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57 Sentences With "laic"

How to use laic in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "laic" and check conjugation/comparative form for "laic". Mastering all the usages of "laic" from sentence examples published by news publications.

"This could be extended to other state firms, which is good for fiscal and market reasons," said Victor Carvalho, a partner at fund manager LAIC-HFM in São Paulo.
The founding director of LAIC, Samaria Archila, was a former human rights lawyer from Colombia and her aunt.
After Samaria Archila died from cancer, Ana Maria Archila became the director of LAIC. She served in this role in 2003, where she spoke to the media about the Latino population in New York state. She worked as executive director of LAIC in 2003 working out of their offices in Port Richmond, Staten Island. Archila advocated on behalf of parents with limited English language skills in Staten Island and Queens, New York, to obtain more information about their children's education.
The Third Republic abrogated or reformed most dispositions of the Falloux Laws. The 27 February 1880 law reduced the clergy's representation in educational councils. The Ferry Laws established mandatory, free and laic education. The Goblet Law abrogated the first and second section of the Falloux Law.
Archila was born in Colombia. At the age of 17, Archila came from Colombia to the United States. She worked in community organizing roles in New York. After obtaining her bachelor's degree, she became a staff member of the Latin American Integration Center (LAIC) in Queens, New York.
Thomas Alva Edison School is a private school located in Caguas, Puerto Rico. The school was founded in 1966. It used to be a Catholic school, but turned laic in 1992. The school's mascot is the red Cardinal, which represents their three varsity teams: basketball, volleyball, and soccer.
The Federation consists of three Scout associations, the Roman Catholic Association des Scouts Catholiques de Côte d'Ivoire (ASCCI, Association of Catholic Scouts of Côte d'Ivoire), the laic Eclaireurs Laïcs de Côte d'Ivoire (Scouts of Côte d'Ivoire) and the Protestant Eclaireurs Unionistes de Côte d'Ivoire (Unionist Guides and Scouts of Côte d'Ivoire).
The first laic school was opened here in 1913, and the State Gymnasium was opened in 1922. It was the center of many cultural associations. In sports Shkodër was the first city in Albania to constitute a sports association, the "Vllaznia" (brotherhood). Vllaznia Shkodër is the oldest sport club in Albania.
Between 1779 and 1781 Kazinczy joined the laic, deist perception of religion which was completely cleaned from dogmas. The artistic cult of beauty replaced the lost religious experience. His enthusiasm for beauty became his passion, filling his whole individuality and worldview. In about 1780 he started his first major literary work, the translation of Salomon Gessner's writings among others.
" IndiaGlitz gave a review stating "All in all, RLS makes a beautiful movie watching experience for laic as well as discerning audiences." Rediff.com gave a review stating "The film scores on account of the realism and logic despite being a commercial entertainer. The arguments and patch-ups are like everyday life but don't bore the audience.
In 1924, Ver. Atampala Gunarathana Thero, an incumbent of Unella Sri Nagarama Purana Viharaya, started a school using coconut foliage and wattle near Palatuwa Bauddodaya Piriwena. It began as a private Buddhist school. The first students were Mahanayake of Shiyamopalee Chapter and Mahanayake of Sri Rohana Chapter Venerable Rajakeeya Pandith Aththudawe Sri Rahula Thero (Laic Name Mr. Dayananda) and Dandina Samarasinghe Dissanayake, mother of President Mahinda Rajapaksa.
The word lay (part of layperson, etc.) derives from the Anglo-French lai, from Late Latin laicus, from the Greek λαϊκός, laikos, of the people, from λαός, laos, the people at large. The word laity means "common people" and comes from the Greek λαϊκός (laikos), meaning "of the people". Synonyms for layperson include: parishioner, believer, dilettante, follower, member, neophyte, novice, outsider, proselyte, recruit, secular, laic, layman, nonprofessional.
The Italian Labour Union or UIL, in Italian Unione Italiana del Lavoro, is a national trade union center in Italy. It was founded in 1950 as socialist, social democratic, (republican) and laic split from Italian General Confederation of Labour (CGIL, Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro). It represents almost 2.2 million workers. The UIL is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), and the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC).
Sukha (Sanskrit, Pali; Devanagari: सुख) means happiness, pleasure, ease, joy or bliss, in Sanskrit and Pali. Among the early scriptures, 'sukha' is set up as a contrast to 'preya' (प्रेय) meaning a transient pleasure, whereas the pleasure of 'sukha' has an authentic state happiness within a being that is lasting. In the Pāli Canon, the term is used in the context of describing laic pursuits, meditative absorptions, and intra-psychic phenomena.
During Nazi occupation, German forces established an Hitlerjugend branch in the building. At the end of the war, the street was renamed Romuald Traugutt: the former orphanage then housed a laic State Children's Home. In 1974, the institution harboured about 100 pupils, mostly orphans without shelter or morally endangered. In 1978, the orphanage was transformed into an Emergency Care house () and in 2006, into the Bydgoszcz Care and Education Center ().
Ideology and Politics: The Socialist Party of France. In the early years of the French Fourth Republic, the SFIO played an instrumental role in securing appropriations for 1,000 additional state elementary school teachers and in bringing in bills to extend the national laic school system to kindergarten and nursery school levels. During the spring of 1946, the SFIO reluctantly supported the constitutional plans of the PCF. They were rejected by a referendum.
Evelyn M. Acomb, The French Laic Laws, 1879-1889: The First Anti-Clerical Campaign of the Third French Republic, New York : Columbia University Press, 1941 French secularism has a long history. For the last century, the French government policy has been based on the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State, See drop-down essay on "The Third Republic and the 1905 Law of Laïcité", which is however not applicable in Alsace and Moselle.
It included some Dadaist aspects and its main goal was substantially to enhance the value of spiritualism in a laic way. In particular, Storer was in touch with Francesco Meriano and Enrico Prampolini, who illustrated "Atys". During his staying in Italy he translated Pirandello's plays (Six Characters in Search of an Author and Henry IV, translations based on the first editions of Pirandello's plays) and also devoted to the Italian dramatist some critical essays. (He personally met him).
Jules Ferry. The Jules Ferry Laws are a set of French laws which established free education in 1881, then mandatory and laic (secular) education in 1882. Jules Ferry, a lawyer holding the office of Minister of Public Instruction in the 1880s, is widely credited for creating the modern Republican school (l'école républicaine). The dual system of state and church schools that were largely staffed by religious officials was replaced by state schools and lay school teachers.
Janina Frentzel-Zagórska, From a One-party State to Democracy: Transition in Eastern Europe, Rodopi, 1993, p. 46 Totalitarianism, according to political theorist Hannah Arendt, can be considered a logocracy, since in it ideas are no longer important, just how they are expressed.Quoted in: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Interchange, SpringerLink, 1992, p. 29 Academic Yahya Michot has referred to Sunni Islam as a "popular" or "laic logocracy", in that it is government by the word of the Koran.
Kantušer's affinity for the strings thus developed from his experience with the Celje orchestra, and the practice of chamber music. It was during adolescence that the desire to express himself formed, which grew into the need to study composition. In the second half of the 1930s, he attended the Celje high school and took also part in the laic Scout movement. The Kantušer children often spent the summer months at the foot of the Alps, in Kamnik, the birthplace of the composer's mother.
Turkey has been described as an ethnocracy by Bilge Azgin.The Uneasy Democratization of Turkey's Laic-Ethnocracy Azgin points to government policies whose goals are the "exclusion, marginalization, or assimilation" of minority groups that are non-Turkish as the defining elements of Turkish ethnocracy. Israeli researcher As'ad Ghanem also considers Turkey an ethnocracy, while Jack Fong describes Turkey's policy of referring to its Kurdish minority as "mountain Turks" and to its refusal to acknowledge any separate Kurdish identity as elements of the Turkish ethnocracy.
Notably, the Faculty of Social Sciences was founded in 1920 by Édouard Montpetit, the first laic to lead a faculty.Université de Montréal – Fêtes du 125e – 125 ans d'histoire (1878–2003) He thereafter was named secretary-general, a role he fulfilled until 1950. From 1876 to 1895, most classes took place in the Grand séminaire de Montréal. From 1895 to 1942, the school was housed in a building at the intersection of Saint-Denis and Sainte-Catherine streets in Montreal's eastern downtown Quartier Latin.
Blinkhorn 2008, p. 294 At this position he commenced work on revoking the Republican laws, focusing mostly on the laic legislation. Though the task was completed by his successor, it was Rodezno who ensured that the Church re- took a key role in a number of areas, especially education, and that intimate Church-state relations were restored.Blinkhorn 2008, p. 294, Dronda Martínez 2013, p. 388 When setting the direction he had to overcome the Falangist resistance and outmaneuver its key exponents, Jordana and Yanguas.Martínez Sánchez 2002, p.
It is mainly interested in the Arab World and Middle Eastern issues in addition to catering to Arab diaspora and Muslim communities in France and Europe. It operates on basis of a moderate and tolerant Arab standpoint respectful of the laic traditions of France. The station also runs a parallel radio station also called Radio Orient in Lebanon, mostly with independent programming from the French station, although some news are rebroadcast from the Paris feed. The Lebanese studios are situated in the Lebanese capital Beirut.
Brâncoveanu was a great patron of culture, his achievements being part of the Romanian and world cultural heritage. Under his reign, many Romanian, Greek, Bulgarian, Arabic, Turkish, and Georgian texts were printed after a printing press was established in Bucharest - an institution overseen by Anthim the Iberian. In 1694, he founded the Royal Academy of Bucharest. In his religious and laic constructions, Brâncoveanu harmoniously combined in architecture the mural and sculptural painting, the local tradition, the Neo-Byzantine style and the innovative ideas of the Italian Renaissance, giving rise to Brâncovenesc style.
It is one of the most renowned laic schools in Bogota and is one of the only schools that continue the British tradition of formal uniform. The uniform is composed of a dark green tie with stripes the colour of the house to which the student belongs, a white shirt, a dark green blazer and grey trousers (skirts for girls). It holds a very strict policy regarding grade repetition and discipline in general. Additionally, the majority of the classes are in English and the staff is composed of both foreign and Colombian teachers.
By the same act, an appeal against the presented candidate by the congregation could only be on the basis of the qualifications of the presentee. By the "Golden Act" of 1592, which established Presbyterianism as the only legal form of Church government in Scotland, Presbyteries were "bound and astricted to receive and admit whatsoever qualified minister is presented be (sic) his Majesty or laic patron". If a congregation refused to accept a suitable nominee, the Patron was entitled to enjoy the fruits of the original bequest - stipend, lands, house, etc.Dunbar, pages 380—81.
The manor house was built at the turn of the 17th and 18th century and, undoubtedly, it is one of the most important monuments in the Sierpc area and the oldest architectonic laic object in the town. It is a timber house with a thatched roof. There are plenty of mysterious legends and stories about "Kasztelanka" and the adjoining Benedictine monastery which is connected to it via a corridor. The monastery is more massive and solid, indicating it may have had a defensive purpose, perhaps against a Swedish attack.
In 1994, he defended his second doctoral dissertation entitled "Taoism: An attempt of historical- religious description". In 1998, he became the Chair of Philosophy of Religion and Religious Studies at St. Petersburg State University, and in 1999 created and led as the chair of Oriental Philosophy and Cultures. Torchinov began to consider himself a Buddhist in 1975. He was the official representative in Russia and a member of the Board of directors of, consultant and laic Buddhist lecturer for Buddha's Light International Association,Cosmology of BuddhismInterview with revered professor Torchinov and president of St. Petersburg Buddhist association Fo Guan (Buddha's Light).
See Château d'Auberoche in the French Wikipedia for a detailed discussion (in French). Probably around 1037 or 1059, the successor of Bishop Frotaire (the castrum founder) is said to have submitted the place to the Limoges viscount, in order to get the protection of this laic potentate against the Count of Périgord. As soon as the last third of the 12th century (1154–1157), the Viscount of Limoges acknowledged the bishop of Périgueux as his suzerain, as far as Auberoche is concerned. By this submission, the viscount extended his domination up to the Périgord episcopal and county headquarters gates.
Although m6A sites could be profiled at high resolution using UV-based methods, the stoichiometry of m6A sites - the methylation status or the ratio m6A+ to m6A- for each individual site within a type of RNA - is still unknown. SCARLET (2013) and m6A-LAIC-seq (2016) allows for the quantitation of stoichiometry at a specific locus and transcriptome-wide, respectively. Bioinformatics methods used to analyze m6A peaks do not make any prior assumptions about the sequence motifs within which m6A sites are usually found, and take into consideration all possible motifs. Therefore, it is less likely to miss sites.
The laic and the reformer factions were constituted mainly by Italian Liberal Party (PLI), other Republicans, Social Democrats and some autonomous socialists affiliated to the same political faction within PSI led by Giuseppe Romita. After the birth of LCIGL they remained in the CIGL, but not for long. The increasing political strikes of CGIL against Italian membership in NATO and the violent events of 17 May 1949 in MolinellaThat day, in Molinella the communists opposed to the results of the election for the local (trade congress) won regurarly by socialdemocrat faction, assaulting congress during its first meeting. At the end of the uncountable a woman died and many were wounded.
A Pentecostal church service in Cancun Protestants/Evangelicals have had a respectful and often peaceful relationship with their overwhelmingly Catholic atmosphere. Conflict is however common in indigenous communities in the State of Mexico and the southern state of Chiapas (the state with the greatest percentage of Protestants nationwide). Despite their long-time status of minority, Mexican Protestants interact normally with the rest of Mexico. Because of historical reasons (the laic character of Mexico which, in theory, does not intend to favor any religion) and unlike many other countries, Mexican Protestants do not have many institutions such as day care centers, schools, universities, labor unions, political parties and hospitals.
He was a member of the Presidency of the Cuban Ecclesial National Gathering (ENEC) (Catholic National Congress) in 1986. He drew up the Chapter Faith and Culture of the Congress Final Document. He was appointed to say, on behalf of the Church in Cuba, the “Words of Praise to Father Félix Varela”, at the “Aula Magna” of the University of Havana. He was founder and first diocesan Responsible for ten years (1977–1987) at the Movement of Laic Ministers of the Word in Pinar del Río. He was also the founder and President of the Catholic Commission for Culture in Pinar del Río Diocese since 1987 until 2006.
Stephanides also worked on a proposed but unrealised collaboration with Lawrence Durrell on the history of the Karaghiozis shadow theater, which they had first encountered in Corfu in the 1930s. Stephanides describes Karaghiozis in Corfu Memoirs (chapter [9], "Lawrence Durrell and the Greek Shadow Play") and, more extensively, in Island Trails (chapter 3, "Phaeacia Again"). Lawrence Durrell also devoted a chapter to Karaghiozis in his book Prospero's Cell (chapter IV, "Karaghiosis: The Laic Hero"). Stephanides gained much praise and good standing as a poet after the back-to-back publication of his poetry collections The Golden Face (1965) and The Cities of the Mind (1969).
Make the Road New York was created in the fall of 2007 through the merger of two New York City-based organizations, Make the Road by Walking and the Latin American Integration Center. Make the Road by Walking (MRBW) helped community members organize in order to change the public conversation about welfare and improving policy. The Latin American Integration Center (LAIC), founded in 1992 in Jackson Heights, Queens, provided support to Latin American immigrants in the form of community organizing, adult education, and citizenship assistance. Make the Road New York opened a Long Island office in Brentwood in 2012 to serve Nassau and Suffolk Counties’ growing immigrant communities.
This new structural form soon spread beyond Aquitaine becoming popular in France and Normandy, due in part to the Cluniac Monastic Order, which was expanding its influence and adopted the work of the school of cantors at the Abbey of Saint- Martial for liturgical use.Bryan Gillingham (2006), Susan Boynton (2006). Cluny Abbey was founded by William I and already in Adémar's time its laic association had gained its power over more and more abbeys, their cantors and their scriptoriums. Adémar's fruitless efforts to become an abbot at Saint Cybard of Angoulême was a personal disappointment, but his ambitions were quite symptomatic for monasteries under Cluniac influence.
A movement that presents itself as a reformist and laic, opposition political movement. He was a prominent figure of the anti-Syrian opposition movement that started to organise after the extension of the pro-Syrian president Emile Lahoud's term and which gained more political weight following the assassination of Rafiq Hariri on 14 February 2005. The Democratic Renewal Movement is part of the March 14 Alliance, an anti-Syrian coalition (also regrouping Saad Hariri's Future Movement, Amine Gemayel's Kataeb Party, Elias Atallah's Democratic Left, Carlos Éddé's National Bloc and Dory Chamoun's National Liberal Party). Nassib Lahoud took part in the 2005 legislative elections in his Metn district, at the head of the opposition list.
In this period, many of the most important buildings of Colorno were constructed, as the Oratory of Saint Liborius and the Torre delle Acque. With the death of Antonio Farnese, the Duchy of Parma passed to Charles III of Spain, and cause of the War of the Polish Succession, the 29th of June 1734 took place the Battle of Colorno, between Franco-Sardinian and Austrian troops. During the House of Bourbon period, Colorno reached its maximum splendor with some works by the famous artist Ennemond Alexandre Petitot and the laic politics of Guillaume du Tillot. An important addition was the construction of Cappella Ducale di San Liborio and the Venaria Reale one.
Pierre Brossolette was born in Paris, France to a family deeply involved in the fights for laic schools in early 20th century France. His father was Léon Brossolette, General Inspector for Primary Education, and was the nephew of Francisque Vial, Director of Secondary Education, responsible for making secondary education free in France. Pierre ranked first at the entrance examination to the prestigious École Normale Supérieure, and throughout his education held the title of "cacique" which was internally attributed to the most brilliant student, ahead of intellectuals such as philosopher Vladimir Jankélévitch and two years before Jean-Paul Sartre and Raymond Aron. In 1925 he graduated second to Georges Bidault after a small scandal on the dissertation themes for the final examination.
At the same time the CGIL were enforcing the links with the PCI, until arriving to the point of calling for a general strike against the De Gasperi cabinet because of the hurting of Palmiro Togliatti, PCI general secretary, in an attack on 14 July 1948.Togliatti was shot three times, being severely wounded. His life hung in uncertainty for days before he finally recovered For all these reasons the 15 September 1948 a group of Catholic trade unionists, some Republicans and some Social Democrats, split from CGIL and founded a new union, initially called the "Free CGIL" (Libera CGIL, LCIGL), later called the Italian Confederation of Workers' Trade Unions (CISL). CGIL remained the union of the communists, the socialists and the laic and reformist factions.
Soares was the son of João Lopes Soares (Leiria, Arrabal, 17 November 1879 – Lisbon, Campo Grande, 31 July 1970), founder of the Colégio Moderno in Lisbon, government minister and then anti-fascist republican activist who had been a priest before impregnating and marrying Elisa Nobre Baptista (Santarém, Pernes, 8 September 1887 – Lisbon, Campo Grande, 28 February 1955), Mário Soares's mother, at the 7th Conservatory of the Civil Register of Lisbon on 5 September 1934. His father also had another son by an unknown mother named Tertuliano Lopes Soares. His mother had previously been married and had two children, J. Nobre Baptista and Cândido Nobre Baptista. Mário Soares was raised as a Roman Catholic, but came to identify himself as a republican, laic and socialist.
Lycée Français d'Alexandrie Alexandria has a long history of foreign educational institutions. The first foreign schools date to the early 19th century, when French missionaries began establishing French charitable schools to educate the Egyptians. Today, the most important French schools in Alexandria run by Catholic missionaries include Collège de la Mère de Dieu, Collège Notre Dame de Sion, Collège Saint Marc, Ecoles des Soeurs Franciscaines (four different schools), École Girard, École Saint Gabriel, École Saint-Vincent de Paul, École Saint Joseph, École Sainte Catherine, and Institution Sainte Jeanne-Antide. As a reaction to the establishment of French religious institutions, a secular (laic) mission established Lycée el-Horreya, which initially followed a French system of education, but is currently a public school run by the Egyptian government.
During the War of the Pacific, he gave the papal blessing to the Chilean troops on the eve of the Battle of Chorrillos in January 1881; after the battle, in the resulting chaos, there was extensive looting in the city from Chilean troops as well as Peruvians, with the Chileans carrying many old Bibles to their churches.. However, one year later, Chilean President Domingo Santa María, a member of the Liberal Party in defiance of the opposition, the fiercely-Catholic Conservative Party, issued the Leyes Laicas (Laic Laws), which reduced the faculties of the church over state and society, though it was not until 1925 that President Arturo Alessandri, also from the Liberal Party separated the church from the state.
After the death of his father in 1412, Konrad V succeeded him in all his lands together with his older brother Konrad IV the Older as co-rulers, due to the minority of their younger brothers. In 1416, when all Konrad III's sons attained his majority, Konrad IV renounced to the government on behalf of Konrad V and the rest of his brothers. However, because two other brothers (Konrad VI the Dean and Konrad VIII the Younger), also pursued a Church career, the main beneficiaries in the government are two others laic brothers: Konrad V and Konrad VII the White, who in 1431 co-founded in Koźle a Minorites Cloister. In 1434 they purchased the town of Wołczyn to Duke Louis II of Brieg.
Hadchit played an important role in leading the society although this role opposes the Maronites’ firm beliefs and the village's traditions. In the era of Major Abdul Mon’em Bin Assaf, the Jacobeans entered the society after it won over the grace of Major Bin Assaf who quarreled with the Patriarch. In attempt to reinforce his religious and political position, he called for some Jacobeans, and among them Hajj Hassan and made Hadsheet as their lodge. Among the Jacobeans who came to the village is the Priest Hanna who distinguished himself by changing the religious motives and trying to establish a laic law for the region's government with the support of the Major, as well as his brothers, Priest Elija who became a Bishop and Chidiak Gerges.
His idea of a participative democracy, so close to the position of intellectuals like Paulo Freire or clerics as Frei Betto, makes way and is in total contradiction with the government proposed in Naples by the representatives of the Democrazia Cristiana (Christian Democratic Party). Even on a personal level, the return to the lay state seems to represent a natural step for him on his human journey, rather than an afterthought of sorts. He remains a member of the Congregation of San Filippo Neri as a laic and gets married. > «…I have never understood in what way the Kingdom of God could be incarnated > in public life as a clan of groups of human interest that would use God as > flag and tablecloth for their daily meal.
This article outlines what is to be included in a free, mandatory, and laic education system. The Act of March 15, 1850, referred to at the end of the article, is the Falloux Act. Primary education includes: The moral and civic education; Reading and writing; The language and elements of French literature; Geography, particularly that of France; History, particularly that of France to the present; Basic lessons on law and political economy; The elements of the natural sciences and mathematics, and their applications to agriculture, hygiene, industrial arts, handicrafts and use the tools of the principal occupations; The elements of drawing, modeling and music; Gymnastics; For boys, military exercises; For girls, needlework. Article 23 of the Act of March 15, 1850 is repealed.
Saint Lucy is also honoured with a peculiar celebration, during which the inhabitants of Palermo do not eat anything made with flour, but boil wheat in its natural state and use it to prepare a special dish called cuccìa. This commemorates the saving of the city from famine due to a miracle attributed to Saint Lucy; A ship full of grain mysteriously arrived in the city's harbour and the hungry population wasted no time in making flour but ate the grain as it arrived. Saint Benedict the Moor is the heavenly protector of the city of Palermo. The ancient patron of the city was the Genius of Palermo, genius loci and numen protector of the place, that became the laic patron of the modern Palermo.
Following up on the controversy opened in 1516 by Pietro Pomponazzi and continued by Jacopo Zabarella (his predecessors in the chair), Cremonini too taught that reason alone cannot demonstrate the immortality of the soul – his absolute adherence to Aristotle implying that he believed in the mortality of the soul. After a paper he wrote about the Jesuits, and public statements he made in favor of laic teachers, the Jesuits in Venice accused him of materialism, then relayed their grievances to Rome. He was prosecuted in 1604 by the Inquisition for atheism and the Averroist heresy of "double truth", and ordered to refute his claims: as was his manner, Cremonini gently refused to retract himself, sheltering himself behind Aristotle's authority. Because Padua was then under tolerant Venetian rule, he was kept out of reach of a full trial.
A national university is generally a university created or run by a national state but at the same time represents a state autonomic institution which functions as a completely independent body inside of the same state. Some national universities are closely associated with national cultural, religious or political aspirations, for instance the National University of Ireland, which formed partly from the Catholic University of Ireland which was created almost immediately and specifically in answer to the non-denominational universities which had been set up in Ireland in 1850. In the years leading up to the Easter Rising, and in no small part a result of the Gaelic Romantic revivalists, the NUI collected a large amount of information on the Irish language and Irish culture. Reforms in Argentina were the result of the University Revolution of 1918 and its posterior reforms by incorporating values that sought for a more equal and laic higher education system.
During the Second Empire, Jean Macé founded the Ligue de l'enseignement (Teaching League) in 1866; during the Lille Congress in 1885, Macé reaffirmed the masonic inspiration of this league devoted to popular instruction. Following the 1872 Hague Congress and the split between Marxists and anarchists, Fernand Pelloutier set up in France various Bourses du travail centres, where workers gathered and discussed politics and sciences. The Jules Ferry laws in the 1880s, establishing free, laic (non-religious), mandatory and public education, were one of the founding stones of the Third Republic (1871–1940), set up in the aftermaths of the 1870 Franco-Prussian War and the Paris Commune. Furthermore, most of the teachers, who were throughout one of the main support of the Third Republic, so much that it has been called the République des instituteurs ("Republic of Teachers"), while the teachers themselves were called, because of their Republican anti-clericalism, the hussards noirs de la République, supported Alfred Dreyfus against the conservatives during the Dreyfus Affair.
The reputation of the Duke of Brzeg was so great that Louis I had been repeatedly appointed by Charles IV and Wenceslaus IV as a mediator in disputes (as in 1365 between the Bishop Przecław von Pogarell and Duke Conrad I of Oleśnica, in 1367 between the sons of Duke Nicholas II of Troppau for the division of the Duchy or in 1373 between Duke Conrad II of Oleśnica and Przemyslaw I Noszak for the Duchy of Bytom). Louis I, during his long government, was known as a founder of a number of laic and religious buildings (such as castles in Lubin and Brzeg with their respective Chapels and the Kolegiata Chapter in Brzeg). At this time the Kodeks lubiński was also made, which illustrated the life of his great-great-great-grandmother St. Hedwig of Andechs, whose cult he promoted throughout all his reign. Louis I died between 6 and 23 December 1398 and was buried in the collegiate church of St Hedwig in Brzeg.
Scollar Pascal Durand has qualified Ring as being typical of a "neo-reactionnary" posture.. Via Cairn.info. Libération sees Ring as a component of the Far Right, and has criticised its promotion of texts is deems to be xenophobic (La France Orange mécanique by Laurent Obertone, a compilation of crimes partially attributed to children of immigrants; Une élection ordinaire by journalist Geoffroy Lejeune, a fictional account of the election of Éric Zemmour for President of the French Republic); of climato-sceptics (such as a book by former meteo journalist Philippe Verdier).. J.-L. Hippolyte, from Rutgers University- Camden, quotes an short portrait of Maurice G. Dantec, one of the star authors of Ring, by founder Serra, as being a "Christian Zionist, pro-American, anti- laic, counter-Revolutionary militant. A reporting on "the Far-Right attack on publishing", Ellen Salvi, a Mediapart journalist, states that in 2016, David Serra has rejected the "Far-Right" qualification, stating that he "cares little for politics" and that "it is not because [he had] published a couple of Right-Wing authors [that he shared their opinions].
At 1902 legislative election, the Radical-Socialists and the Independent Radicals allied themselves with the conservative-liberals of the Democratic Alliance (to their immediate right) and the Socialists (to their left) in the Bloc des gauches (Coalition of the Left), with the Radicals emerging the main political force. Émile Combes took the head of the Bloc des gauches cabinet and led a resolute anti-clerical policy culminating in the 1905 laic law which along with the earlier Jules Ferry laws removing confessional influence from public education formed the backbone of laïcité, France's policy of combatting clericalism by actively excluding it from state institutions. From then on, the Radical- Socialist Party's chief aim in domestic policy was to prevent its wide-ranging set of reforms from being overturned by a return to power of the religious right. After the withdrawal of the Socialist ministers from the government following the International Socialist Congress of Amsterdam in 1904, the coalition dissolved and the Radicals went alone into the 1906 legislative elections.
The competition to design the monument was held at national level, and the date of its unveiling already scheduled for 1 May 1949. The costs were supposed to be covered by collecting public money. Four locations were proposed,Liberty Square, Children's Theatre, J. Kochanowski park and square at the intersection of the Jagiellonian and Bernardyńska and Freedom Square was chosen. Despite the strenuous efforts of municipal authorities, the project failed to succeed, because of many difficulties: including the fact that collections on the streets, in offices, and institutions, as well as taxes collected during the events organized in the city did not raised enough funds; the problems with selection of the project - the competition received 14 projects, from which the choice of the final one dragged on before deciding on the project of professor Marian Wnuk from the Academy of Fine Arts in Gdańsk; as well as problems with the location - in the background of 2 identified spots were churches (St Peter St Paul church on Freedom Square and Cathedral on Theatre Square), making it a sensitive issue to colocate laic and religious buildings.

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