"Snunkoople" was one such non-word that almost always made people laugh.
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The lower the entropy, the funnier the non-word is likely to be.
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The non-word quickly became a meme — even Hillary Clinton jumped on the bandwagon.
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And as a non-word puzzle, it appeals to a different sort of reader.
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"I have a lot of non-word sounds, like Homer Simpson's 'd'oh,'" he says.
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Put another way, "there is correlation between quantifiable non-word weirdness and funniness ratings," he says.
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Again and again, Ellis earnestly relies on the wildly unspecific non-word "problematic" as his catchall criticism.
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His eyes would cross and he'd hold his hand out, yelling the non-word "huss" over and over.
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Well, Sanders says, there's a "yuge difference," borrowing a non-word often used by Republican candidate Donald Trump.
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Essentially, the research accurately demonstrated that the more improbable a non-word sounds, the funnier it is likely to be.
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She finally ventured a guess, which was just barely wrong, at least according to the President's spelling of the non-word.
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Trump is awful with words, but he reached a new level of nonsense when he tweeted "covfefe," a non-word with no explanation.
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"What we computed in our research was the contribution of each non-word to the total entropy of the English language," he adds.
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When I first read about a certain non-word that the president tweeted out in the dead of night, I spouted some choice words myself — mostly of the four-letter variety.
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The Cat in the Hat In a study extended to the general public, participants were asked to compare two non-words and decide which one they thought funnier, after which they were shown a single non-word and asked to score it from 1 to 100 in terms of funniness.
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New results on word-representable graphs, Discr. Appl. Math. 216 (2017), 136–141. and non- word-representable triangle-free graphs exist . Regular non-word representable graphs also exist .
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On January 16, 2018, German linguists declared the phrase "alternative facts" the non-word of the year 2017. It was also chosen by Austrian linguists as the non-word of the year in December 2017.
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Wheel graphs W2n+1, for n ≥ 2, are not word- representable and W5 is the minimum (by the number of vertices) non-word- representable graph. Taking any non-comparability graph and adding an apex (a vertex connected to any other vertex), we obtain a non-word-representable graph, which then can produce infinitely many non-word-representable graphs . Any graph produced in this way will necessarily have a triangle (a cycle of length 3), and a vertex of degree at least 5. Non-word-representable graphs of maximum degree 4 exist A. Collins, S. Kitaev, and V. Lozin.
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Transposed Letter Effect, in psychology, tests any effect on how a word is processed when two letters within the word are switched. The phenomenon takes place when two letters in a word (typically called a base word) switch positions to create a new string of letters that form a new, non-word (typically called a transposed letter non-word or TL non-word). It is a form of priming (psychology) because the transposed letter non-word is able to activate the lexical representation of its base word. A non-word that is created by transposing letters in a base word is significantly more effective at being a prime for that base word than would be a prime created by exchanging letters from the base word with random letters that were not originally in the base word.
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For example, the TL non-word would be a more effective prime than would be the non-word for the base word student. Priming is an effect of implicit memory where exposure to a certain stimulus, event, or experience affects responding to a different stimulus. Typically, the event causes the stimulus to become more salient. The transposed letter effect can be used as a form of priming.
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In some varieties of Scots (and Scottish English), particularly on the West coast, a non word-final th shifted to , a process called th-debuccalization. For example, is realised as .
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Switching the position of adjacent letters in the base word is a close transposition. This type of transposition creates the greatest priming effect. For example, an effective prime for the word "computer" would be the TL non-word "".
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Patients with global aphasia may be able to verbalize a few short utterances and use non-word neologisms,Manasco, H. M. (2014). Introduction to Neurogenic Communication Disorders. Burlington, MA: Jones & Barlett Learning. but their overall production ability is limited.
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In some regions of Kagoshima such as Uchinoura, a third archiphoneme is described. is generally pronounced and historically stems from a reduction of either the syllable , , or in non-word initial position. For example, in Uchinoura, became "daughter", became "grilling on a skewer", and became "conflagration".
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Graigner J. (2008). Cracking the orthographic code: An introduction. Language and Cognitive Processing, 23(1), 1-35. Baboons were asked to classify strings of letters as either words or non-words by selecting certain shapes (for example, a circle for a word and a square for a non-word).
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Phonotactic frequency effect refers to the pattern in memory redintegration, in which trace reconstruction is more accurate for items that contain phoneme combination that is frequently represented in the language. Though this effect is similar to the Word Frequency Effect, it can also explain patterns in redintegration of non-word items.
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Non-isomorphic non-word-representable connected graphs on at most eight vertices were first enumerated by Heman Z.Q. Chen. His calculations were extended in Ö. Akgün, I.P. Gent, S. Kitaev, H. Zantema. Solving computational problems in the theory of word-representable graphs. Journal of Integer Sequences 22 (2019), Article 19.2.5.
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Their research question was: will the generation effect occur for words only or also non-words? To test this they studied 168 Purdue undergraduate students. The researchers divided the participants up into two groups. The first group had word or non word pairs that rhymed and were told to read both out loud.
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Some techniques that combine lexical databases and word embeddings are presented in AutoExtend and Most Suitable Sense Annotation (MSSA). In AutoExtend, they present a method that decouples an object input representation into its properties, such as words and their word senses. AutoExtend uses a graph structure to map words (e.g. text) and non-word (e.g.
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The CMPT, therefore, was created to probe lexical access in real time. During this task, study participants heard recorded sentences containing lexical or syntactic ambiguities while seated in front of a computer screen. At the same moment when the ambiguous word or phrase was uttered, simultaneously a string of letters---either a word or a non-word---was flashed on the computer screen.
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Another form of visual stimuli are words and non- words. In a set of experiments, words and non-word were used as subliminal primes. Primes that work best as subliminal stimuli are words that have been classified several times before they are used as primes. Word primes can also be made from parts of practiced words to create new words.
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Although the official term for long- term unemployment benefits is still Arbeitslosengeld II, most Germans, even news programmes and politicians in parliament, refer to it as Hartz IV. The term was voted German Word of the Year 2004 by the Society for the German Language. "Ein Jahr, ein (Un-)Wort!", (One year, one (non-)word), Spiegel Online (31.10.2011). Retrieved 02.08.2016.
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The second group had a word or non word and the first letter of the next followed by blanks, and were told to read the first word out loud and generate a word that rhymed with the first word and started with the letter presented. The results were as expected. Participants were only generating words rather than non words according to the lexical activation hypothesis.
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The most successful algorithm to date is Andrew Golding and Dan Roth's "Winnow-based spelling correction algorithm", published in 1999, which is able to recognize about 96% of context-sensitive spelling errors, in addition to ordinary non-word spelling errors. A context-sensitive spell checker appears in Microsoft Office 2007, and also appeared in the now-defunct Google Wave. Grammar checkers attempt to fix problems with grammar beyond spelling errors, including incorrect choice of words.
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This is done by identifying the word's constituent parts (letters, phonemes, graphemes) and applying knowledge of how these parts are associated with each other, for example, how a string of neighboring letters sound together. The dual-route system could explain the different rates of dyslexia occurrence between different languages (e.g., the consistency of phonological rules in the Spanish language could account for the fact that Spanish-speaking children show a higher level of performance in non-word reading, when compared to English-speakers).
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It was shown in that a graph G is word-representable iff it is k-representable for some k, that is, G can be represented by a word having k copies of each letter. Moreover, if a graph is k-representable then it is also (k + 1)-representable. Thus, the notion of the representation number of a graph, as the minimum k such that a graph is word- representable, is well-defined. Non-word-representable graphs have the representation number ∞.
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In the mathematical field of graph theory, a word-representable graph is a graph that can be characterized by a word (or sequence) whose entries alternate in a prescribed way. In particular, if the vertex set of the graph is V, one should be able to choose a word w over the alphabet V such that letters a and b alternate in w if and only if the pair ab is an edge in the graph. (Letters a and b alternate in w if, after removing from w all letters but the copies of a and b, one obtains a word abab... or a word baba....) For example, the cycle graph labeled by a, b, c and d in clock-wise direction is word-representable because it can be represented by abdacdbc: the pairs ab, bc, cd and ad alternate, but the pairs ac and bd do not. The word w is G's word-representant, and one says that that w represents G. The smallest (by the number of vertices) non-word-representable graph is the wheel graph W5, which is the only non-word-representable graph on 6 vertices.
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In general, a password is an arbitrary string of characters including letters, digits, or other symbols. If the permissible characters are constrained to be numeric, the corresponding secret is sometimes called a personal identification number (PIN). Despite its name, a password does not need to be an actual word; indeed, a non-word (in the dictionary sense) may be harder to guess, which is a desirable property of passwords. A memorized secret consisting of a sequence of words or other text separated by spaces is sometimes called a passphrase.
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The semantics deficit is also illustrated in the study of Korean hyperlexics through a priming experiment. Non-hyperlexic children read words primed with a related image faster than non-primed words while hyperlexics read them at the same pace. Lee Sunghee and Hwang Mina, the authors of the Korean study, also found that hyperlexics have fewer errors in non-word reading than non-hyperlexics. They suggest that this may be because of an imbalance in the phonological, orthographical, and semantic understandings of the subjects’ native language and writing system, in this case, Hangul.
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Several studies have found that different levels of brain damage can lead to the occurrence of varying forms of non-word reading disorders. It has been found that during certain tasks, dyslexics had activated one of two regions of the brain: the Broca's area, which is responsible for speech, or the Wernicke's area, which is responsible for forming and understanding. Both areas were seldom active together. This study has led to the conclusion that there exist neural connection breakdowns between the language centers that may be causing dyslexia.
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At any rate, while some US editors might consider "-ally" vs. "-ly" to be pleonastic in some cases, the majority of other English speakers would not, and many "-ally" words are not pleonastic to anyone, even in American English. The most common definitely pleonastic morphological usage in English is "irregardless", which is very widely criticized as being a non-word. The standard usage is "regardless", which is already negative; adding the additional negative ir- is interpreted by some as logically reversing the meaning to "with regard to/for", which is certainly not what the speaker intended to convey.
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Participants in this task are required to respond as quickly and accurately as possible to a string of letters presented on a screen to say if the string is a non-word or a real word. Reaction times from this task indicate that certain words are more "active" in participants' minds after related words have been presented. An example of this would be to present the word "bread" to the participant and then see an decreased reaction time later to the word "butter". Since the word "bread" had activated all related words, including "butter", this decreased reaction time demonstrates that related words are stored closely in the mental lexicon.
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UK Game Shows list of game show spoofs—Retrieved 21 June 2006. In a sketch "Countdown to Hell" from the comedy show A Bit of Fry and Laurie, Stephen Fry lampooned Richard Whiteley's punning style and Hugh Laurie played one of the contestants, while Gyles Brandreth (played by Steve Steen), presented with the letters "", got the (non-)word "sloblock" (supposedly meaning exactly the same as "bollocks"). Countdown to Hell transcript—Retrieved 23 June 2006. The show also has a fleeting reference in British sitcom The Office when Chris 'Finchy' Finch attempts to insult temporary worker Ricky when he explains he had a job to pay for his studies.
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It is also similar to the use of quotation marks in many other languages (including Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Catalan, Dutch and German). A few US professional societies whose professions frequently employ various non-word characters, such as chemistry and computer programming, use the British form in their style guides (see ACS Style Guide). According to the Jargon File from 1983, American hackers (members of a subculture of enthusiastic programmers) switched to what they later discovered to be the British quotation system because placing a period inside a quotation mark can change the meaning of data strings that are meant to be typed character-for-character.
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The term originates from an apocryphal story about a poorly educated Catholic priest saying Latin mass who, in reciting the postcommunion prayer (meaning: "What we have received in the mouth, Lord"), instead of (meaning: "we have received") substitutes the non-word mumpsimus, presumably as a mondegreen. After being made aware of his mistake, he nevertheless persisted with his erroneous version, whether from stubbornness, force of habit, or refusing to believe he was mistaken. The story was told by Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536) in a letter he wrote in August 1516 to Henry Bullock. Erasmus used it as an analogy with those who refused to accept that Novum Instrumentum omne, his edition of the Greek New Testament, corrected errors in the Latin Vulgate.
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TOWRE - 2 has widely been used by researchers and teachers to examine learning disabilities in children from age 6–24 years and especially the children from elementary school. It is also used in place of standard diagnostic test of phonetic non- word reading ability, which is mostly used to diagnose learning disabilities like dyslexia. When older children and accomplished young children are slow in orally reciting texts, the individual is considered to have learning disability and is referred to correct specialists. Physicians use TOWRE - 2 and similar other tests such as CTOPP (Comprehensive Test Of Phonological Processing) and Woodcock Reading Mastery Test, in the clinical setting because children do not need to bring their text book and can still have materials for the diagnosis.
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This paper also presents evidence that refutes the lexical hypothesis. Another major difference between this hypothesis and the prior ones mentioned is that it is not limited to words alone but to any "meaningful stimulus", in fact non- sensical objects may activate the posterior fusiform cortex in order to extract their meaning from higher-level processes. However, the finding that disruption of the VWFA due to surgical lesions or electrical brain stimulation has little impact on a person's ability to extract meaning from non-word stimuli provides strong evidence that the function of the VWFA is primarily restricted to processing words and not "any meaningful stimulus." However, there is some evidence that the VWFA is not specialized for reading specifically but instead has a set of specific properties and functions that make it useful for reading—and particularly important for fluid reading—but may also allow it to play roles in other forms of visual processing.
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