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1000 Sentences With "of the Middle Ages"

How to use of the Middle Ages in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "of the Middle Ages" and check conjugation/comparative form for "of the Middle Ages". Mastering all the usages of "of the Middle Ages" from sentence examples published by news publications.

These were fully present in the religious culture of the Middle Ages.
Centuries of experimentation led to the weight-driven clock of the Middle Ages.
Kelly DeVries, an American historian specializing in the warfare of the Middle Ages.
She uses tapestries — the graphic novels of the Middle Ages — for recounted stories.
Historians believe that many of the 'fasting saints' of the Middle Ages had anorexia.
I was memorably tormented by "The Waning of the Middle Ages," by Johan Huizinga.
Except a real historian of the Middle Ages, David Perry, called balductum on that.
The Crusades may be, in their own way, the apotheosis of the Middle Ages.
His aim was to warn his compatriots not to repeat the mistakes of the Middle Ages.
Mr Teyssen admits that the company once thought "windmills" were something "out of the Middle Ages".
Who needs futuristic superpowers when the mysticism of the Middle Ages can be just as cool?
"Wandergesellen," or journeymen, a vestige of the Middle Ages in modern Europe, are hitchhiking across Europe.
Ernst Barlach was a modernist sculptor influenced by German art of the Middle Ages and Expressionism.
Breivik touched on similar themes, like the Bosnian War, as well as the wars of the Middle Ages.
Inside the church hung icons in which Nicholas II was portrayed in the manner of the Middle Ages.
And there is something in the atmosphere of the music, which makes me think of the Middle Ages.
This was also the period between the end of the Middle Ages and the birth of the modern world.
He compares information access to the aristocracy of the Middle Ages or worker's rights in the first Industrial era.
The strict code and devotion to a life of service that speaks to the knights of the middle ages.
Working over the course of the late 19th century, he was inspired by a romanticized idea of the Middle Ages.
A product of his time, Monte promoted general health using the Humour theory of the Middle Ages to articulate his approach.
Once rampant in Europe, the disease declined by the end of the Middle Ages for reasons that still aren't fully understood.
Those are odds some people feel are well worth taking to participate in a juicy battle reminiscent of the Middle Ages.
Teaching the reality rather than the fictionalized fantasy of the Middle Ages has never been more important than it is today.
Aesthetically, Rivette opts for a picturesque rigidity that recalls devotional art of the Middle Ages in his construction of mise en scène.
The word "influenza" started being used towards the end of the Middle Ages from the Italian for "influence"—the influence of the stars.
He said the quarantine of the nature which China pulled off, which is called a "cordon sanitaire," is something out of the Middle Ages.
The wimple later spread to women of lower social status, eventually dying out by the end of the Middle Ages in the 15th century.
These mathematicians of the Middle Ages perhaps had seen some as yet unknown texts dating to Babylonian times, or they developed the same techniques independently.
In return, Pope Francis has in effect acknowledged its legitimacy, even though his predecessors spent much of the Middle Ages resisting this sort of state interference.
Mr. Smith's work has taken the signet ring beyond its traditional association with heraldry, which itself dates from the coats of arms of the Middle Ages.
This precursor to the more famous European "Black Death" of the middle ages may have carried off half of the entire population of the Roman Empire.
Most Old English poetry, which is where kennings are found, is nothing like the Medieval Times version of the Middle Ages, with knights and ladies and jousting.
In any case, visitors converging on the Vatican today are unlikely to be given a free pass as easily as the fee-paying transgressors of the Middle Ages.
These miniature works of art were much different from common playing cards of the Middle Ages, which were printed with a woodblock and cut from a single page.
Just as the monks and Muslims of the Middle Ages preserved content by copying into new media, won't we need to do the same for our modern content?
What they advocate is not a restoration of "the Middle Ages", she says, but merely a return to the values "that European civilisation held in the 19th and 20th centuries".
The closing years of the Sengoku period carry a nuance of something dying out; a sense of the Middle Ages coming to an end amidst a blasted and withered landscape.
It's called Disenchantment, and it basically seems to be taking Groening's style and sense of humor into a fantasy world, or at least some strange incarnation of the Middle Ages.
"It's about asserting the racial and political innocence of the Middle Ages," said Cord Whitaker, an assistant professor of English at Wellesley College and a member of Medievalists of Color.
Cendrars's longer poems are rooted partly in the poetry of the Middle Ages, having certain kinships with the Swiss Benedictine hymnographer Notker le Bègue, and, more concretely, with Latin hymns.
For example, the Renaissance cam with rebirth of culture — and art is what led us out of the "darkness" of the Middle Ages into the intellectual sophistication of the Renaissance.
I learned later that the castle was based on an American concept of Neuschwanstein Castle in Germany, which was in itself a fantasy, a romantic interpretation of the Middle Ages.
Unicorn horns (in most cases, actually narwhal teeth) were especially sought after by the nobility of the Middle Ages, who believed them to possess purifying powers and to protect against poisoning.
Liberalism developed as part of the modern rebellion against the oppressive hierarchical social, religious, and political structures of the Middle Ages, and so prizes individual liberty, private interests, and personal rights.
So it's always possible to think of the Middle Ages as the foundation of modernity instead of a barbaric gap in history that modernity had to reject in order to become itself.
"I would say the Voynich manuscript stands at the intersection of the middle ages -- which is a topic that is really fascinating to the general public -- and the unsolvable mystery," Davis said.
He recalled that he would walk the city walls, his imagination marinating in the atmosphere of the Middle Ages, and that his mother would take him to see chateaus in the region.
To be sure, the universities of the Middle Ages and Renaissance that taught the liberal arts were decidedly elitist, excluding large swaths of the population — namely all women and the lower classes.
"This generation has lived five years with dark thoughts, and with elements that resemble the days of the Middle Ages," he said, saying they needed to be brought back "onto the right path".
Not coincidentally, the Enlightenment is the movement that cemented the idea of the Middle Ages as a distinctive—and distinctly regrettable—period of European history, spanning roughly the 5th to the 15th centuries.
Such a smart, virtuosic production of an opera like this is to be treasured, much as the costly and beautiful books of the middle ages were precious objects that evoked wonder and respect.
" Our concept of authenticity is derived from the "presence of the original," he writes, such as "proof that a given manuscript of the Middle Ages stems from an archive of the fifteenth century.
It may sound like something straight out of the Middle Ages, but the plague is making headlines this week after Idaho health officials reported that a child there is being treated for the disease.
These deeds, along with his everyman persona, (he wasn't a martyr or hermit like so many other model Christians of the time), made Nicholas the greatest male saint of the Middle Ages, said Bowler.
But in the dankness of the Middle Ages, as disease and filth ran rampant, fighting literature moved away from the large military treatises and became focused, instead, on the individual's attainment of fighting mastery.
Our 21st-century world is more multicultural than the European Middle Ages, in part due to the expansion of European peoples into the Americas and Asia that began toward the end of the Middle Ages.
On Wednesday at the Cluny Museum, the French national museum of the Middle Ages, exactly what it all means will begin to become clear as the designer introduces his first collection for the beleaguered brand.
Hand-washing regulations, sewage treatment regulations, cleanliness education and other such paternalistic initiatives brought us out of the cesspool of the Middle Ages into the clean, safe, mostly disease-free paradise in which we now reside.
"What that means is that they have this idea of the Middle Ages as isolated and pure and white and patriarchal with manly Christian men organized in defending society from the non-white other," Perry explained.
PARIS — For Georges Duby, a historian of the Middle Ages, one of the defining features of a historic event, or "évènement," is that it triggers waves of commentary that bring out what had been kept unspoken.
"Duels then were not the tournaments of the Middle Ages or the affairs of honour of later years, governed by written codes of conduct and discharged at dawn with pistols in some snowy forest clearing," he writes.
According to nature writer Ben Goldfarb, author of Eager: The Surprising Secret Life of Beavers and Why They Matter, the demand for castoreum wiped out most of the beavers in Europe by the end of the Middle Ages.
The next day, Jesse and I struck out alone for San Gimignano, a hill town and Unesco World Heritage site that is sometimes called the Manhattan of the Middle Ages for the 14 towers that adorn its skyline.
A more accurate presentation of the Middle Ages as different but not deeply degenerate would make the story of all these changes even more interesting than Greenblatt's histrionic cartoon — and have the added advantage of actually being accurate.
They are "Wandergesellen," or journeymen — a vestige of the Middle Ages in modern Europe — young men, and these days women, too, who have finished their required training in any number of trades and are traveling to gather experience.
While the Italian poet Petrarch wrote about an intermediate period between antiquity and modernity in the 14th century, the idea of the Middle Ages only became settled knowledge centuries later, under the spell of the Enlightenment and its aftermath.
" In a 2015 history of Peep dioramas, the New Yorker's Sarah Archer traces candy-based crafting back to the sugar sculptures of the Middle Ages, pointing out that sugar is "an effective natural preservative, making it ideal for artistic endeavors.
Scholars of the Medieval Era figured this sort of erotic content didn't appear in German language texts or in the oral tradition until the end of the Middle Ages, typically in cities around the 15th century, according to The History Blog.
"The Middle Ages present kind of an origin myth for whiteness that is really important to modern white supremacists," said David Perry, a Medieval scholar who focuses on the influence of the Middle Ages on the modern white supremacist movement.
Despite the efforts of scholars like Suzanne Conklin Akbari and Geraldine Heng, contemporary white supremacists and gender traditionalists sometimes look to an imagined version of the Middle Ages for a "purer" time, when (they imagine) sexual, racial, and theological identities were simpler.
While such mergers hold the prospect of improved services, many communities also see them as a loss of local identity, a sentiment that is crucial to many Italians — especially in rural Tuscany, where the landscape sometimes still resembles that of the Middle Ages.
As it turns out, the apprenticeship model -- with origins in the European craft guilds of the Middle Ages -- is gaining currency in the United States among both high and low-tech employers looking for better ways to identify, attract and develop talent.
The dealers of Les Enluminures, which specializes in illuminated manuscripts of the Middle Ages and early Renaissance, have brought a showstopping volume of the medieval French epic "Le Roman de Troie," produced for the dukes of Burgundy in the mid-15th century.
It's an especially odd choice to locate the game within a fictional setting that is somehow even more parochial and ahistorical than most popular versions of the middle ages, which are often keenly interested in the clashes and interchanges between cultural and religious groups.
Dr. Luber, the show's co-organizer, said that the collection she put together, along with chief curator Dr. William Keyse Rudolph, is rooted in Gothic Spain and has devotional works that reflect the dominance of the Catholic Church at the end of the Middle Ages.
France's National Museum of the Middle Ages, amid plinths with ghostly carved pillars representing civilization long ago, the oldest French fashion house in continuous existence tried once again for, if not a happy ending, at least a new chapter that someone might want to read.
A painting of a leopard leaping onto a deer from the Armory Show has the animals moving with the fluid forms of Matisse figures, but the setting, with its detailed foliage, seems right out of the Middle Ages tapestries Chanler studied at the Musée de Cluny in Paris.
TYLLBy Daniel KehlmannTranslated by Ross Benjamin Tyll Ulenspiegel first appeared as an impish swindler and tightrope walker at the end of the Middle Ages, became a Protestant hero in the 19th century and lent his name to magazines, films, operas and the first American B.D.S.M. organization in the 20th.
Conservative intellectual debate pits theoreticians of the predominance of executive power against tribunes of legislative power, apostles of highbrow elitism against enthusiasts for iconoclastic cultural populism, champions of the Middle Ages against the die-hard defenders of Enlightenment reason, the most bloodthirsty hawks against most uncompromising doves, etc.
So while both sides of the aisle agree that the U.S. needs to climb out of the Middle Ages and pass some sort of paid leave policy — a recent poll found that 90% of Democrats and 75% of Republicans support this move — they disagree on how to get it done.
Few if any copies of the Hebrew Bible have been discovered that date to between the beginning of the common era and the start of the Middle Ages, in the 5th century C.E., according to Emanuel Tov, a professor in the department of Bible at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
On Wednesday, Mr. Trump, in his first television interview as president, framed his policy in the tones of a wider religious conflict when he referred to the Islamic State as a product of the Middle Ages that singles out Christians for execution, though the group has killed countless Muslims around the world.
By the end of the Middle Ages, Armenian artists were working as far afield as Rome, where an Armenian bishop painted this show's most astounding manuscript: a tale of Alexander the Great that features the Macedonian king's ship swallowed by an enormous brown crab, hooking the sails with its pincers as its mouth gapes.
The official history of the Via Francigena begins with Sigeric, an archbishop of Canterbury who traveled to Rome in A.D. 990 to receive honors from Pope John XV. The detailed journal that he kept, describing his 79-stage trip back to England, became the basis for the Via Francigena, one of the main pilgrimage routes of the Middle Ages.
However, lacking a coherent narrative of European racial dominance of the Middle Ages, many eighteenth- and nineteenth-century scholars took it upon themselves to invent new hierarchies of race among Europe and the world, leading to the modern concept of European whiteness as a blanket racial term that synthesized the "grandeur" of the Greek and Roman states with the "barbarism" of medieval fiefdoms.
These works of media created a "feedback loop" (as named by Young) of readers and players assuming that "accuracy" in medieval characterizations was defined by other works, which were in turn influenced by other biased sources, culminating in a view of "authentic" medievalism in media that more or less looks the same as any other depiction of the Middle Ages in media.
Since the 2016 presidential election, scholars have hotly debated the best way to counter the "weaponization" of the Middle Ages by a rising tide of far-right extremists, whether it's white nationalist marchers in Charlottesville, Va., displaying medieval symbols or the white terrorist who murdered 50 people at two mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand, using weapons inscribed with references to the Crusades.
The philosophy of liberalism emerged much later, during the waning of the Middle Ages, when individuals began to see themselves as individuals, in the modern sense, and to engage in freeing themselves as such from various forms of constriction and oppression—monarchial rule in political realms, feudal control of the economy, the Roman Church's monopoly over the intellectual sphere—that had bedeviled their forebears over a millennium.
Huizinga had an aesthetic approach to history, where art and spectacle played an important part. His most famous work is The Autumn of the Middle Ages (a.k.a. The Waning of the Middle Ages and as Autumntide of the Middle Ages) (1919). Worthy of mentioning are also Erasmus (1924) and Homo Ludens (1938).
He was the second longest serving Chancellor of the Middle Ages.
Medieval studies is the academic interdisciplinary study of the Middle Ages.
Each of them represents a social class of the Middle Ages.
17, British Archaeological Association, 1861 p. 33.Henry Shaw, Dress and decoration of the Middle Ages, First Glance Books, 1998, p. 92.Dresses and Decorations of the Middle Ages, vol. 1, William Pickering, 1843, section 2.
Jay Rubenstein (born 1967) is an American historian of the Middle Ages.
Stephan A. Barney (1989). "Allegory". Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Vol-1. .
The year 500 is considered the beginning of the Middle Ages, approximately.
Hans Niessenberger was an architect of the latter part of the Middle Ages.
The Battle of Mohács marked the end of the Middle Ages in Hungary.
He also wrote histories and chronicle of the Middle Ages, including works of Einhard.
Richard Barrie Dobson, Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, Routledge, 2000, Volume 2, p. 179.
None of the Middle Ages portion has been altered. More restorations are in future plan.
Doris Mary Stenton, Lady Stenton, (1894–1971) was an English historian of the Middle Ages.
Dietrich, also known as Dietrich of Ringelheim, was a Saxon count of the Middle Ages.
Unquestionably the monkery of the middle ages was better ordered than that of the Nicene.
It is the largest and most detailed modern encyclopedia of the Middle Ages in the English language, comparable to the nine volume German Lexikon des Mittelalters.Review and comparison of four dictionaries of the Middle Ages The "upside-down-T in a circle" symbol on the spine and cover is an artistic interpretation of the T and O map, which was first described in the Etymologiae, the most influential encyclopedic work of the Middle Ages.
Haq, Syed (2009). "Science in Islam". Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages. . Retrieved 22 October 2014.
Among the teachers of the Middle Ages, he employs mostly Bede, Alcuin, and Remigius of Auxerre.
Jean-Louis Gazzaniga, "Advocate", in André Vauchez (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages (Oxford University Press, 2002).
Paris: M. Rivière. Retrieved 28 September 2020 – via Marxists Internet Archive. Proudhon differentiated his antisemitism from that of the Middle Ages, presenting it as quasi-scientific: "What the peoples of the Middle Ages hated by instinct, I hate upon reflection and irrevocably."Roth, John K.; Rubenstein, Richard L. (1987).
20 n.1 Pretoria Jan. 2014. Accessed 7 May 2016. of the Middle Ages and early modern times.
The Ciphers of the Monks: A Forgotten Number-notation of the Middle Ages is a book by David A. King.
However, he realized that creating works in the manner of the middle ages was difficult in a profit-grinding society.
At the beginning of the Middle Ages, the forest of Tiveden was a hiding-place for outlaws, who took refuge there.
Vivarium: An International Journal for the Philosophy and Intellectual Life of the Middle Ages and Renaissance 44.1 (2006): 184-204. Print.
To superadd to such a character that of a democratic politician of the middle ages, seems an incongruous and harsh combination.
As the number of surviving manuscripts suggests, the Prick of Conscience was arguably the most popular English poem of the Middle Ages.
Along with Saxo's Gesta Danorum, the Annales Ryenses constitutes one of the main Danish sources for the history of the Middle Ages.
Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Catholic Encyclopedia,Bréhier, Louis (1908). "Crusades (Sources and Bibliography)". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 4.
The Chain in the Heart (1953). Lyrics of the Middle Ages (1959). Satires of Decimus Junius Juvenalis (1963). Daffodils Are Dangerous (1966).
She also translated two history textbooks, History of the Middle Ages (1923) and History of the Modern Ages (1925) by Robert Wipper.
The Autumn of the Middle Ages cover The Autumn of the Middle Ages, The Waning of the Middle Ages, or Autumntide of the Middle Ages (published in 1919 as Herfsttij der Middeleeuwen and translated into English in 1924, German in 1924, and French in 1932), is the best-known work by the Dutch historian Johan Huizinga. Its subtitle is: "A study of the forms of life, thought and art in France and the Netherlands in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries". In the book, Huizinga presents the idea that the exaggerated formality and romanticism of late medieval court society was a defense mechanism against the constantly increasing violence and brutality of general society. He saw the period as one of pessimism, cultural exhaustion, and nostalgia, rather than of rebirth and optimism.
His son, Rudolf Schieffer, likewise a historian of the middle ages, was president of the MGH from 1994 to 2012.Fuchs par. 1.
The Church of Saint John the Baptist The Church of Saint John the Baptist probably dates to the end of the Middle Ages.
Such books were becoming available to a wider audience than the aristocratic households of the Middle Ages, hence the "huswife" of Dawson's title.
Painted and chest-shaped graves and gravestones give original information about various socio-political, social, cultural and ideological events of the Middle Ages.
Strayer was editor of the Dictionary of the Middle Ages, the largest and most comprehensive encyclopedia on the subject in the English language.
The castle was described by Scottish archaeologist William Douglas Simpson as one of the "foremost secular structures of the Middle Ages in Scotland".
Fernando (or Fernán) Sánchez de Tovar, 1st Lord of Belves (died 1384) was a significant Castilian soldier and Admiral of the Middle Ages.
Medieval historian Norman Cantor called him "the most effective king in Anglo-Saxon history".Cantor, The Civilisation of the Middle Ages, 1995: 166.
Poet Íñigo López de Mendoza, the Marqués de Santillana (1398–1458), begins to show the movement away from the traditions of the Middle Ages. He shows a knowledge of Latin authors and familiarity with the works of Dante and Petrarch. Mendoza was also the first to introduce the sonnet into Spanish literature. The last great poet of the Middle Ages is Jorge Manrique.
The church ceiling was also replaced with vaults at the end of the Middle Ages; above these remains of Romanesque murals still exist. The tower was also erected at the end of the Middle Ages. In 1804, the present western entrance was created. Before, two separate entrances had existed: the northern one was for women and the southern one for men.
Poet Íñigo López de Mendoza, the Marqués de Santillana (1398–1458), begins to show the movement away from the traditions of the Middle Ages. He shows a knowledge of Latin authors and familiarity with the works of Dante and Petrarch. Mendoza was also the first to introduce the sonnet into Spanish literature. The last great poet of the Middle Ages is Jorge Manrique.
He was a renowned political theorist and historian, and his most enduring contribution was in the field of history, especially of the Middle Ages.
Courtesy books formed part of the didactic literature of the Middle Ages, covering topics from religion and ethics to social awareness and social conduct.
Michael Borgolte, 'A Crisis of the Middle Ages? Deconstructing and Constructing European Identities in a Globalized World', in The Making of Medieval History, ed.
He wrote and edited several books and published numerous articles on the art, architecture and historiography of the Middle Ages and the early Renaissance period.
David Fenwick Wilson is an American-born Canadian music scholar, educator, and organist whose academic contributions include a treatise on music of the Middle Ages.
The name Arcavacata comes from the existence of an ancient fortress - lookout "Arce - suited", which is spoken in some papal documents of the Middle Ages.
Adam Kirsch, Mysteries and Masterpieces: The latest stage in the "American conquest of the Middle Ages", Harvard Magazine, Jan.-Feb. 2012. Accessed 11 September 2016.
Amorroma takes part in the musical program Les Tisserands with vocal-music group Zefiro Torna and jazz duo Traces. The program is related to the religion grouping Cathars of the Middle Ages. The name Les Tisserands means weavers, the occupation that they often were practising. This musical program is from the present with influences of the middle ages, the renaissance, the baroque, jazz and folk.
The following are timelines of modern history, from the end of the Middle Ages, Encyclopedia Britannica "The Middle-Ages" Retrieved October 14, 2020, to the present.
Nicetas I (or Niketas; Greek: Νικήτας), (? – 7 February 780) was the Ecumenical Patriarch of ConstantinopleWalter de Gruyter (2008). Biographical Index of the Middle Ages. P. 804.
Later, the term Jissetsu lost its original meaning and became just a rank. Consequently, at the end of the Middle Ages it included over 60 temples.
La Nouvelle Republique, 09/06/2016 He is the administrator of the Société des Amis du Musée de Cluny, National Museum of the Middle Ages, Paris.
Along with German traders the monk Meinhard of SegebergVauchez et al. Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. Routledge, 2001 arrived to convert the Livonian pagans to Christianity.
Jim Bradbury (born 27 February 1937) is a British historian specialising in the military history of the Middle Ages. Bradbury lectured in history at Brunel University.
At the end of the Middle Ages, a Mozarabic-style church had been built on the parish plot, which disappeared in the works of the 18th century.
He was the author of the three volume Allgemeine Geschichte der Literatur des Mittelalters im Abendlande ("General history of literature of the Middle Ages in the West").
Finished in 1931, it was built in the spirit of the great European cathedrals of the Middle Ages. The mosaic depicted of the cruxifixion above the Altar .
"Back to the Future: Neomedievalism and the Postmodern Digital World Economy". In literary theory regarding the use and abuse of texts and tropes from the Middle Ages in postmodernity, the term neomedieval was popularized by the Italian medievalist Umberto Eco in his 1986 essay "Dreaming of the Middle Ages".Umberto Eco, "Dreaming of the Middle Ages," in Travels in Hyperreality, transl. by W. Weaver, NY: Harcourt Brace, 1986, pp. 61–72.
Scholars divide tō-on into two groups: those that are based on Zen of the Middle Ages, and those based on the Ōbaku school of Buddhism of the Middle Ages. The latter are the readings sometimes referred to as "sō-on". Tō-on readings are not systematic, as they were introduced piecemeal from China, often along with very specialized terminology. Examples of words and characters using tō-on readings include: , , , and .
Both Arboleda and Admiraçión are semi-autobiographical works that provide an authentic written voice of a medieval woman, a true rarity among surviving works of the Middle Ages.
St George's Convent (Hradčany) was formerly used to display Art of the Middle Ages in Bohemia and Central Europe, baroque art, and the 19th- century art of Bohemia.
For more than two hundred years Palermo was the capital of a flourishing Islamic civilisation in Sicily.Joseph Strayer, Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Scribner, 1987, t.9, p.
Dictionary of the Middle Ages: Supplement 1 (2004) The Dictionary of the Middle Ages is a 13-volume encyclopedia of the Middle Ages published by the American Council of Learned Societies between 1982 and 1989. It was first conceived and started in 1975 with American medieval historian Joseph Strayer of Princeton University as editor-in-chief. A "Supplement 1" was added in 2003 under the editorship of William Chester Jordan. The encyclopedia covers over 112,000 persons, places, things and concepts of "legitimate scholarly interest" in 7,000 distinct articles in more than 8,000 pages written by over 1,800 contributing editors from academic institutions mainly in the United States but also Europe and Asia.
See: Table 11, Page 23 and note on page 151, quoted at Genealogy of the Middle Ages , retrieved on 2009-01-23. No marriage is mentioned for this Gerhard.
Demand from the Islamic world dominated the slave trade in medieval Europe.Slavery, Slave Trade. ed. Strayer, Joseph R. Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Volume 11. New York: Scribner, 1982.
Several traditions, typical of the Carantanians, survived until the end of the Middle Ages, most notably the installation of the dukes of Carinthia, which was carried out until 1414.
Some of the drama of the Middle Ages was of the closet-drama type, such as the drama of Hroswitha of Gandersheim and debate poems in quasi-dramatic form.
1988: An Annotated Bibliography of Byzantine Sources in English Translation. Brookline, Massachusetts: Hellenic College Press. 1988: “Suda,” Dictionary of the Middle Ages, vol. 11 (New York: Scribners), 501-2.
Kryethi (alternatively, Krytha, Krythi and later Kruta; in Latin: Crutta) was an Albanian tribe (bashkësi) of the Middle Ages in the coastal areas of northern Albania and southern Montenegro.
Knights of the Cross is the eighth studio album by German heavy metal band Grave Digger, released in 1998. It is the second album of the Middle Ages Trilogy.
Ullman, B. L. (1977). Ancient Writing and Its Influence. Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. p. 31. The lowercase letters of Classical Greek were a later invention of the Middle Ages.
Coogan 2009 p 424 The apocalyptic literature of Judaism and Christianity embraces a considerable period, from the centuries following the Babylonian exile down to the close of the Middle Ages.
A. C. Cawley (1989). "Everyman". Dictionary of the Middle Ages. . The prevalent view is that the Dutch-language version was the original.Geert Warnar, Elckerlijc, Toneel, tekst en beeld van ca.
Michael Borgolte (born 1948) is a German Historian. Besides the history of medieval endowments he studies mainly the Comparative history of Europe and the Global history of the Middle Ages.
Christian disciple.WorldCat. Christian examiner Ralph Waldo Emerson's first printed work, "Thoughts on the Religion of the Middle Ages," signed "H.O.N.," was published in The Christian Disciple in 1822.See vol.
Diekamp also published between 1878 and 1885 several important studies in different reviews concerning the history of the Middle Ages and diplomatics or official style of the medieval papal documents.
The use of iron maidens is a myth that was heightened by the belief that people of the Middle Ages were uncivilized; evidence of their popularity is difficult to find.
Peter Waldo, Valdo, Valdes, or Waldes (c. 1140 – c. 1205), also Pierre Vaudès or de Vaux, was a leader of the Waldensians, a Christian spiritual movement of the Middle Ages.
David Coxall, 'Chelles', in André Vauchez (ed.), Encyclopaedia of the Middle Ages The abbey housed an important scriptorium and held the advantage of powerful royal connections throughout the Carolingian era.
The first English translation was published in London in 1863.La Sorcière: The Witch of the Middle Ages, translated by L. J. Teotter, "The only Authorized English Translation", London, 1863.
Ludwig von Pastor, The History of the Popes, from the close of the Middle Ages Vol. VI, second edition (St. Louis: B. Herder 1902), pp. 359-365; 374-376; 388-394.
Wryly funny as well as moving and evocative, it was written after Hoban's post-apocalyptic novel Riddley Walker which portrayed a future state for the world reminiscent of the Middle Ages.
The Apocalypse and the commentary on this scripture by Saint Beatus of Liébana became one of the most important religious texts of the Middle Ages, and was often illustrated very fully.
Desperta Ferres! Desperta! Battle of Gagliano (1300) Crònica de Ramon Muntaner (Codex 1342) Awake iron! (, ; Medieval Aragonese: Desperta Ferres!) was a battle cry of the Middle Ages employed by the Almogavars.
The Golden Legend had a big influence on scholarship and literature of the Middle Ages. According to research by Manfred Görlach, it influenced the South English Legendary, which was still being written when Jacobus' text came out. It was also a major source for John Mirk's Festial, Osbern Bokenam's Legends of Hooly Wummen, and the Scottish Legendary. By the end of the Middle Ages, The Golden Legend had been translated into almost every major European language.
412–413 Conditions were further unsettled by the return of the plague throughout the rest of the 14th century; it continued to strike Europe periodically during the rest of the Middle Ages.
Dictionary of the Middle Ages. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1988. v. 10, p. 77. . If a sermon is delivered during the Mass it comes after the Gospel is sung or read.
Meslay-le-Vidame is a commune in the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France. The lords of Meslay held the title of Vidame of Chartres for part of the Middle Ages.
During the latter part of the Middle Ages, it was a major shipping port of silk, using the Maritime Silk Road to reach Europe. It was mostly used in the Arab world.
L. Trask, The History of Basque (1997), chapter 6. (this extinct Aquitanian language should not be confused with Occitan, a Romance language spoken in Aquitaine since the beginning of the Middle Ages).
146Legends of Charlemagne; or Romance of the middle ages Thomas Bulfinch p. xix Harun al-Rashid is also reported to have offered the custody of the Holy places in Jerusalem to Charlemagne.
Scholarly consensus also believes that dream manuals are one of the few pieces of literature of the Middle Ages which transcended class, and are applicable to all levels of the social strata.
His Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages is a textbook survey like The Making of the Middle Ages but has not received quite as much attention as his earlier work.
These armed men formed the , who were the forerunners of the free armed burghers of the Italian cities of the Middle Ages. Other cities of the exarchate were organized on the same model.
Paulus (Bishop of Alexandretta, fl. 518) was a 6th-century Bishop of Alexandria Minor or Alexandretta in modern Turkey.Walter de Gruyter, Biographical Index of the Middle Ages. (Walter de Gruyter, 2008) page 850.
George D. Greenia, "Bible in Spain, The Moralized." Medieval Iberia: an encyclopedia, E. Michael Gerli, Samuel G. Armistead, eds. Volume 8 of Routledge encyclopedias of the Middle Ages. Taylor & Francis, 2003. pp. 166–167.
See also the article on the Continuity thesis, the hypothesis that there was no radical discontinuity between the intellectual development of the Middle Ages and the developments in the Renaissance and early modern period.
The silhouette of the castles Saaleck and Rudelsburg in very short distance to another has become one of the most prominent emblems of the reception of the Middle Ages since the period of Romanticism.
Le Moiturier is also believed to have made the pleurants on the tomb of Philippe Pot (1477–83).Hofstatter, Hans H., Art of the MIddle Ages, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1968, p 137, 256.
The term "lafette" in German actually refers to a gun carriage of nearly any type, with its original use as being for the mounting design for bombard-style siege guns of the Middle Ages.
Nonetheless, the language and procedures of the placita survived down to the end of the Middle Ages, while the tradition of the placita generalia was continued in the estates general and the estates provincial.
Excalibur is the ninth studio album by Grave Digger and is the final album of the Middle Ages Trilogy. It tells about the story of King Arthur and the knights of the round table.
People of the Middle Ages shaped their ideas and institutions from drawing on the cultural legacies of the ancient world.William R. Cook and Ronald B. Herzman (2001). Discovering the Middle Ages. The Teaching Company.
Thompson, James Westfall. 1928. Economic and Social History of the Middle Ages. The Century Co. p. 471. Many years later, this loss served as one of the pretexts for the papal interdict of Siena.
In the astrology of the Middle Ages, Sirius was a Behenian fixed star, associated with beryl and juniper. Its kabbalistic symbol File:Sirius - Agrippa.png was listed by Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa. Its celestial longitude was 14 Can.
Eric Palazzo, 'Amalarius of Metz', in André Vauchez, ed, Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, (2002) He implemented liturgical reforms. He wrote extensively on the Mass,On the Liturgy, ed. Eric Knibbs, 2 vols. (Cambridge, Mass.
Bettina M. Bildhauer is Professor of German at the University of St Andrews. She is an expert on medieval German literature in its cultural and multilingual context, and on modern perceptions of the Middle Ages.
This time, he was supported by Liparit IV, of the Liparitid clan, the most powerful noble in Georgia.Robert Bedrosian, "Liparit IV Orbēlean", p. 586. In: Joseph Reese Strayer (1983), Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Scribner, .
Gabriel Nuchelmans (15 May 1922, Oud Gastel – 6 August 1996, Wassenaar) was a Dutch philosopher, focusing on the history of philosophy, especially philosophy of the Middle Ages, as well as logic and philosophy of language.
Joseph Strayer, Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Scribner, 1987, t.9, p.352 The Arabs also introduced many agricultural crops which remain a mainstay of Sicilian cuisine. Arabesque on a wall of the Cuba Palace.
Lexikon des Mittelalters The Lexikon des Mittelalters ("Lexicon of the Middle Ages", LMA, LexMA) is a German encyclopedia on the history and culture of the Middle Ages. Written by authors from all over the world, it comprises more than 36,000 articles in 9 volumes. Historically the works range from the Late Antiquity to about 1500, covering the Byzantine Empire and the Arab world . The first six volumes were published by Artemis (later Artemis & Winkler), Munich and Zürich; volumes seven through nine by LexMA, Munich.
"The Bible was the most studied book of the Middle Ages".Beryl Smalley, The Study of the Bible in the Middle Ages. 3rd ed. (Oxford, 1983), xxvii The Bible was the center of medieval religious life.
Hence, Absolutism was made possible by new innovations and characterized as a phenomenon of Early Modern Europe, rather than that of the Middle Ages, where the clergy and nobility counterbalanced as a result of mutual rivalry.
According to the Encyclopædia Britannica: "Many modern scholars also agree that the exodus of Greeks to Italy as a result of this event marked the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance".
Peter Herde (Born 5 February 1933) is a German historian. His research activities range from fundamental work on papal diplomacy of the Middle Ages to the history of the country up to the Second World War.
However, many writers of the Middle Ages expressed doubts as to the genuineness of Eldad's narrative and his halakhot, most explicitly Abraham ibn Ezra (Commentary to Exodus ii. 22) and Meir of Rothenburg (Responsa, no. 193).
Crull had been prebendary"cathedral posts created to attract the younger sons of the nobility" from Norman F. Cantor. The Civilization of the Middle Ages. New York, NY: Harper Collins, 1993. 381 of Swords,H. Cotton.
It has further grown within the framework of Christian ecclesiastical and middle-eastern art of the Middle Ages, and ultimately it has evolved in the context of European and Russian art from the 19th century onwards.
Alan John Forey (born 1933) is reader emeritus in history at the University of DurhamEmeritus Titles. University of Durham. Retrieved 4 December 2016. and an authority on the history of the military orders of the middle ages.
Muhammad al-Idrisi created the Tabula Rogeriana, the best maps of the middle ages, used by various explorers such as Christopher Columbus and Vasco Da Gama for their voyages in America and India.Houben, 2002, pp. 102–104.
St. Giles' Church in Prague, 2017 Petr Sommer (born 30 November 1949 in Rakovník) is a Czech historian and archaeologist. He focuses on church archaeology, spiritual culture of the Middle Ages and its reflection in archaeological sources.
Millennium: The End of the World and the Forging of Christendom is a historical study of the Middle Ages by the popular historian Tom Holland. It was first published in 2008 by the Little, Brown Book Group.
Each dodecasyllable ends in a paroxytone (mot métrique). The existence of quilisma in the musical notation indicates the influence of plainchant.Giulio Cattin, F. Alberto Gallo, trans. (1984), Music of the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ), 128.
Cantor, Norman. "The Civilization of the Middle Ages". p 102 The Lombards had been thoroughly Romanized, and their kingdom was stable and well developed. The Franks, in contrast, were barely any different from their barbarian Germanic ancestors.
Full of fascinating and unusual characters and facts which greatly enhance our view of the Middle Ages, The Medieval Underworld will enthral anyone interested in medieval social history or the history of crime and punishment. Book jacket.
The Kabbalah of Prayer on Chabad.org Among Jews, this approach has been taken by the Chassidei Ashkenaz (German pietists of the Middle-Ages), the Arizal's Kabbalist tradition, Ramchal, most of Hassidism, the Vilna Gaon, and Jacob Emden.
During the thirteenth century, Mosul, Iraq became home to a school of luxury metalwork which rose to international renown. Artifacts classified as Mosul are some of the most intricately designed and revered pieces of the Middle Ages.
Part of the Serbian literary heritage of the Middle Ages are works such as Vukan Gospels, St. Sava's Nomocanon, Dušan's Code, Munich Serbian Psalter, and others. The first printed book in Serbian was the Cetinje Octoechos (1494).
He is best known for his major work, the Summa Theologica. Educated people in Europe were familiar with the works of Dante and Boccaccio, which dominated the literature of the Middle Ages, and with their contemporary Petrarch, who had established the most important lyric poetry tradition in Europe. These works had a significant influence on Shakespeare, Chaucer and many other writers of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Statue of Dante at the Uffizi Gallery, Florence Students and scholars came from all over Europe to study at institutions of higher learning in Italy.
1), Susan M. Babbitt, "William of Tyre", Dictionary of the Middle Ages (ed. Joseph Strayer, (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1989), vol. 12, p. 643), Helen J. Nicholson ("William of Tyre", Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, ed.
S. Luce, c. iv. pp. 45 and 110ff, and pp. 338–340. "the saying may not be authentic", Johan Huizinga remarks, "but it teaches us what Froissart thought".Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages (1919) 1924:59.
Lasater, Alice E. (1974). Spain to England: A Comparative Study of Arabic, European, and English Literature of the Middle Ages. University Press of Mississippi. In the story, the Green Knight tempts the faith of Sir Gawain three times.
The pope also denied the Jews the right to possess material possessions and allowed them the shortest time to sell their belongings. He revived the regulations of the Middle Ages in regards to segregation and marks for identification.
It is only therefore in recent times that it has been acknowledged that until the spread of the Imitation of Christ at the end of the Middle Ages he was one of the most widely read spiritual writers.
His areas of focus are the history of the Byzantine Empire, the Mediterranean, the Balkans, the Caucasus, and Russia, as well as the interdependence of Islam and Christianity. He has also studied Greek literature of the Middle Ages.
Another collection of 222 sermons (Sermones de tempore, de sanctis, etc.) was printed in 1484, etc. Both frequently quote the Doctors of the Middle Ages, especially Thomas Aquinas, Alexander of Hales, Bernard of Clairvaux, etc., and were often reprinted.
Georges Cochevelou (1889–1974) was an interpreter, soldier and banker. He discovered and reconstructed the Celtic harp of the Middle Ages, and, along with his harpist son Alan Stivell, was responsible for its revival in Brittany in the 1950s.
In 1833 he wrote the text of Henry Shaw's Illuminated Ornaments of the Middle Ages; and in 1850 he edited the English translation of Joseph Balthazar Silvestre's Paléographie universelle. He was one of the three contributors to Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica.
The result of the siege was a victory for the Portuguese led by Nuno Álvares Pereira. During the last centuries of the Middle Ages, the city expanded substantially and became an important trading post with both Northern European and Mediterranean cities.
Marcé, Sílvia Planas (2012). "Les femmes juives dans la Catalogne du Moyen Âge (Jewish women in Catalonia of the Middle Ages)" p.26 Abraham had two sons with his second wife, Astruc Taroç and Isaac Taroç III.Santiveri, Josep Xavier Muntané (2006).
Vezzano Ligure: History of the Middle Ages to Giolitti, the City of Vezzano Ligure publisher In time, it was enlarged and embellished several times, and by the local confraternity of the Rosary and the SS. Sacramento two side altars were erected.
Historical discoveries prove that the origin of this settlement date from the earlier part of the Middle Ages, the 12th century. The town belonged to the owners of Gemer Castle. Later developed as an important mining town in a region.
Natko Nodilo: Stara vjera Srba i Hrvata, Zagreb (1878), scribd.com; accessed 27 July 2015. He authored the first general history of the Middle Ages in the South Slavic area. A street in Zagreb was named in his honor in 1931.
Robiglio, Andrea A. How is Strength of the Will Possible? Concerning Francis of Marchia and the Act of the Will. Vivarium: An International Journal for the Philosophy and Intellectual Life of the Middle Ages and Renaissance 44.1 (2006): 151-83. Print.
Unlike his father, however, Pepin decided to seize the Frankish kingship. Given how strongly Frankish culture held to its principle of inheritance, few would support him if he attempted to overthrow the king.Cantor, Norman. "The Civilization of the Middle Ages".
With the end of the Western Roman Empire and with urban centres in decline, literacy and learning decreased in the West. This continued a pattern that had been underway since the 3rd century.Cantor, Norman. "The Civilization of the Middle Ages".
Although the documents were written by Jews, they reflect the surrounding Moslem and Christian environments not only in countries bordering the Mediterranean but all the way to India. This has thrown new light on the whole study of the Middle Ages.
Main building at St Michael's College Main entrance of the institute The Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies (PIMS) is a research institute in the University of Toronto that is dedicated to advanced studies in the culture of the Middle Ages.
His subsequent military exploits (he is considered one of the foremost generals of the Middle Ages) against the Ottoman Empire brought him further status as the regent of Hungary in 1446 and papal recognition as the Prince of Transylvania in 1448.
This changed in the 10th century, when the social status of eunuchs increased and members of the educated Byzantine upper class began to become eunuchs.Rosenwein, Barbara (2009). A Short History of the Middle Ages (3rd ed.). University of Toronto Press.
Norman F. Cantor, 1993. The Civilization of the Middle Ages, 324-26. His letters throw light on the constitutional struggle then agitating England. In 1163, John fell into disfavor with the king for reasons that remain obscure, and withdrew to France.
Corbett, Cambridge History of the Middle Ages He served King Henry I in the first decade of his reign as a chamberlain and local justiciar in the counties of Berkshire and Northamptonshire.Davis & Whitwell, eds., Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, vol. II (1956).
The circle is irregular, and about 1,900 m in diameter. During most of the Middle Ages, the city remained the capital of a large district. The city's products included textiles, jasmine oil, various mineral salts, and mumiya, a mineral exudate.
Haghartsin is one of the iconic examples of the developing Armenian architecture during the Middle Ages. Many other important religious and educational centers of the Middle Ages have survived in Dilijan, such as the Jukhtak Vank Monastery and Matosavank Monastery.
502–3, 541-2. By the end of the Middle Ages it was the common opinion among philosophers that the celestial bodies were moved by external intelligences, or angels, and not by some kind of an internal mover.Grant 1994, pp. 527.
F. Alberto Gallo, Music of the Middle Ages II, translated by Karen Eales. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. p. 104, proposes it was written a year later; Spechtler (op.cit.) merely states the time and context of its composition is unknown.
In the village of Shykhlar the tourists can see the earliest monument of the mausoleum of the Middle Ages- a mosque of Sheikh Yusif (15th century). At the top of the mountain Galadag the ruins of Gaurgala fortress have been kept.
Cantor considers Southern's The Making of the Middle Ages one of two best single-volume books on the Middle Ages written in the 20th century for inspiring a revolution in the study of the period. However, Southern declined to lead the revolution by forming a programmatic research institute. Cantor describes him in Arthurian terms, with a group of devotees (including Cantor) who surrounded their master following the publication of The Making of the Middle Ages. Like Arthurian legend, Southern's story does not have an entirely happy ending, and Cantor describes his sense of disappointment when Southern failed to live up to Cantor's expectations.
The school moved in 1866 into more suitable premises in the hôtel de Breteuil, rue des Francs-Bourgeois, without this move having much effect on the teaching. Seven professorships were instituted by the decree of 30 January 1869: paleography; Latin languages; bibliography; filing for libraries and archives; diplomacy; political, administrative and judiciary institutions in France; civil and canonic law of the Middle Ages and archeology of the Middle Ages. Apart from minor modifications, these remained unchanged until 1955. The school moved once again in 1897, to 19 rue de la Sorbonne, into the premises originally intended for the Paris Faculté de théologie catholique.
Old pattern of Albanian houses In the Pavilion of the Middle Ages, visitors have access to the economic, social, political and cultural development of Albanians from the 6th century until the 15th. A special corner in this pavilion is dedicated to the Principality of Arber. The handover of power from Skuraj to Topiaj is expressed in the heraldic emblem of Karl Topia located in the monumental portal of the monastery of John Vladimir in Elbasan. A special object of the Pavilion of the Middle Ages is the Epitaph of Gllavenica, which dates back to the year 1373.
During the whole of the Middle Ages, Sofia remained known for its goldsmithing, particularly aided by the wealth of mineral resources in the neighbouring mountains. This is evidenced by the number of gold treasures excavated from the period and even from Antiquity.
One of the earliest works in anatomy was attributed to him, The anatomy of mans body; but it appears he republished and edited an earlier work of the Middle Ages. The Royal College of Surgeons maintains an annual lecture in his honour.
The original "long version", called Tractatus (or Speculum) artis bene moriendi, was composed in 1415 by an anonymous Dominican friar, probably at the request of the Council of Constance (1414–1418, Germany).N.F. Blake (1982). "Ars Moriendi". Dictionary of the Middle Ages. v.
He was the author, or more accurately the compiler, of Legenda Aurea, the Golden Legend, a collection of the legendary lives of the greater saints of the medieval church that was one of the most popular religious works of the Middle Ages.
Medieval Scenarios and Recreations, Inc., known simply as MSR, is an educational non-profit Living History organization dedicated to the education, understanding and appreciation of the Middle Ages. The structure for this activity revolves around the Kingdom of Acre (pronounced AC-R).
Known in the circles of clerics, students, and merchants, chess entered into the popular culture of the Middle Ages. An example is the 209th song of Carmina Burana from the 13th century, which starts with the names of chess pieces, Roch, pedites, regina...
In the history of Western classical music, the Medieval period or music of the Middle Ages was the first and longest period, lasting from the 6th to the 15th century. More broadly, from the Fall of the Western Roman Empire to the Renaissance.
More social unrest broke out, followed by the Wars of the Roses, fought between rival factions of the English nobility. Henry VII's victory in 1485 conventionally marks the end of the Middle Ages in England and the start of the Early Modern period.
Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. Routledge, New York: 2000. ; p. 106 After the transfer of the seat of the Armenian patriarch to Rumkale, Cilicia, in the 12th century, the Caucasian Albanian bishops no longer appealed to the former to ordain their Catholicoi.
Lambertini, Roberto. "Francis of Marchia and William of Ockham: Fragments from a Dialogue." Vivarium: An International Journal for the Philosophy and Intellectual Life of the Middle Ages and Renaissance 44.1 (2006): 184-204. Print. In 1343 Marchia repented and died shortly after.
Southwick discussion on pronunciation, also see disambiguation page is a village in Hampshire, England. north of the Portsmouth boundary measured from Portsea Island. Homes and farms in the village are influenced by the style of the Middle Ages apart from Church Lodge.
New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 17 Aug. 2014 Some confraternities were very widely spread, especially in the cities of the Middle Ages. Confraternities could be important and wealthy institutions for the elite, as in for example, the Scuole Grandi of Venice.
Host Terry Schappert studies the tactics of the "Hell's Angels of the Middle Ages." The host studies the harsh Nordic life, raiding tactics and sailing techniques of the Vikings. The show culminates in the Viking-Saxon showdown at the Battle of Maldon.
Two meanings have been proposed: # the term Heunen could refer to a grey, legendary thing from an earlier time. # the root word Heunen (Hünen = "giant") could refer to legendary giant builders of the fortification imagined by the people of the Middle Ages.
"Trust's fears for Northern Ireland tree cover". BBC News, 2 August 2011. Until the end of the Middle Ages, the land was heavily forested with native trees such as oak, ash, hazel, birch, alder, willow, aspen, elm, rowan, yew and Scots pine.Native Species.
The village takes its name from the Latin Arcis, which means a promontory or a fortified place. In 1170 it was shown under the name Villa de Arcis in the cartulary of Vaux, before becoming Arx during part of the Middle Ages.
Chardri ( early 13th century) was an Anglo-Norman poet, probably from western England. His pen name is probably an anagram of Richard.Brian Merrilees, "Chardri", in J. Strayer (ed.), Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1983), pp. 267–268.
Unlike staged battles, that can be seen at festivals of historical reenactment of the Middle Ages the competitions in buhurt are the full contact sporting events that are refereed by the referees called knight marshals who have special training and combat experience.
For example, she also wrote plays.Roy Rosenstein, "Helen Waddell at Columbia: Maker of Medievalists", in: Cahier Calin: Makers of the Middle Ages. Essays in Honor of William Calin, ed. Richard Utz and Elizabeth Emery (Kalamazoo, MI: Studies in Medievalism, 2011), pp. 14-17.
The Illustrated London News called the book "a moving story, faultlessly treated" and "a mediæval romance strongly to be recommended" which "[t]he spirit of the Middle Ages moves through.""The Bookseller's Window," in The Illustrated London News, Oct. 22, 1927, p. 740.
Dwelling buildings were erected very close to each others. Streets were narrow, transport with wagons were not possible. Undoubtedly, central streets comparatively were wide. Earthenware of the Middle Ages and a coin minted named after Surkhay Khan were found in Agsu city.
Gundemaro Pinióliz (died ), was a noble from the Kingdom of León, the ancestor of one of the most important Asturian lineages of the Middle Ages, and most likely the great-grandfather of Jimena Díaz, wife of Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, el Cid.
Fantastical and mythological lion-centaur hybrid creatures, that is, quadrupedal felines from the waist down and humanoids from the waist up, have appeared in the mythology of several cultures of antiquity as well as in European art of the Middle Ages and early Renaissance.
Also, the claim that people of the Middle Ages widely believed that the Earth was flat was first propagated in the same period that originated the conflict thesisJeffrey Russell. Inventing the Flat Earth: Columbus and Modern Historians. Praeger Paperback; New Ed edition (January 30, 1997). ; .
E. Grant, Planets. Stars, & Orbs: The Medieval Cosmos, 1200-1687, (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1994), pp. 626-630. Lindberg and Ronald Numbers write: "There was scarcely a Christian scholar of the Middle Ages who did not acknowledge [Earth's] sphericity and even know its approximate circumference".
Toy Defense Fantasy was released in 2014. The basic principle of the game remained the same. However, the events unfold in a fantasy world in the spirit of the Middle Ages. Archers, castles, dragons, magicians and more are used instead of soldiers, planes and tanks.
"Chivalry", in The Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Volume III. Under Henry III, it gained a system of classification and a technical language.Boutell (1914), p. 9. However, over the next two centuries, the system was abused, leading to the swamping of true coats-of- arms.
TSR and its subsequent owners have sold the rights to a number of games to other publishers; Decision Games bought the rights to Empires of the Middle Ages, and updated and re-released the game in 2004. Decision Games reprinted the game in 2014.
Georges Ifrah, The Universal History of Numbers. Page 162 (cf., "As we have seen, Sumer used a sexagesimal base; whereas the system of Ancient Egypt was strictly decimal.")Robert E Krebs, Groundbreaking scientific experiments, inventions, and discoveries of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
Alexis-François Rio (20 May 1797 – 17 June 1874) was a French writer on art. Without any strict method or criticism, he expressed preference for the art of the 15th century. He contributed greatly towards recovery of the neglected art of the Middle Ages.
Hincmar (; ; ; 806 – 21 December 882), archbishop of Reims, was a Frankish jurist and theologian, as well as the friend, advisor and propagandistNorman F. Cantor, The Civilization of the Middle Ages, 1993:186. of Charles the Bald. He belonged to a noble family of northern Francia.
André Vauchez, Richard Barrie Dobson, Michael Lapidge, Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages (2001), p. 1153. He opposed his Christian-Platonic synthesis to Aristotelian philosophy.George Henry Radcliffe Parkinson, Stuart Shanker, Routledge History of Philosophy (1999), p. 235. His sources included Theodoric of Freiberg and Albertus Magnus.
According to historians of the Middle Ages, the Berbers were divided into two branches, Butr and Baranis (known also as Botr and Barnès), descended from Mazigh ancestors, who were themselves divided into tribes and subtribes. Each region of the Maghreb contained several tribes (e.g.
Thus, she planted a large rose garden, and the petals were sent to Flanders to be used to make rose water. Largely preserved, the Château is today one of the best examples of the princely residences in France at the end of the Middle Ages.
All these bishops, until the end of the Middle Ages, continued to call themselves bishops of the church of Tongeren, or sometimes bishops of Tongeren-Maastricht or Tongeren-Liège, Tongeren in this case referring to the old civitas of Tongeren, rather than the town.
Adaptations of Roman myths were popular amongst many authors of the middle ages, and Chaucer wrote several poems in this vein, like The Complaint of Mars. Chaucer's depiction of Mars and Venus does not stray far from the original myth. However, some changes are notable.
Metaxas adopted the title of Arkhigos, Greek for "leader" or "chieftain", and claimed a "Third Hellenic Civilization", following ancient Greece and the Christian Byzantine Empire of the Middle Ages. State propaganda portrayed Metaxas as a "Saviour of the Nation", bringing unity to a divided country.
Historian Norman Cantor concludes: "Under these conditions clerical election became a mere formality in the Ottonian empire ..."Cantor, Norman F. (1994). The Civilization of the Middle Ages. p. 213, Harper Perennial. The Bishop of Verdun, appointed by Otto, was totally faithful to the emperor.
Gibbon is considered to be a son of the Enlightenment and this is reflected in his famous verdict on the history of the Middle Ages: "I have described the triumph of barbarism and religion."Womersley, Decline and Fall, vol. 3, ch. LXXI, p. 1068.
Examples are known in Latin, German, Swedish, Occitan, Catalan and Castilian.Erik Wahlgren, "A Swedish-Latin Parallel to the Joca Monachorum", Modern Philology 36 (1939): 239–245. It survived down to the end of the Middle Ages. It has modern a parallel in trivia games.
It is possible that she was not born 31 March 1373, but rather 6 June 1372 (L. Vones: "Katharina 3" in Lexikon des Mittelalters (Dictionary of the Middle Ages). Vol. 5, col. 1070.) Catherine became Queen of Castile through her marriage to Henry III.
Kersten (1957), p. 258 Himmler also believed that during the early migration period and the German eastward expansion of the Middle Ages, the conquering Germanic peasant farmer had, in addition to farming, defended his land with arms; the Wehrbauer model was to revive this custom.
From the Carolingian epoch to the end of the Middle Ages and beyond it was one of the most popular and influential philosophical works, read by statesmen, poets, and historians, as well as by philosophers and theologians. It is through Boethius that much of the thought of the Classical period was made available to the Western Medieval world. It has often been said Boethius was the “last of the Romans and the first of the Scholastics”. From a 1385 Italian manuscript of the Consolation: Miniatures of Boethius teaching and in prison The philosophical message of the book fits well with the religious piety of the Middle Ages.
David (abu Sulaiman) ibn Merwan al-Mukkamas al-Rakki ( translit.: Dawud ibn Marwan al-Muqamis; died c. 937) was a philosopher and controversialist, the author of the earliest known Jewish philosophical work of the Middle Ages. He was a native of Raqqa, Mesopotamia, whence his surname.
Charles du Fresne Monument of Dufresne Du Cange at the René Goblet Square, Amiens Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange or Du Cange (; December 18, 1610 in Amiens – October 23, 1688 in Paris, aged 77) was a distinguished philologist and historian of the Middle Ages and Byzantium.
The Persian conquest of Jerusalem in 614 compared with Islamic conquest of 638. Soon thereafter, 634, the Muslim conquests began, during which many Jews initially rose up again against their Eastern Roman rulers.Rosenwein, Barbara H. (2004). A Short History of the Middle Ages. Ontario. pp. 71–72. .
Victor Langlois (20 March 1829 – 14 May 1869) was a French historian, archaeologist, professor, numismatist, and orientalist who specialized in the study of the Middle Ages. Langlois was particularly known for his work on Armenian history and culture. He authored more than thirty books on Armenian history.
Wiesbaden has long been famous for its thermal springs and spa. Use of the thermal springs was first documented by the Romans. The business of spring bathing became important for Wiesbaden near the end of the Middle Ages. By 1370, 16 bath houses were in operation.
The Carolingian king exercised the bannum, the right to rule and command. Under the Franks, it was a royal prerogative but could be delegated.Theodore Evergates, "Ban, Banalité", in Joseph R. Strayer (ed.), Dictionary of the Middle Ages (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1983), vol. 2, p. 69.
Le Viandier is one of the earliest and best-known recipe collections of the Middle Ages, along with the Latin Liber de Coquina (early 14th century) and the English Forme of Cury (c. 1390). Among other things, it contains the first detailed description of an entremet.
The concept of Ansitz dates back to the end of the Middle Ages up to the 19th century. Unlike castles, they were hardly fortified. They arose when medieval fortifications had lost their military purpose. Residences were designed mainly for the comfortable and prestigious living of their owners.
An Epiphany East Window and Maimonides. Mersea Museum. Retrieved 17 April 2017. According to family legend, Ernest was able to trace his ancestry to the important Torah scholar of the Middle Ages Moses Maimonides through his father, and to the writer Sarah Trimmer through his mother.
Affective Meditation is a Christian spiritual practice originating in Medieval EuropeSouthern, R. W., The Making of the Middle Ages. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953. Bynum, C. W., Jesus as Mother: Studies in the Spirituality of the High Middle Ages. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982.
The altarpiece was donated to the church in 1748, while the pulpit was made in 1709. The church has two church bells, the larger of them was made in 1526. The vaults supporting the church ceiling were probably built at the end of the Middle Ages.
But perhaps the most widely discussed periodization scheme of the Middle Ages was the Six Ages of the World, where every age was a thousand years counting from Adam to the present, with the present time (in the Middle Ages) being the sixth and final stage.
If he were to look for another career, however, he would become non regens: a passive member of the corporation of masters, without losing his affiliation to it, which usually lasted for life. An example of regent master was William Vorilong, French philosopher of the Middle Ages.
Kelly DeVries (born December 23, 1956) is an American historian specializing in the warfare of the Middle Ages. He is often featured as an expert commentator on television documentaries. He is professor of history at Loyola University Maryland and Honorary Historical Consultant at the Royal Armouries, UK.
Today armours and instruments of torture of the Middle Ages are shown there. Common furniture of several epochs and utensils of the executioner are exhibited in the Henkerhaus (engl. executioner's house) to demonstrate the life in the small town. In 2005 the Wolf Kahlen Museum opened.
The most massive encyclopedia of the Middle Ages was Speculum Maius (The Great Mirror) by Vincent of Beauvais. It was 80 books long and was completed in 1244. With a total of 4.5 million words, the work is presumably the product of an anonymous team.Blair, p. 387.
The earliest Round Table was recorded in 1223, when the Crusader lord of Beirut held one in Cyprus to celebrate the knighting of his eldest sons. Round Tables were popular in various European countries through the rest of the Middle Ages and were at times very elaborate.
Towards the end of the Middle Ages, a number of Campbells reached positions of power within Scotland, while under the reign of King James II. This continued into the reigns of King James III and also James IV of Scotland, where many Campbells became Earls of Argyll.
H. St. L. B. Moss, The Birth of the Middle Ages (Clarendon Press, 1935, reprint Oxford University Press, January 2000) Large landowners, no longer able to successfully export their crops over long distances, began producing food for subsistence and local barter. Rather than import manufactured goods from the empire's great urban areas, they began to manufacture many goods locally, often on their own estates, thus beginning the self-sufficient "house economy" that would become commonplace in later centuries, reaching its final form in the manorialism of the Middle Ages. The common, free people of the Roman cities, meanwhile, began to move out into the countryside in search of food and better protection. H. St. L. B. Moss, The Birth of the Middle Ages (Clarendon Press, 1935, reprint Oxford University Press, January 2000) pp. 29-30 Made desperate by economic necessity, many of these former city dwellers, as well as many small farmers, were forced to give up hard-earned basic civil rights in order to receive protection from large land-holders.
Abrahamson et al. The Persian conquest of Jerusalem in 614 compared with Islamic conquest of 638. Soon thereafter, in 634 the Muslim conquests began, during which many Jews initially rose up again against their Byzantine rulers.Barbara H. Rosenwein, A Short History of the Middle Ages (Ontario: 2004), 71–2. .
Syriac Christians have always been reading and using Hebrew texts. In western Christianity, however, knowledge of Hebrew was historically scarce outside of converts from Judaism.Aryeh Grabois, "Christian Hebraists", in Joseph Strayer (ed.), The Dictionary of the Middle Ages (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1983), vol. 3, pp. 313–14.
14, : "...erhoben sowohl das Erzbistum Gnesen [...] als auch das Erzbistum Magdeburg [...] Ansprüche auf das pommersche Gebiet. Die pommersche Kirche blieb deshalb zunächst unter der unmittelbaren Aufsicht von Bamberg."André Vauchez, Richard Barrie Dobson, Michael Lapidge, Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, p. 1061., Routledge, 2000, Otto died in 1139.
Finally for the purpose of largess at royal coronations or for the Maundy money, pieces were often struck which perhaps are rather to be regarded as medals than actual money. Among the benediction forms of the Middle Ages there is no example found of a blessing for coins.
Friars Bacon and Bungay sleep through the activation of their brazen head while their manservant Miles plays a pipe and drum. Thomas Bungay ( or ';Personal Names of the Middle Ages, p. 653. ),. also known as (; ) and formerly also known as , was an English Franciscan friar, scholar, and alchemist.
During most of the Middle Ages, the population still used the earlier buildings such as the thermae. In 1060, Waleran I of Limburg, Count of Arlon, built a castle on the Knipchen hill. In the 13th century, the only women's Cistercian abbey known to date was built in Clairefontaine.
In medieval times, the Caliphate experienced a growth in literacy, having the highest literacy rate of the Middle Ages, comparable to classical Athens' literacy in antiquity. The emergence of the Maktab and Madrasah institutions played a fundamental role in the relatively high literacy rates of the medieval Islamic world.
9 The Rule of the Order was based on that of the Cistercian Order, that of obedience, poverty and chastity.Henry Charles Lea, The History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 (NY: Harper & Bros, 1901), p. 239 Their role was eventually expanded to fight in the Crusades.
Krebs R. Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, And Discoveries Of The Middle Ages And The Renaissance [e-book]. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press; 2004. Available from: eBook Academic Collection (EBSCOhost), Ipswich, MA. Retrieved April 30, 2014. Monastic academies were developed and monks were taught how to translate Greek manuscripts into Latin.
Like the religious orders of the Middle Ages, the Jericho Benedictines are assisted by an army of volunteers. Apart from their regular prayers, these men and women raise money for the work of the Society as well as help out, whenever possible, at one of the Jericho Inns.
The Belles Heures consists of a series of story-like cycles that read like picture books. Along with the Très Riches Heures, also made for Jean, the Belles Heures ranks among the great masterpieces of the Middle Ages. The manuscript is now in The Cloisters in New York.
Islamic Spain and Sicily were particularly productive areas because of the proximity of multi-lingual scholars. These scholars translated many scientific and philosophical texts from Arabic into Latin.C. H. Haskins, Studies in the History of Mediaeval Science, pp.3-4R. W. Southern, The Making of the Middle Ages, p.
Taylor, John. “Robin Hood.” Dictionary of the Middle Ages. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988. It is also a type of “The Good Outlaw” tale, in which the hero of the story is an outlaw who commits actual crimes, but the outlaw is still supported by the people.
Joachim R. Söder, "Albert der Grosse – ein staunen- erregendes Wunder," Wort und Antwort 41 (2000): 145; J.A. Weisheipl, "Albertus Magnus," Joseph Strayer ed., Dictionary of the Middle Ages 1 (New York: Scribner, 1982) 129. The Catholic Church distinguishes him as one of the 36 Doctors of the Church.
Others argue that the presence of the book implies learning, which is familiar in Dutch paintings of the Middle Ages. According to scholar Elise Goodman, the young musician featured in this painting would be a member of the haute bourgeoisie who could read, write, and speak several languages.
The design evokes an English church of the Middle Ages. The extensive iconography, in stained glass, stonework, and wood carvings, has the common theme of connecting religion and scholarship. The Chapel seats almost 2,000. It hosts weekly ecumenical Christian services, daily Roman Catholic mass, and several annual special events.
A university city, Freiburg evolved from its focus on mining to become a cultural centre for the arts and sciences. It was also a commercial center. The end of the Middle Ages and the dawn of the Renaissance was a time of both advances and tragedy for Freiburg.
By reading the position of the lower rod, in combination with the vertical length, the zenith distance (or, alternatively, the altitude) of a celestial object could be calculated.Krebs, R., (2004), Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, page 225. Greenwood Publishing Group.
Old Regime France. New York, Oxford University Press. The sword, or court, nobility consisted of traditional French nobles who had hereditary connections to chivalric nobility of the Middle Ages. During the 18th century, their income was fairly static, consisting of profits from agrarian holdings and benefits from military commissions.
Hugo Tjeerd van der Velden (born 19 October 1963, in Boxmeer)Velden, H.T. van der at NIAS website. is a Dutch art historian. He currently is Rijksmuseum Chair of Art History of the Middle Ages, especially in the Low Countries. A position in collaboration with Universiteit van Amsterdam.
Paris 1313: The Mystery of Notre-Dame Cathedral is a video game released in 2001, developed by Dramaera and is a co-production between Index+, Canal+ Multimedia, France Telecom Multimedia and Microïds. The Musée National du Moyen Age, (National Museum of the Middle Ages) contributed to the game.
Thomas Aquinas was one of the major Doctors of the Church of the Middle Ages. The name of Saint Thomas Aquinas was also given to the nearby Église Saint- Thomas-d'Aquin (Paris), built in the 17th century, and to the neighboring parish. It is also given to the neighborhood.
While the modern bra has evolved, almost directly, from the proto-bra of the Middle Ages, other cultures across the world and across history have invented garments that serve similar purposes. This is only a short list; for a more in-depth view, please see each garment's separate page.
This style evolved into the kimono by the end of the Middle Ages., 51–52. The Buddhist vegetarian philosophy strengthened during the Kamakura period as it began to spread to the peasants. Those who were involved in the trade of slaughtering animals for food or leather came under discrimination.
The second, a rectangular tower that used to be inhabitable, is now a gate tower. Due to the rebuilding and renovation work carried over hundreds of years, the castle now shows characteristics of the architectural styles of the Middle Ages, through to the Renaissance, Baroque and Empire styles.
Parler also founded the Parler family of master builders and his descendants worked in various parts of central Europe, especially Bohemia. His son, Peter Parler, became one of the major architects of the Middle Ages. The family name is derived from the word Parlier, meaning "foreman".Campbell, p 31.
Local gentry saw the office as one of local influence and prestige and were therefore willing to serve. Overall, this was a successful area of policy for Henry, both in terms of efficiency and as a method of reducing the corruption endemic within the nobility of the Middle Ages.
The chapel's Collegiate Gothic design evokes an English church of the Middle Ages,Bush & Kemeny.Stillwell, p. 7. although several aspects of it, including the vault and its supports, recall French churches. The chapel is cruciform and is built on the scale of a large parish church or a small cathedral.
It is one of the most important non-fortified manor houses of the Middle Ages still in existence. It was built about 1380 as a hall house and was greatly expanded in the late 16th century and partly demolished in 1785. The original 14th-century house survives, although much altered.
As the Dictionary of the Middle Ages says, "William's achievements in assembling and evaluating sources, and in writing in excellent and original Latin a critical and judicious (if chronologically faulty) narrative, make him an outstanding historian, superior by medieval, and not inferior by modern, standards of scholarship."Babbitt, p. 643.
Rémi Brague (born 8 September 1947) is a French historian of philosophy, specializing in the Arabic, Jewish, and Christian thought of the Middle Ages. He is professor emeritus of Arabic and religious philosophy at the Sorbonne, and Romano Guardini chair of philosophy (emeritus) at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
Via Regia and Via Imperii Via Regia between Fulda and Neuhof in Hesse, Germany The Via Regia (Royal Highway) - is a European Cultural Route following the route of the historic road of the Middle Ages. There were many such viae regiae associated with the king in the medieval Holy Roman Empire.
After the end of the Middle Ages, Castle Hill remained uninhabited until the early 19th century. Its prominent position made it an ideal site for a warning beacon, as part of a network of such beacons on other prominent hills all over the country, spreading out in lines from the coast.
A page with a parrot from "Codex Cumanicus" The Codex Cumanicus is a linguistic manual of the Middle Ages, designed to help Catholic missionaries communicate with the Cumans, a nomadic Turkic people. It is currently housed in the Library of St. Mark, in Venice (BNM ms Lat. Z. 549 (=1597)).
The furniture of the Middle Ages was usually heavy, oak, and ornamented. Furniture design expanded during the Italian Renaissance of the fourteenth and fifteenth century. The seventeenth century, in both Southern and Northern Europe, was characterized by opulent, often gilded Baroque designs. The nineteenth century is usually defined by revival styles.
During his concluding years he was not altogether in accord with the political ideas of Hildebrand. He died the year before Hildebrand became pope, as Gregory VII. "It removed from the scene the one man who could have restrained Gregory", Norman F. Cantor remarked (Civilization of the Middle Ages, p 251).
The Dormition is known as the Death of the Virgin in Catholic art, where it is a reasonably common subject, mostly drawing on Byzantine models, until the end of the Middle Ages. The Death of the Virgin by Caravaggio, of 1606, is probably the last famous Western painting of the subject.
The king crossed the Alps with an army in 1111. The pope, who was weak and had few supporters was forced to suggest a compromise, the abortive Concordat of 1111. Its simple and radical solution"Simple and radical": Norman F. Cantor, 1993. The Civilization of the Middle Ages p.262.
The tactics of the Middle Ages varied greatly. A large amount of tactics were still based on Roman ideas. Such as the use of training, regimentation, and the phalanx. Medieval commanders may have been educated or read in Vegetius’ De Re Militari which would’ve provided the bases for battle tactics.
From this autumn a new > PhD programme will teach palaeontology [presumably an error for > 'palaeography'], medieval Latin, Hebrew and Greek — crucial tools for > students of the period. Medieval studies finally seems to be emerging from > its own Dark Ages.'Renaissance of the Middle Ages', Times Higher Education > (10 July 1998).
9-10, p. 13, accessed online on 12 March 2012. Écuyer in French (11th to 14th century) means "shield-bearer", a knight in training, age 14 to 21. In the later stages of the Middle Ages, the cost of the adoubement or accolade became too high for many noblemen to bear.
Apel, Gregorian Chant pp. 256–7. Gregorian melodies often explore chains of pitches, such as F-A-C, around which the other notes of the chant gravitate.Wilson, Music of the Middle Ages p. 21. Within each mode, certain incipits and cadences are preferred, which the modal theory alone does not explain.
The nineteenth-century historian Jules Michelet included an account of the Aix case in La Sorcière (1862), known in English as Satanism and Witchcraft. In that book, Gaufridy is referred to as "Gauffridi," and Doncieux as "Doctor Dompt, from Louvain."Michelet, Jules (1863). La Sorcière: The Witch of the Middle Ages.
314 ff. Lamprecht studied German and European social and economic history, particularly of the Middle Ages. He aroused considerable controversy with his loose interdisciplinary methods and focus on broad social, environmental, and even psychological, questions in history. To him, history meant as much the revelation of sociology as of political events.
Vincent of Beauvais (c. 1190 – 1264?) was one of the best-known encyclopedists of the medieval period. This illustration is from a 15th-century French translation of his work. While classical and modern encyclopedic writers sought to distribute knowledge, those of the Middle Ages were more interested in establishing orthodoxy.
Yunus ibn Habib (; died after 183 AH/798 CE)Tarif Khalidi, Arabic Historical Thought in the Classical Period, pg. 98. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. was a reputable 8th-century PersianBerend Wispelwey, Biographical Index of the Middle Ages, pg. 1,169. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2008. linguist.
She was a visiting scholar at the École Pratique des Hautes Études in Paris in 2008, and at the Institute for Advanced Study in spring 2009. She currently teaches History of the Middle Ages and Religion in the Middle Ages (and formerly Post-Classical Latin Historical Texts) at KU Leuven.
The work probably dates from the late 12th or early 13th century, and is known from only one surviving manuscript, discovered in 1752 by medievalist Jean- Baptiste de La Curne de Sainte-Palaye (BnF, Fonds Français 2168).Karl Uitti. "Aucassin et Nicolette" in Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Vol. 1, pg.
This public institution is much older than the Municipality. The burghers of Osogna belong to this community which goes back to the vicina of the Middle Ages. All the mountain forests and pastures belong to this institution. These pastures were used during the seasonal migration of the cattle (static transhumance).
The Balts originally practiced Baltic religion. They were gradually Christianized as a result of the Northern Crusades of the Middle Ages. Baltic peoples such as the Latvians, Lithuanians and Old Prussians had their distinct mythologies. The Lithuanians have close historic ties to Poland, and many of them are therefore Roman Catholic.
By the end of the Middle Ages, England and Castile were the only large western nations without a papal inquisition. Most inquisitors were friars who taught theology and/or law in the universities. They used inquisitorial procedures, a common legal practice adapted from the earlier Ancient Roman court procedures.Peters, Edwards.
He joined the University of Waterloo in 1987 and has taught courses pertaining to the cultural history of the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and Enlightenment periods, the 19th century, and also participates in topics including urban history and film history. He is currently Professor of Cultural History in the university's architectural faculty.
It is archaeologically evident within various Medieval settlements of North Western Europe and thus represents an important chronological marker for the Medieval archaeology. It was a forerunner of the first European stoneware, produced in the same region and exported to much of Europe for the rest of the Middle Ages and Renaissance.
Outside of the Roman empire, tremisses were minted by the Anglo-Saxons, Burgundians, Franks, Frisians, Lombards, Ostrogoths, Suevi and Visigoths between the 5th and 8th centuries."Tremissis", in Robert E. Bjork, ed., The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (Oxford University Press, 2010). The word tremissis was borrowed into Old English as thrymsa.
But not always. More typically the only real resistance is Cupid firing arrows. These images are essentially light-hearted romantic fantasy given a comic treatment; such scenes were sometimes staged as light relief at tournaments.Loomis, Roger Sherman, "The Allegorical Siege in the Art of the Middle Ages", American Journal of Archaeology, Vol.
The old part of Clermont is delimited by the route of the ramparts, as they existed at the end of the Middle Ages. The town of Clermont-Ferrand came about with the joining together of two separate towns, Clermont and Montferrand, which was decreed by Louis XIII and confirmed by Louis XV.
Norges kongesagaer translated by Gustav Storm and Alexander Bugge, illustrated by Gerhard Munthe Gustav Storm (18 June 1845 - 23 February 1903) was a Norwegian historian, a professor at the Royal Frederick University in Christiania from 1877. He was a driving force in the research of Scandinavian history and literature of the Middle Ages.
Christopher Tyerman calls him "the historian's historian",Tyerman, God's War, p. 361. and "the greatest crusade historian of all,"Christopher Tyerman, The Invention of the Crusades (University of Toronto Press, 1998), p. 126. and Bernard Hamilton says he "is justly considered one of the finest historians of the Middle Ages".Hamilton, p. 6.
Ludwig Pastor, The History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages, Volume II (London: John Hodges, 1891), p. 275. Nicholas called on Christian rulers to defend Christendom with their lives and their money and he granted indulgences to those who, for six months, took part in this crusade.Pastor, p. 276.
The End of the Middle Ages. The Cambridge History of Eng... It is also known by titles that are more accurate, such as "The Book of Hawking, Hunting, and Blasing of Arms".Original spelling The Bokys of Haukyng and Huntyng; and also of coot-armuris. The printer is sometimes called the Schoolmaster Printer.
356 living within a slow moving culture dominated by customary law and by respect for ancient authorityR. W. Southern , The Making of the Middle Ages (1993) p. 74-5 and pervaded with an ahistorical political mentality focused upon the concepts of experience, usage, and law-as-custom.J. H. Hexter, On Historians (1979) p.
It is a mother of judges and princes; it has given > Trajan, Hadrian, and Theodosius to the Empire. With time, the name Hispania was used to describe the collective names of the Iberian Peninsula kingdoms of the Middle Ages, which came to designate all of the Iberian Peninsula plus the Balearic Islands.
In medieval times, it was used for river transport and there is a towpath along large sections of the river, many parts of which have been upgraded to roads over time. The river silted up in the course of the Middle Ages and had lost all of its importance by the 17th century.
The cover of the book was illustrated and signed by French painter and illustrator Charles Henri Pille (1844–1897) depicting a nineteenth-century love of the Middle Ages, and showing Vuitton as trunk makers.This Champs-Elyseés store was opened under the reign of Georges Vuitton. Coco Chanel was a patron of the store.
Valentinian I (; 3 July 32117 November 375), also known as Valentinian the Great,Philip Schaff, A Select Library of the Nicene and post Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, Volume 3. Eerdmans Publishing, University of California, 1956. p 146Edward Kenneth Rand, Founders of the Middle Ages. Dover Publications, University of Michigan, 1957.
Arian Christian missionaries had been spreading Arian Christianity throughout northern Europe, though by 700 the religion of northern Europeans was largely a mix of Germanic paganism, Christianized paganism, and Arian Christianity.Cantor, Norman. "The Civilization of the Middle Ages". p 147 Catholic Christianity had barely started to spread in northern Europe by this time.
He translated various works from European languages, but most specifically he worked on classical pieces written in Latin. His most famous translations include the Satires of Decimus Junius Juvenalis, the Erotic Elegies of Albius Tibullus, and Lyrics of the Middle Ages. All of his translations can still be found in print today.
Ghanaram Chakrabarty (; c. 1669–?) was a Bengali poet of the Middle Ages and the greatest contributor to the Dharmamangalkavya tradition of mediaeval Bengali literature. He was greeted by his guru as Kabiratna ("The Jewel of the Poets"). His work, Anadi Mangal (), also known as Sri Dharma Sangeet, was probably composed in 1711.
The city of Suel ceased to be mentioned at the beginning of the Middle Ages. After several centuries, the name of the settlement changed from Suel to Suhayl, which became the name of the castle and surroundings during the Moorish era. Suhayl became a fairly large settlement, which included farmland and small villages.
He was a founder member of the Hogarth Club. and of the Medieval Society, an organisation, formed mostly of architects, dedicated to promoting interest in the art and architecture of the Middle Ages. He was also a leading member of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings.Newall and Egerton (1987), p.
Both were written in the middle of the 13th century. No medieval encyclopedia bore the title Encyclopaedia – they were often called On nature (De natura, De naturis rerum), Mirror (Speculum maius, Speculum universale), Treasure (Trésor).Monique Paulmier-Foucart, "Medieval Encyclopaedias", in André Vauchez (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, James Clarke & Co, 2002.
23Making Medieval Style Scented Oils & Waters is a water with a sweet aromatic smell.Tietz, p. 116 It is made of flowers or herbs and is the precursor of the modern day perfume.Scents of the Middle Ages Scented waters are also used in making other products such as pomanders and body care products.
Pearl is one of the greatest allegories from the High Middle Ages.Stephen A. Barney (1989). "Allegory". Dictionary of the Middle Ages. vol. 1. As a literary device, an allegory is a narrative in which a character, place, or event is used to deliver a broader message about real-world issues and occurrences.
Domen Fawr, or Tafolwern Castle was a motte-and-bailey castle of the Middle Ages. It is situated in Tafolwern, near Llanbrynmair in Powys. It is registered with Cadw as monument MG065 and is a scheduled ancient monument.Data Cadw The motte is 6 metres high and 40 metres wide at the base.
Sofia: Pub. House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Page 43. (cf. ... in the history of Western Europe, which marks both the end of ancient history and the beginning of the Middle Ages, is the fall of the Western Empire.) the death of Justinian I in the 6th century,Robinson, C. A. (1951).
His later research centered principally on the culture of the Middle Ages. In 1946, he took over as director of the Sandvig Collections (Sandvigske Samlinger) at Maihaugen in Lillehammer. Grieg retired at the age limit in 1964, but continued for a few more years as a museum assistant at the University's Antiquities Collection.
The museum is 11,500 square feet, 6,500 of which are designed for expositions. It contains around 23,000 artifacts dating from the Gallo-Roman period up until the 16th century. There are currently 2,300 artifacts on display. The collections contain pieces from Europe, the Byzantine Empire, and the Islamic world of the Middle Ages.
Thorndike (1965), p. 35. Between the date of its official printing and 1660, the work was reprinted eighteen times in many languages; this popularity of the text led Rudolf Hirsch (a book scholar) in 1950 to call the book one of the Middle Ages' "best sellers".Turner (1911).Hirsch (1950), p. 119.
It is a celebration of the bridge and the culture of the Middle Ages. The festival is officially opened by an actor playing the folkloric character Till Eulenspiegel, who according to legend visited Erfurt and fooled the professors at the university that he had taught a donkey to read.Das 43. Krämerbrückenfest vom 15.
Book cover To mark the centenary of Herfsttij a new translation by Diane Webb appeared in 2020, published by Leiden University Press: Autumntide of the Middle Ages. According to Benjamin Kaplan this translation “captures Huizinga’s original voice better than either of the two previous English editions.” “New English Edition of Huizinga’s Autumntide Captures His Original Voice Better Than Ever”, The Low Countries, July 17, 2020 This new English edition also includes for the first time 300 full-colour illustrations of all the works of art Huizinga mentions in his text. In the 1970s, Radio Netherlands produced an audio series about the book, entitled "Autumn of the Middle Ages: A Six-part History in Words and Music from the Low Countries".
For most of the Middle Ages, warfare and society were dominated by the cavalry (horse-mounted soldiers), composed of individual knights. Knights were generally drawn from the aristocracy, while the infantry levies were raised from commoners. This situation slowed the advance of infantry tactics and weapon technologies; those that were developed by the end of the Middle Ages included the use of long spears or halberds to counter the long reach of knights' lances, and the increased use of ranged weaponry to counter the cavalry's advantages of momentum, speed, height, and reach. However, from 1350 onwards the knights themselves usually dismounted for battle, becoming super-heavy infantry themselves, as a countermeasure to development of massed archery tactics which would bring their horses down.
The council also rejected Nicholas' efforts to convert Bulgaria.Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, Volume 2, By André Vauchez, Richard Barrie Dobson, Adrian Walford, Michael Lapidge Publisher: Routledge; 1 edition (1 April 2001) Product Dimensions: 11.1x9 The council of 867 was followed by the Council of Constantinople in 869-870, which annulled the decisions of 867.
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) was a significant figure in the history of scientific method, particularly in his approach to experimentation,El-Bizri, Nader, "A Philosophical Perspective on Ibn al-Haytham's Optics", Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 15 (2005-08-05), 189–218Haq, Syed (2009). "Science in Islam". Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages. ISSN 1703-7603.
Painting life: the art of Pieter Bruegel, the Elder, Robert L. Bonn, 2006, , p.106 And that the way to the gallows leads through pleasant meadows.The Last Flowering of the Middle Ages, Baron Joseph Van Der Elst, Kessinger Publishing, 2005, , p.114 It is not known why or for whom the picture was painted.
Early Modern universities initially continued the curriculum and research of the Middle Ages: natural philosophy, logic, medicine, theology, mathematics, astronomy, astrology, law, grammar and rhetoric. Aristotle was prevalent throughout the curriculum, while medicine also depended on Galen and Arabic scholarship. The importance of humanism for changing this state-of- affairs cannot be underestimated.Ruegg, W. (1992).
Palo Alto, CA: Academica Press, p. 148, fn 3. However, the early 20th century saw a radical re-evaluation of the Middle Ages, which called into question the terminology of darkness, or at least its more pejorative use. The historian Denys Hay spoke ironically of "the lively centuries which we call dark".Hay, Denys (1977).
Fossier, Airlie, Marsack: The Cambridge illustrated history of the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press, 1997, S. 159. His father Ali ibn Ishak served as a financial officer to the Ghaznavids. However, when the Seljuk Turks defeated the Ghaznavids at the Battle of Dandanaqan in 1040, and conquered Khorasan, Abu Ali Hasan's father fled to Ghazni.
48 The first Christian censorship of the Talmud happened in the year 521.Reverend James Parkes, The Conflict of the Church and the Synagogue, p.392 However, far better documented censorship began during the disputations of the Middle Ages. Catholic authorities accused the Talmud of containing blasphemous references to Jesus and his mother, Mary.
A few views of the castle. The castle now houses the Museum of the Middle Ages of Gorizia. The interiors are decorated with original furniture and furnishings, and reproductions of weapons and siege engines are shown. In the central courtyard it is still possible to see the remains of the old 11th-century tower.
The territory of the commune is a part of the South Massif Central. The village itself is nestled in the Cernon valley along the D992 road. The hearth of the village is composed of stonework basements following the forms of the Middle Ages fortress. The main avenue, lately built, welcomes the totality of the commerces.
A man of great culture, Thomas was the author of one of the most important chivalric texts of the Middle Ages, Le Chevalier Errant, written probably during his imprisonment in Piedmont. The text, written in French, is an allegory of the ideals of knighthood. It inspired the famous frescoes in the Castello della Manta.
The name De Uithoorn (or also De Uythoorn) was used at the end of the Middle Ages for the location of the lower courts of the deanery of Saint John. The village formed around its courthouse. People depended on agriculture and animal husbandry. Agriculture became increasingly more difficult due to the steady soil subsidence.
Empires of the Middle Ages is a board game for two to six players which simulates grand strategy and diplomacy in the Middle Ages. It was first released by Simulations Publications, Inc. in 1980. Each player in EOMA controls an empire composed of areas, each of which is rated for wealth, religion, language and population.
Four police First Information Reports (FIRs) were lodged against him in Lahore. In 2007, Mubarak Ali published three books: Qadeem Hindustan ("Ancient India"), Ahd-e-Wusta Ka Hindustan ("India of the Middle Ages") and Bartanvi Hindustan ("British India"), published jointly by the NGO ActionAid and the Fiction House. These books were targeted towards younger readers.
The government was inspired by the narrowest clericalism, which culminated in the attempt to withdraw the Bavarian bishops from the jurisdiction of the great German metropolitans and place them directly under that of the pope. On the eve of the Revolution the intellectual and social condition of Bavaria remained that of the Middle Ages.
At the end of the Middle Ages, this "Pardon" gave rise to certain curious festivities. Fifteen mysteries of the life of St. John the Baptist were represented on stages erected throughout the town on the Sunday preceding the "Pardon." The display drew multitudes to the festivities, which were finally called the "deviltries" of Chaumont.
Modes of transmission entails the study of texts that are preserved primarily on papyrus, parchment or paper, in addition to inscriptions, coins, and medals. The papyrus rolls of antiquity (papyrology) are quickly replaced by the parchment codices of the Middle Ages (codicology), while paper arrives in the 9th century via the Arabs and Chinese.
In the later years of the Middle Ages, hops were added to the gruit. That mixture continues today in most Belgian white beers. The production of this type of beer in Belgium had nearly ended by the late 1950s. In the town of Hoegaarden, the last witbier brewery, Tomsin, closed its doors in 1955.
Craft and industry remained relatively undeveloped before the end of the Middle Ages and, although there were extensive trading networks based in Scotland, while the Scots exported largely raw materials, they imported increasing quantities of luxury goods, resulting in a bullion shortage and perhaps helping to create a financial crisis in the fifteenth century.
The village of Prekali appears in 1416 on the banks of the Buna river near the village of Pentar Prekali was an Albanian tribe of the Middle Ages. Their origin was probably in the Dukagjin highlands of northern Albania. Since the 16th century, the Prekali tribe gradually became part of other communities in that region.
Peter Frankopan is a historian at Worcester College, Oxford and director of the Oxford Centre for Byzantine Research. His areas of focus are the history of the Byzantine Empire, the Mediterranean, the Balkans, the Caucasus, and Russia and the interdependence of Islam and Christianity. He has also studied Greek literature of the Middle Ages.
The Knight Templars defended and gave the king refuge during the incident.Henry Charles Lea, The History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, vol. 3 (NY: Harper & Bros, 1901), p. 252 But Philip had a history of seizing property and persons when it suited his needs, the Lombards in 1291 and the Jews in 1306.
He surveyed the locale for two days to identify the most promising angle of attack. The customary equipage of siege warfare—the siege tower, the trebuchet, and the crossbowJ. E. Kaufmann, et al. The Medieval Fortress: Castles, Forts and Walled Cities of the Middle Ages, Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books/Capo Press, 2001, , p. 185.
It is through medical instruction in monasteries that the Classical medical texts survived through the early part of the Middle Ages. Herbals are one of the largest and most well-known contributions of monastic schools to science, offering some of the most comprehensive amounts of historical evidence. Monasteries were, and are still today, isolated centers.
4 of Bakhtin's Collected Writings (Sobranie sochinenii, Moscow: Russkie Slovari, 2008–2010) (roughly equivalent to a research doctorate). The book was eventually published in Russian in 1965, under the title Rabelais and Folk Culture of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Its 1968 English translation by Hélène Iswolsky was given the title, Rabelais and His World.
Guruge 2010, p. 49. Through much of the Middle Ages and Renaissance the Catholic Church had only a small number of cardinals at any one time, as few as seven under either Pope Alexander IV (1254–1261) or Pope John XXI (1276–1277).Miranda, Salvador. "Election of May 30 – November 25, 1277 (Nicholas III)" .
114, 118. Whilst condemning older depictions without a scriptural basis, he was not hesitant in creating new ones based on his own interpretation.Blunt 1985, p. 127; Mâle Saint Joseph should not be shown as the old, semi-comical figure of the Middle Ages, but as young, vigorous and firmly in control of the Holy Family.
Bible of Kralice, title page, vol.1 The Czech literature of the Middle Ages is very rich in translations of Biblical books, made from the Vulgate. During the 14th century all parts of the Bible seem to have been translated at different times and by different hands. The oldest translations are those of the Psalter.
Towards the end of the Middle Ages the Dahn castles lost their significance and fell into ruins. Louis II of Dahn had a small schloss built in Burrweiler; this was first mentioned in 1571. Only a gate arch remains today.burrweiler.de The Dahns died out after Louis II of Dahn died in 1603 in Burrweiler.
He had also translated a treatise on the ophthalmology of Hunayn bin Ishaq and the Viaticus of Ibn al-Jazzar. The most famous pharmacopeia of the Middle Ages, the Antidotarium Nicolai, also was written in the circles of the school. Among the physicians who trained at the Schola Medica Salernitana is Gilles de Corbeil.
The B-flat was an integral part of the system of hexachords rather than an accidental. The use of notes outside of this collection was described as musica ficta. Gregorian chant was categorized into eight modes, influenced by the eightfold division of Byzantine chants called the oktoechos.Wilson, Music of the Middle Ages p. 11.
The battle established the effectiveness of the longbow as a dominant weapon on the Western European battlefield. English and Welsh archers served as mercenaries in Italy in significant numbers, and some as far afield as Hungary. Modern historian Joseph Dahmus includes the Battle of Crécy in his Seven Decisive Battles of the Middle Ages.
The fortress village Shatili. The Lebaiskari fortress. Like other mountainous areas of Georgia, Khevsureti is characterized by a great diversity of traditions and customs. Khevsurs speak a local dialect of the Georgian language that resembles the literary Georgian of the Middle Ages and retain many of their ancient traditions including elements of folk ritual.
Dr. Ulrich Schmid. Ulrich Schmid's areas of expertise are the New Testament, History of Christianity in general and the Early Christianity, such as Marcion, Tatian, the theology of the Middle Ages (Diatessaron) and the field of textual research (Ancient Greek and Latin tradition of the Christian Bible) in particular.Universität Münster: Apl. Prof. Dr. Ulrich Schmid.
However, the biggest difference between previous wars and those of the Middle Ages was the use of heavy cavalry, particularly knights. Knights could often easily overrun infantry armed with swords, axes, and clubs. Infantry typically outnumbered knights somewhere between five and ten to one. They supported the knights and defended any loot the formation had.
Early medieval paintings in the apse The church dates from the first half of the 12th century. Originally it consisted of a broad, western tower, a nave, a chancel and an apse. In the 15th century, an earlier ceiling was replaced with vaults. Further changes was made after the end of the Middle Ages.
It was a very dark album with many influences from the early works of Annihilator. In 1996, Stefan Arnold became the band's new drummer. This year also marked the release of the concept album Tunes of War, which dealt with the history of Scotland. This album was the first part of the Middle Ages Trilogy.
The Catholics of Osogna belong to this parish. The parish church of the Saints Gratiniano and Felino was built in 1498. There are two other churches in Osogna: the church of Santa Maria (Holy Mary) built on the foundations of an old castle (end of the Middle Ages) and the church of Santa Pietà (1729).
The family of Faure La Roderie initiated construction of the castle in 1533. it was definitely finished within 20 years. The land in era of the Middle Ages belonged to the family of Mareuil. Daisy Mareuil brought these lands in the fifteenth century, along with John of Authon, cupbearer of the Duke of Guyenne.
There are no ancient remains at Kalamata, which is not surprising, as the place has always been well occupied and inhabited. The height above the town is crowned by a ruined castle of the middle ages. It was the residence of several of the Latin chieftains of the Morea. William of Villehardouin was born here.
The sights include flint quarries, mines, old settlements, burial mounds, crypts and petroglyphs, including monuments of the Middle Ages, early Iron Age, Bronze Age and even Stone Age. There are over 4,000 petroglyphs still intact in Sarmishsay. Since ancient times this territory has been a sacred zone, where locals performed their sacred ceremonies on holy days.
His scholia on Horace, which are still extant, mainly consist of rhetorical and grammatical explanations. We probably do not possess the original work, which must have suffered from alterations and interpolations at the hands of the copyists of the Middle Ages, but on the whole the scholia form a valuable aid to the student of Horace.
Coat of Arms of the Teutonic Order Rupert is mentioned as a Knight of the Teutonic Order in 1230. Rupert died after January 1, 1239 and bequeathed his legacy to the Order. This would eventually lead to conflict between the House of Nassau and the Order.Thiele (1994), Table 307, quoted at Robert IV, Genealogies of the Middle Ages.
This battle was a significant moment in European history, as it led to the creation of a powerful state, which was to become a European superpower in the 9th and 10th century along with the Byzantine and Frankish Empires. It became a cultural and spiritual centre of south Slavic Europe through most of the Middle Ages.
The Castle of Cornago is located on the hilltop overlooking the town of Cornago in La Rioja, Spain. Its walls reveal a solid construction which should have been proved very useful during the wars of the Middle Ages. It belonged to Álvaro de Luna, who held, among other titles, the title of Lord of Jubera and Cornago.
The literary convention of courtly love can be found in most of the major authors of the Middle Ages such as Geoffrey Chaucer, John Gower, Dante, Marie de France, Chretien de Troyes, Gottfried von Strassburg and Thomas Malory. The medieval genres in which courtly love conventions can be found include the lyric, the romance and the allegory.
Systematic Sentences attributed to St. Anselm of Laon.The Rebdorf Psalter: Book of Psalms with Gloss by Anselm of Laon. Anselm's greatest work, an interlinear and marginal gloss on the 'Scriptures', the Glossa ordinaria, now attributed to him and his followers, was one of the great intellectual achievements of the Middle Ages. It has been frequently reprinted.
In 1535 he served as papal Nuncio to the King of France, and, from 1536 to 1542, with brief interruptions, Morone was papal Nuntius to the King of Bohemia, Ferdinand, King of the Romans.Ughelli, p. 136. Ludwig Pastor, The history of the popes : from the close of the Middle Ages Volume XI (London: Kegan Paul 1912) pp. 206-207.
Silver would be the basis for Frankish coinage from then on. The denier was minted in France and parts of the Italian peninsula for the whole of the Middle Ages, in states such as the patriarchate of Aquileia, the Kingdom of Sicily, the Republic of Genoa, the Republic of Siena, and the crusader state Kingdom of Jerusalem, among others.
Vermilion (sometimes spelled vermillion) is both a brilliant red or scarlet pigment, originally made from the powdered mineral cinnabar (). It was widely used in the art and decoration of Ancient Rome, in the illuminated manuscripts of the Middle Ages, in the paintings of the Renaissance, as sindoor, an Indian cosmetic powder, and in the art and lacquerware of China.
These claims originate from French fiction, written to create curiosity for places people of Europe had never travelled. Early Christian communities have also been described as having anarcho-communist characteristics.Hinson, E. Glenn. The Early Church: Origins to the Dawn of the Middle Ages, (1996) pp 42–3 Frank Seaver Billings described "Jesusism" as a combination of anarchism and communism.
Martinus Fabri (died May 1400) was a North Netherlandish composer of the late 14th century. Fabri was probably either from Flanders or the Netherlands, and lived near the end of the Middle Ages. The surname "Fabri" was probably a Latinization of a name like Smit, Smeets or perhaps Le Fèvre (all meaning "smith") . Little is known about his life.
Before the close of the Middle Ages, Beghard communities were in decline. Their numbers diminished with the waning of the textile trade and, when that industry died, gradually dwindled away. The highest number of such medieval foundations in Flanders and Wallonia was 94, but in 1734 they had been reduced to just 34 and in 1856 to 20.
During the last years of the Middle Ages, the estate belonged to the Archbishop of Lund. The main house was erected by Jens Brahe (ca 1500-1560) in the 16th century as a defence structure. It was completed in 1577. In the 18th century, the northwest tower burned and the spire was built in a romantic medieval style.
Arab-American Psychiatrist Wafa Sultan: There is No Clash of Civilizations but a Clash between the Mentality of the Middle Ages and That of the 21st Century Animosity emanating from this conflict has caused numerous attacks on supporters (or perceived supporters) of each side by supporters of the other side in many countries around the world.
The fall of the Roman Empire in AD 476 traditionally marks the start of the Middle Ages. Beginning in the 14th century a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology. Simultaneously, the Protestant Reformation set up Protestant churches primarily in Germany, Scandinavia and England. After 1800, the Industrial Revolution brought prosperity to Britain and Western Europe.
Kerry Close, The 10 Richest Women of All Time, time.com, 1 February 2016. Bettencourt ranks at #6 in this list, after five ancient rulers and monarchs of the Middle Ages and early modern period. Including monarchs, he mentions Empress Wu for Antiquity, Razia Sultana and Isabella of Castile for Middle Ages, and Catherine the Great for modern history.
Council of the gods from the Loggia di Psiche, Villa Farnesina, with Pluto holding a bident and Neptune a trident In Western art of the Middle Ages, classical underworld figures began to be depicted with a pitchfork.Cook, Zeus, vol. 2, p. 803. Early Christian writers identified the classical underworld with Hell, and its denizens as demons or devils.
Most of these models were qualitative, although a few incorporated quantitative analyses that related speed, motive force and resistance.Grant, Planets, Stars, and Orbs, p. 541. By the end of the Middle Ages, the common opinion in Europe was that celestial bodies were moved by external intelligences, identified with the angels of revelation.Grant, Planets, Stars, and Orbs, p. 527.
He arrived in Spain in 1440 and settled in Toledo to work as a general contractor in Toledo Cathedral between 1448 and 1470.Georges Duby and Xavier Barral i Altet, Sculpture: The Great Art of the Middle Ages, 1990, p. 291 (Online). Among other things, he was in charge of building the Portal of the Lions.
Neochori () is a village on the island of Chios, Greece. It is part of the municipality Agios Minas, and located approximately 9 kilometers from the capital of the island, Chios (town), also known locally as Chora. There are medieval manuscripts that refer to the village but no sign of the Middle Ages was preserved. The inhabitants are mainly farmers.
Blessed Carino Pietro of Balsamo (died 1293), sometimes called St. Acerinus,Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages (Macmillan, 1887), 215. was the murderer of Saint Peter of Verona (Saint Peter Martyr) who later repented his actions and became a Dominican lay brother. He is venerated as a beatus by the Catholic Church.
Johannes Cotto (John Cotton, Johannes Afflighemensis) ( c. 1100) was a music theorist, possibly of English origin, most likely working in southern Germany or Switzerland. He wrote one of the most influential treatises on music of the Middle Ages, De musica, first printed by Gerbert in 1784. The treatise included unusually precise directions for composing chant and organum.
He is famous for his work which laments the death of his father, Coplas a la muerte de su padre. In this piece, Manrique shows classical feelings by expressing himself in a universal manner (all things come to an end). He is still considered a poet of the Middle Ages in that he finds peace and finality in religion.
Stephen Thomas Knight, a scholar on Robin Hood, has written extensively on Roberson's "interesting" perspective of the legend.Knight, Robin Hood: An Anthology of Scholarship and Criticism, p. xx. According to him, Lady of the Forest was another in a long line of contemporary stories that has elevated Marian to "hero status".Knight, Icons of the Middle Ages, p. 404.
113–114 and 120–130. None of the major insular manuscripts, like the Book of Kells, have preserved their elaborate jewelled metal covers, but documentary evidence indicates that these were as spectacular as the few remaining continental examples.R. G. Calkins, Illuminated Books of the Middle Ages (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press 1983), pp. 57–60.
Near the place, up the Chkherimela river gorge there is an old fortress ruins. It is a typical construction of the Middle Ages, mentioned sometimes as Khandi, or kharagauli fortress. It was in Kharagauli fortress that the king Vakhtang VI got married. There is a district called "small kharagauli" there, people settled here first, later - on the borough territory.
Initially cultivation only occurred at the edges of the swamp. The harvested peat was a source of fuel. During the second half of the Middle Ages the monasteries of Aduard and Essen played an important role in cultivating the bog. In the Middle Ages some places at the edges of the bog were drained for growing rye.
The road from London to Gloucestershire passed through Wallingford, and the town flourished as a trading centre throughout most of the Middle Ages. The road was diverted, and a bridge was constructed at Abingdon. The opening of Abingdon Bridge and loss of traffic that the road had brought caused the town to enter a steep economic decline.
Lambertini, Roberto. Francis of Marchia and William of Ockham: Fragments from a Dialogue. Vivarium: An International Journal for the Philosophy and Intellectual Life of the Middle Ages and Renaissance 44.1 (2006): 184-204. Print. The Pope had denied that the origin of property was linked to humans, claiming that it was sin itself that was the cause.
These were described by Johan Huizinga in The Waning of the Middle Ages as "the most profound expression of mourning known in art, a funeral march in stone".Page 235 in this online edition. Snyder 67-69 has a full description. The tombs of the Dukes, now moved to the "Salle de Garde" of their palace in Dijon.
Altar of the Holy Kinship The Master of the Holy Kinship the Younger is a German painter of the Middle Ages who was active between 1475 and 1515 in Cologne and its environs. He is designated "The Younger" to distinguish him from another Master, given the same name, who worked in that area from 1410 to 1440.
Through the practice of simony, local princes typically auctioned off ecclesiastical offices, causing priests and bishops to function as though they were yet another noble under the patronage of the prince.Cantor, Norman. "The Civilization of the Middle Ages". p 148 In contrast, a network of monasteries had sprung up as monks sought separation from the world.
This also allowed his nobles to attempt to build their own power base, though given the strict salic tradition of hereditary kingship, few would ever consider overthrowing the king. This increasingly absurd arrangement was highlighted by Charles Martel, who as Mayor of the Palace was effectively the strongest prince in the kingdom.Cantor, Norman. "The Civilization of the Middle Ages".
Cantor, Norman. "The Civilization of the Middle Ages". p 153 The practice of simony has caused the ecclesiastical offices to become the property of local princes, and as such the monasteries constituted the only church institution independent of the local princes. In addition, the papacy was relatively weak, and its power was mostly confined to central Italy.
The Franks had been supported by the Slavs, who established polities on former Avar territory. Charlemagne's son Pepin of Italy captured a large, fortified encampment known as "the Ring", which contained much of the spoils from earlier Avar campaigns.Victor Duruy, The History of the Middle Ages, p. 446 The campaign against the Avars again gathered momentum.
The Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages. Penguin Books, 1976, p. vii. Spengler especially pointed to the tendency of Western technology to spread to hostile "Colored races" which would then use the weapons against the West. In Spengler's view, western culture will be destroyed from within by materialism, and destroyed by others through economic competition and warfare.
Continental Germanic mythology is a subtype of Germanic paganism as practiced in parts of Central Europe during the 6th to 8th centuries, a period of Christianization. It continued in the legends, and Middle High German epics of the Middle Ages. Traces of these stories, with the sacred elements largely removed, may be found throughout European folklore and fairy tales.
The pits were created by removing soil to create a depression about 12-13 feet (4m) in diameter, breached by a 'spout' and thus forming a 'Q' shape. The pits were dug from the end of the Middle Ages up to around 1760, the start of the Industrial Revolution.Muir, Richard (2008). Woods, Hedgerows and Leafy Lanes. Pub.
Azharot (), "exhortations") are didactic liturgical poems on, or versifications of, the 613 commandments in rabbinical enumeration. The first known example appears in the tenth century Siddur of Saadia Gaon; The best known include those by two Spanish authors of the Middle Ages; Isaac ben Reuben Albargeloni and Solomon ibn Gabirol and the French author Elijah ben Menahem Ha-Zaken.
The stone church was built in the then prevailing Romanesque style, and consisted of a nave, choir and a semi-circular apse. The church was enlarged at the end of the Middle Ages. The old choir was dismantled and a new one built, without an apse. The original chancel arch between the choir and the nave was also removed.
After a brief popular revival between the 18th and 19th century, the joust was interrupted after 1810 to reappear only in 1904 in the wake of the Middle Ages reappraisal operated by Romanticism. Finally, the joust was definitely restored in 1931 as a form of historical re-enactment set in the 14th century, and quickly acquired a competitive character.
"Sean Connery talks to Murray Grigor". Edinburgh International Book Festival 2011 "Beatus – The Spanish Apocalypse" on the illuminated manuscripts of the Middle Ages on the Book of Revelation, was invited in competition to the 2015 Montréal Festival du Film sur L'Art – the 4th film Grigor has made in partnership with Hamid Shams, the American Director of Photography.
Al-Andalus was a great cultural center of the Middle Ages. Besides the great universities, which taught philosophies and sciences yet unknown in Christendom (such as those of Averroes), the territory was an equally vital center for art. Many techniques were employed in the manufacture of objects. Ivory was used extensively for the manufacture of boxes and caskets.
The priory lands also included the town gibbet. Its buildings were damaged in the Hundred Years' War but rebuilt. Henry V of England confirmed the priory's temporal rights but towards the end of the Middle Ages the monks abandoned communal life and began living in separate lodges, although they still came together for worship and prayer.
Boethius (c. 480–524 AD) was a philosopher, most famous for writing The Consolation of Philosophy. The work has been described as having had the single most important influence on the Christianity of the Middle Ages and early Renaissance and as the last great work of the Classical Period.Introduction to The Consolation of Philosophy, Oxford World's Classics, 2000.
By the 14th century the Waldensians had been driven underground. Some residents of the Pays Cathare identify themselves as Cathars even today. They claim to be descended from the Cathars of the Middle Ages. However, the delivering of the consolamentum, on which historical Catharism was based, required a linear succession by a bon homme in good standing.
Karl Hampe ca. 1913 Karl Ludwig Hampe (3 February 1869 – 14 February 1936) was a German historian of the Middle Ages, particularly the history of the Holy Roman Empire in the High Middle Ages. Hampe was born in Bremen and graduated from Berlin in 1893. Following graduation, he spent five years as an employee of the Monumenta Historica Germaniae.
The tradition of clerical naturalists may be traced back to some monastic writings of the Middle Ages, although some argue that their writings about animals and plants cannot be correctly classified as natural history. Notable early parson-naturalists were William Turner (1508–1568), John Ray (1627–1705), William Derham (1657–1735), and Gilbert White (1720–1793).
From the 8th until the 15th century, they held the monopoly of European trade with the Middle East. The silk and spice trade, involving spices, incense, herbs, drugs and opium, made these Mediterranean city-states phenomenally rich. Spices were among the most expensive and demanded products of the Middle Ages. They were all imported from Asia and Africa.
With C&S2;, the system was designed as a complete simulation of the Middle Ages in all its aspects: Political, economic, and military; enhanced by a strong fantasy element, derived mainly from the world of J. R. R. Tolkien, giving a strong sense of realism, much stronger than in most other games in the same period.
These were often on biblical subjects, but could also deal with literary, philosophical or historical matters. Although they could be straightforward, they were often riddles or jokes. They were probably used to stimulate thought and aid memory."Joca (Ioca) monachorum" in Robert E. Bjork (ed.), The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (Oxford University Press, 2010).
The Skete monastic style of monasticism fell out of favor with the church at the beginning of the Middle Ages. This was due mostly to the need for relative physical safety that more traditional cenobite communities offered. Skete monasteries still exist, and the monastery of Saint Macarius the Great still stands and has a thriving Skete community.
Because John was not recognized by the Western bishops as a legitimate pope, the next three popes named John, John XVII, John XVIII and John XIX, took the regnal numbers XVI, XVII and XVIII, but some historians of the Middle Ages changed their names including Antipope Philagathos among the popes, and the wrongly corrected sequencing was never subsequently corrected.
194, (1977), Cambridge Publications, accessed February 15, 2012. Chinese pottery and Arabian beads have been found in the ruins of Great Zimbabwe.Garlake (2002) 184-185 During the apogee of the Middle Ages, ivory and slaves became a substantial source of revenue. Many captives of the Portuguese sold in Zanzibar ended up in Brazil, which was then a Portuguese colony.
Routiers () were mercenary soldiers of the Middle Ages. Their particular distinction from other paid soldiers of the time was that they were organised into bands or routes.OED definition of routier The term is first used in the 12th century but is particularly associated with free companies who terrorised the French countryside during the Hundred Years' War.
Many have linked anti- semitism to Christian thought on supersessionism. Perhaps the greatest Christian thinker of the Middle Ages was Thomas Aquinas who continues to be highly influential in Catholicism. There is disagreement over where exactly Aquinas stood on the question of supersessionism. He did not teach punitive supersessionism, but did speak of Judaism as fulfilled and obsolete.
Polná Castle Klešter is a glen where there led an ancient merchant path from Moravia to Bohemia. Klešter is a unique technical landmark of the Middle Ages. It was about 500 m long, partially cut in a rock. Polná Castle was built approximately in 1320 on a point above the junction of the Šlapanka river and the Ochozský brook.
He is famous for his work which laments the death of his father, Coplas a la muerte de su padre. In this piece, Manrique shows classical feelings by expressing himself in a universal manner (all things come to an end). He is still considered a poet of the Middle Ages in that he finds peace and finality in religion.
Revising the figures attributed to Posidonius, another Greek philosopher determined as the Earth's circumference. This last figure was promulgated by Ptolemy through his world maps. The maps of Ptolemy strongly influenced the cartographers of the Middle Ages. It is probable that Christopher Columbus, using such maps, was led to believe that Asia was only west of Europe.
Yellow badges (or yellow patches), also referred to as Jewish badges (), are badges that Jews were ordered to wear in public during periods of the Middle Ages by the ruling Christians and Muslims, and in Nazi Germany. The badges served to mark the wearer as a religious or ethnic outsider, and often served as a badge of shame.
Charles Homer Haskins in 1919 Charles H. Haskins circa 1900 Charles Homer Haskins (December 21, 1870 – May 14, 1937) was a history professor at Harvard University. He was an American historian of the Middle Ages, and advisor to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson. He is widely recognized as the first academic medieval historian in the United States.
Fredrik Barbe Wallem Fredrik Barbe Wallem (29 November 1877 - 3 July 1945) was a Norwegian art historian. He was born in Bergen; the son of Fredrik Meltzer Wallem and Louise Adelaide Barbe. He studied archeology and art history at the University of Kristiania. His thesis from 1910 treated equipments in Icelandic churches of the Middle Ages.
Under Wettin rule, the city acquired the two-tailed, red and black lions which grace its coat of arms. Neustadt lay on a major trade route between Nürnberg and Leipzig, and in the 14th century, the city received a parish church. By the end of the Middle Ages, the city had a population of roughly 570.
If the medieval sources are to be believed, Yitzhak was a famous rabbi of the Middle Ages. A learned man, he was versed in Arabic as well as Hebrew and Aramaic. D. M. Dunlop tentatively identified him with the region of Sangaros, in western Anatolia (not far from the ancient site of Troy). Yitzhak's historicity is difficult to determine.
The label has a wide catalogue of recordings, with a repertoire that ranges from music of the Middle Ages and Renaissance – G. de Machaut – Venetian Music from the 16th century and Elizabethan Music, to the golden age of classical music, from Bach up to the romantic period. The catalogue also includes improvisations and contemporary classical music.
Catholic historian Ludwig von Pastor's The history of the popes, from the close of the Middle Ages (1891) (vol. V): Corruption of the Italian Clergy of all Ranks, 169ff.; Fra Girolama Savonarola 181ff. likewise did not attribute to clerical celibacy the need for reform that was one of the reasons for holding the Council of Trent.
Historical reenactor wearing mail coif (with no padding under it) A mail coif is a type of armour which covered the head. A mail coif was a flexible hood of chain mail that extended to cover the throat, neck and the top part of the shoulders. They were popular with European fighting men of the Middle Ages.
Under the Franks it was a royal prerogative, but could be delegated and, from the tenth century, was frequently usurped by lesser nobles.Theodore Evergates, "Ban, Banalité", in Joseph R. Strayer (ed.), Dictionary of the Middle Ages (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1983), vol. 2, p. 69. The adjective "banal" or "bannal" describes things pertaining to the ban.
MacGillycuddy's Reeks, mountain range in County Kerry includes the highest peaks in Ireland. Ireland is the least forested country in Europe."History of Forestry in Ireland". Teagasc. Until the end of the Middle Ages, the land was heavily forested with native trees such as oak, ash, hazel, birch, alder, willow, aspen, elm, rowan, yew and Scots pine.
Ratingen was settled before 849. Since the Middle Ages, the Ratingen area belonged to the count and later dukes of Berg. On December 11, 1276 the settlement received city rights. Ratingen was one of the four places of Berg which experienced an economic boom in the end of the Middle Ages, but slowed during the Thirty Years' War.
The Judicate of Cagliari (, ) was one of the four Sardinian judicates of the Middle Ages, kingdoms of Byzantine origins. The Judicate of Cagliari covered the entire south and central east portion of the island and was composed of thirteen subdivisions called . To its north and west lay Arborea and north and on the east lay Gallura and Logudoro.
Retrieved 20 Jul 2014. The classic example of a German hilltop castle is the 13th-century Otzberg, which comprises a circular bergfried on a hill above the village of the same name. The bergfried is surrounded by concentric, oval-shaped, inner and outer wards and an external moat.The Medieval Fortress: Castles, Forts and Walled Cities of the Middle Ages by Kaufmann J.E. and Kaufmann H.W., 2001. Retrieved 20 Jul 2014. The Cathars used a number of inaccessible hilltop castles as refuges, such as Château de Montségur which stands on the summit of a steep rocky mountain. Like other hill castles, hilltop castles lost their significance during the course of the Middle Ages. The rise of towns as economic and political centres reduced the value of such castles for trade and governance.www.
At Christmastide 1497 a great fire broke out in the king's private chambers, destroying a large portion of the palace. The Milanese ambassador, Raimondo Soncino, witnessed the blaze, and estimated the damage at 60,000 ducats, in modern money about $10 million or approximately £7 million. The fire lasted three hours and tore through the rest of the palace, causing panic and hundreds to flee. Hammerbeam roofs of the Middle Ages were a structural necessity as much as they were pretty architecture as they kept the heavy timbered roofs from caving in; they were the carpenter's equivalent of the stone vaulting found in Gothic cathedrals of the Middle Ages because as in famous examples, like Westminster Hall, they allowed the architect greater ability to achieve higher heights with thinner walls and evenly distributed the lateral weight.
During the end of the Middle Ages, artists began to move into the town as well. In 1583 the town had a self-supporting parish established in the parish church Santa Maria del Sasso, which dated from the 13th century. In 1862, seven houses slid into the lake. During the 19th century tourism grew into a major industry in Morcote.
471–472 It was never staged during Rojas's lifetime, but the majority of modern scholars consider it a drama. It describes a love affair, with much bawdy and comic detail, before a tragic ending. The scholar Dorothy Severin has written that it may be considered as either the last Spanish work of the Middle Ages or the first of the Renaissance.
This section deals with the vocational education and training and basic social and health education programmes. Apprenticeship training in a well-organised form originates in the guilds of the Middle Ages. Each trade had its own guild in each town. The guilds fixed the duration of the training of apprentices, their wages and working conditions and the disciplines they were to learn.
George Sarton: A Guide to the History of Science Waltham Mass. U.S.A. 1952Burnett, Charles. "The Coherence of the Arabic-Latin Translation Program in Toledo in the Twelfth Century," Science in Context, 14 (2001): 249–288. Thomas Aquinas, a Catholic philosopher of the Middle Ages, revived and developed natural law from ancient Greek philosophy Medieval Christianity is credited with creating the first modern universities.
The Virgilius Chapel was filled with rubble and faded into obscurity. In 1973 the chapel was rediscovered during construction of the Vienna U-Bahn. Today there is a mosaic on the Stephansplatz showing the outlines of the Virgilius Chapel. The chapel itself has survived with hardly any damage and provides the visitor with an excellent glance into the world of the Middle Ages.
In the reign of King Henry I the Lovell family acquired the manor at Docking, and held it for most of the Middle Ages. Their obscure origins were also at Ivry. They were later mainly based at Titchmarsh, Northamptonshire. The Lovell Lord of the Manor acquired a market charter for Docking in 1242, with the market being held on Thursdays.
Ambrose of Milan, on Psalm 118: Cernis Rosam, hoc est dominici corporis sanguineum, as quoted by R.T. Hampson, Medii Aevi Kalendarium, or Dates, Charters, and Customs of the Middle Ages (London,1841), vol. 1, p. 87. The five-petaled rose became a symbol of the Five Wounds of Christ and hence of the Resurrection.J. Miller, Beads and Prayers, p. 166.
Traces of the Middle Ages monastery remain in the current convent. The old edifice was a rectangular structure on four levels, with raised access, which was renovated in Renaissance times. Abbot Oderisius II had the cloister built in the 13th century: the one visible today is mostly a 20th-century restoration. The cloister opened on three sides in the residential and working complex.
After Porete's death, however, the Mirror was circulated as an anonymous work. Originally written in Old French, it was translated into Latin, Italian, and Middle English and circulated widely.The text survives in six versions in four languages with thirteen manuscripts, making it among the more widely disseminated of the vernacular mystical texts of the Middle Ages. (McGinn, Flowering, p246, and n251 on p438).
"Copperplate" map of the 1550s The finished cathedral of the Middle Ages was renowned for the beauty of its interior. Canon William Benham wrote in 1902: "It had not a rival in England, perhaps one might say in Europe." The nave's length was particularly notable, with a Norman triforium and vaulted ceiling. The length earned it the nickname "Paul's walk".
Several kings of the Middle Ages laid in state in St Paul's before their funerals at Westminster Abbey, including Richard II, Henry VI and Henry VII. In the case of Richard II, the display of his body in such a public place was to dispel rumours that he was not dead.Milman, 81. The walls were lined with the tombs of bishops and nobility.
In 1965, the year before he died, the University of Rostock conferred on Sproemberg an honorary doctorate. The accompanying citation described him as "an important researcher of the history of the middle ages, and especially of Hanseatic history, and a supporter of the next generation of academics" ("bedeutender Erforscher der Geschichte des Mittelalters, insbesondere der hansischen Geschichte, Förderer des wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchses").
Half tower in the town walls of Freiburg im Üechtland The Porte d'Orange in Carpentras, a town gate built as a half tower A half tower (sometimes half- tower), open tower,Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. (2001). The Medieval Fortress. Castles, Forts and Walled Cities of the Middle Ages, Da Capo, Cambridge, MA, p. 27. . or open-gorged towerHull, Lise.
From his pen we possess commentaries on the Bible, Pseudo-Dionysius, Peter the Lombard, and Aquinas. He was equally conversant with mysticism and scholasticism. Albert the Great, Henry of Ghent, and Dionysius are representative of German theology of the Middle Ages. The anonymous German Theology, edited by Martin Luther, is distinct from the German Theology of bishop Berthold of Chiemsee (d. 1543).
The Vijayanagara Empire was based in the Deccan Plateau, but its power was diminished after a major military defeat in 1565 by the Deccan sultanates. The empire is named after its capital city of Vijayanagara. The rise of the Great Mughal Empire is usually dated from 1526, around the end of the Middle Ages. It was an Islamic Persianate; p.
Its members were the Imperial Estates, divided into three colleges. The diet as a permanent, regularized institution evolved from the Hoftage (court assemblies) of the Middle Ages. From 1663 until the end of the empire in 1806, it was in permanent session at Regensburg. All Imperial Estates enjoyed immediacy and, therefore, they had no authority above them besides the Holy Roman Emperor himself.
"Thrymsas", in Robert E. Bjork, ed., The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (Oxford University Press, 2010). In Frankish sources, the tremissis is sometimes called a triens, a term likewise meaning "a third", which originally referred to a bronze coin worth a third of an as. The historian and bishop Gregory of Tours calls the Frankish tremissis a trians or treans.
Topoľčany Castle, Slovakia. Three lines of defence are perfectly depicted here: Renaissance bastions, central Gothic fortification and a bergfried as the last refuge. Bergfried (plural: bergfriede; FR: tour-beffroi, EN: belfry, ES: torre del homenaje) is a tall tower that is typically found in castles of the Middle Ages in German-speaking countriesThompson (2008), p. 22. and in countries under German influence.
He also translated Goethe, Schiller, and Chénier, as well as poetry of the Middle Ages. In 1874 came out Poems, a comprehensive collection of Almazov's own poetic works. Critics ignored it, and long-time friend Alexey Pisemsky proved to be the only one who tried to promote the book. That was the year Almazov's wife died, the loss he suffered greatly from.
Phipps (2010), pp. 158–162 Condé-sur-l'Escaut occupies a strategic location at the confluence of the Scheldt (Escaut) and Haine Rivers. The Romans recognized this when they founded a town at the site. Subsequent residents fortified the location so that by the end of the Middle Ages, Condé was defended by a stone wall with towers surrounded by a moat.
Genoese crossbowmen during Battle of Crécy The Genoese crossbowmen () was a famous military corps of the Middle Ages, which acted both in defence of the Republic of Genoa and as a mercenary force for other Italian or European powers. Armed with crossbows, it fought both on land and in naval battles; notable cases of the latter are the battles of Meloria and Curzola.
He stood as an opponent of the trend of civil law interpretation and theorising. His theory took up some older ideas from Thomas Aquinas and Dante Alighieri (De Monarchia). Abroad he was a major influence on the British historian of law F. W. Maitland, who translated as Political Theories of the Middle Ages some of Gierke's major works, and on John Neville Figgis.
Robert the Magnificent (;He was also, although erroneously, said to have been called 'Robert the Devil' (). Robert I was never known by the nickname 'the devil' in his lifetime. 'Robert the Devil' was a fictional character who was confused with Robert I, Duke of Normandy sometime near the end of the Middle Ages. See: François Neveux, A Brief History of the Normans, trans.
The symbolism of the colors of the jester was for people in the Middle Ages immediately clear. In present day, a jester is seen as funny and humorous. At the time of the Middle Ages this was different, since the jester in fact was the personification of devil. The symbolic value each color the jester carries should be seen in that regard.
The abbey was founded in 1119 by Hugues of Thil, lord of Champlemy, and his wife Alix of Montenoison as the first daughter house of Pontigny Abbey. It became the burial place of several of the lords of Montenoison. It established one daughter house of its own, Chalivoy Abbey. At the end of the Middle Ages the monastery was held in commendam.
"Of Mary Magdalene", Legenda Aurea, Book IV. The 15th-century poet Georges Chastellain draws on the tradition of the unsmiling Lazarus:Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages p. 147 "He whom God raised, doing him such grace, the thief, Mary's brother, thereafter had naught but misery and painful thoughts, fearing what he should have to pass". (Le pas de la mort, VI).
The incubi and succubi of the Middle Ages are sometimes regarded as spiritual beings; but they were held to give proof of their bodily existence, such as offspring (though often deformed).Masello, Robert, Fallen Angels and Spirits of The Dark, pp. 64-68, 2004, The Berkley Publishing Group, 200 Madison Ave. New York, NY 10016, Belief in demons goes back many millennia.
Portrait of Ulrich from the Codex Manesse Ulrich von Liechtenstein (ca. 1200 – 26 January 1275) was a German minnesinger and poet of the Middle Ages. He wrote poetry in Middle High German and was author of noted works about how knights and nobles may lead more virtuous lives. Ulrich was a member of a wealthy and influential ministerialis family from Liechtenstein in Styria.
Villeinage was important and commonplace in Western Europe of the Middle Ages. Villeins generally rented small homes, with or without land. As part of the contract with their landlord, they were expected to use some of their time to farm the lord's demesne or provide other services, possibly in addition to a rent of money or goods. These services could be very onerous.
Despite local rebellions and Muscovian invasions in 1481 and 1558, the local Low German-speaking upper class continued to rule Estonia. By the end of the Middle Ages, these Baltic Germans had established themselves as the governing elite in Estonia, both as traders and the urban middle-class in the cities, and as landowners in the countryside, through a network of manorial estates.
316 Depopulation caused labor to become scarcer; the survivors were better paid and peasants could drop some of the burdens of feudalism. There was also social unrest; France and England experienced serious peasant risings: the Jacquerie, the Peasants' Revolt. These events have been called the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages.Norman Cantor, The civilization of the Middle Ages (1993) p. 480.
About 1200, in his Magna derivationes, Uguccione of Pisa included gastradeus [sic., a copyist's slip for gastaldeus] given the meaning "rector loci", the "administrator of a place".H. D. Austin, "Germanic Words in Uguiccione's Lexicon" Speculum 23.2 (April 1948:273-283) p. 276. In Milan, the institution of gastaldi endured within the cathedral chapter until the close of the Middle Ages.
These were usually attached to cathedrals or a collegiate church and were most common in the developing burghs. By the end of the Middle Ages grammar schools could be found in all the main burghs and some small towns. There were also petty schools, more common in rural areas and providing an elementary education.Lynch, Scotland: A New History, pp. 104–7.
Here were also the homes of wealthy merchants and patricians. The most outstanding structure of the Middle Ages is the Frauenkirche, which in 1271 had become the second parish in Munich. To it belonged a cemetery on the outer wall of the city with the Salvatorkirche as cemetery church. From the 16th century, the bourgeois building fabric was pushed back ever further.
The Irish Church became closer to Continental models with the Synod of Ráth Breasail and the arrival of the Cistercians. There was also more trade and communication with Normanised Britain and France. Between themselves, the Ó Briain and the Ó Conchobhair attempted to build a national monarchy. The remainder of the Middle Ages was marked by conflict between Gaels and Anglo-Normans.
Luže was formed in 1250 when Kamenicza joined with the newly formed town of Luza. The history of the town is closely linked with the Košumberk Castle. At the end of the Middle Ages, Luže was part of the manor of lords of Chlum and Košumberk, later Slavatas from Chlum and Košumberk. After the establishment of Czechoslovakia, Luže became a spa town.
The church has been little altered since the end of the Middle Ages. Lye Church contains the largest preserved set of medieval stained glass windows in the Nordic countries, and its interior is also decorated by medieval wall paintings, uncovered in the 1950s. The altarpiece is from 1496, and the church also contains a triumphal cross from the same period.
Klingender had intended to complete the work up to the nineteenth century, and possibly later, however, on his death the manuscript was only substantially complete up to the end of the Middle Ages and the editors took the decision to publish only up to that point, hence the chosen title. Later periods were added as an Epilogue from the available notes.
He argues that this view is far too simplistic and does not explain why people would abandon their faith. Taylor starts with a description of the Middle Ages and presents the changes to bring about the modern secular age. The Middle Ages were a time of enchantment. People believed in God, angels, demons, witches, the Church's sacraments, relics, and sacred places.
The domed temple represents a beautiful monument of Georgian architecture, distinguished by complex, but harmonious composition. Its artistic importance is comparable with Jvari Monastery in Mtskheta. At the same time it contains sings being the basis of the further development of Georgian church architecture of the Middle Ages. Actually from this very moment begins the life of original Georgian architecture.
A. A. tilley, The Reformation in France, part of Cambridge Modern History vol. II The Reformation: The end of the Middle Ages (1903), full text online at uni-mannheim.de His later work included two chapters for the Cambridge Medieval History, one entitled The Early Renaissance (in volume 7, 1932) and the other The Renaissance in Europe (in volume 8, 1936).
Early in 1950, Lhalu requested Ford shorten the training of the wireless operator students. By that time, new instructors had arrived to train soldiers in the use of Bren guns. Robert Ford wrote that "the Tibetan Army began to look a little less like something out of the Middle Ages."The Dragon in the Land of Snows by Tsering Shakya.
A disputation between Jewish and Christian scholars (1483) In the scholastic system of education of the Middle Ages, disputations (in Latin: disputationes, singular: disputatio) offered a formalized method of debate designed to uncover and establish truths in theology and in sciences. Fixed rules governed the process: they demanded dependence on traditional written authorities and the thorough understanding of each argument on each side.
A well-known instance of an early positive or portable organ of the 4th century occurs on the obelisk erected to the memory of Theodosius I on his death in AD 395. Among the illuminated manuscripts of the British Museum there are many miniatures representing interesting varieties of the portable organ of the Middle Ages, including Add. MS. 29902 (fol. 6), Add.
However, the name Lowdham points also to a Danish origin (earlier Ludham and Ludholme). Relics of the Middle Ages remaining are an alabaster slab and a figure of a knight in armour, in the chancel of the church, inscribed to the memory of Sir John de Loudham. The dog at the feet of the effigy suggests that Loudham was a warrior.
He died at Erith, Kent, on Nov 4, 1872. Besides the works already mentioned Keightley was author of The Crusaders, or Scenes, Events, and Characters from the times of the Crusaders (1834). His Secret Societies of the Middle Ages (Library of Entertaining Knowledge 1837) was initially published anonymously, and against his wish,Notes and Queries, 4th ser. ix. 359, 435, 489, 541.
Norman Frank Cantor (November 19, 1929 – September 18, 2004) was a Canadian- American historian who specialized in the medieval period. Known for his accessible writing and engaging narrative style, Cantor's books were among the most widely read treatments of medieval history in English. His textbook The Civilization of the Middle Ages, first published in 1963, remains an all-time bestseller in the field.
By the end of the Middle Ages most large churches probably had song schools, open to all boys. Grammar schools, which were based on the teaching of Latin grammar for boys, could be found in all the main Scottish burghs and some small towns. Educational provision was probably better in towns; in rural areas, petty schools provided an elementary education.
In the early Middle Ages, a placitum (Latin for "plea") was a public judicial assembly. Placita originated in the Frankish kingdoms in the seventh century. After the Frankish conquest of Italy in 774, placita were introduced before the end of the eighth century.Mathieu Arnoux, "Placitum", in André Vauchez (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages (James Clarke & Co, 2002; Oxford Reference Online, 2005).
306 and 329.Clapham, Sir John Harold et al. (1941). The Cambridge Economic History of Europe from the Decline of the Roman Empire: The agrarian life of the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, p. 29. (, , also Rotlagergebirge, Ginger Mountains), or Rothaar, is a low mountain range reaching heights of up to 843.1 m in North Rhine-Westphalia and Hesse, Germany.
In early scenes Christ may be shown striding up a mountain, at times the Hand of God reaching from within the clouds to assist him. An ivory plaque in Munich with such a scene is usually dated around 400, and is possibly the earliest Ascension image.Kerbrat, Pierre. "Ascension" in Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, Volume 2, Richard Barrie Dobson et al.
In the varied responses to modernity, Jewish philosophical ideas were developed across the range of emerging religious movements. These developments could be seen as either continuations of or breaks from the canon of rabbinic philosophy of the Middle Ages, as well as the other historical dialectic aspects of Jewish thought, and resulted in diverse contemporary Jewish attitudes to philosophical methods.
But it has been credited by many commentators. It is noted in Thomas Mann's The Magic Mountain that "the greatest poet of the Middle Ages, Wolfram von Eschenbach, could neither read nor write,"Thomas Mann, The Magic Mountain, trans. H.T. Lowe-Porter (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1946), p. 522; translation first published in 1927, the original published in 1924.
Cori was well developed in the age of the expansion of Rome (7th-6th century BC). Known as "Cora" in this period, it became a Roman possession after the Social War (90–88 BC), maintaining some administrative and political autonomy. Cori suffered a steep decline in the early centuries of the Middle Ages. It was often allied with its neighbour Velletri.
On 15 November 1215 Innocent opened the Fourth Lateran Council, considered the most important church council of the Middle Ages. By its conclusion it issued seventy reformatory decrees. Among other things, it encouraged creating schools and holding clergy to a higher standard than the laity. Canon 18 forbade clergymen to participate in the practice of the judicial ordeal, effectively banning its use.
He later wrote the work History in five books.John Antonakos, Noted Greeks Of The Middle Ages, p. 61 It is a historical account of the rise of the Ottomans and the final conquest of the remainder of the Eastern Roman Empire. Its main part is a biography of the Ottoman sultan Mehmet II, the Conqueror, to whom the work was also dedicated.
Leonhard Reichartinger (?? - 1396) was a Crusader of Bavarian nobility, who may have come from the vicinity of Trostberg. Reichartinger participated in one of the last great crusades of the Middle Ages, the Battle of Nicopolis. The Nicopolis Crusade was ordered by Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Hungary against the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I. Reichartinger was killed in the battle.
Middle English literature emerged with Geoffrey Chaucer, author of The Canterbury Tales, along with Gower, the Pearl Poet and Langland. William of Ockham and Roger Bacon, who were Franciscans, were major philosophers of the Middle Ages. Julian of Norwich, who wrote Revelations of Divine Love, was a prominent Christian mystic. With the English Renaissance literature in the Early Modern English style appeared.
Rigas in Wien Contacts between the Greeks and the Austrians can be led back in the aristocracy of the Middle Ages. Great economic importance and social acknowledgment attained the Greeks in Austria in the 19th century. The Greek Johannes Theodat opened on January, 17th 1685 Vienna's first coffee house. In 1700 four Greeks had the privilege to serve coffee in public.
1500, (1998) p 299.Norman Cantor, The Civilization of the Middle Ages (1994) p. 530. Modern historiography on the period has reached a consensus between the two extremes of innovation and crisis. It is now generally acknowledged that conditions were vastly different north and south of the Alps, and the term "Late Middle Ages" is often avoided entirely within Italian historiography.
Cywiński spent his childhood in Warsaw. Between 1982 and 1993 he lived in Switzerland and France due to the political exile of his father , philosopher, historian and journalist. His mother Maria-Malgorzata is a daughter of the artist . Cywiński graduated from the Université des sciences humaines in Strasbourg (1993) as a historian of the Middle Ages, and the Catholic University of Lublin (1995).
Crémieu is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France. This small medieval village of 3,500 inhabitants hosts a celebration called "Les Médiévales" every year in September, which reconstitutes the lifestyle of the Middle Ages. The seal of the région includes a dolphin. The inhabitants of this village are also called "les dauphinois" from the noun "dauphin" in French.
Seal of Simon de Montfort. Caption: SIGILL[IUM] SIMONIS DE MONTEFORTI. Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester ( – 25 June 1218), known as Simon IV (or V) de Montfort and as Simon de Montfort the Elder, was a French nobleman and famed knight of the early 13th century. He is widely regarded as one of the great military commanders of the Middle Ages.
Castile refused steadily, trusting on its prominent position in Europe and its military power to keep the Pope's interventionism in check. By the end of the Middle Ages, England, due to distance and voluntary compliance, and Castile (future part of Spain) due to resistance and power, were the only Western European kingdoms to successfully resist the establishment of the Inquisition in their realms.
Bethany of the Middle Ages, by Albert Storme, Franciscan Cyberspot. After the fall of Jerusalem in 1187, the nuns of the convent went into exile. The new west church was most likely destroyed at this time, with only the tomb and barrel vaulting surviving. The 6th century church and tower were also heavily damaged at this time but remained standing.
Its miniatures helped to shape an ideal image of the Middle Ages in the collective imagination, often being interpreted to serve political and nationalist agendas.Camille, throughout This is particularly true for the calendar images, which are the most commonly reproduced. They offer vivid representations of peasants performing agricultural work as well as aristocrats in formal attire, against a background of remarkable medieval architecture.
This time was also just after the Old World's discovery of the Americas in 1492, and therefore was influenced greatly by the New World.Andrew Graham-Dixon, Art of Germany (2011), United Kingdom: British Broadcasting Corporation Historically, the year 1500 is also often identified, somewhat arbitrarily, as marking the end of the Middle Ages and beginning of the Early Modern Era.
Die Collectio Vetus Gallica, die älteste systematische Kanonessammlung des fränkischen Gallien. Studien und Edition, which was praised as "arguably the most significant contribution to the study of canonical collections in the past half century." From 1978 until his emeritate he taught at the University of Freiburg. His main areas of research were the ecclesiastical and legal history of the Middle Ages, canon law.
There were wool ones, used in cold weather, and lighter ones for summer. In this form it continued through to the end of the Middle Ages, worn by the lower classes, often by women as well as men, and especially in Northern Europe. The hood was loose at the back, and sometimes ended in a tail that came to a point.
His elder brother, Charles (born 1843), is also of some importance as an historian, particularly on the history of art and on the heresies of the Middle Ages. He was appointed professor of history at the university of Toulouse in 1886. A younger brother, Émile (1857–1906), was keeper at the Musée du Louvre and a well-known connoisseur of art.
The current site of Borna town was originally two settlements; Altstadt (the old town) and Wenigborn. Before the foundation of the town, there had been a water castle since the 9th Century. The first written mention of the town of Borna was recorded in 1251. Borna was burnt to the ground five times during the wars of the Middle Ages.
Van Bavel was elected a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2013. The Academy praised his research for providing a new perspective on the economic history of the Middle Ages. He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 2016. In 2019, Van Bavel was named one of the four laureates of the Spinoza Prize.
It would have been an act of irony, if the killer of Iceland's greatest writer of the Middle Ages had escaped punishment. He didn't. He was captured in another battle and executed (Flugumýrarbrenna). He didn't ask for mercy, and the last words spoken of him were those of Kolbeinn Dufgusson: „Nobody remembers Snorri Sturluson, if you are to be spared“.
The Romans added or dropped certain letters to accommodate Greek and Etruscan words; they also experimented with styles such as cursive when writing in ink. By about the fifth century CE, the beginnings of lowercase letterforms began to emerge in Roman writing, but they did not come into common use until the end of the Middle Ages, a thousand years later.
Dictionary of the middle ages. New York: Scribner. His spending on his art collection severely taxed his estates, and he was deeply in debt when he died in 1416 at Paris. Works created for him include the manuscripts known as the Très Riches Heures, the Belles Heures of Jean de France, Duc de Berry and (parts of) the Turin-Milan Hours.
Sometimes, Jews sought to evade the badges by paying what amounted to bribes in the form of temporary "exemptions" to kings, which were revoked and re-paid for whenever the king needed to raise funds. By the end of the Middle Ages, the hat seems to have become rare, but the badge lasted longer and remained in some places until the 18th century.
St Columb Major Church The church is dedicated to St Columba, a local saint: her well is at Ruthvoes. For most of the Middle Ages the church belonged to the Arundells of Lanherne and was lavishly endowed. Within the church were two chantry chapels served by six priests altogether (five for the Arundell chantry).The Cornish Church Guide (1925) Truro: Blackford; pp.
David Hume described her as "the most extraordinary woman of the age". Victorian feminists also cited her as a role-model. Harriet Taylor Mill mentions her as one of the "heroic chatelaines" of the Middle Ages in her essay "The Enfranchisement of Women".John Stuart Mill, Alice S. Rossi, Harriet Taylor Mill, Essays on Sex Equality, University of Chicago Press, 1970, p.102.
82 origin, ruled parts of northern Armenia in the 13th century AD and tried to reinvigorate intellectual activities by founding new monasteries.A. Vauchez, R. B. Dobson, M. Lapidge, Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages: A-J, 1624 pp., Editions du Cerf, 2000, , 9780227679319, see p.107 At the peak of Kingdom of Georgia the family led the unified Armeno-Georgian army.
Paleolithic remains found in the Can Albareda area show a prehistoric human presence. Iberian and Roman traces remain, for instance in the town square. In Roman times and during part of the Middle Ages, the place was called Titian and Micano Tiano. The name Sant Feliu does not appear until 1002 in a document in the monastery of Sant Cugat del Vallès.
In disturbed times of the Middle Ages, the inhabitants migrated to higher ground on the left bank of Ouvèze, with the shelter of the ramparts and a strong castle. From the eighteenth century, most of the population moved back down to the plains by the river. A flood struck Vaison-la-Romaine on 22 September 1992, the worst since 1632.
In the Eastern churches, latifundia entailed to a bishop's see were much less common, the state power did not collapse the way it did in the West, and thus the tendency of bishops acquiring civil power was much weaker than in the West. However, the role of Western bishops as civil authorities, often called prince bishops, continued throughout much of the Middle Ages.
According to historians of the Middle Ages, the Berbers are divided into two branches, both are from their ancestor Mazigh. The two branches Botr and Barnès are divided into tribes, and each Maghreb region is made up of several tribes. The large Berber tribes or peoples are Sanhaja, Houara, Zenata, Masmuda, Kutama, Awarba, Barghawata ... etc. Each tribe is divided into sub tribes.
John Henry Newman claimed that Scott "had first turned men's minds in the direction of the Middle Ages", while Thomas Carlyle and John Ruskin likewise asserted Scott's great influence upon the revival of interest in the mediaeval period, primarily based upon the publication of the novel Ivanhoe. Moreover, Ivanhoe much influenced popular perceptions of Richard the Lionheart, King John, and Robin Hood.
Chivalry underwent a revival and elaboration of chivalric ceremonial and rules of etiquette in the 14th century that was examined by Johan Huizinga, in The Waning of the Middle Ages, in which he dedicates a full chapter to "The idea of chivalry". In contrasting the literary standards of chivalry with the actual warfare of the age, the historian finds the imitation of an ideal past illusory; in an aristocratic culture such as Burgundy and France at the close of the Middle Ages, "to be representative of true culture means to produce by conduct, by customs, by manners, by costume, by deportment, the illusion of a heroic being, full of dignity and honour, of wisdom, and, at all events, of courtesy. ...The dream of past perfection ennobles life and its forms, fills them with beauty and fashions them anew as forms of art".
3D model of the fortress The cliff-side city and fortress of Tustan has a special place in wooden construction of the Middle Ages. Rock formations, which are mighty defence walls themselves, were smartly used by builders. Gaps between rocks were closed with wooden walls, preventing any approaches to the fortress. Special cuts – grooves and hollows – were made in rock surfaces to secure log structures.
Yvonne Dold-Samplonius in Zürich in 2007 Yvonne Dold-Samplonius (20 May 1937 – 16 June 2014) was a Dutch mathematician and historian who specialized in the history of Islamic mathematics during the Middle age. She was particularly interested in the mathematical methods used by Islamic architects and builders of the Middle Ages for measurements of volumes and measurements of religious buildings or in the design of muqarnas.
Benedictine and Augustinian foundations probably had charitable almonry schools to educate young boys, who might enter the priesthood. Some abbeys opened their doors to teach the sons of gentlemen. By the end of the Middle Ages, grammar schools could be found in all the main burghs and some small towns. In rural areas there were petty or reading schools that provided an elementary education.
Vucinich 1975, p. 24: "Katun Banjani (Banja) which probably derived from banja" According to oral tradition, the tribal name comes from Banjska in Kosovo from where they migrated. Sir Arthur Evans noted that the Banjani were mentioned as Serbs in Herzegovina and Montenegro of the Middle Ages in Ragusan reports and Serbian chrysobulls.Arthur Evans, Bejtullah D. Destani (ed.), Ancient Illyria: an archaeological exploration, reprint, I.B.Tauris, 2007, p.
In a later work, he wrote a refutation of astrology, as opposed to astronomy which he supports. Some suggest that his reasons for refuting astrology were due to the methods used by astrologers being based on pseudoscience rather than empiricism and also due to the views of astrologers conflicting with Sunni Islam.George Saliba (1980), "Al-Biruni", in Joseph Strayer, Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Vol. 2, pp.
Period examples of performance practice, of which there are few, show a quiet scene with a household servant performing for the king or lord and a few other people, usually unaccompanied. According to scholar Christopher Page, whether or not a piece was accompanied depended on the availability of instruments and people to accompany—in a courtly setting.Page, Christopher. Voices and Instruments of the Middle Ages.
Over the centuries the castle has undergone many changes: The left wing: outbuildings where were the kitchens: bread oven is still there today. The right wing: the round cylindrical (steep side) is characteristic of the Middle Ages . Nevertheless, she was fitted given the evolution of armaments (piercing of an arquebusière multiple holes). The basement of this wing includes a vaulted cellar, which is very well preserved.
These émigrés brought to Western Europe the relatively well-preserved remnants and accumulated knowledge of their own (Greek) civilization, which had mostly not survived the Early Middle Ages in the West. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica: "Many modern scholars also agree that the exodus of Greeks to Italy as a result of this event marked the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance".
Geoffrey Chaucer (; – 25 October 1400) was an English poet and author. Widely considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages, he is best known for The Canterbury Tales. He has been called the "father of English literature", or, alternatively, the "father of English poetry". He was the first writer to be buried in what has since come to be called Poets' Corner, in Westminster Abbey.
York was Henry IV's Master of the Hart Hounds. Between 1406 and 1413 he translated and dedicated to the Prince of Wales the Livre de Chasse of Gaston III, Count of Foix, one of the most famous of the hunting treatises of the Middle Ages, to which he added five chapters of his own, the English version being known as The Master of Game.
"Anglo-Saxon literature" in Dictionary of the Middle Ages, vol. 1, pp. 274–88. In all there are about 400 surviving manuscripts from the period. Widsith, which appears in the Exeter Book of the late 10th century, gives a list of kings of tribes ordered according to their popularity and impact on history, with Attila King of the Huns coming first, followed by Eormanric of the Ostrogoths.
But it was not the sole system in Britain - the £sd system would have to compete for a while with the Viking "mark" accounting system, introduced into Danelaw regions. Although £sd ultimately prevailed in Britain, the "mark of account" system lingered on in North Sea trade and areas of Hanseatic influence through much of the Middle Ages. The £sd system prevailed across much of Western Europe.
At the beginning of the Middle Ages the settlement moved to higher ground, what today is known as Wageningse Berg (Wageningen hill). Remains of a fieldstone chapel and wooden farmhouses have been found in that area. Between about 350 and 900, a burial site was in use around what today is the corner of Diedenweg and Geertjesweg streets. Presumably the burials came from around Wageningen and Binnenveld.
During the early Middle Ages, it belonged to the 4th of the seven ecclesiastic regions. The region was not widely inhabited due to the frequent flooding of the river Tiber, causing the whole area to be extremely unhealthy, especially during summer. It was only drained at the end of the Middle Ages, after which it was reclaimed by the city and reinhabited once again.
By the end of the Middle Ages grammar schools could be found in all the main burghs and some small towns. Early examples including the High School of Glasgow in 1124 and the High School of Dundee in 1239. There were also petty schools, more common in rural areas and providing an elementary education.M. Lynch, Scotland: A New History (Random House, 2011), , pp. 104–7.
Among Christians, Invidia is one of the Seven Deadly Sins. In the allegorical mythography of the Middle Ages and Renaissance, the three heads of Cerberus sometimes represent three kinds of invidia.Jane Chance, Medieval Mythography: From Roman North Africa to the School of Chartres, A.D. 433–1177 (University Press of Florida, 1994), p. 412. In Late Gothic and Renaissance iconography, Invidia is personified invariably as a woman.
Bodarp Church is a largely Romanesque church dating from the late 12th or early 13th century. It has been successively enlarged and rebuilt during the following centuries: the tower dates from the end of the Middle Ages while the north and south transept were added during the 19th century. Internally, the church received vaults during the 15th century. The church was renovated in 1938.
In one room the economic system of the Middle Ages, for example, feudalism in the Holy Roman Empire, tithing and tithe stones (Zehntsteine), are explained. In the cellar, the dungeon can be seen in which the archbishops of Cologne, Conrad of Hochstaden and Engelbert II of Falkenburg were imprisoned. On the fifth floor visitors can enjoy long- distance views as far as the Cologne area.
The library today contains about 600,000 volumes. The oldest part of the collection, brought together by Mazarin, contains about 200,000 volumes on all subjects. The more modern collections specialize in French history, particularly religious and literary history of the Middle Ages (12th-15th centuries) and the 16th and 17th centuries. Other specialities are the history of the book and the local and regional history of France.
The Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos "na Senyakh" is the oldest surviving building in the Moscow Kremlin and the city of Moscow. It has been part of the Grand Kremlin Palace since the mid-19th century. The church cannot be visited. Only the underground floor of the Annunciation Cathedral goes back to the same period of the Middle Ages as this church.
However, by belief she was firmly anti-industrialisation, idealizing the guild system of the Middle Ages and later the Arts and Crafts Movement.Allitt, Patrick; Catholic Converts: British and American Intellectuals Turn to Rome; p. 149. She was arrested at a restaurant strike. In the slums of Chicago, she taught children who could not afford school education about such writers as Dante and Robert Browning.
Ballard notes, however, that Pseudo- Methodius deviates from previous eschatological literature, such as Revelation, in that the Apocalypse utilizes Roman emperors as agents of change. For this reason, Griffith notes, the Apocalypse marks the end of the antique era and the dawn of the Middle Ages. Guenther also notes that Pseudo- Methodius was influenced by the books Revelation and Daniel, maintaining the lineage of Christian literature.
The parish of Eccles contained the townships of Barton-upon-Irwell, Clifton, Pendlebury, Pendleton, and Worsley. Toward the end of the Middle Ages the parish had an estimated population of about 4,000 Communicants. Agriculture remained an important local industry, with little change from the medieval system due to a lack of adequate drainage and fertiliser. Local cottage industries included blacksmiths, butchers, thatching, basket weaving, skinning, and tanning.
Fiddlehead fern as a vegetable Fiddleheads have been part of traditional diets in much of Northern France since the beginning of the Middle Ages, across Asia, and also among Native Americans for centuries. They are also part of the diet in the Russian Far East where they are often picked in the wild in autumn, preserved in salt over winter, and then consumed in spring.
Leaders of the early Christian church wanted to exterminate music which had memories associated with the revels and rituals with Roman music.Cattin, Music of the Middle Ages I, 2. However, it was during this period that art, architecture, music, philosophy, new religious rites, and many other aspects of Greek culture were brought in from the Hellenistic world.Grout, Palisca, A History of Western Music, 16.
Moeller was born in Leuven on 14 April 1838, the son of Jean Moeller, a professor of history at the newly refounded Catholic University of Leuven.Léopold Genicot, "Moeller, Charles", Biographie Nationale de Belgique, vol. 33 (Brussels, 1965), 495-496. He himself became a lecturer at the same university in 1863, teaching courses on the political history of classical antiquity and of the Middle Ages.
Miðvágur has been inhabited since at least the Viking period—as excavations have demonstrated. Since these early times, there has been a local "Thingstätte" (local community council), or "Várting". The most interesting building of the village is Kálvalíð, a house which was probably built at the end of the Middle Ages. It is the oldest building of the village and possibly of the whole Faroe Islands.
2) Interpretation of the four elements in literature, architecture, painting and cinema. Her research has two main directions: 1) mysticism as it involves philosophy and literary and artistic creation from the end of the Middle Ages through the early modern period as well as in the present; and 2) the interpretation of the classical elements (the "four elements") in literature, architecture, painting, and cinema.
Carson holds that "capitalism, arising as a new class society directly from the old class society of the Middle Ages, was founded on an act of robbery as massive as the earlier feudal conquest of the land. It has been sustained to the present by continual state intervention to protect its system of privilege without which its survival is unimaginable".Richman, Sheldon (March 2011).
Progon's realm was the first Albanian state during the Middle Ages.Clements 1992, p. 31 "By 1190, Byzantium's power had so receded that the archon Progon succeeded in establishing the first Albanian state of the Middle Ages, a principality"Pickard-Çeliku 2008, p. 16Norris 1993, p. 35 Little is known about archon Progon who was the first ruler of Kruja and its surroundings,Fine, p.
Aberysgir Castle is a mound, or motte and bailey castle of the Middle Ages – but is missing the usual protective bailey. It is located at Aberysgir, Powys (). Most of the mound was constructed between the end of the 11th century and second half the 12th century out of soil and stone, with a ditch around them. The castle is registered with Cadw with the number SAM: BR021 .
The exploits of the Uskoks contributed to a renewal of war between Venice and the Ottoman Empire (1571–1573). An extremely curious picture of contemporary manners is presented by the Venetian agents, whose reports on this war resemble a knightly chronicle of the Middle Ages. These chronicles contain information pertaining to single combats, tournaments and other chivalrous adventures. Many of these troops served abroad.
Even at the start of the Middle Ages the English landscape had been shaped by human occupation over many centuries. Much woodland was new, the result of fields being reclaimed by brush after the collapse of the Roman Empire. Human intervention had established wood pastures, an ancient system for managing woods and animals, and coppicing, a more intensive approach to managing woodlands.Rotherham, p. 79.
Some ships were manned by sailors called lithesmen and bustsecarls, probably drawn from the coastal towns, while other vessels were mobilised as part of a national levy and manned by their regular crews.Hooper (1992b), pp. 20–24. Naval forces played an important role during the rest of the Middle Ages, enabling the transportation of troops and supplies, raids into hostile territory and attacks on enemy fleets.
At the same time, he is also often criticised for other actions, such as his brutal conduct towards the Welsh and Scots, and issuing the Edict of Expulsion in 1290, by which the Jews were expelled from England. The Edict remained in effect for the rest of the Middle Ages, and it was over 350 years until it was formally overturned under Oliver Cromwell in 1657.
Bernautz de Ventadorn (Old Occitan spelling), as depicted in a medieval vida. Bernart de Ventadorn (also Bernard de Ventadour or Bernat del Ventadorn; 1135–1194) was a prominent troubadour of the classical age of troubadour poetry. Now thought of as "the Master Singer" he developed the cançons into a more formalized style which allowed for sudden turns.Wilhelm, James J. "Lyrics of the Middle Ages" (46).
Jane Morris (The Blue Silk Dress) by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, 1868. Dante Gabriel Rossetti and other members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood were conscious archaizers, emulating the work of the "old masters" and choosing romantic, medieval subjects. They dressed their models in long flowing gowns loosely inspired by styles of the Middle Ages. These styles were then adopted by the painters' wives and models for everyday dress.
Castilla (Castile in English) means 'Castle-land'. The word is derived from Latin castella, the plural of castellum, which, in turn, is a diminutive form of castrum 'fortress, castle'. Through most of the Middle Ages the word was spelled Castiella, a form that survives in Leonese today. (Modern Spanish has transformed all words ending in -iello, -iella into -illo, -illa.) The adjective derived from Castilla is castellano.
The document is a rare surviving example of military strategic thinking by a professional soldier of the Middle Ages. He only came home finally in 1440, when past sixty years of age. But the scandal against him continued, and during Cade's rebellion in 1450 he was charged by the rebels with having been the cause of the English disasters through "diminishing the garrisons of Normandy".
In 1301, Büchenbeuren had its first documentary mention in a document from the comital family Sponheim. Nevertheless, it is believed to be roughly 300 years older than that. Büchenbeuren belonged until the end of the Middle Ages to the landholdings under the lordship of the Counts of Sponheim. In 1437, the village passed to the Margraves of Baden and the Counts Palatine of the Rhine.
Concerning Francis of Marchia and the Act of the Will. Vivarium: An International Journal for the Philosophy and Intellectual Life of the Middle Ages and Renaissance 44.1 (2006): 151-83. Print. To answer how the will could go against this obligation, Marchia distinguishes between apprehensive and a judicative acts. Apprehensive acts are necessary for the will to function, and are result of intellectual cognitions and judgments.
André Vauchez, Richard Barrie Dobson, Michael Lapidge, Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages (2001 translation), p. 1207. His polemics used a combination of quodlibets and sermons.Simon Tugwell, Albert & Thomas: Selected Writings (1988), p. 229. He was a major benefactor to the Sorbonne library, leaving it around 300 books and manuscripts;Cornelius O'Boyle, The Art of Medicine: Medical Teaching at the University of Paris, 1250-1400 (1998), p. 161.
Isabella's motivation has been the subject of discussion by historians; some believe that there was a strong sexual attraction between the two, that they shared an interest in the Arthurian legends and that they both enjoyed fine art and high living.Weir 2006, p. 197. One historian has described their relationship as one of the "great romances of the Middle Ages".Mortimer, 2004, p. 141.
There are remnants of the Middle Ages within the old city wall and 6 km away. At the chapel of St. Hippolytus (Sant Pol), a base of a medieval column can be found. A cross of the Templar can also still be found is there. This holy place is today a centre of pilgrimage and a procession is held every year on the first Saturday in May.
The Moroccan Muhammad al-Idrisi wrote The Book of Pleasant Journeys into Faraway Lands or Tabula Rogeriana, one of the greatest geographical treatises of the Middle Ages, for Roger.Lewis, p.148 The Crusades also intensified exchanges between Europe and the Levant, with the Italian maritime republics taking a major role in these exchanges. In the Levant, in such cities as Antioch, Arab and Latin cultures intermixed intensively.
In the absence of records, it is difficult to date the building precisely, although it appears to have been established at the end of the Middle Ages, initially as a chapel for seafarers. Indeed, it was dedicated to St Nicholas, the patron saint of sailors. The church consists of a rectangular Late Gothic nave and a Renaissance tower. The porch on the north side dates from 1745.
Portugal's music history includes musical history from the medieval Gregorian chants through Carlos Seixas' symphonies era to the composers of the modern era. The musical history of Portugal can be divided in different ways. Portuguese music encompasses musical production of the Middle Ages, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, Romantic and Modern eras, especially from Angola with Kizomba. Portugal has very good dancing clothes making Portuguese dancing famous.
The terms, in the several Iberian languages, come from the Latin hoste or hostis, meaning "the enemy". At the start of the Middle Ages, there was no term in the Iberian Peninsula to signify a group of men with military objectives. The Castilian term hueste appeared in the Siete Partidas of the 13th century, with a meaning similar to the modern Castilian word tropas ("troops").
The history of the Catholic Church in Germany should be read in parallel with the History of Germany as the Church was progressively confused, in competition with, oppressed by and distinguished from, the state. The long history of Roman Catholicism in Germany can also explain much of the History of the Roman Catholic Church, especially in the period of the Middle Ages, under the Holy Roman Empire.
Towards the end of the post-classical history period and the onset of the Middle Ages, there were various invasions, which led to the settlement of a large and collective body of Germans in Roman Gaul. One of the earliest invasions of the Roman Empire was conducted by the Visigoths, that were a major group of Germanic peoples.Austin Ogg, Frederic (1907). A Source Book of Medieval History.
Details of his early life are vague. While some medieval sources claim that he was born in the Champagne region, more recent research indicates that he may have originated in Vitry-en-Artois near Arras.Anne Walters Robertson, "Which Vitry? The Witness of the Trinity Motet from the Roman de Fauvel" in Hearing the Motet: Essays on the Motet of the Middle Ages and Renaissance, ed.
As an imperial city, Aachen held certain political privileges that allowed it to remain independent of the troubles of Europe for many years. It remained a direct vassal of the Holy Roman Empire throughout most of the Middle Ages. It was also the site of many important church councils, including the Council of 837 and the Council of 1166, a council convened by the antipope Paschal III.
The Abbey's sympathies were remembered in the early Tudor period by Edward IV and Richard III's mother Cecily Neville who left a large sum to the Abbey in her will. By the end of the Middle Ages Colchester's population had begun to decline with the shrinking of the Medieval cloth trade to about 5,000 by 1520, placing it eleventh in size of English provincial towns.
F Donald Logan, A History of the Church in the Middle Ages, (Routledge, 2002), 308. After his death the College of Cardinals was pressured by a Roman mob that broke into the voting chamber to force an Italian into the papacy.Joseph Dahmus, A History of the Middle Ages, (Doubleday Book Co., 1995), 381. The Italians chose Urban VI. Soon after being elected, Urban gained the cardinals' enmity.
Instead of the finely ground powder used by the first bombards, powder was replaced by a "corned" variety of coarse grains. This coarse powder had pockets of air between grains, allowing fire to travel through and ignite the entire charge quickly and uniformly.Tunis, p. 88. The end of the Middle Ages saw the construction of larger, more powerful cannon, as well their spread throughout the world.
It remained a speciality of Germany until the Renaissance.Crabtree, Pamela, ed., Medieval Archaeology, Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages, 2013, Routledge, , 9781135582982, google books Stoneware is very tough and practical, and much of it has always been utilitarian, for the kitchen or storage rather than the table. But "fine" stoneware has been important in China, Japan and the West, and continues to be made.
At the end of the Middle Ages, France was the most populous region in Europe—having overtaken Spain and Italy by 1340. In the 14th century, before the arrival of the Black Death, the total population of the area covered by modern-day France has been estimated at around 16 million. The population of Paris is controversial.Josiah Russell, Medieval Regions and Their Cities, p. 150.
20th century historian James Joll describes anarchist history as two opposing sides. One, the zealotic and ascitic religious movements of the Middle Ages which rejected institutions, laws, and the established order. The other, the theories of the 18th century based on rationalism and logic. According to Joll, these two currents later blended to form a contradictory movement that nonetheless resonated to a very broad audience.
Buqa was put to death on January 16, 1289. He was succeeded as vizier by a Jewish physician, Sa’ad al-Daula of Abhar. Sa'ad was effective in restoring order to the Ilkhanate's government, in part by aggressively denouncing the abuses of the Mongol military leaders.Mantran, Robert (Fossier, Robert, ed.) "A Turkish or Mongolian Islam" in The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages: 1250-1520, p. 298.
They fell behind advances in philosophy, law, literature and art taking place in France and Italy. In many ways, Germany never caught up during the rest of the Middle Ages. Universities were established in France, Italy, Spain and England by the early 13th century. Notable are University of Bologna, 1088, University of Salamanca, 1134, University of Paris, 1150, Oxford University, 1167 and University of Cambridge, 1207.
Bulgarian historical review. Sofia: Pub. House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. p. 43. (cf. ... in the history of Europe, which marks both the end of ancient history and the beginning of the Middle Ages, is the fall of the Western Roman Empire.) the closure of the Platonic Academy in 529 AD, the death of the emperor Justinian I in 565 AD,Robinson, C.A. (1951).
The population of Molina increased during the last centuries of the Middle Ages. After the death of Juan Manuel, Molina received vicissitudes caused by the desires of some possible owners. Finally, it was ruled by the Crown directly during the reign of Henry II of Castile. When Henri III of Castile was the king, the adelantado (governor) Alfonso Yánez Fajardo was bestowed the territory.
She is also the author of a large number of articles for scholarly publications. Rosenwein has authored several works on general history. She co-authored Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings (1998) and The Making of the West (2018), and authored A Short History of the Middle Ages (2018) and Reading the Middle Ages (2018), all whom have been published in several revised editions.
Chryssavgis read patristic theology at Oxford. His work and writing have focused on medieval theology, as well as on the history of the Eastern Church. He holds degrees in theology and sacred music. His teaching has covered wide-ranging topics, such as theological, political, and social developments, themes and personalities of the Middle Ages, including cultural and religious relations and tensions between East and West.
In the Ulster Cycle, Cúchulainn is described as beheading the three sons of Nechtan and mounting their heads on his chariot. This is believed to have been a traditional warrior, rather than religious, practice. The practice continued approximately to the end of the Middle Ages in Ireland and the Anglo-Scottish marches. The religious reasons for collecting heads were likely lost after the Celts' conversion to Christianity.
While it is unclear when the cultivar first appeared, written references can be found near the end of the Middle Ages, and the Leccino is generally one of the older cultivars from Italy. Leccino has made its appearance in other countries over the past 50 years with the growing popularity of olive oil. It's commonly grown in California, Chile and Australia among other olive oil growing regions.
In the politics of the Holy Roman Empire, Henry was generally a loyal supporter of the Hohenstaufen emperors. However, between 1209 and 1211, he backed the rival Otto IV of Brunswick as emperor, before reverting sides to support Frederick II. Between 1212 and 1214, he held prisoner Frederick's (and his own) opponent, Archbishop Theodoric II of Trier.Thiele (1994), Table 307. Quoted at Genealogies of the Middle Ages .
Steven Bednarski (born 1973) is an award-winning Canadian historian of the Middle Ages who specializes in fourteenth-century environment, crime, sex, gender, and microhistory. He is notable for being awarded an exceptionally high level of public research funding and for piloting a trans disciplinary international research partnership network. As a child, Bednarski also worked in Montreal, Quebec and Toronto, Ontario as an actor.
Atlas of female spirituality in the Middle Ages . This project was born in 2004 with the aim of cataloging and geographically positioning the monasteries of medieval women, existing from the beginning of the Middle Ages until the middle of the 16th century. As a result of this collaboration, "Silence keep in claustra. Monacato feminine in medieval Navarra", a cartography of the female Navarrese monacatos has been published.
Agostino Oldoino calls him the leading jurisconsult of his age.: habitusque sui aevi Iurisconsultorum Princeps. Kenneth Pennington has called him one of the ‘last two great commentators on feudal law’.Ken Pennington, "The Development of Feudal Law in the Ius commune," in the article, "Law, Feudal," Dictionary of the Middle Ages: Supplement 1 (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons-Thompson-Gale, 2004), pp. 320-323.
The Civilization of the Middle Ages, p 262f. Paschal proved to be the last of the Gregorianist popes. The provocative"Provocative": Cantor 1992:263. doctrine was a challenge to the wealth of the church and the concerns about ensuing corruption it brought: rejected by the hierarchy of the Church, it found sympathetic audiences among the disaffected poor of the 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries.Cantor 1992:263.
In 1910 she married the physician Charles Singer. The couple later adopted two children, Andrew Waley Singer and Nancy Waley Singer. Nancy would go on to marry Edgar Ashworth Underwood, the director of the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine. At the time of her marriage Dorothea already was an aspiring expert on scientific manuscripts of the middle ages, and devoted herself to numerous philanthropic activities.
"The Divining Rod", Curious Myths of the Middle Ages, London. Rivington's, 1877 As early as 1518, Martin Luther listed dowsing for metals as an act that broke the first commandment (i.e., as occultism).Decem praecepta Wittenbergensi populo praedicta, Martin Luther The 1550 edition of Sebastian Münster's Cosmographia contains a woodcut of a dowser with forked rod in hand walking over a cutaway image of a mining operation.
The basic idea of fire protection was established in the guilds of Schleswig- Holstein, Germany. The roots are tied to the cooperative arrangements of the Teutons of the Middle Ages. The idea was brotherly help to protect one another, especially from fire losses. While many people had the same basic idea, the Teutons took the idea of Christian brotherly love and developed mutual cooperatives exceptionally well.
Some of these guilds of Schleswig- Holstein developed into cooperative mutual fire protection groups - the basis of fire insurance. The idea behind the fire insurance cooperative was to provide other guild members with extensive protection and welfare in case of a loss due to fire.Evenden, p. 1 From these early cooperatives of the Middle Ages developed the "fire guilds" as mutual fire insurance associations.
To traditional industry and trade with distant lands was added the activity of the Barbary pirates, then in their golden age. Profits obtained from the trade in Christian slaves allowed the rulers to build sumptuous structures that revived the architectural heritage of the Middle Ages. Mustapha Khaznadar, Prime Minister of Tunis from 1837 to 1873. and one of the most influential persons in modern Tunisian history.
Victorian notion of a bliaut: The Accolade by Edmund Blair Leighton. The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood became interested in the ideals and clothing of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. As a result, the bliaut as then understood is frequently featured upon women in their works. The most popular example of this particular garment in Pre-Raphaelite art may be The Accolade by Edmund Blair Leighton.
Their selection, as Johan Huizinga pointed out, betrays a close connection with the romance genre of chivalry. Neatly divided into a triad of triads, these men were considered to be paragons of chivalry within their particular traditions, whether Pagan, Jewish, or Christian. Longuyon's choices soon became a common theme in the literature and art of the Middle Ages and earned a permanent place in the popular consciousness.
Palle Rosenkrantz Kærstrup is one of the oldest manors on Lolland and was originally located in a village by the same name which disappeared in the beginning of the Middle Ages. The first known owner was Anders Siundesen Mule in 1368. It was later owned by the Gøye family for many generations. The last member of the family to own the estate was Henning Gøye.
The Hungarians were made equal to the Slovaks and the Germans by Ferdinand I, who also ordered parity representation of all three nationalities in the administration (4 April 1551). The estimated size of the population in the 16th century was 2,000-3,000 citizens. At the end of the Middle Ages, the town was inhabited by cca 5,000 people including those living in suburbs behind the city walls.
Cohn 1975. p. ix. In 1957, Cohn had published a book entitled The Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Millenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages, which saw a revised and expanded edition in 1970. Cohn would note that there was "a certain relationship" between The Pursuit of the Millennium and Europe's Inner Demons, with the two being "complementary to one another."Cohn 1975. p. xiii.
Ottoman's Mehmed II, the Islamic conquest of Constantinople and the fall of the Byzantine Empire. Various historians describe it as the end of the Middle Ages. Capitulation of Granada by Francisco Pradilla Ortiz, 1882: Muhammad XII surrenders to Ferdinand and Isabella Gergio Deluci, Christopher Columbus arrives in America in 1492, 1893 painting. The 15th century was the century which spans the Julian years 1401 to 1500.
At first, these lines had no particular meaning and instead had a letter placed at the beginning indicating which note was represented. However, the lines indicating middle C and the F a fifth below slowly became most common. The completion of the four-line staff is usually credited to Guido d' Arezzo (c. 1000–1050), one of the most important musical theorists of the Middle Ages.
1, p. 274. and a member of the Roman Academy who participated in antiquarian activities such as celebrating the founding of Rome.Ludwig Pastor, The History of the Popes, From the Close of the Middle Ages (Kegan Paul, 1906, 3rd ed.), vol. 4, p. 446. In the 1460s, several of the sodality's members, including the Marsi brothers, were imprisoned for fomenting "republicanism, paganism, and conspiracy".
A sign on Wyre Road, near Thornton Lodge Skippool, more specifically its creek, was a major trading port for hundreds of years, similarly to that of Wardley's Creek on the other side of the river."History of Skippool" - VisitCleveleys.co.uk It is understood to have been in constant use from the end of the Middle Ages. Goods arrived at the docks from all over the world.
In the law of the Middle Ages and early Modern Period and especially within the Holy Roman Empire, an allod (Old Low Franconian allōd ‘fully owned estate’, from all ‘full, entire’ and ōd ‘estate’, Medieval Latin allodium), also allodial land or allodium,Deutsches Rechtswörterbuch bei uni- heidelberg.de is an estate in land over which the allodial landowner (allodiary) had full ownership and right of alienation.
R. W. Southern, The Making of the Middle Ages, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953, p. 64-65; L. D. Reynolds and Nigel G. Wilson, Scribes and scholars: A guide to the transmission of Greek and Latin literatureOxford: Clarendon Press, 1974, p. 106.For a list of Gerard of Cremona's translations see: Edward Grant (1974) A Source Book in Medieval Science, (Cambridge: Harvard Univ.
For Aristotelian philosophy before Aquinas, the word cause had a broad meaning. It meant 'answer to a why question' or 'explanation', and Aristotelian scholars recognized four kinds of such answers. With the end of the Middle Ages, in many philosophical usages, the meaning of the word 'cause' narrowed. It often lost that broad meaning, and was restricted to just one of the four kinds.
Giles Constable (born June 1, 1929 in London) is a historian of the Middle Ages. Constable is mainly interested in the religion and culture of the 11th and 12th centuries, in particular the abbey of Cluny and its abbot Peter the Venerable.Complete list of Publications by Giles Constable , IAS School of Historical Studies Constable is the son of the art historian William George Constable.
Official poster of the exhibition, designed by Amédée Lynen Memling room at the exhibition, with the St. Ursula Shrine at the centre, from Johan Huizinga's The Autumn of the Middle Ages The Exposition des primitifs flamands à Bruges (Exhibition of Flemish Primitives at Bruges) was an art exhibition of paintings by the so-called Flemish Primitives (nowadays usually called Early Netherlandish painters) held in the Provinciaal Hof in Bruges between 15 June and 5 October 1902. It was the largest exhibition of c 15th c Flemish art to date, consisted of 413 official catalogue entries, and drew some 35,000 visitors. The exposition was highly influential, leading to at least five contemporary books as well as numerous scholarly articles, and initiated deeper study of the Flemish Primitives by a new generation of connoisseurs. It also inspired Johan Huizinga to research and write his The Autumn of the Middle Ages.
The Bodleian catalogue laid the foundation of his reputation as the greatest Jewish bibliographer. This and the catalogues of the libraries of Leiden, Munich, Hamburg, and Berlin, as well as the twenty-one volumes of his Hebräische Bibliographie, form a mine of information of Jewish history and literature. One of his most important original works is Die Hebräischen Übersetzungen des Mittelalters und die Juden als Dolmetscher: Ein Beitrag zur Literaturgeschichte des Mittelalters; meistenteils nach Handschriftlichen Quellen, (The Hebrew Translations of the Middle Ages and the Jews as Interpreters: a contribution to the literary history of the Middle Ages, mostly according to handwritten sources) published in Berlin, 1893, planned in 1849. While writing on Jewish literature for Ersch and Gruber's Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste (1844–47), he became conscious of the lack of sources on the influence of foreign works on Jewish literature.
Steinwerder was once called Nordersand (North Sands) and was an island until the dike-building of the Middle Ages brought it into use as farmland. After the Great Fire of 1842 so much rubble was dumped on the island that it was raised significantly above river level. This led to the change of name to "Stone island". In the mid-19th century the first shipyards appeared in the district.
Siegfried III von Eppstein (died 9 March 1249) was Archbishop of Mainz from 1230 to 1249. He in 1244 granted freedom to the citizens of Mainz, who subsequently could run their affairs more independently though their own council;John M. Jeep, Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia (2001), p. 486.Mainz in law it remained an episcopal city.André Vauchez, Richard Barrie Dobson, Michael Lapidge, Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages (2000), p. 892.
The most well known French chef of the Middle Ages was Guillaume Tirel, also known as Taillevent. Taillevent worked in numerous royal kitchens during the 14th century. His first position was as a kitchen boy in 1326. He was chef to Philip VI, then the Dauphin who was son of John II. The Dauphin became King Charles V of France in 1364, with Taillevent as his chief cook.
The bay contains the resorts of Roses, Castelló d'Empúries/Empuriabrava, Sant Pere Pescador, Empúries and L'Escala. The bay was originally settled by the Greeks, who created a trading post at Empúries which became a Roman town before being abandoned after Viking and Muslim pirate raids along the coast. The area was the domain of the Count of Empúries. The area was malarial swamp for much of the Middle Ages.
"You must realize, dearest friend," Peregrinus writes, "that while the investigator in this subject must understand nature and not be ignorant of the celestial motions, he must also be very diligent in the use of his own hands, so that through the operation of this stone he may show wonderful effects."Jean Gimpel, The Medieval Machine: The Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages (New York, Penguin, 1976), 194-5.
The academy supports research, publication and teaching in medieval art, archaeology, history, law, literature, music, philosophy, religion, science, social and economic institutions, and all other aspects of the Middle Ages. The academy was admitted to of the American Council of Learned Societies in 1927. It has been affiliated with the American Historical Association since 1989. The academy maintains a peer-reviewed online database, the Medieval Digital Resources website (MDR).
The households of medieval peasant families were naturally smaller than those of the aristocracy, and as such resembled modern households more. The patterns of marriage fluctuated greatly over the course of the Middle Ages. Even though most of the available evidence concerns the higher classes, and the source material for southern Europe is richer than for the rest, it is still possible to make some rough generalisations.Herlihy, p. 79.
The series parodies that of the King Arthur Tales as well as the periods of the Middle Ages. From 1996 to 1998, Blazing Dragons was produced by Nelvana in Canada and Ellipse Programme in France. In the series, King Allfire and his Knights of the Square Table fight against the evil Count Geoffrey and his inept minions. It ran for two seasons consisting of 26 episodes in total.
The Kingdom of Lochac is one of twenty "Kingdoms" or regions, of the Society for Creative Anachronism (SCA) - an international organization dedicated to researching and recreating aspects of the Middle Ages. Comprising Australia, New Zealand and their Antarctic territories, it is made up of almost 40 local groups. Currently ruled by King Theuderic and Queen Engelin. The Kingdom takes its name from a Dutch term for Australia dating from 1630.
In the old basilica each pope had his portrait in a painted frieze extending above the columns separating the aisles from the nave. A 19th- century mosaic version can be seen now. The nave's interior walls were also redecorated with painted scenes from Saint Paul's life placed between the windows of the clerestory. South of the transept is the cloister, considered "one of the most beautiful of the Middle Ages".
This introduction is part of a west-east spread of viticulture in the Middle Ages in connection with the extension of Frankish and German domination and the spread of Christianity in Europe.Fröhlich, p. 12. During the whole period of the Middle Ages, the Roman Catholic Church and its monasteries were sponsors of the wine culture in the margraviate. The church promoted wineries because wine was used for Holy Communion.
Caminho (Lisbon), 2002. Hebrew singer-poets of the Middle Ages included Yehuda Halevi, Solomon ibn Gabirol, and Abraham ibn Ezra. In Italy, Petrarch developed the sonnet form pioneered by Giacomo da Lentini and Dante's Vita Nuova. In 1327, according to the poet, the sight of a woman called Laura in the church of Sainte-Claire d'Avignon awoke in him a lasting passion, celebrated in the Rime sparse ("Scattered rhymes").
In book I chapter 2 he used ante incarnationis dominicae tempus (before the time of the incarnation of the Lord). However, the latter was not very influential—only this isolated use was repeated by other writers during the rest of the Middle Ages. The first extensive use of "BC" (hundreds of times) occurred in Fasciculus Temporum by Werner Rolevinck in 1474, alongside years of the world (anno mundi).
20 (1): 97–136. Carson holds that "capitalism, arising as a new class society directly from the old class society of the Middle Ages, was founded on an act of robbery as massive as the earlier feudal conquest of the land. It has been sustained to the present by continual state intervention to protect its system of privilege without which its survival is unimaginable".Richman, Sheldon (March 2011).
Henry Charles Lea, History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, vol. III, (New York: Harper & Bros, 1888), pp. 238-252 On August 12, 1308, the charges would be increased and would become more outrageous, such as one specifically stating that the Templars worshipped an idol made of a cat and a head, the latter having three faces. The lists of articles 86 to 127[3] would add many other charges.
The former Duchy of Westphalia passed to the Landgrave at Hesse-Darmstadt. He introduced, through many reforms after 350 years of church control, the end of the Middle Ages in the southern Sauerland. After Napoleon's abdication, Grand Duke Ludwig I also had to relinquish his holdings in Prussia, which he had only acquired a few years earlier. The area was incorporated into the newly formed Prussian Province of Westphalia.
The Ungeheuersee was laid out towards the end of the Middle Ages or Early Modern Period as a drinking pool for cattle. It was first mentioned in the records in 1599.Naturpark Palatinate Forest e.V. Bad Dürkheim: NATURDENKMAL UNGEHEUERSEE at: Information board at the site The name has nothing to do with the German word Ungeheuer ("monster") but is derived from the words Unger for wood pasture and Heyer for enclosure.
In the 1870s the Desclée brothers also founded an important printing establishment at Tournai, under the title of the Society of St. John the Evangelist, their object being to restore Christian art in liturgical publications. The aesthetic principles by which their enterprise was to be directed were those of the Middle Ages. Here also Baron Jean-Baptiste Bethune assisted them. At first the society relied on English workmen, compositors, and printers.
Wiercinski situates the contemporary debate regarding the relationship between philosophy and theology beyond Athens and Jerusalem. The original antinomy of Tertullian collapsed in light of the undeniably theological development of modern Western philosophy. The intellectual legacies of the Middle-Ages, the Renaissance, and the Enlightenment demonstrate that philosophy and theology are inseparably entrenched. Wiercinski observantly reveals that the representative theologians of the twentieth century were strongly philosophically informed.
Porträt of Tressan. Engraving from Alexandre Desenne, 1824 Louis-Élisabeth de la Vergne, comte de Tressan (4 November 1705, Le Mans - 31 October 1783, from a fall from a carriage en route to Saint-Leu-la-Forêt) was a French soldier, physician, scientist, medievalist and writer, best known for his adaptations of "romans chevaleresques" of the Middle Ages, which contributed to the rise of the Troubadour style in the French arts.
When it was built, the Holy House in Walsingham was panelled with wood and contained a wooden statue of an enthroned Virgin Mary with the child Jesus seated on her lap. Among its relics was a phial of the Virgin's milk. Walsingham became one of northern Europe's great places of pilgrimage and remained so through the remainder of the Middle Ages, with a revival in the 20th century.
Scrapped Princess takes place somewhere between the years 7000CE to 7500CE (8th millennium). In episode 13, it is discussed aboard the Skid that humankind is approximately at same progress level of the Middle Ages. It is also said the Middle Ages occurred 6,000 years ago. Considering the Middle Ages to be around 1000CE - 1500CE, 6000 years can be added onto that to get a rough estimate of the time frame.
In the 10th century the fortress was known as Pittigero Mazini but received the name of Pettingen in the 13th century. Towards the end of the Middle Ages, the Lords of Pettingen were important members of Luxembourg society. They were present at Ermesinde's wedding, at the coronation of Henri IV and at the signing of John the Blind's marriage contract."La seigneurie de Pettingen", Association des châteaux luxembourgeois.
The Bible text which Juvencus paraphrased was of course an ancient one. He appears, too, to have had recourse at times to the Greek text. The source of his poetical phraseology and his technic is, first, Virgil, then Lucretius, Propertius, Horace, Ovid, Silius Italicus, and Statius. The cold correctness of the work recommended it to the taste of the Middle Ages, when it was frequently quoted, imitated, and copied.
In 1956 she and the others met French historian of the Cathars and mystic Antonin Gadal whose theories about the heretical Christian movement of the Middle Ages played a major role in the development of their ideas. On the death of Rijckenborgh in 1968 Catharose de Petri took over leadership of the movement until she died in 1990 (Zwier had died many years earlier). The Lectorium continues their work today.
Various contemporary letters also emerged, three of which carry the signature Jehanne in the unsteady hand of a person learning to write.Pernoud and Clin, pp. 247–64. This unusual wealth of primary source material is one reason DeVries declares, "No person of the Middle Ages, male or female, has been the subject of more study."DeVries in "Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc", edited by Bonnie Wheeler, p. 3.
They joined Simon perhaps in 1210,André Vauchez, Richard Barrie Dobson, Michael Lapidge, Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages (2001), pp. 1123-4. and Peter likely knew Simon personally. His writing is generally considered partisan, taking the Catholic side, but also to be more objective in reporting Cathar beliefs and actions than some of the hunters of heresy.Edward Peters, Heresy and Authority in Medieval Europe: Documents in Translation (1980), p. 123.
A fundamental principle of equine conformation is "form to function". Therefore, the type of horse used for various forms of warfare depended on the work performed, the weight a horse needed to carry or pull, and distance travelled.Bennett, Conquerors, p. 31. Weight affects speed and endurance, creating a trade-off: armour added protection,Krebs Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, p. 250.
Incubated in Architectural Associationism, Romantic notions of the Middle Ages, and the Oxford reform movement, the Society sought to return England to its medieval past, and in its quest helped to rediscover the beauty of Gothic architecture and to rejuvenate the Anglican Church. The last issue of The Ecclesiologist in 1868 was able to claim, with some truth, that "we have the satisfaction of retiring from the field victors".
The Apocalypse marks the end of antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages because of its style and influence. The document was frequently copied and readapted in order to fit the cataclysmic events that occurred in a particular area. By the early 8th century, the work was translated into Greek and then Latin and other languages. The Apocalypse was most likely translated into Latin by Petrus Monachus in Francia.
The Very Reverend Frank Millspaugh, dean of Trinity Cathedral, founded St. Martin in 1876. Millspaugh and his successor George Worthington founded most of the Episcopal churches in Omaha. St. Martin was the first Episcopal church built when the former independent town of South Omaha was new. The church's architecture was influenced by the Oxford Movement, which revived elements of historical Christian church styles and worship of the Middle Ages.
At the end of the Middle Ages, Żychlin was the place where away sessions of the Łęczyca town court took place.Informator – Żychlin, wyd. Miejsko-Gminny Ośrodek Kultury w Żychlinie, 1991 In the second half of the sixteenth century, the city suffered from a major fire disaster. The reconstruction was slow and even the privilege of fairs awarded to the king did not significantly affect the city's significant development.
The work focusses in his own unique style the pilgrimage of a soul to perfection and attainment of mukti. In the work, the struggle for power and control over the entire world of two brothers Bharata and Bahubali, sons of Rishabhadeva. While Bahubali wins, he renounces the worldly pursuits in favor of his brother. Many Jaina Puranas of the Middle Ages found a role model in this work.
The Seal of the Serbian Parliament, 1805 Golden pitcher from Vratsa The term "Triballians" appears frequently in Byzantine and other European works of the Middle Ages, referring exclusively to Serbs.Stuck Whilhelm (Guilielmus Stukius Tigurinus), [ Comments on Arriani historici et philosophi Ponti Euxini et maris Erythraei Periplus, Lugduni, 1577, p. 51]John Foxe (1517–1587) Acts and Monuments, Published by R.B. Seeley & W. Burnside, London, 1837, vol. 4, p.
Glaives (from Handbook of Weapon Knowledge: Weaponry in Its Historical Development from the Beginning of the Middle Ages to the End of the 18th Century by Wendelin Boeheim, 1890) A glaive (or glave) is a European polearm, consisting of a single-edged blade on the end of a pole. It is similar to the Japanese naginata, the Chinese guandao and pudao, the Korean woldo, the Russian sovnya and the Siberian .
The Lorch monastery came to be a part of the bailiwick of the Counts of Württemberg in the 13th century and the collegial chapter was abolished during the second half of the 14th century. Towards the end of the middle ages, the town had gained the "Marktrecht", literally market right—the right to hold a weekly or annual market—and had a court as well as a bath house.
The town is first mentioned in the 2nd century BC with the Greek name (Astraîon, "starry"). Text says "Unlocated town in Macedonia, also called Astraion, mentioned by Ptolemy and Pliny" by Ptolemy and Pliny. It was known as Tiberiopolis in Roman times, and received its present name from the Slavic settlers of the Middle Ages. In Turkish the town is known as Ustrumca, and in modern Greek Στρώμνιτσα (Strómnitsa).
His most famous work was an Occitan poetic book in 35,600 octosyllables called the Breviari d'amor, begun in 1288. Encyclopedic in length and diversity, its sole purpose is the reconciliation of love for God with the erotic amours of the troubadour lyric.Kay, p. 362, calls the Breviari "one of the most ambitious vernacular encyclopaedias of the Middle Ages", noting that it is remarkable that it is in verse.
At the start of the Middle Ages, England was a part of Britannia, a former province of the Roman Empire. The local economy had once been dominated by imperial Roman spending on a large military establishment, which in turn helped to support a complex network of towns, roads, and villas.Fleming, pp. 2–3. At the end of the 4th century, however, Roman forces had been largely withdrawn, and this economy collapsed.
He became one of the most venerated religious figures in Catholic Church history. Saint Thomas Aquinas, a Dominican priest born in Aquino in 1225, was a philosopher and theologian. He was one of the greatest minds of the Middle Ages, and he had a widespread influence on Western thought. He was considered then, as he is now, to be the greatest theologian and philosopher of the Catholic Church.
Arboretum and Botanical Garden of Bergen is located in Milde. The modern neighborhood is built upon the lands of the two farms that historically have made up Milde: Store Milde and Lille Milde. The original farm was first recorded circa 1530 and was subsequently divided into two parcels, although ownership largely remained undivided until 1816. Toward the end of the Middle Ages, the property belonged to the Dominican convent in Bergen.
Arab herbalists of the Middle Ages were usually versed in alchemy, and cubeb was used, under the name kababa, when preparing the water of al butm . The modern use of cubeb in England was in treating gonorrhea, where its antiseptic action was of much value . William Wyatt Squire wrote in 1908 that cubeb berries "act specifically on the genitourinary mucous membrane. (They are) given in all stages of gonorrhea" .
However, the lines indicating middle C and the F a fifth below slowly became most common. The completion of the four-line staff is usually credited to Guido d' Arezzo (c. 1000-1050), one of the most important musical theorists of the Middle Ages. The neumatic notational system, even in its fully developed state, did not clearly define any kind of rhythm for the singing of notes or playing of melodies.
In 1953, after eight years of being a Soviet prisoner of war, he returned to his family, then living in Speyer. Pursuant to an agreement with the city, he published various works on Speyer's history for several years beginning in 1954. In the same year he received, through Fritz Ernst, a teaching position at the Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg. He taught the trade and economic history of the Middle Ages.
For the next three years he studied music theory at Berlin. In 1902 he qualified as lecturer by presenting his thesis on music of the Middle Ages at the University of Halle. Abert stayed on at Halle as a lecturer, becoming a senior lecturer (or associate professor) in 1910 and a full professor in 1918. In this capacity he moved the next year to the University of Heidelberg.
"The Seven Sleepers", Curious Myths of the Middle Ages, London. Rivington's, 1877, p. 94 Upon arriving in the city, this person was astounded to find buildings with crosses attached; the townspeople for their part were astounded to find a man trying to spend old coins from the reign of Decius. The bishop was summoned to interview the sleepers; they told him their miracle story, and died praising God.
Bernard de Montfaucon et al., Palaeographia Graeca, sive, De ortu et progressu literarum graecarum, Paris, Ludovicum Guerin (1708); André Vauchez, Richard Barrie Dobson, Adrian Walford, Michael Lapidge, Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages (Routledge, 2000), Volume 2, p. 1070 The work illustrates the entire history of Greek writing. It contains Montfaucon's discussions of variations in Greek letter forms, the use of abbreviations in Greek manuscripts, and the process of deciphering archaic writing.
The Middle Ages did not bequeath to Rome any institutions that could be called scientific or literary academies. As a rule, there was little inclination towards such institutions. The Academy of Charlemagne and the Floral Academy at Toulouse were princely courts at which literary meetings were held. Literature did not get a stronger footing at Rome in part because of the constant politico-religious disturbances of the Middle Ages.
A village on the Jaleș river named Dăbăcești (now disappeared) mentioned in a document of Dan I dated 3 Octombrie 1385 was the precursor of Runcu. Runcu village was first mentioned in a document issued in 1486 by Vlad Călugărul.V. Marinoiu, "O brățară medievală aflată în colecția Muzeului Județean Gorj", Gorjeanul, 20 Sept., 2013 The dominant class of Wallachia maintained interests in the area during most of the Middle Ages.
In 2009, the "dry garden" is replaced by a garden inspired by the miniatures of the Middle Ages . It includes a braiding of iron, a gazebo housing a seated figure in terra cotta, and roses such as Rosa gallica officinalis, Leda and Blush Damask, and an old vine vineyard . Since 2010, to spread the blooms this year, camellias and rhododendrons are installed in public areas and shady gardens.
The barbaric period did not spare Fismes. During the first half of the Middle Ages, the Normands and the Hungarians, destroyed the city of Fismes multiple times. These ravages pushed the agglomeration of the city towards the heights of the Vesle's right bank. In 1226 Thibault IV, the Chansonnier (songwriter), helped Fismes become a free city, thanks to hard work of natives that participated in the war led by Thibault.
It was written that the territory was a dense forest mass where wild boar were hunted. In the twilight of the Middle Ages Muslims of Granada entered in the territories of Murcia and Cartagena and they reached El Pinatar. They battled against Christian soldieries and the Muslims had to retreat and move to the valley of Guadalentín (a river which is located in the south-west of Region of Murcia).
The title was claimed by his cousin, James I of Cyprus, uniting it with the titles of Cyprus and Jerusalem. Thus ended the last fully independent Armenian entity of the Middle Ages after three centuries of vassalage to Byzantines, Mongols and Franks. The relationship with the Mongols had allowed it to significantly outlive the Crusader states, and to survive for an additional century in the face of the Muslim expansion.
This is the end of his independence. The abbey declined until the death of the last commendatory abbot, Paul d'Albert de Luynes, archbishop of Sens, in 1788.Frédérique Barbut, La route des abbayes en Normandie, Éditions Ouest-France, (1997), (), p. 96-97. After a period of decline at the end of the Middle Ages, the abbey underwent a period of artistic renaissance with the Congregation of Saint-Maur in 1716.
He attended the Third Zionist Congress at Basel in 1899 and was a member of the provisional executive of the Zionist Organization of America for some time during WWI. He published a book of his poetry, When love passed by and other verses: including translations from Hebrew poets of the Middle Ages (1929), and a selection of his writings and addresses, Judaism and science, with and other addresses and papers (1940).
On of land just to the north of the village of Østerlars, the centre offers impressions of the Middle Ages, presenting daily life in a rural environment from around 1350 to 1450. It includes a watermill for producing flour, a forge, an archery range and old cottages. There is also a large fortress with battlements, towers and a chapel. Visitors can experience craftsmen at work and can participate in activities.
Carson holds that "capitalism, arising as a new class society directly from the old class society of the Middle Ages, was founded on an act of robbery as massive as the earlier feudal conquest of the land. It has been sustained to the present by continual state intervention to protect its system of privilege without which its survival is unimaginable".Richman, Sheldon, Libertarian Left , The American Conservative (March 2011).
Since his sojourn in Strasbourg, Görres had studied the mystic testimonies of various epochs. He went into the mystical writers of the Middle Ages such as María de Ágreda as well as observing, partly in person, the ecstatic young women of his time (Maria von Mörl, and others), and strove to comprehend more thoroughly the nature of Christian mysticism. His Christliche Mystik ("On christian mysticism", 4 vols., 1836–1842; 2nd ed.
A portrait of him is in the Drawing Room Portrait Gallery for 1 October 1859. He was a noted scholar, but will be chiefly remembered as an industrious antiquary and the editor of many relics of the Middle Ages. English priest and historical writer, Thomas Edward Bridgett observed, "It is only when he has to speak of the Catholic church that he is bitter and unfair."Bridgett, Thomas Edward.
This view of knightly piety appears throughout the literature of the Middle Ages. While the details of the literature cannot be taken at face value, the appearance of Christianity in these works marks the importance piety to the warriors of the time. In Lohengrin, Christian prophesy and miracles are spread throughout the work which takes place during the Crusades. The Arthurian Legends are also full of references to God.
120–121 Islam, Sikhism and Jainism also create and maintain hagiographical texts (such as the Sikh Janamsakhis) concerning saints, gurus and other individuals believed to be imbued with sacred power. Hagiographic works, especially those of the Middle Ages, can incorporate a record of institutional and local history, and evidence of popular cults, customs, and traditions.Davies, S. (2008). Archive and manuscripts: contents and use: using the sources (3rd ed.).
The most feared disease of the Middle Ages was leprosy. The terrible effects of the disease on the body were so catastrophic that those with the disease were most often expelled from human society. As a result, St. George's Hospital was located outside the city. The earliest such foundations was in 1109 which were often dedicated to Saint George (), the patron saint of knights and protector of the weak and helpless.
According to its NRHP nomination, "The South Highlands Fire Station is conspicuous among Shreveport's vast collection of early twentieth century eclectic buildings because of its very unusual choice of inspiration. Although it is an evocative interpretation rather than an exact copy, it strongly reflects the influence of the German vernacular architecture of the Middle Ages." With It is also a contributing property in the South Highlands Historic District.
On 27 December 1808, Princess Pauline issued a decree to abolish serfdom in Lippe, against the will of the Estates, who had been side-lined since 1805. The decree came into force on 1 January 1809. She followed the example of most other states from the Confederation of the Rhine. In the era after the French Revolution, serfdom was widely seen as a "relic of the Middle Ages", and firmly rejected.
Medieval History Magazine was a magazine dedicated to the medieval era, with a readership encompassing historians, re-enactors and other individuals interested in the history of the Middle Ages. The magazine was published by Harnois, a French publishing company, in association with the Royal Armouries. Published in the United Kingdom, it was marketed throughout Europe, Canada and the United States. The first issue had the cover-date of September 2003.
The origin of the name, meaning "Four Miles", derives from the Latin words Quattuor (four) and Milia (mile). It was due to the name of a farmhouse, 4 miles far from Cosentia, the modern Cosenza. Founded at the end of the Middle Ages, the town urbanistically grew up in the 1970s, mainly due to the presence of the University of Calabria (2,2 km far), near the neighboring village of Arcavacata.
The German minority was given a royal privilege to apply Pressburg Law (now Bratislava) and lived in the town until the end of the Middle Ages. The presence of other ethnic groups like Pechenegs and Székelys is also documented. The settlement was a prominent port on the Danube during the Middle Ages and the market center of Rye Island. Agriculture also played a major role in the town's development.
Dominguito del Val (died c. 1250) was a legendary child of Medieval Spain, who was allegedly a choirboy ritually murdered by Jews in Zaragoza (Saragossa). Dominguito is the protagonist of the first blood libel in the history of Spain – stories that grew in prominence in the 12th and 13th centuries of the Middle Ages, and contributed to antisemitic incidents. According to the legend, Dominguito was ritually murdered by Jews of Zaragoza.
For example, there are chants – especially from German sources – whose neumes suggest a warbling of pitches between the notes E and F, outside the hexachord system, or in other words, employing a form of chromatism.Wilson, Music of the Middle Ages p. 22. Early Gregorian chant, like Ambrosian and Old Roman chant, whose melodies are most closely related to Gregorian, did not use the modal system.Apel, Gregorian Chant pp.
Camille Tihon, "Karl Hanquet (1871-1928)", Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire 7:1 (1928), pp. 395-397. Awarded a travel bursary, he spent the years 1899–1901 at the University of Berlin. Hanquet took over Kurth's course on historical method in 1902, and in 1903 was further appointed to teach the courses on Modern Political History and on Institutions of the Middle Ages and the Modern Age.
The chaotic nature of a sea battle is shown in Peter Nicolai Arbo's Svolder painting. The disposition adopted in the battle was one which recurs in many sea-fights of the Middle Ages where a fleet had to fight on the defensive.Nicholson 2003:155. Olaf lashed his ships side to side, with his own, the Long Serpent, in the middle of the line, where her bows projected beyond the others.
Although the church developed very strict regulations on sexual activity that needed to be carried out to sustain the institutional and psychological structure of the Middle Ages, it had a hard time properly enforcing these regulations. Most violations occurred in the privacy of the bedroom, so the only witnesses to the sin were the guilty parties themselves, and they did not usually confess to such crimes. Also, the problem was widespread.
Worthington was born in Crescent Parade, Crescent, Salford, Lancashire, on 11 April 1826. He was the fourth of six sons of a Salford Unitarian cotton merchant, also called Thomas, and his second wife Susanna (1792–1869). He left school, aged 14, and was articled to Henry Bowman, architect (Bowman & Crowther).Some of his drawings appeared in Bowman and Crowther's Churches of the Middle Ages; Stewart, Cecil (1956) The Stones of Manchester.
The chekker (or archiquier, eschequier, scaquer, scacarum, Schachtbret) is a European early musical instrument of the Middle Ages, first documented in 1360, whose exact details are a matter of academic debate. Some have suggested that the name is simply an alternate term for the clavichord, virginal, or similar early keyboard instrument, while others suggest that it refers to a distinctly different stringed keyboard instrument not otherwise well-attested.
The rabbit as a gift in courtship, exterior detail of a red-figure kylix, (Athens c. 480 BC) In Judaism, the rabbit is considered an unclean animal, because "though it chews the cud, does not have a divided hoof."Leviticus 11:6, cf. Deuteronomy 14:7 This led to derogatory statements in the Christian art of the Middle Ages, and to an ambiguous interpretation of the rabbit's symbolism.
Iolcus is still attested in the early Byzantine period, but was eclipsed for most of the Middle Ages by Demetrias. The Slavic tribe of the Belegezites settled in the area during the 7th century. Volos first appears again in 1333, as one of the cities captured by the Byzantine general John Monomachos in Thessaly, under the name "Golos" (Γόλος). The name is of Slavic origin, from golo, golъ, "barren".
Robert Bedrosian, "Liparit IV Orbēlean", p. 586. In: Joseph Reese Strayer (1983), Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Scribner, . However, Demetrius died unexpectedly in 1042. Alda, with Demetrius’s son David, fled to her native Alania. The 18th-century Georgian scholar Prince Vakhushti argues that David’s descendants flourished in Alania and produced a line of local princes of which came David Soslan, the second husband of Queen Tamar of Georgia (r. 1184–1213).
The iconic association of the "knight" stock-character with the joust is thus historical, but develops only at the end of the Middle Ages. The lists, or list field, was the arena where a jousting event was held. More precisely, it was the roped- off enclosure where tournament fighting took place. In the late medieval period, castles and palaces were augmented by purpose-built tiltyards as a venue for "jousting tournaments".
Magdalene Homes were particularly popular and peaked in the early 14th century. Over the course of the Middle Ages, popes and religious communities made various attempts to remove prostitution or reform prostitutes with varying success. With the advent of the Protestant Reformation, numbers of Southern German towns closed their brothels in an attempt to eradicate prostitution. In some periods prostitutes had to distinguish themselves from other with particular signs.
The Hôtel Cluny in 1839. It became the Museum of the Middle Ages in 1843. On 8 November 1833, a new museum of coins and medals was opened inside the Hôtel des Monnaies, the 18th-century French mint on the Left Bank. Interest in the Middle Ages increased greatly in Paris after the publication of Victor Hugo's Notre-Dame de Paris and the first restoration of the cathedral.
Muqarnas are elaborately carved ceilings to semi-domes, often used in mosques. They are typically made of stucco (and thus do not have a structural function), but can also be of wood, brick, and stone. They are characteristic of Islamic architecture of the Middle Ages from Spain and Morocco in the west to Persia in the east. Architecturally they form multiple tiers of squinches, diminishing in size as they rise.
Jean-Baptiste Orpustan mentions Arancou in 1309 in a list of parishes paying dues to the royal power in Navarrenx. Arancou was also mentioned by Eugène Goyheneche towards the end of the Middle Ages. He wrote that "because of the Gramont's power, [the situation of the neighboring parishes, including Arancou] is ambiguous." Eugène Goyheneche, Le Pays Basque, Société nouvelle d'éditions régionales et de diffusion, Pau, 1979, p. 139.
For the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of King's Lynn and West Norfolk. Historically Burnham Overy was the port for the surrounding villages of the Burnhams. Both settlements lie on the River Burn, and until the end of the Middle Ages trading ships were able to reach the village (now Burnham Overy Town). With the silting of the river, commercial traffic switched to the downstream Staithe.
The saint's name was familiar enough in Mide to give rise to a number of derivative personal names, notably Máel Sechnaill (attested since the 9th century) and later also Gilla Sechnaill. Despite the evidence for a medieval Life, there is little in the sources to suggest that Sechnall was the subject of a flourishing cult during much of the Middle Ages. His feast-day is 27 November.Félire Óengusso, 27 November.
In the first half of the 14th century, the still-extant five-sided high bergfried (similar to a keep) was built. A second castle tower is mentioned in 1346, but it no longer exists. During a family feud in 1372, the housing of the castle keepers was destroyed. The counts lived in the castle until the end of the Middle Ages, at which time they gave it up as their residence.
The Armenians of Cilicia welcomed the Frankish, or French, Crusaders of the Middle Ages as fellow Christians. There was much exchange, and the last dynasty to rule Armenian Cilicia, the Lusignans (who ruled Cyprus), was of French origin. During the reign of Louis XIV, many Armenian manuscripts were taken into the National Library of France. Armenia and Armenian characters are featured in the works of Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau.
For example, in England during a large part of the Middle Ages, upper-class speech was dramatically influenced by French to the point that it often resembled a French dialect. Methods from sociolinguistics, the study of language use in society, are used effectively in the study of language contact in communities.Gooden, Shelome. "Language Contact in a Sociolinguistics Context." in The Routledge Companion to the Work of John R. Rickford (2019).
Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. Most of his education was in drawing and other applied arts. He went to Italy with other students, where he was intrigued by the Italian painters of the Middle Ages, such as Giotto and Piero della Francesca. Later, he was inspired by works of Cubist artists like Picasso and Braque after a trip to Paris in 1909, when the popularity of the style was skyrocketing.
In the Middle Ages the world economy slowly expanded with the increase of population and trade. The silk road was used for trading between Europe, Central Asia and China. During the early period of the Middle Ages, Europe was an economic backwater, however, by the later Medieval period rich trading cities in Italy emerged, creating the first modern accounting and finance systems. The field of Islamic economics was also introduced.
Tombstone of Saint-Boès (64) showing the name of a Lay Abbey A Lay Abbey (Fr: Abbaye laïque) was a basic component of the Middle Ages in the western foothills of the northern Pyrenees. The adjective lay indicated that the property did not belong to a religious order. It is possible to identify a hundred lay abbeys, some only by conjecture due to the disappearance of the texts.
The Guelph Treasure: Inaugural Exhibition of the Art of the Middle Ages. Pennsylvania Museum of Art, Philadelphia, March, 1931. Cleveland Museum of Art purchased nine pieces and more were sold to other museums and private collectors. In 1935 the remaining 42 pieces of the collection were sold for 4.25 million Reichsmarks in a disputed transaction in the Netherlands to agents of Hermann Göring, the second most powerful man in Nazi Germany.
The castle was destroyed during the Livonian War. Porkuni manor distillery In 1870–74, a new manor house was built at the site by the landowner at the time, Otto Ludwig von Rennenkampff. Perhaps not surprisingly, it is built in a neo-Gothic style, with turrets and other details inspired by a romantic perception of the Middle Ages. The ceremonial rooms of the manor, on the first floor, have been restored.
The European and American conception of man-made law has changed radically in the period from the Middle Ages to the present day. In the Thomist view of the Middle Ages, man-made law was the lowest form of law. Above it were the lex naturalis, the lex divina, and the lex aeterna. Man-made law only had authority in as much as it expressed and concurred with higher laws.
A modern reproduction of the Catalan Atlas depicting the eastern Mediterranean region. Detail of the Catalan Atlas, the first compass rose depicted on a map. The Catalan Atlas (, ) is a mediaeval world map, or mappamundi, created in 1375 that has been described as the most important map of the Middle Ages in the Catalan language, and as "the zenith of medieval map-work". Despite its name, it is not an atlas.
Thus, Augsburg was the intersection of many important European east-west and north-south connections, which later evolved as major trade routes of the Middle Ages. Around 120 AD Augsburg became the capital of the Roman province Raetia. Augsburg was sacked by the Huns in the 5th century AD, by Charlemagne in the 8th century, and by Welf of Bavaria in the 11th century, but arose each time to greater prosperity.
At the end of the Middle Ages, the population was estimated at between 5,000 and 6,000. It was then the fourth largest Alsatian town after Strasbourg (18,000), Colmar and Haguenau (6,000 each).. The local economy reached its zenith around 1500.. It was centered on shipping and trade (mainly hay, cereals, wine, fish, glass, iron and salt). As the road network was poor and dangerous, goods transited via the Ill river.
During the reign of Qabus, his kingdom was a major attraction to scholars; Abu Rayhan Biruni, the great scientist of the Middle Ages, was supported by Qabus. In fact he dedicated his work Chronology to Qabus around 1000 and observed eclipses of the moon in his capital of Gorgan."The Exact Sciences", E.S. Kennedy, The Cambridge History of Iran: The period from the Arab invasion to the Saljuqs, Vol. 4, 394.
Along with the Battle of Tours in 732, the successful defence of Constantinople has been seen as instrumental in stopping Muslim expansion into Europe. Historian Ekkehard Eickhoff writes that "had a victorious Caliph made Constantinople already at the beginning of the Middle Ages into the political capital of Islam, as happened at the end of the Middle Ages by the Ottomans—the consequences for Christian Europe [...] would have been incalculable", as the Mediterranean would have become an Arab lake, and the Germanic successor states in Western Europe would have been cut off from the Mediterranean roots of their culture. Military historian Paul K. Davis summed up the siege's importance as follows: "By turning back the Moslem invasion, Europe remained in Christian hands, and no serious Moslem threat to Europe existed until the fifteenth century. This victory, coincident with the Frankish victory at Tours (732), limited Islam's western expansion to the southern Mediterranean world.".
The medieval period eventually saw the falling away of the invasions and incursions from outside the area that characterized the first millennium. The Islamic conquests of the 6th and 7th century suddenly and permanently removed all of North Africa from the Western world, and over the rest of the period Islamic peoples gradually took over the Byzantine Empire, until the end of the Middle Ages when Catholic Europe, having regained the Iberian peninsula in the southwest, was once again under Muslim threat from the southeast. At the start of the medieval period most significant works of art were very rare and costly objects associated with secular elites, monasteries or major churches and, if religious, largely produced by monks. By the end of the Middle Ages works of considerable artistic interest could be found in small villages and significant numbers of bourgeois homes in towns, and their production was in many places an important local industry, with artists from the clergy now the exception.
This was probably due to Bloch's pre-eminence in the field of history. He was allowed to work at the "University of Strasbourg-in-exile", the universities of Clermont-Ferrand, and Montpellier. The latter, further south, was beneficial to his wife's health, which was in decline. The dean of faculty at Montpellier was Augustin Fliche, an ecclesiastical historian of the Middle Ages, who, according to Weber, "made no secret of his antisemitism".
The Jewish philosophers of the Middle Ages, such as Maimonides, reconciled Judaism with Greek philosophy. Their explanations of the nature of the Divine, are related from man's independent understanding from first principles. Hasidic thought looks to the inner meaning of Kabbalah, a conceptual system of metaphysics from mystical encounters with revelation. The insights it brings to theological questions, brought out in its Chabad explanation, are related from a mystical, higher reality "from above".
Several houses on the streets of the old center date from the 17th century, including the old town hall on the main street and a house nearby from 1788, with an arched gate. Another house on the high street dates from 1605. A further house on the high street dates from 1708 and, nearby, one more dates from the end of the Middle Ages, with an overhang supported by corbels of wood mouldings.Raymond Collier, p.
Liparit IV, sometimes known as Liparit III (), was an 11th-century Georgian general and political figure who was at times the most valuable support of King Bagrat IV of Georgia (1027-1072) and his most dangerous rival. He was of the House of Liparitid-Baguashi (later Orbeli or Orbeliani), and thus, a hereditary duke (eristavi) of Kldekari and Trialeti.Robert Bedrosian, "Liparit IV Orbēlean", p. 586. In: Joseph Reese Strayer (1983), Dictionary of the Middle Ages.
The first mention of a deildegast in literature comes from Draumkvedet, written near the end of the Middle Ages. The belief itself quite likely predates this (and is documented by the Draumkvedet), though no proof exists. The deildegast was also said to be able to transform into a bird, most often an owl, called ghost (gasten) by the local people. In human form the deildegast looked like a normal human, except for his clothes.
Frontispiece and initial to the Letter to Leander, Moralia in Job; Dijon, Bibliothèque municipale, ms 168:4v. The Cîteaux Moralia in Job is an illuminated copy of Gregory the Great's Moralia in Job made at the reform monastery of Cîteaux in Burgundy around 1111. It is one of the most familiar but least understood illuminated manuscripts of the Middle Ages. The manuscript is housed at the municipal library in Dijon (Bibliothèque municipale de Dijon).
Concepts of what is the West arose out of legacies of the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. Later, ideas of the West were formed by the concepts of Latin Christendom and the Holy Roman Empire. What is thought of as Western thought today originates primarily from Greco-Roman and Germanic influences, and includes the ideals of the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and the Enlightenment, as well as Christian culture.
Disputation between Jewish and Christian scholars. Johann von Armssheim, 1483. Woodcut The Disputation of Tortosa was one of the famous ordered disputations between Christians and Jews of the Middle Ages, held in the years 1413–1414 in the city of Tortosa, Catalonia, Crown of Aragon (part of modern-day Spain). According to the Jewish Encyclopedia it was not a free and authentic debate, but was an attempt by Christians to force conversion on the Jews.
During the Early Modern period (approximately late 15th century to 1800), the universities of Europe would see a tremendous amount of growth, productivity and innovative research. At the end of the Middle Ages, about 400 years after the first European university was founded, there were twenty-nine universities spread throughout Europe. In the 15th century, twenty-eight new ones were created, with another eighteen added between 1500 and 1625.Grendler, P. F. (2004).
In the Middle Ages, the artist Giotto made some frescoes in Castel Nuovo. These works of art were subsequently destroyed by an earthquake. By the end of the Middle Ages, the medical school of Salerno, which combined ancient Roman and Greek medicine with Arab medicine, was known throughout Europe and its methods were adopted across the continent. Some have suggested that this may have been one of the first universities in Europe.
Many developments in orthopedic surgery have resulted from experiences during wartime. On the battlefields of the Middle Ages the injured were treated with bandages soaked in horses' blood which dried to form a stiff, but unsanitary, splint. Originally, the term orthopedics meant the correcting of musculoskeletal deformities in children. Nicolas Andry, a professor of medicine at the University of Paris coined the term in the first textbook written on the subject in 1741.
Christine de Pisan's Livre des Trois Vertus is contemporary with Bruni's book, and sets down the things which a lady or baroness living on her estates ought to be able to do.Eileen Power, The Position of Women, p. 418, in The Legacy of the Middle Ages (1926), edited by G. C. Crump and E. F. Jacob. In his 1516 book Utopia, Thomas More advocated for women to have the right to education.
Many scholars identify courtly love as the "pure love" described in 1184 by Capellanus in De amore libri tres: Within the corpus of troubadour poems there is a wide range of attitudes, even across the works of individual poets. Some poems are physically sensual, even bawdily imagining nude embraces, while others are highly spiritual and border on the platonic.Dian Bornstein (1986). "Courtly Love," in Dictionary of the Middle Ages, volume 3, pp.668-674.
It was the second largest city in historical Holland after Dordrecht and before Delft, Leiden, Amsterdam, Gouda and Rotterdam. In 1429 the city gained the right to collect tolls, including ships passing the city on the Spaarne river. At the end of the Middle Ages Haarlem was a flourishing city with a large textile industry, shipyards and beer breweries. Around 1428 the city was put under siege by the army of Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut.
In: Joseph Reese Strayer (1983), Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Scribner, . Pretenders enjoyed numerous successes against the royal armies, despite their efforts to take a key fortress Ateni went in vain, Liparit and the Byzantines won a major victory at the Battle of Sasireti, where Bagrat suffered a crushing defeat and was forced to withdraw from his eastern possessions to take refuge in the western Georgian highlands. However Demetrius died unexpectedly in 1042.
Below can be found lists of the Peerage of England and Ireland during selected years of the Middle Ages. Though this approach naturally will exclude certain important individuals, the lists still work as snap-shots of the elite of the nation at regular intervals during the Middle Ages. Up until 1340, when the first dukedom was created (1337), the lists only include Earls. From 1390 Marquessates are also included (1385), and from 1450 Viscountcies (1446).
On another journey, as a guest of the emperor in Vienna, he recorded the near riot during the Corpus Christi procession of 1578. As he and the archdukes Ferdinand and Maximilian heard the mass, the population harassed the celebrant priests, and interfered with the conduct of the procession itself.Johannes Janssen, M. A. Mitchell, History of the German people at the close of the middle ages, 1905 Google books. Accessed 9 July 2009.
In 1286, he arbitrated the succession of the March of Bodonitsa following the death of Isabella Pallavicini. He chose her cousin Thomas over her widower Antoine le Flamenc. William's rule was peaceful, but short, as he died two years after assuming power in Achaea (1287).The Latins in Greece and the Aegean from the Fourth Crusade to the End of the Middle Ages, K. M. Setton, The Cambridge Medieval History:Vol IV, The Byzantine Empire, ed.
Pictures spread abroad a knowledge of the events recorded in the Bible and of the mutual connection between the leading facts of the Old and New Testaments, whether as type and antitype, or as prophecy and fulfillment. For this purpose the picture Bibles of the Middle Ages were copied and put in circulation. Parts of these go back to the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The Bibles moralisées were created to interpret and explain scripture.
At the beginning of this period Scotland was a relatively poor country, with difficult terrain and limited transport. There was little trade between different areas of the country and most settlements depended on what was produced locally. International trade followed the format of the Middle Ages, exporting raw materials and importing luxury goods and scarce raw materials. The early sixteenth century saw economic expansion from a low base before the English invasions of the 1540s.
14, Nauka Publishers, Central Dept. of Oriental Literature, University of Michigan, , , It is clear from the account of these Armenian historians that Ivane's great grandfather broke away from the Kurdish tribe of BabirVladimir Minorsky, 1953, Studies in Caucasian History, p. 102, CUP Archive, , , According to a tradition which has every reason to be true, their ancestors were Mesopotamian Kurds of the tribe (xel) Babirakan.Richard Barrie Dobson, 2000, Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages: A-J, p.
Abraham ben Meir Ibn Ezra ( ʾAḇrāhām ben Mēʾīr ʾībn ʾĒzrāʾ, often abbreviated as ; Ibrāhim al-Mājid ibn Ezra; also known as Abenezra or simply Ibn Ezra, 1089 / 1092 – 27 January 1164 / 23 January 1167)Encyclopaedia Judaica, pages 1163–1164Jewish Encyclopedia (online); Chambers Biographical Dictionary gives the dates 1092/93 – 1167 was one of the most distinguished Jewish biblical commentators and philosophers of the Middle Ages. He was born in Tudela in northern Spain.
Geoffroi de Charney, along with the other Templars in France were arrested on October 13, 1307. Scores of charges were leveled at them; many were notably similar charges to those directed at other of Philip's enemies, such as heresy, sodomy and blasphemy.Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, vol. 3 (New York: Harper & Bros, 1888), pp.250-257 There were five initial charges lodged against the Templars.
Sarmishsay is the largest of many picturesque gorges along the southern slopes of the Karatau range. This place is famous for various ancient monuments of anthropogenic activity concentrated in an area of about 20 km². The sights include flint quarries, mines, old settlements, burial mounds, crypts and petroglyphs, including monuments of the Middle Ages, early Iron Age, Bronze Age and even Stone Age. There are over 4,000 petroglyphs still intact in Sarmishsay.
Posof or Potskhovi was part of Iberia, Kingdom of Georgia, Georgian Principality of Samtskhe, Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire, and the Democratic Republic of Georgia. After the Treaty of Kars Posof was included into the Republic of Turkey. Throughout most of the Middle Ages, the valley belonged to the noble Georgian House of Jaqeli. In 1064 the Seljuk Turkish Sultan Alp Arslan besieged Queli castle while passing over Mount Arşiyan to conquer the city of Ani.
The work contains over 100 pages of footnoted citations to source material and bibliographic references (pp. 263–387). In explaining his approach to writing the work, he refers to the "so-called Dark Ages" and notes, "Historians and archaeologists have never liked the label Dark Ages... there are numerous indicators that these centuries were neither "dark" nor "barbarous" in comparison with other eras."Jordan, Chester William (2004). Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Supplement 1.
Since early sequences were written in rhythmical prose, they were also called proses (Latin: prosae). Notker's texts were meant to be sung. In the Latin Mass of the Middle Ages, it became customary to prolong the last syllable of the Alleluia, while the deacon was ascending from the altar to the ambo, to sing or chant the Gospel. This prolonged melisma was called the jubilus, jubilatio, or laudes, because of its jubilant tone.
During the early period of the Middle Ages, Calabria, Basilicata and Apulia forming the Catepanate of Italy were under Byzantine rule, and Calabria was an important commercial center. During this time the Calabrian Jewish population, estimated at around 12,000, flourished.www.lameziastorica According to some sources, some areas of Calabria may have had a Jewish population of up to fifty percent. Many Jews were prosperous merchants dominating such industries as silk trading and cloth dyeing.jewishvirtuallibrary.
Dafforne's works were mostly compilations from the Journal: Pictures of Daniel Maclise, R.A.; also the Pictures of William Mulready, of Leslie and Maclise, of Clarkson Stanfield, R.A., Sir Edwin Landseer, and others. He compiled the Pictorial Table-book. In 1878 he published a book on the Albert Memorial. In 1879 his final book appeared, The Life and Works of Edward Matthew Ward, R.A. He translated Arts of the Middle Ages, by De la Croix.
Only Major General Phineas Lyman led more than a single regiment. Indeed, no Colonel appears to been sent from Norwalk in the war. The original Yankee Doodle did not mention a pony, a feather or "Marconi", items which first appear in 1841 in a children's nursery version of the song.Halliwell, James Orchard The Nursey Rhymes of England,'Early English Poetry, Ballads, and Popular Literature of the Middle Ages' (London: Percy Soc, 1841), 82.
The oldest parts of the Château de la Roche-Jagu were built at the end of the Middle Ages. The rear of the building, overlooking the river provided defence from a walkway. The house consists of a single building whose entrance is through a door surmounted by a niche. The first floor still has its stone mullioned windows but the second and higher floors are set back and the roof has been extensively reworked.
Coat of arms of the Grafen [Counts] von Merveldt family Merveldt (also Meerveldt or Merfeld) is the name of a Westphalian noble family, which belongs to the nobility of the Middle Ages. The Herrn [Lords] von Merveldt were among the oldest families in the Münsterland. Merfeld, the eponymous seat of the family, is now a neighborhood of the city of Dülmen in the District of Coesfeld in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany.
This division had great social significance, as mediatised princes were considered equal to royals for marriage purposes; in essence they were regarded as royalty. However, there were two types of mediatised families; old and new. Old were those who had for centuries ruled immediate imperial territories. New families were those who obtained immediate status after the end of the Middle Ages, mostly as a reward for service and loyalty to the reigning Emperor.
A milestone on Chemin Haussé Baron-sur-Odon appears as Baron on the 1750 Cassini Map and the same on the 1790 version. The "Chemin Haussé", which passes through the commune, is a Roman road identified as one of the roads included in the Tabula Peutingeriana. The road is mostly straight with embankments hence the name (Haussé means "raised"). This route was used as a line of communication until the end of the Middle Ages.
Pyrenae, Revista de Prehistòria i Antiguitat de la Mediterrània Occidental / Journal of Western Mediterranean Prehistory and Antiquity, is a biannual peer- reviewed academic journal of archeology published by the Secció de Prehistòria i Arqueologia (Section of Prehistory and Archaeology) of the University of Barcelona. The journal focuses a chronological framework that ranges from prehistory to the beginning of the Middle Ages, especially in the Western Mediterranean. The editor-in-chief is Gisela Ripoll.
The Church used Mary Magdalene's biblical history of being a reformed harlot to encourage prostitutes to repent and mend their ways. Simultaneously, religious houses were established with the purpose of providing asylum and encouraging the reformation of prostitution. 'Magdalene Homes' were particularly popular and peaked especially in the early fourteenth century. Over the course of the Middle Ages, popes and religious communities made various attempts to remove prostitution or reform prostitutes, with varying success.
In the High Middle Ages there were new sources of education, such as song and grammar schools. These were usually attached to cathedrals or a collegiate church and were most common in the developing burghs. By the end of the Middle Ages grammar schools could be found in all the main burghs and some small towns. Early examples including the High School of Glasgow in 1124 and the High School of Dundee in 1239.
The church was substantially altered both externally and internally, in an attempt to make the church appear even more medieval. The renovation was considered remarkable at the time, and led to the church being called the "national shrine of Gotland". Today, the renovation has been described instead as a "harsh and loose reconstruction of the Middle Ages". It remains a clear example of the ideas of cultural heritage conservation prevalent at the time.
Anne of Bohemia is known to have made the sidesaddle more popular to ladies of the Middle Ages. She also influenced the design of carts in England when she arrived in a carriage, presumably from Kocs, Hungary, to meet her future husband Richard (the name of Kocs is considered to have given rise to the English word coach). She also made the horned, Bohemian-style headdress the fashion for Englishwomen in the late 14th century.
Robert Bedrosian, "Amirspasalar", in: Joseph Reese Strayer (1983), Dictionary of the Middle Ages, p. 235. Scribner, . Yet, the members of this family remained among the high nobility of Georgia, and were titled as eristavt-eristavs. One of them, Dzagan featured prominently in the Mongol capture of Baghdad in 1258, and returned with a substantial wealth of booty through which he acquired the village of Angroini and donated it to the Shio-Mghvime Monastery.
The term tapestry is also used to describe weft-faced textiles made on Jacquard looms. Before the 1990s tapestry upholstery fabrics and reproductions of the famous tapestries of the Middle Ages had been produced using Jacquard techniques but more recently, artists such as Chuck Close, Patrick Lichty, and the workshop Magnolia Editions have adapted the computerised Jacquard process to producing fine art.Sheets, Hilarie M. "Looms with a View". Retrieved 2013-02-13.
"Medieval political speculation is imbued to the marrow with the idea of a structure of society based upon distinct orders," Johan Huizinga observes.Huizinga The Waning of the Middle Ages (1919, 1924:47). The virtually synonymous terms estate and order designated a great variety of social realities, not at all limited to a class, Huizinga concluded applying to every social function, every trade, every recognisable grouping. This static view of society was predicated on inherited positions.
During the start of the middle ages, thin slabs of coarse bread called "trenches" (late 15th century English) or, in its French derivative, "trenchers", were used as plates.Adamson, Melitta Weiss, Regional Cuisines of Medieval Europe: A Book of Essays. New York. 2002. At the end of the meal, the food-soaked trencher was eaten by the diner (from which we get the expression "trencherman"), or perhaps fed to a dog or saved for beggars.
After the Muslim invasion of the Iberian Peninsula, the area was greatly developed. In the 11th century, the population were concentrated into a walled town and a fortress, both located in "Benalmádena Pueblo". Muslims developed the agriculture and introduced sugar cane, figs, grapes and mulberry (used in the textile industry) from the East. Ibn al-Baitar, one of the most important botanists and pharmacologists of the Middle Ages, was born here in 1197.
According to the account of her trial, Angéle de la Barthe was accused by Inquisitor Hugues de Beniols (the supreme chief of the Toulouse Inquisition) of having habitual sexual intercourse with the Devil and giving birth, seven years prior at age 53, to a monster with a wolf's head and a serpent's tail.Lea, Henry Charles. 1888. History of the inquisition of the middle ages Vol. 3. New York, NY: Harper & Brothers. 384.
During this work, various objects, including three Gallo-Roman boats, relatively well preserved, dating from the first or second century, were discovered. Similarly, while digging the tunnel which connects the parking under the rue Monseigneur-Lavarenne, several buildings of the Middle Ages were discovered, apparently abandoned after the many floods of the Saône. Some of the old ramparts were also found. All archaeological discoveries caused a six to nine-month delay of work.
The name of the area was attested in the form of Abecurt in 1151.Albert Dauzat and Charles Rostaing, Etymological Dictionary of names of areas in France, Librairie Guénégaud, Paris, 1989 , p. 1. This spelling is a form of "-court" characteristic of the Middle Ages and the north of France. The word court (curt or cort in old French) once meant "barnyard, farm, or rural area" (parallel to the German word hof cf. German.
Torrington was a county constituency centred on the town of Torrington in Devon. It returned one Member of Parliament to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1950 until it was abolished for the February 1974 general election. An earlier constituency called Torrington, a parliamentary borough consisting only of the town itself, returned members to some of the parliaments of the Middle Ages; it was not represented after 1372.
Krk has historically been a center of Croatian culture. Various literature in the Glagolitic alphabet was created and in part preserved on Krk (notably the Baška tablet, one of the oldest preserved texts in Croatian). A monastery lies on the small island of Košljun in a bay off the coast of Krk. Krk belonged to the Republic of Venice during much of the Middle Ages until its dissolution, when its destinies followed those of Dalmatia.
2 (2018): 118–33. To a lesser extent the Ecloga and other Byzantine codices influenced these areas as well. During the 18th and 19th centuries, as Russia increased its contact with the West, Justinian's Code began to be studied thus bringing in this influence. In Western Europe, following the fall of the Roman Empire, the influence of Roman/Byzantine law became more indirect though always significant during much of the Middle Ages.
The Emperor's Palace. The spread of the construction of patrician villas in Milan has early origins. Archaeological excavations have revealed a complex system of villas from the first imperial age, going back to about the 1st century BCE. After the fall of the Barbarians and the end of the Middle Ages, a new tradition of aristocratic refinement, chivalry and good taste was established in Milan by the ruling Visconti and Sforza families.
The action takes place in the Germany of the Middle Ages. Act I Amandus Herz, a young organ-builder, has built a small pipe-organ. The priest Father Kaleidos, a religious fanatic, seizes the opportunity to ask Amandus to complete the construction of the great organ begun by his father. Amandus, however, is horrified by the fact that his father went insane trying to complete the instrument and asks for time to consider.
In the end, he loves all three but obtains none, seemingly for reasons both beyond and within his making. Sylvie has many features of Romanticism, including flowing descriptions of a beautiful but lost natural world, appreciation for the architecture and traditions of the Middle Ages, and Greek traditions. The use of color appears to be unique, with binary oppositions serving as a simplifying mechanism to make distant memories emerge more strikingly from the mist.Thompson, Peter.
Torkils (also Torks, Cyrillic: торки) were a Turkic tribe of the Middle Ages, of OghuzPritsak O. (1975). "The Pechenegs, A Case of Social and Economic Transformation", Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 1:211 - 236, origins. The Torkils, alongsides Kipchak (Berendei), and also such tribes as Ulichi, Pechenegs, etc., formed the Chornye Klobuki ("Black Hats", Turkic "Karakalpak"), semi-nomadic tribes who fought as border guards for various princes of Kievan Rus, Akhmetova, Zhanculu et al.
Completely new to the criminal procedures of the Middle Ages was the attempt to base the decision of the opening and the sentence on facts, inquired by the court. The law of the Germans only allowed the beginning of a lawsuit on the accusations of the victim. The offender was limited to the positioning of the charge. The only hearing of evidence was the confirmation of the good reputation of the defendant by oath.
When the Frankish rulers established the system of feudalism, the Bishops of Utrecht came to exercise worldly power as prince-bishops. The territory of the bishopric not only included the modern province of Utrecht (Nedersticht, 'lower Sticht'), but also extended to the northeast. The feudal conflict of the Middle Ages heavily affected Utrecht. The prince-bishopric was involved in almost continuous conflicts with the Counts of Holland and the Dukes of Guelders.
Medieval engravers were guild members who created coins. The vast majority of medieval coins were cold struck; the planchets were not heated. While medieval coin dies were largely made of iron, some dies have been discovered with a small region at the face of the die which is made of steel. As technology and the economy changed over the course of the Middle Ages, so did the techniques used to create coin dies.
The church rules (in particular by the Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1215) and the monarchs maintained the order. At the end of the Middle Ages, the Devotio Moderna (among others Geert Groote and Thomas à Kempis) created a spiritual innovation. In the 14th and 15th centuries, the first calls were heard for religious reform from within the Catholic Church. Geert Groote established the Brethren of the Common Life, an influential mystical order.
In 2009, the three main manuscripts of the Designated as A (today in Munich, Bayerische Staatsbiblitohek), B (today in St. Gallen, Stiftsbiblitohek) and C (today in Karlsruhe, Baden State Library were inscribed in UNESCO's Memory of the World Register in recognition of their historical significance. It has been called "one of the most impressive, and certainly the most powerful, of the German epics of the Middle Ages." The death of Siegfried. manuscript-k.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 403. The influence of Christianity continued into the later periods of the Middle Ages as medical training and practice moved out of the monasteries and into cathedral schools, though more for the purpose of general knowledge rather than training professional physicians. The study of medicine was eventually institutionalized into the medieval universities. Even within the university setting, religion dictated a lot of the medical practice being taught.
He was a Guggenheim fellow and the author of a number of books and articles. Best known for his translations of the Italian classics (Dante and the poetry of the Middle Ages), he was Distinguished Professor Emeritus of German, French and Italian at Indiana University. Musa translated and edited The Portable Dante and, with Peter Bondanella, The Portable Machiavelli, both published by Penguin Books. Musa died in Pollença, Majorca on December 31, 2014.
Many of the motifs found in the tale come not only from Russian folklore, but can also be found in Western European literature of the Middle Ages. The motifs of a prince's victory over a snake or dragon, his magical healing by a beautiful maiden and the motif of wise women outwitting lustful men and protecting their honor, can be seen, among others, in the Legend of Tristan and Isolde and in Boccaccio's The Decameron.
The barrels were wrapped in leather to prevent rusting. Multi- barreled cannons have also been built in India, and an example with 6 barrels, similar to the ribauldequins of the Middle Ages, has been preserved in the Nehru Scientific Center. In Poland, cannons with as many as seven barrels were in use in the 16th century. These were similar to the volley guns and organ battery of the 19th century, but in a larger caliber.
The Quanzhou Maritime Museum () in the Fengze District of Quanzhou, Fujian, is the only museum in China specialising in overseas relations. Established in 1959, through its comprehensive and valuable display of historical relics relating to overseas transportation, the museum reflects the development history of the major Eastern port of the Middle Ages—Citong or Zaytun (). It also showcases the important role that Quanzhou played in economic and cultural exchanges with foreign countries.
At one point, which coincided with the new Islamic powers during the Emirate of Córdoba, the fortress was constructed. Later, during the Caliphate and early taifas, the local infrastructures were altered, resulting in the expansion of some living quarters into the defensive walls.Helena Catarino (1997-1998), p.597 At the beginning of the Middle Ages, the site could have also become a refuge site, protected by the rocky cliffs that encircled the site.
In much of the Middle Ages, light cavalry usually consisted of wealthy commoners. Later in the Middle Ages, light cavalry would also include sergeants who were men who had trained as knights but could not afford the costs associated with the title. Light cavalry was used as scouts, skirmishers or outflankers. Many countries developed their styles of light cavalries, such as Hungarian mounted archers, Spanish jinetes, Italian and German mounted crossbowmen and English currours.
The text indicates: Saint Florian Church > Saint Florian Parish was founded in 1907 to serve the Detroit area's rapidly > expanding Polish Catholic community. By the 1920s Saint Florian was the > second largest Catholic parish in Detroit, and it required a larger church. > The Reverend John Bonkowski hired Boston architect Ralph Adams Cram to > design this building, inspired by the Gothic churches of the Middle Ages. > The church's medieval style contrasted with the modern industrial community.
At the beginning of the Middle Ages, the royal residence was on the Île de la Cité. Between 1190 and 1202, King Philip II built the massive fortress of the Louvre, which was designed to protect the Right Bank against an English attack from Normandy. The fortified castle was a great rectangle of 72 by 78 metres, with four towers, and surrounded by a moat. In the centre was a circular tower thirty meters high.
All the townspeople converted and Saint George killed the dragon with his sword. In some versions, Saint George marries the princess, but, in others, he continues wandering. Gargoyles are carved stone figures sometimes resembling dragons that originally served as waterspouts on buildings. Precursors to the medieval gargoyle can be found on ancient Greek and Egyptian temples, but, over the course of the Middle Ages, many fantastic stories were invented to explain them.
The remains of prehistoric burial mounds and tumuli are scanty. The county was sparsely populated up to the 10th century AD and a large part of it was thickly wooded areas of heavy clay. However, during the rest of the Middle Ages most of the land was progressively cleared and settled; so that it became populous and prosperous, but more so in the eastern half and in the southeast.Hoskins, W. G. (1950).
Alongside similar UK centres at Nottingham, Reading and York, the CMS's cross- departmental and interdisciplinary teaching was credited with breathing new life into the study of the Middle Ages. Meanwhile, by 1994 Leeds University had established the International Medieval Institute (IMI) as a home for the International Medieval Bibliography.Jean-Pierre V. M. Hérubel, 'Disciplinary Affiliations and Subject Dispersion in Medieval Studies', Behavioral & Social Sciences Librarian, 23.2 (2005), 67-83 (pp. 68-69), .
At the beginning of the Middle Ages the ancient Roman city had become a stone quarry. Decorative elements were reused in homes and churches in the region, and Roman columns were long used as curbstones surrounding village wells. The village became a modest parish dependent on the castellanies of Theon, Conteneuil or Uzet. A Romanesque church was built in the 12th century but was poorly maintained and was demolished in the 19th century.
Cloth Hall and Grote Markt (Great Market) at night The imposing Cloth Hall was built in the 13th century and was one of the largest commercial buildings of the Middle Ages. The structure which stands today is the exact copy of the original medieval building, rebuilt after the war. The belfry that surmounts the hall houses a 49-bell carillon. The whole complex was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1999.
Gregorian chant appeared in a remarkably uniform state across Europe within a short time. Charlemagne, once elevated to Holy Roman Emperor, aggressively spread Gregorian chant throughout his empire to consolidate religious and secular power, requiring the clergy to use the new repertory on pain of death.David Wilson, Music of the Middle Ages p. 10. From English and German sources, Gregorian chant spread north to Scandinavia, Iceland and Finland.Hiley, Western Plainchant p. 604.
Chinese armillary sphere The history of science and technology in China shows significant advances in science, technology, mathematics, and astronomy. The first recorded observations of comets, solar eclipses, and supernovae were made in China. Traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture and herbal medicine were also practiced. The Four Great Inventions of China: the compass, gunpowder, papermaking, and printing were among the most important technological advances, only known in Europe by the end of the Middle Ages.
1590-95) to St. Peter's Square. The circus and the Horti were inherited by Nero, who used both to lodge the Romans damaged by the great fire of 64, and to carry out the executions of the Christians accused of the fire itself.Liverani (2016) p. 23 Because of that, until the end of the Middle Ages the popular name of the area beyond the Tiber north of Trastevere remained Prata Neronis ("Nero's meadows").
"EARLY ENGLISH POETRY, BALLADS, AND POPULAR LITERATURE OF THE MIDDLE AGES" The Percy Society, London 1846, Vol. 19., intro, p. xxxiii. After the Reformation in Ireland (1533–70) members of trade guilds such as the bakers had to join the Church of Ireland. They sent four legislators to the former Dublin Corporation, which divided the purely religious guild that was mostly Roman Catholic from the trade guild that had to become Protestant.
Some elements were still painted affresco but a secco dominated. Contours were carved into the wet surface instead of painted, as before. Towards the end of the Middle Ages, the technique changed again: now the contours were typically drawn using charcoal or sometimes a pigment based on iron oxide. After the outlines had been made, the paints were applied, and lastly text (in the form of speech scrolls) and stenciled details and patterns were added.
Lauenen is known as an area with substantial danger of landslides and avalanches, which is the origin of its name (German Lawine "landslide," from Latin labina "slide"). The oldest trace of a settlement in the area is a single Bronze Age artifact found at Feissenalp. Roman coins were found on the Wildhorn and near the village church. During much of the Middle Ages, Lauenen was part of the municipality and parish of Saanen.
Vladimir Nikolaevich Lyubimenko Inna Lubimenko was born in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, on 1(13) April 1878. Her father was the botanist Ivan Parfenievich Borodin and her mother Alexandra Grigoryevna. She received her basic education at the Obolenskaya Gymnasium before taking higher classes in the history of the Middle Ages under Ivan Mikhaĭlovich Grevs and Georgīĭ Vasilevich Forsten, graduating in 1904.Любименко Инна Ивановна, M. N. Rumynskaya, Saint Petersburg Institute of History.
An order is a visible honour awarded by a sovereign state, monarch, dynastic royal house or organisation to a person, typically in recognition of individual merit, that often comes with distinctive insignia such as collars, medals, badges, and sashes worn by recipients. Modern honour systems of state orders and dynastic orders emerged from the culture of orders of chivalry of the Middle Ages, which in turn emerged from the Catholic religious orders.
Woman wearing a one-piece bliaut and cloak or mantle, c. 1200, west door of Angers Cathedral.The bliaut or bliaud is an overgarment worn by both genders from the eleventh to the thirteenth century in Western Europe, featuring voluminous skirts and horizontal puckering or pleating across a snugly fitted under bust abdomen. The sleeves are the most immediately notable difference when comparing the bliaut to other female outer clothing of the Middle Ages.
In the 18th century there was a growing trend for philosophers, writers and painters to commune with nature. Nature was seen as all the more attractive if it contained signs of the grand aspirations, ideals and follies of humankind. Few things were considered more romantic than a medieval ruin which conjured up images of the traditional "romances" or idealistic sagas of the Middle Ages. England contained a great number of large Medieval ruins.
The Briançonnais were divided into five entities called Escartons of which Queyras was part. Each Escarton was composed of communities called "universities". Arvieux was then one of the seven universities of Queyras, the others being: Abriès, Aiguilles, Molines, Ristolas, Saint-Véran, and Vielle-Ville. At the end of the Middle Ages the Dauphin Humbert II, while short of money, gave a little more independence to the Escartons in exchange for an annual rent.
Though Chrétien did not complete his romance, it had an enormous impact on the literary world of the Middle Ages. Perceval introduced an enthusiastic Europe to the grail and all versions of the story, including those that made the grail "Holy", probably derive directly or indirectly from it. The grail in Perceval has the power to heal the Fisher King so it may have been seen as a mystical or holy object by readers.Ramm, Ben.
The work is an important historical source for the study of the Middle Ages. An edition was published along with other 12th- century legal treatises, in the Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen, and more recently it has been studied by the historian L. J. Downer.Green Government of England pp. 95–97 The historian Patrick Wormald says of the Leges that it "has had more effect on views of English law before Henry II than any other".
The presence of the Stigmata on a mystic's body served as divine evidence of her ability to communicate with God. Another sign of mystical ability was observed bleeding on Fridays during the hour of the Crucifixion. By the end of the Middle Ages the physical deterioration of the woman mystic's body was considered proof of her sanctity. Medieval women mystics were marked as special instances of God's grace because of their choice to suffer.
Renaissance Ensemble Serbia is the first early music ensemble in Serbia and the second in south-eastern Europe, having been founded in 1968 (the first in south-eastern Europe was Musica rediviva, founded in Sarajevo by Bojan Bujić, Milica Zečević-Osipov and Ivan Kalcina in 1967). Ensemble Renaissance usually focuses on the music of the Middle ages, Renaissance and Baroque. Occasionally, however, Ensemble performs modern music (like the Beatles) on ancient instruments.
He described markets, ports, industries, buildings and transport links. He showed some small towns were expanding, through new commercial and industrial opportunities, especially cloth manufacture. He found other towns in decline, and suggested that investment by entrepreneurs and benefactors had enabled some small towns to prosper.John S. Lee, "The functions and fortunes of English small towns at the close of the middle ages: evidence from John Leland's Itinerary." Urban History 37#1 (2010): 3-25.
Paul Abadie (Jr.) was born on 9 November 1812 in Paris, France.Brief biography @ Essential Architecture He was the son of Paul Abadie Sr., who was also an architect in France. He entered the School of Fine Arts (École des Beaux-Arts) in 1835; under the direction of the Monsieur Achille Leclère. As attaché to the commission for historical monuments, he participated in the architectural rediscovery of the Middle Ages, touring and studying medieval sites intensively.
The Corporal works of mercy are an important subject of Christian iconography. In some representations of the Middle Ages, the seven works were allegorically juxtaposed with the seven deadly sins (avarice, anger, envy, laziness, unchastity, intemperance, pride). The pictorial representation of the works of mercy began in the 12th century. The Seven Works of Mercy by Caravaggio, 1606/07 (Naples) The Master of Alkmaar painted the polyptych of the Seven works of mercy (ca.
Aalborg's cemeteries have a history dating to the end of the Middle Ages. Sankt Jørgens Kirkegård (St George's Cemetery) was on the corner of Hasserisgade and Kirkegårdsgade. The site was chosen in a district outside the city as it provided isolation for those affected by the plague, many of whom died in the neighbouring hospice, Sankt Jørgens Gårde. In 1794, a new cemetery was opened in Klostermarken, immediately to the south of Sankt Jørgens Kirkegård.
Herbert Edward John Cowdrey (1926–2009), known as H. E. J. Cowdrey or John Cowdrey, was an English historian of the Middle Ages and an Anglican priest. He was elected priest of St Edmund Hall, University of Oxford, in 1956. He resigned the chaplaincy in 1976, but continued to teach medieval history there until 1994, when he retired and was elected emeritus fellow. He was also a Fellow of the British Academy.
The Byzantine army was the primary military body of the Byzantine armed forces, serving alongside the Byzantine navy. A direct continuation of the East Roman army, it maintained a similar level of discipline, strategic prowess and organization. It was among the most effective armies of western Eurasia for much of the Middle Ages. Over time the cavalry arm became more prominent in the Byzantine army as the legion system disappeared in the early 7th century.
By 1300, the friars and local priests were using the Passion Plays at Easter time, which depicted Jews, in contemporary dress, killing Christ, to teach the general populace to hate and murder Jews. It was at this point that persecution and exile became endemic. Finally around 1500, Jews found security and a renewal of prosperity in Poland.Cantor, Norman F.. The Last Knight: The Twilight of the Middle Ages and the Birth of the Modern Era.
The grey and white squirrel furs of the Middle Ages, vair and miniver, went out of style except at court, first for men and then for women; the new fashionable furs were dark brown sable and marten. Toward the end of the 15th century, wild animal furs such as lynx became popular.Favier, Jean, Gold and Spices: The Rise of Commerce in the Middle Ages, 1998, p. 66 Ermine remained the prerogative and hallmark of royalty.
Cancionero is the name of an early-music ensemble based in the Sevenoaks and Maidstone area of Kent who perform the songs and dance music of the Middle Ages and also early Renaissance music from the Tudor court. Performances in period costume, encouraging audience dancing, at Penshurst Place and Tudor workshops for schools have been a regular feature. The group has also been featured on Radio Kent and on BBC Radio 4’s Open Country.
Just as he was about to become 'official poet' he came into disfavour with duke Francis II. Historian Johann Huizinga quotes a ballad of his indicting Louis XI for crimes against France: "You have sinned against peace..."Huizinga, Johann, The Waning of the Middle Ages (New York: Anchor Books 1989) pp. 291-292 He was maître d’hôtel to the young Anne of Brittany from 1488 onwards, dying before her marriage and Brittany's merger into France.
There is one more inscription in the mosque, on the spiral stairs near the entry of the mosque which lead to the roof. Evidently, this inscription belongs to a more ancient mosque of the village and indicates the construction date – Muharram of the 774th year of Hijri (1372) – and shows the name of a customer – Ṣadr Ḥajjī Bahā’ ad-Dīn. The Quadrangular castle, a building of the Middle Ages, is located near the mosque.
Michel Zink (born 5 May 1945) is a French writer, medievalist, philologist, and professor of French literature, particularly that of the Middle Ages. He is the Permanent Secretary of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, a title he has held since 2011, and was elected to the Académie française in 2017. In addition to his academic work, he has also written historical crime novels, one of which continues the story of Arsène Lupin.
His studies focused on the Islamic world and the era of the Middle Ages and he was, in addition, an authority on Sanskrit and a curator of medieval manuscripts. He also served as Dean of the University of Rome, where Schiaparelli would herself later go on to study philosophy.Secrest, p. 4, 5, His brother, astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli, had discovered the so-called canali, or Martian canals, and the young Schiaparelli often studied the heavens with her uncle.
The Britannica also supposed that the citole has been supposed to be another name for the psaltery, a box-shaped instrument often seen in the illuminated missals of the Middle Ages, also liable to confusion with the gittern. Whether the terms overlapped in medieval usage has been the subject of modern controversy. The controversy of citole versus gittern was largely resolved in a 1977 article by Lawrence Wright, called The Medieval Gittern and Citole: A Case of Mistaken Identity.
Romanticism has been seen as "the revival of the life and thought of the Middle Ages", reaching beyond rational and Classicist models to elevate medievalism and elements of art and narrative perceived to be authentically medieval, in an attempt to escape the confines of population growth, urban sprawl and industrialism, embracing the exotic, unfamiliar and distant.R. R. Agrawal, "The Medieval Revival and its Influence on the Romantic Movement", (Abhinav, 1990), p. 1. Perpinyà, Núria. Ruins, Nostalgia and Ugliness.
Croix occitane Espoir Oc (Hope for Oc) is an association founded about twenty years ago, to promote and develop the Occitan language and culture. Based in Marvejols, they organize, on the first weekend of July, a festival based on the theme of the Middle Ages. Two big events take place; on the Saturday evening a great banquet consisting entirely of regional produce, finishing with a dance; on the Sunday morning, the mass is said in Occitan.
However, a tenant could separate a parcel of the land and grant it as a subordinate fief to his own sub-tenant, a process known as sub-enfeoffing or "subinfeudation". The 1290 Statute of Quia Emptores abolished subinfeudation and instead allowed the sale of fee simple estates.Henderson, Ernest F. Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages, (London: George Bell and Sons, 1910), 149–150. Excerpt retrieved 2007-10-31 The concept of a "fee" has its origins in feudalism.
El Cid knight and king Sancho II of Castile, in an illustration of c. 1118 of an armiger regis in the Book of the testaments. León and Castile continued to expand to the South, even beyond the Douro with its purpose of struggle and reconquest against Islam. We are in the middle of the Middle Ages and the songs of deed tell of the great deeds of the Christian nobles who fought against the Muslim enemy.
The Evangelium longum is arguably the best documented book of the Middle Ages. Not only are the patron and the artists that were involved in its creation known by name, but also the year of production of the manuscript can be exactly determined. During a dendrochronological investigation, the date when a tree was felled is calculated by means of its growth rings. Such an examination was conducted on the wooden parts of the book cover in the 1970s.
Other towns required harlots to don special headdresses or restricted the wardrobe of proper women. All restrictions placed on prostitutes were put in place not only to protect them but nearby citizens as well. Even with all the regulations placed on legalized brothels and those people associated with the establishments, they were fated to be done away with. Because of a syphilis epidemic throughout Europe, many brothels were shut down during the end of the Middle Ages.
Ghislain died at Ursidongus, and the monastery which he had founded took his name. The relics of the saint were first disinterred c. 929. They were transferred to Grandlieu, near Quaregnon, about the end of the tenth century or the beginning of the eleventh, and in 1025 Gerard of Florennes, Bishop of Cambrai, removed them to Le Cateau-Cambrésis. They were visited several times in the course of the Middle Ages by the bishops of Cambrai.
Jo Tollebeek, "An Era of Grandeur: The Middle Ages in Belgian National Historiography, 1830–1914", in The Uses of the Middle Ages in Modern European States, edited by R.J.W. Evans and Guy P. Marchal (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), p. 124. The initial editorial team was made up of Jules de Saint-Genois, Constant-Philippe Serrure, Philip Blommaert, Auguste Voisin and Auguste Van Lokeren, with some involvement from Frédéric de Reiffenberg and Antoine Schayes.Messager des sciences historiques, vol. 1, title page.
From the 12th century, the character of the community began to change to a more prestigious one, so that the members became canonesses regular who came from among the nobility, as attested in a document dated 1462. For most of the Middle Ages the Abbey remained an Imperial Abbey, a semi-sovereign institution directly under the king. The abbey was suppressed after the invasion of the Duchy of Brabant in 1794 by the armies of the First French Republic.
Cohn, Norma. The Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Millenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages Oxford University Press, Ch. 7 The Inquisition was active against any revival of the movement in the 15th century, but action against the flagellants was often taken by the local princes. In 1414, 80–90 followers of Konrad Schmid were burned in Thuringia, in Germany, even though they had recanted. Three hundred were burnt in one day in 1416, also in Thuringia.
William of Ypres (; 1090 - 24 January 116524 January 1164 O.S., 1165 N.S.) was a Flemish nobleman and one of the first mercenary captains of the Middle Ages. Following two unsuccessful bids for the County of Flanders, William became King Stephen of England's chief lieutenant during the civil war of 1139-54 known as the Anarchy. He held Kent, though not the title of earl, until the early years of King Henry II's reign, when he returned to Flanders.
Beginning with the former episcopal Bamberg estates of Sonnefeld, Frohnlach and Ebersdorf, the abbey increased its possessions with other properties from the bishopric of Bamberg, and the Benedictine Banz Abbey and Saalfeld Abbey. A papal letter of protection of 1291 named 34 localities. By the end of the Middle Ages the abbey had grown into one of the largest landowners in the Coburger Land. The property book or feodary of 1514 notes abbey properties in 77 locations.
Stained and painted glass windows depict the legend of Hungary's founding as well as important events in the nation's history and culture. The rear window depicts King Nimrod and his sons, Hunor and Magor, who pursued a white stag from the east to the fertile Danube plain. Descendants of Hunor became the Huns and those of Magor became the Magyars. The bay windows commemorate historic figures and events of the Middle Ages, Renaissance, and 17th and 19th centuries.
The earliest studied cases linked with epidemic hysteria are the dancing manias of the Middle Ages, including St. John's dance and tarantism. These were supposed to be associated with spirit possession or the bite of the tarantula. Those afflicted with dancing mania would dance in large groups, sometimes for weeks at a time. The dancing was sometimes accompanied by stripping, howling, the making of obscene gestures, or even (reportedly) laughing or crying to the point of death.
Illumination of the 1581 manuscript, f. 6 verso, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris Jacquemart Giélée (often spelt Gielée) was a French poet of the Middle Ages born in Lille. Around 1288, he wrote a sequel to the Roman de Renart, Renart le Nouvel, of more than 8000 verse: this moralized poem, with satirical accents, depicts the struggle between Noble, the lion, and Reynard, resulting in the triumph of evil; it is an allegory of the society of the time.
The original usage of "Teleri" would eventually change until the name became "Vanyar", while the house of Elves called "Solosimpi" would inherit the name "Teleri". In the frame story of the book, a mortal Man visits the Elvish Isle of Tol Eressëa where he learns the history of its inhabitants. In the earlier versions this man is named Eriol and is of some vague north European origin. In later versions he becomes Ælfwine, an Englishman of the Middle- ages.
Besides the Middle English drama, there are three surviving plays in Cornish known as the Ordinalia.A Handbook of the Cornish Language, by Henry Jenner A Project Gutenberg eBook;A brief history of the Cornish language . Having grown out of the religiously based mystery plays of the Middle Ages, the morality play is a genre of medieval and early Tudor theatrical entertainment, which represented a shift towards a more secular base for European theatre.Richardson and Johnston (1991, 97–98).
The Strike (1886) by Robert Koehler, often assumed to depict the 1886 strikes in Belgium The Belgian strikes of 1886, occasionally known as the social revolt of 1886 (), was a violent period of industrial strikes and riots in Belgium between 18–29 March 1886 and an important moment in Belgium's nineteenth century history. The strike or labour revolt was provoked by social inequalities in Belgian society and has compared to the peasant jacqueries of the Middle Ages.
It has a frontispiece that is one of the most reproduced images of the Middle Ages. This manuscript is the most accessible to scholars from all the Bibles moralisées, this is due to an exceptional facsimile that has been published in full colour. This facsimile was published in three thousand copies at its original size in 1973. As well, the facsimile has been republished (first in 1992 and again in 1995) twice at half the size of the original.
Julian (or Juliana) of Norwich (1343 – after 1416), also known as Dame Julian or Mother Julian, was an English anchorite of the Middle Ages. She wrote the best known surviving book in the English language written by a mystic, Revelations of Divine Love. The book is the first written in English by a woman. She lived practically her whole life in the English city of Norwich, an important centre for commerce that also had a vibrant religious life.
Instead of the finely ground powder used by the first bombards, powder was replaced by a "corned" variety of coarse grains. This coarse powder had pockets of air between grains, allowing fire to travel through and ignite the entire charge quickly and uniformly.Tunis, p. 88. The Tsar Cannon, the largest howitzer ever made, cast by Andrey Chokhov The end of the Middle Ages saw the construction of larger, more powerful cannon, as well as their spread throughout the world.
Plan of the Miraflores Charterhouse (Burgos) The floor of the monastery follows other Carthusian monasteries's pattern of the Middle Ages. The floor develops from the placement of the church and the layout of two main cloisters for each of the groups of Carthusian monks who inhabit: Fathers and Brothers. Around these two cloisters are individual hermitages that allows the monk to live solitude and silence own of the Carthusian spirituality. This part of the monastery is not visitable.
The rounded walls of the 14th century Sarzana Castle showed adaption to gunpowder. Toward the end of the Middle Ages, the development of cannon made revolutionary changes to siege warfare throughout Europe, with many castles becoming susceptible to artillery fire. The primary aims in castle wall construction were height and thickness, but these became obsolete because they could be damaged by cannonballs.Chartrand, p 8 Inevitably, many fortifications previously deemed impregnable proved inadequate in the face of gunpowder.
Pope Callixtus III Cum his superioribus annis is a papal bull issued by Pope Callixtus III on 29 June 1456.Ludwig Pastor, The History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages, Volume II (London: John Hodges, 1891), p. 400.'Bulla thurcorum', Princeton University Digital Library, retrieved 26 March 2019. Callixtus addressed the clergy of all Christendom and exhorted them by prayers, fasting and penance to "return to the Lord, that He may again return to us".
The Order was formed in order to help protect church interests in northern Spain from Moorish invaders. The Military Orders of the Middle Ages were closely associated with the Crusades. In later years the legend became somewhat of an embarrassment in its depiction of Saint James as a bloodthirsty avenger 800 years after his death. King Philip III ordered that Book IV be removed from the codex and for a while it circulated as a separate volume.
Empires of the Middle Ages was awarded the Charles S. Roberts Award for "Best Pre-20th Century Game of 1980". Timothy Brown comments: "The game stands out for its innovative balance of mechanics and graphics, guaranteeing an enjoyable session every time." The game was evidently popular enough for SPI to release a follow-on game called The Sword and the Stars that employed a modified version of the same systems, setting the theme in an outer space future.
The Eclogue of Theodulus was a Latin verse dialogue, which became a standard school text of the Middle Ages. Scholarship generally dates it to the 10th century, though earlier dates are also given.Ronald E. Pepin, An English Translation of the Auctores Octo: A Medieval Reader, Mediaeval Studies 12 (The Edwin Mellen Press, 1999), pp. 25–40. The work is attributed to Gottschalk of Orbais, and in fact the name Theodolus is the Greek translation of Gottschalk (God's slave).
As with most of the other Romantic movements, it was noted for its admiration of the Middle Ages, which was often reflected in art, and in Barcelona, the literary contest known as Jocs Florals or Jocs de la Gaia Ciència was revived. The Renaixença occurred not only in Catalonia proper, but also in other Catalan-speaking regions such as the Balearic Islands.The Renaixença , part of Els Moviments Literaris Contemporanis a les Balears , on mnm.uib.es. Accessed 26 March 2006.
Meanwhile, Gaelic independently spread from Galloway into Dumfriesshire. It is unclear if the Gaelic of 12th-century Clydesdale and Selkirkshire came from Galloway or other parts of Scotland. The predominance of Gaelic began to decline in the 13th century, and by the end of the Middle Ages, Scotland was divided into two linguistic zones, the English/Scots-speaking Lowlands and the Gaelic-speaking Highlands and Galloway. Gaelic continued to be spoken widely throughout the Highlands until the 19th century.
There are no Byzantine churches which survive from this period; thousands of people were killed, and many cities – such as Salamis – were destroyed and never rebuilt. Byzantine rule was restored in 965, when Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas scored decisive victories on land and sea. In 1191, during the Third Crusade, Richard I of England captured the island from Isaac Komnenos of CyprusRiddle, J.M. A History of the Middle Ages. Lanham, MD, USA: Rowman & Littlefield 2008. p. 326.
A partial English translation of the speech appears in Helen Waddell's 1932 book, The Wandering Scholars of the Middle Ages, pp 91-2 In it, Benedict describes himself as the nephew and designated successor of the Abbot of Chiusa. In subsequent debate, Benedict challenged Adémar's promotion of Saint Martial and the willingness of the saint's adherents in Aquitaine to believe that he had been one of the original apostles. Adémar's reputation was temporarily damaged as a result.
Alicia Moore (born Alicia Ann [or Anne] Radford, Sheffield, England; 1790 - 1873) was a British novelist. She was the daughter of clergyman Thomas Radford (1748-1816) and Elizabeth (Gunning) Radford. Moore was the author of Eveleen Mountjoy (1819), Rosalind and Felicia, or, The Sisters (1821) (later published as The Leycesters), and Historical Pictures of the Middle Ages (1846). Henry Rowland Brown (1837-1921) dedicated his illustrated guidebook The Beauties of Lyme Regis and Charmouth to her.
Spaspet () was a feudal office in Georgia that originated in ancient Iberia. It is usually translated in English as High Constable. The institution of spaspet, like its rough equivalent sparapet in neighboring Armenia, was designed under the influence of the Sassanian Persian spahbed, but differed in that it was a non-hereditary rank and included not only military, but also civil functions.Robert Bedrosian, "Sparapet", in: Joseph Reese Strayer (1983), Dictionary of the Middle Ages, p. 460.
Draille in Robion At the end of the Middle Ages, the transhumance system developed enormously, herds of sheep from the coast going up into the high Alpine valleys in the summer. Some drailles (herding routes) crossed the Castellane bridge, where a toll was instituted. At the beginning of the 16th century, between 78,000 and 120,000 head were crossing each year during May and June. Charles V The imperial army of Charles V pillaged the town en 1536.
Renaissance artists had clothed their saints in classical draperies. Adopting to a certain extent the attitude of the Middle Ages, certain 17th century painters, such as Georges de La Tour, Zurbarán, and Caravaggio dressed them in the contemporary fashion. The natural mediators between God and the faithful are thus seen in a kind of mystical familiarity.J. Gállego and J. Gudiol, Zurbarán, Alpine Fine Arts Collection (1987) passim Saint Apollonia was the patroness of dentists, hence the attribute she carries.
The Alphabetum Kaldeorum The Alphabetum Kaldeorum ("alphabet of the Chaldeans") is one of the best known ciphers of the Middle Ages. Its name refers to the Chaldea, whose inhabitants during the medieval era were reputed to have mysterious and magical knowledge. It can be found in a complete version, together with other non-Latin alphabets, in a manuscript from the year 1428, now in the library at the University of Munich (Cod. 4º 810, fol. 41v).
Access to the ruins of Asserbo Charterhouse, across the moat. Asserbo Charterhouse is a fortress and Carthusian monastery ruin in the small town of Asserbo north of Frederiksværk on North Zealand in Denmark. The monastery was founded by Bishop Absalon in the later part of the 12th century and functioned as a short-lived Carthusian monastery. It later came under Sorø Abbey and parts of it under Esrum Abbey and remained so until the end of the middle ages.
The term "rusalka" () derives from "Rusalija" (, , , ) which entered Slavic languages, via Byzantine Greek "rousália" (), from the Latin "Rosālia" as a name for Pentecost and the days adjacent to it.Hampson, R. T., Medii Aevi Kalendarium or, Dates, charters, and customs of the Middle Ages, p. 341. Longstanding, likely pre-Christian, annual traditions resulted in that time of year being associated with spirits (navki, mavki) which were subsequently named for the holiday.Мавський (нявський) великдень // Українська мала енциклопедія — Т. 4.
She was an assistant at the University of Rouen in 1969, then at Sorbonne in 1971. She is a professor at the Pantheon - Sorbonne University. In 1989, she defended her doctoral thesis, Crime, État et société en France à la fin du Moyen Âge (who received the Malesherbes Prize and the Gobert Award from the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres). In 1990, she became a professor of history of the Middle Ages at the University of Reims.
The heavily spiced flavours inherited from the cuisine of the Middle Ages were abandoned in favour of the natural flavours of foods. Exotic and costly spices (saffron, cinnamon, cumin, ginger, nutmeg, cardamom, nigella, seeds of paradise) were, with the exception of pepper, replaced by local herbs (parsley, thyme, bayleaf, chervil, sage, tarragon). New vegetables like cauliflower, asparagus, peas, cucumber and artichoke were introduced. Special care was given to the cooking of meat in order to conserve maximum flavour.
The cave of La Meaza is located in the municipality of Comillas. On the road to the district of La Molina there is a path leading to the cavity. Findings include the remains of Solutrean, Azilian and even some so-called Asturien evidence, recent prehistoric burials and remains of the Middle Ages. The fact that occupancy has many times explained by the shape of the cave, with a wide entrance and a comfortable lobby to your room.
During the early Christian era of the Middle Ages, sacred monophonic (only one voice) chant was the dominant form of music, followed by a sacred polyphonic (multi-voices) organum. By the thirteenth century, another polyphonic style called the motet became popular. During the Ars Nova era of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the trend towards writing polyphonic music extended to non-Church music. In the fifteenth century, more secular music emerged, such as the French chanson.
Aleksandar Kadijević 2016: Between Artistic Nostalgia and Civilisational Utopia: Byzantine Reminiscences in Serbian Architecture of the 20th Century. Lidija Merenik, Vladimir Simić, Igor Borozan (Hrsg.) 2016: IMAGINING THE PAST THE RECEPTION OF THE MIDDLE AGES IN SERBIAN ART FROM THE 18TH TO THE 21ST CENTURY. Ljubomir Maksimovic & Jelena Trivan (Hrsg.) 2016: BYZANTINE HERITAGE AND SERBIAN ART I–III. The Serbian National Committee of Byzantine Studies, P.E. Službeni glasnik, Institute for Byzantine Studies, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
In 1491, Basberg had its first documentary mention. Towards the end of the Middle Ages, Basberg belonged to the comital family of Manderscheid-Blankenheim. In 1491, the then landholder Count Johann von Manderscheid-Blankenheim enfeoffed Wilhelm von Daun with estates and landholdings in Basberg. Among its other holdings, Prüm Abbey also held an estate in this village in the Eifel. When Basberg came under Prussian administration in the 19th century, it belonged to the Bürgermeisterei (“Mayoralty”) of Lissendorf.
Contrary to other riverside areas of the Middle Ages, the Hümmling was very scarcely populated and forested. Most of the population held cattle and farmed the fields. The people of the region never truly accepted the authority of the nobility, because settlements were difficult to travel between and often subject to pillages. Several revolts erupted due to the protest of imposed taxes and the lack of protection against pillaging neighbouring regions of the Dutch, Frisians and Stedinger.
Guadagnin, p. 20. The earliest preserved occurrence of the designation de France is in an 1126 document referring to the Abbey of St. Denis as Monasterii beati dyonisii de Francia. This abbey may be the reason for the extension of the designation to the whole region, since its possessions constituted a large part of the area. By the end of the Middle Ages, approximately all of today's region was referred to as en France or de France.
17th-century engraving of Bicorn and Chichevache Bicorn and Chichevache are fabulous beasts that appear in European satirical works of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Bicorn is a creature—often described as a part-panther, part-cow creature with a human-like face—that devours kind-hearted and devoted husbands and (because of their abundance) is plump and well fed. Chichevache, on the other hand, devours obedient wives and (because of their scarcity) is thin and starving.
Segovia's position on trading routes made it an important centre of trade in wool and textiles. The end of the Middle Ages saw something of a golden age for Segovia, with a growing Jewish population and the creation of a foundation for a powerful cloth industry. Several splendid works of Gothic architecture were also completed during this period. Notably, Isabella I was proclaimed queen of Castile in the church of San Miguel de Segovia on December 13, 1474.
Amirspasalar or amirspasalari (, from , amīr sipahsālār) was the commander-in- chief of the medieval Georgian army and one of the highest officials of the Kingdom of Georgia, commonly rendered as "Lord High Constable" (and sometimes also as generalissimo) in English. It is composed of amir, an Arabic term meaning "commander", "governor", or "prince"; and sipahsalar, from the Persian for "army commander".Robert Bedrosian, "Amirspasalar", in: Joseph Reese Strayer (1983), Dictionary of the Middle Ages, p. 235. Scribner, .
At the beginning of the Middle Ages, after the Lombard invasion, Gaeta remained under suzerainty of the Byzantine Empire. In the following years, like Amalfi, Sorrento and Naples, it would seem to have established itself as a practically independent port and to have carried on a thriving trade with the Levant. As Byzantine influence declined in Southern Italy the town began to grow. For fear of the Saracens, in 840 the inhabitants of the neighbouring Formiæ fled to Gaeta.
34: stating an example of the original decree survives in Paris, Archives Nationales, J 413, n. 23; and also citing G. Lizèrand, Le dossier de l'affaire des Templiers (Paris, 1989) On August 12, 1308, the charges would be increased stating that the Templars worshipped idols, specifically made of a cat and a head, the latter having three faces.Henry Charles Lea, The History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages , Vol. 3 (NY: Harper & Bros, 1901), pp.
New York: Penguin. . A theory was put forward by the Russian scholar Ph. Bruun in 1876, who suggested that Prester John might be found among the kings of Georgia, which, at the time of Crusades, experienced military resurgence challenging the Muslim power. However, this theory, though regarded with certain indulgence by Henry Yule and some modern Georgian historians, was summarily dismissed by Friedrich Zarncke.Arthur Percival Newton, E. D. Hunt (1996), Travel and travellers of the Middle Ages, p. 190.
St. Giles, known in Germany as Aegidius, was venerated beginning at the end of the Middle Ages as one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers and as a patron saint of livestock.Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, ed., Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens, Volume 1 Aal - Butzemann, Handwörterbücher zur deutschen Volkskunde 1.1 , Berlin: de Gruyter, 1927, A 1506 charter, von wegen der bergischen Pastoreyen, mentions a priest called "Hermannus" whose church was located where the Chapel of St. Servatius now stands, near Himberg.
His most famous teachings were his commentaries on the Sentences at the University of Paris. It is likely that Marchia's lectures were transcribed by his students, which he edited resulting in several versions of his commentary in manuscript form.Robiglio, Andrea A. "How is Strength of the Will Possible? Concerning Francis of Marchia and the Act of the Will." Vivarium: An International Journal for the Philosophy and Intellectual Life of the Middle Ages and Renaissance 44.1 (2006): 151-83. Print.
The spoken form represented by cader had developed by the end of the Middle Ages and as a result the form Cader Idris was often used in English and Latin documents at that time and in more recent documents in English and Welsh.Gw. Archif Melville Richards s.n. 'Cadair Idris'. In his Dictionarum Duplex published in 1632, John Davies of Mallwyd differentiated between the two words cadair ('chair') and cader ('fort, fortress'), referring to 'Cader Idris' and 'Cader Ddinmael'.
Berthold of Zwiefalten (c. 1089 – 21 May 1169) was a German Benedictine monk who thrice served as abbot of Zwiefalten Abbey and wrote its early history. Berthold was born around 1089 in Württemberg,"Berthold of Zwiefalten", in Robert E. Bjork (ed.), The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (Oxford University Press, 2010). the son of a nobleman of the same name.. He entered Zwiefalten before 1098, but he was living at Kladrau in Bohemia in 1117.
The "pure", unadorned style of Cistercian architecture at the 12th century Royal Monastery of Santa María de Veruela Cistercian architecture has made an important contribution to European civilisation. Architecturally speaking, the Cistercian monasteries and churches, owing to their pure style, may be counted among the most beautiful relics of the Middle Ages. Cistercian foundations were primarily constructed in Romanesque and Gothic architecture during the Middle Ages; although later abbeys were also constructed in Renaissance and Baroque.
Art became exclusive, created by gifted individuals for the limited few. As part of this new market of fine art for European monied elites, another distinction was introduced between objects which were functional and objects whose only purpose was to create pleasure, i.e. to be aesthetic. The ideas of the Middle Ages were abandoned, in which no distinction was made between the practical and the beautiful in the evaluation of crafted products by either the artisan or the consumer.
The Church eventually lost by far the greater part of its criminal jurisdiction for the same reasons which, since the end of the Middle Ages, led to the loss of most of its contentious jurisdiction, and in the same manner. Moreover, from the fifteenth century on, the recursus ab abusu which first arose in France (appel comme d'abus), that is the appeal from an abuse of power by an ecclesiastical authority, did much to weaken and discredit ecclesiastical jurisdiction.
At the end of the Middle Ages, it was one of four boroughs in Lancashire established by Royal charter. During the Industrial Revolution, Wigan experienced dramatic economic expansion and a rapid rise in population. Although porcelain manufacture and clock making had been major industries, Wigan became known as a major mill town and coal mining district. A coal mine was recorded in 1450 and at its peak, there were 1,000 pit shafts within of the town centre.
77-102 and 249-50 (abstract). This singular acknowledgement of Trota's fame aside, overall, recognition of the historic Trota had all but disappeared by the end of the Middle Ages. This led to controversy about the authorship of Trotula, which directed medical scholarship on the texts for the next 400 years, starting in the sixteenth century.Monica H. Green (2008) Making Women’s Medicine Masculine: The Rise of Male Authority in Pre-Modern Gynaecology (Oxford: Oxford University Press) , chap. 6.
It was finished and consecrated by Pope Innocent II around 1132 AD. The church was regarded as one of the wonders of the Middle Ages. At in length, it was the largest church in Christendom until the completion of St Peter's Basilica at Rome. The church consisted of five naves, a narthex (ante-church) which was added in 1220 AD, and several towers. Together with the conventual buildings, it covered an area of twenty-five acres.
Franz Johann Joseph Bock (1823–1899) was a German theologian, archaeologist, and art historian.Conant, p. 770 a German theologian and archaeologist, bom at Burtscheid in 1823. He was educated at Bonn, became chaplain at Crefeld in 1850, then founded in 1852 the first large exhibition of ancient masterpieces of Christian art, and established a manufactory of silks after the models of the middle ages, for use in churches, and model schools for instruction in the manufacture of church vessels.
In regards to the knowledge of zoology as it appears in the bestiary tradition, Lewis argues that "as there was a practical geography which had nothing to do with the mappemounde, so there was a practical zoology that had nothing to do with the Bestiaries." Lewis sees the bestiaries as an example of encyclopaedic pulling from auctores that he sees as characteristic of the Middle Ages. The focus was on the collection and on the moralitas the animals provided.
San Pedro del Pinatar was scene of an increase in population in the late years of the Middle Ages owing to the arrival of families. The localities of the municipality were set up in the beginning of the early modern period. The salty mines were utilised by the lessees who reached rights on the mines at a similar level to the Crown. This institution awarded shares to these lessees in order to regain the power on the salty lands.
Since 2007 Handschriftencensus has been supplemented with similarly formatted descriptions of German language manuscripts dating to before 1200 by the Paderborner Repetorium of the German language traditions of the 8th to 12th centuries. Handschriftencensus have been partnered with the Academy of Science and Literature in Mainz, Germany (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur) since 2017. The Handschriftencensus project is currently based at the Institute of German Philology of the Middle Ages of the Philipps University of Marburg.
The encounter with Pugin and his creations further stimulated Bethune's interest in architecture and applied arts. In imitation of Pugin and his followers, Bethune developed the idea that an artistic revival of the arts of the Christian world of the Middle Ages could inspire a new profoundly Christian/Catholic society. At home Bethune was encouraged by Canon C. Carton to become involved in the creation of genuinely "Christian Art". Gradually he began to make designs himself.
Interior – exhibition hall President Ilham Aliyev reviews a display about the reconstruction projectİlham Əliyev Şamaxı Astrofizika Rəsədxanasında aparılan yenidənqurma işləri ilə tanış olmuşdur. president.az, 13 sentyabr 2011 The Azerbaijani scientist Yusif Mammadaliyev played a significant role in the creation of the observatory. In 1991, the name of Nasraddin Tusi, a mathematician, physicist and astronomer of the Middle Ages, was adopted for the observatory. A settlement for employees was created below the observatory and was named after Mammadaliyev (Pirgulu).
European culture is the root of Western civilization, which traces its lineage back to ancient Greece and ancient Rome. The fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD and the subsequent Migration Period marked the end of Europe's ancient history and the beginning of the Middle Ages. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art and science led to the modern era. Since the Age of Discovery, started by Portugal and Spain, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs.
The anonymous Historia Compostelana is based on the relation of events by a writer in the immediate circle of Diego Gelmírez,A.G. Biggs, Diego Gelmírez: first archbishop of Compostela Catholic Universities of America Press), 1949. second bishop (1100–1120) then first archbishop (1120-1140) of Compostela, one of the major figures of the Middle Ages in Galicia.B.F. Reilly, "The Historia Compostelana: The Genesis and Composition of a Twelfth-Century Spanish Gesta" Speculum: A Journal of Mediaeval Studies, 1969.
Using the ancient game of chess, noblemen of the Middle Ages learned strategies of war. During the Civil War, volunteers from Rhode Island played American Kriegsspiel, which had originally been created in 1812 for training Prussian officers-of-war. Then, in the early 19th century, came the creation of Kindergarten by Friedrich Fröbel, which was based on learning through play. Children delighted in his Fröbel Gifts, simple educational toys such as blocks, sewing kits, clay, and weaving materials.
Paul de Jaegher Christian Mystics of the Middle Ages: An Anthology of Writings, translated by Donald Attwater 2004, p. 86 Thomism, though not non-dual in the ordinary sense, considers the unity of God so absolute that even the duality of subject and predicate, to describe him, can be true only by analogy. In Thomist thought, even the Tetragrammaton is only an approximate name, since "I am" involves a predicate whose own essence is its subject.Koren, Henry J (1955).
Janneke Ellen Raaijmakers (born 28 June 1973, in Hilversum)J.E. Raaijmakers, 1973 at the University of Amsterdam Album Academicum. is a Dutch historian of the Middle Ages who specializes in the formation of monastic communities and the role of religious objects in the cult of the saints, with a particular focus on Fulda and the Fulda monastery, founded by Saint Boniface. Raaijmakers received her Ph.D. from the University of Amsterdam in 2003; her dissertation, Sacred Time, Sacred Space.
The Battle of Crécy (1346) between the English and the French in the Hundred Years' War. Medieval warfare is the European warfare of the Middle Ages. Technological, cultural, and social developments had forced a severe transformation in the character of warfare from antiquity, changing military tactics and the role of cavalry and artillery (see military history). In terms of fortification, the Middle Ages saw the emergence of the castle in Europe, which then spread to Western Asia.
254x254px Medieval encyclopedias were all hand-copied and thus available mostly to wealthy patrons or monastic men of learning; they were expensive, and usually written for those extending knowledge rather than those using it.See "Encyclopedia" in Dictionary of the Middle Ages. During the Renaissance, the creation of printing allowed a wider diffusion of encyclopedias and every scholar could have his or her own copy. The ' by Giorgio Valla was posthumously printed in 1501 by Aldo Manuzio in Venice.
In the course of inland colonisation in the Late High Middle Ages even the highlands were cultivated by settlers from the abbeys (St. Peter's, St. Märgen's). In the Late High Middle Ages (from about 1100) mining experienced another boom, especially around Todtnau, in the Münster and Suggen valleys and, later, on the Schauinsland too. It is believed that around 800–1,000 miners lived and worked in the Münster valley until the end of the Middle Ages.
The Annales Cavenses are a chronicle compiled at the La Trinità della Cava abbey in Cava de' Tirreni, province of Salerno, southern Italy. It consists of annalistic entries spanning the years 568 to 1318, i.e. essentially the entire duration of the Middle Ages in Italy (but only for the last two centuries or so compiled contemporaneously with the events recorded). Some of the entries are of scientific interest as historical records of events such as earthquakes or astronomical phenomena.
Examples of chases in England include the Wyre Forest that straddles the border of Worcestershire and Shropshire, Malvern Chase in Worcestershire, and Pensnett Chase near Dudley. Cannock Chase in Staffordshire has reverted to a chase (which like most chases has been partly reduced in size by settlements). It was in the Middle Ages a Royal Forest, although it merged with a chase around Beaudesert originally belonging (in most of the Middle Ages) to the Bishop of Lichfield.
The first university in Europe, the University of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 11th century who were students of the glossator school in that city. This served as the model for other law schools of the Middle Ages, and other early universities such as the University of Padua.García y García, A. (1992). "The Faculties of Law," A History of the University in Europe, London: Cambridge University Press.
Mississippian-era priest, with a ceremonial flint mace and a severed head, based on a repousse copper plate. Headhunting is the practice of taking and preserving a person's head after killing the person. Headhunting was practised in historic times in parts of Oceania, South Asia and Southeast Asia, West and Central Africa, Mesoamerica, Europe, and East Asia. It occurred in Europe to the end of the Middle Ages in Ireland and the Anglo-Scottish border regions.
Retrieved via ProQuest Research Library database, 9 May 2018. "Whether Jews ever visited Denmark in the course of the Middle Ages is not known. There are images of Jews in medieval Danish art - recognizable because of the pointed Jew's hat - but this is not proof of the presence of Jews, for it might be an artistic convention, part of medieval iconography." With the conclusion of the Danish Reformation in 1536, Jews along with Catholics were prohibited entry into Denmark.
Comparing its effect on the city of Rome, one historian has called Monte Porzio the "Cannae of the Middle Ages".Gregorovius, p.582. The site of the battle was the field between a small hill and the walls of the city of Tusculum, at a place called "Prataporci", about 25 km southeast of Rome. In his universal chronicle, the Chronica Universalis, the contemporary writer Sicard of Cremona describes the site of battle as "near Monte Porzio" (apud Montem Portium).
Wolfsindis of Reisbach is a regional saint of the Middle Ages in Lower Bavaria,Dieter Vogel (ed.): Das Vilstal - Heimatbuch. Kiebitz Buch 1994, Vilsbiburg, pp. 200-201. who is revered as holy virgin and martyr.P. W. Auer: Wolfsindis, S.. In: Johann E. Stadler, Franz Joseph Heim, Johann N. Ginal (ed.): Vollständiges Heiligen-Lexikon, Volume 5 (Q–Z), B. Schmid’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (A. Manz), Augsburg 1882, pp. 997-999. - (Appendix to volumes 1 to 5, volume 5, addendum to p.
Guido d'Arezzo' wrote in 1028 a letter to Michael of Pomposa, entitled Epistola de ignoto cantu,For a modern edition of the letter, see . in which he introduced the practice of using syllables to describe notes and intervals. This was the source of the hexachordal solmization that was to be used until the end of the Middle Ages. Guido also wrote about emotional qualities of the modes, the phrase structure of plainchant, the temporal meaning of the neumes, etc.
Over the course of the novel, characters physically journey inside a mitochondrion and encounter the farandolae as sentient creatures that do circular "dances" around their "trees of origin" that drain the elder fara of energy. Within the Society for Creative Anachronism and other associations who attempt to recreate dances of the Middle Ages and Renaissance, the farandole is sometimes danced due to its assumed medieval origin (but see the historical concerns above). Examples can be found on YouTube.
He was employed at the same faculty at the Middle Ages Department under academician Ante Babić. In 1964 he defended his doctoral thesis at the Faculty of Philosophy in Sarajevo, entitled "Establishment and Organization of Venetian Power in Dalmatia in the 15th Century". He has completed all his university vocations in General History of the Middle Ages. He was member of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Croatian Society for Sciences and Arts.
In parts of what is today Poland and the Baltic States, the crusading Teutonic Knights erected castles, so-called Ordensburgen in recently conquered areas. The crusading order's former headquarters at Malbork () castle in Poland is, together with the Papal palace in Avignon, one of the greatest secular buildings of the Middle Ages. Other examples include Kwidzyn (Poland) and Turaida (Latvia). Many towns and cities in Europe during this time were protected by more or less extensive town walls.
Lucas van Leyden's depiction of the three Old Testament kings as exotic contemporaries, in an engraving of c. 1520 depicting the Worthies in three sections The Three Good Pagans: Hector, Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, from the woodcut series by Hans Burgkmair, 1519. Nine Worthies (Alcalá de Henares, 1585). They were first described in the early fourteenth century, by Jacques de Longuyon in his Voeux du Paon (1312).Johan Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages, (1919) 1924:61.
Austrebertha (Austreberta, Eustreberta, Austreberta of Pavilly) () (630-February 10, 704) was a French nun of the Middle Ages, who took the veil very young and was a nun at the Port Monastery in the Ponthieu. Then she became abbess to the foundation of Pavilly, where she died at the beginning of the eighth century, at the age of 74 years. She is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church. Her feast day is February 10.
In the museum you can see Neolithic art (4th-3rd millennia BC), the art of the Bronze Age (late 3rd — early 1st millennia BC), the art of the Iron Age (7th century BC — early 1st millennium AD), the art of the Middle Ages (the second half of the 1st millennium AD) and the rock art of 18th and 19th centuries. Now the museum-preserve "Tomskaya Pisanitsa" is the largest depository of Asian Rock Art collections in Russia.
Starting with the founding of the city in Constantinople in 330, the emperor Constantine began an era known as the Byzantine period. Between 843 and the fall of the Byzantine empire in 1204, the politics and art of this empire flourished. During this part of the Middle Ages in the West, the Byzantine art was a link to traditional literature, philosophy and Greco-Roman art. One example is the noteworthy ivory sculpture from Constantinople called Ariane.
The Patriarch of Antioch, Anastasius II was martyred in 609. With the ongoing Byzantine–Sasanian War and general unrest in the area, Constantinople began to appoint a series of titular patriarchs.El-Hāyek, Elias. "Struggle for Survival: The Maronites of the Middle Ages", Conversion and Continuity, (Michael Gervers and Ramzi Jibran Bikhazi, eds.), Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1990 Maronite sources give the date of John Maron's election to Patriarch of Antioch and All the East as 685.
By the fourteenth century the Golden legend had become one of the most popular religious works of the Middle Ages and helped spread the legend of the dragon.Jacobus De Voragine, The Golden Legend Princeton University Press, 1995, page 238 In De Voragine's version of the legend, the dragon was in the city of Silena in the province of Libya in the Middle East. However, as the tales were carried across Europe, the location of the dragon varied.
3 Following the breach of contract, the Folies manager Édouard Marchand initiated legal action against the comedian, who settled out of court for an undisclosed sum. The theatrical manager C.B. Cochran who had seen the comedian perform during this period, described him as "a reincarnation of the dwarf court-jesters of the Middle Ages—the little English Don Antonio of Velasquez".Quoted in Findlater & Tich, p. 62 By now, Little Tich had become frustrated with his English audiences.
Duccio di Buoninsegna ( , ; – ) was an Italian painter active in Siena, Tuscany, in the late 13th and early 14th century. He was hired throughout his life to complete many important works in government and religious buildings around Italy. Duccio is considered one of the greatest Italian painters of the Middle Ages,Encyclopedia Britannica: Duccio and is credited with creating the painting styles of Trecento and the Sienese school. He also contributed significantly to the Sienese Gothic style.
In the early period Rome, Athens, and Alexandria were the main centers of learning, but were overtaken in the 5th century by the new capital, Constantinople. After the Academy in Athens closed in 529, and the conquest of Alexandria and Beirut by the Muslims in the mid seventh century, the focus of all higher learning moved to Constantinople.Browning, Robert: "Universities, Byzantine", in: Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Vol. 12, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1989, pp.
Like the other Imperial Estates, they could wage war, make peace, and control their own trade, and they permitted little interference from outside. In the later Middle Ages, a number of Free Cities formed City Leagues ('), such as the Hanseatic League or the Alsatian , to promote and defend their interests. mediatization of 1802–03. In the course of the Middle Ages, cities gained, and sometimes — if rarely — lost, their freedom through the vicissitudes of power politics.
The Château du Grand Jardin in Joinville, the seat of the Counts and Dukes of Guise. After a brief interlude of 1453–1473, when the duchy passed in right of Charles's daughter to her husband John of Calabria, a Capetian, Lorraine reverted to the House of Vaudemont, a junior branch of House of Lorraine, in the person of René II who later added to his titles that of Duke of Bar.Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages (ed. by André Vauchez).
Founded over 1.000 years ago, the city combines the magic of the Middle Ages and the Baroque era. Nowhere else in Germany can a better preserved and more congruent downtown be found. The Imperial Cathedral, the New Residence, the Town Hall, the Alte Hofhaltung Estate, and half-timbered architecture provide a journey through the centuries. In Bayreuth the world heritage “Margravial Opera House” is considered to be the most beautifully preserved baroque opera house in Europe.
Oliver writes down a warning about the time travelers, which he hopes will change history. However, he dies of a new plague, apparently brought to Earth by the meteor. The house and the unread message are destroyed in a futile effort at quarantine. What would become known as "The Blue Death" enters history as a disaster comparable with the Black Death of the Middle Ages, both being part of Cenbe's symphonia (as well as the Great Plague of London).
Serbian Orthodox Church has a long historical presence on the territory of modern Eparchy of Austria and Switzerland. By the end of the Middle Ages, migration of Eastern Orthodox Serbs towards Austrian lands was caused by expansion of the Ottoman Empire. Exiled members of Serbian royal and noble families were welcomed by Habsburg rulers, who granted them new possessions. In 1479, emperor Friedrich III granted castle Weitensfeld in Carinthia to exiled members of Branković dynasty of Serbia.
Karl Uhlirz (13 June 1854, in Vienna - 22 March 1914, in Graz) was an Austrian historian and archivist. He studied history at the University of Vienna, and from 1877 worked as an employee of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica (diplomatics edition) under Theodor von Sickel. From 1882 he served as a caretaker at the Vienna city archives, where in 1889 he became its director. In 1888 he obtained his habilitation for history of the Middle Ages and historical auxiliary sciences.
Crowther studied under Richard Tattersall from 1838 to 1843. He then worked as a managing clerk for Henry Bowman until 1846, when Bowman took him into partnership, the firm being known as Bowman and Crowther. In 1845 Bowman and Crowther published a book titled Churches of the Middle Ages (with a second edition in 1853). A reviewer for The Ecclesiologist praised it for its "accurate illustrations of some of the finest examples of our old churches".
It is located opposite the church. Dante Park was named for Dante Street, which itself was named for Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) a major Italian poet of the Late Middle Ages, who authored Divine Comedy, which is widely considered the most important poem of the Middle Ages and the greatest literary work in the Italian language.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca A Monument to Dante Alighieri by Carlo Barboni was transferred to Dante Park in 1964 from its original location in La Fontaine Park.
Prominent rabbis of the Middle Ages insisted that milk should not be placed on a table where people are eating meat, to avoid accidentally consuming milk while eating meat, and vice versa.Jacob ben Asher, Yoreh De'ah 88:1Shabbatai ben Meir, Lips of the priest Tzvi Hirsch Spira, an early 20th-century rabbi, argued that when this rule was created, the tables commonly in use were only large enough for one individual;Tzvi Hirsch Spira, Darhei Teshuva 7, quoting Chaim Benveniste's Kenesset HaGedolah Spira concludes that the rule would not apply if the table being used was large, and the milk was out of reach of the person eating meat (and vice versa).Tzvi Hirsch Spira, Darhei Teshuva 7 The rabbis of the Middle Ages discussed the issue of people eating milk and meat at the same table. Jacob ben Asher suggested that each individual should eat from different tablecloths,Jacob ben Asher, Yoreh De'ah 88:2 while Moses Isserles argued that a large and obviously unusual item should be placed between the individuals, as a reminder to avoid sharing the foods.
Manuscript of the Mass Missa O Crux Lignum by Antoine Busnois (ca. 1450). Demarcating the end of the medieval era and the beginning of the Renaissance era, with regard to the composition of music, is difficult. While the music of the fourteenth century is fairly obviously medieval in conception, the music of the early fifteenth century is often conceived as belonging to a transitional period, not only retaining some of the ideals of the end of the Middle Ages (such as a type of polyphonic writing in which the parts differ widely from each other in character, as each has its specific textural function), but also showing some of the characteristic traits of the Renaissance (such as the increasingly international style developing through the diffusion of Franco-Flemish musicians throughout Europe, and in terms of texture an increasing equality of parts). Music historians do not agree on when the Renaissance era began, but most historians agree that England was still a medieval society in the early fifteenth century (see periodization issues of the Middle Ages).
Huizinga's work later came under criticism, especially for relying too heavily on evidence from the rather exceptional case of the Burgundian court. A new English translation of the book was published in 1996 because of perceived deficiencies in the original translation. The new translation by Rodney Payton and the late Ulrich Mammitzsch was based on the second edition of the Dutch publication in 1921 and compared with the German translation published in 1924. Johan Huizinga: Autumntide of the Middle Ages.
Munz returned to New Zealand to lecture at Victoria University of Wellington, where he taught the history of the middle ages, 17th century France, and the French Revolution. He published work on medieval history, and translated the work of other writers from German and Italian into English. From the 1950s, Munz also researched and published on the place of religion in modern thought and the role of myth in society. From the mid 1970s, his work focused increasingly on philosophy.
Neugebauer began as a mathematician, then turned to Egyptian and Babylonian mathematics, and then took up the history of mathematical astronomy. In a career of sixty-five years, he largely created our current understanding of mathematical astronomy from Babylon and Egypt, through Greco-Roman antiquity, to India, Islam, and Europe of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Neugebauer was born in Innsbruck, Austria. His father Rudolph Neugebauer was a railroad construction engineer and a collector and scholar of Oriental carpets.
German: Römisch-Deutsches Kaiserreich) at its largest extent (with "Kingdom of Sicily" in dynastic union) under Frederick II. He ruled mostly from Sicily. Historians rate Frederick II as a highly significant European monarch of the Middle Ages. This reputation was present even in Frederick's era. Lansing and English, two British historians, argue that medieval Palermo has been overlooked in favor of Paris and London: Modern medievalists no longer accept the notion, sponsored by the popes, of Frederick as an anti-Christian.
New mining methods were developed and horse-powered pumps were installed in English mines by the end of the Middle Ages. The introduction of hopped beer transformed the brewing industry in the fourteenth century, and new techniques were invented to better preserve fish. Glazed pottery became widespread in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, with stoneware pots largely replacing wooden plates and bowls by the fifteenth century. William Caxton and Wynkyn de Worde began using the printing press during the late fifteenth century.
330 The recognition of the Auxois dates back to the early 20th century, making it relatively new compared to other French draft breeds.Sourdillat, p. 332 The Auxois is a direct descendant of the Bourguignon of the Middle Ages, a small, robust, tough horse used for riding and driving. A now-discredited theory once held that the Auxois was a descendant of the even older Solutre horse, the bones of which were found in the area where the breed was developed.
55, noting the "extremely hostile" account in Jules Amédée Barbey d'Aurevilly, Le XIXe siècle, les oeuvres et les hommes, first series (1861), pp. 97-110 However flawed, his popularized accounts gave a great impetus to Celtic linguistic and anthropological studies. His knowledge of the Middle Ages is inadequate, and his criticisms are not discriminating. As a free- thinking liberal republican outside the Roman Catholic Church, his prejudices often biased his judgment on the political and religious history of the ancien régime.
He studied history at the University of Vienna, specializing in the social history of the middle ages. He was an expert on medieval settlement patterns in the Slovene Lands. He also wrote about the social history of medieval towns and issues related to early Slovenian history, including the Slavic principality of Carantania and the Freising manuscripts. In 1928, he started teaching at the University of Ljubljana, where he replaced Ljudmil Hauptmann as the head of the chair for Slovene history.

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