To increase the station output the original , steel, riveted penstock was replaced in 1970 by spiral-welded penstock. The original designers had made provision for the installation of an additional penstock which allowed the changeover of the penstocks to be effected with minimum interruption to supply.
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View of a penstock at Malakkappara Penstocks at the Ohakuri Dam, New Zealand. Hydroelectric turbine penstock cross-section. The five penstocks of Shasta Dam, seen from above A penstock is a sluice or gate or intake structure that controls water flow, or an enclosed pipe that delivers water to hydro turbines and sewerage systems. The term is inherited from the earlier technology of mill ponds and watermills.
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The power station and penstock have been landscaped and are now barely visible.
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Bucket detail on a small turbine. The conduit bringing high-pressure water to the impulse wheel is called the penstock. Originally the penstock was the name of the valve, but the term has been extended to include all of the fluid supply hydraulics. Penstock is now used as a general term for a water passage and control that is under pressure, whether it supplies an impulse turbine or not.
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Satellite view of Grandfather Falls hydro complex. 1: upper dam. 2: penstock intake. 3: penstocks.
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This water is then piped under the tailings dam back to the plant via a penstock pipeline.
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The original penstock, installed to pipe water into Bissorte 1, was a novelty at the time of its construction thanks to its stiffener rings, metal bands that provide reinforcement against the high tensile pressure of the water. A second penstock was installed underground with the addition of Super-Bissorte.
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One house near Miena was destroyed. Warnings were issued for nearby Tods Corner, Penstock Lagoon, Liawenee and Shannon.
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The intake is then brought through a canal and then forebay. The forebay is used for sediment holding. At the bottom of the system the water is tunneled through a pipeline (penstock) to the powerhouse building containing a turbine. The penstock builds up pressure from the water that has traveled downwards.
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On 24 June 1904, while workers were cleaning the station's penstock, water was accidentally released down it killing 33 of them. The power station was closed in 1966, 62 years after the accident but, the dam, the ruins of the turbine house and some of the concrete supports of the penstock still exist today.
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Retrieved: 23 January 2009. This sum included $5 million for Blue Ridge Dam. Soon after the dam began operations in 1931, its penstock partially collapsed. To prevent this from happening again, TVA has significantly lowered the water level in the reservoir when it conducts periodic dam inspections (approximately once every five years), which require dewatering of the penstock.
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To connect the reservoir and power plant, there is a diameter, long penstock which starts at the intake, located on the northwest corner of the lake. From the intake, water rushes down the penstock where it reaches two 23.5 MW Francis turbine-generators. Water used by the power plant is then discharged into the Knik River.
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Most areas of the lake are open to boating and fishing with the exception of waters near the dam and penstock intake.
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D. Jansen, K. Leresche: Exploring the Cape Winelands. CTP. Penstock Publishing, South Africa. 2015. . Route 9: The Elgin Wine Region pp.142-153.
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Water will be supplied from the intake of the headrace tunnel to the end of the penstock. The penstock starts from the surge, which then transfers into the turbine tunnels. Waste water will be discharged into the Nenskra river by tailrace. During the operation, 3 units of Pelton turbine type electromechanical plants, each with installed capacity of 93MW will be installed.
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In 1908 Seattle-Tacoma Power Company, a forerunner to Puget Sound Energy, purchased Seattle Electric Company. A second penstock was added to Plant 2 in 1957. Penstock was supplied and installed by Chicago Bridge &a; Iron Co. Soon after the fifth generator was added to Plant 1, plans for Plant 2 began. Engineer W.A. Brackenridge studied and designed the plant.
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The term is also used in irrigation dams to refer to the channels leading to and from high-pressure sluice gates. Penstocks are also used in mine tailings dam construction. The penstock is usually situated fairly close to the center of the tailings dam and built up using penstock rings. These control the water level, letting the slimes settle out of the water.
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The water emerges from the tunnel at a point from the reservoir intake and drops through a steel penstock to the powerhouse's lone turbine.
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The pressure tunnel is long and it ends with a surge tank with capacity of . The surge tank is connected to plant by penstock.
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Currently he lives in Cape Town, and concentrates on architectural and interior design and writing.Van der Merwe, André Carl (2006).Moffie .Penstock Publishing, Cape Town. .
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March 27, 2004. Removing hollow items can be dangerous, because the water pressure against them can cause them to implode. In addition to large amounts of driftwood, about 100 animal carcasses (cattle, deer, dogs, and various small animals) become lodged against the dam or the penstock intake screens each year. Floating screens at the entrance to the forebay catch many items, as do the penstock intake screens.
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American Society of Civil Engineers. The waters between the two lakes are conveyed by a penstock."Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Plants Asia Pacific". Power Plants around the World.
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The second generator was commissioned a year later on 18 March 1965. To generate power, water from the southwestern end of the Lake Apanás flows along a long channel before it enters a series of headrace pipes and a penstock. About to the south west the penstock meets Centro América Plant where it turns two 25 MW Francis turbines. After generating power the water is then discharged into the Viejo River.
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The exterior of the building is finished in horizontal boarding that gives rough clapboard-like flushboard finish. Attached to the west wall is the mill's waterwheel. It is powered by water delivered from an elevated wooden penstock, which receives water from a gate at a small dam on the brook upstream from the mill. The penstock is about long, and is supported by wooden trestles mounted on stone piers.
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The concrete gravity diversion dam is high and long. It has a gated spillway controlled by four steel wheel gates, and a diameter river outlet for regular releases. An intake structure diverts water into a long penstock to the Pit 5 Tunnel forebay reservoir, from which a second tunnel connects to the Pit 5 power station. There are four 40 MW generating units, each fed by a -long penstock.
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Elgin Wine Route - South Africa Directory SiteWines of ElginD. Jansen, K. Leresche: Exploring the Cape Winelands. CTP. Penstock Publishing, South Africa. 2015. . Route 9. Elgin. pp.142-153.
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The dam's power plant contains six Francis turbines. Each turbine is supplied with water via a long and diameter penstock with a maximum of of hydraulic head afforded.
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The primary gravity dam measuring in height and in length is being constructed across the Maskeliya Oya at Kitulgala, and will supply water to the power station via a penstock measuring in diameter. A secondary gravity weir, measuring and in height and length, is also to be built in the vicinity, over the nearby Kehelgamu Oya, to provide additional hydroelectric capacity. The weir, to be called the Kehelgamu Weir, will create a catchment area of , and will provide additional head to the penstock of the main dam via a tunnel. The penstock from the main dam will feed a power station consisting of two turbines, each of and a rated discharge of .
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Water from the tall dam is sent down of headrace pipe before it reaches of penstock. The penstock terminates at Ta'elefaga Hydroelectric Plant where the water spins two Pelton turbine-generators. The elevation between the reservoir and the power station affords a hydraulic head (water drop) of . Efforts to add a third 2 MW turbine-generator and raise the dam by , thereby increasing the reservoir capacity by 50% to , are currently being studied.
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Underground Powerhouse during construction The powerhouse measures long, wide, and tall, and is located underground at Niyamgamdora. It has installed electrical capacity of from two turbines, capable of producing up to of power annually. Water arrives at the powerhouse from the dam via the long Upper Kotmale Tunnel, which then feeds the penstock. The initial of the penstock is single-lane, while the latter splits into two lanes, feeding the two generators respectively.
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Water is diverted through a tunnel and penstock on the river's north side where it reaches the power plant located about downstream. It has an installed capacity of 121.5 MW.
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Traces of the Past in South Africa's Southernmost Region. Penguin Random House South Africa. 2017. p.26.D. Jansen, K. Leresche: Exploring the Cape Winelands. CTP. Penstock Publishing, South Africa. 2015. .
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View of the Upper Reservoir and penstock leading to the Grist Mill below, 2015 Around 1827, a water-powered grist mill and its adjacent reservoir were constructed by the Chumash laborers under the direction of Fr. Antonio Ripoll. The hexagon-shaped sandstone reservoir was paved with bricks and plastered with pink-hued cement. The ruins of the grist mill remain. Signage in the park indicate that water was introduced into the mill via a wooden-gated penstock.
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On December 12, 2000, at approximately 20:10, the Cleuson-Dixence penstock, feeding the Pelton turbines at Bieudron, ruptured at ~1234 meters AMSL (under more than 1000 meters of head). The failure appears to have been due to several factors including the poor strength of rock surrounding the penstock at the rupture location. The rupture was approximately 9 m long by 60 cm wide. The flow rate through the rupture was likely well in excess of .
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The Yerevan Hydroelectric Power Station-3 is located in Yerevan. It has one turbined with installed capacity of 5 MW. Its diversion channel and penstock are part of the Artashat irrigation channel.
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A propeller-type current meter as used for hydroelectric turbine testing. Flow through a large penstock such as used at a hydroelectric power plant can be measured by averaging the flow velocity over the entire area. Propeller-type current meters (similar to the purely mechanical Ekman current meter, but now with electronic data acquisition) can be traversed over the area of the penstock and velocities averaged to calculate total flow. This may be on the order of hundreds of cubic meters per second.
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Water from the Polgolla Reservoir is transferred to the Ukuwela Power Station, near Ukuwela, via an long underground penstock. The power station at Ukuwela consists of two hydroelectric generators, totalling the plant capacity to .
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In mountainous areas, access to the route of the penstock may provide considerable challenges. If the water source and turbine are far apart, the construction of the penstock may be the largest part of the costs of construction. At the turbine, a controlling valve is installed to regulate the flow and the speed of the turbine. The turbine converts the flow and pressure of the water to mechanical energy; the water emerging from the turbine returns to the natural watercourse along a tailrace channel.
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The water stored in the reservoir is utilized for power generation by diverting the flows through a tunnel followed by two lines of penstock pipes each with a diameter of and a length of . The two penstock pipe lines are designed to carry a discharge of per second. The power station located at Panniyar is provided with installation of 30 MW comprising two units, each of 15 MW capacity Francis turbines. The firm power generation is 17 MW and the annual power generated is 158 GWh.
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A project was initiated in 2010 to repair the penstock, stabilize the intake tower base, and repair and stabilize the upstream and downstream faces of the dam, thus eliminating the future need for severe reservoir drawdowns.
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An eyewitness reported a strong stream of water entering the town downstream of the dam at 7:00 pm on the evening of the disaster, which was not the first time such a phenomenon had occurred. One person reported seeing water flowing over the top of the dam wall. When the mining company and contractor arrived at the site that evening, one of the contractor's employees found water lapping the top penstock ring; he then removed rings from the two penstock outlets. Another employee saw blocks of tailings toppling from the tailings buttress.
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Mersey River, Tasmania hosted the 39th FIPS-Mouche World fly Fishing Championships, which took place between 30 November to 8 December 2019 in on the island of . The venues fished were Penstock Lagoon, Meander River, Woods lake, Mersey river and Little Pine lagoon which had featured before in the 1988 World Fly Fishing championships. The lakes and lagoons are situated near the small town of Miena, Tasmania, including Penstock lagoon, Great Lake and Little Pine Lagoon. The geographic centre of Tasmania is located on the western shore of the lagoon.
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At the base of the power house, the concrete lined penstock transitions into a bifurcation and steel lined horizontal penstock, long. These now paired penstocks deliver the high pressure water to the two diameter spherical turbine inlet shutoff valves (Dominion Engineering Works) that feed into Wreck Cove's two vertical 101 MW francis turbine (Mitsubishi Motors) generator units (Canadian General Electric). The water then is carried to the tailrace,Dictionary definition of "tailrace" which is another tunnel approximately wide. The slope of the tailrace is very low, about in (a 0.028% downslope).
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Water from the dam is sent down downstream through a long penstock where it reaches an 84 MW power station. The dam is part of the Çoruh Development Plan and it is owned by Turkey's State Hydraulic Works.
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Hydroelectricity is generated by diverting through a mile-long penstock around the former falls. Pulpwood was sluiced over the dam until 1971 when Great Northern Paper Company began trucking the lumber to the mill via the Golden Road.
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To produce power, water from the reservoir is diverted around a bend in the river through a long headrace tunnel which connects to the power station via a penstock. The power station contains three 67 MW Francis turbine-generators.
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Water from the reservoirs is sent to the power station via a long penstock. The power station contains an array of six Pelton turbine- generators which include a 300 kW, 140 kW, 100 kW, 1 MW and two 3 MW units.
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Accessed 2010-07-24. There are six penstock tunnels, each about in diameter. The design of the penstocks and auxiliary spillways using these tunnels has proved to be an issue, however. Cavitation problems have damaged these tunnels in the past.
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"First and Oldest (Hydroelectric) Power Plants in the Philippines". JCMiras.net_02. Retrieved on 2011-03-02. Lake Caliraya was later connected with another man-made lake, Lumot Lake, to provide more water through a underground penstock."Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Plants Asia Pacific" .
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A short canal alongside the existing tailrace from Highbank Power Station is used to divert water from the Rakaia River into the intake of the pumping station. Pumps then pass the water via a pipeline into the existing power station penstock, so that it flows up and into the Rangitata Diversion Race. There are six pumps, each capable of delivering one m3 per second. Each pump is driven by a 1.55MW electric motor. Technical features of this development include the large bifurcation or ‘tee’ that was required to connect the new pump station pipeline to the original power station penstock.
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In the 1980s the station was shut down while repairs and improvements were made. The canal was earthquake strengthened, fitted a with drainage system under the lining and relined with concrete and shotcrete to solve excessive leakage. At the same time erosion below the spillway was repaired with shotcrete, the fastening of the powerhouse's cladding was improved and the penstock supports were strengthened. Diversion banks were also added to control flooding in the event of the bursting of a penstock or the canal and the closing of the canal's intake gate during an earthquake was improved.
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Water regulated at the lake will flow down the creek from the level to the level. Here a second weir was built across the creek that forms a large deep pool from which the penstock draws water at a rate of up to .
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Norrforsen Hällristningar vid Norrforsen. Norrforsen are rapids in the Ume River, between the towns of Norrfors and Sörfors 15 kilometers west of Umeå. The place has several rockcarvings, it was discovered when the penstock was lifted the first time.Lars-Erik Edlund, red (1995).
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It is seventeen bays long and six wide, and is capped by a cupola with a pagoda-shaped roof. Its foundation is set partly in the river, with its water power provided through a penstock to a turbine chamber in the basement.
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Power transmission from the penstock to the mill The mill is a two-story, frame building with a gable roof. It is constructed of rough-hewn pine. It has by exposed beams that are mortised and doweled. The building's foundation is brick piers.
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Powerhouse at right, with three orange penstocks visible above the roof (one for each generator). Spillway has five bays. The penstock for the future house unit is visible at the left. The dam crest is about 75 metres above the powerhouse main floor.
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Water from the upper reservoir is sent to the 1,200 MW underground power station down near the lower reservoir through four long headrace/penstock pipes. The drop in elevation between the upper and lower reservoir affords a hydraulic head (water drop) of .
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It can withhold up to of water. Water from the upper reservoir is sent to the underground power station down near the lower reservoir through headrace/penstock pipes. The drop in elevation between the upper and lower reservoir affords a hydraulic head (water drop) of .
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The upper section and more than half of the lower section had been built bv October 12, when work had to be suspended for the year. The construction was completed in July, 1907, and water was run through the ditch for a short time in September of the same year. The pressure pipe leading from the penstock below Logan Gulch to the mine has a total length of 10,600 feet and gives a head of 530 feet on bedrock at the Utica group of claims. This head was greater than was found practicable for use, and a second penstock was built to reduce it to 330 feet.
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The dam is also used to generate up to 25 megawatts (MW) of hydroelectric power. The penstock releasing water into the Friant-Kern Canal is fitted with a Kaplan turbine with a capacity of 15 MW, and the Madera Canal penstock is equipped with a smaller 8 MW turbine. The smallest hydroelectric generator, with a capacity of 2 MW, is located at the outlet works on the base of the dam and produces power from water releases that serve local farms along the San Joaquin River directly downstream from Friant Dam, as well as releases to a fish hatchery below the dam and for wildlife management purposes.
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Five smaller additions are of concrete block construction and built between 1927 and 1950. Also extant is a penstock that carried water to the plant. The former grist mill was renovated to be an ice plant between 1924 and 1930. It remained in operation into the 1950s.
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May 25, 2001. In October 2000, water levels behind the dam were drawn down and the falls shut off for about four weeks while PPL Montana made repairs to the forebay, gates, forebay, and penstock screens."PPL to Work On Black Eagle Dam." Great Falls Tribune.
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Intakes are located at diversion dams on the Rocky Creek and Sulphur Creek tributaries of Lake Shannon. A diameter, long penstock carries water from a bifurcation (, a.s.l.) to the powerhouse. Water is discharged from the powerhouse through a short run on Sandy Creek to Baker Lake.
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In 1971 the flume was replaced by a tunnel, connected to a penstock flowing down to a new power house, presently located across the river from the original location. A Japanese built generator replaced the old equipment, boosting power output from 26 megawatts to 175 megawatts.
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It can withhold up to of water. Water from the upper reservoir is sent to the 1,200 MW underground power station down near the lower reservoir through four long headrace/penstock pipes. The drop in elevation between the upper and lower reservoir affords a hydraulic head (water drop) of .
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Most of the floorspace is occipied by generators and their governors.Generators in the powerhouse are connected to turbines in the adjacent penstock. At one corner of the powerhouse is the outdoor substation, where a small concrete pad supports transformers and other equipment, A chain link fence surrounds the substation.
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It was completed in 1699 and taken into service for mining operations in the Neudorf mining district. In 1963 the dam had to be repaired because its penstock had collapsed. In 1967 the dam was once again in operation. The reservoir has since been used for recreational purposes.
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The water then enters a penstock that feeds the Camino Powerhouse above Slab Creek Reservoir on the South Fork American River. From there, water is sent through a final tunnel to White Rock Powerhouse, located on the upper end of Chili Bar Reservoir also on the South Fork.
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Finally is the Tevaiohiro Dam at above sea level with a reservoir volume of . It is located at . Water from the reservoirs is sent to three separate power stations via of penstock. The power station highest in elevation, Papenoo 1 contains four 4 MW Pelton-turbine-generators and is located at .
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The Nilambe Dam is a small hydroelectric dam build across the Nilambe River, measuring approximately in length. Water from the Nilambe Dam is transferred to the 3.2-megawatt Nilambe Power Station through a penstock measuring approximately . The power station consists of two generating units, which were commissioned in July 1988.
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It has a maximum discharge of . Adjacent to the spillway is the dam's power plant which contains three 16.5 MW Francis turbine generators for an installed capacity of 50 MW. Each turbine is fed with water by a diameter penstock. At a normal elevation of , the reservoir contains of water.
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Construction began in 2006. A tall embankment dam was constructed on Builai stream and a second high dam was built on Wainalale stream. Connecting the dams to the power station is of penstock. A single 326 kW Pelton turbine-generator is located in the power station which was commissioned in November 2008.
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The rated capacity of the plant is 140,400 kW at a flow of , and the overload capacity is 191,960 kW at a flow of . Each turbine is supplied with water by a long penstock affording a gross head of and a maximum of . In 2009, the Moore Station generated 314,300 megawatt hours (MWh).
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"Big Power House Will Be Erected," The Troy Tribune, April 2, 1926. Two surge chambers were built in the powerhouse as well, and a penstock connected to each chamber. The refurbished south powerhouse now provided power to the smelter, as well as to the flour mill (which had been converted to electricity).
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The Chicago Park Forebay Dam Spillway allows water into Chicago Park Forebay, another reservoir adjacent to the Bear River with 7 acres of surface area and 117 ac-ft of storage capacity. The remaining components of this Development are the Chicago Park Powerhouse Penstock, Chicago Park Powerhouse, and the Chicago Park Switchyard.
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The Pasarel dam and reservoir is located 20 km to the southeast of Sofia, Bulgaria at an altitude of 700 m. The dam is situated roughly halfway between the Iskar Reservoir and Lake Pancharevo near the village of Dolni Pasarel. Though built in the Iskar valley, under most circumstances, the primary inflow come from the tailwater of a co-located hydroelectric plant (which is in turn is fed from a long, underground penstock from the Iskar Reservoir.) Likewise, in most cases, the majority of its outflow goes into another long penstock to the hydroelectric plant at the southern end of Lake Pancharevo. The reservoir itself is small (about 1.5 km long and 300 m wide), but still attracts visitors to the area.
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It has a maximum discharge capacity. The dam's powerhouse is immediately adjacent on the river's eastern bank. It contains three 35 MW Francis turbine-generators and water is fed to each by a single penstock. Access to the powerhouse is by a truss bridge from the company offices on the west side of the river.
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The Tashiro Dam was designed as a solid core, non-overflow concrete gravity dam. The impounded water forms a lake called the , from which water discharges through a long penstock under the Southern Japanese Alps into the Hayakawa River. Two hydroelectric power plants along this route produce 17,400 KW and 22,700 KW of power respectively.
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The Tolors Dam is a high and long embankment type dam of sandy gravel and soil. The Angeghakot and Tolors reservoirs are connected by a free-flow tunnel which has throughput capacity of . Water runs from the Tolors Reservoir to the plant through a diversion pressure tunnel which turns into a single-lane penstock.
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All welds were X-rayed during fabrication and radiographed after installation as well as pressure tested except for the concrete encased section at the intake. Stevenson & Cook lost money on the penstock contract, which contributed to the company being wound up in 1959. Fletcher Construction undertook the work to clad and roof the power house.
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The water is then forwarded by a gallery following the rail line (recuperating the waters from each thalweg), up until Sagette, towards the penstocks of the Artouste factory, exploited by the SHEM. Another priority supply brings water by a gallery and a penstock to the Pont de Camps factory located upstream from the Fabrèges Lake.
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In a major disaster at the project site, which occurred 17 September 2007, one of the penstock valves burst causing the death of 7 people, destroying 15 houses, and damaging of crops. The reason attributed to the pipe burst is the loosening of the flange bolt connection. The damaged valve was rectified in July 2009.
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The dam's power station contains 4 x 250 MW Francis turbine- generators for a total installed capacity of 1,000 MW. Each generator is supplied with water by a penstock, all four of which intake on the upstream side of the dam's face and run down its surface toward the power station at the dam's base.
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It can withhold up to of water, of which can be used for power production. Water from the upper reservoir is sent to the 1,000 MW underground power station down near the lower reservoir through two long headrace/penstock pipes. The drop in elevation between the upper and lower reservoir affords a hydraulic head (water drop) of .
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Other influential pioneers were the Beukes family and the Franco-Italian immigrant Edmond Lombardi, who created an apple-juice drink he called "Appletiser", on his nearby farm Applethwaite, and introduced it to the market in 1966.D. Jansen, K. Leresche: Exploring the Cape Winelands. CTP. Penstock Publishing, South Africa. 2015. . Route 9: The Elgin Wine Region pp.142-153.
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The upper reservoir can withhold up to of water of which can be used for power generation. Water from the upper reservoir is sent to the underground power station down near the lower reservoir through of headrace/penstock pipes. The drop in elevation between the upper and lower reservoir affords a hydraulic head (water drop) of .
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Five of the dykes contain asphalt/concrete waterproof cores. The largest is high. The penstock leads from an intake structure just north of Dyke D2 in a southeast direction to the generating station. The water passes through a surge chamber, down conduits to the turbines and out through the tailrace to the river to the east of the station.
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Penstock releases through the gorge create a popular whitewater run through class IV rapids with a class IV+ boulder garden. Rafts and kayaks navigate between rock cliffs through colorfully named Exterminator Hole (IV), Staircase (IV), Fist of God, Big Heater, Little Heater, Troublemaker Hole (III+), Cribworks (V), Turkey Chute, Final Chute, Postage Stamp Rock, and Bonecruncher (III).
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Water is supplied through a steel conduit and penstock system with a head from the Stairs Station upstream. The dam, built in 1945, is part of neither historic district. The transformer house is a plainer version of the power house. The operator's residence is nearby, built using the same sand-colored brick with extensive corbeling and a hipped roof.
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The Bieudron Power Station alone holds three world records, for the height of its head (), the output of each Pelton turbine and the output per pole of the generators . It was taken out of service in December 2000 after the rupture of a penstock. The power station became partially operational in December 2009 and fully operational in 2010.
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Lower changes of elevation require larger installations or dams, and can be less efficient. Clogging at the turbine intake can be a practical problem. The usual solution is a small pool and waterfall (a penstock) to carry away floating debris. Another solution is to utilize a turbine that resists debris, such as a Gorlov helical turbine or Ossberger turbine.
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Directly over the river bed is the dam's concrete arch with a radius. Flanking it on either side are concrete buttresses supporting the dam wall. Water from the dam is transferred west via a long penstock to the underground power station in La Bâthie. At the power station, the water feeds six 91 MW Pelton turbine-generators.
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The reservoir was partly refilled in the spring of 1967 to check the efficacy of the grouting work, which consumed of grout. Water was released through the power penstock with the turbine and generator removed while the outlet works were repaired. 23 observation wells were drilled at this time. The reservoir was fully refilled in the summer of 1968.
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This Development consists of an embankment dam on the Bear River known as Rollins Dam, Rollins Dam Spillway, and Rollins Reservoir, which has a surface area of 825 acres and 65,989 ac-ft of storage capacity. Rollins Reservoir also offers 332 camping site spread over 4 campgrounds. The Rollins Powerhouse Penstock, Rollins Powerhouse, and Rollins Switchyard complete this project.
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It can withhold up to of water, of which can be used for power production. Water from the upper reservoir is sent to the 1,200 MW underground power station down near the lower reservoir through four long headrace/penstock pipes. The drop in elevation between the upper and lower reservoir affords a hydraulic head (water drop) of .
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The wet well has three adjustable gates at various levels so that different temperature water can be mixed in the wet well to a desired temperature. The mixed water enters the existing regulating and penstock intakes. By controlling the temperature of the water released from the dam, the impacts on the McKenzie River are greatly reduced.
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At the lower reservoir, water is fed to each of the three Francis turbine-generators via a penstock. The Pulangi IV power plant provides 23% of the hydroelectric power generated on Mindanao. Since operation, the reservoirs associated with the power plant have received an estimated of sediment annually. Of the reservoir's combined active capacity, has been filled with silt.
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The Shapai Dam is an arch dam on the Caopo River in Wenchuan County, Ngawa, Sichuan Province, China. The dam is tall and composed of roller-compacted concrete. There are no spillways on the face of the dam but two tunnels are utilized with a discharge capacity of . A single penstock feeds water to a power station downstream.
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San Lorenzo Airport , is an airport east of Quilleco, a small town in the Bío Bío Region of Chile. The airport is in the valley of the Duqueco River, near the hamlet of Duqueco. A penstock fed hydroelectric station is east of the airport. The runway has an additional of unpaved overrun on the northwest end.
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Since it was private property, no archaeological surveys were made. In 2005 MTA construction crews uncovered unexpected sections of the brick Zanja Madre. Archaeologists were brought in to evaluate the finds, most of which were red-brick, penstock-sized aqueducts. Now serious studies and documentation have begun in order to have the Zanja Madre routes put onto historical registers.
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Normal elevation for the reservoir is . The dam's hydroelectric power plant is located on the west side of the spillway and is supplied with water via a penstock. The plant consists of two small open runner turbine-generators, the larger with a 775 kW capacity and the smaller rated at 225 kW for a combined installed capacity of 1 megawatt.
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At the intake, the floor of the first box was manganese steel plates. The next seven had railroad iron for riffles and from there. 14-inch sawed, wooden blocks were used. A ditch, about long, conveyed the water from the upper portion of Crow Creek to the penstock, which gave a fall of from at the bottom of the pit.
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The upper reservoir is created by a tall and long rock-fill dam. It can withhold up to of water, of which can be used for power production. Water from the upper reservoir is sent to the underground power station down near the lower reservoir through a long headrace/penstock pipe. The power station contains four 320 MW Francis pump turbines.
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About upriver is the dam, a stone structure with a penstock providing access to a turbine chamber. Further downstream are the remnants of two more dams and furnaces, and there are large piles of slag mounded on the south side of the river. No longer extant are wood-frame buildings that would have been needed to support the operations of the furnace.
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It can withhold up to of water, of which can be used for power production. Water from the upper reservoir is sent to the underground power station down near the lower reservoir through headrace/penstock pipes. The power station contains four 300 MW Francis pump turbines. The difference in elevation between the upper and lower reservoir affords a hydraulic head (water drop) of .
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Tennessee Valley Authority, The Nickajack Project: A Report on the Planning, Design, Construction, Initial Operations, and Costs, Technical Report No. 16 (Knoxville, Tenn.: Tennessee Valley Authority, 1972), pp. 10-11. Apalachia Lake stretches for to the base of Hiwassee Dam, and contains of shoreline and of water surface. A steel penstock connects the reservoir intake at the dam site to the conduit.
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The Piriaka power station is a hydroelectric power facility in Manawatu- Wanganui in New Zealand which draws water from behind a weir on the Whanganui River near Piriaka and diverts it through a canal and penstock to the Piriaka Power Station, which is located approximately southeast of the town of Taumarunui, via SH4. The power station discharges back into the Whanganui River.
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It has a structural volume of and creates a reservoir with a surface area of and storage capacity of . Connecting the upper reservoir to the power station are three water conduits between long. The conduits each lead to a shaft which bifurcates into two penstocks (for a total of six) before reaching the turbines. Each penstock is in diameter and between in length.
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Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water driving a water turbine and generator. The power extracted from the water depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow. This height difference is called the head. A large pipe (the "penstock") delivers water from the reservoir to the turbine.
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The Colley Wobbles Power Station is a hydroelectric power facility located approximately 30 km east of Dutywa in the Amathole District Municipality of the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Water is drawn from behind a dam on the Mbhashe River and diverted through a penstock to the Colley Wobbles Power Station. The power station discharges into the Mbhashe River (often spelt "Mbashe").
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To supply water to Plant 1 and 2, a weir with a height ranging creates a small reservoir. The intake for Plant 1 is located just above the left abutment of the weir. Water from the intake enters a long and diameter vertical penstock which supplies water to the plant. Plant 1 is located in a cavern below and about behind the falls.
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The barrier of the Birnbaumteich is an earth-fill dam with an impervious core. In the older section the core consists of sods; the newer section around the penstock of concrete. The spillway on the right abutment consists of a pipe culvert with a diameter of 1 m. The headwater stream is known as the Birnbaumgraben or Bach vom Birnbaumteich ("Birnbaumteich brook").
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Once the runoff passed, the flashboards were replaced. But little water remained in the reservoir and river, and the falls ran dry for several days until the reservoir filled again. Alvis Stalwart, used for amphibious maintenance at Black Eagle Dam. Because Black Eagle Dam is an overflow dam, it is common for debris to jam against the dam or obstruct the penstock intakes.
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The Polgolla Barrage (also erroneously known as the Polgolla Dam), is a barrage built across the Mahaweli River at Polgolla, in the Central Province of Sri Lanka. The barrage is used to increase the volume of water, for transfer to the hydroelectric power station located north, via penstock. Polgolla Reservoir Waterdrome operates a short distance upstream on the lake created by the barrage.
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Many of the local lakes and lagoons, including Penstock lagoon and the Great Lake, were part of the World Fly Fishing Championships of 1988 and 2012. Little Pine Lagoon has been described as Tasmania's premier fly fishing water location. The 2019 WFFC was again conducted in the area. The geographic centre of Tasmania is located on the western shore of the lagoon.
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The Blue Mesa Powerplant is fed by one diameter penstock, which supplies two turbines, as well as feeding the outlet works. The laterals feeding the Francis turbines are controlled by butterfly valves. Initial generating capacity was 60 MW, increased in 1988 to 86.4 MW. The powerplant is located above ground at the toe of the dam. It operates as peaking plant.
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MainPower’s Cleardale power station, was built in 2010. It takes up to /second through a fibreglass penstock, up from, and above, the station, to drive a pelton wheel. Power is generated at 400 volts and transformed to feed into Electricity Ashburton's 11 kV network. Some water from the tailrace is used to irrigate , with the remainder returned to the river.
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His design called for an intake on the Waiwhakaiho River from which water was conveyed to a powerhouse first by a tunnel that passed under the Mangamahoe Stream to a forebay on the hill, from which a diameter steel penstock conveyed the water down to a manifold outside of the station from where the water was split to supply two turbines.
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There is a run-of-river hydro plant located one kilometer up Furry Creek. Built in 2004, a weir in the creek diverts water to a 3km penstock dropping 366 meters to a powerhouse with a pelton wheel capable of generating 11 MW of electricity. In 2010 the plant was sold to Veresen Inc. an Independent power producer, who is contracted to sell power to BC Hydro.
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Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. They operate in a water head from and are used primarily for electrical power production. The electric generators that most often use this type of turbine have a power output that generally ranges from just a few kilowatts up to 800 MW, though mini-hydro installations may be lower. Penstock (input pipes) diameters are between .
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The Coteau Creek Hydroelectric Station has three 62 net MW vertical Francis turbine-generator units. The turbines were supplied by English Electric Plant Description with generators made by the Canadian division of Westinghouse. Each turbine draws water from an intake and control structure on Gardiner Dam, through an underground steel penstock. The powerhouse building is 87.5 metres long, 20.1 metres wide and 38.4 metres high.
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In 2002 it was sold back to the town, who operate it today as a technical monument. The water taken from a weir below the inn along a 1.7-kilometre enclosed channel to the screen house, where suspended solids are filtered out. Behind that, it drops over a 160 metre long penstock to the hydroelectric power plant. The current is generated by two Pelton turbines.
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Tennessee Valley Authority, The Nickajack Project: A Report on the Planning, Design, Construction, Initial Operations, and Costs, Technical Report No. 16 (Knoxville, Tenn.: Tennessee Valley Authority, 1972), pp. 10-11. The dam's powerhouse utilizes a concrete intake tower, and a -diameter steel penstock long that conveys water from the tower to the primary turbine. A surge tank relieves pressure brought about by rapid gate closures.
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The Stave Falls Dam is part of the Alouette-Stave Falls-Ruskin Hydroelectric Complex. Supplementing Stave Lake is water from Alouette Lake which was created by the Alouette Dam, northwest of Stave Falls Dam. A long tunnel connects Alouette Lake and Stave Lake. At the end of the tunnel is a penstock which feeds the 8 MW Alouette Powerhouse on the edge of Stave Lake.
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It can withhold up to of water, of which can be used for power production. Water from the upper reservoir is sent to the underground power station down near the lower reservoir through two long headrace/penstock pipes. The power station contains four 300 MW Francis pump turbines. The difference in elevation between the upper and lower reservoir affords a hydraulic head (water drop) of .
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The dam was designed to withstand an intensity 8 earthquake. The power house is located at the base of the main dam and contains two 60 MW Francis turbine-generators for an installed capacity of 120 MW. Each turbine receives water via a diameter penstock. When the water is discharged, it is released into a long tailrace channel where it re-enters the river.
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It would include a tunnel from the weir connected to a forebay would supply water to the future Plant 2, located just downstream from the falls. Plant 2 was commissioned in 1910 with a single 9 MW Francis turbine-generator. To make future expansion possible, the tunnel and penstock were built large enough to supply up to three generators. Plant 2 underwent an expansion beginning in 1956.
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The Qiaoqi Dam is a rock-fill embankment dam on the Baoxinghe River in Baoxing County of Sichuan Province, China. The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation. Construction on the project began in October 2002 and its 240 MW power station was commissioned in 2007. Water from the reservoir is diverted south to the power station via a long head-race tunnel and penstock.
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The forebay is located on a hill slope of bedrock and it is a reinforced concrete structure. The forebay incorporates a spillway and a trash rack. The forebay spillway is specially designed considering less environmental impacts by directing the water spill to natural water path and it discharges 3 m³/s. The forebay is designed to have a steady flow to penstock avoiding turbulence and vortex.
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The Parangana Dam forms Lake Parangana by damming the Mersey River. Water from the lake is diverted west to Lemonthyme Power Station via a -long tunnel, followed by a single surface penstock. The water then runs through the power station, and is discharged into the River Forth, then down to Lake Cethana. The power station was commissioned in 1969 by the Hydro Electric Corporation (TAS).
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Part of the MerseyForth run-of-river hydro scheme that comprises seven hydroelectric power stations, the Wilmot Power Station is the fourth station in the scheme. The power station is located on the foreshore of Lake Cethana. Water stored at Lake Gairdner is transferred east approximately to the station via a tunnel and a surface penstock. Water is then discharged from the station into Lake Cethana.
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The diversion dam, a concrete arch dam, is located downstream from the lake, and provides facilities for diverting water into the tunnel. The tunnel is long, and is terminated in a penstock, a structure designed to raise the water pressure. The powerhouse is a concrete-and-steel structure completed in 1929. The diversion dam removal was completed in 2018 to allow for the passage of salmon.
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The waterfall is regulated by a dam built just upstream by PacifiCorp, which now regulates and reduces the water flow over the falls. The damming forms a reservoir called Toketee Lake. Previously the full volume of the North Umpqua River was allowed to flow over the falls, but the flow has been reduced by a penstock that utilizes the drop of the falls to generate hydroelectricity.
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The underground powerhouse is located from the dam. A diameter, concrete-lined water intake was dug in the Laurentian Plateau granite to bring water to a manifold, where individual penstocks feed the plant's 8 units. Work on the tunnel was carried out at an average speed of per week. The surge tank has been carved from rock and is located from the first penstock.
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Surge tanks are usually provided in high or medium-head plants when there is a considerable distance between the water source and the power unit, necessitating a long penstock. The main functions of the surge tank are: 1\. When the load decreases, the water moves backwards and gets stored in it. 2\. When the load increases, additional supply of water will be provided by surge tank.
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The power plant was constructed in 1918 by the Pepperell Paper Company as a means to power their nearby paper mill. It was originally constructed with three vertical Francis turbines and a 600 foot long penstock all of which have since been replaced. After the paper company closed in 2002, the Swift River Hydro Operations Company was formed to manage and maintain the dam.
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To produce power, water from the reservoir is diverted to a power station downstream through a long headrace tunnel and penstock. The difference in elevation between the reservoir and power station affords a hydraulic head (water drop) of . The dam sits just below the headwaters of the Heishui and water discharged through its power station regulates the flow of water for smaller power stations downstream.
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Once power was brought to the area, the power plant was shut down, and soon afterward local miners began dismantling the penstock to use the redwood. In 1926 William Whore used the wood to build three cabins. Two of those remain today, but the third burned in 1949. There was also extensive drag line dredging done in the river, just west of the old power plant site.
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Eugene Enloe of the Okanogan Valley Power Company was able to secure the rights to the site in 1916, hiring C.F. Uhden to design the dam that year. Construction did not start until 1919 and was completed in 1920 at a cost of $350,000, $150,000 of it Enloe's money. Enloe sold the dam and powerplant in 1923 to Washington Water Power Company, which added a second penstock.
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The Clary Mill is a historic mill building and associated water-control structures at 104 Mills Road in Whitefield, Maine. The property includes a late 19th-century wooden mill, a mill pond, dam and penstock. It is the last surviving sawmill in the town, which was once heavily dependent on the lumber industry. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.
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La Coche Reservoir, which lies at an elevation of , is supplied by several watercourses and feeds in its turn a penstock. The water then descends through this conduit to the power station's turbines. There are eight water intake points that feed the reservoir, located on the following rivers: Bridan and Nant-Pérou,Two tributaries of the Eau Rousse. Eau Rousse, Morel, Nant Brun and Encombres,Two tributaries of the Belleville.
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Escaldes Hydroelectric Power Station is located in Engolasters of the Encamp parish in Andorra. Its namesake, Les Escaldes, is located just to the south in Escaldes-Engordany parish. It uses water from Lake Engolasters, located above sea level in order to generate hydroelectricity. A long penstock deliver water from the long Engolasters Dam to the power station which contains two 14 MW and one 17 MW Pelton turbine-generators.
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It can withhold up to of water. The upper reservoir is created by a tall and long rock-fill dam with asphalt concrete facing. It can withhold up to of water. Water from the upper reservoir is sent to the 1,200 MW underground power station down near the lower reservoir through headrace/penstock pipes. The drop in elevation between the upper and lower reservoir affords a hydraulic head (water drop) of .
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It can hold up to of water of which can be used for power generation. The upper reservoir is created by a tall and long rock-fill dam on Tonbai Creek. It can hold up to of water of which can be used for power generation. Water from the upper reservoir is sent to the 1,200 MW underground power station near the lower reservoir through headrace/penstock pipes.
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Additionally, a new cavern and set of tunnels just east of the main power cavern will be constructed to house the turbine-generator and penstock. Excavation of these tunnels and caverns was completed on 31 May 2011. On 15 June 2010, Upper Reservoir I was drained to install a new intake structure, which was completed in November 2010. Construction on the new suction/discharge pipe began on 16 May 2011.
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As is typical with gold tailings in South Africa, the Merriespruit tailing dam was constructed using the "upstream semi-dry paddock" method, where a "daywall" perimeter is constructed and allowed to settle and dry out (typically carried out during the day and supervised) before slurry is placed in the "nightpan" (typically carried out at night without supervision). A penstock is ideally located centrally in the dam and drains water (including stormwater).
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The penstock delivering water to the power plant has a hydraulic head of and a design volume of . Pangue contributes 10% of the electricity fed into the Chilean integrated grid, making it the third largest power station after Ralco () and Pehuenche (). The dam is made of roller-compacted concrete, using about a million cubic meter of concrete. The dam and power plant were built from 1993 to 1996.
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Harriman Dam is a hydroelectric dam in Windham County, Vermont in the town of Whitingham. The water from the dam flows through a penstock to a power generation plant in the adjacent town of Readsboro. The dam was built in 1923 by the New England Power Company. Some 215 feet high and 1250 feet long as its crest, it's one of the ten hydroelectric dams impounding the Deerfield River.
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It is topped by an octagonal louvered belfry and concave flared roof. The building's basement houses a part of the original penstock that was used to regulate the water that powered the mill's machinery. Textile development began in Bennington on an industrial scale after the railroad arrived in the early 1850s, with the production of knitwear. The Big Mill was built in 1865 by Seth Hunt and Philip Tillinghast.
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An access road was built to the construction site, where a simple construction camp of four two- man huts together with a workshop and a building to store equipment was established. The workers paid rent of two shillings a week to stay in a hut. Others lived in tents. Construction began on the headworks, canal, penstock and power house and the distribution network under the supervision of construction engineer H. Langdon.
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It had an octagonal planar shape with a maximum width of . Its maximum depth was and its effective storage capacity was . The entire inner surface of the reservoir was covered with an impermeable liner to prevent seawater from leaking and damaging the surrounding vegetation. Fiber- reinforced plastic tubes were adopted for the penstock and the tailrace instead of steel tubes in order to avoid seawater corrosion and adhesion of barnacles.
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The Shoshone Falls Power Plant was completed in 1907 by the Greater Shoshone and Twin Falls Water Power Company. A low head diversion dam (the Shoshone Falls Dam) was built directly upstream of the falls and diverted water into a penstock, further reducing the amount of water flowing over the falls. The plant initially had a capacity of 500 kilowatts (KW). The plant was purchased by Idaho Power in 1916.
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Dr Konstantinos D. Politis directed most of these archaeological projects. These works were mostly focused on learning about a sugar factory located at sub- site Tawahin as-Sukkar. There is both an eastern and western pressing room which helped archaeologists understand the settlement and agricultural patterns at the site since 12,000 years ago. The pressing rooms are accompanied by a penstock used for irrigation and water resource management.
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The Fionnay Power Station receives water from the Grande Dixence Dam by a long tunnel with an average gradient of 10%. Once the tunnel reaches a surge chamber at Louvie in Bagnes, it turns into a penstock which descends at a gradient of 73% for until it reaches the power station. The water, now flowing at a maximum rate of spins six Pelton turbines, generating a combined maximum capacity of .
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The dam's power station is located at the base of the dam's western end and its building is long, wide and tall. The building houses six 20 MW Francis turbine generators that generate 335 million kWh annually and are each fed with their own individual penstock. The power plant is designed to accommodate four additional generators. It operates at its highest generation levels during the summer and lowest during the winter.
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From the lake, the water runs via a forebay structure into a , tunnel which conveys it to a , surge chamber, located in the hill above the power station. A welded-steel penstock takes the water from the surge chamber to the powerhouse. The powerhouse is accessed from Motukawa Rd, Ratapiko, Inglewood. The generators in the power station discharge into the Mākara Stream, a tributary of the Waitara River.
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XXIX, 1899.W. F. Durrand, The Pelton Water Wheel, Stanford University, Mechanical Engineering, 1939. Inspired by the high pressure jet systems used in hydraulic mining in the gold fields, Knight developed a bucketed wheel which captured the energy of a free jet, which had converted a high head (hundreds of vertical feet in a pipe or penstock) of water to kinetic energy. This is called an impulse or tangential turbine.
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The first has a higher gabled roof and is capped by a cupola, while the second has a shed roof. The mill received its water power via a concrete dam and penstock, which direct water into a metal turbine. The turbine powers the main drive shaft, from which power was transferred to other devices via leather or rubberized canvas belts. Surviving equipment includes conveyor belts and grain cleaning and milling equipment.
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The Jigüey Dam is an arch-gravity dam on the Nizao River about east of San Cristóbal in San Cristóbal Province of the Dominican Republic. At tall, it is the third highest dam in the country. The purpose of the dam is to produce hydroelectric power and it supplies the largest hydroelectric power station in the country. The dam diverts water through over of headrace pipe and penstock to the power station downstream.
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The Rantembe Dam, located just downstream of the Randenigala Dam, measures in height, in length, and consists of 4 tainter gate spillways with a combined discharge capacity of . The dam creates the relatively small Rantembe Reservoir, which has a catchment area of , and a total capacity of . Water from the reservoir is channelled through the dam through a steel penstock to power the two turbines. The power station's combined output of 52-megawatts generates annually.
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Is a run-of-river hydro plant in operation since 2010. A weir on Canoe Creek diverts water through a 4 km penstock dropping 474 meters to a powerhouse with a 5.5 MW Pelton wheel generator. Water is then returned to Canoe Creek, eventually flowing into the Kennedy River. It is owned by a partnership of Tla-o-qui-aht First Nations & Swiftwater Power Corp, and managed by Barkley Project Group Ltd.
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The dam's power house is located underground on its right bank and has a width of , length of and height of . Contained in the power house are vertical Francis turbines that have a combined capacity of 670 MW and annual generation of 2,118 GWh. Water being transferred to the turbines does so by means of a diameter penstock. Once through the turbines, water exits the powerhouse via long horseshoe shaped tail-race tunnels.
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The Gilgel Gibe II consists of a power station on the Omo River that is fed with water from a headrace tunnel and sluice gate on the Gilgel Gibe River. The headrace tunnel runs under the Fofa Mountain and at its end, it converts into a penstock with a drop. When the water reaches the power station, it powers four Pelton turbines that operate four 107 MW generators. Each turbine is in diameter.
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These valves control the supply of water to the individual turbines and are operated through gearing by means of hand wheels in the powerhouse. The penstock was originally sized for and arranged, so that a third generator (of twice the size if necessary) could be installed at a later date. Since 1921 there ha sonly been one turbine. The powerhouse is carved into the ravine off to one side of the base of the falls.
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Tala is a six-turbine conventional penstock hydroelectric facility located a few kilometers downstream from the Chukha plant in Chukha District. Tala has a generative capacity of 1,020 MW, sourced by some 40 kilometers of tunnel and a net drop of 860 meters in elevation. The facility also contains a 92 meter high concrete dam and underground power house. Since full operations began in 2007, it has surpassed Chukha as Bhutan's leading power site.
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The water travels down a long penstock from the Grande Dixence Dam before reaching the Bieudron Power Station down. The water spins three pelton turbines, generating a combined capacity of .Bieudron Power Station - Grande Dixence SA The power station was constructed after the Nendaz and Fionnay power stations. The power station was built by both Grande Dixence SA and Energie Ouest Suisse between 1993 and 1998 at a cost of US$1.2 billion.
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The Dutch Flat Forebay Dam is an off-stream earthfilled embankment dam adjacent to the Bear River. The Dutch Flat Forebay Dam Spillway leads to Dutch Flat Forebay, a reservoir adjacent to the Bear River with a surface area of 8 acres and 185 ac-ft storage capacity. The remaining components of the Dutch Flat Development are Dutch Flat No. 2 Powerhouse Penstock, Dutch Flat No. 2 Powerhouse, and Dutch Flat No. 2 Powerhouse Switchyard.
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The penstock that connects the power tunnel to the powerhouse is steel-lined and runs for 3,400 feet, varying from 56 to 96 inches in diameter. The station discharges water to the Kizhuyak River. Other civil works for the project include several dikes, smaller dams and diversion channels to collect water into the lake. A 17-mile private road was built between the barge landing site at the head of Kizhuyak Bay to the powerhouse.
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Other elements of the mill site, including a dam and penstock, have been washed away by floods. The building is currently used as a residence. with Also on the north side of State Prison Hollow Road, but across Lewis Creek and east of the mill, stands the Knight House. Built in the 1820s, its main block is a vernacular five-bay Cape, with attached 1-1/2 story ells at its northern end.
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The gable edges are decorated with Gothic style bargeboard. The building has rustic stone corner quoins. The water that powered the building's turbine (still in situ but now bypassed and not operation) was provided via a penstock that runs under Taconic Road just south of the dam (which the road crosses over). and This site on Schenob Brook was first used for power generation in the 18th century, powering a forge and gristmill c. 1748.
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For one megawatt of electricity to be generated, of water must pass through the turbines every second. Electricity from each generator is then conveyed to a 40 MVA transformer, where the electricity is stepped-up to 220 kV for transmission. A sixth penstock is fitted to Maraetai I, which takes water to two auxiliary turbines and generators. These generators are used to generate electricity for the requirements in both Maraetai I and Maraetai II.
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Sterling Grist Mill Complex is a historic grist mill complex located at Sterling in Cayuga County, New York. The complex consists of a frame mill building built about 1835, the rubble foundation of an 1859 tannery, and a dam and penstock built about 1900. The mill building is built with a hand-hewn heavy timber frame sheathed in narrow pine clapboard.See also: It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.
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The ensuing rapid release of a very large quantity of high pressure water destroyed approximately 100 hectares (1 km²) of pastures, orchards, forest, as well as washing away several chalets and barns around Nendaz and Fey. Three people were killed. The Bieudron facility was inoperative after the accident; however, it became partially operational in December 2009, and fully operational in January 2010. Much investigation went into the accident resulting in the almost complete redesign of the penstock.
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For construction of three units, there were audits of 18-01-05 account, 17-03-05 account and 29-07-05 account, 13 months were awarded. For the Head Race Tunnel Package, on 18-04-05 account, 15-09-05 account and June 2006 account, there were 38 months. Evaluation was in progress. For underground power house and Penstock Package on 25-10-05 account, May 2006 account and Sept 2006, there was a schedule for 45 months.
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Highbank power station, penstock and pump station, looking towards Rakaia River The RDR scheme was designed as a combined irrigation and power generation scheme. A hydro power station was constructed at Highbank to utilise the 104m hydrostatic head available from the end point of the canal on the Rakaia river terrace down to the river below. The Highbank Power Station was commissioned in 1945. It has a single turbine and generator with an installed capacity of 28MW.
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A main inlet valve is located in the station immediately upstream of each turbine for maintenance and security purposes. No. 1 and no. 2 machines are equipped with a turbine relief (bypass) valve to reduce pressure rise in the turbine and penstock during rapid guide vane closure. The station output, estimated to be annually, is fed to TasNetworks' transmission grid via two three-phase Alstom generator transformers and two 3-phase English Electric generator transformers to the outdoor switchyard.
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Verbund is currently constructing the Reisseck II pumped- storage station which will utilize the Grosser Mühldorfer reservoir as an upper reservoir and the Gösskar reservoir as its lower. A headrace tunnel from the Grosser Mühldorfer is being excavated and will connect to the existing headrace tunnel of the Rottau main stage. Feeding water into the Reisseck II power station will be a long penstock. The power station will be located underground and contain two 215 MW reversible-Francis turbines.
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Water will be conveyed from the first to the latter by a 8,750 m long and 3.3 m diameter underground penstock, and from six smaller water intakes on Mala Reka tributaries via supply canals totalling 10.7 km. It will generate an estimated 117 GWh of power per year, according to the preliminary design studies. The total cost of the project was estimated €144 million as of 2019, rising from €84 million in 2011, and €107 million in 2014.
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The power plant at the southern end of the dam contains four hydroelectric generators powered by Francis turbines. Each turbine has a rated discharge of and is fed by a diameter steel penstock which provides a gross hydraulic head of . The remaining two penstocks are intended for future generators with a plant expansion. The first generator was commissioned on December 31, 1980, with another in 1981, two in 1982 the last of which was commissioned on September 16, 1982.
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The water rushes down from the reservoir at Barot in the Uhl river through penstock pipes going down nearly a thousand meters. The loading capacity of haulage way cars are 15, 10, 5 tons. Higher the capacity, lower the speed. Haulage Way Car or Trolley at Jogindernagar is one of a few funicular railways all over the globe due to geographical and technological challenges faced to construct them and is considered as an engineering marvel of the 20th century.
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The dam, powerplant and reservoir are contained in pre-Cambrian metamorphic rocks, primarily micaceous quartzite, quartz-mica, mica and biotite schists, with granitic veining. The dam site is in a narrow canyon about wide at the river and wide at the top. The spillway discharge falls into a stilling basin whose waters are retained by a weir below the dam. Intake structures near the south abutment feed two diameter penstock tunnels with steel linings leading to the powerplant.
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Jordan River is the location of Vancouver Island's second hydroelectric generating station. The Vancouver Island Power Company completed construction of the Jordan River hydroelectric system in 1911. Water collects at Diversion Dam, runs 8.8 km (5.5 mi) down a wooden sluice to an equalizing basin and flows through a steel penstock for the last 330 vertical meters (1083 vertical feet). From 1912 to 1930 continual improvements and additional generators pushed the capacity of the power plant to 26 megawatts.
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The dam's power station, Kurobe No. 4, is located underground and contains four generators which are powered by Pelton turbines for a total installed capacity of 335 MW and average annual generation of 1 billion kWh. The power station is wide, high and long. The penstock serving water to the power station is long and utilizes a maximum effective hydraulic head of while transferring a maximum of to the turbines. The plant's surge chamber is long and high.
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Trawl the internet and you will find some good examples of automatic spill and firewater containment systems that use the drains on the site a high capacity storage vessels. These systems tend to use inflatable pneumatic bladders, lockable flap valves or motorised penstock valves to seal the site. Sandbags and spill kits can also be used but these are really only suitable for low volume spills and certainly are dangerous to deploy when hazardous substances or fires are involved.
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On August 1, 2002, Xcel Energy Inc. was sued because of engaging in "round-trip" energy trades that provided no economic benefit for the company, and because the company lacked the necessary internal controls to adequately monitor the trading of its power. Xcel paid $80,000,000 in a settlement. In early October 2007, a flash fire within a penstock at Xcel Energy's hydroelectric plant at Cabin Creek occurred which resulted in the death of 5 contract workers.
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The power plant at the southern end of the dam contains six hydroelectric generators powered by Francis turbines. Four of the turbines were manufactured by Mitsubishi and the other two turbines were manufactured by Hitachi. Each turbine has a rated discharge of and is fed by a diameter steel penstock which provides a gross hydraulic head of . The first generator was commissioned on October 17, 1975, with another later that year, two in 1976, another in 1980 and the final June 21, 1981.
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The Akiba Dam was designed as a pumped-storage hydroelectricity facility, with the discharge from Sakuma Dam discharging through a penstock into a lake created by the smaller Akiba Dam downstream. The reversible turbine generators at the Sakuma power plant were designed to function as either electrical power generators, or as pumps, to reverse the flow of water back into the reservoir in times of low demand. Construction began in 1954 and was completed in 1958 by the Kumagai Gumi.
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The Appalachian Trail crosses the West Branch at Abol Bridge (), at the northeast end of the Hundred-Mile Wilderness. The trail then runs upstream along the river for , until it follows Nesowadnehunk Stream into Baxter Park on the way to its northern terminus on Mount Katahdin. The Northern Forest Canoe Trail follows the West Branch between the portage from Moosehead Lake in North East Carry (), and Chesuncook Lake (). Penstock releases from Chesuncook Lake create a popular whitewater run through Ripogenus Gorge.
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The dam is partially financed by the Italian government through a 25 million Euro loan and the Development Bank of Latin America (CAF). Total funding from Italy for Phased II and III is USD 93 million. Bolivia will have to pay back the loan over in 20 years with a 0.10% interest rate. The construction of the penstock, hydropower plant and power transmission line is funded by a US$101 million loan from the Inter-American Development Bank approved in 2009.
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It is at an altitude of . Connecting the reservoirs, from upper to lower, is first a long head-race tunnel which turns into a long steel penstock which drops in elevation and splits into three individual penstocks which feed a separate pump-generator. After the water has passed through the generating turbines, it is discharged into the lower reservoir via a long tail-race tunnel. The difference in elevation between the reservoirs has an effective hydraulic head (drop of the water) of .
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While 14 crew members were slated to be working on the site, only nine would attend the six-hour safety meeting. In September 2007, the tunnel was prepped for work by Xcel and RPI. This involved shutting down the plant, draining the penstock, and creating an access point for equipment and workers. A single ingress/egress point in such a tunnel would later prove to be deadly; if the route to the single point of exit were blocked, workers would become trapped.
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This was not the only hazard: an RPI worker dislocated a shoulder during this process, after slipping on the moss covered floor of the tunnel. Sand blasting and other prep work would last through the month of September. Internal Xcel documents show that the penstock was a permit-required confined space work area. This would have required a costly set of safety mechanisms to be put in place, including work environment monitoring, specialized rescue team on site, and rigorous control of flammable substances.
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Neither Xcel nor RPI actually treated the work site as permit- required confined space. In early October, re-application of the epoxy coat started with about a dozen workers inside the penstock. An epoxy sprayer was operated by a small crew, workers did prep work ahead, and others ran material from the tunnel opening to the sprayer. While the epoxy itself was not volatile at the temperatures being used, it was applied at temperatures that were below the optimum for ideal use.
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At that time, only employees of the mill and workers from private businesses were permitted to live in Grand Falls. Other people settled north of the railway in a shack town known as Grand Falls Station, which became Windsor, named for the Canadian Royal Family. Penstock and log carriers (bef. 1911) The Anglo Newfoundland Development Company, owners of the town, catered to the social and athletic needs of the people living there. The Grand Falls Athletic Club was formed in 1907.
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The main mill is a broad single-story timber framed structure. The interior is one large chamber, with large entrances on the north and south sides to facilitate the entry of logs and the exit of sawn lumber. A wooden penstock brings water to a turbine, from which a series of leather belts deliver power from the main shaft to the saws. The mill was built in 1860 by Eben Crocket Garland, and was a relatively successful small mill operation.
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Penstocks are incorporated into the surface water management systems (drainage) of many landfill sites. Attenuation lagoons are constructed in order to store storm water, limiting the discharge from the site to pre-development rate (green field rate). Penstocks are installed at the outfall from the lagoon so that in the rare event that the surface water becomes contaminated the penstock may be closed. This will have the effect of isolating the site from the watercourse, preventing contamination of the environment.
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The designers of the Manic-5 decided on an above ground power house that was downstream of the dam for safety and cost. The intake was built on the east side of the dam and supplies two , long diameter concrete-lined penstocks (tunnels). Just before reaching the power house and its eight turbines, each penstock splits into four branches. The power house is about downstream of the dam and utilizes two surge tanks for sudden rises in water pressure from the two penstocks.
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Nova Scotia Power Inc. has applied for approval from the provincial regulator, the Nova Scotia Utility and Review Board, for a $110-million life extension and modernization (LEM) of the hydroelectric facility. The work proposed would be the first and larger component of a two-phase project. The current project would include replacing the two Wreck Cove generator units; refurbishing the two turbine units, which includes replacing the turbine runners; refurbishing the spherical valves; and upgrading the penstock intake at Surge Lake.
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As well as the installation of a new penstock, draft tube, main inlet valve, turbine, and generator, two of the existing turbines and associated draft tubes were removed. At the same time the powerhouse was seismically strengthened and the existing tailrace lowered by . In 2015 Trustpower became a majority shareholder of King Country Energy, which lead in 2017 to Trustpower taking over operation of all of KCE’s power stations following the signing of an operation and maintenance contract with KCE.
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Each penstock feeds a single reversible 400 MW Francis turbine- generator with water before it is released into a long tailrace tunnel which discharges into the lower reservoir. When energy demand is low and therefore inexpensive, the turbines reverse into pumps and send water from the lower reservoir back to the upper reservoir. The process is repeated when necessary to help balance electricity loads. The difference in elevation between the upper and lower reservoirs affords an effective hydraulic head of and maximum of .
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Crystal Dam, like the higher Morrow Point Dam farther upstream, is a thin-shell arch dam, primarily planned to generate hydroelectric power. Unlike its upstream companions, excess water spills over the top of the dam through a notched-out, ungated spillway that can create a waterfall in times of overflow. Under normal conditions the river flows through an penstock to the 28 MW turbine. The dam is deep within the Black Canyon of the Gunnison in pre-Cambrian metamorphic rock.
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The Main Western Carrier was designed to serve the western suburbs of Sydney. The line extended from the Rockdale end of the Arncliffe sewerage farm (which was enlarged for the scheme) to the sewer penstock at Premier Street, Marrickville. The contract necessitated the construction of aqueducts over the Cooks River, Wolli Creek and at Arncliffe between Rocky Point Road (Princess Highway) and Illawarra Road (Arncliffe Street) and extensive tunnelling. The work was undertaken in two contracts relating to the different construction types.
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The engineer- in-chief of this department at the time was Robert Hickson. The Western Suburbs Ocean Outfall Sewer was designed to serve the western suburbs of Sydney. The line extended from the Rockdale end of the Arncliffe sewerage farm (enlarged for the scheme) to the sewer penstock at Premier Street, Marrickville. The contract necessitated the construction of aqueducts over the Cooks River, Wolli Creek and at Arncliffe between Rocky Point Road (Princess Highway) and Illawarra Road (Arncliffe Street) and extensive tunnelling.
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The power station is fed with water from the three jhoras (Nepalese for 'streams'): Kotwali, Hospital and Barbatia. This water is channeled through flumes constructed from black metal sheets of 1.3 mm (0.051 in, 16 gauge) thickness with masonry duct and concrete lining. The ducts are in cross-section, except where mentioned otherwise. Water from the flumes is gathered at the forebay reservoir, then fed into a penstock (a long vertical pipe) which delivers it to the gates of the turbines.
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The receiver is provided with two branches of inside diameter for the two turbines and one branch for the 20 kW auxiliary generator. Water from the larger reservoir is fed to another penstock for a length of . This pipe is of inside diameter, assembled from steel plate in . The ends fit into loose collars, which are filled-in with lead; rings of ferro-concrete connected by iron bolts were cast round the collar-ends to prevent the lead from being blown out.
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Work had begun on an intake structure in Weber Canyon in the early 1900s at the Devil's Gate location under the direction of C.K. Bannister, an engineer from Ogden. Bannister's plan for a hydroelectric station was contested by the Union Pacific, whose line ran through the canyon. Bannister died shortly after, and his business associates sold the property rights to the Utah Light and Railway Company. Work continued on a penstock to feed the power plant until Harriman acquired sixty percent of the UL&R.
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Packwood Lake was dammed in 1964 to produce electricity. There is a small 27-megawatt dam at the foot of the lake which has taken over the job of holding back the lake from the Snyder Mountain landslide. Great care was used when designing and building the dam so as not to affect the abundant wildlife that calls the lake and surrounding area home. The actual dam structure is only a couple of feet tall, creating only a small holding pond which feeds the penstock.
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The maximum depth of the lake is 10 metres at the dam but it is typically less than three metres deep in other locations. The dam contains two wheeled penstock intake closure gates, two radial spillway gates which can discharge 1,270 cumecs of water. As well there are three additional flap type flood gates designed to handle higher flood conditions. From the dam a 2.2 km long concrete-lined canal conveys water to the Pahekeheke Headpond, which was created by damming the Pahekeheke Stream.
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Just downstream of the dam on the left bank is the dam's powerhouse. The intake at the reservoir feeds water through three penstocks to the three separate 133 MW Francis turbine-generators. Each turbine-generator has a step-up transformer to increase the voltage to transmission level. A fourth unit, with a penstock on the spillway, will provide four megawatts for station service and black start power, and will provide minimum flow to maintain river levels if the main units should be shut down.
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Part of the MerseyForth scheme that comprises seven hydroelectric power stations, the Devils Gate Power Station is the sixth station in the run-of-river scheme. The power station is located below the double-arched concrete Devils Gate Dam which forms Lake Barrington. Water from the lake is fed to the power station by a single penstock tunnel. The power station was commissioned in 1971 by the Hydro Electric Corporation (TAS) and the station has one Boving Francis turbine, with a generating capacity of of electricity.
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Part of the MerseyForth scheme that comprises seven hydroelectric power stations, the Paloona Power Station is the final station in the scheme. The power station is located immediately below the rock-filled concrete faced Paloona Dam which forms Lake Paloona. Water from the lake is fed to the power station by a short single penstock under the dam. The power station was commissioned in 1972 by the Hydro Electric Corporation (TAS) and the station has one Fuji Kaplan turbine, with a generating capacity of of electricity.
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Water from the Canyon Dam is channelled through penstocks to the New Laxapana Power Station (blue-roofed building). The dam creates the relatively small Canyon Reservoir, measuring at and in its longest length and width, respectively. The reservoir's primary source of water is the Maskeliya Oya, with additional water discharged from the Canyon HPower Station, located at the same site. Water from the Canyon Reservoir is further transferred through a penstock to the New Laxapana Power Station, located downstream, at , northwest of Kiriwan Eliya.
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Water from the Terminal structure can then flow to either the Cascade or penstock to the Foothill Power Plant and into the Upper Van Norman Reservoir. In addition to the construction in the Northern and Southern sections, improvements were also made to the lined canal between the Alabama Gates and the North Haiwee Reservoir in the Northern Section that consisted of adding sidewalls to both sides of the canal and the raising of overcrosses. This work increased the capacity of the lined canal from to cfs.
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Workers installing a penstock section Workers building the dam received an average of 80¢ an hour; the payroll for the dam was among the largest in the nation. The workers were mainly pulled from Grant, Lincoln, Douglas, and Okanogan counties and women were allowed to work only in the dorms and the cookhouse. Around 8,000 people worked on the project, and Frank A. Banks served as the chief construction engineer. Bert A. Hall was the chief inspector who would accept the dam from the contractors.
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It consists of two caverns, one for the original power station and another adjacent for the expansion. After being received by the dam's intake, water supplied to the original power plant travels down three penstocks in length before reaching an individual 120 MW Francis turbine-generator. The 200 MW Francis turbine-generator receives water via a long penstock. After water is processed through the generators, it travels down two tailrace tunnels before being discharged over downstream at the upstream edge of the Otori Reservoir.
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A steel penstock, now disused, historically funneled water into the mill's wheelhouse, which was rebuilt in the mid-1980s. Below the mill building is a now-breached dam, and the foundational remnants of other mills. On the east side of Mills Road stands a two-story wooden bunkhouse, which is historically associated with the mill complex but is not part of the National Register listing. The town of Whitefield was settled in the 1770s, and this area was from an early date used industrially.
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Caliraya Dam is an embankment dam located in the town of Lumban province of Laguna, in the Sierra Madre Mountain Range of the Philippines. The reservoir created by the dam, Lake Caliraya, initially supplied one of the oldest hydroelectric plants in the Philippines, and later became a recreational area for water sports and fishing. The dam construction was started in 1939 and a small hydroelectric plant was operated in 1942. Lake Caliraya was later connected with another man-made lake, Lumot Lake, to provide more water through a 2.3 km (1.4 mi) underground penstock.
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The headworks of the project is located in Chhote village of Lekhpharsa VDC on the right bank and Gothiyari village of Ramghat VDC on the left bank of Bheri River. A diversion barrage across the Bheri River will divert the flow to six intake orifices on the left bank of river. The flow is then conveyed to a three bayed settling basin followed by a 12 Km long headrace tunnel and 773 m long penstock pipe. A power station will be located the right bank of Babai River.
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The water from the reservoir is diverted through a long pressure tunnel, a surge tank, a long penstock including a long pressure shaft (steel-lined tunnel) and a power house. The power house has an installation of three units of 34 MW (which would also operate under overload conditions) capacity. They are of vertical type Francis Turbine units which are designed to operate under heads varying between a maximum of and a minimum of . The first two units of the power plant were commissioned in 1966 and 1967, the third in 1978.
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The road to this Kadamparai Pumped Storage Hydro Electric Power Station branches some 2 miles before and goes through a tunnel which ends up in the vast underground power station complex. The water from the dam flows through one of the dual penstocks and after rotating the turbine it is pumped up to the dam with a powerful motor through the other penstock. Lower Neeraar Dam and Upper Neeraar Vier are located beyond Kadamparai near Kerala border. Tamil Nadu Government's Chinchona estate and factory are located on the road to Neeraar dam.
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The Nakra transfer tunnel connects the Nakra valley with the Nenskra valley and is approximately 12.5 km long by 3.5 m in diameter and will divert water from behind the Nakra weir and into the Nenskra reservoir. The Nenskra headrace tunnel follows the left bank of the Nenskra valley and is about 15.1 km long by 4.5 m wide. The tunnel connects to the surface penstock upstream of the Powerhouse at a level around 600 m above valley floor level. The power unit will include the HPP powerhouse, tailrace for discharged water and GIS substation.
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The power station was commissioned on 7 September 2012 but an inauguration ceremony led by Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama was held a week later on 14 September. Funding and loans for the project was provided by several organizations to include the China Development Bank (US$70 Million), Fiji Electricity Authority bonds (US$50 million), ADZ Bank (US$30 million). The tall dam diverts water from the Sigatoka River through a long headrace/penstock tunnel to a power station along the Ba River to the southwest. The power station contains two Pelton turbine-generators.
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There were minor leaks detected throughout the next few months, but the plant had to be completely shut down in April 1912 after a washout at the penstock damaged the canal, a bulkhead, and parts of the natural riverbank. This event was blamed on faulty construction. After looking into different repair options, the town decided in September 1912 that there was no cost-effective way to repair the dam. Instead of repairing the dam, the town retrofitted its old power house for $3000, and absorbed the financial losses associated with prematurely decommissioning the dam.
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In 2000, a Federal Energy Regulatory Commission-initiated inspection of the penstock (a long, sloping tunnel and confined space running nearly 3/4 of a mile) found that the epoxy lining on the interior of the pipes was deteriorating. This was leading to damage of the pipes themselves and Xcel was mandated to repair the epoxy to limit further damage. Work did not begin in earnest until seven years later, as the company had successfully been granted extensions to the deadline for this work to be completed. Xcel energy selected RPI Coating Inc.
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The power station is in the Kanyantorogo sub- county of Kanungu District in southwestern Uganda, about by road from the district headquarters in the town of Kanungu, although the straight air distance is only about . The geographical coordinates of the power station are: 0°52'53.0"S, 29°40'14.0"E (Latitude:-0.881389; Longitude:29.670556). The dam and weir on the Ishasha River are downstream from the boundary of the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park. A penstock takes water downstream to the twin-Francis turbine power station, for a rated head of .
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Sketch of the Power Plant The developer of the project is Vallibel Power Erathna PLC and the project is developed on built, own and operate basis. The intention of the company is to generate 40 GWh of green energy annually and to export to the national electricity grid of Ceylon Electricity Board which is the only authorised Institute for electricity transmission in Sri Lanka, controlling the all major functions of electricity generation, transmission, distribution and retailing in the country. The project consists of weir, intake, headrace channel, sedimentation tank, forebay, penstock, powerhouse and transmission system.
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Part of the MerseyForth scheme that comprises eight hydroelectric power stations, the Fisher Power Station is the second station in the scheme. The power station is located in the upper reaches of the Fisher River. The station is supplied with water from Lake Mackenzie, supplemented by water run-off from the plateau and by water pumped from Yeates Creek and Parsons Falls pumping stations. Water flow to the station is via a -long flume, siphon and canal and then a -long vertical shaft, inclined shaft, tunnel and surface penstock.
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Behind this is a large cast iron headgate is operated through gearing from a concrete valve house located above normal water level. From the intake a high by wide tunnel runs for to a large high by wide reinforced concrete forebay. The forebay contains a revolving net strainer, long by wide, which prevents leaves and other debris brought down by the water from entering the turbines. From the forebay a long diameter vertical penstock brings the water down into the powerhouse where it was originally distributed via valves to the original two turbines.
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The water for this came from Keppelcove Tarn, along a leat on the lower slopes of Catstye Cam to a wooden penstock about above the power station. From there it was piped down to a water turbine driving a dynamo which produced a 600 volt DC supply. Copper cables took this to the mine, through the Low Horse Level and down the Low Level Shaft to a switchroom in Warsop's Crosscut. As the mine deepened, power demands increased. In 1899 a second turbine and a 500 volt dynamo was installed in the power station.
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Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Plant (), officially called Fljótsdalur Power Station () is a hydroelectric power plant in Fljótsdalshérað municipality in eastern Iceland, designed to produce annually for Alcoa's Fjarðaál aluminum smelter to the east in Reyðarfjörður. With the installed capacity of , the plant is the largest power plant in Iceland. The project, named after the nearby Kárahnjúkar mountains, involves damming the rivers Jökulsá á Dal and Jökulsá í Fljótsdal with five dams, creating three reservoirs. Water from the reservoirs is diverted through of underground water tunnels and down a vertical penstock towards a single underground power station.
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The dam is intended for hydroelectric purposes and is part of Stage I of the Ranganadi Hydro Electric Project and supports the Dikrong Power House. The tall dam diverts water south into a headrace tunnel which is then transferred into a penstock before reaching the three turbines. Since commissioning, the power house has been generating much less than its capacity because of drought. Stage II of the project is designed to provide water storage for Stage I and includes a rock- fill embankment dam with a storage capacity.
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Water to power the turbine generators is delivered through an underground penstock connecting the dam and the powerhouse. It delivers water from the dam at the southeasterly end of Lake Chelan to the powerhouse at Chelan Falls, a vertical drop of nearly 400 feet (120 m). This steel and concrete tunnel is approximately 2.2 miles (3.5 km) in length. The only visible portion of the tunnel is a 130-foot (40 m) high surge tank constructed on the hill above the plant to absorb hydraulic momentum of the water in case of load rejection.
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The first 18 penstock pipes were each long and in diameter, while the remaining three had the same length but a diameter. The twelve pump-inlet pipes were each in diameter. Fabrication of the pipes required more than nine miles (14 km) of heavy welds,Grand Coulee Dam and Power Complex - US Government Bureau of Reclamation. and the experience gained was to help make Western Pipe & Steel a world leader in the field of automated welding technology by the outbreak of World War IIRichmond Shipyard No. 3 - Historical American Engineering Record.
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Lower Baker Dam from the river below The Lower Baker Dam () was constructed in 1925 as the first of two dams that generate power for the Baker River Hydroelectric Project, owned by Puget Sound Energy. It is a thick-arch dam high and in length. The spillways are over the crest, consisting of about twenty-four openings. A penstock diverts water from the lake to a powerhouse on the left bank of the river, which generates 79 MW of power, and returns the water to the river just downstream of the dam.
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Water is impounded by a high concrete dam with a spillway flap gate, that can discharge up to 110 cumecs in normal conditions and up to 320 cumecs in a flood. There are two sets of intakes both fitted with an automatic screen cleaner and hydraulic gate. The original intake which supplied G1 is now decommissioned. From each intake a single penstock transports the water to respectively the powerhouse, which was built in the late 1980s to house machine G4 and to a second powerhouse containing machine G5 which was commissioned in 2014.
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Part of the Pieman River scheme that comprises four hydroelectric power stations, the Bastyan Power Station is the third station in the scheme. The power station is located aboveground at the foot of the rock-filled concrete faced Bastyan Dam which forms Lake Rosebery. Water from the lake is fed to the power station near the centre of the dam wall by a single penstock tunnel. The power station was commissioned in 1983 by the Hydro Electric Corporation (TAS) and the station has one Fuji Francis turbine, with a generating capacity of of electricity.
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In 2003 Hydro Power Ltd was given consent to build a hydro-electric power station, with weirs in the Okahukura Stream, upstream from Owen Falls, and penstocks carrying water down the gorge to a station on the west bank below the falls. Work was done in 2006, but, in 2007, Hydro Energy (Waipa) Ltd was fined for unconsented damage to native vegetation in building the penstock. The resource was initially estimated to be able to generate 10 to 20MW. Construction halted, though Renewable Power bought the asset in 2010 and estimates potential at 9MW.
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This decision was adapted elsewhere, and laid the foundation for Senator William Morris Stewart's U.S. Mining Act of 1866, which prohibited Chinese workers from holding original mining claims.Forbidden Citizens: Chinese Exclusion and the U.S. Congress : a Legislative ... by Martin Gold, 2012, page 5 Before power was brought to the area, the nearby Plumbago Mine built a power plant on the river next to the present day bridge. A dam was also built about a mile up river which fed a redwood penstock that supplied high pressure water to the power plant.
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In 1979, work began on an environmental impact statement for the Terror Lake hydroelectric project on Kodiak Island. That project included an earthen dam on Terror Lake with Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge and a tunnel through a mountain ridge to a penstock and powerhouse in the Kizhuyak River drainage. The hydro project was the first significant invasion of inland bear habitat on Kodiak Island. To address the opposition encountered from the public and agencies, a mitigation settlement was negotiated in 1981 which included brown bear research and establishment of the Kodiak Brown Bear Trust.
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The drop from the headpond down the penstock to the powerhouse yields a strong of water pressure, which is regulated by a valve at the powerhouse. Twin jets of water power the Boving twin-speer pelton wheel with a maximum water flow of 350 litres per second. The alternator is rated at 250 kW and supplies 400 V, stepped up to 11 kV to feed into the main power grid. Average annual energy output is 1.8 GWh, well up from the original power scheme's 0.8 GWh/year output.
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Side-view cutaway of a vertical Francis turbine. Here water enters horizontally in a spiral-shaped pipe (penstock) wrapped around the outside of the turbine's rotating runner and exits vertically down through the center of the turbine. The Chutak Hydroelectric Plant is a run-of-the-river power project on the Suru River (a tributary of Indus) in Kargil district in the Indian union territory of Ladakh ( from the capital Leh). The barrage of the project is at Sarze village and the powerhouse is located on the right bank of the Suru near Chutak Village.
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Whitewater rafting on the Middle Ocoee, downstream from the Whitewater Center, first became a thriving industry in 1976, when the wooden flume between Dam #2 and its powerhouse was shut down for renovation. The power generation system for Dam #2 is similar to that for Dam #3. In both cases water is drained from the lake behind the dam and transported with little loss in elevation to a penstock and powerhouse several miles downstream. From Dam #2 the water travels through an above- ground wooden flume, rather than through a tunnel.
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The dam impounds a long, reservoir with a capacity of about . Excess water is released through a set of outlet works at the base of the dam, with a capacity of , and an emergency spillway about northwest of the dam. The spillway's three gates have a total capacity of , and its outflow rejoins the river about below the base of the dam. Water is fed from the reservoir through an long penstock to the Sainte-Marguerite 3 generating plant, which is located underground and can produce up to 882 MW from two turbines.
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From here a steel penstock conveyed the water down to the powerhouse. This improved supply of water and increased head of allowed the council to install two new 1,000 kVA generators, convert one of the existing 250 kW machines, to produce 750 kVA, and replace another 250 kW unit with a new 1,000 kVA unit. Defects were found in Tunnel No.2 which led the council in 1923 to dismiss their consulting engineers Blair Mason, Lee, Owen and Cree Brown, who had been responsible for overseeing all civil works.
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The overshot water wheel is immobile and has not been used since 1956, it is now off its bearings and covered in vegetation and in need of renovation, it is the largest wheel of its type to survive in Sheffield. It has a diameter of 18ft 6in and a width of 11ft 8in with 8 cast- iron spokes to each side and 42 buckets. Above the wheel is a cast iron penstock now permanently closed. In the 1950s it was estimated that the wheel could generate 25 horse power using Volumetric flow rate data.
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The Isar, which flows as a whitewater river from the Austrian part of the Karwendel mountains, is dammed between Mittenwald and Krün by a weir to form the Krüner Isar reservoir () and is then diverted to the Walchensee. This water flows past the Krün hydroelectric plant in an open channel, through a culvert, under the B 11 road at Wallgau and then via a tunnel to the Sachensee lake (). Here a 3.9 kilometer long penstock begins. At the end the water enters the hydro-electric power plant at (), propels the turbines, and finally flows into the lake.
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A second Francis turbine-generator was installed and commissioned in 1957. A larger second penstock was also installed as the new generator was much larger than earlier planned. At this time, the entire power plant had an installed capacity of 44.4 MW. The second turbine for Plant 2 was replaced in 1991 due to end-of-life and it was once again replaced in 2004 as it was damaged by sediment. In 2004, Puget Sound Energy was granted a new 40 year license from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission which required that the plant maintain a consistent discharge equal to or greater than .
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Kymi River in Iitti, Finland Run- of-the-river, or ROR, hydroelectricity is considered ideal for streams or rivers that can sustain a minimum flow or those regulated by a lake or reservoir upstream. A small dam is usually built to create a headpond ensuring that there is enough water entering the penstock pipes that lead to the turbines, which are at a lower elevation. Projects with pondage, as opposed to those without pondage, can store water for daily load demands. In general, projects divert some or most of a river's flow (up to 95% of mean annual discharge)Knight Piesold Consulting.
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Eventually, the remediation work strengthened and enlarged the dam wall, increased the discharge capacity of the spillways (to about twice the peak discharge of the 1925 flood), and increased the storage capacity of the dam from about to . A major flood in 1974 eroded unweathered granite from an unlined spillway discharge channel which then resulted in the destruction of a penstock to the Burrinjuck Power Station. The outlet valves of the dam were also destroyed during the same flood. These events prompted a review of the safety of the dam which recommended a new remedial works program.
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On October 2 around 1:55 pm, when a safety inspector and general foreman were out to lunch, a flash fire engulfed the sprayer platform while MEK was being circulated through the equipment. A growing fire separated the work group; five workers were on the far side of the burning spray platform, unable to reach the single point of exit, more than 1400 feet away. The separated workers were able to shout over the fire and ask for fire extinguishers, but none were located inside the tunnel. Other workers would have to leave the penstock and get fire extinguishers from outside.
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The river begins at Rabbit Lake in Nipissing District at an elevation of . It flows northeast over Rabbit Lake Dam and through Rabbit Chute to take in the left tributary Lorrain Creek. The river continues northeast, passing into Timiskaming District, to Fourbass Lake at an elevation of and then empties into the west side of Lake Timiskaming, south of the mouth of the Montreal River. A dam controls the outflow of Fourbass Lake, and some of the water from the lake is diverted through a penstock from a point southeast of the river outflow to the Ontario Power Generation Matabitchuan Generating Station.
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The penstock/pressure shaft is in the form of a steel lined pressure shaft which is diameter to carry a discharge of /sec for power generation. It is in length (with 10% slope).) and bifurcates into two at the bottom end to feed two turbines, each of 40 MW capacity. Slope protection in the long stretch of the reservoir spread (up to a surface area of ) also involved concreting to the extent of to take care of draw down condition for operating the power stations of the cascade under two daily peaks in the morning and evening.
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Water from the Ufsarlón Reservoir is diverted down a long, diameter headrace tunnel where it joins the Hálslón Reservoir headrace tunnel. Before each of the headrace tunnels from the Hálslón Reservoir or Ufsarlón Reservoir reach the underground power station, they both join to form a single combined headrace tunnel. The single headrace tunnel later splits into two long, diameter steel-lined penstocks (tunnels) and the water makes a rapid descent down a final vertical penstock into the power station. The underground Fljótsdalur Power Station contains six vertical-axis Francis turbine generators rated at 115 MW each.
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A water wall turbine may be designed for a wide range of marine and freshwater installations including tidal zones, rivers, and canals, with its own flotation or on pylons. In contrast to other types of turbines such as Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan, it does not need a high water head or penstock. This makes it applicable in low head environments such as coastal passageways, where tidal currents are strongest. Water wall turbines do not require barrages or catchment ponds and thus have minimal impact on the tidal effect in estuaries, making them suitable for sensitive environments.
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Penstocks at the Grand Coulee Dam's third powerhouse Perhaps the biggest peacetime contract awarded to Western Pipe & Steel was for work on the Grand Coulee Dam project in the 1930s. Destined to become the biggest hydroelectric plant in the United States, this giant project was eventually to employ the services of 21 companies. Western Pipe & Steel was awarded the contract to build the dam's penstock and pump inlet pipes. These pipes were so large that they could not be transported to the site, and had to be manufactured onsite in a fabrication plant built expressly for the purpose.
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The gorge is one of the Seven Natural Wonders of Georgia. Just above the falls is Tallulah Falls Lake, created in 1913 by a hydroelectric dam built by Georgia Railway and Power (now Georgia Power) in order to run Atlanta's streetcars. The dam still collects and redirects most of the water via a tunnel sluice or penstock around the falls to an electricity generation station downstream that is lower than the lake, except for a few days each year. The days when water is released are very popular for recreation, such as kayaking and whitewater rafting.
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To ensure a reliable auxiliary to the power station two auxiliary generating units were installed below the unloading bay and supplied from a shared 3 ft (0.27 m) diameter 243 ft (22.6 m) long penstock which ran from the top of the dam. Each unit has a horizontal Francis 765 hp turbine supplied by Drees & Co of West Germany which drove via flywheel a 625 kVA 400 V generator supplied by General Electric. At full load each unit consumes 5.82 cusec (0.164 m3/s) of water. The auxiliary generating units were upgraded at a cost of NZ$2.5 to $3 million in 2017.
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In September 1937 the board gave approval for its consulting engineer Lloyd Mandeno to purchase a second machine. In 1938 the powerhouse was extended which allowed an additional 240 kW machine (G2) with a Boving & Co horizontal Francis turbine driving a ASEA generator to be installed which increased the total installed capacity to 624 kW. This generating unit was supplied via a dual end concrete diameter, long penstock with a capacity of up to 7.1 cumecs to G2. Eels were initially a problem at the power station, which was solved in 1939 by suspending an electrified rod in the surge chamber.
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The penstock that supplies G4 has a capacity of 17.55 cumecs, is of concrete construction, has a diameter of and is in length. Generating unit G4 which was installed in 1989 consists of a Kaplan turbine driving a Parsons Peebles 3 MW generator. Generating unit G5 which was installed in 2014 consists of a Turab 1.12 m dia horizontal Francis turbine driving a 1.2 MW generator. The power station is embedded within The Lines Company network behind Transpower's Hangitaki Substation, but can also be switched within The Lines Company network to support Transpower's Whakamaru substation on a limited supply basis.
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There is no powerhouse at the dam.Image of the Outlet tower to the Butt Valley Powerhouse tunnel near Prattville A tunnel (and finally a penstock) from the powerhouse outlet tower, in the lake between Prattville and the Plumas Pines Resort, delivers water to the Butt Valley Powerhouse at the north end of Butt Valley Reservoir, which has a capacity of 41 MW. From there, the water is sent by tunnel to either the Caribou 1 (74 MW) or Caribou 2 (120 MW) powerhouses. Caribou 2 is favored because it is newer and more efficient. Their tailraces flow into Belden Reservoir.
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Waterbury's historic Mill Village area is now a quiet residential area, but it was for much of the 19th century a bustling industrial area. Powered by the waters of Graves (or Thatcher's) Brook, a number of mills and small industrial operations thrived into the 20th century, when advances in industrial power and economy of scale spelled their decline. Only one mill building survives: now known as the Waterbury Feed Company, and its accompanying dam and penstock date to about 1830. The other surviving buildings in the district are residential, with most built between 1860 and 1890.
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The pump plunger rods connected to the outer free ends of the beams travel in a substantially straight-line motion; these were fitted with back to back diameter leather cups and non-return valves made from leather flaps. The pump has three cylinders with a bore and a stroke of . The pump could produce an operating pressure of in excess of . The water was drawn from the main culvert feeding the wheel by means of a vertical oak penstock, through a diameter cast iron pipe, and delivered through a diameter cast iron pipe to the reservoirs at Petworth.
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Spada Lake is part of the water supply of the City of Everett, Washington, and also serves 80 percent of Snohomish County. This water supply consists of two lakes, the other being the much smaller, Lake Chaplain on Chaplain Creek, a tributary of the Sultan River. Most of the flow of the Sultan River is diverted at the dam into a penstock that flows to the 112 megawatt (MW) Jackson powerhouse further downstream, with an elevation drop of . At the powerhouse, the water feeds four turbine/generator units, consisting of two 47.5 MW Pelton-type turbines, and two 8.4 MW Francis turbines.
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The water flowing through the turbine causes an electrical generator to rotate, converting the motion into electrical energy. Small hydro may developed by constructing new facilities or through re-development of existing dams whose primary purpose is flood control, or irrigation. Old hydro sites may be re-developed, sometimes salvaging substantial investment in the installation such as penstock pipe and turbines, or just re-using the water rights associated with an abandoned site. Either of these cost saving advantages can make the return on investment for a small hydro site well worth the use of existing sites.
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His estimated cost for the project was £46,000. Scheme E11 on the other hand he estimated would cost £11,700, of which only £1,300 need be regarded as temporary work, being the estimated cost of race and depreciation on pipe line. It involved constructing the weir, intake and tunnel portions of the permanent works of scheme D, which could reused if the council choose at a later date to proceed with the full scheme. From the outfall of the tunnel the water would be conveyed via a 140 chain (2,800 m) long water race to a penstock above the present forebay.
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By early 1962 one penstock had been installed which allowed its associated generator to be commissioned and then commence commercial operation at midnight on 16 April 1962 and immediately began bringing in a potential revenue of £150 to 200 per day. A large crowd celebrated the official opening of the station on 25 May 1962. The second generator entered service on 21 June 1962. Following the completion of the work, the construction site was cleared during the middle of 1962, with all temporary construction buildings removed, after which the site was landscaped with 8,450 trees and 12 acres of new grass.
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Starting in 1957, the initial phase of the construction was completed in 1962. By this time the dam, spillway, penstock and two 40 MW Kaplan turbine generators were built in the power station. In August 1982 a 50 MW generator was commissioned. In October 1988 the fourth and fifth generating units, both 50 MW Kaplan-type turbines, were installed which raised the total generation capacity to 230 MW. The total cost of Unit 1, Unit 2 and a part of Unit 3 was Rs. 503 million and the total cost of extension was Tk. 1,900 million.
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Righter, p. 188 TID is currently investigating the feasibility of constructing a large pumped-storage hydroelectric plant on Lake Don Pedro in order to better meet peaking power demands without releasing extra water at New Don Pedro Dam. The proposed Red Mountain Bar Project would involve building a high dam across a canyon adjacent to Lake Don Pedro, creating a reservoir with a capacity of . Water would be pumped into this new reservoir using power generated at New Don Pedro Dam during periods of low electricity demand, while during high demand water would be released through a penstock to an 880 MW generating facility.
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Despite the termination of daywall construction, deposition of excess plant water containing tailings continued, with the water decanted by the penstock and the remaining tailings using up the remaining freeboard. Piezometers were installed and the water table established; the contractor calculated the stability factor of safety to be 1.34 The No 4 dam was in an unacceptable condition prior to failure. Contrary to legislative requirements, at the time of failure the dam did not have the capacity to maintain a 0.5-m freeboard during a one-in-100-year 24-hour storm. Satellite imagery showed that water was ponded against the northern wall in February 1994.
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From the surge tanks the tunnels each turn into a long penstocks which delivers water to the power station which is located underground near the lower reservoir. At the power station, each penstock bifurcates into two penstocks to supply the four Francis turbine pump-generators with water. The pump-generators have a generating capacity of 260 MW and pumping capacity of 235 MW. The generators can each discharge up to of water and the power is converted by transformers to 400 kV. After water is discharged by the generators, it proceeds down one of two tail-race tunnels ( and in length) before being discharged into the lower reservoir.
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The Bieudron Hydroelectric Power Station is a hydroelectric power plant located in the Swiss Alps in the Canton of Valais in Switzerland. The power plant is fed with water from the Grande Dixence Dam's reservoir, Lac des Dix and is part of the Cleuson-Dixence Complex. The 1269 MW power plant is operated by Grande Dixence SA.BIEUDRON POWER STATION - Grande Dixence SA Production began in 1998, with two world records set upon its completion: the world's most powerful Pelton turbine as well as the highest head used to produce hydro-electric energy. A penstock rupture in 2000 forced the closure of the power plant and it was operational again in 2010.
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While agreeing to differ payment until a loan was obtained, Hay & Vickerman had continued with a detailed design of the scheme. This allowed construction work to quickly commence following the granting of the loan. One problem that the borough council had was that Cyril Smith the owner of land where it was proposed that the power station was to be located objected to a surveyor coming onto his land to survey the route of the penstock and take bore samples Even after the borough council advised him that the 1908 Public Works Act allowed them to go into his land, he still refused entry.
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The large hydro-electric project in Joginder Nagar has an electric trolley takes visitors up the steep, rocky face of a 2,500 metres-high (8,202 ft) mountain and drops sharply on the other side to Barot, where the reservoir is. The railway line goes up to the power station, the water rushing down from the reservoir at Barot in the Uhl river through penstock pipes going down nearly a thousand metres (3,280 ft). For tourists who go up to Barot by the trolley, there is a comfortable rest house of the electricity department. The roads extend beyond to Mandi and passes the Larji gorge to the Kullu valley.
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In 1998 Giovanola Amusement Rides Worldwide (GARW) was founded to sell amusement rides built by Giovanola Frères SA. Both companies were based in Monthey, Switzerland. The company remained in business for three years and sold three roller coasters: Goliath at Six Flags Magic Mountain,Flags - Goliath Titan at Six Flags Over Texas and Anaconda at South Africa's Gold Reef City. GARW filed for bankruptcy protection in 2001 after the completion of Titan at Six Flags Over Texas which ended the roller- coaster-building business. In 2000 a hydraulic penstock at the Bieudron Hydroelectric Power Station, which was manufactured by Giovanola Frères, failed, rendering the power station inoperative.
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Part of the Great Lake and South Esk scheme that comprises three hydroelectric power stations, the Trevallyn Power Station is the final station and is located adjacent to the Tamar River north of Launceston, making use of daily flows down the South Esk River. A dam on the South Esk River diverts water through a -long penstock pipeline to the power station. Water flows underground for its entirety except for a short, -long, portion that leaves the ground near Pitt Avenue due to a valley intersecting the tunnel's course. The pipeline splits underground into four smaller pipes immediately before entry into the station's turbines.
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The water enters the penstock tunnel above sea level and leaves the power station at sea level, entering the Tamar River via the Tailrace Bay on Tie-Tree Bend. Trevallyn and Poatina are the only hydroelectric power stations currently located in the drainage basin of the South Esk River. The tunnel through which the pipeline runs is cut through dolerite and was excavated by a French tunnelling company. The bay that the used water is discharged into was excavated using mostly steam driven equipment and tram ways with the two tailing mounds now forming the Tailrace Park (south side) and the Tailrace Convention Center (north side).
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It has a 600 Megawatt capacity. The dam is one of the highest earth-fill dams in India and has the largest diameter penstock pipes in the country. Several issues and claims were consistently reported by the govt of J&K; to govt of Punjab over the usage of water, electricity, employment and compensation to the locals against the land acquisition. Finally on 12 May 2017 govt of J&K; has raised this issue in the Northern Zonal Council Meeting held in Chandigarh on this Ministry of Home Affairs, GOI has decided to construct barrage to allow both states to enjoy equal rights over the dam.
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The Hatanagi Project was designed as a pumped-storage hydroelectricity facility, with the discharge from Hatanagi No.1 Dam discharging through a penstock into a lake created by the smaller Hatanagi No.2 Dam downstream. The reversible turbine generators at the Hatanagi No.1 power plant were designed to function as either electrical power generators, or as pumps, to reverse the flow of water back to the reservoir in times of low demand. The generators have a capacity of , and a maximum flow rate of 137 m3/s. The lake created by the dam serves as an important source of tap water, industrial water and irrigation water in Shizuoka Prefecture.
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The Eklutna Power Plant, also referred to as Old Eklutna Power Plant, is a historic hydroelectric power plant on the Eklutna River in Anchorage, Alaska. Located about downstream of the more modern new Eklutna Power Plant, it was built in 1928-29 to provide electrical power to the growing city, and served as its primary power source until 1956. The facilities include two dams, a tunnel and penstock, and a powerhouse. The main dam, Eklutna Dam, located at the northwestern end of Eklutna Lake, was built in 1941 to replace a series of temporary structures built after an earthen dam failed before the plant began operation.
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Bluegrass participated in the Saluda Dam Remediation project in South Carolina, a requirement by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission which involved seismic upgrades to the dam and building a backup dam immediately downstream. Bluegrass was contracted to assist with removal of concrete piers and retaining wall to provide access to the penstock towers which supply water to the turbines in the hydroelectric plant. Bluegrass diamond wire saws were ideally suited to the job because of the minimal vibration emitted, therefore avoided the potential hazard of vibrating debris into the draft tubes. Expansive grout and robotic hammers were also used to break the concrete blocks for removal.
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Originally only 2 km in length, the lake was considerably expanded by the 1928 construction of the Alouette Dam at , which is along the upper reaches of the South Alouette River. A long tunnel connects Alouette Lake and Stave Lake. At the end of the tunnel is a penstock which feeds the small Alouette Powerhouse, an 8 MW power station operated by BC Hydro, which lies midway along the west shore of Stave Lake. There is no powerhouse at the dam, however, as the point of the reservoir is to feed the tunnel through the flank of the ridge between Mounts Crickmer and Robie Reid.
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The dam creates the Laxapana Reservoir, which is sustained from water flowing in from the Kelani River, and discharged water from the Old Laxapana Hydroelectric Power Stations and New Laxapana Hydroelectric Power Stations. The Old Laxapana and New Laxapana hydroelectric power stations belongs to the Norton Dam and Canyon Dam respectively, delivered via penstocks. The combined hydro resource of the Laxapana Reservoir is fed into another penstock to a further downstream for utilization of power generation at the Polpitiya Power Station, located at . The power station, which is also called as the Samanala Hydroelectric Power Station, consists of two generation units rated at each, both of which were commissioned in .
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Pupu Hydro Powerhouse turbine room Following 7 years of negotiations from 1981 to 1987, an agreement was signed between the Tasman Electric Power Board and the Pupu Hydro Society to take on a loan and fully restore the Pupu Hydro Power Scheme as a working "museum". The water race and penstock were partly rebuilt, a motorised filter and new control gates were installed, and a spillway weir was constructed. The powerhouse was renovated and all equipment was either restored, refurbished or replaced. The 250 kVA 400 V alternator from 1929 was rewound and reinsulated by the ASEA New Zealand branch, the original supplier of the generator.
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The rising lake submerged Old Don Pedro Dam on April 12, 1970 and inundated the Gold Rush town of Jacksonville by June. The powerhouse and penstocks were completed by August 1970, after lengthy delays and setbacks due to the sheer scale of the generators, pipes and gates used in their construction. Some of the individual components were so heavy that a truck delivering one of the penstock sections sank up to its trailer bed in the road, and another was crushed when the driver braked, inadvertently snapping the chains that held the load in place. The total cost of the New Don Pedro Dam project, including site preparations, reservoir clearing and road relocations, was $115,679,000.
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Inside the Shasta Dam powerhouse Shasta Dam serves mainly to provide flood control and carryover water storage for the dry season, contributing greatly to irrigation in the Sacramento Valley and navigation on the Sacramento River, as well as keeping freshwater levels in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta high enough for diversion into the California Aqueduct and Delta-Mendota Canal. The dam's other major purpose is to generate hydroelectricity. With a hydraulic head of , the dam is capable of generating 676 megawatts (MW) from five turbines – a pair of 125 MW units and three 142 MW units. Each of the turbines is driven by a high-pressure jet of water fed by a steel penstock in diameter.
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Ruskin Dam is part of the Alouette-Stave Falls-Ruskin Hydroelectric Complex. Upstream of the dam is the Stave Falls Dam and Powerhouse which has an installed capacity of 90 MW. Supplementing Stave Lake is small amount of water from Alouette Lake which is created by the Alouette Dam in northern Maple Ridge via long tunnel connecting intakes at the northern end of Alouette Lake and Stave Lake. At the end of the tunnel is a penstock which feeds the 8 MW Alouette Powerhouse on the western shore of Stave Lake approximately 8 km north of Stave Dam. Water released from Stave Falls Dam flows into Hayward Lake and is used by the Ruskin Dam for power generation.
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Mammoth Pool Dam has caused the submersion of a migratory route commonly used by mule deer in the Sierra, forcing them to swim across the reservoir during their spring and autumn migrations. The reservoir is closed to all public use between May 15 to June 15 to prevent disturbance of the deer population. During late summer and autumns of most years, nearly the entire flow of the San Joaquin River is diverted into the Mammoth Pool penstock, essentially drying up nearly of riverbed. This has resulted in severe declines in fish populations in the stretch between Mammoth Pool and Dam No. 6, where the outflow from the Mammoth Pool powerhouse is located.
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The Hatanagi Project was designed as a Pumped-storage hydroelectricity facility, with the discharge from Hatanagi-I discharging through a five kilometer penstock into a lake created by the smaller Hatanagi No.2 Dam downstream. The reversible turbine generators at the Hatanagi No.1 power plant were designed to function as either electrical power generators, or as pumps, to reverse the flow of water back into the reservoir in times of low demand. The generators at the Hatanagi No.1 power plant have a capacity of 137,000 kW, and a maximum flow rate of 137 m3/s. The Hatanagi No.2 power plant adds an additional 85,000 kW to the electrical grid of the Tōkai region of central Japan.
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As part of the Blue Ridge Dam Rehabilitation project, the Tennessee Valley Authority, began slowly lowering the elevation of Blue Ridge Lake in July 2010. This rehabilitation project aimed to repair the dam penstock and to stabilize both the upstream and downstream faces of the dam. The project reduced the water level in the lake to approximately 1630 feet above sea level around the middle of October 2010 and the portion of work requiring the drawdown was completed in April 2011 when refilling of the lake began. However, TVA decided to hold the lake level at 1,672 feet through the summer of 2012 due to unexpected ground movement experienced in March 2012.
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The south bank and a masonry wall some distance offshore created a forebay (or short headrace) which fed the iron-enclosed penstocks, and water flow into the penstocks was partially controlled by a gate at the upstream end of the forebay. The main penstock was long and in diameter, and fed water to the turbines. (Three other penstocks were built but not put into use immediately.) The interior of the north bank powerhouse at Black Eagle Dam, showing the ropes and pulleys used to transfer mechanical power to the smelter. On the north side of the river was another powerhouse (completed in 1892), which contained seven more Victor turbines, capable of generating a total of 1.94 MW of power.
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The dam creates the relatively small Norton Reservoir, which is sustained by water from the Kehelgamu Oya, and water discharged from the Wimalasurendra Hydroelectric Power Station, which is located at the upstream side of the reservoir. The Wimalasurendra Power Station or the Norton Bridge Power station is fed from the reservoir at Castles Reigh about 2000 feet above the Norton Reservoir. Water from the Norton Reservoir is further channelled through a Tunnel through the rock strata and then by a couple of steel pipes penstock to the Hydroelectric Power Station, located downstream at , northwest of Kiriwan Eliya. The power station consists of five hydroelectric generators, three of which are rated at , and two of which are .
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The plant was purchased by the City of Pasadena in 1930, due to structural modifications needed to accommodate the city's proposed Morris Dam. A new 3,000 KW plant was built adjacent to the old plant in the 1940s. The power station is supplied with water via the long Azusa Conduit, which draws water from the river below San Gabriel Dam, and runs along the east wall of the San Gabriel Canyon to a point just north of Azusa adjacent to the San Gabriel Canyon spreading grounds, where a diameter penstock falls down the mountainside to the powerhouse. Between 1996 and 2014 the plant generated an annual average of 4 million kilowatt hours.
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A structure was constructed across the lower Baker River below Lake Shannon, and this was originally used to capture returning anadromous fish and in conjunction with a few other facilities, carried fish up into Lake Shannon until 1959, when the system was extended to place the fish in Baker Lake instead. On July 9, 1959, Upper Baker Dam was completed and the inflow to Lake Shannon became regulated for the first time. A major landslide in 1965 crushed the Lower Baker powerhouse and its two turbines, Units 1 and 2. Units 3 and 4 were constructed near the same spot, and the original, -long penstock was lengthened by , to , to reach the new powerhouse.
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The Renzonghai Dam is a rock-fill embankment dam on the Tianwanhe River, a tributary of the Dadu River, in Shimian County of Sichuan Province, China. The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation and it supports three power stations downstream, the Renzonghai, Jinwo and Dafa Hydropower Stations. Water from the dam is sent via penstock first to the 246 MW Renzonghai () then the 287.2 MW Jinwo () and finally, the 246 MW Dafa Hydropower Station (). The total installed capacity of the power stations is 779.2 MW Construction on the project began in August 2004 and the Jinwo power station was commissioned in 2007, the Dafa in 2008 and the Renzonghai in 2009.
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US Army Corps of Engineers in their studies for "Potential Renewable Energy Technologies in Northwest Kabul", have examined utilization of the storage of Quarga reservoir and the head created by the dam. Two alternatives have been studied. In the first alternative the head available at the dam location of about below the dam could generate power of 26 KW with regulated releases from the dam giving an annual energy generation of 227,760 kWh. In the second alternative a head of could be created over a distance of from the dam which could be utilized for power generation of 103 KW with energy generation of 902,280 kWh, drawing water from the reservoir through a penstock pipe line.
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The Pupu Hydro Walkway is a 1.5 to 2 hour loop track starting at the end of the unsealed Pupu Valley Road, past the more well-known Pupu Springs. The walk passes through the mature podocarp and beech forest of Kahurangi National Park, first zig-zagging up to the penstock, and then following the gentle gradient of the historic gold mining water-race along the steep hill side for on a narrow boardwalk. The concrete water race and the boardwalk have been restored, including continuous railing on the sections along steep drop-offs. After reaching the intake weir at Campbell Creek, the track returns via a gravel track on the opposite side of the valley.
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Original Turbine at Petty Harbour 1900 In 1920 Reid renamed the company the St. John's Light and Power Company. On 7 February 1921, an avalanche destroyed of the wooden penstock that carried water from the dam to the generating station, cutting off all electrical power to St. John's for almost five days. Then, in 1924, the plant changed ownership to the Royal Securities Corporation of Montreal, where they began extensive reconstruction of the plant and watershed area. Gull Hill intake on Petty Harbour station On 1 May 1978, the plant was entered in the Canadian Engineering Heritage Record as a model reflecting progressive adaptation to emerging technology, and remains today as one of the few plants of its type still in active service.
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As railroads expanded rapidly farther inland unchallenged, competition developed along previously existing or developed arterial routes, between older and slower navigation systems and the newer and faster railroads. One result over time was their acquisition and closing of existing canals, another result was the development of monopolistic and anti-competitive practices. Where railroads were not so directly involved, the decline in canal traffic developed alternative uses for the water power contained behind these dams and former locks. While these closed canal facilities could not be moved, their water power could be, in a fashion; in some locations the dammed water was otherwise piped through a penstock to multiple nearby locations lower downstream, to provide mechanical hydropower from increasingly more efficient water turbines.
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The scheme was originally designed with provision to allow the mechanical output to be increased from 600 hp (447 kW) to 1,800 hp (1,342 kW). Three one-metre-high concrete weirs, approximately 200 mm thick connecting natural islands on the Whanganui River impound water in a small headpond. From here water is diverted to control gates and then via a concrete-lined canal to a forebay (fitted with screens) from which it flows through a buried by concrete penstock to a concrete surge chamber located beside the two powerhouses, from which water passes via penstocks to the turbines. There are two powerhouses, the original 1924 building which houses two vertical Francis turbines, each powering a 0.25 MW generating unit, designated G2 and G3.
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The dam serves mainly for the generation of hydroelectric power. It is an important component of Southern California Edison's Big Creek Hydroelectric Project, which comprises a system of 25 dams, nine power plants and supporting tunnels and diversion channels in the upper basin of the San Joaquin River. Water from the reservoir is diverted into a -long reinforced concrete penstock into Mammoth Pool Powerhouse, which has two 100,000 hp turbines totaling a nominal generating capacity of 190 megawatts (MW). Due to friction decreasing flow rate in the power tunnel, the actual output during maximum generation is only about 187 MW. A high surge chamber is located shortly above the powerhouse to provide protection to the turbines in case of abrupt flow fluctuations through the tunnel.
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It will take still longer for the sediment to accumulate to the point where it could clog the outlet works, which are the lowest openings in the upstream face of the dam. Some critics predict that if the water level then drops, it may fall below the penstock openings, which are higher up on the dam face, which will cause the release capacity of the dam to drop to zero. This would dewater the Colorado River bed below the dam which would remain dry until the next major spring inflow. Only springs, seeps and tributaries such as the Paria, Little Colorado and Virgin River would supply the river flow during these times, perhaps causing unprecedented drops in levels of Lake Mead as well.
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The power station commenced commercial generation in December 1925, with 80 customers receiving a supply in Aria and Piopio and surrounding districts by January 1926. The new power station was officially opened on 27 May 1926 by Prime Minister Gordon Coates with a single generating unit (G1) which had a Boving & Co horizontal Francis turbine driving a ASEA generator which gave an original installed capacity of 480 kW, which was generated at 6.6 kV. The generating unit was supplied with water via a concrete and steel diameter, long penstock with a capacity of up to 3.1 cumecs. By 1936 the Wairere Power Board had an annual revenue of £5,000, with the power station supplying about 350 consumers via approximately 120 miles of transmission line.
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In this system Lipsko Lake is a compensation basin and serves for regulation of an outflow of water toward intake facility at penstock station "Lipa" at the foot of Kamešnica mountain, and across the border into Croatia where hydroelectric power plant "HE Orlovac" is situated. Lipsko Lake is connected with much larger reservoir of Buško Blato, whose head can rise above head of Lipsko Lake up to several meters, via the reversible canal of "Lipsko-Buško" where it stores an excess waters from Livanjsko Polje and the Bistrica, especially during flooding season and high precipitation periods. For transfer of these waters over the barrage "Podgradina", at village Podgradina, into Buško Blato reservoir, system uses reversible pumping station "Buško Blato", built at the point where canal reaches barrage.
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Cougar Dam was completed in 1963 at a cost of $54.2 million and the two turbine units were completed in 1964. Cougar Dam operates in coordination with Blue River Dam to control flooding, and since the completion of the dam, it is estimated that it prevented approximately $452 million in potential flood damages. The dam consists of a rock-fill embankment approximately long, a penstock to power two Kaplan turbines, an emergency spillway capable of a capacity of , a regulating outlet, and a diversion tunnel. The diversion tunnel was built to divert the South Fork McKenzie River during the construction of Cougar Dam, and the tunnel was later closed with a concrete plug once the construction of the dam was complete.
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The Pupu Hydro Power Scheme is a small hydroelectric power station near Takaka in the Golden Bay region of the South Island of New Zealand. It opened in 1929 as the first power station in the region and was the first public electricity supply in Golden Bay. After closing in 1980 following damage to the generator, the power scheme was fully restored by the local Pupu Hydro Society and many volunteer groups over the course of seven years and re-opened in 1988, again supplying electricity to the national grid. The scenic Pupu Hydro Walkway follows the historic gold mining water-race between the penstock and the weir at Campbell Creek, before returning along the opposite side of the valley.
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Through the use of a new underground penstock, water that had been released through the turbines during times of peak energy demand would be pumped from the lower reservoir back into the upper one during times of lower consumption, replenishing the plant's supply of water and enabling a balanced production of power. Super- Bissorte, the new addition to the complex, was commissioned in 1986. It comprises two underground facilities, called Bissorte 2 and Bissorte 3, which can generate 750 MW through the use of four 150 MW reversible Francis pump- turbines and a 150 MW Pelton turbine.Ibid. The Bissorte concession agreement, which grants EDF the rights to operate the facility, expired at the end of 2014 and will be put up for bid, according to the Law of 16 Octobre 1919.
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The old manually operated iron penstock gates beneath the Royal Dockyard in Portsmouth and Gibraltar Harbour were gently blasted into removable fragments and replaced by modern hydraulic structures. Various other underwater operations were conducted for marine salvage companies. Subsequent operational work carried out by Alford included marine salvage during the "Tanker War" in the Persian Gulf (1984/8), including the sectioning of large oil tankers whose hulls had been blown open by Iran's Revolutionary Guards and air attacks; this work was carried out under the Iranian flag in the uncomfortably close company of the Revolutionary Guard's speedboats with their heavy machine guns and RPGs. That activity was swiftly followed by the clearance of mines and sub-munitions and aircraft bombs immediately after the repulsed invasion of Kuwait by Iraq in 1992.
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In addition, sluice gates have also been provided in the body of the dam at lower levels to remove silt deposited in the dam. The power house is located on the left side of the spillway and consists of 4 units of 43 MW each, with firm power generation of 90 MW at 60% load factor. The stored water from the reservoir including the water discharged from the powerhouse of the upper reservoir (The Gandhi Sagar Reservoir) is utilized for power generation over an operating head range of (maximum) to (minimum). The water conductor system consists of penstock pipes (of diameter) from the dam to feed the four power plants (turbo-generators) and a tailrace tunnel of length and diameter , to lead the water back to the Chambal River.
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This enabled the contractor to build the towers above the penstock inlets before the start of RCC construction in order to minimise interference with the RCC construction activity.Four water intake There is one permanent diameter, long, diversion tunnel in the north river bank serving as a bottom outlet. This outlet tunnel enables reservoir drawdown and control during reservoir filling, maintenance of downstream riparian river flow during the impounding period and, together with the spillway, serves to redirect flood waters of the Myitnge river and maintain river flow during an emergency when all turbines are closed down. Two double circuit 230 kV transmission lines connect the main transformers located on the downstream side of the powerhouse to an open-air switchyard, located on the south river bank downstream of the powerhouse.
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The 12 MW pumped storage powerhouse at the toe of the dam on the left bank A pumped storage type powerhouse has been built at the toe of the dam with an installed capacity of 12 MW (one unit of vertical Francis-reversible pump turbine) on the left bank of the dam, downstream from the axis of the dam. It operates under 20 percent load factor under a range of maximum head of and minimum head of . The hydropower component involved construction of a high weir, below the Ujjani Dam to control the lower pond for operation during the pumping mode. A penstock pipe of diameter ( thick) and length embedded in the dam diverts the flow of from a gate controlled trash racks (15 panels) covered intake into the powerhouse.
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The station is owned and operated by the Kodiak Electric Association, Inc., an electrical cooperative owned by its customers. The station is located about 25 miles from the city of Kodiak and is accessible only by air or boat. The Terror Lake main dam is 2100 feet long and 156 feet high and is a rockfill dam faced with concrete. A spillway with a 600-foot crest is adjacent to the north side of the dam. The lake acts as a reservoir with a surface area of 850 acres. It can store 78,000 acre-feet of water at a lake surface elevation of 1383 feet. The power tunnel is 10 feet in diameter and extends 26,300 feet from the dam to the penstock, from an inlet 143 feet below the nominal surface of the lake.
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Father Prigney used to visit Jog once a month, visit the faithful in labour sheds, say mass in the T.B. or some vacant building. There were instances when he was refused any roofing accommodation, and he had to say Mass under the shelter of a tree. Among a few leading Catholics of the time, who were holding responsible jobs in the project, mention may be made of Sri J.P.David, Inspector of Mines and Explosives, Sri A. Rayappa and Sri V.A.D'Souza, Accountants in the P.W.D., and Robert Fernandes Compounder These were the only few who assisted the Priest during his parochial visits. The year 1944 saw the dawn of Catholic atmosphere in Jog, when Sri John L.D'Sa came to Jog with his family during September 1944, as the Hydrauli Engineer and Penstock Erector.
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The stack was built by the Public Works Department on the Metropolitan Water Sewerage & Drainage Board's behalf as part of the Western Suburbs Sewerage Scheme, put into service 1898-1900. The steel access door in the base of the stack opens to step-irons leading down to the penstock chamber below. The chamber is the junction of three sewer mains, the Eastern Main Branch (reticulating Marrickville, Petersham, Newtown, Leichhardt, Annandale & Camperdown), the Northern Main Branch (reticulating Marrickville, Petersham, Annandale, Leichhardt & Ashfield) and the Western Main Branch (reticulating Ashfield, Burwood, Drummoyne, Strathfield, Concord and Homebush). The Outfall Main originally led to the sewage farm at Rockdale, but from 1916 has been connected to the Southern and Western Suburbs Ocean Outfall Sewer (SWSOOS), terminating at the Long Bay treatment works at Malabar.
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Hydraulic turbine and electric generator , hydroelectric power, mostly from dams, supplies some 19% of the world's electricity, and over 63% of renewable energy.Renewables Global Status Report 2006 Update , REN21, published 2006, accessed 16 May 2007 Much of this is generated by large dams, although China uses small-scale hydro generation on a wide scale and is responsible for about 50% of world use of this type of power. Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water driving a water turbine and generator; to boost the power generation capabilities of a dam, the water may be run through a large pipe called a penstock before the turbine. A variant on this simple model uses pumped- storage hydroelectricity to produce electricity to match periods of high and low demand, by moving water between reservoirs at different elevations.
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The dam was constructed in wide concrete blocks with wide slots between them constructed in two profiles, those associated with the penstocks had an additional section containing intakes and screens as well as a downstream slope to support the penstock while the other profile had a flatter slope and were only wide enough at the top to house the road across the top of the dam. In conjunction with the block sizes, different concrete mixes and the passing of cold water through cooling coils were used to maintain the block temperature at 10˚C (50˚F) and thus cracking of the concrete. Cracking can allow water into the body of the dam which can lead to allow uplift and instability during earthquakes. Once the blocks had reached its final stable temperature the slots were filled with concrete.
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During the Second World War the Monowai power scheme was regarded as being of strategic value, which meant that a blackout was applied to the powerhouse and village, with sentries at the bridge and nighttime patrols of the pipeline and canal. In 1942 the power station was shut down for a short period so that the pipeline could be emptied and its interior re- tarred. At the same time some additional cradles were installed to support the penstock at the bend while other cradles were repaired or replaced.Buckingham, page 287. In May 1948 the hostel at Monowai village burnt down, with a replacement opening in 1951.Buckingham, page 258. The generator winding began giving problems and were repaired in 1954, 1957 and 1958. In 1958 following damage from cavitation the runners of the turbines were repaired.
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Located in the Great Lake and South Esk catchment area, the Tods Corner Power Station was developed to recover the available energy from the water out of the Arthurs Lake Pumping Station. In order to increase the size of the reservoir at the Great Lake, and increase the water available to the important Waddamana Power Stations, Arthurs Lake was created in the 1920s with the damming of several creeks and water was pumped from it into the Great Lake as required by the station. With the construction of the much larger Poatina Power Station in 1966 to replace Waddamana, Tods Corner was added to recover some of the energy used by the pump systems. The power station is located on the south-eastern shore of Great Lake and is supplied with water via a -long penstock connected to an open flume which carries the discharge from Arthurs Lake Pumping Station.
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KERALA STATE ROAD TRANSPORT CORPORATION - KSRTC is OPERATING REGULAR 2 SERVICES in this Route from Pathanamthitta and kumily. Route: Mylapra , Mannarakulanji , Kumplampoika, Vadasserikkara, Madamon, Perunadu, Puthukkada, Chittar, Seethathodu, Angamoozhi, Moozhiyar Dam, Upper Moozhiyar, Penstock View Point, Kakki Dam, Anathodu Dam, Pamba Dam, Meenar Kullar Dam, Gavi, Gavi Dam, Pullumedu, Vallakkadavu, Vandiperiyar, Chelimada. (Service-1)Pathanamthitta- 6:30am_Angamoozhy- 8:30 am_Gavi - 11 am_Kumily - 12:30 pm (Service - 2)Pathanamthitta - 12:30 pm_Angamoozhy :- 2:30 pm_Gavi - 5 pm _ Kumily- 6:30 pm KUMILY - GAVI - PATHANAMTHITTA KSRTC BUS TIMINGS (Service - 1) Kumily - 5:30 am _ Gavi - 6:45 am _ Angamoozhy - 9:35 am _ Pathanamthitta - 11:30 am (Service - 2)Kumily - 1:10 pm _ Gavi - 2:20 pm _ Angamoozhy - 5:15 pm _ Pathanamthitta - 7 pm. For more information contact Pathanamthitta KSRTC - 0468-2229213 , 0468-2222366(SM),Kumily KSRTC-0486-9224242 Regular buses are available to Vandiperiyar from Kottayam and Thiruvananthapuram.
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At 20,3 kilometers the Bistrica finally reaches Lipsko Lake, near village of Lipa, which is first and smaller of two artificial reservoirs in hydroelectric power plant system Buško Blato - HPP "Orlovac", other being Buško Blato reservoir. In this system Lipsko Lake is a compensation basin and serves for regulation of an outflow of water toward intake facility at penstock station "Lipa" at the foot of Kamešnica mountain, and across the border into Croatia where hydroelectric power plant "HE Orlovac" is situated. Lipsko Lake is connected with much larger reservoir of Buško Blato, whose head can rise above head of Lipsko Lake up to several meters, via the reversible canal of "Lipsko-Buško" where it stores an excess waters from Livanjsko Polje and the Bistrica, especially during flooding season and high precipitation periods. For transfer of these waters over the barrage "Podgradina", at village Podgradina, into Buško Blato reservoir, system uses reversible pumping station "Buško Blato", built at the point where canal reaches barrage.
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At 20,3 kilometers the Bistrica finally reaches Lipsko Lake, near village of Lipa, which is first and smaller of two artificial reservoirs in hydroelectric power plant system Buško Blato - HE Orlovac, other being Buško Blato reservoir. In this system Lipsko Lake is a compensation basin and serves for regulation of an outflow of water toward intake facility at penstock station "Lipa" at the foot of Kamešnica mountain, and across the border into Croatia where hydroelectric power plant "HE Orlovac" is situated. Lipsko Lake is connected with much larger reservoir of Buško Blato, whose head can rise above head of Lipsko Lake up to several meters, via the reversible canal of "Lipsko-Buško" where it stores an excess waters from Livanjsko Polje and the Bistrica, especially during flooding season and high precipitation periods. For transfer of these waters over the barrage "Podgradina", at village Podgradina, into Buško Blato reservoir, system uses reversible pumping station "Buško Blato", built at the point where canal reaches barrage.
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Between 1975 and 1978, more than 2.5 million cubic metres of rock were blasted and removed to construct the facility’s 11 major dams and associated wing dams. All are earth dams or rockfill dams with an impervious material in the middle (the core dam), with filter material at both sides and rockfill on each dam for stability. The development involved the diversion of seven headwater streams, including Indian Brook, West Indian Brook and MacMillan's Brook, Wreck Cove River, MacLeod's Brook, the Ingonish River and the headwaters of Chéticamp River. Several large lakes were formed, Wreck Cove Lake, Gisbourne, MacMillan Lake, Chéticamp Lake, all linked by canals and tunnels, guiding the water to Surge Lake at the head of the penstock, where it drops to the underground powerhouse and then follows the tailrace tunnel to the sea. It required one of the largest fleets of earth-moving equipment in Nova Scotia’s history and employed approximately 900 people.
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The proposed Pupu Hydro Power Scheme was however deemed uneconomical by the central government, and local rate payers voted to take on a loan of £24,000 and proceed with the construction, which involved upgrading the disused Campbell Creek water-race, building a penstock and a powerhouse. On 11 October 1929, the Golden Bay Electric Power Board officially opened the power scheme, lighting up the first public electricity supply in Golden Bay and enabling households to have access to electric lighting, appliances and radio. This scheme, and the later Onekaka Hydro Scheme, allowed Golden Bay's power generation to be self-sufficient up until 1944, when the much larger Cobb Power Station began generating power into the national grid and the Golden Bay Electric Power Board started taking supply from the main grid. The Pupu Power Scheme survived as an emergency backup, and apart from lightning strike damage in 1956 continued to operate until 1980 when the alternator stator burned out in a 'flashover' short circuit.
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On 2 May 1990, the 180MW Francis turbine-generator running at full speed was instantaneously stopped by a foreign body left in the penstock following maintenance.SECV, "Report of Investigation into the cause of damage of Dartmouth Power Station on 2 May 1990", State Electricity Commission of Victoria, Power Grid and Distribution Department Publications, June 1990 The installation shifted about 2m within the base of the 180m high earth and rock fill gravity dam wall of the 3,906GL reservoir. After initial consternation regarding the integrity of the wall (declared safe after lengthy assessment), the hydro installation was repaired/replaced but was off-line for several years. A breach of the wall would have obliterated only a couple of small towns and a sparsely settled agricultural area in the relatively narrow 120 km Mitta Mitta valley below the dam, but more significantly, would have resulted in the over-topping and probable failure of the earthen walls of the 40m high 3,038GL Lake Hume, 200 km downstream on the Murray River.
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