You need to have psychological and physiological and morphological characteristics.
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Inbreeding could cause all kinds of genetic and morphological problems.
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But such dating just emphasizes a small number of skeletal morphological differences.
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Dr. Money called these layers pubertal hormonal sex and pubertal morphological sex.
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This lines up with morphological observations and ecological expectations, Dr. Luo said.
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The team then looked for morphological, genetic and electrical differences between the specimens.
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Tarantulas are notorious for having morphological characteristics that stymie efforts to define species, Hamilton said.
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Humans as we know them are just one morphological waypoint on the long road of evolution.
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Pambdelurion possessed a mouth almost identical to Omnidens, yet it shared many morphological features with arthropods.
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Third, why do some populations exhibit large variation in morphological traits like body size and beak size?
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"The doctor encouraged me to do morphological ultrasound and told me that I am okay," she said.
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Well, then you'll love ambient occlusion, morphological anti-aliasing, adaptive vertical synchronization, and real-time ray tracing.
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But in the 1970s, a morphological analysis of the Bj 581 skeleton suggested it belonged to a female.
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Baird continued to explain that the "morphological appearance" of the animal promoted researchers to get a biopsy sample.
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To be sure, sliding blocks don't begin to capture the chemical, thermal and morphological complexity of true geological faults.
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It would also be good to see if another team agrees with the morphological analysis done on the skull and bones.
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"Eventually the carcasses become preserved in the fossil record, and the limited decay allows for the preservation of amazing morphological detail," he said.
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One of embryologists' more time-consuming jobs is grading embryos—looking at their morphological features under a microscope and assigning a quality score.
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"Empirical analysis of the morphological features of the female candidates the GOP recruits suggests that they share traditionally 'feminine' features," Clark-Polner says.
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"Myxozoans have gone through outstanding morphological and genomic simplifications during their adaptation to parasitism from a free-living cnidarian ancestor," the authors wrote.
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Based on a morphological analysis of the new fossils, it now appears that these so-called Hobbits were in fact descended from H. erectus.
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The morphological transformations through which she objectifies such emotional wounds and voids mark of the artist as one singularly adept at mirroring contemporary traumas.
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A study in 2012 found that changes in "morphological disparity"—the amount of physical difference between dinosaurs—may have indicated a pre-meteor decline.
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These methods enabled the team to examine molecular structures within the fossils, as opposed to interpreting them based only on their external morphological features.
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New imaging technologies allowed the team to "reconstruct the whole animal and observe the tiniest morphological traits which are rarely preserved in fossils," he added.
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Instead, Rise was a thoughtful drama that reconceived the franchise as a study of how different species, despite their morphological similarities, just can't get along.
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"The frustrating thing is that these morphological features are not typical of any group," said Victoria McCoy, a paleontologist and lead author on the paper.
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It was through careful morphological analysis that the team determined that the fossils belonged to a newly discovered species of tomatillo, within the nightshade family.
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Although two different subspecies can mate and produce viable offspring, subspecies often are separated by distinct habitats, different environmental adaptations and unique genetic and morphological features.
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To calibrate this clock, the researchers also looked at 20 fossils of known age, which they placed at plausible points on the tree, based on the specimens' morphological characteristics.
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The very first sentence of their paper, published today in Nature Communications, reads: Robots have the potential to display a higher degree of lifetime morphological adaptation than natural organisms.
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"We found what everyone hoped to find, that despite some significant morphological differences, these are indeed the same species," said Mikheyev, who led the research published in the journal Current Biology.
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Related: No Sense Of Scale Is Necessary In Morphological Film "New Nosthetics" The Psychedelic Language of Dreams in a Digital Exhibit The New Museum Enters a New Dimension | Insta of the Week
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To determine whether the bird is a new species, Garza and a research team performed morphological and structural examinations comparing the parrot with other Mexican Amazonas that have red feathers in the head.
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"Poor preservation of lacewing fossils had always stymied attempts to conduct a detailed morphological and ecological examination of the kalligrammatid," co-author David Dilcher, a paleobotanist based at Indiana University, said in a statement.
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Using both conventional and scanning electron microscopes, and with the help of UC Berkeley mineralogist Rudy Wenk, the researchers detected six distinct morphological types of particles, ranging from clear glass to rubber-like substances.
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"The chemical evidence alone would not be particularly strong, but put this together with the morphological evidence from the filaments and tubes and one comes up with a pretty logical biological scenario," Wacey told Gizmodo.
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If there is something of which he can be said to be truly proud, it is his scientific passion for fish—"Some Morphological Characters Considered to be Important in Gobiid Phylogeny" being a particular highlight.
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The morphological changes had clearly made the city lizards consistently faster sprinters—a crucial fitness edge in urban environments, where the reptiles are vulnerable to feral cats and heat while skittering across wide-open expanses.
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A recent hydro morphological study showed a third of Balkan rivers are in a pristine natural state compared to the rest of Europe where most have already been dammed, said Gabriel Schwaderer, head of EuroNatur.
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Large portions of the bulldog's genome have been altered to attain these morphological changes which has in turn resulted in a tremendous loss of diversity in the part of the genome responsible for normal immune function.
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She quickly noticed that every city lizard had significantly longer limbs and larger toe pads than their forest-dwelling counterparts—morphological differences that, unlike the majority of urban adaptations, can be seen with the naked eye.
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Further DNA analysis could help determine whether the children were local or if they came from across the Chimú state, but based on some morphological details the team thinks the victims came from around the empire.
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Nearly 70 percent of invasive plant species in Australia, many of them unfit for the region's arid climate like the trampweed (Facelis retusa), changed at least one morphological trait, or structural feature, over a period of 150 years.
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Synthetic Wave, Eva Papamargariti, courtesy of the artist Related: No Sense Of Scale Is Necessary In Morphological Film "New Nosthetics" Django Django's New Music Video Is Straight Out of Another Dimension "Planet Earth" Footage Gets A Tripped-Out Makeover
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"[U]nder normal circumstances it is extremely difficult to obtain preservation of soft tissues, as these decay rapidly and lose most of the morphological information," Javier Ortega-Hernández, one of the researchers involved in the fossil's discovery, told Motherboard.
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"The second calf was documented as male; it possessed a slender profile, rounded head, and blunt rostrum, pointed pectoral fins, dark pigmentation and whitish patterns between the throat and urogenital area - all morphological characteristics of a melon‐headed whale," the authorswrite.
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For any syntactic base form there is a 'morphological analysis': a pair consisting of a morphological unit and a morphological structure of the unit. A morphological unit that is the first component in an analysis of a syntactic base form is a 'morphological word.' A morphological structure of a morphological unit is a triple consisting of a morphological constituent structure, marking structure, and intonation structure. Two main types of morphological categories are assumed.
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It then reorders or modifies chunks in order to produce a grammatical translation in the target-language. This is also done using lttoolbox. #The morphological generator uses the tags to deliver the correct target language surface form. The morphological generator is a morphological transducer, just like the morphological analyser.
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To explore the origin of Io's mountains, classification of morphological types and description of morphological features are necessary. ;Morphological types Four morphological types of mountains have been identified. # Mesa: a mountain with flat top and relatively smooth surface. It may be difficult to distinguish mesas from eroded layered plains.
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Deep Morphological Representation (DMorphR) consists of strings of lexemes and morphemes—e.g., THE SHOE+{PL} ON BILL+{POSS} FOOT+{PL}. The deep morphological component of rules maps this string onto the Surface Morphological Representation (SMorphR), converting morphemes into the appropriate morphs and performing morphological operations implementing non-concatenative morphological processes—in the case of our example above, giving us /the shoe+s on Bill+s feet/. Rules of the surface morphological component, a subset of which include morphophonemic rules, map the SMorphR onto a phonetic representation [ðə ʃuz on bɪlz fi:t].
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Morphome is one of the omes in biology to map and classify all the morphological features of species. Morphome is different from phenome in that it is the totality of morphological variants while phenome includes non- morphological variants.
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Morphological analysis or general morphological analysis is a method for exploring possible solutions to a multi-dimensional, non-quantified complex problem. It was developed by Fritz Zwicky.Ritchey, T. (1998). General Morphological Analysis: A general method for non-quantified modeling.
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Morphological appearance is judged by human operators and is therefore subject to large inter operator variation. Several CTC enumeration methods exist which use morphological appearance to identify CTC, which may also apply different morphological criteria. A recent study in prostate cancer showed that many different morphological definitions of circulating tumor cells have similar prognostic value, even though the absolute number of cells found in patients and normal donors varied by more than a decade between different morphological definitions.
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Morphological functions (e.g., morphological complement, modifier, and nucleus) are comparable to grammatical functions in syntax in taking 'morphological quadruples' as their arguments and assigning relations among morphological constituents as values. They figure, via their semantic content, in morphosemantic meaning composition. The lexicon of an idiolect system is construed as a pair consisting of the lexeme lexicon and the word lexicon.
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A Venn diagram demonstrating how case role (semantic roles) relates to morphological case, and how morphological case in turn relates to Case (structural case).
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The basic word order in Wintu is very flexible. A morphological word is the basic syntactical unit. In some cases a morphological word that is phonemically a single word can be syntactically two different words. A morphological word,can be clitic or non clitic.
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Many species show large intraspecific morphological variability and lack of morphological characters that would allow easy species identification. The tadpoles can be either exotrophic or endotrophic.
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Non-compositional morphological phrasemes,Mel’čuk, Igor A. (2004). La non-compositionnalité en morphologie linguistique. Verbum 26: 439–458. also known as morphological idioms,Pike, Kenneth L. (1961).
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It is important to distinguish the paradigm of a lexeme from a morphological pattern. In the context of an inflecting language, an inflectional morphological pattern is not the explicit list of inflected forms. A morphological pattern usually references a prototypical class of inflectional forms, e.g. ring as per sing.
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Morphological dependencies obtain between words or parts of words.Concerning morphological dependencies, see Melʹc̆uk (2003:193ff.). When a given word or part of a word influences the form of another word, then the latter is morphologically dependent on the former. Agreement and concord are therefore manifestations of morphological dependencies.
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This clade is difficult to define morphologically due to the morphological adaptations exhibited by the ostiolar Sycophaga and by the morphological characters of the Idarnes incerta species group.
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Morphological case is related to structural Case (based on syntax) in the following ways: Structural Case is a condition for arguments that originates from a relational head (e.g. verb), while morphological case is a property that depends on the NP or DP complement. The relationship between morphological case and structural case is evident in how morphological case is subject to case agreement whereby the morphological case appearing on a DP must be licensed by the syntactic context of the DP. In much of the transformational grammar literature, morphological cases are viewed as determined by the syntactic configuration. In particular, the accusative case is assigned through a structural relation between the verbal head and its complement.
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'The waiter she liked.'). Integrational Morphology, concerned with the analysis of phonological words (and other medial types of syntactic base forms) into meaningful parts, is largely analogous to Integrational Syntax. The morphological entities postulated for any idiolect system are morphological base forms, units, paradigms, categories, structures, and functions as well as lexemes. Morphological base forms (morphs) are entities of the same ontological type as syntactic base forms, structured phonological sound sequences in the case of a spoken idiolect; morphological units are sequences of morphological base forms; and 'lexemes' are conceived as ordered pairs consisting of a morphological paradigm and a concept that is a meaning of the paradigm, similarly to the lexical words in syntax.
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Type 1 morphological categories (also called 'morphological unit categories'), given through the 'Morphological Unit Ordering' of an idiolect system, are sets of morphological units; they include morphological constituent categories, maximally, Stem form, Affix form, and Stem Group, as well as possible subcategories of Stem form and Affix form. Cross- linguistically, there must be stem forms in the idiolect systems of any language whereas the categories Affix form and Stem Group need not occur. Type 2 morphological categories ('lexeme categories') are sets of lexemes and are given through the 'Lexeme Ordering' of the idiolect system. They include the top-level lexeme categories Stem and Affix (comparable to the parts of speech in syntax) and their subcategories.
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Polymorphism occurs both at specific level with heritable variation in the overall morphological design of individuals as well as in certain specific morphological or physiological traits within a species.
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One class of typology consists of a descriptive or morphological approach.Archaeology Wwordsmith morphological It is based on the physical characteristics and the external features of an artifact. Some examples of morphological and descriptive typologies would be categorizing artifacts distinctively on their weight, height, color, material, or whichever class the individual decides upon.
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Morphological Representations in MTT are implemented as strings of morphemes arranged in a fixed linear order reflecting the ordering of elements in the actual utterance. This is the first representational level at which linear precedence is considered to be linguistically significant, effectively grouping word- order together with morphological processes and prosody, as one of the three non-lexical means with which languages can encode syntactic structure. As with Syntactic Representation, there are two levels of Morphological Representation—Deep and Surface Morphological Representation. Detailed descriptions of MTT Morphological Representations are found in Mel’čuk (1993–2000) and Mel’čuk (2006).
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Morphological Merger is generalized as follows in Marantz 1988: 261: Morphological Merger: ''' At any level of syntactic analysis (d-structure, s-structure, phonological structure), a relation between X and Y may be replaced by (expressed by) the affixation of the lexical head of X to the lexical head of Y.Marantz, Alec. "Clitics, morphological merger, and the mapping to phonological structure." Theoretical morphology (1988): 253–270. Two syntactic nodes can undergo Morphological Merger subject to morphophonological well-formedness conditions.
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Classification has been revised along genetic lines. There are two morphological forms of Ursus arctos: the grizzly and the coastal brown bears, but these morphological forms do not have distinct mtDNA lineages.
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There are sometimes discordances between molecular and morphological evolution, which are reflected in molecular and morphological systematic studies, especially of bacteria, archaea and eukaryotic microbes. These discordances can be categorized as two types: (i) one morphology, multiple lineages (e.g. morphological convergence, cryptic species) and (ii) one lineage, multiple morphologies (e.g. phenotypic plasticity, multiple life-cycle stages).
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The morphological similarities between Nicobarese and Austronesian languages have been used as evidence for the Austric hypothesis (Reid 1994).Reid, Lawrence A. 1994. Morphological evidence for Austric. Oceanic Linguistics 33(2):323-344.
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On morphological grounds they used to be assessed as deuterostomes.
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Dasyloricaria could represent a link between all other morphological groups.
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The morphological unit cell has approximate dimensions and , while for the structural unit cell they are and . For the same orientation, must be multiplied by 4 to convert from morphological to structural units. As an example, the cleavage is given as "perfect on {1 0 1}" in morphological coordinates and "perfect on {1 0 4}" in structural units. (In hexagonal indices, these are {1 0 1} and {1 0 4}.) Twinning, cleavage and crystal forms are always given in morphological units.
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The morphological unweighted tree of Pentatomoidea after Grazia et al. (2008).
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Many molecular and morphological studies support a relationship between grebes and flamingos. Recent molecular studies have suggested a relation with flamingos while morphological evidence also strongly supports a relationship between flamingos and grebes. They hold at least eleven morphological traits in common, which are not found in other birds. Many of these characteristics have been previously identified in flamingos, but not in grebes.
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Many molecular and morphological studies support a relationship between grebes and flamingos. Recent molecular studies have suggested a relation with grebes, while morphological evidence also strongly supports a relationship between flamingos and grebes. They hold at least 11 morphological traits in common, which are not found in other birds. Many of these characteristics have been previously identified on flamingos, but not on grebes.
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Morphological analysis of published biomedical literature can yield useful results. Morphological processing of biomedical text can be more effective by a specialised lemmatisation program for biomedicine, and may improve the accuracy of practical information extraction tasks.
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Like semantic dependencies, morphological dependencies can overlap with and point in the same direction as syntactic dependencies, overlap with and point in the opposite direction of syntactic dependencies, or be entirely independent of syntactic dependencies. The arrows are now used to indicate morphological dependencies. :Morphological dependencies 1 The plural houses in (a) demands the plural of the demonstrative determiner, hence these appears, not this, which means there is a morphological dependency that points down the hierarchy from houses to these. The situation is reversed in (b), where the singular subject Sam demands the appearance of the agreement suffix -s on the finite verb works, which means there is a morphological dependency pointing up the hierarchy from Sam to works.
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For the morphological changes associated with the subjunctive mood, see English subjunctive.
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Springer-Verlag, New York. It shares few morphological similarities with other Cornales.
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Dwarf dogwoods: Intermediacy and the morphological landscape. Systematic Botany 19: 539-556.
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Applications of morphological processing include machine translation, spell checker, and information retrieval.
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128 a morphological category that is found in nearby and related languages.
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An uncompounded word's morphological form is not distinct from its phonological form.
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Morphological gaps are non-existent words potentially allowed by the morphological system. A semantic gap refers to the non-existence of a word to describe a difference in meaning seen in other sets of words within the language.
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Sperm competition can be exhibited throughout behavioral, morphological and physiological male adaptations. Some examples of behavioral adaptations are mate guarding or forced copulation. Morphological adaptations may include male claspers, altered genitalia (e.g. spiky genitals) and copulatory plugs (i.e.
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Kri has a few morphological features, less than Khmu but more than Vietnamese.
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The species is closely related to C. ingerorum and C. kallima morphological aspects.
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The species is closely related to C. kumarasinghei and C. latha morphological aspects.
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The species is closely related to C. kumarasinghei and C. gotaimbarai morphological aspects.
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The generic name is based "in the morphological similarity with the genus Rhamnocercus".
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However, a further preparation of TTU P-11422 may reveal additional morphological traits.
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Male members of the order Chiroptera have a wide morphological variation of primary reproductive structures.Beguelini, Mateus R., et al. "Morphological variation of primary reproductive structures in males of five families of neotropical bats." The Anatomical Record 296.1 (2013): 156-167.
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Studies show that morphological changes observed in the genus are possibly due to the level of organic enrichment in their freshwater habitats. These morphological differences, given the massive size of the genus, have led to certain confusion in Phacus taxonomy.
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Currently, the genus is subdivided in nine sections based on morphological communalities and differences.
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This page is intended to be a list of rock textural and morphological terms.
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Anuta shows many morphological similarities with Futunic languages and are related to Polynesian morphology.
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Morphological Productivity is a 2001 book by Laurie Bauer explaining productivity in English words.
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Morphological similarity makes identification difficult, and DNA barcoding is increasingly used to identify species.
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After 14 months, the CDC diagnosed the causative agent as S. diploidea based on morphological characteristics. In 2009, Qvarnstrom et al. reevaluated this conclusion, as the morphological characteristics present in the scans cannot distinguish between S. diploidea and S. pedata. Qvarnstrom et al.
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Based on morphological analyses, Cheilotheca has been placed in the Ericaceae subfamily Monotropoideae.Kron, K.A., Judd, W.S., Stevens, P.F., Crayn, D.M., Anderberg, A.A., Gadek, P.A., Quinn, C.J., Luteyn, J.L. 2002. Phylogenetic classification of Ericaceae: molecular and morphological evidence. Botanical Review 68: 335-423.
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Intercaste individuals that share morphological traits of queens and workers are known to occur frequently.Okada, Y., L. Plateaux, and C. Peeters. "Morphological variability of intercastes in the ant Temnothorax nylanderi: pattern of trait expression and modularity." Insectes sociaux 60.3 (2013): 319-328.
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Morphokinetics (‘morpho’’ form/shape and ‘kinetics’ movement) refers to time specific morphological changes during embryo development providing dynamic information on a fertilized egg. The detailed information eases morphological selection of embryos with high implantation potential to be used in In-Vitro Fertilisation treatment.
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The nesting of cases assumed in Nanosyntax. Morphological containment relates to the hierarchy of linear order in syntactic structures. Syncretism may reveals linear oder, but is unable to determine in which direction the linear order occurs. This is where morphological containment is required.
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Barsbold noted some morphological variation among newer Gallimimus specimens, though this has never been published.
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The protein may also play a role in the morphological organization of liver and intestine.
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Samarkand: Samarkandskij Gosurdarstvennyj universitet.Beck, David & Igor A. Mel’čuk (2011). Morphological phrasemes and Totonacan verbal morphology.
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The morphological complexity is mirrored by the diverse mineral composition of the dune-forming sediment.
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Frantz 2017, p. 7 Due to its morphological complexity, Blackfoot has a flexible word order.
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According to the morphological analysis of Murakami et al., Odobenocetops belongs to the middle Pliocene.
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Below is the morphological unweighted tree of the superfamily Pentatomoidea after Grazia et al. (2008).
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As part of ongoing work on morphological processing, a key area of Natural Language Processing (NLP), data from the BNC was used to test the accuracy, reliability and swiftness of computational tools developed to facilitate the analysis and processing of morphological markers in British English. The computational tools involved a program that enabled the analysis of inflectional morphology in British English (known as an analyser) and a program that generated morphological markings based on the analysis from the analyser. Data from the BNC was also used to build up an extensive repository of information about British English morphological markers. In particular, approximately 1,100 lemmas were extracted from the BNC and compiled into a checklist which was consulted by the morphological generator before verbs that allowed consonant doubling were accurately inflected.
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An example of morphological color change is in the Midas cichlid (Amphilophus citrinellus), that has "normal" and "gold" polymorphisms. Most of these cichlids maintain a "normal" grayish color pattern from juvenile to adult. However some of these species undergo morphological color change over their lifetimes, growing to be a gold or white color pattern as an adult. Another example of a fish that undergo morphological color change is the Hyphessobrycon myrmex sp.
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The bats within the genus Natalus have had a complex taxonomic history due to its morphological conservatism. The taxonomy of Natalidae has been recently updated by the discovery and rediscovery of live species and fossils, and on the basis of new morphological and molecular evidence.
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The family Marginidae is provisionally placed, on the basis of morphological characters, in the superfamily Opomyzoidea.
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It is understood that the two share a morphological parent, or common ancestor, the Lateolabrax Bleeker.
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Sechenbaatar [Sečenbaγatur], Borjigin. 2003. The Chakhar dialect of Mongol: a morphological description. Helsinki: Finno- Ugrian society.
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The genus name is derived from Latin thaumato (meaning miracle, wonder) and the morphological term valva.
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Other polypores with morphological similarities to D. aquaticus include Spongipellis spumeus , Tyromyces chioneus, and Oligoporus tephroleucus.
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Because of the many dialects in English, there are multiple ways morphological leveling affects the language.
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Based on the morphological and genetic evidence, the megafaunal wolf's distribution was across the northern Holarctic.
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However, the species are different morphological; notably, C. fulva is lighter in color than C. obscura.
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Comparison of the type specimens revealed no significant morphological differences between B. obscurecoccineus and B. megasporus.
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Morphological and genetic evidence support the status of S. eboracensis as separate from other known hybrids.
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Protopodite, endopodite, exopodite, and epipodite were considered to be the morphological units of the crustacean limb.
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Protopodite, endopodite, exopodite, and epipodite were considered to be the morphological units of the crustacean limb.
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Purple-throated carib feeding at a flower Hummingbirds are specialized nectarivores and are tied to the ornithophilous flowers upon which they feed. This coevolution implies that morphological traits of hummingbirds, such as bill length, bill curvature, and body mass are correlated with morphological traits of plants, for example corolla length, curvature, and volume.Maglianesi, M. A., Blüthgen, N., Böhning-Gaese, K. & Schleuning, M. (2014). Morphological traits determine specialization and resource use in plant–hummingbird networks in the neotropics.
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International morphological terminology is used by the colleges of medicine and dentistry and other areas of the health sciences. It facilitates communication and exchanges between scientists from different countries of the world and it is used daily in the fields of research, teaching and medical care. The international morphological terminology refers to morphological sciences as a biological sciences' branch. In this field, the form and structure are examined as well as the changes or developments in the organism.
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Morphological parsing, in natural language processing, is the process of determining the morphemes from which a given word is constructed. It must be able to distinguish between orthographic rules and morphological rules. For example, the word 'foxes' can be decomposed into 'fox' (the stem), and 'es' (a suffix indicating plurality). The generally accepted approach to morphological parsing is through the use of a finite state transducer (FST), which inputs words and outputs their stem and modifiers.
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Edward Sapir reacted to the prevailing view in Americanist linguistics which considered the languages of the Americas to belong to a single basic polysynthetic type, arguing instead that American indigenous languages were highly diverse and encompassed all known morphological types. He also built on the work of Leonard Bloomfield who in his 1914 work "language" dismissed morphological typology, stating specifically that the term polysynthetic had never been clearly defined. In Sapir's 1921 book also titled "Language", he argued that instead of using the morphological types as a strict classification scheme it made more sense to classify languages as relatively more or less synthetic or analytic, with the isolating and polysynthetic languages in each of the extremes of that spectrum. He also argued that languages were rarely purely of one morphological type, but used different morphological strategies in different parts of the grammar.
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"A molecular phylogenetic analysis of strombid gastropod morphological diversity". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41: 436-444. .PDF.
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There are three vowel qualities, . Vowel length is distinctive. Vowels can be nasalized in certain morphological contexts.
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A taxonomic revision of Cheilodactylidae and Latridae (Centrarchiformes: Cirrhitoidei) using morphological and genomic characters. Zootaxa 585(1).
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In 1987, Kunio Sasaki and Teruya Uyeno performed morphological comparisons and reaffirmed the distinctiveness of S. aliae.
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Morphological comparison of their teeth also confirms that they are adapted to seizing and crushing hard prey.
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Anarcho- transhumanism advocates for the equal access to advanced technologies that enable morphological freedom and space travel.
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N. sphaerica is often confused with the closely related species N. oryzae due to their morphological similarities.
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The cladogram below used a combination of genetic (molecular) and fossil (morphological) data to obtain its results.
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Morphological studies on the chicken tapeworm Raillietina (Raillietina) echinobothrida. Dobutsugaku Zasshi (Zoological Magazine) 63(5) 200-203.
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As for its morphological typology, it has polysynthetic and incorporative features (just like the other Eskimo languages).
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It also could explain the morphological variability of some widespread species, for example Branchipodopsis wolfi in Botswana.
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These distinctive morphological features of mesenchymal stem cells can be visualized label-free using live cell imaging.
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These developments are reflected in some regular morphological changes in Polish grammar, such as in noun declension.
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Subtribal relationships in tribe Tradescantieae (Commelinaceae) based on molecular and morphological data. Aliso, 22(1), 520-526.
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Non-signers also do not constrain their gestures to a morphological system as with sign language users.
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"A molecular phylogenetic analysis of strombid gastropod morphological diversity". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41: 436-444. . PDF.
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Mungbam morphological inflection mainly comprises tone shift, reduplication, nominalization through affixation, and some rare cases of ablaut.
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H. dujardini s.s. is found in France, and has differences in 18S rRNA sequence and morphological details.
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Pachysentis has not been included in phylogenetic analyses thus far, and is categorized based on morphological features. Phylogenetic analyses have been conducted on Oncicola, a genus morphological nearly identical to Pachysentis apart from the number of hooks on the proboscis, and have placed it in the family Oligacanthorhynchidae.
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Bonner Zoologische Beiträge, 42, 237-239. A morphological study suggested that it may be the most basal (earliest offshoot) of its genus,Velazco, P. M. (2005). Morphological phylogeny of the bat genus Platyrrhinus Saussure, 1860 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) with the description of four new species. Fieldiana Zoology, 1-53.
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Based on morphological and molecular analyses, Monotropastrum has been placed in the Ericaceae subfamily Monotropoideae, and the tribe Monotropeae.Kron, K.A., Judd, W.S., Stevens, P.F., Crayn, D.M., Anderberg, A.A., Gadek, P.A., Quinn, C.J., Luteyn, J.L. 2002. Phylogenetic classification of Ericaceae: molecular and morphological evidence. Botanical Review 68: 335-423.
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Bangiophyceae is a class of red algae. In some classifications it is merged with the Florideophyceae to form the Rhodophyceae. The Bangiophyceae, as defined traditionally, are paraphyletic. Their taxonomic identification has been difficult because of a lack of distinct morphological features, and the presumed morphological plasticity of the species.
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The uniqueness of the Laotian rock rat was clear upon its initial discovery. The results of the phylogenetic analyses were somewhat inconclusive and contradictory. Both morphological and molecular studies suggested Laonastes is a member of the rodent suborder Hystricognathi. The morphological analysis suggested it is the most basal hystricognath.
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The lack of cranial morphological differentiation between G. texensis and its sibling species have posed problems for scientists attempting to affirm the characteristics unambiguously associated with G. texensis. Conservation of morphological characters, that scientists postulate arose from adaptations to a fossorial lifestyle, is one reason G. texensis and its pocket gopher siblings look alike. Genetic isolation is rarely complemented by morphological evolution. This phenomenon leads to the need for a more comprehensive understanding of the genetic makeup of G. texensis and its siblings.
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Then, description and comparison of morphological form, primarily for use in avian classification, was focal point of morphological research. However, during the 1930s and 40s morphology as a field shrank. This was likely due to the emergence of new areas of biological inquiry enabled by new techniques. The 1950s brought about not only a change in the approach of morphological studies, resulting in the development of evolutionary morphology in the form of theoretical questions, and a resurgence of interest in the field.
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Bibles are also available in various languages, including English, French, German, and Spanish. Ancient language resources include: the Novum Testamentum Graece (NA27) Greek New Testament with morphological information and UBS dictionary; the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, the Hebrew and Aramaic Old Testament/Hebrew Bible with the Groves-Wheeler Westminster Hebrew Morphology and an abridged BDB dictionary; the Qumran (non-biblical) texts with morphological information, lexical glosses, and an abridged BDB dictionary; and the Septuagint with morphological information and the LEH dictionary.
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The lexical form would be "give", verb. There are two kinds of morphological dictionaries: aligned and non-aligned.
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Like most plants, soybeans grow in distinct morphological stages as they develop from seeds into fully mature plant.
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Morphological and genetic data indicate that the closest living relative of C. carinata is C. ricordi of Hispaniola.
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Some verbs include syntactic principles in addition to and/or replacement of morphological principles when constructing a word.
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Linguistics 49, 175–228. Just as with lexical phrasemes, morphological phrasemes can be either compositional or non-compositional.
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The parasite was first described by Jong in 1971. On morphological grounds it is related to Plasmodium durae.
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"Phylogeny and evolution of grammitid ferns (Grammitidaceae): a case of rampant morphological homoplasy". Taxon 53(2):415-428.
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In the end, however, they noted Vainio's detailed valuable morphological investigations and recommended that the dissertation be approved.
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Nominals are modified/affixed with case marking and morphological discourse markings.Note: Square brackets signify the case-marked argument.
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Morphological increments observed in the brains of trans men might be due to the anabolic effects of testosterone.
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"A Computational Model of Teeth and the Developmental Origins of Morphological Variation." Nature, vol. 464, pp. 583-586.
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Herpetofauna, 30, 7–10. potentially indicating morphological evolution following its colonization of the Chatham Islands. Indeed, O. n.
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Noun morphology is significantly more limited than among verbs. However, there are still some cases of morphological rules.
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Finally, I will deal with homography in the text and the problems it may cause for morphological analysis.
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In contrast, our molecular data show that Petrocosmea consists of five clades corroborated by morphological data as prementioned.
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Therefore I decided to lemmatize, using the morphological analyser Estmorf, which automatically lemmatized and disambiguated the whole corpus.
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Due to the more wooded barren savannahs of northern Africa, O. tugenensis and australopiths began to change, which is evident in morphological data accumulated from the remains of the different species. These major morphological changes differentiate them from pronograde hominin seen in the skull, vertebral column, pelvis, and femur fossils.
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Nominative-accusative alignment can manifest itself in visible ways, called coding properties. Often, these visible properties are morphological and the distinction will appear as a difference in the actual morphological form and spelling of the word, or as case particles (pieces of morphology) which will appear before or after the word.
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Organelles, Genomes and Eukaryote Phylogeny, An Evolutionary Synthesis in the Age of Genomics. New York: CRC Press. However, there are sometimes discordances between molecular and morphological investigations; these can be categorized as two types: (i) one morphology, multiple lineages (e.g. morphological convergence, cryptic species) and (ii) one lineage, multiple morphologies (e.g.
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The sexual states of Cochliobolus are only found associated with Bipolaris and Curvularia. Bipolaris and Curvularia share some morphological similarities and cannot be easily distinguished by any distinct taxonomic criteria. Although few morphological differences were reported, conidia of Bipolaris are distoseptate while the conidia of Curvularia are bigger and euseptate.
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ILTS requires specialized natural language processing tools such as large dictionaries and morphological and grammatical analyzers with acceptable coverage.
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Consist of discoid plastids, bipolar frustules with elliptical valve face. Aperture shape is one of the identifying morphological features.
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In grammar, denominal verbs are verbs derived from nouns. Many languages have regular morphological indicators to create denominal verbs.
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These species demonstrate distinct morphological and behavioral tradeoffs associated with transitioning from air to water and water to air.
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Antanartia borbonica was not sampled by the study, but was purported to belong in Antanartia based on morphological similarity.
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Chapter 7. Morphological indicators of the Amur tiger. 15 pp. In D.G. Miquelle, E.N. Smirnov, and J.M. Goodrich (Eds.).
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The large variation in morphological characters in this early trilobite can be seen as an illustration of Rosa's Rule.
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Particularly, it seems likely that SAII afferents may be connected to other morphological structures than the classical Ruffini ending.
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It can cause neurological syndromes, gastrointestinal syndromes, acute retina issues, motor sensory abnormalities, heart defects, and morphological brain changes.
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In the Middle Ages, there were no patronymics, but clan names were sometimes used in a particular morphological form.
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An initial morphological analysis suggested that the closest relatives of Jagtia might be the extant genera Thymops and Thymopides.
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As a result, the Hygrophoraceae as currently understood have no known morphological features in common that define them (synapomorphy).
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Lastly, slow infections have a longer incubation period in which no physiological, morphological or subcellular changes may be involved.
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Ecological and morphological characteristics of the endoparasitoids of larval Acronicta rumicis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Entomological Research, 36, pp. 208–215.
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Because of its morphological differences from Rudbeckia nitida, R. texana was elevated from varietal to species level in 1989.
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Morphological awareness, as part of metalinguistics, involves reflection on language and its use and skills of monitoring and planning.
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In chapter 5 he examines the role of corpora in studying and determining the productivity of morphological processes, and in chapter 6 he surveys the development and varying productivity of a number of historical and cross- language morphological phenomena. He also reviews several formulas proposed to calculate productivity and concludes that thus far there is no clear, unequivocal, or reliable method to determine the productivity of a morphological process, but in chapter 7 he offers a few useful observations about the productivity of processes.
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Although most often coinciding, morphological alternation and nuclear phases alternation are sometimes independent of one another, e.g., in many red algae, the same nuclear phase may correspond to two diverse morphological generations. In some ferns which lost sexual reproduction, there is no change in nuclear phase, but the alternation of generations is maintained.
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Stellaria neglecta forms part of a complex that also includes S. media and S. pallida. The last of these is generally separable on morphological grounds, but there is no clear-cut morphological distinction between S. neglecta and S. media, which are easily confused; neglecta was formerly treated as a subspecies of S. media.
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Key morphological differences that distinguish C. canadensis from C. elaphus are the former's wider rump patch and paler-hued antlers.
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Intransitive verbs never take either object NPs or transitive suffixes. They are morphologically unvarying (that is, receive no morphological markings).
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Doyle JA. 2013. Phylogenetic analyses and morphological innovations in land plants. Annual Plant Reviews 45: 1–50. Veldkamp JP. 1984.
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Some key features of acanthocephalan morphology There are several morphological characteristics that distinguish acanthocephalans from other phyla of parasitic worms.
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It was once thought to be a form of Iris germanica, but has different morphological characteristics and different chromosomal differences.
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Cambridge University Press . It is a relatively nonvariable species, in that its morphological characteristics stay constant over the entire range.
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Morphological features include the fluvial with remains of glacial formations south of the Sierra del Cordel of the Cantabrian Mountains.
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Morphological, anatomical and palynological studies on Asyneuma michauxioides (Campanulaceae). Biologia 63(3), 338-42.Tan, K. and B. Yildiz. (1988).
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Morphological features of antillatoxin-induced neuronal toxicity are swelling of neuronal somata, thinning of neurites and blebbing of neurite membranes.
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The topic of causatives has not been studied much for Latin, mainly because of its lack of productive morphological causative.
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A living taxon morphologically and/or physiologically resembling a fossil taxon through a large portion of geologic time (morphological stasis).
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Culberson, W. L. 1967. Analysis of chemical and morphological variation in the Ramalina siliquosa species complex. Brittonia 19: 333–352.
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While it closely resembles its congeners, it can be distinguished by its distinctive vocalizations, as well as slight morphological difference.
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A generic revision and new combinations in the Hyptidinae (Lamiaceae), based on molecular and morphological evidence. Phytotaxa 58:1–55.
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In the marine realm, the Carnian saw the first abundant occurrences of calcareous nannoplankton, a morphological group including the coccolithophores.
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T. paraflorensis is part of the T. relictus species group. It bears morphological similarities to T. florensis and T. pseudoflorensis.
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T. pseudoflorensis is part of the T. relictus species group. It bears morphological similarities to T. florensis and T. paraflorensis.
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The dialects form recognisable clusters that share phonological and morphological features, as well as having higher degrees of mutual intelligibility.
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Systematics of the Gnetales: A review of morphological and molecular evidence. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 157(6): S40-S49.
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Systematics of the Gnetales: A review of morphological and molecular evidence. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 157(6): S40-S49.
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Systematics of the Gnetales: A review of morphological and molecular evidence. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 157(6): S40-S49.
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Populations from Santa Cruz and Floreana display some morphological and genetic divergence from populations of Fernandina Island and Isabela Island.
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The morphological differences to sclerophylly are relatively few and mainly found in the amounts of sclerenchyma, leaf shape, and margins.
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Zalambdodonty has arisen independently. This implies that it is due to morphological convergence, because they are not closely allied to any other family of extant mammals. Studies show that tenrecs and golden moles should be separated from Insectivora and placed in Afrotheria which include the elephant shrews and hyraxes. They share few morphological synapomorphies.
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Even where there are minimal morphological differences between species, differences in behavior can be enough to prevent mating. For example, Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans which are considered twin species due to their morphological similarity, do not mate even if they are kept together in a laboratory.Casares, P. 2008. Genética de poblaciones y evolutiva.
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Morphological analyses by Dayrat and Tillier (2002)Dayrat B. & Tillier S. (2002). "Evolutionary relationships of euthyneuran gastropods (Mollusca): a cladistic re-evaluation of morphological characters". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 135(4): 403-470. demonstrated the need to explore new datasets in order to critically analyse the phylogeny of this controversial group of gastropods.
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Also, their hemiepiphytic lifestyle means that their appearance can change significantly throughout their lifetime. Many of the original species descriptions used only young plants, and as a result the morphological identifiers can no longer be applied to all specimens. Major morphological revisions have therefore been made in recent years. The orchid family has five subfamilies.
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The 'supercloseness' property also active in the first vowel harmony type (above) is active in at least one paradigm of the Phuthi morphological system (the axiomatic negative polarity of the copula: "There is no..."). A morphological use for a vocalic property (here: [supercloseness]) does not appear to be recorded elsewhere for a Bantu language.
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Several scholars have published reconstructions of Proto-West-Germanic morphological paradigmsH. F. Nielsen (1981, 2001), G. Klingenschmitt (2002) and K.-H. Mottausch (1998, 2011) and many authors have reconstructed individual Proto-West-Germanic morphological forms or lexemes. The first comprehensive reconstruction of the Proto-West-Germanic language was published in 2013 by Wolfram Euler.
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"Combined morphological and molecular phylogeny of the clusioid clade (Malpighiales) and the placement of the ancient rosid macrofossil Paleoclusia". International Journal of Plant Sciences 174(6):910–936. . There are only a few morphological characters that unite the clusioids with Ochnaceae. The petal aestivation is often contort in the clusioids, and usually so in Ochnaceae.
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Head length, eye length, and head volume decreased in size, whereas cheek depth increased. The former morphological changes may have occurred to accommodate this increased gill size. Other morphological changes suggest adaptations in response to the availability of larger and tougher prey types. By the end of the 1940s, fish stocks were under severe pressure.
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Plant biologists use morphological characters of plants which can be compared, measured, counted and described to assess the differences or similarities in plant taxa and use these characters for plant identification, classification and descriptions. When characters are used in descriptions or for identification they are called diagnostic or key characters which can be either qualitative and quantitative. # Quantitative characters are morphological features that can be counted or measured for example a plant species has flower petals 10–12 mm wide. # Qualitative characters are morphological features such as leaf shape, flower color or pubescence.
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In 2014, the morphological marking of the Tatar Corpus was carried out. The meta-language of grammatical labels is based on the system of tags for Turkic languages developed by the international project Apertium. This project is aimed to develop automatic translating system for a big variety of languages. The main arguments in favor of choosing Apertium's morphological tagger for marking the Corpus are: \- high quality of morphological annotation; \- its being an Open Source project: all the source code and data are publicly available for all for free.
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The type of determiner in the German examples (c) and (d) influences the inflectional suffix that appears on the adjective alt. When the indefinite article ein is used, the strong masculine ending -er appears on the adjective. When the definite article der is used, in contrast, the weak ending -e appears on the adjective. Thus since the choice of determiner impacts the morphological form of the adjective, there is a morphological dependency pointing from the determiner to the adjective, whereby this morphological dependency is entirely independent of the syntactic dependencies.
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New Haven: Yale University Press. 51–52, 189, 193Jane Goodall 1963 "My Life Among Wild Chimpanzees" National Geographic 124: 308 Today, anthropological primatologists are divided, several arguing that non-human primates have culture, others arguing that they do not.R. J. Andrew 1963 "Comment on The Essential Morphological Basis for Human Culture" Alan Bryan Current Anthropology 4: 301–303, p. 301Alan Bryan 1963 "The Essential Morphological basis for Human Culture" Current Anthropology 4: 297Keleman 1963 "Comment on The Essential Morphological Basis for Human Culture" Alan Bryan Current Anthropology 4: 301–303 p.304W.
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Based on the morphological comparisons, it was thought the two-toed sloths nested phylogenetically within one of the divisions of Caribbean sloths. Though data has been collected on over 33 different species of sloths by analyzing bone structures, many of the relationships between clades on a phylogenetic tree were unclear. Much of the morphological evidence to support the hypothesis of diphyly has been based on the structure of the inner ear. Most morphological studies have concluded that convergent evolution is the mechanism that resulted in today’s two genera of tree sloths.
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Lexical meaning composition is based on morphosemantic composition functions whose arguments are (n-tuples of) concepts and whose values are again concepts. Such semantic functions occur in the semantic content of morphological functions such as morphological complement, modifier, and nucleus, and operate on the basis of (morphological or semantic) application conditions. In Integrational Sentence Semantics, sentence meanings are construed as intensional relations between potential utterances and potential speakers. For any syntactic unit that has a sentence meaning, the meanings of the unit jointly represent a necessary condition for successful utterances of the unit.
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Bromus species occur in many habitats in temperate regions of the world, including Africa, America, Australia and Eurasia. There are considerable morphological differences between some species, while the morphological differences between others (usually those species that are closely related) are subtle and difficult to distinguish. As such, the taxonomy of the genus is complicated. Bromus is distinguished from other grass genera by a combination of several morphological characteristics, including leaf sheaths that are closed (connate) for most of their length, awns that are usually inserted subapically, and hairy appendages on the ovary.
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As with other new psychological theories, morphology has taken some time to be developed and accepted outside of Germany. Over the last 40 years morphological psychology has entered various applications of psychology including psychoanalysis and therapy, workplace and HR and marketing (Gesellschaft fuer Morphologische Psychologie). However, since the turn of this century, the theory of morphological psychology has found greater international acceptance through the use of its principles in market research and marketing strategy. Morphological psychology increases the effectiveness of research and marketing strategy because of its understanding of human behaviour.
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Bock, W. 1977. Toward an ecological morphology. Vogelwarte 29: 127–135Leisler, B. 1977. Morphological Aspects of Ecological Specializations in Bird Genera.
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Oikos 83, 496 (1998). Sexual cannibalism might have promoted the evolution of some behavioral and morphological traits exhibited by spiders today.
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Morphological studies of free-threshing wheat ears from a Neolithic site in southwest Germany, and the history of the naked wheats.
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Processes may be required to segment text into segments besides mentioned, including morphemes (a task usually called morphological analysis) or paragraphs.
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It is largely based on morphological characters of the adult flies, but also on reproductive habits and on the immature stage.
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The word mukbang () is a portmanteau of the Korean words for "eating" () and "broadcast" (). An English morphological equivalent could be eatcast.
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However, their morphological differences have been found to be so overlapping that the former segregates are now considered the same species.
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However, all of the fitness and morphological traits they reviewed had distributions of mutant effects more leptokurtic than a normal distribution.
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85-86) adopt the term "irrealis" for this morphological form, reserving the term "subjunctive" for the English clause type whose distribution more closely parallels that of morphological subjunctives in languages that have such a form. # Irrealis Counterfactual: If it were raining right now, then Sally would be inside (or elliptically) Were it raining, Sally would be inside.
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Sisoroidea is sister to the Loricarioidea. The monophyly of this superfamily is supported by a number of morphological characters. Amblycipitidae is the most basal family and is sister to the remaining families. Based on morphological data, Erethistidae is the sister group to Aspredinidae, with Sisoridae being the sister group of the clade formed by these two families.
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Distinguishing close species within a complex requires the study of often very small differences. Morphological differences may be minute and visible only by the use of adapted methods, such as microscopy. However, distinct species sometimes have no morphological differences. In those cases, other characters, such as in the species' life history, behavior, physiology, and karyology, may be explored.
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DNA barcoding is faster than traditional morphological methods all the way from training through to taxonomic assignment. It takes less time to gain expertise in DNA methods than becoming an expert in taxonomy. In addition, the DNA barcoding workflow (i.e. from sample to result) is generally quicker than traditional morphological workflow and allows the processing of more samples.
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Leaf plastocron index is a measure of plant leaf age based on morphological development (the plastochron). It is useful in studying plant development requiring destructive measurement on multiple individuals. By measuring a metric against morphological age, instead of chronological time, one can reduce variations occurring between individuals, thus allowing greater focus on variations due to development.Meicenheimer, R. D. (2014).
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Apoica pallens is a caste species with morphological differentiation between females. These castes are classified as workers and queens, and this morphological distinction is based on the size of ovaries. This special morphology contributes to the reproductive abilities of the queens. The differences between the castes of queens and workers are formed during the larval stage.
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Important operations are morphological opening and morphological closing which consist of erosion followed by dilation and dilation followed by erosion, respectively, using the same structuring element. Opening tends to enlarge small holes, remove small objects, and separate objects. Closing retains small objects, removes holes, and joins objects. A very important characteristic of a binary image is the distance transform.
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Orthographic rules are general rules used when breaking a word into its stem and modifiers. An example would be: singular English words ending with -y, when pluralized, end with -ies. Contrast this to morphological rules which contain corner cases to these general rules. Both of these types of rules are used to construct systems that can do morphological parsing.
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Patrick Knopf, Christian Schulz, Damon P. Little, Thomas Stutzel and Dennis W. Stevenson. 2012. "Relationships within Podocarpaceae based on DNA sequence, anatomical, morphological, and biogeographical data". Cladistics 28: 271–299. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00381.x Morphological analysis supports this placement, and therefore it has been suggested that the distinctive phylloclades in the genus are a synapomorphy.
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There is substantial morphological variability evident in O. n. nigriplantare, and a shallow level of genetic differential between islands within the Chatham Islands indicating low gene flow between islands, but not speciation between islands. The level of genetic and morphological divergence between O. n. nigriplantare and Oligosoma nigriplantare polychroma might warrant their recognition as distinct species.
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Monogamy as a mating system in animals has been thought to lower levels of some pre and post copulatory competition methods. Because of this reduction in competition in some instances the regulation of certain morphological characteristics may be lowered. This would result in a vast variety of morphological and physiological differences such as sexual dimorphism and sperm quality.
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Verbal morphology in Kaluli is very complicated, and there has been little standardization of rules concerning the writing of these morphological changes.
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Ojibwe initials of words may experience morphological changes under three modification strategies: initial consonant change, initial vowel change and initial syllable reduplication.
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Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102.
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Evidence for equatorial hydration is both morphological and compositional and is seen at both the Medusae Fossae formation and the Tharsis Montes.
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This could ascertain the contribution of bed load to bed material transport, responsible for driving morphological evolution and response in the system.
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Freeling M, Thomas BC. (2006). Gene-balanced duplications, like tetraploidy, provide predictable drive to increase morphological complexity. Genome Res. 16: 805-814.
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In languages without morphological case (such as English for the most part) the objects are distinguished by word order and/or context.
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A. rogersi further resembles Cephalotini in many morphological features, protecting it from visual predators which avoid Cephalotini, an example of Batesian mimicry.
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Results of genetic and morphological analyses indicate that the black-footed mongoose is closely related to Jackson's mongoose, which is considered conspecific.
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The morphological distinction between nouns taking II agreement and III agreement in Choctaw only partly coincides with the semantic notion of alienability.
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The same study showed that chlorpyrifos had more severe morphological deformities and mortality in embryos than diazinon, another commonly used organophosphate insecticide.
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72: 181-182. Morphological and genetic data also suggests the Indochinese black langur (T. ebenus) is a morph of the Hatinh langur.
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The specific name references the clupeid Limnothrissa miodon, the Lake Tanganyika sardine, to which this species bears some morphological and biological similarities.
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The language shows remarkable morphological similarities with Ayoreo.Ciucci, Luca 2009. Elementi di morfologia verbale del chamacoco. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica n.s.
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Hybridization between Calopteryx splendens and C. haemorrhoidalis confirmed by morphological and genetic analyses. International Journal of Odonatology, 17(2-3), 149-160.
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RhoA is primarily involved in these activities: actin organization, myosin contractility, cell cycle maintenance, cellular morphological polarization, cellular development and transcriptional control.
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It was previously confused with the red spitting cobra (Naja pallida), but was distinguished based on detailed morphological and mitochondrial DNA analysis.
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Finally, in 1995, they made a new classification based on the morphological and biochemical properties, formally creating the new name O. tsutsugamushi.
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Studies on morphological caste differences have been reported for B. augusti, B. bilineolata, B. lecheguana, B. moebiana, B. myersi and B. scutellaris.
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The pacific tailed frogs are also endangered, because they have morphological adaptations and biophysical constraints with temperatures so they are ecologically dependent.
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In this project, we are observing morphological features that are preserved or created during early post-mortem decomposition of modern megascopic algae.
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Unfortunately, lemmatization requires a lot more work up-front as it needs a complete vocabulary and morphological analysis to correctly lemmatize words.
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A fully web-illustrated morphological phylogenetic study of relationships among oak gall wasps and their closest relatives (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Zootaxa 1796, 1-73.
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To further complicate this classification scheme, the mitochondria content and other morphological properties within a muscle fiber can change with exercise and age.
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It is one of several species classified as leopard frogs, distinguished as unique through its mating call, genetic differences, habitat, and morphological distinctions.
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There is marked difference of significance between words with even the slightest morphological variation, and these specific words are paired with specific contexts.
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Patterson, C. 1982. Morphological characters and homology. Pp. 21-74 in K. A. Joysey, and A. E. Friday, eds. Problems of Phylogenetic Reconstruction.
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A streamlined form in the Athabasca Valles, as seen by HiRISE. Such morphological features are interpreted to have been formed in megaflood events.
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Morphological differences implying sexual selection support specification, including that the different walnut flies are morphologically distinguishable in wing pattern, body coloration and markings.
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So far, there are no reliable data for a morphological double causative of a transitive verb, resulting in a verb with four arguments.
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American Museum of Natural History., & . 2008. Phylogeny of extant nephilid orb-weaving spiders (Araneae, Nephilidae): testing morphological and ethological homologies. Cladistics 24: 190.
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As the landslide is a geological volume with a hidden side, morphological characteristics are extremely important in the reconstruction of the technical model.
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Results of morphological and molecular genetic analyses indicate that it differs from viverrids and diverged from the Feliformia about 44.5 million years ago.
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In case of studies of sediment transport and morphological changes, relevant properties of the sea bed sediments, water and ecosystem properties are needed.
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In Distributed Morphology morphological paradigms are seen as epiphenomena. Irregular forms or gaps associated with paradigms are explained via competition for vocabulary insertion.
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P. 197. borrowing metaphoric shapes from nature for use in planning morphological structures.Michael Avi- Yonah. The Holy Land, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1973.
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Anoteropsis forsteri is very similar to A. litoralis which occupies similar habitat, but can be distinguished by morphological features of their reproductive organs.
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Velutina velutina is a simultaneous hermaphrodite yet self-fertilization is prevented due to various morphological, physiological, or behavioral mechanisms. They shed their eggs.
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Fluoro-Jade stained tissue can be visualized under an epifluorescent microscope using a filter system designed for fluorescein or fluorescein isothiocynate (FITC) (excitation: 495 nm; emission:521 nm). Multiple morphological features can be detected using fluoro-jade stain including cell bodies, dendrites, axons, and axon terminals. Even though all fluoro-jade derivatives can detect these specific morphological features, the newer derivatives (FlJb and FlJc) have greater specificity and resolution and therefore are superior in detecting finer morphological features. Fluorojade is typically quantified in every 6th-12th 40 nm section within the region of interest and expressed as cells/section.
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Consider further the following French sentences: ::Morphological dependencies 2' The masculine subject le chien in (a) demands the masculine form of the predicative adjective blanc, whereas the feminine subject la maison demands the feminine form of this adjective. A morphological dependency that is entirely independent of the syntactic dependencies therefore points again across the syntactic hierarchy. Morphological dependencies play an important role in typological studies. Languages are classified as mostly head-marking (Sam work-s) or mostly dependent-marking (these houses), whereby most if not all languages contain at least some minor measure of both head and dependent marking.
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Molecular analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region clearly separate the four species currently recognized in Volvopluteus, but morphological identification can be more difficult due to the sometimes overlapping morphological variation among the species. Size of the fruit bodies, color of the cap, spore size, presence or absence of cystidia and morphology of the cystidia are the most important characters for morphological species delimitation in the genus. Volvopluteus gloiocephalus has larger fruit bodies (cap more than in diameter), has pleurocystidia, and the cheilocystidia lack long apical outgrowths. V. asiaticus has pleurocystidia and has predominantly flask-shaped cheilocystidia without long apical outgrowths.
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Based on morphological evidence, the South African Ichnotropis capensis and the North American genus Psammodromus diverged from the lineage of Lacerta lepida and Lacerta monticola during the Oligocene epoch (24 to 36 million years ago). Since 1854, the common rough-scaled sand lizard was classified under the genus Ichnotropis, determined through morphological characteristics. More recent molecular phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA markers determined that it did not group with Ichnotropis, but with the genus Meroles. Morphological traits can change over time influenced by factors such as microhabitat and environment or a combination of factors.
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The extinct genera Noronhomys and Carletonomys, described in 1999 and 2008 respectively, were also recognized as members of the group.Pardiñas, 2008, p. 1275 In 2006, a broad morphological and molecular phylogenetic study of Oryzomyini provided further support for the relationship between Holochilus, Lundomys, and Pseudoryzomys. Within this group, morphological data supported a closer relationship between Holochilus and Lundomys to the exclusion of Pseudoryzomys, but DNA sequence data favored a clustering between Holochilus and Pseudoryzomys to the exclusion of Lundomys; among all oryzomyines, this was the only case where relationships which received strong support from morphological and DNA sequence data conflicted.
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The Complex Morphological Search system developed by us in 2015-2016 allows to perform searches in the Corpus by different combinations of such parameters as word form, lemma, morphological (grammatical) tags set, beginning of the word, middle part, end of the word, and the distance between searched words. The maximum length of the search query is five tokens + accordingly four distances between them.
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He specifically paired it with the genus Histioneis due to their morphological distinctiveness including what he described as a head-funnel and neck collar. Ornithocercus magnificus from the Bay of Villefranche. The little orange balls are symbiotic cyanobacteria. Until DNA barcoding became accessible, specific demarcation in the genus was a significant challenge due to the variability in morphological traits (specifically the cingular lists).
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Morphological derivation accounts for many collective words and various languages have common affixes for denoting collective nouns. Because derivation is a slower and less productive word formation process than the more overtly syntactical morphological methods, there are fewer collectives formed this way. As with all derived words, derivational collectives often differ semantically from the original words, acquiring new connotations and even new denotations.
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Czech Verbs can be classified (arranged in classes) in several ways. The verbal classes can be characterised in terms of their morphological properties. Verbs that belong to the same class typically accept the same range of suffixes (endings). This article concerns the morphological classification of the Czech verbs and the formation of their admissible forms (including, to some extent, bookish and archaic ones).
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The superfamily is defined by fusion of the costal and radial veins of the fore wing, and almost all species have more than 11 antennal segments. Both included families have a cosmopolitan distribution. Ichneumonoids have morphological similarities with relatives within the order Hymenoptera, including ants and bees. Ichneumonoidea contains a great deal of morphological diversity, with species ranging in size from long.
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Morphological similarities between trilobites and earlier arthropod-like creatures such as Spriggina, Parvancorina, and other "trilobitomorphs" of the Ediacaran period of the Precambrian are ambiguous enough to make a detailed analysis of their ancestry complex. Morphological similarities between early trilobites and other Cambrian arthropods (e.g. the Burgess shale fauna and the Maotianshan shales fauna) make analysis of ancestral relationships difficult as well.
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In 2003, a study was carried out the genetic diversity of Iris aphylla in Poland. In 2003, a population and morphological study was carried out on Iris aphylla within Biebrza National Park, Poland. In 2006, the genetic diversity of 7 populations of Iris aphylla were studied. In 2008, a genetic and morphological study was carried out on Iris aphylla populations in Italy.
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Her results were published in 10 review papers spanning this period. In 1937 she published a summary of the morphological ideas which had been discussed concerning floral structure, which was considered an important review article for morphological studies. In January 1942 Arber published her last paper involving original botanical research. All of her subsequent publications were entirely concerned with historical and philosophical topics.
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Raymunida erythrina is a species of squat lobster in the family Munididae from the Pacific and Indian oceans. The species can be distinguished by its morphological characters (subtle morphological characters, such as length of the mesial spine on the basal antennal segment, the length of its walking legs, and color pattern) and its mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences.
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Raymunida dextralis is a species of squat lobster in the family Munididae from the Pacific and Indian oceans. The species can be distinguished by its morphological characters (subtle morphological characters, such as length of the mesial spine on the basal antennal segment, the length of its walking legs, and color pattern) and its mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences.
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Raymunida confundens is a species of squat lobster in the family Munididae from the Pacific and Indian oceans. The species can be distinguished by its morphological characters (subtle morphological characters, such as length of the mesial spine on the basal antennal segment, the length of its walking legs, and color pattern) and its mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences.
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In addition, the microglia also undergo rapid proliferation in order to increase their numbers. From a strictly morphological perspective, the variation in microglial form along the continuum is associated with changing morphological complexity and can be quantitated using the methods of fractal analysis, which have proven sensitive to even subtle, visually undetectable changes associated with different morphologies in different pathological states.
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Therefore, Tschopp etal. argued that Apatosaurus excelsus, originally classified as Brontosaurus excelsus, had enough morphological differences from other species of Apatosaurus that it warranted being reclassified as a separate genus again. The conclusion was based on a comparison of 477 morphological characteristics across 81 different dinosaur individuals. Among the many notable differences are the widerand presumably strongerneck of Apatosaurus species compared to B.excelsus.
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The NP-analysis is consistent with intuition in the area of morphological dependencies. Semantic and grammatical features of the noun influence the choice and morphological form of the determiner, not vice versa. Consider grammatical gender of nouns in a language like German, e.g. Tisch 'table' is masculine (der Tisch), Haus 'house' is neuter (das Haus), Zeit 'time' is feminine (die Zeit).
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Discrete groups of cells occur in the form of clusters of one to four cells with variable morphologies. Intratumoral morphological heterogeneity in invasive breast carcinoma. Diversity of invasive growth of breast cancer is shown, which can be classified into five main morphological structures: alveolar (Alv), trabecular (Trab), tubular (Tub), solid (Solid) structures, and discrete groups of tumor cells (Discr). Hematoxylin and eosin staining.
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The phylogenetic position of Euparkerella is uncertain as they have not been included in any molecular phylogeny. On the basis of their morphological similarity to Holoaden, they are provisionally placed in subfamily Holoadeninae. The AmphibiaWeb keeps Holoadeninae, and consequently Euparkerella, in Strabomantidae, a family no longer recognized by the Amphibian Species of the World. Euparkerella species are traditionally distinguished using morphological traits.
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Coastal morphodynamics (i.e. the dynamics of beach morphology) refers to the study of the interaction and adjustment of the seafloor topography and fluid hydrodynamic processes, seafloor morphologies and sequences of change dynamics involving the motion of sediment. Hydrodynamic processes include those of waves, tides and wind-induced currents. While hydrodynamic processes respond instantaneously to morphological change, morphological change requires the redistribution of sediment.
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Morphological psychology has been used widely to understand social issues and to develop strategies for behaviour change. Morphological psychology recognises social behaviour in the context of ancient motivations, the cultural ebb and current motivations. In media, it is used for analysis as well as in advisory for the development of storylines and components for movies, TV and other media.B. Grohsgart, 2004/D.
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In 2000, Israeli linguists Nadav Har'El and Dan Kenigsberg began development of an open-source Hebrew morphological analyzer and spell-checking program, Hspell (official website). In 2004, Kobi Zamir created a GUI for Hspell. Currently the Hspell morphological analyzer is accessible at meaning.wiki.meaning.wiki The Culmus Project developed Nakdan, a semi-automatic diacritics tool based on Wiktionary for use with Open Office and LibreOffice.
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The cladogram below follows the topology from a 2012 analysis of morphological traits by Christopher A. Brochu and Glenn W. Storrs. Many extinct species of Crocodylus might represent different genera. "Crocodylus" pigotti, for example, was placed in the newly erected genus Brochuchus in 2013. C. suchus was not included because its morphological codings were identical to those of C. niloticus.
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Trachelomonads are free- swimming, solitary, photosynthetic flagellates ranging in size from 5-100um, with an ovoid shape, sharing similar morphological characteristics with its sister group, Strombomonas.Brosnan, Stacy; Brown, Patrick J.; Farmer, Mark A.; Triemer, Richard E. (2005). “Morphological separation of the euglenoid genera Trachelomonas and Strombomonas (Euglenophyta) based on lorica development and posterior strip deduction”. Journal of Phycology. 41 (3): 590-605.
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Kuravirus is a genus of viruses within the Podoviridae family. This genus was established based on a combination of morphological features and genome organization.
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Xymmer was resurrected to its current placement as an independent genus from synonymy with Amblyopone based on a morphological examination by Yoshimura & Fisher (2012).
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Now that Deroceras invadens has been recognised as distinct, the morphological variation within Deroceras panormitanum sensu stricto is not as great as once thought.
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Retrieved October 20, 2007. and filamentous species grow in a branching morphological pattern similar to fungal hyphae.Bitton, G. Wastewater Microbiology. "Foam Microbiology." page 229.
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Morphological variation is observed in Euastacus spinifer that originate in different river systems. They are mostly green with reddish-brown joints and bright spines.
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However, flower colour can easily distinguish these species. Other morphological characteristics are often unreliable if used to distinguish these species due to phenotypic plasticity.
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Yet, the white males had an extremely limited number of morphological and syntactic devices and a small comically exaggerated lexicon (including ethnically stereotyped lexemes).
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Yamane, Seiki. Morphological and Taxonomic Studies on Vespinae Larvae, With Reference to the Phylogeny of the Subfamily Vespinae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Insecta Matsumarana. Series Entomology.
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The grammar of the Punjabi language concerns the word order, case marking, verb conjugation, and other morphological and syntactic structures of the Punjabi language.
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"Morphological evidence supports Dryolestoid affinities for the living Australian marsupial mole Notoryctes". PeerJ Preprints. 2: e755v1. doi:10.7287/peerj.preprints.755v1. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
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New classification of Allium L. subg. Melanocrommyum (Webb & Berthel.) Rouy (Alliaceae) based on molecular and morphological characters. Phyton: Annales Rei Botanicae 49: 145-320.
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However, a 1983 study by Herd and Fenton found no morphological, genetic, or ecological evidence to support the notion that the two species hybridize.
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The morphological processes used in Matis are prefixation, suffixation, reduplication, and atonalization, with prefixation utilized very rarely and the latter three being more common.
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This species is morphological similar to Cuphea lanceolata, which is found in Mexico. It can be distinguished from Cuphea lanceolata by its smaller flower.
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Price, R. A. (1996). Systematics of the Gnetales: A review of morphological and molecular evidence. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 157(6): S40-S49.
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Price, R. A. (1996). Systematics of the Gnetales: A review of morphological and molecular evidence. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 157(6): S40-S49.
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Price, R. A. (1996). Systematics of the Gnetales: A review of morphological and molecular evidence. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 157(6): S40-S49.
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Price, R. A. (1996). Systematics of the Gnetales: A review of morphological and molecular evidence. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 157(6): S40-S49.
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Price, R. A. (1996). Systematics of the Gnetales: A review of morphological and molecular evidence. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 157(6): S40-S49.
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This classification is based on such morphological features as the number of vertebrae, the structure of the pectoral girdle, and the morphology of tadpoles.
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British Phycological Journal. 10 (1):17-41. doi: 10.1080/00071617500650031 This can make it difficult to describe species since morphological features can vary greatly.
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The morphological evidence for ratite monophyly: fact or fiction? Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Ornithological Congress, 184–190. a conclusion consistent with recent molecular studies.
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The findings of the study suggest the morphological changes are the result of climate change, and demonstrate an example of evolutionary change following Bergmann's rule.
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May be mistaken for common algae growth on rocks in habitat because of similar green color and flat in morphological types within a given species.
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Note that the logic can also be applied to any kind of data for which a distance measure can be defined (e.g., even morphological features).
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In 2001, a detailed morphological and anatomical study of the genus was conducted and a taxonomic survey and a key to the species was provided.
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Morphological studies on Anna's hummingbird kidneys showed adaptations of high capillary density in close proximity to nephrons, allowing for precise regulation of water and electrolytes.
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Ergativity can be found in both morphological and syntactic behavior.For a kind of "phonological" ergativity, see Rude (1983), also Vydrin (2011) for a detailed critique.
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"Taxonomic and morphological survey of the Lygephila lusoria (Linnaeus, 1758) species-group with description of a new species (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Toxocampinae)". ZooKeys. 351: 49–81. .
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"Taxonomic and morphological survey of the Lygephila lusoria (Linnaeus, 1758) species-group with description of a new species (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Toxocampinae)". ZooKeys. 351: 49–81. .
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"Taxonomic and morphological survey of the Lygephila lusoria (Linnaeus, 1758) species- group with description of a new species (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Toxocampinae)". ZooKeys. 351: 49–81. .
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Of less importance are the morphological, syntactical, and lexical particularities, as they are too small to provide clear distinctions. All Romanian dialects are mutually intelligible.
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In addition to very productive morphological causatives, Turkish also has some lexical causatives: kır- "break", yırt- "split", dik- "plant", yak- "burn", sakla- "hide", aç- "open".
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Based on molecular data, they confirmed that Thysanodontinae Marshall, 1988 belongs to the family Calliostomatidae,. It was already previously placed there based on morphological data.
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Crataegus ucrainica is a putative species of hawthorn found in Ukraine. A 2014 molecular and morphological study reduced it to a synonym of Crataegus meyeri.
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Effect of varying degrees of succinylation on the functional and morphological properties of starch from acha (Digitaria exilis kippis stapf). Food Chemistry 177: 258-266.
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This represent a fundamental factor of the morphological evolution of a slope. Bedding attitude and the presence of discontinuities or faults control the slope morphogenesis.
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Upon genetic and morphological analysis, Dumbacher et al. found that the two subspecies were significantly divergent, and proposed elevating both to the rank of species.
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These adaptations may be behavioral (i.e. movements or actions), morphological (i.e. characteristics of external body structure), or physiological (i.e. internal functions of cells and organs).
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Craniets og øreaabningernes bygning hos de nordeuropæiske arter af familien Strigidae. Brögger.Schwartzkopff, J. (1963). Morphological and physiological properties of the auditory system in birds. Proc.
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In general, morphological changes are too rapid to determine from which cotemporal species a new species originated, as seen in the evolution of modern humans.
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Tamashek's two main morphological processes are ablaut and affixation, with the former permeat[ing] the language. Many processes also undergo a combination of the two.
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The cladogram below follows the topology from a 2012 analysis of morphological traits by Christopher A. Brochu and Glenn W. Storrs. Many extinct species of Crocodylus might represent different genera. C. suchus was not included because its morphological codings were identical to those of C. niloticus. However, the authors suggested that it could be explained by their specimen sampling, and considered the two species to be distinct.
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The majority of accessions are diploids (2n=24). Triploids (2n=36) and tetraploids (2n=48) are rare. With 187 accessions evaluated with 18 morphological descriptors, 108 morphotypes or groups have been identified. Considering that the reproduction of the species is vegetative and that the production and use of the germination of botanical seeds is very rare, morphological diversity of the ulluco can be seen as high.
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Di Dio during the 74th meeting of the American Association of Anatomy held in Chicago, USA, in March 1961. Its objectives include stimulating the development and improvement of teaching and research of morphological sciences on the American continent, facilitating scientific exchange in all its aspects. Since then and through its meetings, it has spread and updated progress of morphological sciences on the American continent.
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Methods for classifying Echinostoma species, such as the Echinostoma revolutum group, were devised by Kanev. The Echinostoma species in this group are now classified according to their shared morphological and biological characteristics, such as the presence of 37 collar spines. Molecular methods, such as sequencing mitochondrial DNA and ribosomal DNA, are also used to distinguish between species of Echinostoma as an alternative to morphological classification methods.
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Originally considered to be two species of the genus Hydrophis: Hydrophis curtus and Hydrophis hardwickii. Gritis and Voris (1990) examined the morphological variation of over 1,400 specimens across its geographic range and concluded it is most likely a single species. As is convention, the species name reverts to the first description by Shaw in 1802. DNA and morphological analysis restored its phylogenic status as a single species.
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It is also found in humus pockets and cracks at this location. The only other species in the genus known to have a similar growth habit is H. exappendiculata. These two taxa also share a number of morphological features and appear to be closely related. These shared morphological features include: the shape of pitchers, the general growth pattern, and appearance of nectaries (nectar producing organs).
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The rockhopper penguin can be divided into two species; the northern rockhopper penguin (Eudyptes moseleyiI) and the southern rockhopper penguin. These populations differ in many ways including morphological, ecological and behavioural differences. The northern rockhopper penguin is larger than its southern counterpart and has longer crest feathers. Other morphological differences include different color patterns on the underside of their flipper and different size eyestripes.
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A main morphological character used to distinguish them is the degree of fusion of the bristles in the inflorescence, but this is often unreliable. Authors recently proposed to transfer Pennisetum into Cenchrus, along with the related genus Odontelytrum.Chemisquy, M. A., et al. (2010). Phylogenetic studies favour the unification of Pennisetum, Cenchrus and Odontelytrum (Poaceae): a combined nuclear, plastid and morphological analysis, and nomenclatural combinations in Cenchrus.
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Globodera ellingtonae was isolated in 2008 from a field near Powell Butte, Oregon and in two fields in Idaho. After detail morphological and molecular comparisons with G. pallida and G. rostochiensis, G. ellintonae was described as a new species.Skantar, A.M., Handoo, Z. A., Zasada, I.A., Inghram, R.E., Carta, L.K., and Chitwood, D.J. 2011. Morphological and molecular characterization of Globodera populations from Oregon and Idaho.
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Ailuridae is a family in the mammal order Carnivora. The family consists of the red panda (the sole living representative) and its extinct relatives. Georges Cuvier first described Ailurus as belonging to the raccoon family in 1825; this classification has been controversial ever since. It was classified in the raccoon family because of morphological similarities of the head, colored ringed tail, and other morphological and ecological characteristics.
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A mechanism termed baiting can be used to attract Microsporum fulvum to specific soil samples. The method involves preparing the desired soil with keratinized molecules (hair fragments, nail clippings, etc.) and waiting for colonization of fungus onto the material. Once fungal collections populate the sample, morphological examination can be conducted and completed. Morphological analysis is used to distinguish Microsporum species from other keratin-loving dermatophytes.
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The varying importance which different authors have placed on various morphological characteristics when determining the taxonomy of the genus has long made the resulting subdivision of the genus a subject of controversy. Zamudio (2001) supported his revision of the section Orcheosanthus with a phylogenetic analysis, using 20 morphological and phenological characteristics. In 2005, Cieslak et al. conducted the first comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the entire genus Pinguicula.
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Classification in the twentieth century shifted toward a focus on evolutionary relationships over morphological description. The development of phylogenetics and systematics based on this study is credited to Willi Hennig, a German entomologist. In 1966, his Phylogenetic Systematics was published; inside, Hennig redefined the goals of systematic schemes for classifying living things. He proposed that the focus be on evolutionary relationships over similar morphological features.
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The Appalachian salamanders Plethodon hoffmani and P. cinereus display no morphological differences, eating habits, or resource use exploitation differences among allopatric populations; when the species occurs in sympatry; however, they exhibit morphological differentiation that is associated with segregation in prey size. Where these two species co-occur, P. hoffmani has a faster closing jaw required for larger prey, and P. cinereus has a slower, stronger jaw for smaller prey. Other studies have found Plethodon salamander species that demonstrate character displacement from aggressive behavioral interference rather than exploitation. That is, morphological character displacement between the two species is due to aggressive interaction between them rather than the exploitation of different food resources.
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Indeed, as a general rule, most character datasets are so "noisy" that no truly "simple" solution is possible. Recent simulation studies suggest that parsimony may be less accurate than trees built using Bayesian approaches for morphological data, potentially due to overprecision, although this has been disputed . Studies using novel simulation methods have demonstrated that differences between inference methods result from the search strategy and consensus method employed, rather than the optimization used. Also, analyses of 38 molecular and 86 morphological empirical datasets have shown that the common mechanism assumed by the evolutionary models used in model-based phylogenetics apply to most molecular, but few morphological datasets.
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From the early twentieth century, the anthophyte hypothesis was the prevailing explanation for seed plant evolution, based on shared morphological characters between the gnetophytes and angiosperms. In this hypothesis, the gnetophytes, along with the extinct order Bennettitales, are sister to the angiosperms, forming the "anthophytes". Some morphological characters that were suggested to unite the anthophytes include vessels in wood, net-veined leaves (in Gnetum only), lignin chemistry, the layering of cells in the apical meristem, pollen and megaspore features (including thin megaspore wall), short cambial initials, and lignin syringal groups. However, most genetic studies, as well as more recent morphological analyses, have rejected the anthophyte hypothesis.
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An example of morphological isolation in Salvia mellifera where the stigma and anther positioning determines the location of pollen contact on the bumblebee, promoting transfer within the species. An example of ethological isolation in Ophrys apifera where the orchids structure mimics that of a female bee to attract the male counterparts. Floral Isolation is a form of reproductive isolation found in angiosperms. Reproductive isolation is the process of species evolving mechanisms to prevent reproduction with other species. In plants, this is accomplished through the manipulation of the pollinator’s behavior (ethological isolation) or through morphological characteristics of flowers that favor intraspecific pollen transfer (morphological isolation).
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Behavioral plasticity refers to a change in an organism's behavior that results from exposure to stimuli, such as changing environmental conditions. Behavior can change more rapidly in response to changes in internal or external stimuli than is the case for most morphological traits and many physiological traits. As a result, when organisms are confronted by new conditions, behavioral changes often occur in advance of physiological or morphological changes. For instance, larval amphibians changed their antipredator behavior within an hour after a change in cues from predators, but morphological changes in body and tail shape in response to the same cues required a week to complete.
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Kimball, R.T. et al. (2013) Identifying localized biases in large datasets: A case study using the Avian Tree of Life. Mol Phylogenet Evol. and morphological studies.
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Cf. above, about the phono-morphological explanation for the two forms of negation. In many dialects, the verbal negation is the same with indicative and prohibitive.
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Diatom metabarcoding may help delimit cryptic species that are difficult to identify using microscopy and help complete reference databases by comparing morphological assemblages to metabarcoding data.
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Phenotypic plasticity reconciles incongruous molecular and morphological taxonomies: the giant kelp, Macrocystis (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae), is a monospecific genus (note). Journal of Phycology 45(6): 1266-1269.
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A morphological pattern is a set of associations and/or operations that build the various forms of a lexeme, possibly by inflection, agglutination, compounding or derivation.
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Phylogenetic analysis conducted utilizing DNA and morphological data between members suggests that N. pompilius represents a paraphyletic group of Nautilus members, though not including N. scrobiculatus.
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However, the scales on the stalks (petioles) provide a morphological distinction. Sphaeropteris has scales without distinct margins, whereas the other genera have scales with distinct margins.
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Other morphological differences include a broad black throat band, golden yellow tail and reduced teeth; "these and other characteristics point to a long period of isolation".
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The nonpollinating wasps also have developed impressive morphological adaptations to deposit eggs inside the fig from the outside, in the form of an extremely long ovipositor.
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ChaSen is a morphological parser for the Japanese language. This tool for analyzing morphemes was developed at the Matsumoto laboratory, Nara Institute of Science and Technology.
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Morphological studies have suggested a close relationship between Boryaceae and Blandfordiaceae. There is relatively low support for the position of Boryaceae in the tree shown above.
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Blackwell Science. Several morphological features distinguish the American eel from other eel species. Tesch (1977)Tesch, F.W. (1977). The eel: biology and management of anguillid eels.
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It has been treated as both a species and a subspecies. Recent research has once again considered it its own species, due to distinct morphological characteristics.
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In studying the syntactic and morphological patterns of language alternation, linguists have postulated specific grammatical rules and specific syntactic boundaries for where code-switching might occur.
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In addition to its relation to Case (case based on syntactic structures), these semantic notions of case role are closely related to morphological case as well.
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Predicative nominals over subjects are also called predicate nominatives, a term borrowed from Latin grammars and indicating the morphological case that such expressions bear (in Latin).
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Some authorities place the genus Mahonia in Berberis because there is no definite morphological distinction between the two genera. The subject awaits in-depth genetic analysis.
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Some of the syntactic processes of Apinayé are the valency changing operations of causativization. There are two ways of expressing causativization: periphrastic construction and morphological construction.
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Invertebrate photoreceptors in organisms such as insects and molluscs are different in both their morphological organization and their underlying biochemical pathways. This article describes human photoreceptors.
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Overall, it is clear that Desano follows a clear and strict morphological order, which details from pronunciation to word choice, and from physical to supernatural state.
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It is usually combined with structural imaging modalities such as Intravascular ultrasound and/or Intracoronary optical coherence tomography, to provide functional information in a morphological context.
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M. pacifica is most closely related to M. lucens; before being split by Brodsky based on morphological differences, these were considered to be the same species.
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A revision of this subgenus on a morphological basis by Landua et al. moved several of the species in this subgenus into a new subgenus Papernaia.
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Early chondrichthyan species suggest that the morphological disparity in the early members of the chondrichthyan total group was probably substantially greater than that which is observed.
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Morphological and physiological variation among ecotypes of sweetvetch (Hedysarum boreale Nutt.). Journal of Range Management 42(6) 496-501. and plains sweet- broom.Plains Sweet-broom (Hedysarum boreale).
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There are phonological, lexical, and morphological differences between Afghan Persian and Iranian Persian. There are no significant differences in the written forms, other than regional idiomatic phrases.
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11\. Allan D. Nelson; Wayne J. Elisens (1999). "Polyploid evolution and biogeography in Chelone (Scrophulariaceae): morphological and isozyme evidence". American Journal of Botany. Botanical Society of America.
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Cho, Y., Kwon, O. & Nam, S.-H., 2006. Ecological and morphological characteristics of the endoparasitoids of larval Acronicta rumicis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Entomological Research, 36, pp. 208–215.
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Miocnus was named by Matthew (1931). Its type is Miocnus antillensis. It was assigned to Megalonychidae by Matthew (1931) based on morphological considerations,W. D. Matthew. 1931.
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Murugan R, Ananthan G., Arunkman A. (2018) Aplousobranchia ascidians in Andaman and Nicobar Islands: a combined morphological and molecular discrimination. Mitochondrial DNA Part A, 29, 879-884.
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Wasmannian mimicry occurs when two species live in close proximity with one another. The mimic then models various features of the model with chemical or morphological mimicry.
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A 2014 study of Eulemur masculinization proposed that behavioral and morphological masculinization in female lemuriformes is an ancestral trait that likely emerged after their split from lorisiformes.
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Assumed phonological or morphological forms will be between slashes //, with plain text used for the standard Assyriological transcription of Sumerian. Most of the following examples are unattested.
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The classification of Dermanura and Artibeus has been a topic of debate, though there has been genetic and morphological evidence to reclassify the species as Artibeus aequatorialis.
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The principal curvature images are cleaned by a morphological closing and eigenvector-flow guided hysteresis thresholding. Then traditional watershed algorithm is applied on images to acquire regions.
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Khawia abbottinae sp. n.(Cestoda: Caryophyllidea) from the Chinese false gudgeon Abbottina rivularis (Cyprinidae: Gobioninae) in China: morphological and molecular data. Folia Parasitologica 60(2), 141-48.
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Physiological response and morphological development on a reforestation site. p. 98 (abstr.) in Colombo, S.J.; Hogan, G.; Wearn, V. (Compilers & Eds.), Proc. 12th North Amer., For. Biol.
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Swarming bacteria undergo morphological differentiation that distinguish them from their planktonic state. Cells localized at migration front are typically hyperelongated, hyperflagellated and grouped in multicellular raft structures.
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Ruiz-Garcia, Manuel, Eulalia Banguera, and Heiber Cardenas. "Morphological Analysis of Three Inia (Cetacea : Iniidae) Populations from Colombia and Bolivia." Acta Theriologica 51.4 (2006): 411-26. Web.
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The great morphological similarities as well as the relative abundance of M. kiaeri in the region prompted Hanken and Størmer (1975) to refer the tracks to Mixopterus.
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"Morphological variation and taxonomic reassessment of the endemic Malagasy blind snake family Xenotyphlopidae (Serpentes, Scolecophidia)". Spixiana 36 (2): 269-282. The Xenotyphlipidae's sister taxon are the Typhlopidae.
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Kawésqar has a complex system of grammatical tense, which includes a basic morphological contrast between future, present, immediate past, recent past, distant past, and mythological past events.
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Plasticity of morphological and allozymic traits in response to short-term environmental variation in Lemna minor. Ecoscience 1(3): 249-254. # Vasseur, L. and D. Gagnon. 1994.
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There are phonological, lexical, and morphological differences between Afghan Persian and Iranian Persian. There are no significant differences in the written forms, other than regional idiomatic phrases.
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The genus Hubera was resolved to be sister to Miliusa, with certain species previously under Polyalthia being additionally reclassified. This reclassification was highly supported by maximum parsimony, Bayesian analysis, and morphological characters. Hubera is characterized by reticulate tertiary venation, axillary inflorescences, 1 ovule per ovary, seeds with flat to slightly raised raphes, and other characters. Hubera's phylogenetic distance and morphological difference from Monoon and Polyalthia, distinguish Hubera on the generic level.
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Brachymyrmex is a genus of minute ants that at first glance exhibit little morphological variation. Currently only the 9-segmented antennae and lack of antennal club have been proposed to diagnose workers of the genus. The combination of small size, soft metasoma, and the simple morphology makes observations and interpretation of morphological characters difficult. These difficulties impede taxonomic revisions and even led Creighton (1950) to call Brachymyrmex a "miserable little genus".
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Although the discussion of phrasemes centres largely on multi- word expressions such as those illustrated above, phrasemes are known to exist on the morphological level as well. Morphological phrasemes are conventionalized combinations of morphemes such that at least one of their components is selectionally restricted.Mel’čuk, Igor A. (1964). Obobščenie ponjatija frazeologizma (morfologičeskie “frazeolo-gizmy”). In L.I. Rojzenzon (ed.), "Materialy konferencii “Aktual'nye voprosy sovremennogo jazykoznanija i lingvističeskoe nasledie E.D. Polivanova”", 89–90.
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Relationships of Droseraceae: a cladistic analysis of rbcL sequence and morphological data. American Journal of Botany, 81(8): 1027–1037. Further analysis in 2002 based on the nuclear 18S rDNA, plastid DNA (rbcL, matK, atpB), and morphological data confirmed these relationships, supporting the basal position of D. regia in the genus and its close relationship with Dionaea and Aldrovanda.Cameron, K. M., Wurdack, K. J., Jobson, R. W. 2002.
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Declarative memory includes representations of simple words (e.g. cat), bound morphemes (morphemes that have to go together), irregular morphological forms, verb complements, and idioms (or non-compositional semantic units). Irregular morphological structures fall into the declarative system; the irregularities (such as "went" being the past form of "go" or idioms) are what we have to memorize. Declarative memory supports a superposition associative memory, which allows for generalizations across representations.
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The notoungulate and litoptern native ungulates of South America have been shown by studies of collagen and mitochondrial DNA sequences to be a sister group to the perissodactyls, making them true ungulates. The estimated divergence date is 66 million years ago. This conflicts with the results of some morphological analyses which favoured them as afrotherians. It is in line with some more recent morphological analyses which suggested they were basal euungulates.
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Notably, pronouns in Futuna- Aniwa can all be easily can be divided into specific morphological components. For example, the second person nonsingular dual pronoun akorua (see below) is formed by combining the personal article prefix a-, the nonsingular, second person, pronominal focus infix –ko- and the dual suffix –(r)ua. (Dougherty, 1983) The only exception to this are interrogative pronouns, whose morphological construction is more complex and variable.
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The basis of functional morphological investigations in Slovenia was set up by Lili Istenič in the 1980s. More than twenty years later, the Research Group for functional morphological Studies of the Vertebrates in the Department of Biology (Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana), is one of the leading groups studying the olm under the guidance of Boris Bulog.Bulog B. et al. (2003). Black Proteus: mysterious dweller of the Karst in Bela krajina.
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To hypothesize origins and losses of social behavior in halictine species, phylogenies of social taxa are critical. Phylogenies constructed from fossil evidence dating demonstrate numerous reversions within the Halictidae to solitary nesting. Morphological data were employed in the 1960s to create a phylogeny suggesting the behavioral reversion from eusociality to solitary nesting in the genera Augochlora and Augochlorella. In mapping other taxonomic relationships, however, morphological data have been troublesome.
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Tegnér joined the debate with an essay in 1886. In that essay he suggested the morphological principle of spelling as an alternative to the phonetic spelling proposed by the reformers. This morphological principle suggested that morphemes should as much as possible be spelled the same. The principle was seen as a compromise, and the sixth edition of Svenska Akademiens ordlista in 1889 exhibited Tegnér's influence in several new spellings.
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Morphological rules are exceptions to the orthographic rules used when breaking a word into its stem and modifiers. An example would be while one normally pluralizes a word in English by adding 's' as a suffix, the word 'fish' does not change when pluralized. Contrast this to orthographic rules which contain general rules. Both of these types of rules are used to construct systems that can do morphological parsing.
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In English - Pig Latin; (Not exactly with the same morphological construction but similar in purpose and tone) Colloquial French has a form of intentional metathesis known as verlan. Greek has Podaná with the same morphological construction. Tagálog, a language of the Philippines, also has a similar construct known as binaliktad, lit. "inverted." Serbian has a form of slang called Šatrovački followed in the 1990s with a more ambiguous slang called utrovački.
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Spaulding et al. have found them to be closer to whales than to pigs in their Cetacodontamorpha. Some morphological studies have suggested that the hippopotamus family Hippopotamidae was part of the Suina, but a growing body of morphological and genetic evidence has suggested that they share a common ancestor not with the Suina, but with Cetaceans—the clade that includes whales and dolphins. Whales and hippopotamids form a clade called Whippomorpha.
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This marks the modern clinical pathological diagnosis of breast cancer has transferred from simple morphological diagnosis into morphological and molecular features combined diagnosis. Genotyping fundamentally changes the concept of breast cancer and provides breast cancer patients with more improved prognosis and treatment. In all molecular subtypes, basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) is still the biggest challenge in current research due to its strong invasiveness and molecular biological characteristics.
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Work in developmental biology has identified dynamical and physical mechanisms of tissue morphogenesis that may underlie such abrupt morphological transitions. Consequently, consideration of mechanisms of phylogenetic change that are actually (not just apparently) non- gradual is increasingly common in the field of evolutionary developmental biology, particularly in studies of the origin of morphological novelty. A description of such mechanisms can be found in the multi-authored volume Origination of Organismal Form.
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Morphological analysis of the teeth and palate of Afropithecus suggests that it utilized a sclerocarpic foraging diet similar to members of Pitheciidae, in contrast to that of Morotopithecus.
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Scott DeLancey (2015)DeLancey, Scott. 2015. "Morphological Evidence for a Central Branch of Trans-Himalayan (Sino- Tibetan)." Cahiers de linguistique - Asie oriental 44(2):122-149. December 2015.
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Morphological and ecological diversity of Amebelodontidae (Proboscidea, Mammalia) revealed by a Miocene fossil accumulation of an upper- tuskless proboscidean. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. Online edition. doi:10.1080/14772019.2016.1208687.
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Scott DeLancey (2015)DeLancey, Scott. 2015. "Morphological Evidence for a Central Branch of Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan)." Cahiers de linguistique - Asie oriental 44(2):122-149. December 2015.
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The tilde may indicate alternating allomorphs or morphological alternation, as in for kneel~knelt (the plus sign '+' indicates a morpheme boundary).Collinge (2002) An Encyclopedia of Language, §4.2.
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The species name is derived from Latin, para (meaning beside, near), and the species name Pseudopostega plicatella, in reference to the close morphological similarities of these two species.
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Pekarsky, Oleg (2013)."Taxonomic and morphological survey of the Lygephila lusoria (Linnaeus, 1758) species-group with description of a new species (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Toxocampinae)". ZooKeys. 351: 49–81. .
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In 2001, an additional 1162 objects were added from the Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies by Vorontsov-Vel'yaminov et al. These objects have numbers ranging from VV853 to VV2014.
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The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Based on morphological and molecular evidence, Larry Noblick and Alan Meerow subsumed Lytocaryum back into Syagrus in 2015.
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In some classifications, the genus Schwarziana is treated as a subgenus within Plebeia, but recent morphological analyses indicate that Schwarziana is a distinct lineage, while Plebeia is paraphyletic.
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This phenomenon is known as maternal dermatophagy. This practice and morphological similarities are shared with its African relative Boulengerula taitana, suggesting it evolved over 100 million years ago.
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Bathymetric signatures of propagating rifts observed at the East Pacific Rise and Galapagos Spreading Center. Yellow-dashed lines indicate morphological depressions created in the wake of propagating rifts.
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Additionally, males have three white stripes on their tergites, while females do not carry such morphological features. There are no phenotypical differences between females of different social status.
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The population harvested near Dongara is reputed to be a greater delicacy amongst consumers, although investigation of that catch did not reveal any morphological distinctions from other populations.
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Morphological and molecular diversity of Lake Baikal candonid ostracods, with a description of a new genus. Zookeys. 2017(684): 19–56. meaning that there are 200 endemic species.
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Melbourne: CSIROLey, A. C., and Claßen-Bockhoff, R. (2011). “Evolution in African Marantaceae - evidence from phylogenetic, ecological and morphological studies”. Syst. Bot. 36, 277–290. doi: 10.1600/036364411X569480.
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Douglas-fir prefers acidic or neutral soils. However, it exhibits considerable morphological plasticity, and on drier sites P. menziesii var. menziesii will generate deeper taproots. Pseudotsuga menziesii var.
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Combined analysis of morphological and molecular characters places Prolepsis tristis in a clade corresponding to the subfamily Stenopogoninae, without however providing direct support for monophyly of this subfamily.
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They would be very difficult to tell apart solely on their morphological characteristics but they can be identified according to the different types of male labial gland secretions.
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The authors state that some of the fossils are referrable to M. trogontherii, while the others can be referred to M. primigenius, according to morphological characters and measurements.
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NGC 31 is a spiral galaxy located in the Phoenix constellation. Its morphological type is SB(rs)cd, meaning that it is a late-type barred spiral galaxy.
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In vocabulary, Madai Gang is more influenced by Meitei and Assamese while Rajar Gang is more akin to Bengali. The morphological differences between the two dialects are negligible.
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Common name Modigliani's huia frog has been coined for this species. Morphological evidence suggests that it can hybridize with Huia sumatrana, but this needs confirmation using genetic data.
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A variety of gross morphological traits of the human skull demonstrate sexual dimorphism, such as the median nuchal line, mastoid processes, supraorbital margin, supraorbital ridge, and the chin.
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Scott DeLancey (2015)DeLancey, Scott. 2015. "Morphological Evidence for a Central Branch of Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan)." Cahiers de linguistique - Asie oriental 44(2):122-149. December 2015.
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Artiofabula is a clade made up of the Suina and the Cetruminantia. The clade was found in molecular phylogenetic analyses and contradicted traditional relationships based on morphological analyses.
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In 2012, BirdLife International gave the Timneh parrot full species status on the basis of genetic, morphological, plumage and vocal differences and classified it as Endangered in 2016.
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Price, R. A. (1996). Systematics of the Gnetales: A review of morphological and molecular evidence. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 157(6): S40-S49. ;Subspecies #Ephedra fragilis subsp.
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Ludt, W.B., Burridge, C.P. & Chakrabarty, P. (2019). A taxonomic revision of Cheilodactylidae and Latridae (Centrarchiformes: Cirrhitoidei) using morphological and genomic characters. Zootaxa 585(1). Burridge and Smolenski (2004).
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There are several important respects in which mirror theory is different from more traditional theories of phrase structure in generative linguistics such as X-bar theory or bare phrase structure. The first principle, called mirror, states that the syntactic relation 'X complement of Y' is identical to an inverse-order morphological relation 'X specifier of Y'. Thus, the notions of 'syntactic' and 'morphological' specifiers and complements are crucial for the linearisation of syntactic structure and its mapping to the morphological component. When the structure is pronounced, it linearises in the following order: specifiers precede heads, and heads precede their complements. So when a sentence like that in the diagram below is pronounced, 'John' precedes the V-v-T chain, which in turn precedes 'Mary', the latter being the specifier of V. However, English is a VO language, which means that the morphological word 'loves' associated with the V-v-T chain is spelled in v, deriving the correct word order. Image:Mirror_Theoretic_Representation_Sentence.
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A metropolitan area is generally defined as consisting of an urban area, conurbation or agglomeration, together with the surrounding area to which it is closely economically and socially integrated through commuting. The European Union's ESPON project defined a harmonised series of metropolitan areas across Europe, made up of two components: Morphological Urban Areas (MUAs), which are similar to urban areas that form the densely populated urban cores of metropolitan areas, and Functional Urban Areas (FUAs), which form the labour basin surrounding Morphological Urban Areas. Morphological Urban Areas were calculated by combining contiguous local administrative units with population densities greater than 650 inhabitants per square kilometre, with Functional Urban Areas then being calculated by combining surrounding local administrative units where 10% or more of the workforce works within the core Morphological Urban Area. According to the harmonised European definition, there were eighteen metropolitan areas in the United Kingdom with populations of more than 500,000 at the time of the 2001 census.
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In natural language processing for Japanese, Chinese, and other languages, morphological analysis is the process of segmenting a sentence into a row of morphemes. Morphological analysis is closely related to part-of-speech tagging, but word segmentation is required for these languages because word boundaries are not indicated by blank spaces. The purpose of morphological analysis is to determine the minimal units of meaning in a language or morphemes by using comparisons of similar forms: for example, comparing forms such as "She is walking" and "They are walking," rather than comparing either with something completely different like "You are reading." Thus, the forms can be effectively broken down into parts and the different morphemes can be distinguished.
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Molecular analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region clearly separate the four species currently recognized in Volvopluteus, but morphological identification can be more difficult due to the sometimes overlapping morphological variation among the species. Size of the fruit bodies, color of the cap, spore size, presence or absence of cystidia and morphology of the cystidia are the most important characters for morphological species delimitation in the genus. V. earlei has smaller fruit bodies (cap less than in diameter), has no pleurocystidia (usually), and the cheilocystidia usually have a very long apical excrescence (outgrowth). In V. asiaticus the majority of the pleurocystidia have an apical excrescence up to 10–15 µm long and the cheilocystidia are predominantly lageniform (flask- shaped).
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Thorne held that there was regional continuity in Indonesia and Australia for a morphological clade. This sequence is said to consist of the earliest fossils from Sangiran, Java, that can be traced through Ngandong and found in prehistoric and recent Aboriginal Australians. In 1991, Andrew Kramer tested 17 proposed morphological clade features. He found that: "a plurality (eight) of the seventeen non-metric features link Sangiran to modern Australians" and that these "are suggestive of morphological continuity, which implies the presence of a genetic continuum in Australasia dating back at least one million years" but Colin Groves has criticized Kramer's methodology, pointing out that the polarity of characters was not tested and that the study is actually inconclusive.
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Those that fed on Lauraceae and Magnoliaceae were found to form another cluster which includes both Asian and American taxa.. The Parnassinae, like the Papilioninae, were also believed to be monophyletic based on morphological studies but recent studies based on both morphological and molecular characteristics suggest that this is not the case. Of the Parnassiinae, the genera Parnassius and Hypermnestra were found to be extremely close based on molecular studies. and are now considered to be part of the tribe Parnassiini. The two taxa, Archon and Luehdorfia, have been found to be closely related through analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, and, though they share no morphological similarities, have now been united in the tribe Luehdorfiini.
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Molecular analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region clearly separate the four species currently recognized in Volvopluteus but morphological identification can be more difficult due to the sometimes overlapping morphological variation among the species. Size of the basidiocarps, color of the pileus, spore size, presence or absence of cystidia and morphology of the cystidia are the most important characters for morphological species delimitation in the genus. Volvopluteus asiaticus stands apart from other species by the pleurocystidia provided with apical excrescences and the cheilocystidia that are predominantly lageniform. Phylogenetic relationships between Volvopluteus asiaticus and the other species of the genus as inferred from ITS data, based on the results presented by Justo et al.
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A piece of protohistoric vase was discovered in the commune and studied by a Mr. Pichon. "The morphological and technological characteristics" date this fragment "between 1700 and 1200 BC".
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T. dacrycarpi is part of the T. dimorphus species group. The two populations (from Sumbawa and Flores) have a 7.5–9.7% p-distance difference, but have no morphological differences.
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In the nominal morphology there is no inflection for case or definiteness, the morphological categories being number, state (absolute vs. construct) and person (of the possessor, with construct state).
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More recent morphological phylogenetic studies with this in mind placed turtles firmly within diapsids, some place turtles as a sister group to extant archosaurs. or, more commonly, within Lepidosauromorpha.
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Plants For. Prot., Oslo, Norway. Height and root-collar diameter are generally accepted as the most useful morphological criteriaNavratil, S.; Brace, L.G.; Edwards, I.K. 1986. Planting stock quality monitoring.
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The authors concluded both the molecular and morphological differences supported the declaration of a new species based on the phylogenetic species concept and a more conservative "integrative taxonomic approach".
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This bone was preserved with a small splint from the fibula located just above the ankle. The splint, however, may also be just a unique morphological feature of Cryolophosaurus.
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The species is now included in Aristolochiaceae following APG IV (2016). Morphological data are not clear concerning the classification of Lactoris, but molecular data place it in the Aristolochiaceae.
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Though the genus Tibia was left out of the analysis, Simone regarded it as probably closely related to Terebellum, apparently due to some well known morphological similarities between them.
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In the case of the Cedros deer, its status as a valid subspecies can be defended due to their endemicity to the island, morphological differences, and distinct mitochondrial patterns.
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Opuntioideae (Cactaceae). Succ. Pl. Res. 6: 9–24. and Griffith (2003),Griffith, M. P. (2003) Grusonia pulchella classification and its impacts on the genus Grusonia: morphological and molecular evidence.
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Raulings, EJ and Ladiges, PY. (2001). Morphological variation and speciation in Stylidium graminifolium (Stylidiaceae), description of S. montanum and reinstatement of S. armeria. Australian Systematic Botany, 14: 901-935.
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Although some of its morphological traits, such as the very large pads, are suggestive of arboreal (tree-dwelling) habits, most specimens were collected in pitfall traps on the ground.
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Carpenter, James. Strassmann, Joan. The phylogeny of the social wasp subfamily Polistinae: evidence from microsatellite flanking sequences, mitochondrial COI sequence, and morphological characters. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:8.
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52(6):745–756, 2003. print / . Online A 2013 analysis of morphological data suggested the Acroceridae were a sister group to the Asiloidea and Eremoneura.Lambkin, Christine L., et al.
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H.E.K. Hartmann and I.M. Niesler. (2013). A new morphological study of the genus Trichodiadema (Aizoaceae) permits the description of a new subgenus, t. subg. Gemiclausa. Bradleya 31:58-75.
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H.E.K. Hartmann and I.M. Niesler. (2013). A new morphological study of the genus Trichodiadema (Aizoaceae) permits the description of a new subgenus, t. subg. Gemiclausa. Bradleya 31:58-75.
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Botanical Review 68: 335-423. It is regarded as distinct enough, both in terms of morphological and molecular data, to warrant monotypic status within its own tribe, the Archerieae.
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The species exhibits high morphological plasticity, ranging from being shrub-like with small leaves at high altitudes to being a large canopy tree with large leaves in lowland areas.
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Ulrike Brunken & Alexandra Muellner divide the Grewioideae into two clades, the Grewia clade, Grewieae Endl. and the Apeiba clade, Apeibeae Benth., on the basis of morphological and molecular evidence.
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In male decapod crustaceans, gonopods are modified swimming appendages (pleopods). The anterior two pair of pleopods in males are modified for sperm transferring, with differing degree of morphological diversification.
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Clade 6 consists of Blumeria graminis, which has an Oidium subgenus Oidium mitosporic state. Several morphological characters have been analysed and found not to conflict with the molecular data.
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HFST has been used for writing various linguistic tools, such as spell-checkers, hyphenators, and morphologies. Morphological dictionaries written in other formalisms have also been converted to HFST's formats.
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However, molecular and morphological evidence show Rana kunyuensis from Mount Kunyu in the Shandong province of China is the same species as Korean brown frog and its junior synonym.
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Sporangia are elongate in shape, showing no evident morphological differences with the lateral segments of the bract. Unfortunately, we have not found any spores or dehiscence of these sporangia.
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The morphological and anatomical study revels in collection of samples from crime scene and its in vitro analysis. It leads to proper submission of evidences in court of law.
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Cheilodactylus variegatus, the Peruvian morwong or bilagai, is a species of ray-finned fish found in the southeastern Pacific Ocean off the western coast of South America. Although traditionally included in the genus Cheilodactylus in family Cheilodactylidae, based on genetic and morphological analyses it belongs in the genus Chirodactylus in family Latridae.Ludt, W.B., Burridge, C.P. & Chakrabarty, P. (2019). A taxonomic revision of Cheilodactylidae and Latridae (Centrarchiformes: Cirrhitoidei) using morphological and genomic characters.
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For some years he has been developing the Canonical Typology framework, which has expanded beyond its original heartland of morphology and syntax to include work in phonology and sign language. 2) Morphosyntactic features. Number, gender, person and case all offer interesting challenges. 3) Inflectional Morphology (especially Network Morphology) the European Research Council funded project Morphological Complexity which examined the ways in which morphological structure introduces complexity which has no apparent function outside this component.
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The fundamental technique of comparative linguistics is to compare phonological systems, morphological systems, syntax and the lexicon of two or more languages using techniques such as the comparative method. In principle, every difference between two related languages should be explicable to a high degree of plausibility; systematic changes, for example in phonological or morphological systems are expected to be highly regular (consistent). In practice, the comparison may be more restricted, e.g. just to the lexicon.
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Morphological typology is a way of classifying the languages of the world (see linguistic typology) that groups languages according to their common morphological structures. The field organizes languages on the basis of how those languages form words by combining morphemes. Analytic languages contain very little inflection, instead relying on features like word order and auxiliary words to convey meaning. Synthetic languages, ones that are not analytic, are divided into two categories: agglutinative and fusional languages.
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Inflectional class (a word's membership of a particular verb class or noun class) is a purely morphological feature, because it is only relevant to the morphological realisation of the word. In formal models of grammar, features can be represented as attribute- value pairs. For example, in Lexical functional grammar, syntactic features are represented alongside grammatical functions at the level of functional structure (f-structure), which takes the form of an attribute-value matrix.
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Scientists have conducted morphological and molecular studies to understand how tardigrades relate to other lineages of ecdysozoan animals. Two plausible placements have been proposed: tardigrades are either most closely related to Arthropoda and Onychophora, or to nematodes. Evidence for the former is a common result of morphological studies; evidence of the latter is found in some molecular analyses. The latter hypothesis has been rejected by recent microRNA and expressed sequence tag analyses.
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Indonesian ratsnake (Coelognathus subradiatus) in Baucau District, East Timor. Coelognathus is a genus of seven rat snakes from South and Southeast Asia that were formerly assigned to the genus Elaphe. Based on morphological evidence and protein similarities, in 2001, Helfenberger revalidated the name Coelognathus that had originally been proposed by Leopold Fitzinger in 1843. The distinction between Coelognathus and Elaphe was further supported by mitochondrial DNA sequence and additional morphological evidence in 2005.
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Despite this morphometric and morphological features fall well within the range expected for Homo erectus. A high diversity in cranial morphological features in Chinese subspecies of Homo erectus has been identified in a number of studiesW. Liu, Y. Zhang, X. Wu, "Middle Pleistocene human cranium from Tangshan (Nanjing), Southeast China: a new reconstruction and comparisons with Homo erectus from Eurasia and Africa", American journal of physical anthropology, 2005. Retrieved 6 September 2017Y.
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Scleroglossa is a clade (evolutionary group) of lizards that includes geckos, autarchoglossans (scincomorphs, anguimorphs, and varanoids), and amphisbaenians. Scleroglossa is supported by phylogenetic analyses that use morphological features (visible anatomical features). According to most morphological analyses, Scleroglossa is the sister group of the clade Iguania, which includes iguanas, chameleons, agamids, and New World lizards. Together, Scleroglossa and Iguania make up crown group Squamata, the smallest evolutionary grouping to include all living lizards and snakes.
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The characteristics used to create a cladogram can be roughly categorized as either morphological (synapsid skull, warm blooded, notochord, unicellular, etc.) or molecular (DNA, RNA, or other genetic information). Prior to the advent of DNA sequencing, cladistic analysis primarily used morphological data. Behavioral data (for animals) may also be used. As DNA sequencing has become cheaper and easier, molecular systematics has become a more and more popular way to infer phylogenetic hypotheses.
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Crassitarsae was first proposed as a taxon by Robert J. Raven in 1985, based on a morphological cladistic analysis of Mygalomorphae. In Raven's analysis one shared character is the presence of some scopulae on the tarsi. (The Latin adjective means 'thick', 'fat'.) The third claw is usually reduced in size, and the anterior lateral spinnerets are absent. Another morphological cladistic analysis, by Pablo Goloboff in 1993, supported the Crassitarsae, although with a slightly different circumscription.
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The classification of species within the genus Lutzomyia is largely unresolved, and relies on often controversial divisions based on morphological taxonomic characters. Such analyses can suffer from polymorphisms within a species, the existence of cryptic species and the frequent lack of distinct morphological characters amongst females. Research has begun in an attempt to resolve evolutionary relationships between species in the genus, using molecular methods to create phylogenies based on ribosomal DNA sequences.
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The history of morphological analysis dates back to the ancient Indian linguist Pāṇini, who formulated the 3,959 rules of Sanskrit morphology in the text Aṣṭādhyāyī by using a constituency grammar. The Greco-Roman grammatical tradition also engaged in morphological analysis. Studies in Arabic morphology, conducted by Marāḥ al- arwāḥ and Aḥmad b. ‘alī Mas‘ūd, date back to at least 1200 CE. The linguistic term "morphology" was coined by August Schleicher in 1859.
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Effective sting use is likely facilitated by morphological adaptations, such as strongly developed flexor-muscles in the petiole and postpetiole allowing for easy gaster flexion. Similar behavioural strategies and morphological traits are also found in Temnothorax duloticus, but not in Protomognathus americanus. Hosts attacked by Temnothorax pilagens show little or only delayed flight responses. Occasionally, host workers try to drag slavemakers out of the nest, and only respond aggressively when attacked by them.
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In some languages definiteness can be seen a morphological category of nouns. For example, in some Scandinavian languages, such as Swedish, definite nouns inflect with a dedicated set of suffixes. This is known in Swedish as the grammatical category of Species. In Semitic languages the category of state is sometimes tied to definiteness, as some Semitic languages are said to distinguish between three morphological states: Indefinite (Absolute) State, Definite (Emphatic) State, and Construct State.
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E. robusta have very adaptable (plastic) behavior compared to other bee species. They have no morphological castes and females have the option of nesting alone or in groups. However, in larger colonies they do show behavioral differentiation in which colony members will specialize as guards, nurses, or foragers. It is important to note that these differences are behavioral, not morphological, meaning that every colony member has the biological capacity to perform any role.
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In an extensive study of the Stromboidea in 2005, Simone provisionally treated these as distinct species, but observed, "no spectacular morphological difference was found [and] all related differences, even those of the genital system, can be regarded as extreme of variation of a single, wide distributed, variable species." Simone (2005): Comparative Morphological study of representatives of the three families of Stromboidea and the Xenophoroidea (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda), with an assessment of their phylogeny , p. 169.
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Developers of earlier classifications were misled by the apparently reduced vegetative and reproductive morphology of these plants. As aquatic herbs, Hydatellaceae have environmental adaptations leading to derived characteristics that create a morphological similarity to the more distant taxon. Careful reanalysis of their morphological traits and comparisons with other so-called 'basal' angiosperms have supported this "dramatic taxonomic adjustment". This realignment is now recognized in the APG III and APG IV systems of classification.
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The cladogram below follows the topology from a 2011 analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences by Robert W. Meredith, Evon R. Hekkala, George Amato and John Gatesy. The cladogram below follows the topology from a 2012 analysis of morphological traits by Christopher A. Brochu and Glenn W. Storrs. Many extinct species of Crocodylus might represent different genera. C. suchus was not included, because its morphological codings were identical to these of C. niloticus.
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Like the morphing technique used in films, morphological psychology studies the structures of our psyche and aims to understand the transitions, the metamorphosis of our mind. Morphological psychology recognizes that our mind is in a constant state of flux, being shaped and shaping at the same time. It is a psychological theory that considers our mental workings as a dynamic system. Morphology asserts that we are in a constant state of change throughout our life.
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For example, the abdomen of Theridion grallator will become orange if the spider ingests certain species of Diptera and adult Lepidoptera, but if it consumes Homoptera or larval Lepidoptera, then the abdomen becomes green. Environmentally induced color changes may be morphological (occurring over several days) or physiological (occurring near instantly). Morphological changes require pigment synthesis and degradation. In contrast to this, physiological changes occur by changing the position of pigment-containing cells.
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The families within the mesobatrachian suborder generally contain morphological features typical of both the other suborders. For example, the palatine bone is absent in all archaeobatrachians, and present in all neobatrachians. However, within the mesobatrachians families, it can be dependent on the species as to whether the palatine bone is present. Due to the many morphological features which separate the frogs, many different systems are used for the classification of the anuran suborders.
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Morphological diversity is rather high; most species resemble "warblers", jays or thrushes. This group is among those Old World bird families with the highest number of species still being discovered.
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A morphological size comparison study in the eastern United States found a divergence in the location of the largest male and female specimens, suggesting differing selection constraints for the sexes.
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Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30: 118–127Ludt, W.B., Burridge, C.P. & Chakrabarty, P. (2019). A taxonomic revision of Cheilodactylidae and Latridae (Centrarchiformes: Cirrhitoidei) using morphological and genomic characters. Zootaxa 585(1).
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Both hypotheses have been supported and challenged by many studies by many authors. A 2016 study of both genetic and morphological divergence concludes that the group had a Laurasian origin.
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Olson, Everett C., and Robert L. Miller. Morphological integration. University of Chicago Press, 1999. Following Olson and Miller, botanical studies on coherence between characters were done spanning over many years.
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However, these morphological features are inconsistent in W. pseudostraminea, and rarely certain occurrences of W. fluitans have the same characteristics. Warnstorfia fluitans is excellent at phytofiltration of arsenic from water.
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Molecular and morphological analysis shows this genus is most closely related to the genus Hicksbeachia, ancestors of the two genera having diverged around 15 million years ago in the Miocene.
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Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30: 118–127Ludt, W.B., Burridge, C.P. & Chakrabarty, P. (2019). A taxonomic revision of Cheilodactylidae and Latridae (Centrarchiformes: Cirrhitoidei) using morphological and genomic characters. Zootaxa 585(1).
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Furthermore, the characteristic dorsal markings and the white line running under the tympanum are absent. Despite these unusual morphological characters, genetic data nest C. oreas well within the genus Cardioglossa.
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Other researchers argue, despite these morphological similarities, that no archaeocete fossil have been placed within the Neoceti, so the radiation of extant whales can be described independently of the Archaeoceti.
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This protozoan species has an asymmetrical oval shape to its single-celled body.Lowe, C. D., et al. (2011). Who is Oxyrrhis marina? Morphological and phylogenetic studies on an unusual dinoflagellate.
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Multilingual stemming applies morphological rules of two or more languages simultaneously instead of rules for only a single language when interpreting a search query. Commercial systems using multilingual stemming exist.
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In addition, there is strong divergence in body size in the Andes and adjacent lowlands. These changes have shaped distinct morphological and genetic divergence within South American cinnamon teal populations.
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One theme of research in evolutionary developmental biology ("evo-devo") is investigating the role of enhancers and other cis- regulatory elements in producing morphological changes via developmental differences between species.
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P. huizhouensis,Huang, R. E., Ye, W., Ren, X., & Zhao, Z. (2015). Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Phasmarhabditis huizhouensis sp. nov. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), a New Rhabditid Nematode from South China.
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They also present coenocytic spherical stages with prominent vacuoles and several nuclei. All of those stages undergo dramatic morphological changes and have a cell wall (except for the amoeboid stage).
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George held it to be most closely related to B. blechnifolia. In 1996, botanists Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges published an arrangement informed by a cladistic analysis of morphological characteristics.
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T. albanica bears morphological similarities to both species, as well as growing in a similar environment, but can be distinguished genetically as well as by T. albanica's undulating leaf shape.
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Weksler, M. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships of oryzomyine rodents (Muroidea: Sigmodontinae): separate and combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 296:1–149.
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Park Management Component BBEC Programme, Sabah. T. tana has been described as mainly terrestrial based on field observations and their morphological traits.Emmon, L. (2000). Tupai: a Field Study of Bornean Treeshrews.
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Prunus aitchisonii is a putative species of wild almond native to Afghanistan and nearby areas of Pakistan. A genetic and morphological study has shown that it is conspecific with Prunus kuramica.
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Paraparatrechina was first described as a subgenus of Paratrechina by Donisthorpe (1947). LaPolla et al. (2010a) elevated the formerly synonymized subgenus to genus rank based on both morphological and molecular data.
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Taxon 59(2): 538-558.V. Malécot, D. L. Nickrent, P. Baas, L. van den Oever, D. Lobreau-Callen (2004) A morphological cladistic analysis of Olacaceae. Systematic Botany 29: 569-586.
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This level of reliability can only be achieved by extending the rules far outside the domain of phonics, which deals with letter-sound correspondences, and into the morphophonemic and morphological domains.
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Such morphological agreement usually occurs in parts within the noun phrase, such as determiners and adjectives. Languages with overt nominal agreement vary in how and to what extent agreement is required.
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Molecular Ecology 7: 1003–1013.Jerry DR and Cairns SC (1998). Morphological variation in the catadromous Australian bass, from seven geographically distinct riverine drainages. Journal of Fish Biology 52: 829–843.
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Personal names constitute a distinct morphological class of nouns in Crow. They are marked with the definite determiner suffix /sh/, which attaches to the stem rather than to the citation form.
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A subsequent genetic study of E. atrica specimens determined that there were three distinct morphological groups, leading to the restoration of three separate species: E. atrica, E. duellica, and E. saeva.
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Pornpongrungrueng, P., et al. (2007). Phylogenetic relationships in Blumea (Asteraceae: Inuleae) as evidenced by molecular and morphological data. Plant Systematics and Evolution 269(3-4), 223-43.Blumeopsis. Flora of Pakistan.Blumeopsis.
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Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102.
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This method makes it possible to create a multi-variable morphological field which can be treated as an inference model – thus integrating scenario planning techniques with contingency analysis and sensitivity analysis.
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The taxonomy of protists is still changing. Newer classifications attempt to present monophyletic groups based on morphological (especially ultrastructural),Pitelka, D. R. (1963). Electron- Microscopic Structure of Protozoa. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
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PeerJ 5: e3183. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3183Gee, B.M., and Parker, W.G. 2018. Morphological and histological description of small metoposaurids from Petrified Forest National Park, AZ, USA and the taxonomy of Apachesaurus.
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This theory has been further supported by research on the acquisition of the grammatical and morphological components of language.Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams. An Introduction to Language. 10 edition.
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Both Asiatic species had been thought of as one genus, Urotrichus. More recently, it was decided that a new genus, Dymecodon, be created within the Urotrichini to reflect significant morphological differences.
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Morphological redshift estimates for galaxy clusters in a Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect survey. In recent years, Bayesian statistical methods and artificial neural networks have been used to estimate redshifts from photometric data.
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"Structural, Behavioral, and Physiological Adaptations of Bees (Apoidea) for Collecting Pollen". JSTOR. 66(4): 788-812. To effectively collect, transport, and consume pollen, bees have evolved specialized morphological and behavioral traits.
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Anomaloglossus verbeeksnyderorum Barrio-Amorós, Santos, and Jovanovic, 2010 is not genetically distinct from Anomaloglossus wothuja, but these species show subtle morphological differences. Establishing the distinctness of these taxa needs further work.
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J. H. Geisler, M. R. McGowen, G. Yang and J. Gatesy. 2011. A supermatrix analysis of genomic, morphological, and paleontological data from crown Cetacea. BMC Evolutionary Biology 11(112):1-33.
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Myosotis pansa subsp. pansa L.B.Moore was originally described as a variety. Based on morphological and genotyping evidence, it is now recognised as M. pansa (L.B.Moore) Meudt, Prebble, R.J.Stanley & Thorsen subsp. pansa.
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See The morphological characteristics of P. hieroglyphica reported by H. R. Sweet and Eric A. Christenson point to species classification and intragenus relationships confirmed by DNA analysis findings published in 2009.
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Yimas is a polysynthetic language with a complex verbal morphology. The most significant form of Yimas morphology is affixation, with other morphological processes only serving a secondary role in the language.
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A. mormo populations exhibit significant morphological variation, and therefore no singular description is a perfect fit for the species.POWELL, J.A. 1975. Riodinidae. The Metalmarks. pp. 259–272. In: Howe, W.H. (Ed.).
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It is a larger version of the rufous-naped lark, with a more robust bill and longer tail, but their morphological and vocal features do not intergrade where they occur together.
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Pseudogeoplana is a genus of land planarians of the subfamily Geoplaninae. It was erected to include species lacking sufficient morphological information to allow them to be classified in the appropriate genus.
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Anisorhynchodemus is a genus of land planarians of the tribe Rhynchodemini. It was erected to include species lacking sufficient morphological information to allow them to be classified in the appropriate genus.
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Statomicroplana is a genus of land planarians of the subfamily Microplaninae. It was erected to include species lacking sufficient morphological information to allow them to be classified in the appropriate genus.
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It is covered in soft fur which is mostly dark brown in colour. Its closest relative is thought to be the Luzon montane forest mouse, based on genetic and morphological similarities.
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Australopacifica is a genus of land planarians of the tribe Caenoplanini. It was erected to include species lacking sufficient morphological information to allow them to be classified in the appropriate genus.
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Hogrefe, Göttingen The research group developed concepts for the analysis of music therapeutic improvisationsWeymann, Eckhard: Beschreibung und Rekonstruktion. Id. and treatment processes.Tüpker, Rosemarie: Behandlungsschritte. Id. Rosemarie Tüpker & Eckhard Weymann: Morphological Research.
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Polyporaceae s. lato. Synopsis Fungorum 14: 170–522.Cui, B.K., Tang, L.P. and Dai, Y.C. 2010. Morphological and molecular evidences for a new species of Lignosus (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) from tropical China.
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These models also characterized how morphological and physiological innate constraints can interact with these self-organized mechanisms to account for both the formation of statistical regularities and diversity in vocalization systems.
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Alström, P. et al. (2011). "Non-monophyly and intricate morphological evolution within the avian family Cettiidae revealed by multilocus analysis of a taxonomically densely sampled dataset". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11: 352.
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Lee et al. (2016) success to conduct molecular analysis with cpDNA and nSSR marker system for F. deltoidea from Peninsular Malaysia and the result support taxonomy classification based on morphological traits.
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Caesium chloride (CsCl) solution and two morphological types of rotavirus. Following centrifugation at 100g a density gradient forms in the CsCl solution and the virus particle separate according to their densities.
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The island to which the specimen was originally attributed is 4,500 km from Lord Howe Island, and it appears improbable that two flightless rails could evolve separately with no morphological differences.
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A common criticism of the Hubble scheme is that the criteria for assigning galaxies to classes are subjective, leading to different observers assigning galaxies to different classes (although experienced observers usually agree to within less than a single Hubble type).Lahav, O., et al. (1995), Galaxies, Human Eyes, and Artificial Neural Networks Although not really a shortcoming, since the 1961 Hubble Atlas of Galaxies, the primary criteria used to assign the morphological type (a, b, c, etc.) has been the nature of the spiral arms, rather than the bulge-to-disk flux ratio, and thus a range of flux ratios exist for each morphological type,Allan Sandage (1961), [The Hubble Atlas of Galaxies]Vorontsov- Vel'Yaminov, B. A.; Arkhipova, V. P. (1962), Morphological catalogue of galaxies. Part 1.
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No subspecies of S. przewalskii itself have been identified. In explaining this separation of species, Rasmussen points to morphological divergence and significant differences in vocalization. Ornithologist Edward C. Dickinson observed in a 2006 article that though evidence of morphological and vocal differences between S. przewalskii and S. leucopsis have been delineated, little had yet been published presenting comparative morphological details, and that it would be instructive to study how each taxon responds to the calls of the other. The white-cheeked nuthatch, with S. przewalskii subsumed within it, has been regarded as closely related to the North American white-breasted nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis), which has a similar contact call (though S. carolinensisss is moderately higher in pitch), and they have sometimes been treated as conspecific.
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Structural complexity is a science of applied mathematics, that aims at relating fundamental physical or biological aspects of a complex system with the mathematical description of the morphological complexity that the system exhibits, by establishing rigorous relations between mathematical and physical properties of such system. Structural complexity emerges from all systems that display morphological organization. Filamentary structures, for instance, are an example of coherent structures that emerge, interact and evolve in many physical and biological systems, such as mass distribution in the Universe, vortex filaments in turbulent flows, neural networks in our brain and genetic material (such as DNA) in a cell. In general information on the degree of morphological disorder present in the system tells us something important about fundamental physical or biological processes.
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The subfamily rank was re-assessed by Baroni Urbani & de Andrade in 2007, this was the first attempt to include Tatuidris as a terminal taxon in a morphological cladistic analysis. In their study, Baroni Urbani & de Andrade identified morphological synapomorphies shared between Tatuidris and the dacetines, justifying the inclusion of the genus within Myrmicinae. In addition, two autapomorphies (a differently shaped petiolar tergum and sternum, and the eyes at or close to the apex of the antennal scrobe) separated Tatuidris from all other extant ant genera included in their study. Unlike phylogenetic studies based on morphological traits, molecular analyses of the internal phylogeny of the ants have given strong evidence that the armadillo ants are neither closely related to nor nested within the Myrmicinae.
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In order to understand why there are differences in the drumming behaviour of the Wilson's snipe compared to the common snipe (Gallinago gallinago), their morphological differences must first be explained. Despite being very similar to the common snipe, there are some morphological differences to note in terms of the Wilson's snipe that includes how they typically have more rectrices (16 vs. 14); their outer rectrices are ≤ 9 mm wide with narrower and more distinct barring.Paulson, D. (2005).
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According to technocritic Dale Carrico, the politics of morphological freedom imply a commitment to the value, standing, and social legibility of the widest possible variety of desired morphologies and lifestyles. More specifically, morphological freedom is an expression of liberal pluralism, secularism, progressive cosmopolitanism, and posthumanist multiculturalisms applied to the ongoing and upcoming transformation of the understanding of medical practice from one of conventional therapy to one of consensual self-determination, via genetic, prosthetic, and cognitive modification.
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In all its stages, the morphology of Greek shows an extensive set of productive derivational affixes, a limited but productive system of compounding. and a rich inflectional system. Although its morphological categories have been fairly stable over time, morphological changes are present throughout, particularly in the nominal and verbal systems. The major change in the nominal morphology since the classical stage was the disuse of the dative case (its functions being largely taken over by the genitive).
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Availability of enhanced microscope technology allowed greater morphological understanding. Scanning electron microscopes gave greater clarity to surface features as well as revealing the dissimilarity between inner and outer surfaces (such as pore openings) while transmission electron microscopes allowed insights into cell wall development. The study of morphological variability within Ornithocercus species is an ongoing field. A 2018 study found that species O. quadratus could be three separate morphospecies based on inferences from modern imaging techniques of morphology.
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Since genetics does not reject the hypothesis of a Neanderthal-modern admixture, and morphological and archaeological evidence suggest that Neanderthal lineages survived into later Upper Paleolithic populations, "Peștera cu Oase" findings provide a strong argument in favor of an admixture model between regional Neanderthals and early modern humans. Arguing with chronological overlapping and morphological blending, this model assumes significant Neanderthal/modern human admixture, suggesting that already on their arrival in Europe, modern humans met, intermixed and interbred with Neanderthals.
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Also variations in the morphology of the species Operculodinium centrocarpum can be related to salinity and/or temperature. Also cysts of the species Gonyaulax baltica shows morphological variations in culture, as well as Gonyaulax spinifera. Cyst formed by other species such as Pyrophacus steinii (cyst is called Tuberculodinium vancampoae) do not show a clear relation to variations in salinity. The morphological variation can be applied for the reconstruction of salinity, in a semi-quantitative or quantitative way.
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However, after an extensive analysis of morphological and geographical characteristics of 425 museum specimens, the three existing taxa were listed as separate species and two new species were identified. Though since 2018, the discovery of another species (V. parscauda) on a peninsula in Australia's far north indicates more species of bandy-bandys may exist. Through morphological and mitochondrial DNA analysis, it was found that V.parscauda was most related to the northern-dwelling bandy-bandys V.intermedia and V.multifasciata.
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Glires (Latin glīrēs, dormice) is a clade (sometimes ranked as a grandorder) consisting of rodents and lagomorphs (rabbits, hares, and pikas). The hypothesis that these form a monophyletic group has been long debated based on morphological evidence. Two morphological studies, published in 2001 and 2003, strongly support the monophyly of Glires. In particular, the 2003 study reported the discovery of fossil material of basal members of Glires, particularly the genera Mimotona, Gomphos, Heomys, Matutinia, Rhombomylus, and Sinomylus.
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Reductions in the BMP-induced apoptosis likely allowed this trait to arise. In humans, syndactyly can arise from as many as nine unique subtypes with their own clinical, morphological, and genetic fingerprints. In addition, the same genetic mutations can underlie different phenotypic expressions of syndactyly. While these conditions are disorders in humans, the variability in genetic cause of webbed digits informs our understanding of how this morphological change arose in species where webbed feet were selectively advantageous.
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Morphological terms regarding radiolarians have evolved to be more precise since the 19th-century descriptions. Terminology is inconsistent over time, as multiple terms are often used to describe a singular structure. Therefore, each morphological term used here will be accompanied by a description of the structure. The species Stylodictya gracilis has been described by Ogane and Suzuki and Ogane et al as a coin-shaped discoidal spumellarian (circular radiolarian, as opposed to the cone-shaped nasselarians).
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For a discussion of semantic, morphological, and syntactic dependencies in Meaning-Text Theory, see Melʹc̆uk (2003:191ff.) and Osborne 2019: Ch. 5). A fourth type, prosodic dependencies, can also be acknowledged. Distinguishing between these types of dependencies can be important, in part because if one fails to do so, the likelihood that semantic, morphological, and/or prosodic dependencies will be mistaken for syntactic dependencies is great. The following four subsections briefly sketch each of these dependency types.
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Living fossils exhibit stasis (also called "bradytely") over geologically long time scales. Popular literature may wrongly claim that a "living fossil" has undergone no significant evolution since fossil times, with practically no molecular evolution or morphological changes. Scientific investigations have repeatedly discredited such claims. The minimal superficial changes to living fossils are mistakenly declared the absence of evolution, but they are examples of stabilizing selection, which is an evolutionary process—and perhaps the dominant process of morphological evolution.
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Recent work in developmental biology has identified dynamical and physical mechanisms of tissue morphogenesis that may underlie abrupt morphological transitions during evolution. Consequently, consideration of mechanisms of phylogenetic change that have been found in reality to be non-gradual is increasingly common in the field of evolutionary developmental biology, particularly in studies of the origin of morphological novelty. A description of such mechanisms can be found in the multi-authored volume Origination of Organismal Form (MIT Press; 2003).
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Also, morphological features of the oocyte that can be obtained by standard light or polarized light microscopy. However, there is no clear tendency in recent publications to a general increase in predictive value of morphological features. Suggested techniques include zona pellucida imaging, which can detect differences in birefringence between eggs, which is a predictor of compaction, blastulation and pregnancy. Potentially, polar body biopsy may be used for molecular analysis, and can be used for preimplantation genetic screening.
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The New Zealand red moki or Australian banded morwong, Cheilodactylus spectabilis, is a morwong, a species of fish found off southern Australia and the North Island of New Zealand from depths to 50 m. Although traditionally included in the genus Cheilodactylus in family Cheilodactylidae, based on genetic and morphological analyses it belongs in the genus Chirodactylus in family Latridae.Ludt, W.B., Burridge, C.P. & Chakrabarty, P. (2019). A taxonomic revision of Cheilodactylidae and Latridae (Centrarchiformes: Cirrhitoidei) using morphological and genomic characters.
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The erosion of the dark-blue square by a disk, resulting in the light-blue square. Erosion (usually represented by ⊖) is one of two fundamental operations (the other being dilation) in morphological image processing from which all other morphological operations are based. It was originally defined for binary images, later being extended to grayscale images, and subsequently to complete lattices. The erosion operation usually uses a structuring element for probing and reducing the shapes contained in the input image.
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Once a linguistic expression has changed from a lexical to a grammatical meaning (bleaching), it is likely to lose morphological and syntactic elements that were characteristic of its initial category, but which are not relevant to the grammatical function.Heine & Kuteva 2007, p. 40. This is called decategorialization, or morphological reduction. For example, the demonstrative 'that' as in "that book" came to be used as a relative clause marker, and lost the grammatical category of number ('that' singular vs.
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Walter Alves Neves is a Brazilian anthropologist, archaeologist and biologist from the University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil. He is best known for his analysis of the morphological characteristics of early human remains in South America. Neves analyzed the circa 10,000-year old skull "Luzia" found near Belo Horizonte, Brazil, revealing morphological characteristics that differ significantly from typical Amerind remains. Neves' findings open many questions regarding the timing and routes of human migration to the New World.
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However, morphological comparisons have failed to find any consistent differences between P. microdon and P. acrales, leading to the conclusion that there is only one species of false catshark. The closest relatives of the false catshark are the gollumsharks (Gollum). Pseudotriakis and Gollum share a number of morphological similarities. Phylogenetic analysis using protein-coding genes has found that the amount of genetic divergence between these taxa is less than that between some other shark species within the same genus.
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The Cercozoa are a group of single-celled eukaryotes. They lack shared morphological characteristics at the microscopic level,Chantangsi, C. (2009). Comparative morphology and molecular evolution of marine interstitial cercozoans. PhD thesis.
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Who is Oxyrrhis marina? Morphological and phylogenetic studies on an unusual dinoflagellate. Journal of Plankton Research 33(4) 555-67. Some sources assign the species Oxyrrhis parasitica and O. phaeocysticola, as well.
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The effect of media and light regimes on cultural and morphological characteristics and sporulation on Phaeoisariopsis griseola Deight . E. Afric. For. J. 59: 241–251. Isanda, G.O.; A.W. Mwang’ombe & R.K. Mibey 1994.
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Zander has detailed methods for generating support measures for molecular serial descent and for morphological serial descent using Bayes factors and sequential Bayes analysis through Turing deciban or Shannon informational bit addition.
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Tito Vezio Zapparoli (1885–1943) was an Italian agronomist and plant breeder. After graduating in agriculture, he studied the agronomic and morphological characteristics of traditional varieties of maize.Granoturchi italiani. Quaderni Staz. Sper.
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Tatyana V. Shulkina, John F. Gaskin and W. M. M. Eddie, "Morphological Studies toward an Improved Classification of Campanulaceae s. str.," Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 90.4 (2003), pp. 578, 583.
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In the morphological processes described above, some pronunciation changes occur that are usually marked in writing. This section gives a few details about those pronunciation aspects not "visible" in the written form.
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In 2002, Hyaloperonospora was discovered and described by Constantinescu, O. and Fatehi,J. using morphological and molecular characteristics. Hyaloperonospora along with Perofascia were the first downy mildews described using their molecular phylogenies.
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Richards, E (2001). Spatial and Temporal Variation in Carrion Blow Fly Communities: Applications to Forensic Entomology. Further research with DNA analysis of Lucilia sp. would clarify discrepancies between morphological and molecular similarities.
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Goto's 2002 morphological analysis of the carpet sharks showed the genus Hemiscyllium as a polytomy, meaning that the phylogenetic relationships between the epaulette shark and its sister species could not be resolved.
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Jarvis, K., Hass, F., and Whiting, M. 2005. Phylogeny of earwigs based on molecular and morphological evidence. Systematic Entomology, 30, 442-453. L. riparia are a subsocial earwig with complex maternal habits.
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This finding validates the use of model-based phylogenetics for molecular data, but suggests that for morphological data, parsimony remains advantageous, at least until more sophisticated models become available for phenotypic data.
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Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 24(160): 156–170. Rolfe, Robert Allen (1889). A Morphological and Systematic Review of the Apostasieæ. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 25(171): 211–243.
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In July 2014, following a detailed morphological review, scientists announced that instead A. rigidus, was to blame. A. rigidus has few natural predators in the Philippines which leads to the surging infestation.
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Reprinted in N. Eldredge Time frames. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1985, pp. 193-223. (2nd draft, 3rd final draft, Published draft) This state of little or no morphological change is called stasis.
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Combined analysis of morphological and molecular characters places Efferia pogonias in a clade corresponding to the subfamily Asilinae, usually with Proctacanthus philadelphicus as sister taxon and always resolving this subfamily as monophyletic.
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On the relation of the genera Pachyperis, Thinnfeldia and Cycadopteris, Symposium on Morphological and Stratigraphical Paleobotany. Birbal Sahni Institute of Paleobotany, Lucknow, pp. 8-16. Schweitzer and Kirchner (1998),Schweitzer, H.-J.
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According to Jensen, when the application of one particular rule generates a phonological or morphological form that triggers an altogether different rule, resulting in an incorrect surface form, rule ordering is required.
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Aquatic Invasions, 2010. 5: p. 341–346. mangrove stands,Bishop, M.J., J. Fraser, and P.E. Gribben, Morphological traits and density of foundation species modulate a facilitation cascade in Australian mangroves. Ecology, 2013.
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Kluge (1991) moved the genera Sanzinia and Acrantophis into Boa, based on a phylogeny derived from morphological characters.Kluge AG. 1991. Boine Snake Phylogeny and Research Cycles. Misc. Pub. Museum of Zoology, Univ.
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Character traits that support this phylogenetic classification include the following synapomorphies: bicuspid teeth, morphological similarities in larval stages, and separation between the crown and base of the tooth in its pedicellate dentition.
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Like other Muskogean languages, Koasati has verb grades, or an ablaut system in which morphological and phonemic changes (in this case infixation and nasalization) can be used to alter the meaning of verb.
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Dorcus titanus is a beetle of the family Lucanidae. It was described by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1835. Huang and Chen (2013) separated Serognathus from Dorcus by representing morphological characters and DNA analysis.
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The phylogenetic analysis of Winkelmann et al. (2013) supports the existence of a single, globally distributed species (A. dux). The same conclusion was reached by Förch (1998) on the basis of morphological data.
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D.L.J. Quicke, A.D. Austin, E.P. Fagan‐Jeffries. P.D.N. Hebert, B.A. Butcher (2020) Recognition of the Trachypetidae stat.n. as a new extant family of Ichneumonoidea (Hymenoptera), based on molecular and morphological evidence. Systematic Entomology.
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Illustration of the APA microcapsule integrity and morphological changes during simulated GI transit. (a) Pre-stomach transit. (b) Post-stomach transit (60 minutes). (c) Post-stomach (60 minutes) and intestinal (10-hour) transit.
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Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. .Gadek, P. A., Alpers, D. L., Heslewood, M. M., & Quinn, C. J. (2000). Relationships within Cupressaceae sensu lato: a combined morphological and molecular approach.
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This assumption along with other resources, such as grammar and morphological cues or lexical constraints, may help aid the child in acquiring word meaning, but conclusions based on such resources may sometimes conflict.
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Marie ON, Inf. Rep. O-X-303. 16 p. (Cited in Coates et al. 1994) In certain circumstances, benefits often accrue from the use of large planting stock of highly ranked morphological grades.
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Certain morphological changes in the peri-tumoral brain tissue, such as persistent neurons in the white matter, inefficient neuronal migration, and changes in synaptic vesicles, are also believed to contribute to seizure generation.
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The release of the voiced glottal click is "creaky", as the voiceless nasal often is. In Miller's treatment of phonation, this is perhaps a morphological contrast superimposed on the basic five-phonation system.
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Sedum is a genus that includes annual, biennial, and perennial herbs. They are characterised by succulent leaves and stems. The extent of morphological diversity and homoplasy make it impossible to characterise Sedum phenotypicaly.
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DNA barcoding allows the resolution of taxa from higher (e.g. family) to lower (e.g. species) taxonomic levels, that are otherwise too difficult to identify using traditional morphological methods, like e.g. identification via microscopy.
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Despite the advantages offered by DNA barcoding, it has also been suggested that DNA barcoding is best used as a complement to traditional morphological methods. This recommendation is based on multiple perceived challenges.
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Except for Micropilina minuta, they are all found in the Southern Hemisphere.Kano, Y., Kimura, S., Kimura, T. and Warén, A. (2012), Living Monoplacophora: morphological conservatism or recent diversification?. Zoologica Scripta, 41: 471-488.
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She was awarded a PhD in 2008, with a dissertation titled, Molecular and morphological systematics of Libelluloidea (Odonata: Anisoptera) and Dictyoptera. Ware was married to another entomologist. She is now a single parent.
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The morphological characteristics and growth mode of nabkha in the basin of Hotan River, Xinjiang. Geographical Research 27(2) 314-22. and New Mexico in the United States and adjacent Chihuahua in Mexico.
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The morphological differences between them are subtle, they can breed with each other, and it appears that introduced kudzu populations in the United States have ancestry from more than one of the species.
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"Exhaustive sample set among Viverridae reveals the sister-group of felids: the linsangs as a case of extreme morphological convergence within Feliformia". Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B, 270 (1532): 2523–2530.
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This is also true for Polistes dorsalis, which also displays dominant behavior. Despite having no distinct morphological caste, roles of P. dorsalis tend to be fixed in a system with division of labor.
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In common with many other channichthyid fishes, reproduction in Chionodraco hamatus involves laying eggs in a nest and parental guarding. Similar morphological features suggest that at least Chionodraco rastrospinosus has similar reproductive behaviours.
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An analysis of genomic and chloroplast DNA along with morphological characters found that the section is polyphyletic, though the close relationships of A. decurrens and many other species were unable to be resolved.
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The system is widely used in herpetology to describe tadpoles. Gosner stages are based on certain morphological landmarks that allow comparing development in different species that may greatly differ in age or size.
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Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. However, some still categorize Schwarziana as a subgenus under the closely related genus Plebeia. Recent morphological studies support Schwarziana as a genus, while Plebeia appears to be paraphyletic.
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Both morphological and molecular phylogeny analyses disagree over bryozoans' relationships with entoprocts, about whether bryozoans should be grouped with brachiopods and phoronids in Lophophorata, and whether bryozoans should be considered protostomes or deuterostomes.
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Hippopus hippopus, the bear paw clam, horse's hoof clam or strawberry clam, is a species of large saltwater clam, a tropical marine bivalve mollusk in the subfamily Tridacninae, the giant clam morphological group.
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Chen, J.-Y., G.D. Edgecombe and L. Ramskjöld (1997). Morphological and ecological disparity in naraoiids (Arthropoda) from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang Fauna, China. Records of the Australian Museum 49(1), pp. 1-24.
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Populations from the Mexican state of Sonora and the U.S. state of Arizona were previously referred to as Paraphrynus mexicanus, but de Armas (2012) assigned the name Paraphrynus carolynae based on morphological differences.
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The split was originally proposed based on morphological features but it has also found support based upon genetic analysis. Formerly, some authorities placed the Kakamega greenbul (nominate) in this genus (as Anthus kakamegae).
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Diversibipalium is a genus of land planarians of the subfamily Bipaliinae (hammerhead flatworms). It was erected to include species lacking sufficient morphological information to allow them to be classified in the appropriate genus.
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Variation among Pachypodium species is significant but all Pachypodium are succulent plants inhabiting seasonally or chronically dry landscapes. The genus employs two morphological adaptations to these xeric, isolated, habitats: Pachycaul trunks and spinescence.
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Globulostylis and Cuviera species are closely related, and therefore at one point Globulostylis was treated as a subgenus of Cuviera. However, the combined analysis of both morphological and molecular data separates both genera.
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In Luxembourgish, is used for stressed schwa like in the word ëmmer ("always"). It is also used to indicate a morphological plural ending after two such as in eeër ("eggs") or leeën ("lay").
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Recent phylogenetic studies, however, conclude that morphological, geographical, and genetic evidence make it clear that these are correctly separate species. They have been reclassified as the species Adelpha californica and Adelpha eulalia, respectively.
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The plant was originally described by Robert Hibbs Peebles in 1940. It was placed in section Ephedra sect. Asarca.Price, R. A. (1996). Systematics of the Gnetales: A review of morphological and molecular evidence.
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Morphological symptoms are noticeable particularly on facial and abdominal regions. Skin becomes coarse and hard. In African infections, warty eruptions are common. In a fully developed stage, the patient shows emaciation and anaemia.
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The taxonomy of O. trifallax has been contested. It was reclassified as Sterkiella histriomuscorum on the basis of morphological characteristics, but a molecular phylogeny supports the original classification as a species of Oxytricha.
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Linquist, E. E. (1987). The World Genera of Tarsonemidae (Acarina: Heterostigmata): A morphological, phylogenetic and systematic revision with a reclassification of family-group taxa in the Heterostigmata. Memoirs Ent. Soc. Canada, (136), 517.
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Morphological icons are images, patterns or symbols that relate to a specific morpheme. For children with dyslexia, it has been shown to be an effective way of building up a word. The word 'inviting' as an example is made up of two commonly used morphemes, 'in-' and '-ing'. A morphological icon for 'in-' could be an arrow going into a cup, and '-ing' could be an arrow going forward to symbolise that something is in action (as in being, running, fishing).
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While beautiful figures were published in the early 20th century, often their scientific value was limited due to the incompleteness of morphological analyses. Although the most fundamental taxonomic feature was the thecal structure, relatively few papers were available before the 1970s that critically analyzed thecal plates. Several works reported the number of plates incorrectly. A review of previous publications and update with novel research published by Tohru Abe in 1967 indicated morphological features had been previously misinterpreted and given unwarranted significance taxonomically.
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Many gibbons are hard to identify based on fur coloration, so are identified either by song or genetics. These morphological ambiguities have led to hybrids in zoos. Zoos often receive gibbons of unknown origin, so they rely on morphological variation or labels that are impossible to verify to assign species and subspecies names, so separate species of gibbons commonly are misidentified and housed together. Interspecific hybrids, hybrids within a genus, are also suspected to occur in wild gibbons where their ranges overlap.
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Other midfacial features of the skull such as the lingual of the mandibular foramen were said to be more characteristic of modern humans than Neanderthals. The morphological features of the Teshik-Tash skull lead researchers to question the classification as some argued that it was closer in morphological association with Upper Paleolithic Homo sapiens. Statistical analysis of 27 linear measurements placed the Teshik-Tash skull and mandible outside the variation of the Neanderthals and associated it with Upper Paleolithic humans.
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The term morphome refers to a function in linguistics which is purely morphological or has an irreducibly morphological component. The term is particularly used by Martin Maiden following Mark Aronoff's identification of morphomic functions and the morphomic level—a level of linguistic structure intermediate between and independent of phonology and syntax. In distinguishing this additional level, Aronoff makes the empirical claim that all mappings from the morphosyntactic level to the level of phonological realisation pass through the intermediate morphomic level.
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Amphicynodontinae is a probable clade of extinct arctoids. While some researchers consider this group to be an extinct subfamily of bears, a variety of morphological evidence links amphicynodontines with pinnipeds, as the group were semi-aquatic otter-like mammals. In addition to the support of the pinniped–amphicynodontine clade, other morphological and some molecular analyses support bears being the closest living relatives to pinnipeds. According to McKenna and Bell (1997) Amphicynodontinae are classified as stem- pinnipeds in the superfamily Phocoidea.
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An interesting aspect of the genus Apocia is that while it is described as highly social, it has fewer caste differences than other genera of highly social wasp species. This is likely because this genus' morphological caste differentiation was a secondary evolutionary step in sociality, representing a switch between size differentiation between castes to morphological differentiation between castes. The highly structured social nature of this species contributes to the advantages of social behaviors such as their distinctive swarm founding and physical nest defense.
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This view is supported by Hanihara and Natoria's analysis of toothcomb dental morphology (1987) and by Skinner (1991), who found similarities between S. oedipus and S. leucopus in 16 of 17 morphological traits considered. This species of white-headed tamarin is thought to have diverged from the other Amazonian forms such as S. leucopus. This is supported by morphological considerations of the transition from juvenile to adulthood, during which the fur coloration patterns change. significantly and are similar between the two species.
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Some algorithms are useful only when the characteristic data are molecular (DNA, RNA); other algorithms are useful only when the characteristic data are morphological. Other algorithms can be used when the characteristic data includes both molecular and morphological data. Algorithms for cladograms or other types of phylogenetic trees include least squares, neighbor-joining, parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference. Biologists sometimes use the term parsimony for a specific kind of cladogram generation algorithm and sometimes as an umbrella term for all phylogenetic algorithms.
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For instance, the character of an aril possession was recognized as a derived trait. The most recent molecular study of phylogenetic relationships within the genus revealed some discrepancy with the previously stated hypotheses of morphological evolution within Dodonaea which classified taxa by the combination of leaf, capsule and seed characters. As in preceding morphological research, species with compound leaves were identified in several clades, interspersed among species with simple leaves (e.g. D. humilis is the only species in Clade I with imparipinnate leaves).
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Given the notion of a lexeme, it is possible to distinguish two kinds of morphological rules. Some morphological rules relate to different forms of the same lexeme; while other rules relate to different lexemes. Rules of the first kind are inflectional rules, while those of the second kind are rules of word formation. The generation of the English plural dogs from dog is an inflectional rule, while compound phrases and words like dog catcher or dishwasher are examples of word formation.
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The third criterion is less applicable to English, though, since English lacks morphological case, exceptions being the personal pronouns (I/me, we/us, he/him, she/her, they/them). For languages that have case and relatively freer word order, morphological case is the most readily available criterion for identifying objects. In Latin and related languages, direct objects are usually marked with the accusative case, and indirect objects with the dative case. However, object marking may also follow non-syntactic rules, such as animacy.
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Informed by studies child language development, morphological change and psycholinguistic experimentation, Bybee proposed in the late 1980s and early 1990s a model to account for the cognitive representation of morphologically complex words: the Network Model. Words entered in the lexicon have varying degrees of lexical strength, due primarily to their token frequency. Words with high lexical strength are easy to access, serve as the bases of morphological relations and exhibit an autonomy that makes them resistant to change and prone to semantic independence.
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So primitive characters of monocots may be present in some derived groups. On the other hand, the basal taxa may exhibit many morphological autapomorphies. So although Acoraceae is the sister group to the remaining monocotyledons, the result does not imply that Acoraceae is "the most primitive monocot" in terms of its character states. In fact, Acoraceae is highly derived in many morphological characters, and that is precisely why Acoraceae and Alismatales occupied relatively derived positions in the trees produced by Chase et al.
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Bdelloidea is a class of the phylum Rotifera, consisting of three orders: Philodinavida, Philodinida and Adinetida. These orders are divided into four families and about 450 species. Since these organisms are asexual the usual definition of a species as a group of organisms capable of creating fertile offspring is inapplicable, therefore the species concept in these organisms is based on a mixture of morphological and molecular data instead. DNA studies suggest that the diversity is much greater than the original morphological classifications suggest.
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The other species was named C. cassandrae, characterized by its elliptically shaped valve paired with its coarse striae. Most notably it has a scattered ring of central fultoportulae (21). Discovering fossils is not often a credible enough way to determine a new species within the phylum of diatoms, given that determining underlying mechanisms based on morphological variability is unreliable. It's best to use both morphological and paleoecological data obtained from samples- the two are often difficult to obtain just from fossils (20).
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She was a student of and Jobst Fricke and co-founder of the Institute for Music Therapy and Morphology (IMM) together with Eckhard Weymann, Tilmann Weber and Frank Grootaers, which emerged from the research group "Music Therapy and Morphology" and initiated seminars and morphological further education. Morphological music therapyMorphological music therapy is an in depth psychological and art analogous view of music therapy processes without claiming to be a treatment method in its own right.Weymann, Eckhard: Morphologische Musiktherapie. In Lexikon Musiktherapie.
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An example of morphological/descriptive typology consists of when an archaeologist excavates a site and finds dozens upon dozens of Native American arrowheads. The archaeologist narrows down their classification by organizing the pieces into morphological/descriptive groups. So, the projectile points could be sorted by weight, height, color, material, or however the archaeologists prefers. One of the first national typology bases available on the web exhibits how the arrowhead artifacts found are classified among the fifty states by region, state, or nationwide.
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Visually, Gulf sturgeon are almost impossible to differentiate from Atlantic sturgeon, as the most significant morphological difference is the spleen length, which is internal. Gulf sturgeon have a spleen length averaging 12.3% of their fork length, while Atlantic sturgeon have a spleen length averaging 5.7% of their fork length. Lesser morphological differences include relative head length, shape of dorsal scutes, and pectoral fin length. Genetic differences between the subspecies have been studied, and tend to indicate reproductive isolation occurred in the Pleistocene period.
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Simmons' evolutionary data has contributed to MorphoBank's database of morphological features, submitting hundreds of morphological characteristics of Chiroptera species in order to conduct genetic testing to create an accurate phylogenetic tree. Simmons has also accessed MorphoBank as the curator for the American Museum of Natural History to engage in outreach work. In 2013, Simmons worked as part of the Morpholution program to help high school students engage in state-of-the- art digital analysis tools provided by MorphoBank to examine evolutionary relationships.
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This theory was based on observations of a suite of morphological anomalies of tropical plants in Malaysia. The morphological features on which his theory was based were fruits with fleshy arils, fruits with distinct black and red coloration and seeds hanging away from the fruit. These features were relatively rare in forest plants as a whole, but they occurred across a broad range of plant families. He postulated that the peculiar characters he observed were ancestral, making them anomalies in present-day forests.
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Related Asteraceae genera such as Chrysoma, Euthamia, and Oreochrysum have been included within Solidago at one point or another, but morphological evidence has suggested otherwise. In a study comparing morphological characters of Solidago and related subgroups, the authors consider the subjectivity of classifying a genus, and how to define it within broader tendencies concerning the taxonomy of North American Asteraceae. Little to no differences were observed between Solidago and the subgroups in terms of karyotype. However, external morphological characters such as habit, or the general appearance of the plant and how a suite of traits contribute to its phenotype; pappus size; and the point of freeing of stamen filaments from the corolla tube, are useful classification schemes for Solidago, since they are applied to differentiating between Asteraceae taxa.
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Morphological characters and mitochondrial cytochrome b DNA sequences showed that P. canicollis represents one independent evolutionary lineage within the genus Proechimys, without clear phylogenetic affinity for any of the 6 major groups of species.
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Morphological characters and mitochondrial cytochrome b DNA sequences showed that P. decumanus represents one independent evolutionary lineage within the genus Proechimys, without clear phylogenetic affinity for any of the 6 major groups of species.
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Chione and Colleteria are the only genera in the subfamily Cinchonoideae that have not been assigned to a tribe. They will be placed in a tribe, possibly a new one, after further morphological study.
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Later morphological phylogenetic studies with this in mind placed turtles firmly within Diapsida. All molecular studies have strongly upheld the placement of turtles within diapsids, most commonly as a sister group to extant archosaurs.
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Prunus turcomanica, the Turkmen almond, is a putative species of wild almond native to Iran, Turkmenistan and possibly eastern Turkey. A genetic and morphological study has shown that it is conspecific with Prunus spinosissima.
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The evolutionary relationships of the Pondicherry shark are uncertain. In a 1988 study based on morphological data, Compagno tentatively grouped it with the smalltail shark (C. porosus), blackspot shark (C. sealei), spottail shark (C.
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The free-living nematode Panagrellus redivivus (sour paste nematode,Stock, S., and Nadler, N. 2006. "Morphological and molecular characterization of Panagrellus spp. (Cephalobina: Panagrolaimidae): taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships". Nematology, 8(6), 921-938.
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The dual may be restricted to certain morphological categories. For example, in North Saami, in possessive forms the possessor has three numbers (singular, dual, plural) whereas the noun possessed only has two (singular, plural).
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PDF . has raised the tribe Eocypraeini to the status of the family Eocypraeidae, based on morphological research of the radulae, shell and animal morphology and molecular phylogeny research of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene.
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At the system level, oral administration of PV2 induces large morphological changes on mice intestine mucosa, reducing its absorptive surface. Additionally, PV2 reaches the Peyer's patches where it activates lymphoid follicles and triggers apoptosis.
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Presubicular and parasubicular cortical neurons of the rat: electrophysiological and morphological properties. Hippocampus, 1997;7(2):117-29. Glasgow, S. D., & Chapman, C. A. (2007). Local generation of theta-frequency EEG activity in the parasubiculum.
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Mertensia is a member of the tribe Cynoglosseae.James I. Cohen. 2014. "A phylogenetic analysis of morphological and molecular characters of Boraginaceae: evolutionary relationships, taxonomy, and patterns of character evolution". Cladistics 30(2):139-169.
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Apoica pallens adult female Apoica pallens is pale yellow in color. Like other species found within the Epiponini, there is morphological caste differentiation between workers and queens.Jeanne, R. L. 1991. The swarm-founding Polistinae.
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In linguistics, a desiderative (abbreviated or ) form is one that has the meaning of "wanting to X". Desiderative forms are often verbs, derived from a more basic verb through a process of morphological derivation.
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The Texas coral snake was once considered a subspecies of the eastern coral snake, Micrurus fulvius, but more recent research has determined that it has enough morphological differences to be considered its own species.
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It is possibly synonymous with Jorunna luisae.Camacho-García Y. E. & Gosliner T. M. (2008). "Systematic revision of Jorunna Bergh, 1876 (Nudibranchia: Discodorididae) with a morphological phylogenetic analysis". Journal of Molluscan Studies 74: 143-181. .
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Atriplex holocarpa is one of approximately 300 Atriplex species,Flores, H & Davis, J. I. (2001). A cladistic analysis of atripliceae (Chenopodiaceae) based on morphological data. Journal of Torrey Botanical Society, vol. 128, iss 3.
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Genetic differences could not cause relative sterility because genes for such a trait would not be passed on. We do not fully understand the mechanism behind the morphological differences seen between the social strategies.
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ESU, I. E. and A.G. OJANUGA, 1985. "Morphological, physical and chemical characteristics of Alfisols in the Kaduna area of Nigeria". Samaru Journal of Agricultural Research 3(1&2):39-49 ESU, I. E. 1986.
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Having reduced outcrops, it can be observed in the surroundings of Casa de Piedra reservoir. Due to its fine and homogeneous lithology, its outcrops have few morphological features and they are often partially covered.
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Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. The pitcher lid or operculum is ovate and has a cordate base.
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Modest display of O. tuberosa diversity on one farm in Peru Andean farmers cultivate numerous varieties of oca. Oca diversity may be described with respect to morphological characters, local cultivar names, or molecular markers.
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Older morphological and molecular studies appeared to show that the Caenogastropoda and Heterobranchia should be considered as sister taxa, comprising the Apogastropoda. This taxon was used in taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997).
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Most often, homoplasy is viewed as a similarity in morphological traits. However, homoplasy may also appear in other trait types, such as similarity in the genetic sequence, life cycle types or even behavioral traits.
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However, there are morphological and genetic differences between these species.details of the citationZhu, Y.; Queller, D. C. & Strassman, J. E. (1999). "A phylogenetic perspective on sequence evolution in microsatellite loci". Journal of Molecular Evolution.
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In 2020 a integrative molecular and morphological study showed that P. quadrilineata was a complex of two species in the NE Atlantic and one of these species was given the new name Polycera norvegica.
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Ciliopagurus tricolor is a species of hermit crab native to Madagascar. It is one of four species in the "strigatus complex", having morphological similarities to C. strigatus, with the most prominent variance being coloration.
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Observations on the development of human malarial parasites in the mosquito; morphological changes. The Australian journal of experimental biology and medical science. 26(Pt 5): 439–447.Mackerras, M. J., & Ercole, Q. N. (1948).
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Controlled experiments have shown that an olm can survive up to 10 years without food.Bulog B. (1994). (Two decades of functional- morphological research on the olm (Proteus anguinus, Amphibia, Caudata)). Acta Carsologica XXIII/19.
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Whales Res. Inst., 19: 37-43. In the 1970s osteological and morphological studies suggested it was at least a subspecies of the common minke whale, which was designated B. a. bonaerensis, after Burmeister's specimen.
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Sachs has been described as a "post-Darwinian botanist" who "integrated the evolutionary theory into his morphological writings."Farley, John. (1982). Gametes & Spores: Ideas about Sexual Reproduction, 1750-1914. Johns Hopkins University Press. p.
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This correlation is possibly indicative of the morphological and physiological evolution of crustaceans. The levels of these blood proteins and metabolites appear to be dependent on energetic demands and availability of those energy sources.
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A. carneus has also been implicated in 2 cases of human lung aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. Fragments of A. carneus hyphae and aleuriospores were identified in one patient's sputum at autopsy by morphological examination.
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Distinctive features of Longipedia species are an elongated P2 endopod; and a tooth on the P2 endopod third segment. Identification and differentiation between Longipedia species can be difficult due to morphological similarities among species.
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Based on both molecular and morphological studies, C. instans is believed to be most closely related to thomasomyine sigmodontines such as Aepeomys, Rhagomys, Rhipidomys and Thomasomys. The genus' morphology has been described as "peculiar".
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In contrast to the limited effects of lexical borrowing, phonetic, syntactic, or morphological convergence can have greater consequences, as converging patterns can influence an entire system rather than only a handful of lexical items.
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50 million years, so its original function must be different from its current one.Yager, D. D. & Svenson, G. J. (2008). "A phylogeny of mantis auditory systems based on morphological, molecular, physiological, and behavioral data".
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O. aubrevillei was originally named Oktoknema okoubaka and placed in the Octoknemaceae or Olacaceae; however careful morphological studies of the fruits have led to it being classified as Okoubaka and placed in the Santalaceae.
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Trape et al. (2012) considered West African P. lhotei a junior synonym of P. zolii as its morphological characters fall within the range of variability of Egyptian P. zolii reported by Baha El Din (2006).
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Rhynchatis is the more derived genus in its family, exhibiting the secondary reduction of many morphological elements such as bones, fin rays, and teeth.Pietsch, T.W. (2005). Gigantactinidae. Whipnose Seadevils. The Tree of Life Web Project.
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"Morphological Evidence for a Central Branch of Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan)." Cahiers de linguistique - Asie oriental 44(2):122-149. December 2015. suggests that Nungish may be part of a wider Central Tibeto-Burman group.
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Mabuchi, K., Fraser, T.H., Song, H., Azuma, Y. & Nishida, M. (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa, 3846 (2): 151–203.
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PDF . raised the subfamily Pediculariinae to the level of family as Pediculariidae, based on morphological research on the radulae, the shell, the soft part morphology and molecular phylogeny research on the 16S ribosomal RNA gene.
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The neonatal and juvenile alligators present in this lake have been extensively studied and observed to have altered plasma hormone concentrations, decreased clutch viability, increased juvenile mortality, and morphological abnormalities in the testis and ovary.
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As the terrain where lies the spring forms a basin, often caused by the ancient presence of a glacier, these waters form a large or small lake depending on the morphological characteristics of the area.
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Molecular and morphological diagnostic markers for the Himalayan Ips DeGeer species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Zootaxa 3128, 47-57. Many species are pests of forest trees, especially pines and spruces.Ips species of the western United States.
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Phrynosoma wigginsi was split from Phrynosoma coronatum in 2004 on morphological evidence. P. wigginsi has a tan rather than chocolate forehead, a fourth "subrictal" spine below the eye, and a longer head than P. coronatum.
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Lactarius scoticus Berk. & Broome is a small morphological mimic of L. pubescens, growing in arctic-alpine birch. L. pubescens is often mistaken for L. torminosus which has larger spores (7–10 by 6–8 µm).
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Choosing just the right amount of over-application: An acquisition puzzle in Texistepec Popoluca. In HUMDRUM Conference on Optimality Theory, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Reilly, Ehren. 2007. Morphological and phonological sources of split ergative agreement.
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Little is known about the behavior of A. barbouri. It was first thought to be a burrowing species, but this is not likely as it has no obvious morphological adaptations for even a semifossorial life.
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Cheilodactylus is a genus of morwongs from the oceans off southern Africa.Ludt, W.B., Burridge, C.P. & Chakrabarty, P. (2019). A taxonomic revision of Cheilodactylidae and Latridae (Centrarchiformes: Cirrhitoidei) using morphological and genomic characters. Zootaxa 585(1).
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Claridge et al.:404. It differs from the morphological species concept in including a numerical measure of distance or similarity to cluster entities based on multivariate comparisons of a reasonably large number of phenotypic traits.
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Improvements in microscopy technology have allowed more specific morphological descriptions of pre-described radiolarian genera. In addition, new species of Stylodictya and other radiolarians are constantly being discovered from both live samples and fossil evidence.
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Marathi uses many morphological processes to join words together, forming compounds. For example, ati + uttam gives the word atyuttam, miith-bhaakar ("salt-bread"), udyog-patii ("businessman"), ashṭa-bhujaa ("eight-hands", name of a Hindu goddess).
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Ethiopia Planum is a good example of this morphological type. Eleven mountains on Io are classified as mesas. # Plateau: an elevated plain with a rugged surface. There is no steep or prominent peak on plateau.
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Identification of tissue-dwelling parasites such as C. hepatica in archaeological remains is particularly dependent on preservation conditions and taphonomic changes and should be interpreted with caution due to morphological similarities with Trichuris sp. eggs.
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In current biology, fundamental research in developmental biology and evolutionary developmental biology is no longer driven by morphological comparisons between embryos, but more by molecular biology. This is partly because Haeckel's drawings were very inaccurate.
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Its appearance was pale grey-brown. Additionally, a culture of A. carneus derived from estuarine sediment in Tasmania was characterized by a brown mycelium, indicating that morphological strain divergence may have occurred in marine environments.
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Gasmi, S., Nève, G., Pech, N., Tekaya, S., Gilles, A. & Perez, Y. (2014). Evolutionary history of Chaetognatha inferred from molecular and morphological data: a case study for body plan simplification. Frontiers in Zoology, 11, 84.
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In 1995, Manoao was segregated from Lagarostrobus, based on morphological characters.Brian P. J. Molloy. 1995. "Manoao (Podocarpaceae), a new monotypic conifer genus endemic to New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany 33 (2): 183–201.
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Phillips and Henry (1992) present logic supporting the contention that the red wolf is a subspecies of the gray wolf. However, recent genetic and morphological evidence suggests that the red wolf is a unique taxon.
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The adaptive mechanism in a morphological form and an ecological response to habitats are typically manifested together at once for the genus Pachypodium. Examining Pachypodium reveals characteristics of various organs that adapt to the microenvironment.
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Texas mouse is mostly nocturnal, and does not hibernate. They have morphological adaptations in movement on the tree for climbing with long tail and hind feet; they spend 70 percents of time by climbing tree.
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Morphological analysis previously classified the subfamily as the tribe Toxocampini of the former subfamily Catocalinae within Erebidae. Phylogenetic analysis supports the subfamily as a clade within Erebidae but outside the Catocalinae (now called the Erebinae).
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Volvopluteus literally means "Pluteus with a volva", making reference at the same time to the close relationship between both genera and to the presence of a volva, one of the morphological characteristics that separates them.
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Orsinome is a genus of long-jawed orb-weavers that was first described by Tamerlan Thorell in 1890. It is included in the Nanometa clade, defined by nine morphological synapomorphies, along with Eryciniolia and Nanometa.
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The Cophylinae are highly ecologically labile over evolutionary time: in several instances, phylogenetic relationships based on DNA sequence data clearly indicate repeated transitions from e.g. terrestrial to arboreal habits and back. This has resulted in extensive homoplasy in ecologically-related morphological traits among the frogs, which led also to taxonomic confusion when only sparse morphological data were available; a problem that has been mostly but not fully rectified by the increased availability of DNA sequence data. Among the repeated ecomorphs that have evolved is miniaturised body size.
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Because fluids are easily deformable and move in response to applied forces, efficiently locomoting in a fluid medium presents unique challenges. Specific morphological characteristics are therefore required in animal species that primarily depend on fluidic locomotion. Because the properties of air and water are so different, swimming and flying have very disparate morphological requirements. As a result, despite the large diversity of animals that are capable of flight or swimming, only a limited number of these species have mastered the ability to both fly and swim.
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Ant mimicry by a jumping spider, Diolenius phrynoides Over 300 spider species mimic the social behaviours, morphological features and predatory behaviour of ants. Fourteen genera of jumping spiders (Salticidae) mimic ants. The jumping spider genus Myrmarachne are Batesian mimics which resemble the morphological and behavioural properties of ants to near perfection. These spiders mimic the behavioural features of ants such as adapting their zig-zag locomotion pattern, and the act of creating an antennal illusion by waving their first or second pair of legs in the air.
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In: Origins of Anatomically Modern Humans, edited by M.H. Nitecki and D.V. Nitecki. Plenum Press, New York. pp. 175–99. Wolpoff cautions that the continuity in certain skeletal features in these regions should not be seen in a racial context, instead calling them morphological clades; defined as sets of traits that "uniquely characterise a geographic region". According to Wolpoff and Thorne (1981): "We do not regard a morphological clade as a unique lineage, nor do we believe it necessary to imply a particular taxonomic status for it".
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Originally hypothesized to have evolved only once, current morphological and genetic analyses suggest at least two separate points of origin. Based on connections between musculoskeletal morphology and dentition, diet has been proposed as a main driver of the evolution of the pharyngeal jaw. A study conducted on cichlids showed that the pharyngeal jaws can undergo morphological changes in less than two years in response to their diet. Fish that ate hard shelled prey had a robust jaw with molar-like teeth fit for crushing their durable prey.
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The ring-tailed lemur is thought to share closer affinities to the bamboo lemurs of the genera Hapalemur and Prolemur than to the other two genera in its family. This has been supported by comparisons in communication, chromosomes, genetics, and several morphological traits, such as scent gland similarities. However, other data concerning immunology and other morphological traits fail to support this close relationship. For example, Hapalemur and Prolemur have short snouts, while the ring-tailed lemur and the rest of Lemuridae have long snouts.
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O. unilateralis core clade morphological characteristics The O. unilateralis core clade, as described in 2018, has distinct morphological characteristics. It exhibits a single stroma with a Hirsutella asexual morph, which arises from the dorsal neck region of the dead ant and produces a dark brown perithecia attached to its stalk. These species are also recognizable through the host species they infect, which are only Camponotini species. Once the host is killed by the fungus, it is commonly found fixed through their mandibles onto the surfaces of leaves.
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O. kniphofioides subclade morphological characteristics The O. kniphofioides subclade, as described in 2018, also has distinct morphological characteristics. Its species produce a stroma that grows laterally from the host’s thorax which itself generates an orange ascoma. Moreover, species within this subclade share a Hirsutella asexual morph. As for the core clade, these species are also recognizable through the hosts they infect, which are usually neotropical ant species. The subclade does not present the same extended phenotype with the famous “death grip” that O. unilateralis species typically exhibit.
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Ecomorphology or ecological morphology is the study of the relationship between the ecological role of an individual and its morphological adaptations. The term "morphological" here is in the anatomical context. Both the morphology and ecology exhibited by an organism are directly or indirectly influenced by their environment, and ecomorphology aims to identify the differences Current research places emphasis on linking morphology and ecological niche by measuring the performance of traits (i.e. sprint speed, bite force, etc.) associated behaviours, and fitness outcomes of the relationships.
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Studies conducted on species with high biodiversity frequently investigate the extent to which species morphology is influenced by their ecology. Bony fishes are often used to study ecomorphology due to their long evolutionary history, high biodiversity, and multi-stage life cycle. Studies on the morphological diversity of African cichlids conducted by Fryer and Iles were some of the first to demonstrate ecomorphology, . This is largely due to cichlids having great biodiversity, wide distribution, the ability to occupy various ecological niches, and obvious morphological differences.
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Before further molecular analysis, Cryptomonas have been characterized by mainly morphological characters, such as cell size, cell shape, number and color of plastids. However, it was still difficult to define Cryptomonas due to insufficient understanding of morphological characters and less-than adequate visibility of living cells using light microscopy alone to observe the cell structures. Also, laboratories had lacked the condition to detect the different stages of particular organisms. The furrow-gullet system was used as a standard for organization of genera for many years.
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A monophyletic Pancrustacea has been supported by several molecular studies, in most of which the subphylum Crustacea is paraphyletic with regard to insects (that is, that insects are derived from crustacean ancestors). The evidence for this clade derives from molecular data and morphological characteristics. The molecular data consists of comparisons of nuclear ribosomal RNA genes, mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes, and protein coding genes. The morphological data consists of ommatidial structures (see arthropod eye), the presence of neuroblasts, and the form and style of axonogenesis by pioneer neurons.
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Magnification of 200x. According to the data accumulated to date, it may be assumed that different morphological structures of breast tumors correspond to certain types of invasion. Therefore, alveolar, trabecular, and solid structures that are characterized by the presence of cell-cell contacts may be referred to morphological manifestations of collective migration, while discrete groups of tumor cells may be referred to manifestations of individual migration. Interestingly, the first batch of data obtained in a study of the expression of cell adhesion genes fully confirms this hypothesis.
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Recently obtained data indicate strong association between collective migration and resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. According to our own research, breast tumors containing both alveolar and trabecular structures, as well as demonstrating significant morphological diversity, are characterized by increased drug resistance. Interestingly, the contribution of the trabecular structures to chemoresistance is probably explained by the high activity of ABC transporters in tumor cells of a given morphological variant. In contrast, resistance of breast tumors containing the alveolar structure is explained by other, yet unidentified, causes.
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The significance of studies of the morphological manifestations and molecular genetic mechanisms of the invasion and metastasis of malignant tumors is not in doubt. The results of numerous studies clearly demonstrate that migration of tumor cells during invasive growth can occur both via single cells and via groups of cells. This diversity of cell migration types probably leads to the development of intratumoral heterogeneity that is represented, e.g. in breast cancer, by different morphological structures: alveolar, trabecular, and solid structures and discrete groups of tumor cells.
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These were subsequently confirmed by morphological comparisons. A formal splitting-up of this species into several seems to be the eventual outcome, pending data from the populations south of Mexico. In addition, it would be interesting to determine whether there are geographical variations in the song that would further strengthen the case for species status of the taxa. The morphological variation, though recognizable, is rather inconspicuous and probably more the consequence of genetic drift in freshly isolated subpopulations than a cause for their separation.
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The cave beetle Leptodirus hochenwartii (family Leiodidae). Characteristics of underground environment caused cave dwelling animals to evolve a number of adaptations, both morphological and physiological. Examples of morphological adaptations include depigmentation (loss of external pigmentation), a reduction of cuticle thickness and the often extreme decrease of eyesight culminating in anophthalmia (complete loss of eyes). Exceptions, however, are harvestmen (Opiliones) in New Zealand caves, which possess large, functional eyes, presumably because these spider- like chelicerates feed on cave-dwelling, light-emitting glowworm larvae Arachnocampa which they detect visually .
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Mechanical or morphological isolation is a form of floral isolation where the characteristics of the flower prevents reproduction between species. These morphological differences primarily affect the positioning of reproductive structures within flowers and control the placement of pollen on the pollinator’s body to promote transfer within the same species. For example, flowers of Salvia mellifera have anthers and stigmas which are positioned to contact the dorsal surface of the bumblebee abdomen while flowers of the co-occurring Salvia apiana place pollen on the bumblebee’s flanks.
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Rule-based machine translation (RBMT; "Classical Approach" of MT) is machine translation systems based on linguistic information about source and target languages basically retrieved from (unilingual, bilingual or multilingual) dictionaries and grammars covering the main semantic, morphological, and syntactic regularities of each language respectively. Having input sentences (in some source language), an RBMT system generates them to output sentences (in some target language) on the basis of morphological, syntactic, and semantic analysis of both the source and the target languages involved in a concrete translation task.
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L. cylindrocarpa is also found in a variety of brackish inland waters of mainland Australia. Other species may be found in habitats of fresh to brackish, still or slowly moving, coastal or inland waters. Based on the molecular and morphological evidence, all the species have been transferred to the Afro-Eurasian genus Althenia.Ito, Y., Nr. Tanaka, P. García-Murillo, A.M. Muasya (2016) A new delimitation of the Afro- Eurasian plant genus Althenia to include its Australasian relative, Lepilaena (Potamogetonaceae) – evidence from DNA and morphological data.
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Diagnosis of P. dicentrarchi in the sea bass and the turbot was initially based primarily on morphological characteristics associated with the oral apparatus and the number of kineties. However, it has been suggested that the combined use of morphological, biological, molecular and serological techniques is necessary for correct identification of the species. P. dicentrarchi was previously considered a junior synonym of Miamiensis avidus. However, recent physiological and molecular studies have shown that P. dicentrarchi and M. avidus strain Ma/2 -ATCC 50180™- are different species.
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Dr. Christoph Melchers is credited with the establishment of morphological psychology in market research with the formation of Institut fur Marktpsychology (ifm), Freiburg in 1979. Morphology asserts that each market has its own psycho-logic and motivations. A fundamental part of morphological psychology application is the inclusion of in-depth, one on one interviews of 90–120 minutes. Through the use of an evolving, topical discussion guide and psychoanalytical tools, the motivational system around the topic, be it a brand, safety, work or advertising, is explored.
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Mausfeld and Vrcibradic considered Mabouya punctatissima to represent a different species on the basis of morphological differences, but were unable to resolve the status of Trachylepis (Xystrolepis) punctata. In the same year, Mausfeld and others conducted a molecular phylogenetic study on the Noronha skink, using the mitochondrial 12S and 16S rRNA genes, and showed that the species is more closely related to African than to South American Mabuya species,Mausfeld et al., 2002, p. 281 as previously suggested on the basis of morphological similarities.
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A combined analysis of morphological and molecular data conducted by Lee (2001) found turtles to be anapsids (though a relationship with archosaurs could not be statistically rejected). Similarly, a morphological study conducted by Lyson et al.. (2010) recovered them as anapsids most closely related to Eunotosaurus. A molecular analysis of 248 nuclear genes from 16 vertebrate taxa suggests that turtles are a sister group to birds and crocodiles (the Archosauria). The date of separation of turtles and birds and crocodiles was estimated to be .
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Newman (1965, 1996) classifies Zuni words according to their structural morphological properties (namely the presence and type of inflectional suffixes), not according to their associated syntactic frames. His terms, noun and substantive, are therefore not synonymous.
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A node-based definition for the Dalbergioids is: "The least inclusive crown clade that contains Amorpha fruticosa L. 1753 and Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC. 1825." Indehiscent pods may be a morphological synapomorphy for the clade.
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Morphological characters and mitochondrial cytochrome b DNA sequences showed that P. oconnelli belongs to the so-called semispinosus group of Proechimys species, and shares closer phylogenetic affinities with the other member of this clade: P. semispinosus.
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Takagi's morphological insights have been proven correct by subsequent molecular analysis. Among other things, he demonstrated the polyphyletic nature of the now-obsolete Rugaspidiotini using morphology. Takagi retired from teaching in 1996, but continues to publish.
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Since the Hubble sequence is entirely based upon visual morphological type (shape), it may miss certain important characteristics of galaxies such as star formation rate in starburst galaxies and activity in the cores of active galaxies.
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A new genus, Rubroboletus, to accommodate Boletus sinicus and its allies. Phytotaxa. 188(2): 61-77. Phylogenetically, R. pulchrotinctus is the sister-species of the better known Rubroboletus satanas, with which it shares several morphological features.
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In addition to discourse level transcription, the CHAT system also has options for phonological and morphological analysis. The CLAN program was developed by Leonid Spektor and aids in transcription and analysis of the child language data.
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"Phylogeny and evolution of grammitid ferns (Grammitidaceae): a case of rampant morphological homoplasy". Taxon 53(2):415-428. They are sister to a clade of 26 species which at that time were in the genus Terpsichore.
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186: 133-150, 1979.Light AR, Trevino DL, and Perl ER. Morphological features of functionally defined neurons in the marginal zone and substantia gelatinosa of the spinal dorsal horn. J. Comp. Neurol. 186: 151-171, 1979.
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Galaxy morphological types and objects that are members of the Small Magellanic Cloud are identified using the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. The other data of these tables are from the SIMBAD Astronomical Database unless otherwise stated.
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The overwhelming morphological diversity of the potter wasp species is reflected in the proliferation of genera described to group them into more manageable groups. At the present time, more than 200 genera are recognized as valid.
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In general, plerocercoids in the East (S. mansoni) are described as larger and more delicate than those in the West. The eggs of S. mansonoides provide an example of the general morphological characteristics of Spirometra eggs.
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Current ecomorphological research focuses on a functional approach and application to the science. A broadening of this field welcomes further research in the debate regarding differences between both the ecological and morphological makeup of an organism.
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A 2017 morphological phylogenetic study provided evidence that the subfamily is monophyletic. The authors' preferred hypothesis for the relationships within the Aviculariinae is shown below, based on the species from each genus included in the study.
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Earlier thought to be the same species as Microhyla rubra, several morphological differences suggested that the Sri Lankan populations are different from their Indian counterparts. Thus the Sri Lankan populations were elevated to a new species.
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Natural alluvial channels have a variety of morphological patterns, but can be generally described as straight, meandering, braided, or anastomosing.Bierman, R. B, David R. Montgomery (2014). Key Concepts in Geomorphology. W. H. Freeman and Company Publishers.
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Cumin is a diploid species with 14 chromosomes (i.e. 2n = 14). The chromosomes of the different varieties have morphological similarities with no distinct variation in length and volume. Most of the varieties available today are selections.
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Liatris bracteata might be a variety of Liatris punctata, with the morphological differences primarily in the number of florets per flower head. It is genetically a hexaploid, while populations of L. punctata are diploid and tetraploid.
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12108, and ChinaGuidone, M., Thornber, C., Wysor, B., & O'Kelly, C. J. (2013). Molecular and morphological diversity of narragansett bay (RI, USA) ulva (ulvales, chlorophyta) populations. Journal of Phycology, 49(5), 979-995. doi:10.1111/jpy.12108.
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Two morphological differences separating it from previously known comb jellies warranted the naming of a new family for this animal.Harbison, G. R., G. I. Matsumoto, and B. H. Robison. (2001). Lampocteis cruentiventer gen. nov., sp. nov.
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Robert Morton, Kristy Guy, and Anne Whitko, Tiffany Pascoe, and Heather Hill (2007). Morphological Impacts of Hurricane Camille (1969) On Barrier Islands of Mississippi and Western Alabama. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved on March 13, 2009.
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The stipe is short and bears basal scales. The scales are narrow, glossy, dark and have pale edges. Indusia are absent. The specific epithet dimorpha refers to the strong morphological differences between fertile and sterile pinnules.
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Molecular phylogenetic studies have revealed that the lizard buzzard is not closely related to Buteo buzzards but rather to Accipiter hawks. This extends to morphological associations, e.g. the lizard buzzard has pointed and fairly short wings.
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It is consistent with some more recent morphological analyses which suggested they were basal euungulates. Panperissodactyla has been proposed as the name of an unranked clade to include perissodactyls and their extinct South American ungulate relatives.
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Riley, J.N. and Walker, D.W. (1978). Morphological alterations in hippocampus after long-term alcohol consumption in mice. Science, 201, 646–648. Withdrawal also decreases DSD as well as decreasing Arc expression, BDNF signaling, and CREB activation.
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Zettler M. L., Frankowski J., Bochert R. & Röhner M. (2004). "Morphological and ecological features of Theodoxus fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) from Baltic brackish water and German freshwater populations". Journal of Conchology 38(3): 305-316. .pdf PDF.
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It is popular for its flavor and tender texture,You, W., et al. (2011). Morphological and molecular differences in two strains of Ustilago esculenta. Current Microbiology 62 44–54. and it is eaten raw or cooked.
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Similarly, a 2005 study found a close relationship between Anniella pulchra (the California legless lizard) and helodermatids. A cladistic study synthesizing molecular and morphological data for squamates reinforced the placement of Helodermatidae as closer to Xenosauridae.
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Morphological characters and mitochondrial cytochrome b DNA sequences showed that P. semispinosus belongs to the so-called semispinosus group of Proechimys species, and shares closer phylogenetic affinities with the other member of this clade: P. oconnelli.
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They grow, by about 110% in length and 1,100% in mass over 3 months under laboratory conditions. Tadpoles may be carnivorous or herbivorous, depending on environmental conditions. Different larval diets are associated with different morphological characteristics.
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Kew Bulletin 66(1):1-3. . A morphological study of Pteleocarpa was published in 2014. Also in 2014, a molecular phylogenetic study of the lamiids (a.k.a. Garryidae) sampled Pteleocarpa and resolved it as sister to Gelsemiaceae.
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For instance, inflectional morphology is not going to help in languages that lack inflectional morphology almost entirely such as Mandarin, and even with English, inflectional morphology does not help much, since English largely lacks morphological case.
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In 2017, a comparison was carried out on the morphological and anatomical properties of Iris masia and Iris pamphylica (another endangered Turkish endemic iris), it was found that the leaves of both taxa have xeromorphic structure.
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Prey can avoid detection by predators with morphological traits and coloration that make them hard to detect. They can also adopt behaviour that avoids predators by, for example, avoiding the times and places where predators forage.
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However, the researchers argued that other systems such as the enkephalin or steroid systems might be used in pain modulation by crustaceans and that behavioural responses should be considered rather than specific physiological and morphological features.
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Eosphagnum inretortum is a species of moss, and the only species of the genus Eosphagnum. Originally described as a species of Sphagnum, it is now a separate genus on the basis of morphological and genetic differences.
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Santos-Silva, Antonio; Lingafelter, Steven W. (2012) Morphological analysis of Mecosarthron Buquet and Xixuthrus Thomson and reevaluation of generic assignment of Xixuthrus domingoensis Fisher (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Prioninae). Pap. Avulsos Zool. (São Paulo) 52(27): 315-332.
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The scientific name was resurrected in 2009 as genetic and morphological data confirmed it as a distinct lineage, and it was the oldest binomial name that had been applied to the taxon - hence it had priority.
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However, morphological differences in size and coat color between the two animals, along with recent molecular evidence suggest that they are different species. The thin sand rat may be a natural reservoir for the disease leishmaniasis.
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Regarding coronary artery anatomy, a distinction must be provided when assessing abnormalities: \- normal: any morphological feature observed in >1% of an unselected population \- normal variant: an alternative, unusual but benign morphological feature identified in >1% of the same population (e.g. left main is absent in 1-2% of the general population with LAD and LCx originating from separate ostia - “absent left trunk” variant) \- coronary artery anomaly (CAA): a morphological feature seen in <1% of that population, capable of causing dysfunction The prevalence of coronary artery anomalies is inconsistent across the scientific literature, but they are considered to affect <1% of the general population. Specifically, recent data came from MRI screening of a large population (more than 5000 young children) and provided a precise estimate, suggesting that coronary artery anomalies are present in 0.45% of the US population (approximately 1.300.000 people).
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While most mammals didn't exhibit the morphological characteristics expected of a nocturnal creature, reptiles and birds fit in perfectly. A larger cornea and pupil correlated well with whether these two classes of organisms were nocturnal or not.
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Biggs, J. S., Watkins, M. Showers Corneli, P. and Olivera, B. M. (2010). Defining a clade by morphological, molecular, and toxinological criteria: distinctive forms related to Conus praecellens A. Adams, 1854 (Gastropoda: Conidae). Nautilus 124:1–19.
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Jung, Seung Won & Yun, Suk Min & Lee, Sang Deuk & Kim, Young-Ok & Lee, Jin. (2009). Morphological Characteristics of Four Species in the Genus Skeletonema in Coastal Waters of South Korea. ALGAE. 24. 195-203. 10.4490/ALGAE.2009.24.4.195.
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The Aarne-Thompson classification system and the morphological analysis of Vladimir Propp are among the most notable. Other folklorists have interpreted the tales' significance, but no school has been definitively established for the meaning of the tales.
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Numerous forms of wheat have evolved under human selection. This diversity has led to confusion in the naming of wheats, with names based on both genetic and morphological characteristics. For more information, see the taxonomy of wheat.
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Myelinogenesis in optic nerve. A morphological, autoradiographic, and biochemical analysis. Journal of Cell Biology, 72(3), 604-616. One early study showed that in the developing rat optic nerves, formation of oligodendrocytes and subsequent myelination occurs postnatal.
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Lichtwardt, R. W. 1954. Morphological, cytological, and taxonomic observations on species of Enterobryus from the hindgut of certain millipedes and beetles. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Illinois 241 pp. Horn, B. W., and Lichtwardt, R. W. 1981.
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The family is permeated with unusual morphological traits, many of which are limited to males. Examples include heavily modified mouthparts (e.g. Coxapopha, Xyccarph), sternal pouches (sometimes alternatively called holsters; e.g. Grymeus) and extensions of the carapace (e.g.
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The ability to use these morphological differences gives forensic entomologists a powerful tool that can help with estimating a post mortem interval, along with other relevant information, such as whether the body has been disturbed post mortem.
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Family Antedonidae Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved 2011-10-13. There is great variability in the morphological features in Antedonids found in different habitats and the main distinguishing feature among the species is the number of cirri.
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84, Majkowate - Meloidae. Warszawa-Wrocław : Państ. Wydaw. Naukowe, 1987 Based on morphological and molecular analysis, Turco and Bologna subdivided the genus into five subgenera: Cerocoma, Cerocomina, Mesocerocoma, Metacerocoma and Meloides.Systematic revision of the genus Cerocoma Geoffroy, 1762.
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Ceroglossus buqueti reaches about in length. This species presents marked chromatic polymorphism and morphological variations in shape and in size depending on subspecies and populations. These beetles have a diurnal habit and are predators on small organisms.
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Alloteuthis is a genus of squids from the pencil squid family Loliginidae which has been considered a subgenus of the genus Loligo but both molecular analyses and morphological-anatomical analyses support the separation of these two taxa.
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In the past, cherrybark oak was classified as a variety (Q. falcata var. pagodafolia) of southern red oak (Quercus falcata). However, the two species are now recognized to significantly differ in several key morphological and ecological features.
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The Halothiobacillaceae are a family of halotolerant, mesophilic, and obligate chemolithoautotrophic organisms in the Chromatiales comprising the genus Halothiobacillus. It is closely related to the family Thioalkalibacteraceae of halophilic obligate autotrophs with distinct morphological and genomic features.
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Martin, Samuel E. (1966): Lexical Evidence Relating Japanese to Korean. Language 42/2: 185–251.Martin, Samuel E. (1990): Morphological clues to the relationship of Japanese and Korean. In: Philip Baldi (ed.): Linguistic Change and Reconstruction Methodology.
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The 2015 article 'Phylogenetic analysis of molecular and morphological data highlights uncertainty in the relationships of fossil and living species of Elopomorpha (Actinopterygii: Teleostei)' also lists Angullavis (take note of the different spelling) as a stem anguilliformes.
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Phyllachorales is a small order of perithecial sac fungi containing mostly foliar parasites. This order lacks reliable morphological characters making taxonomic placement of genera difficult. There is controversy among mycologists as to the boundaries of this order.
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Geological Society (London) Special Publication no. 192. A first relation between dinoflagellate thecae and cysts was made through morphological comparison of both by Bill Evitt and Susan E. Davidson.Evitt, W.R. and Davidson, S.E. 1964. Dinoflagellate studies. 1.
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London: Routledge. These ideas suggest that crosslinguistic influence of syntactic, morphological, or phonological changes may just be the surface of one language's influence on the other, and CLI is instead a different developmental use of one's brain.
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Samonds, 2007, pp. 42–43 A cladistic analysis using morphological data could not resolve the relationships of Triaenops goodmani, but did not place it with the other species of Triaenops and Paratriaenops studied.Samonds, 2006, p. 178, figs.
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Bedell, H. G. A taxonomic and morphological re-evaluation of Stegnospermaceae (Caryophyllales). Systematic Botany, 1980, 5:419-431.S. Carlquist. Wood and Stem Anatomy of Stegnosperma (Caryophyllales); Phylogenetic Relationships; Nature of Lateral Meristems and Successive Cambial Activity.
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Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. The pitcher mouth is round and bears a cylindrical peristome up to 3 mm wide.
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Beginning with Trautmann (1906), several authors (e.g. Kuryłowicz 1957: 133–134;Kuryłowicz, Jerzy (1957). "Morphological gemination in Keltic and Germanic". Pages 131–144 in Pulgram, Ernst (ed.): Studies presented to Joshua Whatmough on his sixtieth birthday. Mouton.
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The species was named in honour of Paul von Moellendorff.Pekarsky, Oleg (2013)."Taxonomic and morphological survey of the Lygephila lusoria (Linnaeus, 1758) species-group with description of a new species (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Toxocampinae)". ZooKeys. 351: 49–81. .
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Part of the Diversity Thematic Group, the Taxonomic Advisory Group (TAG) comprises 12 experts that work together on particular projects concerning banana taxonomy, such as developing morphological field descriptors and verifying the genetic integrity of banana germplasm.
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It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It is often regarded as a synonym of Iris aphylla, but it has chromosomal and morphological differences, so it may considered to be a parent species instead.
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Based on morphological data, Savage and colleagues (2004) suggested that the sister species of Craugastor phasma is Craugastor talamancae, a lowland species. Later studies have grouped Craugastor phasma with montane species in the Craugastor melanostictus species group.
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It seems to share few morphological features with the other families and probably belongs elsewhere. The inclusion of Microhydrulidae is also dubious. The medusa stage is not known and the tiny polyp has no tentacles nor mouth.
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He also has been called the "Father of Lamarckism" because of his belief that new species could form from morphological adaptation.Kragh, Helge; Nielsen, Henry. (2008). Science in Denmark: A Thousand-year History. Aarhus University Press. p. 210.
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The only morphological distinction between the island and mainland populations noted was differences in the cusps of the lower molars, while the DNA sequence divergence of 3.6% is less than typical for sister species in the genus.
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If either of these tests come back negative you have a negative sample for P. kernoviae. While positive samples indicate the presence of this pathogen. In addition to this you can use isolation followed by morphological identification.
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NGC 6394 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Draco. It is designated as SBb in the galaxy morphological classification scheme and was discovered by the American astronomer Lewis A. Swift on 7 July 1885.
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Several morphological changes take place including nuclear enlargement and increased growth of the endoplasmic reticulum network. The activated PaSCs then grow in number, migrate and secrete extracellular matrix components such as type I collagen, chemokines and cytokines.
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However, the most recent synthesis of morphological and molecular data presents a phylogenetic classification that recognizes the genus Ischaemum within subfamily Panicoideae, supertribe Andropogonodae, tribe Andropogoneae, subtribe Ischaeminae. Several previously recognized varieties have been reduced to synonymy.
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The inflectional suffixes fall into categories creating morphological classes; mainly, verbs, animates, substantives, and four minor classes, adverbial indefinites, locatives, directionals and directional preverbs. There are also uninflected words, which include proper names, interjections and syntactic particles.
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More significant differences exist in morphological and syntactic structure of the spoken Xibe language. For one example among many, there is a "converb" ending, -mak, that is very common in modern spoken Xibe but unknown in Manchu.
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NGC 125 (also known as PGC 1772) is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Pisces. It is designated as subclass Sa Ring in the galaxy morphological classification scheme. It lies approximately 235 million light- years away.
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Hildenbradiales are difficult to discriminate on morphological grounds; tetrasporangia morphology is the only vaguely reliable character, but molecular techniques have indicated a monophyletic Apophlaea within a paraphyletic Hildenbrandia, with many Hildenbrandia species being recognized as non-monophyletic.
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Although not as typical of sound change as lenition, fortition may occur in prominent positions, such as at the beginning of a word or stressed syllable; as an effect of reducing markedness; or due to morphological leveling.
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Musindo, P.T. (2012). Morphological variation in bills and claws in relation to Prey type in Southern African Birds of Prey (Orders Falconiformes and Strigiformes). Thesis, University of Zimbabwe.van Eeden, R., Whitfield, D.P., Botha, A., & Amar, A. (2017).
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Yagaria has a distinction between primary and secondary adjectives. Primary adjectives are used to determine the morphological behavior of "adjectives". Secondary adjectives are obtained from nouns or verbs, or local or temporal expressions occurring as noun adjuncts.
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The maximum known length is . This species differs from the speartooth shark (G. glyphis) in several morphological and meristic characters, including having fewer vertebrae (137-151 versus 213-222) and a lower, jagged gray-white color boundary.
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Some of the genera, (including Mucor, Absidia and Backusella) appear to be polyphyletic. Today, the traditional system is still largely in use, as further studies are needed to reconcile morphological and molecular concepts of families and genera.
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Wayana, compared to its many of its Cariban peers, is very well described. The first work on Wayana was wordlists by Crevaux (1882, as cited by Tavares, 2005), Coudreau (1892), and De Goeje (1909, as cited by Tavares, 2005). De Goeje also published an incomplete grammar detailing some morphological aspects of Wayana in 1946 (as cited by Tavares, 2005). Walter Jackson's 1972 "A Wayana Grammar" builds on this grammar and clarifies some of the flaws in De Goeje's description of morphology and phonology, but still leaves many morphological and syntactic distinctions untouched.
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Phenotypic plasticity refers to some of the changes in an organism's behavior, morphology and physiology in response to a unique environment. Fundamental to the way in which organisms cope with environmental variation, phenotypic plasticity encompasses all types of environmentally induced changes (e.g. morphological, physiological, behavioural, phenological) that may or may not be permanent throughout an individual's lifespan. The term was originally used to describe developmental effects on morphological characters, but is now more broadly used to describe all phenotypic responses to environmental change, such as acclimation (acclimatization), as well as learning.
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Darwin placed emphasis on divergence, that is, when a parent population splits and these offspring populations diverge gradually, each following their own anagenetic sequence potentially with further divergence events. In this case, evolutionary (say morphological) divergence is expressed on a new, horizontal, axis and time becomes the vertical axis. At time point 1 an imaginary taxonomist judges populations A and B to belong to different species, but within the same genus. Their respective descendants, C and D are observed at time 2, and considered to represent two separate genera because their morphological difference is large.
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Coccomyxa is a genus of green algae, in the family Coccomyxaceae. This genus is defined by their small, elliptical to spherical shape, and the presence of a simple parietal chloroplast. These features, along with their occurrence in various lifestyles such as free-living, parasitic, or as photobionts, have been used to identify over 40 species. Using additional morphological features, such as brown akinetes formation, allows for the differentiation between Coccomyxa and the genus Pseudococcomyxa, as they tend to share some morphological characteristics like the general cell shape and one-sided mucilage cap.
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The physiological qualities of planting stock are hidden from the eye and must be revealed by testing. The potential for survival and growth of a batch of planting stock may be estimated from various features, morphological and physiological, of the stock or a sample thereof. The size and shape and general appearance of a seedling can nevertheless give useful indications of PSPP. In low-stress outplanting situations, and with a minimized handling and lifting-planting cycle, a system based on specification for nursery stock and minimum morphological standards for acceptable seedlings works tolerably well.
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This advantage could as well be in part responsible for the observed associated adaptive radiation of echidnas and expansion of the niche space, which together contradict the fairly common assumption of halted morphological and molecular evolution that continues to be associated with monotremes. Furthermore, studies of mitochondrial DNA in platypuses have also found that monotremes and marsupials are most likely sister taxa. It also implies that any shared derived morphological traits between marsupials and placental mammals either occurred independently from one another or were lost in the lineage to monotremes.
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In a 1990 morphological phylogenetic study, Kiyonori Nishida concluded that the deepwater stingray and the sixgill stingray (Hexatrygon bickelli) were the most basal stingrays (suborder Myliobatoidei). Therefore, he moved this species to its own genus, Plesiobatis, and family, Plesiobatidae; the name is derived from the Greek plesio ("primitive") and batis ("ray"). Subsequent morphological studies have corroborated the basal position of Plesiobatis, but disagreed on its relationships to nearby taxa. John McEachran, Katherine Dunn, and Tsutomu Miyake in 1996 could not fully resolve the position of Plesiobatis, thus they assigned it provisionally to the family Hexatrygonidae.
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Using molecular phylogenetics, specifically with the technique of anchored hybrid enrichment, the family was reorganized based on the recognition and naming of robustly supported clades, which were further strengthened with morphological apomorphies. The clades which were robustly supported across all analyses were assigned subfamily status, resulting in recognition of seven subfamilies in Mimallonidae. Using both molecular and morphological phylogenetics, all 42 genera (including some newly described ones) were assigned to the named clades. The 300+ species of the family, too, have been formally classified according to their phylogenetic arrangement.
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The two longbill genera are sometimes incorrectly lumped into the same genus, Toxorhamphus, in spite of Oedistoma being erected forty years prior to Toxorhamphus (a violation of the taxonomic principal of priority). There are both molecular and morphological reasons to keep the two genera separate, however. A 1993 study of the longbills, berrypeckers and some other aberrant honeyeaters found that the dwarf longbill was more closely related to the berrypeckers than the two longbills in the genus Toxorhamphus. There are also some morphological differences in the shape of the tarsus.
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Morphological studies show that the process of spatial sorting is at work on the range expansion of A. tristis in South Africa. Dispersal-relevant traits are significantly correlated with distance from the range core, with strong sexual dimorphism, indicative of sex-biased dispersal. Morphological variations are significant in wing and head traits of females, suggesting females as the primary dispersing sex. In contrast, traits not related to dispersal such as those associated with foraging show no signs of spatial sorting but are significantly affected by environmental variables such as vegetation and intensity of urbanisation.
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Goswami spent her undergraduate years (1998) at the University of Michigan, where she focused on how early whales transitioned from the land to the water. After this, she spent time in India at the Bandhavgarh National Park conducting field work. She also conducted field work in Madagascar, Chile, Peru, and Western U.S. In 2005 Goswami earned her doctorate at the University of Chicago. Her thesis, titled The Evolution of Morphological Integration In the Mammalian Skull, studied the morphological integration, phenotypic modularity, and developmental trait correlations in 107 species of mammals.
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A major benefit of using DNA barcoding in diet assessment is the ability to provide high taxonomic resolution of consumed species. Indeed, when compared to traditional morphological analysis, DNA barcoding enables a more reliable separation of closely related taxa reducing the observed bias. Moreover, DNA barcoding enables to detect soft and highly digested items, not recognisable through morphological identification. For example, Arachnids feed on pre-digested bodies of insects or other small animals and their stomach content is too decomposed and morphologically unrecognizable using traditional methods such as microscopy.
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No other resources were allowed other than morphological and syntactic Natural Language Processing components, such as morphological analyzers, Part-Of-Speech taggers and syntactic parsers. #In the testing phase, participants were provided with a test set for the disambiguating subtask using the induced sense inventory from the training phase. #In the evaluation phase, answers of to the testing phase were evaluated in a supervised an unsupervised framework. The unsupervised evaluation for WSI considered two types of evaluation V Measure (Rosenberg and Hirschberg, 2007), and paired F-Score (Artiles et al.
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O. unilateralis species exhibit morphological variations which are most certainly due to their wide geographic range, from Japan to the Americas. Moreover, it has been hypothesized that their morphological variations may also be a result of one fungus species maximizing its infection on one specific host ant species (host-specific infections). Different subspecies of ant can occur within the same area, which means that in order to coexist they have to occupy different ecological niches. Consequently, the fungi may have evolved at the subspecies level in order to maximize its fitness.
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The exact position with annelids remains unresolved, though some characters indicate a relationship to Aphroditacean annelids (Vinther et al. 2008). In an accompanying commentary, Jean-Bernard Caron suggested that machaeridians must be a stem group based on number of specialised features. However, one cannot assess crown group/stem group affinities based on autapomorphies, but on shared morphological traits or the lack thereof. He also suggested that machaeridians might be polyphyletic, but machaerdians are a well defined group with a number of shared characters and morphological gradations between all three families.
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Function and Diversity research aims to produce new insights into the evolutionary development of the morphological and functional diversity of plants. The evolution of new traits and the mechanisms of genome evolutions are studied by combining comparative genomics with phylogenetic, biochemical and molecular techniques. The topics addressed include the evolution and function of signal transfer processes in plant cells, the role of the numerous plant secondary metabolites, the uptake and utilization of nutrients as well as the development of morphological features. This work is based on the rapidly growing information available from genome sequencing.
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Main verbs can take on three types of voices (Zeitoun 2005:284). #Patient voice: -a #Locative voice: -i #Instrumental/benefactive voice: -(n)eni Tsou verbs can be divided into five major classes (I, II, III-1, III-2, IV, V-1, V-2) based on morphological alternations (Zeitoun 2005:285). Tsou verbs do not have as many morphological distinctions as other Formosan languages do, since the Tsou language makes more extensive use of auxiliary verbs. For instance, there are no temporal/aspectual distinctions, separate markings for imperatives, and stative/dynamic distinctions.
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For morphological causatives, some languages do not allow single morpheme to be applied twice on a single verb (Jarawara) while others do (Capanawa, Hungarian, Turkish, Kabardian, Karbi), though sometimes with an idiomatic meaning (Swahili's means force to do and Oromo's carries an intensive meaning). Other languages, such as Nivkh, have two different morphological mechanisms that can apply to a single verb. Still others have one morpheme that applies to intransitives and another to transitives (Apalai, Guarani). All of these examples apply to underlying intransitive verbs, yielding a ditransitive verb.
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Nuytinck and Verbeken (2005), p. 163. Later authors did not agree with the delimitation of these forms as distinct taxa, suggesting that the alternations in appearance represent normal morphological variations brought about by differences in age, and environmental factors such as levels of sunlight and humidity. Lactarius vinosus has often been considered as a variety of L. sanguifluus, but morphological (especially macroscopic characters and spore-ornamentation) and molecular evidence (based on internal transcribed spacer-sequencing) has confirmed that they are separate species. Lactarius sanguifluus is classified in the section Dapetes of the genus Lactarius.
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Bipectina is a clade of avicularioid mygalomorph spiders first proposed by Pablo A. Goloboff in 1993, based on a morphological cladistic analysis. The clade was marked by a number of morphological features, and in particular by the presence of two rows of teeth on the superior tarsal claws of the legs of both sexes, meaning that the claws were bipectinate. The clade was supported by some subsequent analyses, although not all. A major phylogenetic study in 2020 upheld the monophyly of the clade, which contained 19 of the 25 accepted families of the Avicularioidea.
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In computational linguistics Karlsson has designed a language-independent formalism called Constraint Grammar. It makes possible the automatic morphological disambiguation and syntactic analysis of ordinary running text that has been supplied with all theoretically possible morphological and syntactic interpretations. The basic original reference is Karlsson (1990) which defines Constraint Grammar. Karlsson has also worked on the history of linguistics, where his main contribution is participation in a book by Even Hovdhaugen, Fred Karlsson, Carol Henriksen, and Bengt Sigurd, The History of Linguistics in the Nordic Countries, Societas Scientiarum Fennica, Jyväskylä 2000.
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Anecdotal accounts of B. lecheguana nests suggest that queens are larger than workers. However it appears that a more careful statistical analysis indicates that there is no overall size difference between queens, workers, or intermediates. There is no difference in overall size, but the queens have a set of anatomical proportions distinct from the intermediates and workers, smaller in some structures and larger in others. While it appears that caste might be discernible through ovary development, the absence of morphological differences between individuals in B. lecheguana suggests that there is no meaningful morphological caste.
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Molecular analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region clearly separate the four species currently recognized in Volvopluteus but identification can be more difficult due to the sometimes overlapping morphological variation among the species. Size of the fruit bodies, color of the cap, spore size, presence or absence of cystidia and morphology of the cystidia are the most important characters for morphological species delimitation in the genus. Volvopluteus michiganensis is distinguished from other species of Volvopluteus by its relatively shorter spores, measuring on average less than 12.5 µm long.
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In the past, using morphological characters to establish tribes and genera was misleading and created dissension among systematists. The classification of species within Brassicaceae is gradually resolving through molecular phylogeny investigation, using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) data and other new-found sequencing knowledge. Previously there were six genera within the tribe Heliophileae, all endemic to southern Africa: Heliophila, Cycloptychis, Schlechteri, Silicularia, Thlaspeocarpa, and Brachycarpaea. The latter five genera contained among them only seven species, having been differentiated from the genus Heliophila mainly on morphological differences in the fruits they bore.
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Beginning in the 1990s, molecular (DNA sequence) data have come to play a central role in attempts to reconstruct the ant "tree of life". Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on multiple nuclear genes have yielded robust results that reinforce some preexisting views but overturn others – and suggest that there has been considerable morphological convergence among some ant lineages. Molecular data provide very strong support for a novel group, the "formicoid clade", not revealed by previous morphological work. This clade comprises 9 of the 16 extant ant subfamilies and about 90% of all described ant species.
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Reptiles developed a distinct three-layered structure of medial and dorsal portions of their pallium, a morphological schema referred to with the concept of allocortex. In contrast, the lateral and ventral pallium sectors of reptiles adopted hypopallial structure (superficial olfactory cortex, covering deep pallial nuclei). The hypopallial region is also known as the dorsal ventricular ridge, described as having anterior and posterior (amygdaloid) regions. Birds essentially show much increased cellularity, keeping within the reptilian morphological schema, which leads to the apparent disappearance of layering within its medial and dorsal pallial sectors.
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Morphological characteristics such a color, size, shape and ornamentation of conidia are crucial for the classification of strains of black-spored Aspergillus species. Modern biochemical and molecular identification techniques are helpful in the identification of Aspergillus isolates, as black-spored Aspergillus species may have significant variations in their morphological and physiological characteristics. Aspergillus can rapidly degrade cell walls of plants they infect, and isolates of A. aculeatus have been used to produce a number of important industrial enzymes, including cellulases, hemicellulases and proteases. These by-products are broadly used in the food and feed industries.
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In 2001, a study by Ward & Bonavi (2001) considered Isurus hastalis and Isurus xiphodon as conspecific and declared the latter a nomen dubium. Although this conclusion is widely accepted, some scientists disagree, with a study by Whitenack and Gottfried (2010) demonstrating geometrically morphological differences between I. hastalis and I. xiphodon. The scientific name Isurus hastalis is considered as the "traditional view" in the debate regarding the shark's taxonomy. Ward & Bonavi (2001) reexamined the teeth of I. hastalis and noted a strong morphological similarity between it and the extant great white shark.
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Further investigation of these species using a combination of morphological, cultural and molecular studies showed that they were not identical to any previously described species within the genus Chrysosporium so they were classified as a new species Chrysosporium guarroisp. nov. The delineation of species in the genus Chrysosporium and their assignment to higher taxonomic levels can be challenging due to the marked morphological simplicity of these fungi. Increased scrutiny of strains of these fungi using molecular genetic tools has revealed numerous hidden species and unexpected relationships. In 2013, Stchigel et al.
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Anaplasia (from ana, "backward" + πλάσις plasis, "formation") is a condition of cells with poor cellular differentiation, losing the morphological characteristics of mature cells and their orientation with respect to each other and to endothelial cells. The term also refers to a group of morphological changes in a cell (nuclear pleomorphism, altered nuclear- cytoplasmic ratio, presence of nucleoli, high proliferation index) that point to a possible malignant transformation. Such loss of structural differentiation is especially seen in most, but not all, malignant neoplasms. Sometimes, the term also includes an increased capacity for multiplication.
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Potato rot nematodes are identified and diagnosed by various morphological and molecular methods. The morphological methods are the primary means of diagnosis, with molecular methods being used for when there is a low level of infestation or when only juveniles are present. Nematodes are extracted from infected plant tissue and examined microscopically for distinguishing characteristics such as body and stylet, and tail morphology. Molecular methods for identifying Ditylenchus destructor (especially in distinguishing from other Ditylenchus species) include PCRs (polymerase chain reactions) to find restriction patterns of DNA to identify specific species.
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The Haplogynae are one of the two major groups into which araneomorph spiders were traditionally divided, the other being the Entelegynae. In 2005, Coddington summarized the relationships of these groups as suggested by morphological phylogenetic studies: Subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies have confirmed the monophyly of some of the groups suggested by morphological studies, while rejecting many others. A study published in 2015 suggested that two families formerly placed in the Haplogynae do not belong there. Filistatidae groups with Hypochilidae at the base of the Haplogynae; Leptonetidae is basal to the Entelegynae.
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This genus is a strongly supported clade of this family.Betancur-R., R. & Acero P., A. (2005): Description of Cathorops mapale, a new species of sea catfish (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from the Colombian Caribbean, based on morphological and mitochondrial evidence. It consists of a natural group in which the monophyly is well-defined by morphological and molecular evidence and the genus probably includes several unrecognized species from both American coasts.Marceniuk, A.P. (2007): Description of Cathorops manglarensis, a new species from the Colombian Pacific, with redescription of Cathorops multiradiatus (Siluriformes; Ariidae).
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The Woods Cree morphological form follows a similar system to that of other Western Cree dialects (for example, Swampy Cree or Plains Cree). A more comprehensive examination of the Western Cree morphological system relating to Woods Cree can be found on the Swampy Cree Wikipedia page. Cree languages are polysynthetic and can have single words that would need an entire sentence to properly be expressed in English. For example: ni-kî-nohtê-wâpam-âw-ak (note: hyphens here are present solely to demonstrate the separate morphemes) 1-PST-want-see.
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Midas cichlid with the gold polymorphism. Color change in fishes can be roughly divided into two categories: physiological color change and morphological color change. _Physiological color change_ is considered to be more rapid and consist of motile chromatophore responses, while _morphological color change_ consists of the density and morphology of chromatophores changing. Overall, morphological color changes are considered to be a "physiological phenomena involved in the balance between differentiation [of melanophores] and apoptosis of chromatophores" but are still being studied; that is to say it has to do with the synthesis of pigment.
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Gars have been referred to as primitive fish or living fossils because they have retained some morphological characteristics of their earliest ancestors, such as a spiral valve intestine, and a highly vascularized swim bladder lung that supplements gill respiration for breathing both air and water. Gars are highly evolved; therefore, referring to them as primitive fish simply means they have existed for a long time, having evolved over millions of years into a more perfected morphological state, not that the animal is primitive in the sense that it is not fully developed.
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The official classification for the species continues to be debated due to several related species in the Iliamna genus that are endemic to surrounding habitats in Illinois and other states. These species include the related Iliamna rivularis and Iliamna corei. However, the original taxonomic classification for the species was conducted by Edward Lee Greene in 1906, where he marked the species as separate from Iliamna rivularis due to "morphological differences of the calyx-lobes and carpels". Similar morphological distinction was made by botanist Earl Edward Sherff in his review of the species in 1949.
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As a result, developmental plasticity is often, although not always, a slower process than contextual plasticity. For instance, habituation is a type of learning (developmental plasticity) that can occur within a short period of time. One of the advantages of developmental behavioral plasticity that occurs over extended periods of time is that such changes can occur in concert with changes in morphological and physiological traits. In such cases, the same set of external or internal stimuli can lead to coordinated changes in suites of behavioral, morphological and physiological traits.
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Until the 1980s, the genus Euthamia was largely considered to be a part of the Solidago due to morphological similarities between species in both genera, and a history of synonymy of Solidago lanceolata and Euthamia graminifolia. As mentioned, the lack of bundle sheath extensions in Euthamia compared to Solidago, and deviations in floral morphology present evidence for separation of these taxa. A taxonomy of Euthamia as a genus was presented, providing a detailed description of distinguishing external morphological characters, such as fibrous-roots, sessile leaves, and mostly corymbiform inflorescences.
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When Professor Salber, a scholar of Anna Freud, researched human motivations ("why do people think and do what they do"), he analysed everyday lives and activities (Grauer Alltag) including behaviour like shaving, eating, cleaning and dressing. From this research, Professor Salber was able to develop a new, comprehensive theory of the workings of our mind. Morphological psychology has its roots in Goethe's morphology of plant life, the French moralists, and humanists like Nietzsche.Rosemarie Tuepker, Morphological Music Therapy, published in HH Decker-Voigt, Schulen der Musiktherapie, Ernst Reinhardt Verlag, Muenchern Basel, p.
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Sometimes referred to as tip dating, tip calibration is a method of molecular clock calibration in which fossils are treated as taxa and placed on the tips of the tree. This is achieved by creating a matrix that includes a molecular dataset for the extant taxa along with a morphological dataset for both the extinct and the extant taxa. Unlike node calibration, this method reconstructs the tree topology and places the fossils simultaneously. Molecular and morphological models work together simultaneously, allowing morphology to inform the placement of fossils.
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Tylosema esculentum is heterostylous, meaning that two or three morphological types of flowers exist in the population. For this specific legume, its pistil and anthers show reciprocal heights in two morphological types. Experiments involving in vivo fertilization (naturally occurring crosses of living organisms) and in vitro fertilization (crosses done in a laboratory setting) indicated that a two- allele self-incompatibility system exists in Tylosema esculentum. Having a successful self-incompatibility system evolutionarily benefits this plant because it promotes more out-crossing and in turn creates more diversity within a population.
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An analysis based on a morphological character matrix also came to this conclusion.Beutel, R., Balke, M., and Steiner, W. E. 2006. The systematic position of Meruidae (Coleoptera, Adephaga) and the phylogeny of the smaller aquatic adephagan beetle families.
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The Tungusic languages are of an agglutinative morphological type, and some of them have complex case systems and elaborate patterns of tense and aspect marking. The normal word order for all of the languages is subject–object–verb.
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Genetic barcoding has developed into a commonly used identification tool for taxonomists, though Lasioglossum (Dialictus) lacks a distinct barcode gap. In addition to this group's subtle morphological differences, this causes identifications to be misleading or difficult to ascertain.
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Testing hypothesis of convergence with multivariate data: Morphological and functional convergence among herbivorous lizards. Evolution 60:824–841. Additionally, herbivorous lizards often possess a fleshy tongue, which is used to manipulate food in the mouth.Throckmorton, G. S. 1976.
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The main morphological distinction with the subspecies guayaquilensis is that this bird has a smaller, narrower bill. The great green macaw appears superficially similar to, and may easily be confused with, the military macaw where their ranges overlap.
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Some molecular results show that they fall within the polyplacophoran clade, although these results have been called into question. Fossil and morphological data show that they are rather derived and bear very little resemblance to an 'ancestral mollusc'.
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Nanti is partially mutually intelligible but ethnically distinct. There is extensive morphological inflection in Matsigenka; it is considered to be polysynthetic and features an agglutinative morphology, where both suffixes and prefixes are used to mark various inflectional categories.
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Rothpletzella is a genus of calcimicrobe known from the Silurian of Gotland, the Devonian of France, as well as the Ordovician of China. It has been hypothesised to be a cyanobacterium, and shares morphological similarities with extant cyanobacteria.
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Likewise, there is work being done to develop geometric models for the evolutionary process of species in order to study the process of evolution, the space of morphological properties, the diversity of forms and spontaneous changes and mutations.
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This species was described from the Red Sea. It has been reported from Tanzania and Madagascar in the Indian Ocean.Camacho-García Y.E. & Gosliner T.M. (2008). Systematic revision of Jorunna Bergh, 1876 (Nudibranchia: Discodorididae) with a morphological phylogenetic analysis.
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Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144(1): 75-101. . However, morphological and DNA sequence data show that the spiny slipper snails are a monophyletic group that is more closely related to Crepipatella than it is to Crepidula.
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"chicken heart"] "heart-shaped; cordate". The four morphological elements of Chinese xinyuanyima or Japanese shin'en'iba are xin or shin 心 "heart; mind", yi or i 意 "thought", yuan or en 猿 "monkey", and ma or ba 馬 "horse"'.
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"The interaction of behavioral and morphological change in the evolution of a novel locomotor type: 'Flying' frogs." Evolution, 44(8), 1931-1946. from both New World (Hylidae) and Old World (Rhacophoridae) families.Emerson, S.B., Travis, J., & Koehl, M.A.R. (1990).
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In: Annalen der Hydrographie und maritimen Meteorologie. Beiheft Januar, 1939, 67, S. 20-23 (Some morphological results of the "Meteor" cruise from January to May 1938). Günter Dietrich: Zur Topographie und Morphologie des Meeresbodens im nördlichen Nordatlantischen Ozean.
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The plant has been harvested for this purpose and sold widely as "Alaskan ginseng". Despite some morphological similarities between the araliaceous members Panax ('true' ginseng), Eleutherococcus senticosus ("Siberian ginseng") and devil's club, the different genera are chemically diverse.
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Long-tailed widowbirds exhibit distinct sexual dimorphism. Males and females exhibit differences in behavior and morphological traits. Adult males are entirely black, including under their wing-coverts. Males' wing shoulders are orange red and their wing-coverts white.
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Also, fruiting structures -a major part of morphological identification- are rare on apple peels. The authors went back to the original historical deposits at the herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia and found no conidia.
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Mohammed, A. H. S., Haider, S. K., & Salman, R. A. (2014). Morphological study of the lingual papillae in Mellivora capensis tongue. Journal of US-China Medical Science, 11(1), 42–46.Kowalczyk, R., Jȩdrzejewska, B., & Zalewski, A. (2003).
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Darwin posited, that despite wide- ranging morphological differences, the many hundreds of breeds of domestic pigeons could all be traced back to the wild rock dove; in essence human selection of pigeon breeds was analogous to natural selection.
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"Natural selection". evolution.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2018-03-29. Sexual selection acts to refine secondary sexual (i.e. non-genital) phenotypes, such as the morphological differences between males and females (sexual dimorphism), or even differences between species of the same sex.
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Maxakalí verbs inflect for mood. The realis mood is the most common one, whereas the irrealis mood is used in imperative and purpose clauses. The morphological exponence of the mood inflection follows one of at least 7 patterns.
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Both works are accompanied by English translations, and the poems in Gigyayk Vo'jka also feature a morphological analysis. Alan Shaterian has published a dictionary of Northeastern Yavapai. Pamela Munro is working on a dictionary and grammar for Tolkepaya.
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This classical geography—naturalistic, monographic, morphological, literary, and didactic—would experience a rapid renewal and a radical transformation into a social science with the revolution of the 1960s and 1970s and the rise of urban and industrial studies.
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The South American jaguar is a jaguar (Panthera onca) population in South America. Though a number of subspecies of jaguar have been proposed for South America, morphological and genetic research did not reveal any evidence for subspecific differentiation.
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Lexical analyses view classifiers as partially lexicalized words. Morphological analyses view classifiers as a series of morphemes. Currently, this is the predominant school of thought. In this analyses, classifier verbs are combinations of verbal roots with numerous affixes.
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Morphological Plasticity of Caulerpa prolifera (Caulerpales, Chlorophyta) in Relation to Growth Form in a Coral Reef Lagoon Retrieved August 18, 2011. Two distinct forms of the alga are recognised, Caulerpa prolifera f. obovata (J.Agardh) and Caulerpa prolifera f.
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In 1996 Robert A. Price left E. torreyana in section Alatae without recognizing a tribe.Price, R. A. (1996). Systematics of the Gnetales: A review of morphological and molecular evidence. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 157(6): S40-S49.
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Members of the SHH family and of the Wnt family are the main principal signals emitted by the MDO. Besides its importance as signalling center, the organizer matures into the morphological structure of the zona limitans intrathalamica (ZLI).
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In 1996 Robert A. Price classified E. intermedia in section Ephedra without recognizing a tribe.Price, R. A. (1996). Systematics of the Gnetales: A review of morphological and molecular evidence. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 157(6): S40-S49.
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After cladistic genetic analysis was performed by Triplett and Clark it was determined that each of the three types of cane has a monophyletic lineage, supporting the case for three species. Morphological analysis has also supported this decision.
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The cytoplasm stains pale blue. The nucleus is about 1 micrometre in diameter. There are no morphological features to distinguish them from any other Plasmodium species. The life cycle in the mosquito has been studied in several species.
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It has been suggested that the extant analogues most similar to L. chanarensis are small bipedal mammals, which are often saltators. Three morphological characteristics in L. chanarensis fossils have been putatively cited as evidence of saltation in this taxon.
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Maling, Joan & Sigríður Sigurjónsdóttir. 2015. From passive to active: Stages in the Icelandic New Impersonal. In Theresa Biberauer & George Walkden (eds.): Syntax over Time: Lexical, Morphological, and Information-Structural Interactions, pp. 36-53. [Oxford Studies in Diachronic & Historical Linguistics.
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Morphological studies of the Sladenia embryo suggest it has unique characteristics that merit placing the genus in its own family. However, the plant family is poorly studied and initial phylogenetic studies have raised contradictory indications about its taxonomic placement.
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A malfunction of any of these leads to intestinal motility disorders. Desmosis may be congenital (aplastic form) or acquired (atrophic form). The aplasticMeier-Ruge WA, Bruder E. (2007). "The morphological characteristics of aplastic and atrophic desmosis of the intestine".
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The type species, H. spinicaudata, has been used for detailed morphological studies. As adults, these nematodes range from 0.9 to 4.2 mm in length. The cephalic framework is well developed internally and flattened anteriorly to hemispherical. The stylet, i.e.
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Aethomys is a genus of rodent from Africa.CHIMIMBA, CHRISTIAN T., NICO J. DIPPENAAR, and TERENCE J. ROBINSON. "Morphometric and morphological delineation of southern African species of Aethomys (Rodentia: Muridae)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 67.4 (1999): 501-527.
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On icy (as opposed to rocky) bodies, other morphological forms appear that may have central pits rather than central peaks, and at the largest sizes may contain many concentric rings. Valhalla on Callisto is an example of this type.
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California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved on December 2, 2009. A 2001 phylogenetic analysis by Lisa Rosenberger, based on morphological characters, found that the southern stingray (D. americana) of the western Atlantic is the sister species of the longtail stingray.
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Comparison of modern human (left) and Neanderthal (right) skulls. Since the early 1990s, David W. Frayer has described what he regards as a morphological clade in Europe.Frayer, D. W. (1992). "The persistence of Neanderthal features in post-Neanderthal Europeans".
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The maximum range, in comparison, is up to 6 kHz in the long-eared owl and to 1 kHz in the eagle owl.Schwartzkopff, J. (1963). Morphological and physiological properties of the auditory system in birds. Proc. XIII Inter. Ornithol.
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The reserve is situated west of Orange, and is registered as a natural heritage site on the Register of the National Estate for its large diversity of karst morphological and sedimentological features. Camping in the reserve is not permitted.
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Many species have evolved morphological adaptations to maximize wind dispersal potential. Common examples include plumed, winged, and balloon-like diaspores. Plumed diaspores of the dandelion, Taraxacum officinale. Plumed diaspores have thin hair-like projections that allow easier wind uplift.
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The superfamily Lymexyloidea is currently within series Cucujoidea. The internal phylogeny has not been clearly understood/completed by experts. Morphological data places the family inside the Tenebrionoidea, while molecular data place it as sister taxon to Tenebrionoidea, and polyphyletic.
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This is a Mediterranean species.Huelsken T. et al. 2006. Neverita delessertiana (Recluz in Chenu, 1843): a naticid species (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda) distinct from Neverita duplicata (Say, 1822) based on molecular data, morphological characters, and geographical distribution. Zootaxa, 1257:1-25.
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Ophiuroid phylogeny and higher taxonomy: morphological, molecular and palaeontological perspectives. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 114 (1995) Some recent data suggest its relationship to the extant family Ophiomyxidae (it would thus belong to the order Phrynophiurida).Pearse,V.B. et al.
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2011 (edited with Smith, J. C. and Ledgeway, A.) The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages I Structures. Cambridge: CUP. 2011 (edited with John Charles Smith, Maria Goldbach and Marc-Olivier Hinzelin) Morphological Autonomy. Perspectives from Romance Inflectional Morphology.
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Because morphological data is extremely labor-intensive to collect, whether from literature sources or from field observations, reuse of previously compiled data matrices is not uncommon, although this may propagate flaws in the original matrix into multiple derivative analyses.
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Ophiocomidae has been placed (along with Ophionereididae) to the superfamily Ophiocomidea and infraorder GnathophiurinaSmith, A.B.; Paterson, G.L.J., Ophiuroid phylogeny and higher taxonomy: morphological, molecular and palaeontological perspectives. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 114 (1995) or suborder Gnathophiurina in different classifications.
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Taxon: Family Ustilaginaceae Tul. & C. Tul., 1847 He also conducted anatomical and morphological research of crustose lichens. From 1871 to 1879, he was co-editor of the journal "Hedwigia", from 1879 until his death, he served as its editor.
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Morphological characteristics of morels in this clade include pits on the cap that are usually elongated vertically in mature fruit bodies, and often the presence of a sinus (a space or indentation) where the cap attaches to the stipe.
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Myrmecoids Labidopullus ashei, Beyeria vespa, Pseudomimeciton sp., and Ecitophya bicolor Symphilic Staphylinids have been fully integrated into the host ant's society. Symphilic species have undergone complex morphological adaptations, many becoming myrmecoid. Most have developed trichomes, which secrete appeasement pheromones.
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The succession of fossils in stratigraphy can be used to determine evolutionary trends among fossil organisms. In addition, incidences of speciation can be interpreted from the data and numerous studies have been conducted documenting both morphological evolution and speciation.
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The network formation is sensitive to the fabrication conditions. Dead end pathways can impede flow. A possible solution is implementing ordered heterojunctions, where the structure is well controlled. The structures can undergo morphological changes over time, namely phase separation.
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High levels of genetic structure occurring across the archipelagos indicate an isolation by colonization pattern. Significant morphological divergence was present that is highly consistent with trends of bottleneck and genetic structure history, not with geographic distance or environmental variation.
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These results suggest that Hartwrightia may be of hybrid origin but is transgressive from either putative parental lineage for multiple morphological characters Schilling, E. E. 2011. Hybrid genera in Liatrinae (Asteraceae: Eupatorieae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 59: 158-167.
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This species lives in mid-intertidal zones and often lives among mussels such as Mytilus californianus.Palmer, A., Gayron, S., Woodruff, D., 1990. Reproductive, morphological, and genetic evidence for two cryptic species of Northeastern Pacific Nucella. The Veliger 33, 15.
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Misszhouia was named after "Miss Zhou" (Guiqin Zhou), to honour her for her skilled preparation of Chengjiang fossils.Chen, J.-Y., G.D. Edgecombe and L. Ramskjöld. Morphological and ecological disparity in naraoiids (Arthropoda) from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang Fauna, China.
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The canthus rostralis is angular. Webbing in the feet is extensive. L. c. meridionalis differs from the nominate subspecies by the spur on the heel being less developed, by having more extensive webbing, and by other small morphological differences.
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Crataegus × yosgatica or Crataegus yosgatica is a putative hybrid species of hawthorn. It was thought to be a cross between Crataegus monogyna and C. tanacetifolia. A 2014 molecular and morphological study reduced it to a synonym of Crataegus meyeri.
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However more recent genetic studies show that E. vernicosa is more distantly related to the E. johnstonii/E. subcrenulata complex, and the apparent morphological clinal intergradation between E. vernicosa and E. subcrenulata is probably a result of parallel evolution.
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There is clear dimorphism between queen and worker A. pallipes with the former caste observed to be physically superior in 22 characters.Noll, F.B., D. Simões & R. Zucchi. 1997. Morphological caste differences in Neotropical swarm-founding Polistinae wasps. Agelaia m.
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Each fruit body contains a fertile head atop a hairy stem. The fruit bodies grow directly from dead bark or wood, where they feed as saprotrophs. Both morphological and ecological details are distinctive when compared to other clavarioid fungi.
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Mermithida is an order of nematode worms. The order includes two families, and most members are endoparasites on arthropods. One of the morphological characteristic of the order is the presence of a stichosome.Chitwood, B. G. & Chitwood, M. B. (1950).
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He also experimented with the combination of tonal and atonal sounds and with morphological variation. He was artistic director of the New Music Society and the Musical Analogion, whilst he also worked with and directed the Patras International Festival.
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Although many of these specific modulatory relationships are not yet fully understood, it is known that different specific signaling mechanisms result in different morphological and functional changes of astrocytes, allowing astrogliosis to take on a graduated spectrum of severity.
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Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, Warszawa. placed them in the Omaliine group of the family Staphylinidae based on shared morphological characters. This is a species-rich subfamily with 9,000 to 10,000 described species.Newton, A. F. & D. S. Chandler. 1989.
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Friedman, V. (2001) Macedonian (SEELRC) In other phonological and morphological characteristics, they remain similar to the other South-Eastern dialects spoken in North Macedonia and Albania.Poulton, Hugh. (1995). Who Are the Macedonians?, (London: C. Hurst & Co. Ltd:107–108.).
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Otherwise, the Choctaw bass shares many morphological features with other basses. This similarity in appearance is one of the reasons why the Choctaw bass has gone unnoticed for so long. For an accurate identification, DNA testing must be done.
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General morphology has found use in fields including engineering design, technological forecasting, organizational development and policy analysis.Álvarez, A. & Ritchey, T. (2015). "Applications of General Morphological Analysis: From Engineering Design to Policy Analysis", Acta Morphologica Generalis, Vol.4 No.1.
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The shell is covered with a thin, horn-covered periostracum. The fighting conch (Strombus pugilis) from the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico is a similar species in the sculpture of the shell and in inner morphological characters.
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University Press of America.Blench, Roger [1987] 'A new classification of Bantoid languages.' Unpublished paper presented at 17th Colloquium on African Languages and Linguistics, Leiden. Blench argues for the unity of North Bantoid by citing phonological, lexical, and morphological evidence.
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In addition to subsections, series were also described. Alternatively, some authors have preferred to subdivide the genus into subgenera. Subsequent treatments were by Gershoy (1934) and Clausen (1964), using subsections and series. These were all based on morphological characteristics.
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The conception of (morphological and syntactic) paradigms, fundamental in IL, has recently been further elaborated in Lieb (2005).Lieb, Hans-Heinrich. 2005. "Notions of paradigm in grammar". In: D. Alan Cruse, Franz Hundsnurscher, Michael Job, and Peter Lutzeier (eds).
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In another, different study, the authors described methods for measuring phylogenetic inertia, looked at effectiveness of various comparative methods, and found that different methods can reveal different aspects of drivers. Autoregression and PVR showed good results with morphological traits.
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Encyclopedia Britannica Sardinian is an autonomous linguistic group rather than an Italian dialectDe Mauro, Tullio. L'Italia delle Italie, 1979, Nuova Guaraldi Editrice, Florence, 89 as it is often noted because of its morphological, synctatic, and lexical differences from Italian.
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Because there is no morphological plural in Japanese, the word "sai" refers to either a single weapon or multiple. Nicho sai refers to a kata that uses two sai, while sancho sai kata refers to kata using three sai.
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Paeonia obovata is a polyploid complex, and shows much morphological variability. It is a perennial herbaceous plant of 30–70 cm high, which dies down in the autumn, and overwinters with buds just under the surface of the soil.
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P. tectorius can also be grown from large cutting. Selected forms are propagated by stem cuttings in Micronesia. Morphological traits looked for include aerial roots. Plants selected have 2/3 of their leaves trimmed off to prevent water loss.
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This species cannot be reliably separated from M. hongkongensis, M. opercularis and M. spechti by meristics and morphometrics.Winstanley, Tom, and Kendall D. Clements. "Morphological re-examination and taxonomy of the genus Macropodus (Perciformes, Osphronemidae)." Zootaxa 19.8 (2008): 1-27.
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Populations that were previously considered Ptilimnium costatum in the West Gulf Coastal Plain of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas, have been treated as Ptilimnium texense as of 2010. This reinstatement was based on combination of molecular, morphological, and ecological evidence.
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Genome research, gr-186668. In addition to the molecular work, various morphological studies that focused on the cranium have supported the relationship between Puma and Acinonyx.Salles, L. O. (1992). Felid phylogenetics: extant taxa and skull morphology (Felidae, Aeluroidea). Amer.
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Rather, there is a figurative filter that permits some syntactic operations on lexical items. This is evidenced by the fact that languages permit syntactic structures to be "downgraded" to words in that syntactic phrases can be merged into lexical items over time. Professors Antonio Fábregas of the University of Tromsø, Elena Felíu Arquiola of the University of Jaén and Soledad Varela of the Autonomous University of Madrid use the concept of a Morphological Local Domain in their discussion of the Lexical Integrity Hypothesis, in which words have multiple binary branching layers composed of roots and functional projections, with the deeper layers of the morphological hierarchy being too far away for the syntax to see and only the higher head of this multi-layered morphological tree has the ability to transmit information. Additionally, some theories of syntax appear to be incompatible with the Lexical Integrity Hypothesis, such as Minimalism.
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The subtype (0, a, b, or c) is based on the relative prominence of the central bulge and how tightly wound the spiral arms are. Diagram of the Hubble - de Vaucouleurs morphological classification system illustrating the class of intermediate spirals.
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However, it has been proposed to move the erethistid genera back into Sisoridae. Also, some authors have removed Aspredinidae from Sisoroidea, having found it to be more closely related to Doradoidea (Doradidae, Auchenipteridae, and possibly Mochokidae) with morphological and molecular evidence.
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218x218px In 2014, PRCC was first acknowledged as a renal tumor subtype by the World Health Organization (WHO) considering its distinct genetic, molecular and histologic characteristics. It is further divided into type 1 and type 2 based on morphological features.
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The differences between the dialects are not clear. Their writing system uses the Latin script. Kaluli belongs to the Trans-New Guinea language family. Kaluli was first analyzed by Murray Rule in 1964 who wrote a preliminary phonological and morphological analysis.
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In 1988, a study was carried out on the rhizomes of Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica, and found a chemical compound ( 12a-hydroxyrotenoid ). In 2005, the seeds of the iris were studied in Turkey. Along with a morphological and anatomical investigation.
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Pyrus × sinkangensis, the Xinjiang pear, has been suspected to be of complex hybrid origin involving P. communis and Chinese white pears based on their morphological characteristics.Yu T and Kuan K 1963. Taxa nova Rosacearum (1). Acta Phytotaxon. Sin. 8:202-236.
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Agassiz 1862 - sp. nov. Mayer 1910 \- C. capillata var. versicolor Kramp 1961 - nomen dubium Russell 1970 - C. versicolor Brewer 1991Brewer RH. 1991. Morphological differences between, and reproductive isolation of, two populations of the jellyfish Cyanea in Long Island Sound, USA.
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These groups of experts review, analyse and discuss the morphological terms; possible errors and defects in the studied structures are also discussed. It was determined that the future meetings are planned in other countries (such as Honduras, Ecuador, Argentina, etc.).
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The lower surface of the lid is densely covered with short, white hairs. This is a characteristic morphological feature of this species, but at present its function is unknown.Clarke, C.M. 2002. A Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia.
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A male specimen was not noted until 2002. A few years later, a sexually reproducing strain was found.Yang, Q., et al. (2015). Morphological and molecular characterization of a sexually reproducing colony of the booklouse Liposcelis bostrychophila (Psocodea: Liposcelididae) found in Arizona.
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Electrophysiological studies have shown that Grandry corpuscles function as rapidly adapting velocity detectors. In birds, Grandry and Merkel corpuscles share many morphological similarities, which has led to some confusion in the literature over their classification (see Grandry and Merkel corpuscles).
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Microsporum nanum was first thought to be a variant of M. gypseum by Fuentes, Aboulafia, and Vidal who named it M. gypseum var. nanum in 1954. Significant morphological differences between the macroconidia of M. gypseum var. nanum and M. gypseum var.
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3 "Across the range of a species, individuals may display considerable morphological, genetic, and behavioural variability reflective of both plasticity and adaptation to local environments."COSEWIC, p. 10 COSEWIC developed Designated Unit (DU) attribution to add to classifications already in use.
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The waxy zone of the inner surface is well developed.Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102.
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Ernst Haeckel's interpretation of several ascidians from Kunstformen der Natur, 1904 The ascidians were on morphological evidence treated as sister to the Thaliacea and Appendicularia, but molecular evidence shows that ascidians are paraphyletic within the Tunicata, as shown in the cladogram.
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The above-mentioned L. nigricans and L. orientalis possess morphological similarities to the cultivated L. culinaris. But only L. culinaris and L. culinaris subsp. orientalis are crossable and produce fully fertile seed. Between the different related species hybridisation barriers exist.
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These new species are Ruhlandiella patagonica and Ruhlandiella lophozoniae. Additional taxa, such as Sphaerosoma fuscescens and Boudiera parvispora, were also thought to be Ruhlandiella species. Further morphological analysis suggests that these two species do not belong to the genus Ruhlandiella.
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The Zlatograd dialect is most closely related to the eastern and western Rup dialects, but also shares a number of phonological and morphological characteristics with the Rhodopean dialects. Thus, it is usually considered to be transitional between the two groups.
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The genera of extant swallowtails are usually classified into three subfamilies, Baroniinae, Parnassiinae, and Papilioninae, the latter two being further divided into tribes. In swallowtails, besides morphological characteristics, the choice of food plants and ecological lifestyle reflect phylogeny and classification.
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Nelson reports cultivating this species at the Australian National University as part of morphological studies, but beyond that it is little known in cultivation. It may has potential as a "foliage contrast" for gardens in areas with reliable winter rainfall.
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