Fasti Consulares of the early Republic, with Gaius Veturius Geminus Cicurinus holding the consulship in 499 BC. Like other old patrician gentes, the Veturii also developed plebeian branches. The family declined in the later Republic, with the last consular Veturius holding office in 206 BC, during the Second Punic War.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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It was considered to be a capital offense to harm a tribune, to attempt to harm a tribune, or to attempt to obstruct a tribune in any way. All other powers of the tribunate derived from this sacrosanctity, with two rights: intercession between magistrates and advocacy for the people. The tribunes were assisted by plebeian aediles. In an emergency, a dictator would be selected by the Senate.
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Lucius Sextius and Gaius Licinius proposed these laws in 375 BC when they were elected tribunes of the plebs. They were opposed by the patricians, who prevented the bills from being debated. In retaliation the two men vetoed the election of the military tribunes with consular power (consular tribunes) for five years. They were reelected to the plebeian tribunate each year for nine consecutive years.
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123 He however refused to agree to the lowering of the rate of pay for the cavalrymen, and to the immediate execution of the Decemviri.Arnold, pg. 124 It was also alleged that, during the troubles that brought about the passage of the Leges Genuciae, Corvus suggested that the Senate agree to the plebeian demands for the abolition of all debts, but this was rejected out of hand.
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The gens Salonia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned as early as the fourth century BC, but few of them attained any of the higher offices of the Roman state, until the latter part of the first century AD, when they married into the imperial family.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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During the Late Republic, the spelling Clodius is most prominently associated with Publius Clodius Pulcher, a popularis politician who gave up his patrician status through an order in order to qualify for the office of tribune of the plebs. Clodius positioned himself as a champion of the urban plebs, supporting free grain for the poor and the right of association in guilds (collegia); because of this individual's ideology, Clodius has often been taken as a more "plebeian" spelling and a gesture of political solidarity. Clodius's two elder brothers, the Appius Claudius Pulcher who was consul in 54 BC and the C. Claudius Pulcher who was praetor in 56 BC, conducted more conventional political careers and are referred to in contemporary sources with the traditional spelling. The view that Clodius represents a plebeian or politicized form has been questioned by Clodius's chief modern-era biographer.
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The Optimates were an anti-reform conservative faction that favoured the nobles, and also wanted to limit the power of the plebeian tribunes (the representatives of the plebeians) and the Plebeian Council (the assembly of the plebeians) and strengthen the power of the senate. Julius Caesar was a leading figure of the populares. The origin of the process that led to Caesar seeking the alliance with Pompey and Crassus traces back to the Second Catilinarian conspiracy, which occurred three years earlier in 63 BC when Marcus Tullius Cicero was one of the two consuls. A Roman bust of Marcus Tullius Cicero, depicted here at about age sixty, in the National Archaeological Museum of Spain In 66 BC Catiline, the leader of the plot, presented his candidacy for the consulship, but he was charged with extortion and his candidacy was disallowed because he announced it too late.
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Both Lucius Papirius Mugillanus and Agrippa Menenius Lanatus could either be elder consuls, having held the consulship in 444 and 439 BC respectively, or younger consuls who held the consulship for the first time. In regard to the consular college of 417 BC the fourth individual differs between sources. Livy names him as Spurius Rutilius Crassus while Diodorus has him named Spurius Veturius Crassus Cicurinus. Livy has most likely confused the name with that of Spurius Nautius Rutilus, colleague of Servilius in 419 BC and one of the consular tribunes the following year in 416 BC, this in combination with the fact that the Rutilii were plebeian (no previous consular tribune had belonged to a plebeian gens) and that no member of the Rutilii would appear within the consular lists for another 250 years, strongly favors Spurius Veturius Crassus Cicurinus as provided by Diodorus.
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He then turned to the Plebeian Tribunes, and although he had the support of three, the other seven vetoed his request for a triumph. The senate instead voted a triumph for the man he ousted, Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges, allowing him to claim credit for the capture of Cominium.There is confusion in both Livy’s and Dionysius of Halicarnassus’s accounts, with very similar events (Megellus’ demanding of a triumph, his decision to triumph in spite of Senatorial opposition, his use of the Plebeian Tribunes to further his goals) occurring after his second and third consulships, in 294 and 291 BC respectively. Scholars are divided as to whether a) the events are confused, occurring in one year only, most likely in 294 (based on the Fasti stating that it was Gurges not Megellus who received the triumph in 291 and that Megellus triumphed in 294), or b) whether two similar events were conflated.
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Coin of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Metellus Pius, a member of the distinguished plebeian gens Caecilia, was the son of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, who was consul in 109 BC. His career began in that same year, when he accompanied his father to Numidia as his contubernalis (cadet) during the Jugurthine War, returning to Rome in 107 BC, when his father was forcibly recalled by the actions of Gaius Marius.Sall. Iug. 64, 4; Plut. Mar. 8, 4 In 100 BC, after his father was banished as a result of the political manoeuvrings of Gaius Marius and Lucius Appuleius Saturninus, Metellus Pius launched a campaign to have his father brought back from exile. He produced a petition in 99 BC to this effect, and his constant pleading on the subject resulted in Quintus Calidius, the Plebeian Tribune of 98 BC passing a law which allowed his father to return.
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Denarius of Lucius Caninius Gallus, moneyer in 12 BC. The gens Caninia was a plebeian family at Rome during the later Republic. The first member of the gens who obtained any of the curule offices was Gaius Caninius Rebilus, praetor in 171 BC; but the first Caninius who was consul was his namesake, Gaius Caninius Rebilus, in 45 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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Marcus Herennius was consul of the Roman Republic in 93 BC. Although a plebeian and an indifferent orator, he defeated Lucius Marcius Philippus in the consular election for 93 BC.Defence speeches, by Marcus Tullius Cicero, translated by D. H. Berry, Oxford University Press 2000. p. 237. PlinyH.N. 19.3 mentions the consulate of Herennius as remarkable for the quantity of Cyrenaic silphium -- Ferula tingitanaSprengel, Rei Herbar., p. 84 \-- then brought to Rome.
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But he could not agree to that and would not abandon the fight. Disobeying the doctors, he continued to lead the strike.""Fernando Bravo vive en le pensamiento ..." Meanwhile, "in this movement new methods of struggle were introduced, such as 'lightning rallies' in plebeian neighborhoods and throughout the city. The objective was to incorporate the population into strike for the teachers', that is, to link the strike to the population itself.
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The name was probably more widespread amongst the plebeians and in the countryside. Many other families which used Paullus as a cognomen may originally have used it as a praenomen. The feminine form, Paulla or Polla, was one of the most common praenomina in both patrician and plebeian gentes, including the Aemilii, Caecilii, Cornelii, Flaminii, Fulvii, Licinii, Minucii, Sergii, Servilii, Sulpicii, and Valerii. The name has survived into modern times.
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The gens Gellia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome, where they settled after the Second Punic War. The first of the Gellii to obtain the consulship was Lucius Gellius Poplicola, in 72 BC, but the most famous member of this gens is probably the grammarian Aulus Gellius, who flourished during the second century AD.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p. 235 ("Gellia Gens").
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The remainder of the site was occupied during the early Roman Empire by the palace of the gens Laterani. Sextius Lateranus was the first plebeian to attain the rank of consul, and the Laterani served as administrators for several emperors. One of the Laterani, Consul-designate Plautius Lateranus, became famous for being accused by Nero of conspiracy against the Emperor. The accusation resulted in the confiscation and redistribution of his properties.
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The office of Tribune of the Plebs was an important step in the political career of plebeians. Patricians could not hold the office. The Tribune was an office first created to protect the right of the common man in Roman politics and served as the head of the Plebeian Council. In the mid-to-late Republic, however, plebeians were often just as, and sometimes more, wealthy and powerful than patricians.
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The gens Cominia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome, which appears in history from the Republic to imperial times. The first of this gens to hold the consulship was Postumus Cominius Auruncus in 501 BC, and from this some scholars have inferred that the Cominii were originally patrician; but all of the later Cominii known to history were plebeians.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p.
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Potter, 110. Senatorial consent defined divine imperium as a Republican permission for the benefit of the Roman people, and apotheosis was a statement of senatorial powers. Where Vespasian had secured his position with appeals to the genius of the Senate and Augustan tradition, Septimius overrode the customary preferment of senators to senior military office. He increased plebeian privilege in Rome, stationed a loyal garrison there and selected his own commanders.
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Spaeth, 1996, pp. 97–100. In the decades of Civil War that ushered in the Empire, such images and dedications proliferate on Rome's coinage: Julius Caesar, his opponents, his assassins and his heirs alike claimed the favour and support of Ceres and her plebeian proteges, with coin issues that celebrate Ceres, Libertas (liberty) and Victoria (victory).Spaeth, 1996, pp. 97–100, with further coin images between pp. 32–44.
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Because all citizens, whether patrician or plebeian, received the same vote in the comitia tributa, and because the assembly was much simpler to convene than the comitia centuriata, the comitia tributa was Rome's most democratic assembly. By the end of the Republic, the plebs greatly outnumbered the patricians, and it was through this comitia that the collective will of the citizens could be exercised without regard to wealth or status.
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One law banned the use of omens (auspices) as an obstructive device in the Plebeian Council, while the second law made certain "clubs" of a "semi-political nature" (i.e. armed gangs) lawful. Clodius then passed two laws which banished Cicero, on the grounds that he had deprived several of Catiline's conspirators of their due process (provocatio) rights when he had them executed upon a mere decree of the senate.
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The gens Decia was a plebeian family of high antiquity, which became illustrious in Roman history by the example of its members sacrificing themselves for the preservation of their country. The first of the family known to history was Marcus Decius, chosen as a representative of the plebeians during the secession of 495 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, pp. 946, 947 ("Decia Gens").
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Gaius Mucius Scaevola in the Presence of Lars Porsena (early 1640s), oil painting by Matthias Stom (Art Gallery of New South Wales) The gens Mucia was an ancient and noble patrician house at ancient Rome. The gens is first mentioned at the earliest period of the Republic, but in later times the family was known primarily by its plebeian branches.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p.
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Cassola points out that as senators could use clients or freedmen to run their business they could circumvent the law, arguing that the law instead intended to make the entry of new men (merchants and publicans) into the senate more difficult.Feig Vishnia 1996, p. 36. Yavetz contends instead that Flaminius was supporting new plebeian senators and contractors who wanted to prevent senatorial competition in their ventures.Feig Vishnia 1996, p. 37.
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Temple of Juturna at Largo di Torre Argentina, built by Gaius Lutatius Catulus to celebrate his victory at the Aegades. The gens Lutatia, occasionally written Luctatia, was a plebeian family of ancient Rome. The first of the gens to obtain the consulship was Gaius Lutatius Catulus in 242 BC, the final year of the First Punic War. Orosius mentions their burial place, the , which lay beyond the Tiber.
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Rawson, p. 59 The Union's Manifesto expressed a 'plebeian mistrust' of every political party, as well as the bureaucracy and the intelligentsia. The group looked at these as obstacles to 'the direct communion between the Tsar and his people'. This struck a deep chord with Nicholas II, who also shared the deep belief in re-establishment of autocratic personal rule, as had existed in the Muscovite state of the 1600s.
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In the colonial era, Huanta province was larger than it is currently, with traditional ties to the central sierra of Peru, and largely indigenous. The province's capital, also called Huanta, was the site of an ecclesiastical doctrina and the center of a civil administrative district, corregimiento.Cecilia Méndez, The Plebeian Republic: The Huanta Rebellion and the Making of the Peruvian State, 1820-1850. Durham: Duke University Press 2005, pp. 15-16.
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This was emended somewhat by the Hortensian Law in the early , which made plebiscites binding on the whole population. If plebeian assemblies had previously been permitted on market days, any public assemblies—including their informal sessions (')—were now positively banned. At the same time, these provisions meant that the nundinae now could be used for sessions of the Senate. Trebatius noted that officials could free slaves and render judgments on nundinae.
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Evidence is lacking for the earliest priesthoods of the Aventine Triad, whether in joint or individual cult to its deities. The plebeian aediles, named after their service of aedes (shrine or temple) may have acted as cult priests for their communityBeard, M., Price, S., North, J., Religions of Rome: Volume 1, a History, illustrated, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 64 -5. and may have served Liber and Libera in this capacity.
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That year, an earthquake hit Bihar and killed thousands. Gandhi hailed it as seismic karma, as divine retribution avenging the oppression of Dalits. Tagore rebuked him for his seemingly ignominious implications. He mourned the perennial poverty of Calcutta and the socioeconomic decline of Bengal, and detailed these newly plebeian aesthetics in an unrhymed hundred-line poem whose technique of searing double-vision foreshadowed Satyajit Ray's film Apur Sansar.
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Plautilla was born and raised in Rome. She belonged to the gens Fulvia of ancient Rome. The Fulvius family was of plebeian origin, came from Tusculum, Italy and had been active in politics since the Roman Republic. Her mother was named Hortensia; her father was Gaius Fulvius Plautianus, the Commander of the Praetorian Guard, consul, paternal first cousin and close ally to Roman Emperor Lucius Septimius Severus (the father of Caracalla).
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When Pompey and Aulus Gabinius remonstrated, he insulted them and came into conflict with their followers. Pompey was annoyed because the authority of the plebeian tribunes, which he had restored in 70 BC (see above) was now being used against him by Clodius.Cassius Dio, Roman History 38.30.1–3 Plutarch wrote that when Pompey went to the forum a servant of Clodius went towards him with a sword in his hand.
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The senate decreed Spinther's motion for the recall of Cicero and both consuls proposed it to the plebeian council, which passed it.Cassius Dio, Roman History, 38.30.3–4, 39.6–8 Appian wrote that Pompey gave Milo hope that he would become consul, set him against Clodius and got him to call for a vote for the recall. He hoped that Cicero would then no longer speak against the triumvirate.
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This was made by the plebeian tribunes. According to Suetonius Julius Caesar, who wanted to get the command in Egypt, put them up to it.Suetonius, The Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Julius Caesar, 11.1 According to Plutarch, instead, Crassus promoted this.Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The life of Crassus, 13.1-2 Plutarch wrote his biographies more than 160 years after these events and Suetonius wrote his about 280 years later.
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The gens Passiena, occasionally written Passienia, Passenia, Passennia, or Passenna, was a plebeian family at Rome, originally of equestrian rank, but at least one member was later admitted to the patriciate. Members of this gens appear in history from the early years of the Empire down to the third century, and several obtained the consulship, beginning with Lucius Passienus Rufus in 4 BC.PIR, vol. III, pp. 14, 15.
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Murena is a name (cognomen) used by a Roman plebeian family from Lanuvium belonging to the gens Licinia. It is supposed to be derived from the fondness of a family member for lampreys (murenae). The most prominent members of the family were Lucius Licinius Murena father and son. The father was a lieutenant of Sulla in the first Mithridatic War and played an important role in the Battle of Chaeronea.
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The gens Pedia was a plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in history during the final century of the Republic, and for the next two centuries they were distinguished in statesmanship, rhetoric, art, and law. The first of the Pedii to obtain the consulship was Quintus Pedius, the nephew of Caesar, in 43 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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The gens Annaea was a plebeian family at Rome during the first century BC, and the early centuries of the Empire. Members of this gens were distinguished for their love of literary pursuits. Several members of the family fell victim to the various plots and intrigues of the court of Nero, including the conspiracy of Gaius Calpurnius Piso.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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Denarius of Gaius Antistius, 146 BC. The obverse shows the head of Roma, behind which is the shape of a dog. The Dioscuri are depicted on the reverse. The gens Antistia, sometimes written Antestia on coins, was a plebeian family at Rome. The first of the gens to achieve prominence was Sextus Antistius, tribune of the plebs in 422 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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The gens Peducaea, occasionally written Paeducaea or Peducea, was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens occur in history from the end of the second century BC, and from then to the time of Antoninus Pius, they steadily increased in prominence. The first of the Peducaii to obtain the consulship was Titus Peducaeus in 35 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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Gaius Lutatius Catulus (Latin: C·LVTATIVS·C·F·CATVLVS) was a Roman statesman and naval commander in the First Punic War. He was born a member of the plebeian gens Lutatius. His cognomen "Catulus" means "puppy". There are no historical records of his life prior to consulship, but his career probably followed the standard cursus honorum, beginning with service in the cavalry and continuing with the positions of military tribune and quaestor.
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Augustus was born Gaius Octavius into an old and wealthy equestrian branch of the plebeian gens Octavia. His maternal great-uncle Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC, and Octavius was named in Caesar's will as his adopted son and heir. Afterwards, Octavius took the name Gaius Julius Caesar and was called Octavian (). Along with Mark Antony and Marcus Lepidus, he formed the Second Triumvirate to defeat the assassins of Caesar.
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In practice, however, the plight of the average Plebeian remained unchanged. This set the stage for the civil wars of the 1st century BC, and Rome's transformation into a formal empire. The general who won the last civil war of the Roman Republic, Gaius Octavian, became the master of the state. In the years after 30 BC, Octavian set out to reform the Roman constitution, and to found the Principate.
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Pompey said that Caesar's command should come to an end on its expiration. In Appian's opinion this was a pretence of fairness and good-will. Two bitter enemies of Caesar, Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paulus and Gaius Claudius Marcellus Minor (a cousin of the previous consul) were chosen as consuls for 50 BC. Gaius Scribonius Curio, who was also opposed to Caesar, became one of the new plebeian tribunes.
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The Caecilii Metelli, one of the most important and wealthy families in the Roman Republic, came of noble (although plebeian, not patrician) stock. The Caecilii Metelli, part of the gens Caecilia, remained a political power within the state from the 3rd century BC to the end of the Republic in the 1st century BC, holding every office in the cursus honorum as well as several important military commands.
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A member of the plebeian Antonia gens, Antony was born in Rome on 14 January 83 BC.Plutarch, Life of Antony 86.5.Suerbaum 1980, 327–34. His father and namesake was Marcus Antonius Creticus, son of the noted orator by the same name who had been murdered during the Marian Terror of the winter of 87–86 BC.Huzar 1978, p. 14 His mother was Julia, a third cousin of Julius Caesar.
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Falco was born on 20 or 21 March 41 AD Falco celebrates his 30th birthday at Massilia in the spring of 71 AD. Falco gives his birthday in March, on the cusp of Pisces and Aries, i.e., 20 or 21 March. to Marcus Didius Favonius and Junilla Tacita. His father is a somewhat shady auctioneer, and his family is of Plebeian rank, but Falco himself eventually achieves Equestrian rank.
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In Lampedusa's The Leopard, when the Prince proposes on his nephew's behalf to the daughter of the rich but plebeian mayor, the latter suddenly switches from using the style of Your Excellency and the form Lei to the style of Prince and the form Voi: still respectful, but with much shorter social distance.Tomasi di Lampedusa, Giuseppe. Il Gattopardo (1957). Milan: Feltrinelli, 42nd edition 1984 (in Italian): page 86 versus page 84.
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Reisch says that all but one of his colleagues – including Billy Wilder – recommended Yvonne De Carlo for the lead, except Sam Spiegel (Eagle) who told him, "Don't make a picture with this girl, because, while she may be a star, she's not your type. She's much too—let's say plebeian—in her bearing." De Carlo's casting was announced in August 1945. Miklós Rózsa signed to do the music.
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55 They also maintained the acts of the Plebeian Council (popular assembly), the "plebiscites". Plebiscites, once passed, were also transcribed into a physical document for storage. While their powers grew over time, it is not always easy to distinguish the difference between their powers, and those of the censors. Occasionally, if a Censor was unable to carry out one of his tasks, an Aedile would perform the task instead.
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He suggests instead that he was either a descendant of the plebeian Valerii Tappones or Triarii, or earned the Roman citizenship thanks to the patronage of a Valerius of the Republic.Briscoe, Valerius Maximus, p. 1. His attitude towards the imperial household is controversial: he has been represented as a mean flatterer of Tiberius,H Nettleship, A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (London 1891) p. 664 of the same type as Martial.
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Once again, in 439 BC Titus Quinctius was elected consul, this time with Menenius Agrippa Lanatus. A major famine raged in Rome at this time and a rich plebeian, Spurius Maelius, bought wheat with his personal fortune to feed the population. His popularity was such that he considered making himself king. In response to this threat, the consuls appointed Cincinnatus, now over 80 years old, as dictator once more.
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3Gruen, pp. 58, 130Hohn, 334 Together with Cato the Younger he was the main opponent of the ratification of the acts Pompey had made with the cities and kingdoms in Asia as a result of the Mithridatic War. He also opposed an agrarian bill proposed by Flavius, a plebeian tribune, which Pompey sponsored and which was intended to give land grants to Pompey's discharged soldiers which they were entitled to.
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The gens Acilia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome, that flourished from the middle of the third century BC until at least the fifth century AD, a period of seven hundred years. The first of the gens to achieve prominence was Gaius Acilius Glabrio, who was quaestor in 203 and tribune of the plebs in 197 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 13 ("Acilia Gens").
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Chore formed in January 1995. They released three albums on the Sonic Unyon indie label in Hamilton, Ontario: Another Plebeian came out in 1997 and Take My Mask and Breathe in 1999. They also contributed an exclusive recording to Redstar Records' 1999 Various Artists compilation The Sound and the Fury. Chore was approached by Revelation Records and took part in NXNE in 2000, but decided to remain with Sonic Unyon.
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More described herself as striving to save Yearsley from the vanity of fame, and was more concerned about providing food for her than making her known. Their eventual disagreement over money left the two estranged. According to Rose, More was repeatedly startled when the milkmaid drew on classical sources for a work. Plebeian poets were confined to the ghetto of folk poetry in this time of strong class prejudice.
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The gens Ostoria, occasionally written Hostoria, was a plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in the early years of the Empire. Although only a few of them achieved any prominence in the Roman state, many others are known from inscriptions. The most illustrious of the Ostorii was probably Publius Ostorius Scapula, who was consul during the reign of Claudius, and afterward governor of Britain.
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The law was promulgated against a background of tensions between the plebeian and patrician orders. The year after their successful campaign against the Aequi, the consuls Titus Romilius Rocus Vaticanus and Gaius Veturius Cicurinus were prosecuted by Gaius Claudius Cicero, one of the tribunes of the plebs, on the grounds that the soldiers had been deprived of their spoils. Romilius was fined 10,000 asses, and Veturius 15,000.Livy, iii. 31.
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Following this Fabianus held the typical series of republican magistracies: quaestor, assigned to the city of Rome; then plebeian tribune; and praetor. After completing his duties as praetor, he was appointed curator of the Via Latina (c. 132-c. 135), then legatus or commander of Legio X Fretensis stationed in Judea (c. 135-c. 138), and finally governor of the imperial province of Dacia from 138 to 141.
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For the battle, Camillus had invoked the protection of Mater Matuta extensively, and he looted the statue of Juno for Rome. Back in Rome, Camillus paraded on a quadriga, a four-horse chariot, and the popular celebrations lasted four days. Plutarch wrote of this: Camillus opposed the plebeian plan to populate Veii with half of the Romans. It would have resolved the poverty issues, but the patricians opposed it.
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The gens Orchia or Orcia was a minor plebeian family at Rome. Few members of this gens held Roman magistracies, of whom the most notable was probably Gaius Orchius, tribune of the plebs in 181 BC, and the author of a sumptuary law, the repeal of which was strongly opposed by Cato the Elder. Other Orchii are known from inscriptions.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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The film bears similarities in setting and staging to director James Whale's Show Boat released the same year.Canham, 1976 p. 78: The film "...displaying a strong visual likeness to several number in Show Boat with the staging…" Cromwell, according to Canham, fails to cinematically develop the characters of co-stars Barbara Stanwyck and Joel McCrea and reduces the plebeian denizens of the Mississippi River Delta to caricatures.Canham, 1976 p.
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Reform was accomplished by legislation, and written law replaced consensus.Gruen, The Last Generation of the Roman Republic, pp. 258, 498, 507–508. When plebeians gained admission to nearly all the highest offices, except for a few arcane priesthoods, the interests of plebeian families who ascended to the elite began to align with those of the patricians, creating Rome's nobiles, an elite social status of nebulous definition during the Republic.
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Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome, p. 311. Throughout the history of the Republic, the Fabii made several alliances with other prominent families, especially plebeian and Italian ones, which partly explains their long prominence. The first of such alliances that can be traced dates from the middle of the fifth century and was with the Poetelii; it lasted for at least a century.Münzer, Roman Aristocratic Parties, pp. 31, 32.
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1, p. 35. Broughton lists no earlier holders of the office. Aulus Sempronius Atratinus, the consul of 497 and 491 BC, was first interrex in 482 and thus presumably curio maximus, but is not identified as such. The first plebeian to hold the office was elected in 209 BC.Tim Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (Routledge, 1995), p. 116 online.
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The fasces, which consisted of a rod with an embedded axe, were symbols of the coercive power of the state. Quaestors were not curule magistrates, but rather, administrators and had little real power. Plebeian tribunes were not officially "magistrates", since they were elected only by the plebeians. Since they were considered to be the embodiment of the People of Rome, their office and their person were considered sacrosanct.
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Little is known about the consulship of Lucius Sextius Lateranus. Livy only wrote that in the year of his consulship one praetor and two curule aediles from the patrician ranks were elected. There were rumours about a gathering of Gallic soldiers and a defection by the Hernici, who were Roman allies. The patrician senators decided to defer any action so as not to give the plebeian consul a military task.
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Terentia was born into a wealthy plebeian family by the name of Terentius. She may have been a daughter of the Terentii Varrones, who were the most important senatorial branch of that family. This is suggested by the fact that Cicero had a cousin with the cognomen Varro and a friend by the name of Marcus Terentius Varro. This Varro owned a house near Arpinum not far from Cicero's own birthplace.
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Gnaeus ( , ) is a Latin praenomen, or personal name, which was common throughout the period of the Roman Republic, and well into imperial times. The feminine form is Gnaea. The praenomen was used by both patrician and plebeian families, and gave rise to the patronymic gens Naevia. The name was regularly abbreviated Cn., based on the archaic spelling, Cnaeus, dating from the period before the letters "C" and "G" were differentiated.
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During the Civil War, many Catholic women were less willing to join Sección Femenina because it was less aristocratic. They also viewed them as more plebeian. This made them more hesitant to join them. As a result, these more middle-class women joined the Margaritas, where they had strong organizational skills, loyalty and a willingness to take on dangerous tasks in support of their beliefs and their hometowns.
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The surnames of the Genucii under the Republic included Aventinensis, Augurinus, Cipus or Cippus, and Clepsina. Augurinus, also the name of a family in the Minucia gens, is derived from the priestly occupation of an augur, although it cannot be determined whether the family acquired this name because one of its ancestors was an augur, or because he resembled one in some respect. The Genucii Augurini were the oldest family of the Genucii, and are generally believed to have been patricians, as two of them held the consulship before it was open to the plebeians; but the Capitoline Fasti give Augurinus as the surname of Gnaeus Genucius, one of the consular tribunes of 399 and 396 BC, who was a plebeian, according to Livy. This apparent inconsistency would be avoided if the Fasti mistakenly assigned him the surname Augurinus instead of Aventinensis, which was the name of a plebeian family of the Genucii.
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2 Gellius wrote about a further distinction between comita and concilium, which he based on a quote from a passage written by Laelius Felix, an early second century AD jurist: This has been taken as referring to the assembly which was reserved for the plebeians (or plebs, the commoners), thus excluding the patricians (the aristocracy), and which was convened by the tribunes of the plebs (also called by modern historians plebeian tribunes) – see plebeian council. Since the meetings of the plebs excluded the patricians, they were not considered as representing the whole of the Roman people and because of this, according to Laelius Felix, the term concilium applied to them. By contrast, the term comitia applied to assemblies which represented the whole of the Roman people. Measures passed by assemblies of the whole citizen body were called leges (laws), whereas those passed only by the plebeians were called plebiscites (resolutions of the plebs).
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Notable Populares included men who held the plebeian tribunate such as the Gracchi brothers, Lucius Appuleius Saturninus, Marcus Livius Drusus, Publius Sulpicius Rufus, Servilius Rullus and Publius Clodius Pulcher; and men who held the consulship such as Appius Claudius Pulcher, Publius Mucius Scaevola, Marcus Fulvius Flaccus (who also became a plebeian tribune), Gaius Marius, Gaius Marius the Younger, Lucius Cornelius Cinna, Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus and Julius Caesar. There were other notable Populares such as Quintus Sertorius, who participated in the capture of Rome by the Marians in 87 BC and fought the Sertorian War, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus and Marc Antony, who fought for Caesar, were given a consulship by him and later became members of the Second Triumvirate. Although Marcus Licinius Crassus did not play a prominent part in Roman politics apart from his consulship in 70 BC, prior to being part of the First Triumvirate he was known as a supporter of the Populares.Sumner, G. V. Cicero, Pompeius, and Rullus (1996).
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Latifundia and the willingness of the aristocracy to leave large tracts of public lands fallow as opposed to distributing them among the Plebs had created a situation in which many former small farmers migrated to the city of Rome, looking for work and sustenance, having been driven from or bought out of their family inheritance, fields, and farms. In the principle legislative assembly, the Plebeian Council, any individual voted in the Tribe to which his ancestors had belonged. Thus, most of these newly landless Plebeians belonged to one of the thirty-one rural Tribes, rather than one of the four urban Tribes; this meant that their vote counted more than those of the lower classes in the four Urban Tribes—and these landless Plebeians soon acquired so much political power that the Plebeian Council became highly populist.Abbott, 79 The new power of the Plebeians was watched with fear and dismay by the aristocratic classes who had formerly had control of all law-making at Rome.
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The Great Books, p. 676 The Senate and its conservative elements were strongly against the Sempronian agrarian reforms. Tiberius knew the Senate wouldn’t approve his reforms, therefore he sidestepped the Senate altogether by going straight to the Concilium Plebis (the Plebeian Assembly) which supported his measures. This action, together with the unprecedented removal of the tribune Marcus Octavius, who had vetoed the measure, insulted the Senate and alienated Senators who otherwise might have shown support.
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Upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy Proculus would be enrolled in the Senate. This was followed by a commission as a military tribune in the Legio IV Scythica, then stationed at Zeugma in Syria; upon returning to Rome, Proculus was appointed ab actis for the emperor Trajan. Then he advanced to the next two traditional Republican magistracies: plebeian tribune and praetor. After completing his praetorship, Proculus was appointed to a series of offices.
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J.-C.) (Istanbul: Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes-Georges Dumézil, 1989), pp. 90-92 This was followed by his service as a legatus or assistant to the proconsular governor of Gallia Narbonensis. Orbius Speratus returned to Rome where he advanced through the traditional Republican magistracies of plebeian tribune and praetor. Once he stepped down from his praetorship, Orbius Speratus was appointed curator of the Viae Valeria, Tiburtina, and a third road whose name is lost.
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Sebastiano Ricci, Tarquin the Elder consulting Attius Navius (1690). The gens Tarquinia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome, usually associated with Lucius Tarquinius Priscus and Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the fifth and seventh Kings of Rome. Most of the Tarquinii who appear in history are connected in some way with this dynasty, but a few appear during the later Republic, and others from inscriptions, some dating as late as the fourth century AD.
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