Sentences Generator
And
Your saved sentences

No sentences have been saved yet

"jitter" Definitions
  1. (plural [jitters]) a sense of panic or extreme nervousness
  2. the state of mind or the movement of one that jitters
  3. irregular random movement (as of a pointer or an image on a television screen)
  4. to make continuous fast repetitive movements
  5. to be nervous or act in a nervous way

Show all

444 Sentences With "jitter"

How to use jitter in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "jitter" and check conjugation/comparative form for "jitter". Mastering all the usages of "jitter" from sentence examples published by news publications.

In the case of driving, the ACC counterbalances a strong jitter to the left with an instant and equally strong jitter to the right, and vice versa.
But the world has jitter like this built into it.
It's controlling cache allocations correctly that allows Appformix to reduce jitter.
Tonight, readers will have the option to turn the jitter off.
The jitter in time can also be thought of as a jitter in energy that occurred as pairs of particles spontaneously surfaced all over an "inflaton field" and stretched apart like two points on an inflating balloon.
Using commodity hardware, however, introduces new problems, including increased lag and jitter.
Nonetheless, we turned the jitter off for all of our 2017 forecasts.
Interestingly, AppFormix's research showed that CPU allocations have very little influence on jitter.
It connects instantly without Bluetooth pairing, and draws smoothly without lag or jitter.
Each time I hear that song, my legs, constantly shaking, cease to jitter.
Raine measured mainly pitch, plus duration and two metrics called jitter and shimmer.
Surprisingly, he showed that black holes aren't black; random quantum jitter makes them glow.
Unlike the Royole FlexPai, there's no jitter or graphical artifacts that appear when transitioning between modes.
Don't look too hard - the bounce is random jitter from your PC, not live data pic.twitter.
Narrator: In episode four, you can see a coffee shop in the background called Jitter Bean.
The different screens also had competing frame rates, which created jitter at the seams where they met.
Its UI tracks tracks latency, ping, and jitter but I used Blizzard's internal network readouts for the test.
She raps twice on the wood door frame, and shivers with a nervous jitter as someone inside approaches.
Although many readers disliked it, the jitter reflected an earnest attempt to give tangible meaning to abstract probabilities.
That's doable, and it might be enough to produce at least some improvement in terms of latency and jitter.
This update includes February security patches, dynamic calendar and clock icons, a slow-scrolling jitter fix (beta), and more.
The only distraction was that some highly reflective surfaces like a metal flooring appeared to jitter and wobble slightly.
He could've been a cyborg, if someone had been there to accidentally jitter his heart or remove his arm.
Switching the current back and forth makes the particles jitter as the magnetic field alternates, too, warming the sample evenly.
But if their timing is even slightly off, you're going to notice jitter and sync problems, and you'll hate it.
The result is a 23ms latency, smoother ink flow with less jitter, and a completely uncontested digital writing experience perfected.
Its slender metal digits whirr as they jitter into a loose fist, as though they are wrapping around an invisible baton.
It's odd and discombobulating watching your view jitter left and right when you use the thumbstick while your head stays stationary.
Now they jitter at us from emails and texts and tweets and forum threads—and, apparently, from mantels across the land.
AppFormix co-founder and CEO Sumeet Singh tells me that his company's service can now reduce jitter by up to 70 percent.
Her mother had smoked, and the smell of it, of Pall Malls especially, calmed her when boredom led to an anxious jitter.
The 4K video it captures is also smooth and jitter-free, and it can record 3D sound thanks to its four-microphone array.
For the caffeine source, "we picked organic green tea, because that will give you a longer-lasting, jitter-free energy boost," says Byerley.
"Even if there had been, the resulting jitter would have affected both cameras identically," said NASA lead investigator Mark Robinson in a statement.
That jerky, tensile style of guitar/piano jitter rattles around in their bones, as inextricable from the band dynamic as Daniel's raw bleat.
The new 90hz display is impressive, and means there's no sort of jitter or lag when you're scrolling through pictures, websites or Twitter.
Basically, because the universe can't just deal with some emptiness, it's perpetually spinning out particle/antiparticle pairs as like a perpetual low-level jitter.
It is a fundamental technology on which the internet is built, but BGP is sub-optimal from a latency (delays, jitter and image freezing) standpoint.
By adding a second optical sensor to the Rival 600, SteelSeries is able to increase the mouse's precision, while also eliminating almost any kind of cursor jitter.
In a demo, I saw the Pixel get rapidly shaken up and down an inch or so while recording with no visual jitter or jelly at all.
Uzi's Auto-Tuned squeal matches the glassy electronics to produce a music of synthetic highs and sharp contrasts, sweet jitter and melodic burble, Fruit Loops and chemical residue.
You can see it in places like a Twitter timeline, Google Photos or websites with lots of content that might otherwise jitter a bit if you scroll really fast.
If a user finds that their analysis is similar enough to the previously-recorded model measurements of "stellar jitter," they've probably found a planet, and can report it here.
Oxygen OS feels fast, its transitions are silky without a hint of jitter, and it even improves on some things Google has in store for the next version of Android.
Its Snapdragon 23 Plus comes with several gaming improvements like Qualcomm's "Game Jank Reducer," a feature that claims to curtail jitter and lag players are sometimes cursed within mobile games.
Specifically, the company claims Cox Elite Gamer can deliver 34 percent less lag, 45 percent less jitter, and 55 percent fewer ping spikes when compared to its regular, everyday internet service.
"Deadzones," for example, are small areas around the center of the thumbstick that do not respond to movement in order to prevent jitter every time a player slightly touches the thumbstick.
This was evident before the result of the 2016 election, and as a result we tried something new: a jitter, where the needle quivered to reflect the uncertainty around the forecast.
Every year the underclassmen at my high school roasted the senior class and, when it was my turn, a junior captured me with just a Starbucks cup and a violent, caffeinated jitter.
If early, trailblazing works like "Three Compositions for Piano" feel particularly indebted to Schoenberg, later pieces, including "All Set" — written for a small jazz ensemble — jitter with an uncanny sense of swing.
These dynamical events would be mixed in with the more mundane quantum jitter from those particle pairs that popped up in the inflaton field and engendered so-called "two-point correlations" throughout the sky.
Rumble from loud bass can make a tonearm jitter, dust caught underneath a needle can cause skips, or there can be the worry about someone physically bumping into the turntable and making the stylus jump.
Lawmakers might be unwilling to pay for a repeat performance, especially with some of the benefit going abroad—and the mere possibility of their not stumping up would set the world's financial markets a-jitter.
"If we get through a week or two without jitter-inducing headlines ... the market may just be ale to take a deep breath and climb higher," said Quincy Krosby, chief market strategist at Prudential Financial.
There was something about his use of rhythm and percussion specifically—those recontextualized 2-step patterns, those echoes of London raves long since lost, that anxious jitter—that made his music feel almost transcendental to me.
But my controlled demo at Google's offices was one of the best experiences I've had with phone-based AR. Objects didn't jitter when I walked around them, the way I've seen even some official ARKit demos do.
The visuals, which took around nine months to create, were designed on Max/MSP and Jitter to be sound-responsive, so that they changed according to what Datacade played on the musical instruments and circuit-bent electronics.
Broader jitter about the shape of global trade and growth under a Trump presidency have also helped send shares down across the globe, and the major markets in Europe and Asia were all again in retreat on Friday.
By the end of the workshop, several attendees had separately calculated that quantum jitter during cosmic inflation could indeed have happened at the right rate and evolved in the right way to yield the universe's observed density variations.
For several moments, I could swear that it was all happening until something snapped me back to reality, like a frame-jitter, or me lifting my arm in real life and not seeing it reciprocated from within the headset.
Photo: ValveThis increased refresh rate could be a big boon for people who normally feel nauseous when using VR, as any sort of visual lag or jitter is often one of the biggest causes of VR-induced motion sickness.
According to a Medium post published this afternoon announcing the trial from Ken Moss, EA's chief technology officer, the company is looking to see how games perform in real-world scenarios, particularly in regard to things like latency and jitter.
That sound—a still incredibly pleasing blend of techno jitter, open-hearted emotion, and studied European cool—still reverberates today, with the likes of Giegling orbiting around sounds that wouldn't be out of place on a Trapez release from the early 00s.
His voice — high, piercing, and congested — was made to babble and chatter and run off at the mouth, to cram bunches of rhymes into frantic run-on sentences, to quaver with anxiety and jitter while adjusting the tempo, to cry out in pain.
There's also increased resolution (MIDI 288 messages are usually 2999.99 bit, while MIDI 2.0 messages can be 16 and 32 bit), more expressiveness like per-note pitch bend, web-based integration, way more channels, and tighter precision with timing accuracy (also called jitter).
There was an extra jitter to his walk, and the jokes — which had clearly been written for a 2012-esque evening where, by the time the special began, Hillary Clinton was expected to be on her way to a small but decisive victory — fizzled.
It spools along freely, and I wish he hadn't decked it in visual excess—shots of cars curling up the coast road in a fuzzy chromatic blur, as if witnessed through stoned eyes, or, worse still, scenes that are speeded up, into a hasty jitter.
Rather than representing minute changes in percentage chances as election data streams in, Toker shows that the NYT's forecast has hardcoded jitter on its election coverage page, code that causes the needles to flutter as wildly as our collective hearts are watching the results come in.
In the fourth quarter, when the stock market really started to jitter and slide, the S&P 500 sank 13.52 percent, including dividends, but the FTSE Nareit All Equity R.E.I.T.s Index, a leading index composed of publicly traded real estate investment trusts, lost only 21 percent.
Dear old Dennis is positively electric looking, all jitter and growl, a gurning assemblage of bee-stung lips—the lips of an inexperienced reveller who's burnished their gums with an accidental, unintentional, and incredibly unwanted numbness that for all their effort just won't go away—and awards ceremony glamour.
Along with enhanced performance, the Snapdragon 22 Plus also comes with a number of previously introduced gaming improvements such as Qualcomm's "Game Jank Reducer" that claims to reduce the jitter and lag you sometimes experience in mobile games, along with things like Game AntiCheat Extensions, and Game Fast Loader to help reduce the amount of time it takes to fire up an app.
Yet this machine does possess its own depraved version of soul, a soul that comes out not through nice tunes or reassuring lyrics but through the deep pleasures of hearing its pitched drum machines and polished keyboards zap and buzz and beep and jitter and invert on themselves, and recognizing that these cool noises proceed from an irrepressible sense of play.
Their calculations indicate that galaxies and other structures are not merely randomly spread out in pairs across the sky; instead, they have a slight tendency to be arranged in more complex configurations: triangles, rectangles, pentagons and all manner of other shapes, which trace back not just to quantum jitter in the Big Bang's clock, but to a much more meaningful turning of the gears.
Khalid's Free Spirit tour by the numbers 256 — handheld microphone 3 — GrandMA consoles to control lighting 4 — network processing units to add DMX ports and expand how many parameters can be controlled by the consoles 291 — light fixtures 5 — connection nodes that convert incoming protocols to a lighting protocol called DMX 3 — timecode analyzers to detect abnormalities like repeated frames and jitter 4 — fog and haze generators 103 — LED tiles 1 — video switcher to change between different video or audio sources 6 — video projectors 4 — LED display controllers 3 — media servers You can see that very clearly in Khalid's Free Spirit tour.
Deterministic jitter is a type of clock or data signal jitter that is predictable and reproducible. The peak-to- peak value of this jitter is bounded, and the bounds can easily be observed and predicted. Deterministic jitter has a known non-normal distribution. Deterministic jitter can either be correlated to the data stream (data- dependent jitter) or uncorrelated to the data stream (bounded uncorrelated jitter).
One of the main differences between random and deterministic jitter is that deterministic jitter is bounded and random jitter is unbounded.
Jitter in serial bus architectures is measured by means of eye patterns. There are standards for jitter measurement in serial bus architectures. The standards cover jitter tolerance, jitter transfer function and jitter generation, with the required values for these attributes varying among different applications. Where applicable, compliant systems are required to conform to these standards.
Jitter is measured and evaluated in various ways depending on the type of circuit under test. In all cases, the goal of jitter measurement is to verify that the jitter will not disrupt normal operation of the circuit. Testing of device performance for jitter tolerance may involve injection of jitter into electronic components with specialized test equipment. A less direct approach—in which analog waveforms are digitized and the resulting data stream analyzed—is employed when measuring pixel jitter in frame grabbers.
Jitter buffers or de-jitter buffers are used to counter jitter introduced by queuing in packet-switched networks to ensure continuous playout of an audio or video media stream transmitted over the network. The maximum jitter that can be countered by a de-jitter buffer is equal to the buffering delay introduced before starting the play-out of the media stream. In the context of packet-switched networks, the term packet delay variation is often preferred over jitter. Some systems use sophisticated delay-optimal de-jitter buffers that are capable of adapting the buffering delay to changing network characteristics.
Examples of data-dependent jitter are duty-cycle dependent jitter (also known as duty-cycle distortion) and intersymbol interference.
However, means may still be required to remove jitter introduced on the XAUI in order to meet PHY jitter requirements.
For clock jitter, there are three commonly used metrics: ;Absolute jitter :The absolute difference in the position of a clock's edge from where it would ideally be. ;Period jitter (a.k.a. cycle jitter) :The difference between any one clock period and the ideal or average clock period. Period jitter tends to be important in synchronous circuitry such as digital state machines where the error-free operation of the circuitry is limited by the shortest possible clock period (average period less maximum cycle jitter), and the performance of the circuitry is set by the average clock period.
Random jitter alters the noise floor of the digital system. The sensitivity of the converter to jitter depends on the design of the converter. It has been shown that a random jitter of 5 ns may be significant for 16 bit digital systems. In 1998, Benjamin and Gannon researched the audibility of jitter using listening tests.
Data-dependent jitter (DDJ) is a specific class of timing jitter. In particular, it is a form of deterministic jitter which is correlated with the sequence of bits in the data stream. It is also a form of ISI.
ITU-T G.810 classifies jitter frequencies below 10 Hz as wander and frequencies at or above 10 Hz as jitter. Jitter may be caused by electromagnetic interference and crosstalk with carriers of other signals. Jitter can cause a display monitor to flicker, affect the performance of processors in personal computers, introduce clicks or other undesired effects in audio signals, and cause loss of transmitted data between network devices. The amount of tolerable jitter depends on the affected application.
In electronics and telecommunications, jitter is the deviation from true periodicity of a presumably periodic signal, often in relation to a reference clock signal. In clock recovery applications it is called timing jitter. Jitter is a significant, and usually undesired, factor in the design of almost all communications links. Jitter can be quantified in the same terms as all time-varying signals, e.g.
If jitter has a Gaussian distribution, it is usually quantified using the standard deviation of this distribution. This translates to an RMS measurement for a zero-mean distribution. Often, jitter distribution is significantly non-Gaussian. This can occur if the jitter is caused by external sources such as power supply noise.
This window of azimuth values is then divided by two to give the calculated "centroid" azimuth. The errors in this algorithm cause the aircraft to jitter across the controllers scope, and is referred to as "track jitter." The jitter problem makes software tracking algorithms problematic, and is the reason why monopulse was implemented.
A filter can be designed to minimize the effect of sampling jitter. Jitter signal can be decomposed into Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs), which can be further applied for filtering or dejittering.
The FS5000 Jitterlyzer performs physical layer serial bus jitter evaluation. It can inject controlled jitter and measure the characteristics of incoming jitter. When teamed with a logic analyzer or protocol analyzer, it can correlate these measurements with protocol analysis. Physical-layer tests can be performed while the system under test is processing live bus traffic.
Random Jitter, also called Gaussian jitter, is unpredictable electronic timing noise. Random jitter typically follows a normal distribution due to being caused by thermal noise in an electrical circuit or due to the central limit theorem. The central limit theorem states that composite effect of many uncorrelated noise sources, regardless of the distributions, approaches a normal distribution.
Hence, synchronous circuitry benefits from minimizing period jitter, so that the shortest clock period approaches the average clock period. ;Cycle-to-cycle jitter :The difference in duration of any two adjacent clock periods. It can be important for some types of clock generation circuitry used in microprocessors and RAM interfaces. In telecommunications, the unit used for the above types of jitter is usually the unit interval (UI) which quantifies the jitter in terms of a fraction of the transmission unit period.
This creates a slight random phase jitter when the device is pulsed.
Phase noise, spurious emission, and jitter are results of the above phenomena.
Random jitter tends to add broadband noise while periodic jitter tends to add errant spectral components, "birdys". In some conditions, less than a nanosecond of jitter can reduce the effective bit resolution of a converter with a Nyquist frequency of 22 kHz to 14 bits. Sampling jitter is an important consideration in high-frequency signal conversion, or where the clock signal is especially prone to interference. In digital antenna arrays ADC and DAC jitters are the important factors determining the direction of arrival estimation accuracy and the depth of jammers suppression.
"Gabriel Teodros – GTs Ethiopium: A Jitter Generation Mixtape (2009)" Dopehug. December 18, 2009.
Jitter is the undesired deviation from true periodicity of an assumed periodic signal in electronics and telecommunications, often in relation to a reference clock source. Jitter may be observed in characteristics such as the frequency of successive pulses, the signal amplitude, or phase of periodic signals. Jitter is a significant, and usually undesired, factor in the design of almost all communications links (e.g., USB, PCI-e, SATA, OC-48).
In the context of computer networks, packet jitter or packet delay variation (PDV) is the variation in latency as measured in the variability over time of the end-to-end delay across a network. A network with constant delay has no packet jitter. Packet jitter is expressed as an average of the deviation from the network mean delay. PDV is an important quality of service factor in assessment of network performance.
They found that the lowest level of jitter to be audible was around 10 ns (rms). This was on a 17 kHz sine wave test signal. With music, no listeners found jitter audible at levels lower than 20 ns. A paper by Ashihara et al.
Return loss is usually not significant in the loss of a signal, but rather signal jitter.
In optics, jitter is used to refer to motion that has high temporal frequency relative to the integration/exposure time. This may result from vibration in an assembly or from the unstable hand of a photographer. Jitter is typically differentiated from smear, which has a lower frequency relative to the integration time. Whereas smear refers to a relatively constant rate during the integration/exposure time, jitter refers to a relatively sinusoidal motion during the integration/exposure time.
To limit data rates, traffic policing and shaping functions are applied at the ingress ports. This also protects regular IT traffic from misbehaving DetNet sources. Time-of-execution fields in the packets and sub-microsecond time synchronization across all nodes are used to ensure minimum end-to-end latency and eliminate irregular delivery (jitter). Jitter reduces the perceived quality of audiovisual applications, and control network applications built around serial communication protocols cannot handle jitter at all.
Anti-jitter circuits (AJCs) are a class of electronic circuits designed to reduce the level of jitter in a clock signal. AJCs operate by re-timing the output pulses so they align more closely to an idealized clock. They are widely used in clock and data recovery circuits in digital communications, as well as for data sampling systems such as the analog-to-digital converter and digital-to- analog converter. Examples of anti-jitter circuits include phase-locked loop and delay-locked loop.
Late during season two he regained his "jitter" whenever he became angered. He is voiced by Scott McNeil.
In order to achieve such a low error-rate, jitter "budgets" are defined for the transmitter and cables.
SSG Music. August 17, 2010. In December 2009, Teodros released GT's Ethiopium: A Jitter Generation Mixtape."Ethiopium" by Toast.
Jitter Chat was one among the first generation of teen-oriented online chat services. It was launched as part of a broader web presence in 1996, and is believed to have operated until the late 1990s (unverified). The site was launched by USPAN, Inc. Jitter Chat used to be located at "jitter.com".
Jitter is a plug-in for Max that allows realtime manipulation of 3D graphics and video first released in 2003.
Other sources of jitter within digital electronic circuits are data-induced jitter, where one part of the digital stream affects a subsequent part as it flows through the system, and power supply induced jitter, where noise from the power supply causes irregularities in the timing of signals in the circuits it powers. The accuracy of a digital system is dependent on the sampled amplitude values, but it is also dependent on the temporal regularity of these values. This temporal dependence is inherent to digital recording and playback and has no analog equivalent, though analog systems have their own temporal distortion effects (pitch error and wow-and- flutter). Periodic jitter produces modulation noise and can be thought of as being the equivalent of analog flutter.
The achievable jitter may be below 5 nanoseconds. The required trigger pulse voltage is about 200–2000 volts; higher voltages decrease the switching delay to some degree. Commutation time can be somewhat shortened by increasing the trigger pulse rise time. A given krytron tube will give very consistent performance to identical trigger pulses (low jitter).
This of course means that the clock jitter must be different at each component, which again is rarely discussed. Fortunately, in many cases, spatial clock skew remains fairly constant from cycle to cycle, so that the rest of the total clock timing uncertainty can be well approximated by a single common clock jitter value.
Defocus is the lowest order true optical aberration. If piston and tilt are subtracted from an otherwise perfect wavefront, a perfect, aberration-free image is formed. Rapid optical tilts in both X and Y directions are termed jitter. Jitter can arise from three-dimensional mechanical vibration, and from rapidly varying 3D refraction in aerodynamic flowfields.
A dejitterizer is a device that reduces jitter in a digital signal. A dejitterizer usually consists of an elastic buffer in which the signal is temporarily stored and then retransmitted at a rate based on the average rate of the incoming signal. A dejitterizer may not be effective in removing low-frequency jitter (wander).
Meanwhile, Back in Communist Russia…'s first release was a split CD single with Moonkat on the Jitter record label. Featuring "Morning- After Pill", this release saw the band gain play on BBC Radio 1 and London's XFM. Following this, Jitter released a limited 7" featuring the tracks "Morning-After Pill" and "No Cigar", which prompted John Peel to offer the band their first of three Peel Sessions. The band recorded their debut album Indian Ink that summer which was again released via Jitter on CD and 10" vinyl.
"FuturePlus Systems and DFT Microsystems collaborate on next generation High Speed Serial IO Jitter Tools". Internet Business Systems, Inc. 2007. edacafe.com.
VCOs generally have lower Q factor compared to similar fixed-frequency oscillators, and so suffer more jitter. The jitter can be made low enough for many applications (such as driving an ASIC), in which case VCOs enjoy the advantages of having no off-chip components (expensive) or on-chip inductors (low yields on generic CMOS processes).
A successful approach to correction in software involves performing overlapping reads and fitting the data to find overlaps at the edges. Most extraction programs perform seek jitter correction. CD manufacturers avoid seek jitter by extracting the entire disc in one continuous read operation, using special CD drive models at slower speeds so the drive does not re-seek.
Limitations on the accuracy of estimation of angle of arrival signals in digital antenna arrays are associated with jitter ADC and DAC.
Jitter Bughouse is an American comedy short released by Columbia Pictures on April 29, 1948, starring Joe DeRita, Christine McIntyre and Emil Sitka.
Type one fires only one spike to the stimulus onset, has low jitter (variability in timing over stimulus presentations), no spontaneous activity, and is the most common type. Type two fires two to four spikes to the stimulus onset, has increased jitter with subsequent spikes, and has low spontaneous activity. Finally, type three has tonic spiking to the presented stimulus, has low jitter only with the first spikes, has low spontaneous activity, and is the least common type. Researchers discovered that neurons responded the strongest to sound frequencies between 4 and 9 kHz, which includes the frequencies present in cricket songs.
In analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion of signals, the sampling is normally assumed to be periodic with a fixed period—the time between every two samples is the same. If there is jitter present on the clock signal to the analog-to-digital converter or a digital-to-analog converter, the time between samples varies and instantaneous signal error arises. The error is proportional to the slew rate of the desired signal and the absolute value of the clock error. The effect of jitter on the signal depends on the nature of the jitter.
Mode partition noise: In an optical communication link, is phase jitter of the signal caused by the combined effects of mode hopping in the optical source and intramodal distortion in the fiber. Mode hopping causes random wavelength changes which in turn affect the group velocity, i.e., the propagation time. Over a long length of fiber, the cumulative effect is to create jitter, i.e.
Generally speaking, radio-frequency engineers speak of the phase noise of an oscillator, whereas digital-system engineers work with the jitter of a clock.
Meanwhile, spacecraft are compact and rigid, to withstand high launch loads. Jitter, then, is transmitted easily and often a limiting factor for high-resolution optics.
The following works have been released in Japan. # (April, 1979). (Nekohiko no Oruorane) # (December, 1980). (Kirakira Boshi no Jitta) - A Glittering Star's Jitter # (December, 1980).
It is vital that ViLTE video calls are allocated appropriate quality of service (QoS) to differentiate and prioritize this delay and jitter sensitive conversational traffic from other streaming video traffic that is not as delay or jitter sensitive. The mechanism used is called QoS Class Identifier (QCI). The ViLTE bearer traffic is typically allocated QCI=2, and the SIP-based IMS signalling QCI=5.
Minimum interrupt latency is largely determined by the interrupt controller circuit and its configuration. They can also affect the jitter in the interrupt latency, which can drastically affect the real- time schedulability of the system. The Intel APIC architecture is well known for producing a huge amount of interrupt latency jitter. Maximum interrupt latency is largely determined by the methods an OS uses for interrupt handling.
Transmitting a burst of traffic at a high rate followed by an interval or period of lower or zero rate transmission may also be seen as a form of jitter, as it represents a deviation from the average transmission rate. However, unlike the jitter caused by variation in latency, transmitting in bursts may be seen as a desirable feature, e.g. in variable bitrate transmissions.
Thus, in the usual case of sending and receiving registers at different locations, there is no clear way to separate the total clock timing uncertainty into spatial skew and jitter. Thus some authors use the term clock skew to describe the sum of spatial clock skew and clock jitter. This of course means that the clock skew between two points varies from cycle to cycle, which is a complexity that is rarely mentioned. Many other authors use the term clock skew only for the spatial variation of clock times, and use the term clock jitter to represent the rest of the total clock timing uncertainty.
This index is made up of many measurements of the voice include voice frequency measurements (high and low), maximum phonation time (MPT), and jitter (frequency instability).
The term PDV is defined in ITU-T Recommendation Y.1540, Internet protocol data communication service - IP packet transfer and availability performance parameters, section 6.2. In computer networking, although not in electronics, usage of the term jitter may cause confusion. From RFC 3393 (section 1.1): > The variation in packet delay is sometimes called "jitter". This term, > however, causes confusion because it is used in different ways by different > groups of people.
A similar problem can also occur in videotape recordings, causing the picture to jitter slightly, or the top of the picture to wobble. This is known as flagwaving.
Southern film-makers shoot to success in 48-hour production A new generation of chatter rings was launched by Murray Potts who described the unveiling of his newly developed and produced jitter rings as a case of "what goes around comes around". Potts had previously made them commercially, working out of Japan. He later worked with a toy maker in Taiwan to produce the new jitter rings and along with Hawaii, both New Zealand and Taiwan became the first locations to experience the toy. Chatter ring performances were included on an episode of New Zealand children's television series What Now What Now - Kyle Chen's Jitter Ring tricks and at department store Farmers.
1985, made in Taiwan 807656. Jitter the shy light beige baby bunny had orange-brown eyes. The bottom was stamped Tonka (c) Tonka Corp. 1985, made in Taiwan 807652.
That means that the difference in value between two fixed clocks is constant until one of them is restarted. In the language of electronics, it means that clock's jitter is null.
Available in Windows Server 2012 and Windows 8. Optimized for applications that process large numbers of small messages to achieve higher I/O operations per second with reduced jitter and latency.
Type B associations contain all the exposures that follow the same criterion of association as type A, but do not depend on the availability or the accuracy of the jitter information.
Two muscle fibers belonging to the same motor unit are identified, and the temporal variability in their firing patterns is measured. Frequency and proportion of particular abnormal action potential patterns, called "jitter" and "blocking", are diagnostic. Jitter refers to the abnormal variation in the time interval between action potentials of adjacent muscle fibers in the same motor unit. Blocking refers to the failure of nerve impulses to elicit action potentials in adjacent muscle fibers of the same motor unit.
A clock generator is an oscillator that provides a timing signal to synchronize operations in digital circuits. VCXO clock generators are used in many areas such as digital TV, modems, transmitters and computers. Design parameters for a VCXO clock generator are tuning voltage range, center frequency, frequency tuning range and the timing jitter of the output signal. Jitter is a form of phase noise that must be minimised in applications such as radio receivers, transmitters and measuring equipment.
A 1500 byte (12000-bit) full-size Ethernet frame takes only 1.2 µs to transmit on a 10 Gbit/s network, reducing the need for small cells to reduce jitter due to contention. Some consider that this makes a case for replacing ATM with Ethernet in the network backbone. The increased link speeds by themselves do not alleviate jitter due to queuing. Additionally, the hardware for implementing the service adaptation for IP packets is expensive at very high speeds.
One desirable property of all PLLs is that the reference and feedback clock edges be brought into very close alignment. The average difference in time between the phases of the two signals when the PLL has achieved lock is called the static phase offset (also called the steady-state phase error). The variance between these phases is called tracking jitter. Ideally, the static phase offset should be zero, and the tracking jitter should be as low as possible.
The use of TCP would cause jitter if any packets were lost as TCP does not provide subsequent data to the application while it is requesting re-sending of the missing data.
4,572 meters) of 405-line black-and-white video per reel, and the picture tended to wobble because of some jitter (uneven speed) of the tape transport. Later videorecorders used a time base corrector to remove this jitter and make synchronization with the studio house sync. possible. In order to cope with 625-line PAL or SECAM colour transmissions VERA would likely have required an even faster, and possibly unfeasible, tape speed. Development began in 1952, but VERA was not perfected until 1958.
The job of a FLIH is to quickly service the interrupt, or to record platform-specific critical information which is only available at the time of the interrupt, and schedule the execution of a SLIH for further long-lived interrupt handling. FLIHs cause jitter in process execution. FLIHs also mask interrupts. Reducing the jitter is most important for real-time operating systems, since they must maintain a guarantee that execution of specific code will complete within an agreed amount of time.
APDs are manufactured in small modules, which count photons out-of-the-box with a dead time of a few nanoseconds and output a pulse corresponding to each photon with a jitter of tens of picoseconds. In contrast, TES detectors must be operated in a cryogenic environment, output a signal that must be further analyzed to identify photons, and have a jitter of approximately 100 ns. Furthermore, a single-photon spike on a TES detector lasts on the order of microseconds.
Testing for jitter and its measurement is of growing importance to electronics engineers because of increased clock frequencies in digital electronic circuitry to achieve higher device performance. Higher clock frequencies have commensurately smaller eye openings, and thus impose tighter tolerances on jitter. For example, modern computer motherboards have serial bus architectures with eye openings of 160 picoseconds or less. This is extremely small compared to parallel bus architectures with equivalent performance, which may have eye openings on the order of 1000 picoseconds.
Most of the conspiracy revolved around using inappropriate time stamps using times from the SIP (consolidated quote that is necessarily slow) and the amount of "jitter" that can happen when looking at such granular timings.
The types of errors handled by model include packet errors (both IP and MPEG transport stream) such as Packet loss, Packet delay variation, Jitter, overflow and underflow, bit errors, and over-the-air transmission errors.
A chatter ring (also known as gyro ring, jitter ring) is a New Zealand toy ring of thick metal wire with several beads. The toy is used by swiping the beads to get them spinning, while keeping the ring turning.Chatter rings: The fad that needs to die Around fifty thousand rings were purchased in New Zealand at department stores, street markets and dairies in 1996,Jitter Ring Vs. chatter ring – what is the difference? and was a popular Christmas gift for children that year.
Seeding a pulsed laser can reduce variations in the output energy and timing (jitter) from pulse to pulse, and smooth out temporal variations within the pulse. Many commercial lasers use a laser diode as a seeding source.
Audio Alchemy brought the interface out to a DIN connector, allowing a very low jitter connection between the CD transport and external DAC, by transmitting the clock signal and the audio signal in parallel. This offers a superior alternative connectivity method to something like S/PDIF, which sees the clock signal embedded into the audio signal. The process of extracting the clock signal from the data stream is where jitter is introduced. This interface is used in several original Audio Alchemy products and in the relaunched company's products.
This caused the synchronized jamming signals to briefly go out of synch with the station, and the blips from the jammers would "jitter" on the screen, allowing them to be visually distinguished. The "Intentional Jitter Anti-Jamming Unit", IJAJ, performed this automatically and randomly, making it impossible for the German jammers to match the changes. Another upgrade helped reject unsynchronized pulses, supplanting the two-layer display. This device, the "Anti-Jamming Black-Out" unit, AJBO, fed the Y-axis signal into a delay and then into the brightness control of the CRT.
It became very important to have multiple sources of different types of amplitude noise and time-domain modulated jitter sources to produce a calibrated cocktail of degradations that would close the transmitted eye for receiver testing, but making calibrated jitter and noise sources required difficult engineering that had to be reproduced exactly each time receiver testing was to be performed. In 2005, with the introduction of the BERTScope 12500-S, SyntheSys Research provided the first built-in stressed-eye sources that greatly assisted engineers in performing popular stressed-eye receiver testing.
A key characteristic of an RTOS is the level of its consistency concerning the amount of time it takes to accept and complete an application's task; the variability is 'jitter'. A 'hard' real-time operating system (Hard RTOS) has less jitter than a 'soft' real-time operating system (Soft RTOS). The late answer is a wrong answer in a hard RTOS while a late answer is acceptable in a soft RTOS. The chief design goal is not high throughput, but rather a guarantee of a soft or hard performance category.
3 of Ardour manual The chain connection from the source (master) to the receivers (slaves) may increase jitter. Using clock distributing devices for parallel transmission is a better way. The length and quality of coaxial cables are important.
See the accompanying picture and compare how wide open the middle eye diagram appears versus how quickly the eye width shrinks with longer test intervals because of the random jitter and the low slope of the contour it produces.
In addition to clock skew due to static differences in the clock latency from the clock source to each clocked register, no clock signal is perfectly periodic, so that the clock period or clock cycle time varies even at a single component, and this variation is known as clock jitter. At a particular point in a clock distribution network, jitter is the only contributor to the clock timing uncertainty. As an approximation, it is often useful to discuss the total clock timing uncertainty between two registers as the sum of spatial clock skew (the spatial differences in clock latency from the clock source), and clock jitter (meaning the non-periodicity of the clock at a particular point in the network). Unfortunately, spatial clock skew varies in time from one cycle to the next due to local time-dependent variations in the power supply, local temperature, and noise coupling to other signals.
Parallel clock SerDes is normally used to serialize a parallel bus input along with data address & control signals. The serialized stream is sent along with a reference clock. The clock jitter tolerance at the serializer is 5–10 ps rms.
Mike Peng Li is an electrical engineer with the Altera Corporation in Palo Alto, California. He was named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2012 for his contributions to the design of jitter test technologies.
It also switches and staggers pulse repetition frequency and transmits random jitter to further confuse countermeasures. It automatically selects the least jammed frequencies and can transmit intermittently or randomly. The radar offers a passive detection and tracking capability against jammers.
Because an overload of EF traffic will cause queuing delays and affect the jitter and delay tolerances within the class, admission control, traffic policing and other mechanisms may be applied to EF traffic. The recommended DSCP for EF is 101110B (46 or 2EH).
Almost all Internet routers use RED or something developed from it to manage network congestion. Floyd devised the now-common method of adding delay jitter to message timers to avoid synchronization.IEEE, "Sally Floyd", IEEE Global History Network (last visited Oct. 7, 2012).
Exact Audio Copy (EAC) is a CD ripping program for Microsoft Windows. The program has been developed by Andre Wiethoff since 1998. Wiethoff's motivation for creating the program was that other such software only performed jitter correction while scratched CDs often produce distortions.
Perversely, in the context of the transfer delay, this imposition of a fixed phase that may, over time, differ from that of an otherwise conforming input packet stream, constitutes a delay variation and hence a jitter. Jitter caused in this particular way could only be observed where the delay is measured as the transit time between two separate measurement points, one either side of the leaky bucket as a queue shaping function. However, in the context of real-time data transmissions, it is this end-to-end delay that determines the latency of received data. Hence, the leaky bucket as a queue is unsuitable for traffic shaping real-time transmissions.
The superior close-in phase noise performance of a DDS stems from the fact that it is a feed-forward system. In a traditional phase locked loop (PLL), the frequency divider in the feedback path acts to multiply the phase noise of the reference oscillator and, within the PLL loop bandwidth, impresses this excess noise onto the VCO output. A DDS on the other hand, reduces the reference clock phase noise by the ratio f_{clk}/f_o because its output is derived by fractional division of the clock. Reference clock jitter translates directly to the output, but this jitter is a smaller percentage of the output period (by the ratio above).
The IETF defines Expedited Forwarding (EF) behavior in . The EF PHB has the characteristics of low delay, low loss and low jitter. These characteristics are suitable for voice, video and other realtime services. EF traffic is often given strict priority queuing above all other traffic classes.
In 2019, an analysis of additional data provided by Lick Observatory has placed the existence of Aldebaran b in serious doubt, because of apparent phase jitter of radial-velocity signal; a better data fit is obtained by either two planets or no planets at all around Aldebaran.
In computer networking, packet delay variation (PDV) is the difference in end- to-end one-way delay between selected packets in a flow with any lost packets being ignored.RFC 3393 The effect is sometimes referred to as packet jitter, although the definition is an imprecise fit.
However, the result is inferior since the source material is usually a lower quality copy reel. Telecine machines usually cause a slight left-right jitter in the picture and have inferior color levels compared to DVD. HDTC is used to label a High-definition video recording.
Tags operate with half-duplex transmissions. Commands are transmitted from the interrogator to the tag by phase-jitter modulation (PJM)WO/1999/034526 "A Transmitter and a Method for Transmitting Data". of the powering field. PJM transmits data as very small phase changes in the powering field.
Video or image jitter occurs when the horizontal lines of video image frames are randomly displaced due to the corruption of synchronization signals or electromagnetic interference during video transmission. Model-based dejittering study has been carried out under the framework of digital image and video restoration.
The magnetic field on the surface of Epsilon Eridani causes variations in the hydrodynamic behaviour of the photosphere. This results in greater jitter during measurements of its radial velocity. Variations of −1 were measured over a 20 year period, which is much higher than the measurement uncertainty of −1.
There are many use cases where predictability of latency in message delivery is just as important, if not more important than achieving a low average latency. This latency predictability is also referred to as "Low Latency Jitter" and describes a deviation of latencies around the mean latency measurement.
In order to achieve the throughput and jitter requirements in Sercos applications, Sercos III operates primarily in a Master/Slave arrangement exchanging cyclic data between nodes. The master initiates all data transmission during a Sercos real-time cycle. All data transmissions begin and end at the master (circular).
The leaky bucket as a queue can only be used in shaping traffic to a specified bandwidth with no jitter in the output. It may be used within the network, e.g. as part of bandwidth management, but is more appropriate to traffic shaping in the network interfaces of hosts.
In this case the SLA will typically have a technical definition in mean time between failures (MTBF), mean time to repair or mean time to recovery (MTTR); identifying which party is responsible for reporting faults or paying fees; responsibility for various data rates; throughput; jitter; or similar measurable details.
AOM-based design. Bottom: The Pockel’s cell-based design needs thin film polarizers. The direction of the emitted pulse depends on the timing. Jitter can be reduced by not reducing the Q by as much, so that a small amount of light can still circulate in the cavity.
Phase jitter, Doppler effects, and environmental influences limit MTI sub-clutter visibility Measure of Performance to about 25 dB improvement. This allows moving objects about 300 times smaller to be detected in close proximity to larger stationary objects. Pulse-Doppler signal processing is required to achieve greater sub-clutter visibility.
All Apple OSes have moved to Fortuna since at least December 2019, possibly earlier. It is based on SHA-256. Multiple entropy sources such as the secure enclave RNG, boot phase timing jitter, hardware interrupt (timing assumed) are used. RDSEED/RDRAND is used on Intel-based Macs that support it.
Accuracy is often limited by the available resolution of the measurement. Resolution of a single count is generally proportional to the timebase oscillator frequency and the gate time. Improved resolution can be obtained by several techniques such as oversampling/averaging. Additionally, accuracy can be significantly degraded by jitter on the signal being measured.
Distortions due to very small jitter may be smaller > than distortions due to non-linear characteristics of loudspeakers. Ashihara > and Kiryu [8] evaluated linearity of loudspeaker and headphones. According > to their observation, headphones seem to be more preferable to produce > sufficient sound pressure at the ear drums with smaller distortions than > loudspeakers.
Secure Reliable Transport is an open source video transport protocol developed originally by Haivision. According to SRT Alliance, an organisation that promotes the technology, it optimises streaming performance. This helps minimise effects of jitter and bandwidth changes, while error- correction mechanisms help minimise packet loss. SRT supports end-to-end encryption with AES.
She has reported news for CW11. Burford is a producer of the award-winning Jitter, an Off Off Broadway production. In an effort to "teach women of all ages how to love and appreciate their bodies", Ford founded Sassy Pole Girls (SPG) in 2008. Pole dancing has recently become an exercise craze for women.
Fault-tolerant file saving and taskbar progress reporting for Windows 7 were introduced in version 3.64. ; Recent versions Recent versions of Chasys Draw IES have added high-end features such as adjustment layers, Power Management, jitter-corrected Video Screen Capture, video cropping, digitizer pen rotation (e.g. Wacom Intuos with 6D Art Pen), and Shell-out.
H.245 is capable of conveying information needed for multimedia communication, such as encryption, flow control, jitter management, preference requests, as well as the opening and closing of logical channels used to carry media streams. It also defines separate send and receive capabilities and the means to send these details to other devices that support H.323.
In optics, smear is used to refer to motion that has low temporal frequency relative to the integration/exposure time. This typically results from a relative rate of the image with respect to the detector (e.g., caused by movement in the scene). Smear is typically differentiated from jitter, which has a higher frequency relative to the integration time.
Thus stabilizing delay or phase-locked loop (DLL or PLL) circuits are recommended. In a similar way, offset errors (non-zero readouts at T = 0) can be removed. For long time intervals, the error due to instabilities in the reference clock (jitter) plays a major role. Thus clocks of superior quality are needed for such TDCs.
This causes triggering problems, known as "jitter." Above 30%, the ablation may cause enough wear to rupture the lamp. However, at energy levels greater than 15%, the lifetime can be calculated with a fair degree of accuracy. When operated below 30% of the explosion energy, flashtube lifetime is generally between a few million to tens of millions of flashes.
With the increased integration of laptop computers into live music performance (in electronic music and elsewhere), Max/MSP and Max/Jitter have received attention as a development environment available to those serious about laptop music/video performance. Programs sharing Max's visual programming concepts are now commonly used for real-time audio and video synthesis and processing.
Avalanche diodes can replace a spark gap for stage voltages less than 500 volts. The charge carriers easily leave the electrodes, so no extra ionisation is needed and jitter is low. The diodes also have a longer lifetime than spark gaps. A speedy switching device is an NPN avalanche transistor fitted with a coil between base and emitter.
ITU-T Recommendation G.8261/Y.1361 (formerly G.pactiming) "Timing and Synchronization Aspects in Packet Networks" specifies the upper limits of allowable network jitter and wander, the minimum requirements that network equipment at the TDM interfaces at the boundary of these packet networks can tolerate, and the minimum requirements for the synchronization function of network equipment.
Destinations are required to use a buffer of 3 times the packet time, though at least 20 times the packet time (or 20 ms if smaller) is recommended. Sources are required to maintain transmission with jitter of less than 17 packet times (or 17 ms if shorter), though 1 packet time (or 1 ms if shorter) is recommended.
The RTAudio encoder is capable of encoding single-channel (mono), 16 bit per sample audio signals. The encoder can be configured to operate either in the Narrow Band mode (8 kHz sampling rate) or the Wide Band mode (16 kHz sampling rate). The RTAudio decoder has a built-in jitter control module as well as an error concealment module.
IP SLA (Internet Protocol Service Level Agreement) is an active computer network measurement technology that was initially developed by Cisco Systems. IP SLA was previously known as Service Assurance Agent (SAA) or Response Time Reporter (RTR).IP SLA used to track network,performance like latency, ping response,jitter and it help us to provide service Quality.
Most often, UDP applications do not employ reliability mechanisms and may even be hindered by them. Streaming media, real-time multiplayer games and voice over IP (VoIP) are examples of applications that often use UDP. In these particular applications, loss of packets is not usually a fatal problem. In VoIP, for example, latency and jitter are the primary concerns.
A music video, directed by Rankin, for the single was uploaded to YouTube on November 19, 2010. The video shows a still camera of Kelis, wearing a white top with a white background behind her. Throughout the entire video, the camera shots jitter and move in different directions. Overall, the music video received positive reviews from music critics.
The time-interval counter is typically an off- the-shelf counter commercially available. Limiting factors involve single-shot resolution, trigger jitter, speed of measurements and stability of reference clock. The computer collection and post-processing can be done using existing commercial or public-domain software. Highly advanced solutions exists, which will provide measurement and computation in one box.
Phase perturbation is the shifting, from whatever cause, in the phase of an electronic signal. The shifting is often quite rapid, and may appear to be random or cyclic. The phase departure in phase perturbation usually is larger, but less rapid, than in phase jitter. Phase perturbation may be expressed in degrees, with any cyclic component expressed in hertz.
This can be overcome by suitable choice of parameters, leading to complex interactions studied by Tang et al. Delay measurements are also subject to jitter as a result of operating system scheduling, or bus contention. Whether the strengths or weaknesses prevail is not clear, and depends in large part on the particular scenario. Propagation delay is used in the FAST window control algorithm.
The Copy Disc window lets the user select whether he wants to copy a disc, a track or certain sectors. It can copy audio or data disks. For mixed and Raw data there is the possibility to adjust the Mode 1 and Mode 2 transfer to Mode 1 Form 1. Also enabling or disabling jitter correction and setting subcode options is available.
They can be emailed, embedded on websites or shared on social media. In addition, speech synthesis is a valuable computational aid for the analysis and assessment of speech disorders. A voice quality synthesizer, developed by Jorge C. Lucero et al. at University of Brasilia, simulates the physics of phonation and includes models of vocal frequency jitter and tremor, airflow noise and laryngeal asymmetries.
These torque demands request current in the mechanism depending on the feedback loop. This amplifier is referred as a four-quadrant drive because can accelerate, decelerate and brake in either rotating direction. Traditional analog drives consume less energy than digital drives and can offer very high performance in certain cases. When conditions are met, analog drives offer consistency with minimal “jitter” at standstills.
Normally both ends of a streaming connection would stay in-sync with a master clock but TCP/IP does not provide this 'master clock' mechanism. Therefore, applications running fixed clocks will drift apart over time and glitches will occur. This is usually fixed by controlling jitter or drift, by slightly altering the clock speed at one end of the connection.
If the relationship between the 'trigger' time and the sample clock can be controlled with greater accuracy than the sampling time, then it is possible to make a measurement of a repetitive waveform with much higher temporal resolution than the sample period by upsampling each record before averaging. In this case the temporal uncertainty may be limited by clock jitter.
One aspect that may degrade the performance of a digital system is jitter. This is the phenomenon of variations in time from what should be the correct spacing of discrete samples according to the sample rate. This can be due to timing inaccuracies of the digital clock. Ideally, a digital clock should produce a timing pulse at exactly regular intervals.
HCCA is generally considered the most advanced (and complex) coordination function. With the HCCA, QoS can be configured with great precision. QoS-enabled stations have the ability to request specific transmission parameters (data rate, jitter, etc.) which should allow advanced applications like VoIP and video streaming to work more effectively on a Wi-Fi network. HCCA support is not mandatory for 802.11e APs.
The RTCP extended report VoIP metrics block specified by is generated by an IP phone or gateway during a live call and contains information on packet loss rate, packet discard rate (because of jitter), packet loss/discard burst metrics (burst length/density, gap length/density), network delay, end system delay, signal/noise/echo level, mean opinion scores (MOS) and R factors and configuration information related to the jitter buffer. VoIP metrics reports are exchanged between IP endpoints on an occasional basis during a call, and an end of call message sent via SIP RTCP summary report or one of the other signaling protocol extensions. VoIP metrics reports are intended to support real-time feedback related to QoS problems, the exchange of information between the endpoints for improved call quality calculation and a variety of other applications.
Pulse generators capable of generating pulses with widths under approximately 100 picoseconds are often termed as "microwave pulsers" and typically generate these ultra-short pulses using Step recovery diode (SRD) or Nonlinear Transmission Line (NLTL) methods (for example ). Step Recovery Diode pulse generators are inexpensive but typically require several volts of input drive level and have a moderately high level of random jitter (usually undesirable variation in the time at which successive pulses occur). NLTL-based pulse generators generally have lower jitter, but are more complex to manufacture and do not suit integration in low-cost monolithic ICs. A new class of microwave pulse generation architecture, the RACE (Rapid Automatic Cascode Exchange) pulse generation circuit ,, is implemented using low-cost monolithic IC technology and can produce pulses as short as 1 picosecond, and with repetition rates exceeding 30 billion pulses per second.
IBIS is an evolving standard with many proposed changes submitted to IBIS Open Forum for consideration. Proposed changes are called BIRDs (Buffer Issue Resolution Documents), a play on the word ibis, a type of bird. Version 6.0 was ratified on September 20, 2013. Changes included an IBIS‐AMI extension for mid-channel repeaters, new parameters for jitter and noise in IBIS-AMI, and analog buffer modeling improvements.
A mouse and mousepad A mousepad is a surface for placing and moving a computer mouse. A mousepad enhances the usability of the mouse compared to using a mouse directly on a table by providing a surface to allow it to measure movement accurately and without jitter. Some mousepads increase ergonomics by providing a padded wrist rest, although the benefits of this are debatable.
The emitted light signal as well as reference light signal is processed through a constant fraction discriminator (CFD) which eliminates timing jitter. After passing through the CFD, the reference pulse activates a time-to-amplitude converter (TAC) circuit. The TAC charges a capacitor which will hold the signal until the next electrical pulse. In reverse TAC mode the signal of "sync" stops the TAC.
Nevertheless, soliton timing jitter in supercontinuum generation with 100 fs pulses has also been traced to input noise amplification by modulation instability, and L-shaped statistics in filtered energy have been observed in supercontinuum sources driven by such pulses. Extreme statistics have also been observed with pumping in the normal dispersion regime, wherein modulation instability occurs due to the contribution of higher-order dispersion.
With a pulse timing of about 100 a second, a transceiver would be busy for 10 ms out of every second responding to the signals from any one aircraft. This would leave 990 ms free to respond to other aircraft, giving a theoretical capacity of 100 aircraft. In practice, due to the "jitter", about 70 to 80 aircraft could use a station at a time.
The simulation packet gets demodulated into a real packet after experiencing effects of loss, errors, delay, jitter etc., thereby transferring these network effects into the real packet. Thus it is as-if the real packet flowed through a real network but in reality it flowed through the simulated network. Emulation is widely used in the design stage for validating communication networks prior to deployment.
This is a special case of the leaky bucket as a meter, which can be described by the conforming packets passing through the bucket. The leaky bucket as a queue is therefore applicable only to traffic shaping, and does not, in general, allow the output packet stream to be bursty, i.e. it is jitter free. It is therefore significantly different from the token bucket algorithm.
Resource Reservation Protocol - Traffic Engineering is an extension of the Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) for traffic engineering. It supports the reservation of resources across an IP network. Applications running on IP end systems can use RSVP to indicate to other nodes the nature (bandwidth, jitter, maximum burst, and so forth) of the packet streams they want to receive. RSVP runs on both IPv4 and IPv6.
The result is a slightly jittery picture, which appears to jitter in a cyclic fashion. Optical flow algorithms will analyze the footage and make corrections to the picture in order to better "fit" each frame into the new 24 frame sequence. The resulting footage is much smoother because it simulates equal exposure time between frames. For best results, footage should be deinterlaced and frame- doubled to 60p.
He would put a drawing on the lightbox, photograph it, trace onto next sheet with slight changes, photograph that, and so on. This meant that the pictures did not jitter and the plot was spontaneous. Cohl had to calculate the timing in advance. The process was demanding and time-consuming, which is probably why he moved away from drawn animation after Un Drame chez les fantoches.
In particular, THUNDER could be applied to electronic systems, optical components and anywhere that needs noise or jitter suppression. THUNDER was awarded the Advantage Business Media R&D; 100 Award. THUNDER was part of the NASA morphing programme, which looked to allow remote shaping of the surface of satellites. In 2009 Harrison joined the Air Force Research Laboratory, where she worked on the low density materials programme.
TRex also supports multiple streams, ability to change any packet field and provides per stream statistics, latency and jitter. name=Trex DTS (DPDK Test Suite) is a Python- based framework for functional tests and benchmarks. It is an open-source project, started in 2014, and is hosted on dpdk.org. It supports both software traffic generators like Scapy and dpdk-pktgen, and a hardware traffic generator like Ixia.
Consequently, with coupled tension zone control, jitter is inevitable in a continuous web where the controllers cause a feedback loop. Precise control of the system is essential. If the line speed of web is reduced, the amount of lateral displacement error that can be controlled by the steering guide system also decreases. If the input error decreases, the lateral displacement error also becomes smaller.
In these cases, peak-to-peak measurements may be more useful. Many efforts have been made to meaningfully quantify distributions that are neither Gaussian nor have a meaningful peak level. All have shortcomings but most tend to be good enough for the purposes of engineering work. In computer networking, jitter can refer to packet delay variation, the variation (statistical dispersion) in the delay of the packets.
PPS signals are used for precise timekeeping and time measurement. One increasingly common use is in computer timekeeping, including the NTP protocol. Because GPS is considered a stratum-0 source, a common use for the PPS signal is to connect it to a PC using a low-latency, low-jitter wire connection and allow a program to synchronize to it. This makes the PC a stratum-1 time source.
Acoustic measures can be used to provide objective measures of vocal function. Signal processing algorithms are applied to voice recordings made during sustained phonation or during spontaneous speech. The acoustic parameters which can then be examined include fundamental frequency, signal amplitude, jitter, shimmer, and noise-to-harmonic ratios. However, due to limitations imposed by the algorithms employed, these measures cannot be used with patients who exhibit severe dysphonia.
The recycle time is 575 ns. Just as a TDC may use interpolation to get finer than one clock period resolution, a delay generator may use similar techniques. The Hewlett-Packard 5359A High Resolution Time Synthesizer provides delays of 0 to 160 ms, has an accuracy of 1 ns, and achieves a typical jitter of 100 ps. The design uses a triggered phase-locked oscillator that runs at 200 MHz.
Interpolation is done with a ramp, an 8-bit digital-to-analog converter, and a comparator. The resolution is about 45 ps. When the start pulse is received, then counts down and outputs a stop pulse. For low jitter the synchronous counter has to feed a zero flag from the most significant bit down to the least significant bit and then combine it with the output from the Johnson counter.
The lack of active management generally gives the advantage of lower fees and, in taxable accounts, lower taxes. In addition it is usually impossible to precisely mirror the index as the models for sampling and mirroring, by their nature, cannot be 100% accurate. The difference between the index performance and the fund performance is called the "tracking error", or, colloquially, "jitter." Index funds are available from many investment managers.
Problems breathing or swallowing, sleep-related breathing disorders, such as sleep apnea, and decreased tolerance for cold temperatures are other notable symptoms. Increased activity during healthy years between the original infection and onset of PPS can amplify the symptoms. Thus, contracting polio at a young age can result in particularly disabling PPS symptoms. A possible early occurring and long-lasting sign is a slight jitter exhibited in handwriting.
Traditionally, still and motion photography have relied on firm, stable mountings for a jitter-free image. Great effort is spent to obtain a perfectly stable image. However, experiments with hand-held camera began as early as 1925 with Ewald André Dupont's Varieté and Abel Gance's Napoléon. Hand-held camera movements became more prominent in some feature films of the 1960s, including a number of John Cassavetes-directed films.
Monitoring nodes require only a script to issue ping commands and record results. In September 1999 there were 1977 pairs, consisting of 511 remote nodes in 54 countries. PingER uses the data to determine latency (round-trip_time), jitter (variability of round- trip_time), and loss (percentage of packets that never return). The results of the PingER Project, including source code, are made available to the public at no cost.
Therefore, VoIP implementations may face problems with latency, packet loss, and jitter. By default, network routers handle traffic on a first-come, first-served basis. Fixed delays cannot be controlled as they are caused by the physical distance the packets travel. They are especially problematic when satellite circuits are involved because of the long distance to a geostationary satellite and back; delays of 400–600 ms are typical.
They apparently had a short conversation, after which he grabbed her by the arm and took her away. The FBI and NASA joined in the efforts to find Brucia and the man seen with her on the videotape. NASA researchers used advanced image processing technology to enhance the recording by reducing image jitter. At least two informants called police, having recognized Smith from the television broadcasts of the security camera tape.
Hughes, Z.M. and Pont, M.J. (2008) "Reducing the impact of task overruns in resource- constrained embedded systems in which a time-triggered software architecture is employed", Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control, Vol. 30: pp.427–450.Phatrapornnant, T. and Pont, M.J. (2006) "Reducing jitter in embedded systems employing a time-triggered software architecture and dynamic voltage scaling", IEEE Transactions on Computers, 55(2): 113–124.
Internet Telephony magazine, October 2006. At the base of the Internet Phone was the invention of Alon Cohen and Lior Haramaty named the "Audio Transceiver", which managed the dynamic jitter buffer that was critical for achieving adaptive lower possible audio latency along with handling packet loss, packet re-ordering, and receiver transmitter sample rate adjustments. The first implementation of the "Audio Transceiver" was carried out by Elad Sion.
In systems which rely on a backoff mechanism (e.g. exponential backoff), the clients will retry failed calls, by waiting a specific amount of time between consecutive retries. In order to avoid the thundering herd problem, jitter can be purposefully introduced, in order to break the synchronization across the clients thereby avoiding collisions. In this approach, randomness is added to the wait intervals between retries, so that clients are no longer synchronized.
To deliver 5 ns rise time pulses, the Marx generator is often built into a coaxial wave guide. The spark gaps are placed as close as possible together for maximum UV light exchange for minimum jitter. DC HV comes from underneath, pulsed HV leaves at the top into the coaxial line. The double line of spheres in the middle are the spark gaps, all other spheres are to avoid corona discharge.
A scene from the music video. The music video, directed by Godley & Creme, features scenes of the band playing in a wood-lined room with very rapid editing between different takes of the same performance. The editing gives the video a somewhat disorienting flip book-like animation style, employing the use of visual jitter. Wang Chung, additional musicians and dancers are seen in several formations throughout the video.
An oscilloscope trace of a tri-level sync pulse Tri-level sync is an analogue video synchronization pulse primarily used for the locking of HD video signals (genlock). It is preferred in HD environments over black and burst, as timing jitter is reduced due to the nature of its higher frequency. It also benefits from having no DC content, as the pulses are in both polarities.Tektronix – Timing and Synchronization.
He joined the University of Colorado Boulder for his postgraduate studies, earning a master's in physics in 1994 and in mathematics in 1996. He completed his doctorate, Collision induced timing jitter and four-wave mixing in wavelength division multiplexing soliton systems, in 2001 which was supervised by Mark J. Ablowitz. He was the first African American to graduate from the University of Colorado Boulder Department of Applied Mathematics.
A stylus' performance is measured by these four characteristics: # Comfort # Resistance # Balance and weight # Precision: ## Responsiveness & speed ## Jitter ## Tilt ## Levels of pressure ## Palm rejection or detection, which prevents a touch device from registering or marking the screen when a hand or palm is resting on the screen surface, relies on a combination of technology in the stylus, the OS software and the screen digitizer technology, to work effectively.
Microchip Technology offers oscillators, clock generators, clock and data distribution products and real-time clock and calendar devices. The oscillator product line offer low jitter and low power online-configurable products with quartz-based or MEMS silicon-based resonator options. The clock generation product line offer online-configurable, single chip, multiple-frequency clock tree options. The clock and data distribution product line offers buffers, logic translators and multiplexers.
The means of packet selection for measurement is not specified in RFC 3393, but could, for example, be the packets which had the largest variation in delay in a selected time period. The delay is specified from the start of the packet being transmitted at the source to the start of the packet being received at the destination. A component of the delay which does not vary from packet to packet can be ignored, hence if the packet sizes are the same and packets always take the same time to be processed at the destination then the packet arrival time at the destination could be used instead of the time the end of the packet is received. Instantaneous packet delay variation is the difference between successive packets—here RFC 3393 does specify the selection criteria—and this is usually what is loosely termed "jitter", although jitter is also sometimes the term used for the variance of the packet delay.
This has radically increased their performance, (dark count rate, jitter, array pixel pitch etc), and has leveraged the analog and digital circuits that can be implemented alongside these devices. Notable circuits include photon counting using fast digital counters, photon timing using both time-to-digital converters (TDCs) and time- to-analog converters (TACs), passive quenching circuits using either NMOS or PMOS transistors in place of poly-silicon resistors, active quenching and reset circuits for high counting rates, and many on-chip digital signal processing blocks. Such devices, now reaching optical fill factors of >70%, with >1024 SPADs, with DCRs < 10Hz and jitter values in the 50ps region are now available with dead times of 1-2ns. Recent devices have leaveraged 3D-IC technologies such as through-silicon-vias (TSVs) to present a high-fill-factor SPAD optimised top CMOS layer (90nm or 65nm node) with a dedicated signal processing and readout CMOS layer (45nm node).
Generally, the Media Delivery Index (MDI) can be used to install, modify or evaluate a video network following the next steps: # Identify, locate, and address any packet loss issues using the Media Loss Rate. # Identify and measure jitter margins using the Delay Factor. # Establish an infrastructure monitor for both MDI components to analyze any possible scenarios of interest. Given these results, measures must be taken to provide solutions to the problems found in the network.
Such correction can be used not only for receiving channels but also in transmission channels of active DAASlyusar, V. I. Titov, I. V. Correction of characteristics of transmitting channels in an active digital antenna array// Radioelectronics and Communications Systems. – 2004, VOL 47; PART 8, pages 9 - 13.. Limitations on the accuracy of estimation of direction of arrival signals and depth of suppression of interferences in digital antenna arrays are associated with jitter ADCs and DACs.
Specific benefits of FOUNDATION technology include: reduced wiring, multi- variables from a single multi-channel field instrument, simpler integration and easier maintenance. Using Half Duplex RS485 hardware connection a two wire communication is possible. The FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1 has support for Intrinsically Safe Wiring. Unlike other protocols, FOUNDATION H1 provides explicit synchronization of control and communication for precisely periodic (isochronous) communication and execution of control functions with minimized dead time and jitter.
The three most important benefits of the introduction of the mousepad were higher speed, more precision, and comfort for the user. A secondary benefit was keeping the desk or table surface from being scratched and worn by continuous hand and mouse rubbing motion. Another benefit was reduction of the collection of debris under the mouse, which resulted in reduced jitter of the pointer on the display. Also, it is important to clean mousepads.
Phase-jitter modulation (PJM) is a modulation methodWO/1999/034526 "Transmitter and Method for Transmitting Data" . specifically designed to meet the unique requirements of passive RFID tags. It has been adopted by the high- frequency RFID Air Interface Standard ISO/IEC 18000-3 MODE 2 for high-speed bulk conveyor-fed item-level identificationISO/IEC 18000-3 Section 8 "Table of characteristic differences between the MODES". because of its demonstrably higher data rates.
Most of the circuitry built inside of an FPGA is synchronous circuitry that requires a clock signal. FPGAs contain dedicated global and regional routing networks for clock and reset so they can be delivered with minimal skew. Also, FPGAs generally contain analog PLL and/or DLL components to synthesize new clock frequencies as well as attenuate jitter. Complex designs can use multiple clocks with different frequency and phase relationships, each forming separate clock domains.
The first (500 MHz) divider stage is a 100 MHz synchronized multivibrator to effect a divide by 5 circuit. The second (100 MHz) stage is a divide by 5 ring counter made from discrete emitter-coupled transistors. The last stage is a flip-flop. The instrument quantization error depends primarily on the 500 MHz clock (2 ns steps), but other errors also enter; the instrument is specified to have 2.2 ns of jitter.
She invented the random early detection active queue management scheme, which has been implemented in nearly all commercially available routers, and devised the now-common method of adding delay jitter to message timers to avoid synchronization collisions.IEEE, "Sally Floyd", IEEE Global History Network (last visited Oct. 7, 2012). Floyd, with Vern Paxson, in 1997 identified the lack of knowledge of network topology as the major obstacle in understanding how the Internet works.
Overall signal size does not affect encoder accuracy, however, signal-to-noise and jitter performance may degrade with smaller signals. Automatic signal compensation mechanisms can include automatic offset compensation (AOC), automatic balance compensation (ABC) and automatic gain control (AGC). Phase is more difficult to compensate dynamically and is usually applied as one time compensation during installation or calibration. Other forms of inaccuracy include signal distortion (frequently harmonic distortion of the sine/cosine signals).
Jitter Bughouse is a remake of The Radio Rogues short film Do Your Stuff (1935). This was the fourth and final entry in the Joe DeRita series produced by Columbia from 1946-1948; all entries were remakes of other Columbia shorts. Sitka was at the time also a frequent supporting player in Columbia's Three Stooges short-film series; DeRita himself would join the Stooges in the late 1950s, becoming "Curly Joe" DeRita.Jitter Bughouse at threestooges.
Fuze's main product combines business voice, videoconferencing, text, instant messaging, content sharing, and collaboration apps under a single cloud service to deliver both traditional phone systems and mobile devices a seamless transition between communication methods.Noah Kulwin, "Capital Gains," Re/code, February 14, 2016.Beth Schultz, "ThinkingPhones Takes on Fuze Identity," No Jitter, February 10, 2016. It runs on a natively-developed platform, and is focused primarily on large enterprise and mid-market customers.
Coincidence detection in the context of neurobiology is a process by which a neuron or a neural circuit can encode information by detecting the occurrence of temporally close but spatially distributed input signals. Coincidence detectors influence neuronal information processing by reducing temporal jitter, reducing spontaneous activity, and forming associations between separate neural events. This concept has led to a greater understanding of neural processes and the formation of computational maps in the brain.
These detection efficiencies vary widely, however, due to highly localized regions of the nanowires where the effective cross-sectional area for superconducting current is reduced. NbN devices have also demonstrated jitter – the uncertainty in the photon arrival time – of less than 50 picoseconds,J. Zhang et al., "Response time characterization of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors," IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 13, 180 (2003), as well as very low rates of dark counts, i.e.
RTP is designed for end-to-end, real-time transfer of streaming media. The protocol provides facilities for jitter compensation and detection of packet loss and out-of- order delivery, which are common especially during UDP transmissions on an IP network. RTP allows data transfer to multiple destinations through IP multicast. RTP is regarded as the primary standard for audio/video transport in IP networks and is used with an associated profile and payload format.
Once a Hero (1991) Deliberate Indifference: A Story of Racial Injustice and Murder (1992) Trespasses: Portrait of a Serial Rapist (1996) America's Condemned: Death Row Inmates in Their Own Words (1999, with Dan Malone) Jitter Joint (1999) - later made into the movie D-Tox (a. k. a. Eye See You) (2002) Doin' Dirty (2000). Howard Swindle was also Edgar-nominated, and received three Pulitzer Prizes for The Dallas Morning News, among many other numerous awards.
In the context of digital audio extraction from compact discs, seek jitter causes extracted audio samples to be doubled-up or skipped entirely if the Compact Disc drive re- seeks. The problem occurs because the Red Book does not require block-accurate addressing during seeking. As a result, the extraction process may restart a few samples early or late, resulting in doubled or omitted samples. These glitches often sound like tiny repeating clicks during playback.
As stated before, operational costs of an airborne laser are quite high. And the projected cost of the program was listed as 5.1 million USD in 2009 according to the US Department of Defense. Along with the issues of price, there is also the issue of sensitivity of the laser itself. "Jitter" is a result of the chemicals in the laser burning off and creating turbulence under the plane, which will result in targeting issues.
Enhanced Voice Services (EVS) is a superwideband speech audio coding standard that was developed for VoLTE. It offers up to 20 kHz audio bandwidth and has high robustness to delay jitter and packet losses due to its channel aware coding and improved packet loss concealment. It has been developed in 3GPP and is described in 3GPP TS 26.441. The application areas of EVS consist of improved telephony and teleconferencing, audiovisual conferencing services, and streaming audio.
Many pitch generators operate in the digital domain, producing output in various digital audio formats such as AES3, or SPDIF. Such generators may include special signals to stimulate various digital effects and problems, such as clipping, jitter, bit errors; they also often provide ways to manipulate the metadata associated with digital audio formats. The term synthesizer is used for a device that generates audio signals for music, or that uses slightly more intricate methods.
The existing chemical laser platform is being used to develop more advanced control software and hardware and to reduce problems such as "jitter". On June 18, 2009 it was announced that the ATL was successfully fired in flight for the first time. The system was fired from a 46th Test Wing NC-130H aircraft while flying over White Sands Missile Range, successfully hitting a target board on the ground.Advanced tactical laser aircraft fires high-power laser in flight Aug.
Most of the circuitry built inside of an FPGA is synchronous circuitry that requires a clock signal. FPGAs contain dedicated global and regional routing networks for clock and reset so they can be delivered with minimal skew. Also, FPGAs generally contain analog phase-locked loop and/or delay-locked loop components to synthesize new clock frequencies as well as attenuate jitter. Complex designs can use multiple clocks with different frequency and phase relationships, each forming separate clock domains.
FOUNDATION HSE is also based on standard IP, enabling it to coexist with other devices and ensuring compatibility with standard tools. At the highest level, FOUNDATION HSE includes a standard application layer that provides interoperability between devices beyond the mere coexistence provided by Ethernet and TCP/IP. FOUNDATION HSE communication is schedule-driven to minimize dead-time and jitter with support for peer-to-peer communication directly between devices. Again, a rigorous interoperability testing program ensures quality connectivity.
Ordinarily, the delayed timebase is set for a faster sweep, sometimes much faster, such as 1000:1. At extreme ratios, jitter in the delays on consecutive main sweeps degrades the display, but delayed-sweep triggers can overcome this. The display shows the vertical signal in one of several modes: the main timebase, or the delayed timebase only, or a combination thereof. When the delayed sweep is active, the main sweep trace brightens while the delayed sweep is advancing.
This is attributed to the influx of calcium in response to these stimuli. On single-fiber examination, features may include increased jitter (seen in other diseases of neuromuscular transmission) and blocking. Blood tests may be performed to exclude other causes of muscle disease (elevated creatine kinase may indicate a myositis, and abnormal thyroid function tests may indicate thyrotoxic myopathy). Antibodies against voltage-gated calcium channels can be identified in 85% of people with EMG-confirmed LEMS.
Such surfaces collected dirt which was then deposited onto the internal rollers that picked off ball movement. Dirty rollers caused erratic pointer movement on the screen. Early types of optical mice have the problem of not working well on transparent or reflective surfaces such as glass or highly polished wood. These surfaces, which often include desk and table surfaces, cause jitter and loss of tracking on the display pointer as the mouse moves over these reflective spots.
Max, also known as Max/MSP/Jitter, is a visual programming language for music and multimedia developed and maintained by San Francisco-based software company Cycling '74. Over its more than thirty-year history, it has been used by composers, performers, software designers, researchers, and artists to create recordings, performances, and installations. The Max program is modular, with most routines existing as shared libraries. An application programming interface (API) allows third-party development of new routines (named external objects).
The company was the first to combine Jitter sources in its test signal generators to permit popular Stressed-Eye testing. The company developed many products over its 21-year span, including specialty products for disk-drive, television, high-definition television, optical, telecommunications, and computer applications. In 2010, SyntheSys Research was purchased by Tektronix (a subsidiary of Danaher Corporation) in an M&A; transaction and the BERTScope and BitAlyzer instruments became product lines in Tektronix's high-speed Oscilloscope divisions.
SYNC: The SYNC is a standard data format byte with a value of hexadecimal 0x55. LIN slaves running on RC oscillator will use the distance between a fixed amount of rising and falling edges to measure the current bit time on the bus (the master's time normal) and to recalculate the internal baud rate. INTER BYTE SPACE: Inter Byte Space is used to adjust for bus jitter. It is an optional component within the LIN specification.
With MSSR (monopulse secondary surveillance radar) and Mode S, the radar can use the information of one reply to determine azimuth. This is calculated based on the RF phase of the aircraft reply, as determined by the sum and difference antenna elements, and is called monopulse. This monopulse method results in superior azimuth resolution, and removes target jitter from the display. The Mode S system also includes a more robust communications protocol, for a wider variety of information exchange.
In switching-mode power supplies (SMPS), noise present in the control loop circuitry of the supply causes dislocation in up-slope and down-slope timing of the saw-tooth ripple waveform. As a consequence, the ripple waveform exhibits jitter and noise carried on the ripple also jitters. When this type of supply bias is used to power a system operating in power-saving modes or pulsed applications as shown in Fig. 1 the current drain fluctuates in pulses.
A simple amplifier will only increase the amplitude of the signal and will not correct the distortion of the waveform shape. A threshold detector can be used to correct the amplitude levels although the exact time that the transition occurs may not be in the right place. This timing inaccuracy is referred to as jitter. A regenerator includes circuitry to recover the clock timing information, which is then used to determine when the output signal switches its state.
Rate constrained traffic is another periodic time-sensitive traffic class, and it shall be modeled to align with time-triggered traffic (and vice versa) in order to fulfill maximum latency and jitter requirements. However, even where the sum of the allocated bandwidths is less than the capacity provided at every point in the network, delivery is still not guaranteed due, e.g., to potential buffer overflows at switch queues, etc., which simple limitation of bandwidths does not guarantee are avoided.
Dave Michels, "Thinking of Phones," No Jitter, January 27, 2015. The company also provides analytics and real-time intelligence, with an expanded version of caller ID that pulls information from a caller's online profiles to provide more information on the caller. Mobile enhancements to Fuze offer mobile workers more flexibility and control, while maintaining the full capabilities of the Fuze platform. The products can integrate with existing enterprise software services, such as Slack, Salesforce and Gmail.
Jitter may be compensated in an adaptive optics system by using a flat mirror mounted on a dynamic two-axis mount that allows small, rapid, computer-controlled changes in the mirror X and Y angles. This is often termed a "fast steering mirror", or FSM. A gimbaled optical pointing system cannot mechanically track an object or stabilize a projected laser beam to much better than several hundred microradians. Buffeting due to aerodynamic turbulence further degrades the pointing stability.
Synchronous arrival of these two inputs may push the membrane potential of a target neuron over the threshold required to create an action potential. If the two inputs arrive too far apart, the depolarization of the first input may have time to drop significantly, preventing the membrane potential of the target neuron from reaching the action potential threshold. This example incorporates the principles of spatial and temporal summation. Furthermore, coincidence detection can reduce the jitter formed by spontaneous activity.
Generally, if an disturbance can be replicated by a sinusoidal modulation, it is considered to be an oscillatory component of g-jitter. The most noticeable disturbances being routine crew activity and structural vibrations, and can cause a structural resonance throughout a space vehicle. While the average frequency of the structural vibration of a space station is lesser than a Space Shuttle orbiter, the frequency range can still be between the ranges of 0.1 to 1 Hz.
This is usually related to resolution and noise floor. Other measurements, such as phase distortion and jitter, can also be very important for some applications, some of which (e.g. wireless data transmission, composite video) may even rely on accurate production of phase-adjusted signals. Non-linear PCM encodings (A-law / μ-law, ADPCM, NICAM) attempt to improve their effective dynamic ranges by using logarithmic step sizes between the output signal strengths represented by each data bit.
When film is scanned so that an electronic (video) copy can be made, various means are used to help ensure that the variations in frame position as a result of sprocket hole wear are minimized. The more effective these means are, the less of a 'film look' the result will have. On the contrary, if this compensation is reduced or disabled, the resulting electronic copy may exhibit more jump and weave, giving the result a sense of constant jitter.
EtherCAT (Ethernet for Control Automation Technology) is an Ethernet-based fieldbus system, invented by Beckhoff Automation. The protocol is standardized in IEC 61158 and is suitable for both hard and soft real-time computing requirements in automation technology. The goal during development of EtherCAT was to apply Ethernet for automation applications requiring short data update times (also called cycle times; ≤ 100 μs) with low communication jitter (for precise synchronization purposes; ≤ 1 μs) and reduced hardware costs.
Once challenges involving the irregularities of the communication network, delay, jitter, and packet loss, among others are addressed, telesurgery is also expected to advance. Telehaptic systems are also useful in different handling applications. There are researcher, for instance, who are able to utilize its interfaces to perform actions such as pushing or more complicated tasks that require dexterity like grasping micro-objects. That is why, while the technology has not been perfected yet, scientists are optimistic about its potential.
D-Tox is a 2002 American psychological thriller film directed by Jim Gillespie and starring Sylvester Stallone. The supporting cast features Tom Berenger, Charles S. Dutton, Polly Walker, Robert Patrick, Stephen Lang, Jeffrey Wright, Courtney B. Vance and Kris Kristofferson. The film had a limited release in the United States on September 20, 2002, under the title Eye See You by DEJ Productions. The film is based on the 1999 novel Jitter Joint written by Howard Swindle.
Survival times are recorded on a global leaderboard where replays of playthroughs can be accessed and viewed. The deliberate use of unfiltered textures and effects like polygon jitter and texture warping make its visual style reminiscent of early 3D games released in the 1990s. Devil Daggers was released for Windows in February 2016, after being greenlit for release on digital distribution platform Steam. OS X and Linux versions were released in July and September 2016 respectively.
Devil Daggers was developed by Sorath, a Melbourne-based independent video game developer. The development group was formed by Matt Bush, a member of Dustforce creators Hitbox Team. The game's art direction and rendering engine were designed to reimagine the aesthetics and graphical style of video games from the 1990s. This was achieved by making use of unfiltered textures, jagged 3D models, and the deliberate implementation of polygon jitter and texture warping found in early 3D games.
In 2006, Cheney's technical successor Tom Hartnett, in partnership with company co-director Kristine Bobo Specht, developed BRIC (Broadcast Reliable Internet Codec) technology. A full-featured suite of tools, BRIC incorporated sophisticated jitter buffers and proprietary algorithms to provide better quality audio over inherently unstable networks, like the public internet. With BRIC in place, Comrex released the ACCESS codec in 2006. ACCESS was distinguished from its competitors by the hand-held design of the portable unit.
A model is robust if it continues to produce the same computational results under variations in inputs or operating parameters introduced by noise. For example, the direction of motion as computed by a robust motion detector would not change under small changes of luminance, contrast or velocity jitter. For simple mathematical models of neuron, for example the dependence of spike patterns on signal delay is much weaker than the dependence on changes in "weights" of interneuronal connections.
Phase noise measured by signal source analyzer (SSA). The SSA shows the positive part of the phase noise. In this picture there is a phase noise of the main carrier, 3 other signals and "noise hill". A weak signal disappears in the phase noise of the stronger signal In signal processing, phase noise is the frequency-domain representation of random fluctuations in the phase of a waveform, corresponding to time-domain deviations from perfect periodicity ("jitter").
The adaptation logic is based on the jitter estimates computed from the arrival characteristics of the media packets. Adjustments associated with adaptive de-jittering involves introducing discontinuities in the media play-out which may be noticeable to the listener or viewer. Adaptive de-jittering is usually carried out for audio play-outs that include voice activity detection that allows the lengths of the silence periods to be adjusted, thus minimizing the perceptual impact of the adaptation.
The limit value or delay variation tolerance also controls how many packets can arrive in a burst, determined by the excess depth of the bucket over the capacity required for a single packet. Hence MBS is also a measure of burstiness or jitter, and it is possible to specify the burstiness as an MBS and derive the limit value τ from this or to specify it as a jitter/delay variation tolerance/limit value, and derive the MBS from this. A burst or clump of packets can arrive at a higher rate than determined by the emission interval T. This may be the line rate of the physical layer connection when the packets in the burst will arrive back-to-back. However, as in ATM, the tolerance may be applied to a lower rate, in that case the Sustainable Cell Rate (SCR), and the burst of packets (cells) can arrive at a higher rate, but less than the line rate of the physical layer, in that case the Peak Cell Rate (PCR).
Kansas City's replacement squad consisted primarily of players cut in training camp. One of the few bright spots among this motley crew was running back Jitter Fields, who remained on the active roster following the strike. The Chiefs strike squad received an ominous welcome in Los Angeles when in the early morning hours of October 4, the day prior to a contest against the Raiders, an earthquake rattled Southern California. The shaken Chiefs lost a 35–17 decision later that day.
In 2005, the Anglo-Australian Planet Search program announced the discovery of a low-mass planet in orbit around HD 117618. This object was found through measurements of radial velocity variation, which were larger than those produced by the intrinsic jitter of the host star. The best Keplerian fit to the data gave a periodicity of 25.8 days with an eccentricity of around 0.37 and a semimajor axis of . The lower bound on the object's mass was estimated to be .
12 Rounds is a British rock band formed by Atticus Ross and singer Claudia Sarne, who are married. After the release of their first album, Jitter Juice, they toured with the Sneaker Pimps. 12 Rounds played the Reading Festival in 1996. Their song "Something's Burning" was featured on the soundtrack to the 1997 film All Over Me, and "Just Another Day," their collaboration with Pale 3, was featured on the soundtrack to the 2000 film The Princess and the Warrior.
For online match moving, SIFT features again are extracted from the current video frame and matched to the features already computed for the world mode, resulting in a set of 2D-to-3D correspondences. These correspondences are then used to compute the current camera pose for the virtual projection and final rendering. A regularization technique is used to reduce the jitter in the virtual projection. The use of SIFT directions have also been used to increase robustness of this process.
Other examples of generative music technology include the use of sensors connected to computer and artificial intelligence to generate music based on captured data, such as environmental factors, the movements of dancers, or physical inputs from a digital device such as a mouse or game controller. Software applications offering capabilities for generative and interactive music include SuperCollider, MaxMSP/Jitter, and Processing. Interactive music is made possible through physical computing, where the data from the physical world affects a computer's output and vice versa.
An embedded clock SerDes serializes data and clock into a single stream. One cycle of clock signal is transmitted first, followed by the data bit stream; this creates a periodic rising edge at the start of the data bit stream. As the clock is explicitly embedded and can be recovered from the bit stream, the serializer (transmitter) clock jitter tolerance is relaxed to 80–120 ps rms, while the reference clock disparity at the deserializer can be ±50000 ppm (i.e. 5%).
8b/10b SerDes maps each data byte to a 10-bit code before serializing the data. The deserializer uses the reference clock to monitor the recovered clock from the bit stream. As the clock information is synthesized into the data bit stream, rather than explicitly embedding it, the serializer (transmitter) clock jitter tolerance is to 5–10 ps rms and the reference clock disparity at the deserializer is ±100 ppm. A common coding scheme used with SerDes is 8b/10b encoding.
Measurement of wow and flutter is carried out on audio tape machines, cassette recorders and players, and other analog recording and reproduction devices with rotary components (e.g. movie projectors, turntables (vinyl recording), etc.) This measurement quantifies the amount of 'frequency wobble' (caused by speed fluctuations) present in subjectively valid terms. Turntables tend to suffer mainly slow wow. In digital systems, which are locked to crystal oscillators, variations in clock timing are referred to as wander or jitter, depending on speed.
In the real world, physics is always active. There is a constant Brownian motion jitter to all particles in our universe as the forces push back and forth against each other. For a game physics engine, such constant active precision is unnecessarily wasting the limited CPU power, which can cause problems such as decreased framerate. Thus, games may put objects to "sleep" by disabling the computation of physics on objects that have not moved a particular distance within a certain amount of time.
Digital Equipment Corporation, 1989. While Marzullo's algorithm will return the smallest interval consistent with the largest number of sources, the returned interval does not necessarily include the center point (calculated offset) of all the sources in the intersection. The intersection algorithm returns an interval that includes that returned by Marzullo's algorithm but may be larger since it will include the center points. This larger interval allows using additional statistical data to select a point within the interval, reducing the jitter in repeated execution.
This type of problem is difficult to predict and compensate for. Apart from enforcing minimum hardware requirements and attempting to optimize the game for better performance, there are no feasible ways to deal with it. Perhaps the most common type of lag is caused by network performance problems. Losses, corruption or jitter (an outdated packet is in effect a loss) may all cause problems, but these problems are relatively rare in a network with sufficient bandwidth and no or little congestion.
Due in part to the bistable and highly non-linear nature of the devices, they can be fed a starting signal from either direction. The directionality is maintained as long as the device remains powered. Other potential applications include "a digital response device that reshapes optical signals that have become distorted, effectively acting as a gate." and a device for resynchronizing optical signals to eliminate timing "jitter". A European research project formed in 2006 to study potential applications of SRLs.
Communication distance is depended on RF power, antennas and their high above the ground and the next factors, however it is in tens of km, direct line-of- sight is not required. The user has got everything under his control. From technical point of view radio network has got very fast response time with a minimal jitter. When there are a long distances among sites and GPRS/EDGE/UMTS network covers the territory, GPRS/EDGE/UMTS router is possible to use.
All traffic on the ring is assigned a Class of Service (CoS) and the standard specifies three classes. Class A (or High) traffic is a pure committed information rate (CIR) and is designed to support applications requiring low latency and jitter, such as voice and video. Class B (or Medium) traffic is a mix of both a CIR and an excess information rate (EIR; which is subject to fairness queuing). Class C (or Low) is best effort traffic, utilizing whatever bandwidth is available.
Tasks with higher scheduling priorities get executed first. Tasks are ordered (or distributed) and chosen based on the virtual deadline formula in all policies except for the realtime and Isochronous priority classes. The execution behavior is still a weighted variation of the Round-Robin Scheduler especially when tasks have the same priority below the Isochronous policy. The user tuneable round robin interval (time slice) is 6 milliseconds by default which was chosen as the minimal jitter just below detectable by humans.
If all objects are stationary, the two samples will cancel out and very little signal will remain. High-power microwave devices, like crossed-field amplifier, are not phase-stable. The phase of each transmit pulse is different from the previous and future transmit pulses. This phenomenon is called phase jitter. In order for MTI to work, the initial phase of both transmit pulses must be sampled and the 180 degree phase rotation must be adjusted to achieve signal cancellation on stationary objects.
This version of the algorithm works because τ defines how much earlier a cell can arrive than it would if there were no jitter: see leaky bucket: delay variation tolerance. Another way to see it is that TAT represents when the bucket will next empty, so a time τ before that is when the bucket is exactly filled to the limit value. So, in either view, if it arrives more than τ before TAT, it is too early to conform.
A communications platform as a service (CPaaS) is a cloud-based platform that enables developers to add real-time communications features (voice, video, and messaging) in their own applications without building back-end infrastructure and interfaces. Also, CPaaS and hardware and software specifications are specifically designed to support (tele)communications applications. These applications and their usage are much more sensitive to jitter, latency and packet losses. Hosted PABX, cellular networks, (near real time) applications typically are deployed on CPaaS platforms.
Transmissions onto an AFDX network are required to be limited to a Bandwidth Allocation Gap (BAG). Conformance to this BAG (and maximum transmission jitter) is then checked in the network switches in a similar way to UPC in ATM networks. However, the token bucket algorithm is recommended for AFDX, and a version that allows for variable length frames (one that counts bytes) is preferred over one that only counts frames and assumes that all frames are of the maximum permitted length.
The bandwidth of an ADC is characterized primarily by its sampling rate. The SNR of an ADC is influenced by many factors, including the resolution, linearity and accuracy (how well the quantization levels match the true analog signal), aliasing and jitter. The SNR of an ADC is often summarized in terms of its effective number of bits (ENOB), the number of bits of each measure it returns that are on average not noise. An ideal ADC has an ENOB equal to its resolution.
Phase noise is another type of jitter observed in PLLs, and is caused by the oscillator itself and by elements used in the oscillator's frequency control circuit. Some technologies are known to perform better than others in this regard. The best digital PLLs are constructed with emitter-coupled logic (ECL) elements, at the expense of high power consumption. To keep phase noise low in PLL circuits, it is best to avoid saturating logic families such as transistor-transistor logic (TTL) or CMOS.
In facsimile and (analog) television transmission, multipath causes jitter and ghosting, seen as a faded duplicate image to the right of the main image. Ghosts occur when transmissions bounce off a mountain or other large object, while also arriving at the antenna by a shorter, direct route, with the receiver picking up two signals separated by a delay. Radar multipath echoes from an actual target cause ghosts to appear. In radar processing, multipath causes ghost targets to appear, deceiving the radar receiver.
The Delay Factor is a temporal value given in milliseconds that indicates how much time is required to drain the virtual buffer at the concrete network node and at a specific time. In other words, it is a time value indicating how many milliseconds’ worth of data the buffers must be able to contain in order to eliminate time distortions (jitter). It is computed as packets arrive at the node and is displayed/recorded at regular intervals (typically one second). It is calculated as follows: > 1\.
Motivated by the central limit theorem, jitter can be modeled as a gaussian random variable. This suggests continually estimating the mean delay and its standard deviation and setting the playout delay so that only packets delayed more than several standard deviations above the mean will arrive too late to be useful. In practice, the variance in latency of many Internet paths is dominated by a small number (often one) of relatively slow and congested bottleneck links. Most Internet backbone links are now so fast (e.g.
The question whether to deploy bit banging or not is a trade-off between load, performance and reliability on the one hand, and the availability of a hardware alternative on the other. The software emulation process consumes more processing power than does supporting dedicated hardware. The microcontroller spends much of its time sending or receiving samples to and from the pins, at the expense of other tasks. The signal produced usually has more jitter or glitches, especially if the processor is also executing other tasks while communicating.
Specifically, some designs produce both "up" and "down" control pulses even when the phase difference is zero. These pulses are small, nominally the same duration, and cause the charge pump to produce equal-charge positive and negative current pulses when the phase is perfectly matched. Phase detectors with this kind of control system don't exhibit a dead band and typically have lower minimum peak-to-peak jitter when used in PLLs. In PLL applications it is frequently required to know when the loop is out of lock.
To achieve a constant level of throughput or packet loss as self- similarity is increased, extremely large buffer capacity is needed. However, increased buffering leads to large queuing delays and thus self-similarity significantly steepens the trade-off curve between throughput/ packet loss and delay. ATM can be employed in telecommunications networks to overcome second order performance measure problems. The short fixed length cell used in ATM reduces the delay and most significantly the jitter for delay-sensitive services such as voice and video.
Two U.S. patents were issued on the AAL1gator's calendar-based transmit scheduler, one on the original productOriginal Patent on the AAL1gator and an even better one on the "D" version enhancements designed by Denis Smetana.Second patent on the scheduler The scheduler implemented several intricate methods of minimizing the jitter caused by the scheduling of the 256 channels. The AAL1gator also could have gotten another patent on its method of queuing the SRTS samples, but the designers were too busy to get the application in.
A video made with Hyperlapse Hyperlapse is a mobile app created by Instagram that enables users to produce hyperlapse and time-lapse videos. It was released on August 26, 2014. The app enables users to record videos up to 45 minutes of footage in a single take, which can be subsequently accelerated to create a hyperlapse cinematographic effect. Whereas time-lapses are normally produced by stitching together stills from traditional cameras, the app uses an image stabilization algorithm that steadies the appearance of video by eliminating jitter.
Bufferbloat is a cause of high latency in packet-switched networks caused by excess buffering of packets. Bufferbloat can also cause packet delay variation (also known as jitter), as well as reduce the overall network throughput. When a router or switch is configured to use excessively large buffers, even very high-speed networks can become practically unusable for many interactive applications like voice over IP (VoIP), online gaming, and even ordinary web surfing. Some communications equipment manufacturers designed unnecessarily large buffers into some of their network products.
The timing irregularity is ironed out using a phase locked loop. This scheme does not allow the addition of a stuffed bit as soon as it is required because the stuffable bit is in a fixed point in the frame so it is necessary to wait until the stuffable bit time slot. This wait results in "waiting time jitter" which can be arbitrarily low in frequency (i.e. down to zero) so cannot be entirely eliminated by the filtering effects of the phase lock loop.
PSQM as originally conceived was not developed to account for network Quality of Service perturbations common in Voice over IP applications, items such as packet loss, delay variance (jitter) or non-sequential packets. These conditions usually give inappropriate results under heavy network load simulations, failing to account for a very real perceived loss of voice quality. Attempts to duplicate network fault conditions by introducing significant packet loss result in PSQM values that correspond to falsely inflated MOS values. In order to overcome this limitation, PSQM+ was developed by modifying the original algorithm.
Frequencies more than 1.5 GHz are well suited for FBAR devices. Because FBARs on a silicon substrate can be manufactured in high volumes and is supported by all development of semiconductor device fabrication methods. Future requirements of new applications like filtering bandwidth with steep stopband attenuation have effects on resonator performance and show development steps needed. FBARs can be used by oscillators and synchronizers to replace a crystal/crystals in applications where frequencies more than 100 MHz and/or very low jitter is one of the performance targets.
In the Pax Calendar, the extra week is added in every year having its last number, or its last two numbers, divisible by 6, and in every year ending with the number 99, and every centennial year not divisible by 400. The Hanke-Henry Permanent Calendar's leap week occurs every year that either begins or ends in a Thursday on the corresponding Gregorian calendar. The Symmetry454 calendar's leap week formula was chosen over others based on 10 criteria, including smoothest distribution of weeks, minimal "jitter" and predicted accuracy of 4-5 millennia.
To meet Federal Communications Commission (FCC) / Ofcom spectrum mask requirements, femtocells must generate the radio frequency signal with a high degree of precision. To do this over a long period of time is a major technical challenge. The solution to this problem is to use an external, accurate signal to constantly calibrate the oscillator to ensure it maintains its accuracy. This is not simple (broadband backhaul introduces issues of network jitter/wander and recovered clock accuracy), but technologies such as the IEEE 1588 time synchronisation standard may address the issue.
Conventionally, each packet or cell is given a timestamp by the host machine's kernel (i.e. in software) when the kernel driver is notified that a new packet has arrived. This approach results in poor quality timestamps for several reasons, among them the considerable latency and jitter between the packet arriving at the network interface and receipt by the kernel driver and uncertainty caused by interrupt coalescing wherein one host interrupt signifies the arrival of several packets. Such poor quality limits what research can usefully be done on network performance and related fields.
The PLT050/PLi050 were aimed primarily at the audio distribution market. POEM's key strengths were its low cost (the silicon was inherently simpler in design than HomePlug-style solutions, hence cheaper to produce) and its support for multiple qualities of service. Its ability to support loss-less uncompressed streaming audio with low jitter, without interruption in the presence of bursty data traffic, was a key attraction to hardware OEMs looking for solutions for the home theater market. This application was successfully showcased at CES 2008, receiving strong interest from major OEMs.
VoIP receivers accommodate this variation by storing incoming packets briefly in a playout buffer, deliberately increasing latency to improve the chance that each packet will be on hand when it is time for the voice engine to play it. The added delay is thus a compromise between excessive latency and excessive dropout, i.e. momentary audio interruptions. Although jitter is a random variable, it is the sum of several other random variables which are at least somewhat independent: the individual queuing delays of the routers along the Internet path in question.
2000s: Though NATO.0+55+3d became increasingly popular among multimedia artists, its development stopped abruptly in 2001. SoftVNS, another set of extensions for visual processing in Max, was released in 2002 by Canadian media artist David Rokeby. Cycling '74 released their own set of video extensions, Jitter, alongside Max 4 in 2003, adding real-time video, OpenGL graphics, and matrix processing capabilities. Max 4 was also the first version to run on Windows. Max 5, released in 2008, redesigned the patching GUI for the first time in Max's commercial history.
The extra length of the transformed sequence is typically referred to as the overhead of the algorithm. The COBS algorithm tightly bounds the worst-case overhead, limiting it to a minimum of one byte and a maximum of bytes (one byte in 254, rounded up). Consequently, the time to transmit the encoded byte sequence is highly predictable, which makes COBS useful for real-time applications in which jitter may be problematic. The algorithm is computationally inexpensive and its average overhead is low compared to other unambiguous framing algorithms.
Sometimes an increase in delay can be perceived as a performance improvement, such as when a variable controlled by the user is set to a running average of the users input. This can give the impression of smoother motion, but the controlled variable always reaches the desired value a bit late. Since it smooths out hi-frequency jitter, when the user is attempting to hold the value constant, they may feel like they are succeeding more readily. This kind of compromise would be appropriate for control of a sniper rifle in a video game.
Much like his contribution to Serious Monkey Business, Wise later remixed his own composition, the GBA version of "Jungle Jitter", for an unofficial Donkey Kong Country 3 remix album titled Double the Trouble!, which was released on 1 December 2012. Wise also provided a saxophone solo for another remix, in addition to mixing and mastering the track. On 14 November 2009, Wise announced his resignation from Rare, feeling as though the company has “changed a great deal” and there was no longer an opportunity to create music tracks that Rare is most known for.
Much like Marv Levy five years earlier, Gansz's grip on the club's coaching reins was crippled by the labor unrest. Kansas City's replacement squad consisted primarily of players cut in training camp. One of the few bright spots among this motley crew was running back Jitter Fields, who remained on the active roster following the strike. The Chiefs strike squad received an ominous welcome in Los Angeles when in the early morning hours of October 4, the day prior to a contest against the Raiders, an earthquake rattled Southern California.
Fig. 1 Current draw profile of load utilizing power saving modes (i.e. Pulsed Applications) Fig 2. Typical Output Noise Waveform from a Switching Regulator Fig 3 Typical Output Noise from a Linear Regulator Switching Noise Jitter (SNJ) is the aggregation of variability of noise events in the time-domain on the supply bias of an electronic system, in particular with a voltage regulated supply bias incorporated with closed-loop (feedback) control, for instance, SMPS. SNJ is measurable using real-time spectral histogram analysis and expressed as a rate of occurrence in percentage.
These codecs also have the ability to send audio over wireless IP, i.e. 3G and WiFi, as well as other audio transports like POTS, ISDN, satellite and X.21, and have been used at UEFA and FIFA World Cup tournaments. Ultra portable audio-over-IP codecs are also available as a smartphone applications to send high fidelity broadcast quality audio from remote sites to studios. Applications such as Report-IT Live for iPhone can send bidirectional 15 kHz quality audio live with automated jitter buffering, forward error correction and error concealment.
Time-triggered traffic is scheduled periodically, and depending on the architecture, line speed (e.g. 1GbE), topology and computing model with control loops operating at 0.1-5(+) kHz, using a time-triggered architecture (TTA) model of computation and communication. Hard real-time is possible at application level due to strict determinism, jitter control and alignment/synchronization between tasks and scheduled network messaging. In L-TTA (Loosely TTA) architectures with synchronous TTEthernet network, but with local computer clocks decoupled from system/network time the performance of control loops may be limited.
Media phone is basically a replacement for a traditional home cordless telephone. All calls (voice only by Verizon Hub, AT&T; Home Manager and voice&video; by Korea Telecom Wave Home) are IP based. The call functionality is provided by embedded software – by a voice engine for voice- only calls and by a voice&video; engine for video calls. The voice&video; engine is required to compensate for the commonly known IP-related issues (delays, packet loss, jitter, congestion, etc.) and to make IP calls as reliable and convenient as conventional PSTN calls.
Light, however, has no appreciable momentum, and by reflecting from a computer-driven FSM, an image or laser beam can be stabilized to single microradians, or even a few hundred nanoradians. This almost totally eliminates image blurring due to motion, and far-field laser beam jitter. Limitations on the degree of line-of-sight stabilization arise from the limited dynamic range of the FSM tilt, and the highest frequency the mirror tilt angle can be changed. Most FSM's can be driven to several wavelengths of tilt, and at frequencies exceeding one kilohertz.
One solution to MIDI timing problems is to mark MIDI events with the times they are to be played, and store them in a buffer in the MIDI interface ahead of time. Sending data beforehand reduces the likelihood that a busy passage can send a large amount of information that overwhelms the transmission link. Once stored in the interface, the information is no longer subject to timing issues associated with USB jitter and computer operating system interrupts, and can be transmitted with a high degree of accuracy."Glossary: MTS (MIDI Time Stamping) ". sweetwater.com.
Marquee can be distracting. The human eye is attracted to movement, and marquee text is constantly moving. As with the blink element, marquee-tagged images or text are not always completely visible on rendered pages, making printing such pages an inefficient (if not impossible) task; typically multiple attempts are required to capture all text that could be displayed where messages scroll or blink. The `behavior="alternate"` version of marquee makes text jitter back and forth but does not obscure any part of it if scrolling widths are set correctly.
The Personally E.P. arrived later that year, which featured two album tracks and two exclusive songs; "Happy Hour" and "Feel My Beard." 12 Rounds would also release a double single from the album; Business / Pleasant Smell. Music videos were filmed for three tracks from the album; "Holed," "Business" and "Personally," the latter of which was helmed by acclaimed director Chris Cunningham. The track "Something's Burning" was also featured on the soundtrack to the film All Over Me. 12 Rounds toured the UK in support of Jitter Juice, opening for Sneaker Pimps.
Subjective measures include scales such as the Grade, Roughness, Breathiness, Asthenia, Strain Scale (GRBAS); the Reflux Symptom Index; the Voice Handicap Index (VHI); and a voice symptom scale. Objective measures often rely on acoustic parameters such as jitter, shimmer, signal-to-noise ratio, and fundamental frequency, among others. Aerodynamic measures such as vital capacity and maximum phonation time (MPT) have also been used as an objective measure. However, there is not yet a consensus on how best to use the measures or which measures are best to assess treatment outcomes for LPR.
Thus it imposes conformance rather than checking it, and where the queue is serviced at a fixed rate (and where the packets are all the same length), the resulting traffic stream is necessarily devoid of burstiness or jitter. So in this version, the traffic itself is the analogue of the water passing through the bucket. It is not clear how this version of applying the analogy might be used to check the rates of discrete events. This version is referred to here as the leaky bucket as a queue.
Traffic shaping is commonly used in the network interfaces in hosts to prevent transmissions exceeding the bandwidth or jitter limits and being discarded by traffic management functions in the network. (See scheduling (computing) and network scheduler.) The leaky bucket algorithm as a meter can also be used in a leaky bucket counter to measure the rate of random or stochastic processes. A Leaky bucket counter can be used to detect when the average or peak rate of events increases above some, acceptable, background level, i.e. when the bucket overflows.
In the case of the leaky bucket algorithm as a meter, the limits on the traffic can be a bandwidth and a burstiness of the output. The bandwidth limit and burstiness limit for the connection may be specified in a traffic contract. A bandwidth limit may be specified as a packet or frame rate, a byte or bit rate, or as an emission interval between the packets. A limit on burstiness may be specified as a jitter or delay variation tolerance, or as a maximum burst size (MBS).
The leaky bucket as a queue is essentially a way of describing a simple FIFO buffer or queue that is serviced at a fixed rate to remove burstiness or jitter. A description of it is given by Andrew S. Tanenbaum, in (an older version of) his book Computer Networks as "The leaky bucket consists of a finite queue. When a packet arrives, if there is room on the queue it is appended to the queue; otherwise it is discarded. At every clock tick one packet is transmitted (unless the queue is empty)".
The master can then read all latched values and calculate the delay for each slave. This process can be repeated as many times as required to reduce jitter and average out values. Total delays are calculated for each slave depending on their position in the slave-ring and will be uploaded to an offset register. Finally the master issues a broadcast readwrite on the system clock, which will make the first slave the reference clock and forcing all other slaves to set their internal clock appropriately with the now known offset.
Corn! is set in the style of the musicals of Rodgers & Hammerstein, featuring parodies of and references to Oklahoma!, Carousel, The Sound of Music, The King and I, Cinderella, Flower Drum Song and South Pacific. In Kansas in August, Jitter threatens that June will have to marry him if she can't pay the rent; Big Willy is torn between his desire to marry her himself and his desire for the freedom of his carnival-barker lifestyle, and Mother Abby advises her to "follow her dream", leading to a lengthy dream ballet and a happy ending.
A Little Complex is based upon the musicals of Stephen Sondheim (Into the Woods, Company, Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, A Little Night Music and Sunday in the Park with George, et al.). In a New York apartment complex full of neurotics, Jitter is a mad artist/landlord who plots to murder his tenants, including bird-obsessed, indecisive Jeune, deep-thinking composer Billy and pessimistic alcoholic Abby, for throwing his artwork out with the trash. After many overly-complex lyrics and dissonant music, he does.
Digital video does not experience colour bleeding, jitter, or fade. Unlike analog formats, digital formats do not experience generation loss during dubbing; however, they are more prone to complete loss. Although digital information can theoretically be stored indefinitely without deterioration, some digital formats (like MiniDV) place tracks only about 10 micrometers apart (compared with 19–58 μm for VHS). A digital recording is more vulnerable to wrinkles or stretches in the tape which could erase data, but tracking and error-correction code on the tape compensates for most defects.
Jitter and warping were often considered technical flaws of PlayStation games; however, the recreation of these effects in Devil Daggers is to make enemies shudder and ripple during movement. Enemy designs are hellish, with some entities taking the form of insectoids with skeletal features. Audio is composed largely of distorted and abstract sounds with compressed, digitised screams used to produce unsettling noises for the creatures. Sorath submitted Devil Daggers to Steam Greenlight, a community selection system, so that the game could be released on digital distribution platform Steam.
If analog, the source material is first converted to digital via JVC's K2 20-bit or 24-bit analog-to-digital converter. The musical information is next encoded on a magneto-optical disk for transport to JVC's Yokohama manufacturing plant, where jitter reduction is applied. The musical signal on the disk is down-converted to 16-bit through a K2 "super-coding" process. This 16-bit signal is eight-to-fourteen modulation-encoded (EFM-encoded) before going through a proprietary "Extended Pit Cut" DVD K2 laser technology to produce a glass master.
Regardless of bandwidth requirements, any type of a service which requires consistently low latency or jitter-free transmission can be affected by bufferbloat. Examples include voice calls, online gaming, video chat, and other interactive applications such as instant messaging, radio streaming, video on demand, and remote login. When the bufferbloat phenomenon is present and the network is under load, even normal web page loads can take many seconds to complete, or simple DNS queries can fail due to timeouts. Actually any TCP connection can timeout and disconnect, and UDP packets can get lost.
These styluses rely on an internal battery rather than the tablet for their power, resulting in a bulkier stylus. Eliminating the need to power the pen means that such tablets may listen for pen signals constantly, as they do not have to alternate between transmit and receive modes, which can result in less jitter. ; Optical tablets: Optical tablets operate by a very small digital camera in the stylus and then doing pattern matching on the image of the paper. The most successful example is the technology developed by Anoto.
Phase noise is a type of cyclostationary noise and is closely related to jitter. A particularly important type of phase noise is that produced by oscillators. Phase noise () is typically expressed in units of dBc/Hz, and it represents the noise power relative to the carrier contained in a 1 Hz bandwidth centered at a certain offsets from the carrier. For example, a certain signal may have a phase noise of −80 dBc/Hz at an offset of 10 kHz and −95 dBc/Hz at an offset of 100 kHz.
Flash LiDAR is especially advantageous, when compared to scanning LiDAR, when the camera, scene, or both are moving, since the entire scene is illuminated at the same time. With scanning LiDAR, motion can cause "jitter" from the lapse in time as the laser rasters over the scene. As with all forms of lidar, the onboard source of illumination makes flash lidar an active sensor. The signal that is returned is processed by embedded algorithms to produce a nearly instantaneous 3-D rendering of objects and terrain features within the field of view of the sensor.
The Media Delivery Index (MDI) is a set of measures that can be used to monitor both the quality of a delivered video stream as well as to show system margin for IPTV systems by providing an accurate measurement of jitter and delay at network level (Internet Protocol, IP), which are the main causes for quality loss. Identifying and quantizing such problems in this kind of networks is key to maintaining high quality video delivery and providing indications that warn system operators with enough advance notice to allow corrective action.Florin Hodis (2008). "IPTV challenges and metrics Application Note ".
Broadband.gov offers resources for consumers to see the local effects of the National Broadband Plan, and broadband as a whole. Featured is a Consumer Broadband Test that reports a user's internet download and upload speeds, latency and jitter. The government then uses these resources to analyze the nation's broadband quality, and to plan future locations that need improvements. Additional resources include a Deadzone Reporter, which allows the user to inform the government of locations without broadband, the Spectrum Dashboard (runs off another site), which tells the user how broadband connections are spread among various radio frequencies, and a link to the broadband map.
Although, in many cases, the collecting anode functions as the detecting element, the MCP itself can also be used as a detector. The discharging and recharging of the plate produced by the electron cascade, can be decoupled from the high voltage applied to the plate and measured, to directly produce a signal corresponding to a single particle or photon. The gain of an MCP is very noisy, meaning that two identical particles detected in succession will often produce wildly different signal magnitudes. The temporal jitter resulting from the peak height variation can be removed, by using a constant fraction discriminator.
Blectum has released many solo albums, and released a CD/DVD Unseen Forces on Matmos's Vague Terrain label as part of multimedia band Sagan with J Lesser, video producer Ryan Junell, and Wobbly. In 1998 she worked at Orban testing radio processing units, in 1999 worked at Thomas Dolby's Headspace and Beatnik Inc. as a beta-tester, and in 2000 to 2004 worked as a sound designer at LeapFrog Enterprises and several smaller sound design companies in the San Francisco Bay Area. She has commonly worked with the software Ableton Live, Pro Tools, Max/MSP/Jitter, Apogee Duet.
When a returning reflection strikes another discontinuity, some of the signal rebounds in the original signal direction, creating multiple echo effects. These forward echoes strike the receiver at different intervals making it difficult for the receiver to accurately detect data values on the signal. The effects can resemble those of jitter. Time-domain reflectometer for electrical cable fault detection Because damage to the cable can cause reflections, an instrument called an electrical time-domain reflectometer (ETDR; for electrical cables) or an optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR; for optical cables) can be used to locate the damaged part of a cable.
Several more complex data structures exist within the program for handling numeric arrays (table data), hash tables (coll data), XML information (pattr data), and JSON-based dictionaries (dict data). An MSP data structure (buffer~) can hold digital audio information within program memory. In addition, the Jitter package adds a scalable, multi-dimensional data structure for handling large sets of numbers for storing video and other datasets (matrix data). Max is typically learned through acquiring a vocabulary of objects and how they function within a patcher; for example, the metro object functions as a simple metronome, and the random object generates random integers.
In digital communications, a cliff- effect occurs which means communication is often perfect until it fails completely. Early digital testing was focused on the transmitter to ensure that the waveform transmission characteristics met a standard set of characteristics for parameters such as rise time, amplitude, jitter, and so on. It was assumed that if the signal originated correctly, and was communicated well, that the receiver would interpret it properly and reproduce the correct bits. This was often augmented with modest frame-based checksum approaches for the receiver to finally validate the BER of what it had received.
This design, dating from the late 1940s, is still capable of pulse-power performance that even the most advanced semiconductors (even IGBTs) cannot match easily. Krytrons and sprytrons are capable of handling high-current high-voltage pulses, with very fast switching times, and constant, low jitter time delay between application of the trigger pulse and switching on. Krytrons can switch currents of up to about 3000 amperes and voltages up to about 5000 volts. Commutation time of less than 1 nanosecond can be achieved, with a delay between the application of the trigger pulse and switching as low as about 30 nanoseconds.
An ATM Adaptation layer 1 or AAL1 is used for transmitting Class A network traffic, that is, real-time, constant bit rate, connection oriented traffic (example- uncompressed audio and video). Bits are fed in by the application at constant rate and must be delivered to other end with minimum delay, jitter or overhead. The input is stream of bits without message boundaries. For this traffic, error detection protocols cannot be used since timeouts and retransmission causes delay but the missing cells are reported to the application, that must take its own action to recover from them.
Aircraft usually carried several different camera configurations in one bay. A common installation was the trimetrogon: one vertical, and one oblique to each side. Often one aircraft carried several different camera-lens configurations for special purposes. The British found that a rearwards-facing camera could overcome some of the jitter from sideways movement, and that very low-level photography (called dicing) benefitted from an almost side-ways camera view. Most surveillance was conducted from extremely high altitudes, requiring long-focus optics, as reflected in “Goddard’s Law”: In photo-reconnaissance there is no substitute for focal length.
Regular eye movement alternates between saccades and visual fixations, the notable exception being in smooth pursuit, controlled by a different neural substrate that appears to have developed for hunting prey. The term "fixation" can either be used to refer to the point in time and space of focus or the act of fixating. Fixation, in the act of fixating, is the point between any two saccades, during which the eyes are relatively stationary and virtually all visual input occurs. In the absence of retinal jitter, a laboratory condition known as retinal stabilization, perceptions tend to rapidly fade away.
More advanced audio codecs are capable of sending audio over unmanaged IP networks like the internet using automated jitter buffering, forward error correction and error concealment to minimise latency and maximise packet streaming stability in live broadcast situations over unmanaged IP networks. In the face of IPv4 address exhaustion, IPv6 capability ensures codecs are capable of connecting over new Internet infrastructure. IPv6 infrastructure is being widely deployed to deliver a virtually inexhaustible supply of IP addresses. IPv6 addressing makes it much easier for broadcast codecs to connect to each other directly and perform flexible multi- point connections over IP.
Interactive services such as voice, two-way video, and gaming are particularly susceptible to the resultant digital jitter and delay. Under these circumstances, the network planners need to know how these services will be affected under varying conditions. In addition, they need to know how the network can be configured to provide the best quality of service at the least cost. The issue is further compounded by the fact that the simplicity of IP network operations comes from a more uniform, layered approach to network architecture. It’s the interaction between the layers of the network that creates significant complexity.
BNC 575 is electronic test equipment by Berkeley Nucleonics Corporation. It is the 2007/2008 version of a series of benchtop digital delay generator/pulse generator that began with the BNC 400 and BNC 500 in 2000. This version improves upon the earlier designs with better resolution (250ps), more channels (up to 8, each with separate delay and widths) and more functionality (summed channels, more output and input options, more allowable communication protocols.) Channel-to-channel and external trigger jitter have both been significantly improved from earlier designs. The BNC 575 replaces the BNC 565 and BNC 555.
Columbia University Law School professor Tim Wu observed the Internet is not neutral in terms of its impact on applications having different requirements. It is more beneficial for data applications than for applications that require low latency and low jitter, such as voice and real-time video. He explains that looking at the full spectrum of applications, including both those that are sensitive to network latency and those that are not, the IP suite isn't actually neutral. He has proposed regulations on Internet access networks that define net neutrality as equal treatment among similar applications, rather than neutral transmissions regardless of applications.
To reduce jitter and to reduce the potential for losing data from masked interrupts, programmers attempt to minimize the execution time of a FLIH, moving as much as possible to the SLIH. With the speed of modern computers, FLIHs may implement all device and platform-dependent handling, and use a SLIH for further platform-independent long-lived handling. FLIHs which service hardware typically mask their associated interrupt (or keep it masked as the case may be) until they complete their execution. An (unusual) FLIH which unmasks its associated interrupt before it completes is called a reentrant interrupt handler.
Packet loss can also result from media errors and equipment failures. Packet replication and elimination and packet encoding provide service protection from these failures. Replication and elimination works by spreading the data across several explicit paths and reassembling them in-order near the destination. Sequence number or timestamp is added to DetNet flow or transport protocol packet, then duplicate packets are eliminated and out-of-order packets are reordered, based on sequencing information and transmission logs, Adhering to the flow latency constraints also imposes constraints on misordering, as out-of-order packets impact the jitter and require additional buffering.
At Moogfest 2017, Boulanger was part of the Berklee College of Music delegation that presented technology for modular synthesizer ensembles, primarily developed by one of Boulanger's proteges and current Berklee faculty Matthew Davidson. Boulanger additionally presented "The Sounds of Dreaming", a multi-episodic electronic music opera written, produced, and performed with Nona Hendryx. The project featured custom performance controller systems involving Max/MSP/Jitter, OSC, live video synthesis, DMX lighting and Arduino instruments developed by Boulanger and his students. A revised version of the opera was presented in August 2017 at MASS MoCA in collaboration with performance artist Nick Cave.
The star is estimated to be 1.6 billion years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 4.2 km/s. It is radiating 1.16 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,869 K. The star is currently known to have one planet, designated HD 142415 b. This was detected via the radial velocity method and announced in 2004. The orbital period is just over a year, which made a determination of the orbital eccentricity more difficult due to undersampling over part of the orbit, in combination with jitter.
Dropping packets is undesirable as the packet is either lost or must be retransmitted and this can impact real-time throughput; however, increasing the buffer size can lead to bufferbloat which has its own impact on latency and jitter during congestion. In cases where quality of service is rate limiting a connection, packets may be intentionally dropped in order to slow down specific services to ensure available bandwidth for other services marked with higher importance (like those used in the leaky bucket algorithm). For this reason, packet loss is not necessarily an indication of poor connection reliability or signs of a bandwidth bottleneck.
In 1922, Womer was still living in Sunbury with his aunt; his father decided to move the family from Lewistown, Pennsylvania to a small row house in Sparrows Point, Maryland. In 1930 the eight-member Womer family relocated to a larger, single family house in Dundalk, Maryland. Womer attended public and private schools. He was quite athletic and was awarded an athletic scholarship to attend the Franklin Day School, a private high school in Baltimore, Maryland, where he enjoyed dancing in nightclubs. During the late 1930s Womer was known as the best jitter-bugger in Baltimore, and was nicknamed “jitterbug”.
Active optical systems triangulate positions by illuminating one LED at a time very quickly or multiple LEDs with software to identify them by their relative positions, somewhat akin to celestial navigation. Rather than reflecting light back that is generated externally, the markers themselves are powered to emit their own light. Since inverse square law provides one quarter the power at two times the distance, this can increase the distances and volume for capture. This also enables high signal-to-noise ratio, resulting in very low marker jitter and a resulting high measurement resolution (often down to 0.1 mm within the calibrated volume).
The program was created by Andre Wiethoff in 1998, while he was a student at the University of Dortmund in Germany. Wiethoff stated that he became "fed up with other audio grabbers" that only do jitter correction while scratched CDs often produce distortions, and decided to develop his own. In release 1.0b1, EAC supported the downloading of CD cover art, and in b2, an option was added to have the ID3 information, such as artist, CD title, track names, and cover art downloaded automatically from the GD3 database. Release 1.0b1 removed support for Windows 2000 and older versions of Windows.
Cell relay transmission rates usually are between 56 kbit/s and several gigabits per second. ATM, a particularly popular form of cell relay, is most commonly used for home DSL connections, which often runs between 128 kbit/s and 1.544 Mbit/s (DS1), and for high-speed backbone connections (OC-3 and faster). Cell relay protocols have neither flow control nor error correction capability, are information-content independent, and correspond only to layers one and two of the OSI Reference Model. Cell relay can be used for delay- and jitter-sensitive traffic such as voice and video.
H. A. Haus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) he predicted and quantified the timing-jitter effect resulting from the coupling between solitons and optical amplification noise in amplified optical systems. This effect was shown to be one of the most fundamental factors in determining the performance of soliton systems and it is now broadly recognized as the Gordon-Haus effect. In 1990 J.P. Gordon and L.F. Mollenauer predicted and analyzed the enhancement of phase-noise as a result of the optical nonlinearity of fibers. This phenomenon, often referred to as the Gordon-Mollenauer effect, was a key factor in preventing the use of solitons in coherent optical communications.
No data had been obtained on the sensitivity of Kodachrome film to light > of various intensities using the same camera type at the same lens openings. > k. Hand "jitter" frequencies (obtainable from early part of Tremonton film) > were not removed from the plots of the "single pass plots" at the end of the > film. > The Panel believed strongly that the data available on this sighting was > sufficient for positive identification if further data is obtained by > photographing polyethylene "pillow" balloons released near the site under > similar weather conditions, checking bird flight and reflection > characteristics with competent ornithologists and calculating apparent "G" > forces acting upon objects from their apparent tracks.
Class-based weighted fair queuing (CB-WFQ) was initially released without the support of a priority queuing system, thus it could not guarantee the delay and jitter (delay variation) requirements of real-time, interactive voice and video conversations. Since for CBWFQ, the weight for a packet belonging to a specific class is derived from the bandwidth assigned to the class, which in turn determines the order in which packets are sent. All packets are serviced fairly based on weight and no class of packets may be granted strict priority. This scheme poses problems for voice traffic that is largely intolerant of delay, especially variation in delay.
Most objects are non-graphical, consisting only of an object's name and several arguments-attributes (in essence class properties) typed into an object box. Other objects are graphical, including sliders, number boxes, dials, table editors, pull-down menus, buttons, and other objects for running the program interactively. Max/MSP/Jitter comes with about 600 of these objects as the standard package; extensions to the program can be written by third-party developers as Max patchers (e.g. by encapsulating some of the functionality of a patcher into a sub-program that is itself a Max patch), or as objects written in C, C++, Java, or JavaScript.
As transmission rates increased, however, it became important to allocate the system performance margin between both the transmitter and the receiver, and this produced new requirements to evaluate the receivers in the communications system. Each standards-body and groups of engineers approached this problem differently. Early digital television standards were the first to employ testing with a 100-meter length of cable (later replaced by an electronic circuit called a cable clone) to validate that the signal may be received properly when used under stress. 10 Gb Ethernet and other standards employed jitter and noise-producing circuits to electronically degrade the transmission and produce a Stressed-Eye for testing.
Nu Phoenicis has no known companions, and is considered to be a single star. As a bright star similar to the Sun, it has been targeted in a number of studies searching for planets with the radial velocity method, but no detection has been made. High- precision observations with the HARPS spectrograph show that the radial velocity of the star has no significant variability, and is constant to 2.67 m/s, a value similar to the estimated jitter level of 2.48 m/s. The star has also been included in the observations of the Anglo-Australian Planet Search, which did not find Jupiter-analogs with periods up to 6,000 days.
One crucial issue present in APDs is multiplication noise induced by the statistical variation of the avalanche multiplication process. This leads to a corresponding noise factor on the output amplified photo current. Statistical variation in the avalanche is also present in SPAD devices, however due to the runaway process it is often manifest as timing jitter on the detection event. Along with their bias region, there are also structural differences between APDs and SPADs, principally due to the increased reverse bias voltages required and the need for SPADs to have a long quiescent period between noise trigger events to be suitable for the single- photon level signals to be measured.
The IETF Deterministic Networking (DetNet) Working Group is focusing to define deterministic data paths with high reliability and bounds on latency, loss, and packet delay variation (jitter), such as audio and video streaming, industrial automation, and vehicle control. The goals of Deterministic Networking are to migrate time-critical, high-reliability industrial and audio-video applications from special-purpose Fieldbus networks to IP packet networks. To achieve these goals, DetNet uses resource allocation to manage buffer sizes and transmission rates in order to satisfy end-to-end latency requirements. Service protection against failures with redundancy over multiple paths and explicit routes to reduce packet loss and reordering.
Thus, when testing an analogue tape machine it is necessary to test for wow and flutter and tape speed variations over longer periods, as well as for distortion and noise. When testing a digital system, testing for speed variations is normally considered unnecessary because of the accuracy of clocks in digital circuitry, but testing for aliasing and timing jitter is often desirable, as these have caused audible degradation in many systems. Once subjectively valid methods have been shown to correlate well with listening tests over a wide range of conditions, then such methods are generally adopted as preferred. Standard engineering methods are not always sufficient when comparing like with like.
Claudia stated, "We were shocked by the influx of offers, but Nothing was so right for us because it's so artist-led. It's really the difference between feeling like a handmade Bristol and being on a Ford conveyor belt." Their sophomore album, My Big Hero, featured eight new tracks, alongside two songs from Jitter Juice; "Something's Burning" and "Pleasant Smell" (though both would have minor differences from their original versions). Pleasant Smell was released as a single on Nothing ahead of the album on June 9, 1998, featuring remixes from Trent Reznor, Charlie Clouser and Keith Hillebrandt of Nine Inch Nails, as well as Nothing Records label- mate Clint Mansell.
The company (formerly known as Global IP Sound) was founded in July 1999 in Stockholm, Sweden by signal processing experts Roar Hagen (then GIPS’ CTO) and Bastiaan Kleijn (then GIPS’ Chief Scientist), Espen Fjogstad and Ivar T. Hognestad. The founders recognized that, at the time, most VoIP solutions were using existing technology developed for circuit switched networks, and were therefore not properly suited to handle the delay, jitter and packet loss presented by IP networks. It was with that premise in mind that the company began to develop and market technology specifically designed to mitigate the inherent challenges of VoIP. In May 2010, Google bought GIPS for $68.2 million.
Use of inexpensive deinterlacing hardware is a typical difference between lower- vs. higher-priced flat panel displays (Plasma display, LCD, etc.). All films and other filmed material shot at 24 frames per second must be transferred to video frame rates using a telecine in order to prevent severe motion jitter effects. Typically, for 25 frame/s formats (European among other countries with 50 Hz mains supply), the content is PAL speedup, while a technique known as "3:2 pulldown" is used for 30 frame/s formats (North America among other countries with 60 Hz mains supply) to match the film frame rate to the video frame rate without speeding up the play back.
SPIRIT’s voice and video engines are targeted at various applications – PC and mobile communication applications (softphones, IMS-, Unified Communications and Enterprise Mobility clients), terminal user equipment with IP-connectivity (media phones, IP phones, IP set top boxes, Mobile Internet Devices) and infrastructure equipment (IP gateways, ATAs, media servers, etc.). SPIRIT’s VoIP software products are media processing libraries. They include standard (like G.723, G.729, H.264, MPEG-4) and proprietary (SPIRIT IPMR) voice and video codecs for speech and video compression / decompression, RTP packetizers, echo and noise cancellation, packet loss concealment and error correction, adaptive jitter buffer, audio and video synchronization, CPU load and playback rate control, etc. These components are integrated into a module within application framework.
In the shorter term the imperfections introduced by digital frequency division and multiplication (jitter), and the susceptibility of the common quartz standard to acoustic shocks, temperature variation, aging, and even radiation, limit the applicability of a naïve digital oscillator. This is why higher end VFO's like RF transmitters locked to atomic time, tend to combine multiple different references, and in complex ways. Some references like rubidium or cesium clocks provide higher long term stability, while others like hydrogen masers yield lower short term phase noise. Then lower frequency (and so lower cost) oscillators phase locked to a digitally divided version of the master clock deliver the eventual VFO output, smoothing out the noise induced by the division algorithms.
Both authors also wrote "The Twin Crises: The Causes of Banking and Balance-of-Payments Problem" and analyzed the links between banking and currency crises. They find that a banking crises tends to precede a currency crises – this currency crises worsens the banking crises which in turn creates a vicious spiral. The authors find that crises occur as the economy enters into a recession, after booming economic activity that was fueled by credit, capital inflows and an overvalued currency. Kaminsky does a thorough analysis of the crisis in Asia in "What Triggers Market Jitters: A Chronicle of the Asian Crisis" and what type of news moves the economy into a market jitter.
To solve this, the DAG generates timestamps in the hardware as close to the network interface as possible. Not only does this obviate latency, jitter and problems caused by interrupt coalescing, the hardware is capable of much greater accuracy and precision than software-generated timestamps. Precision comes from the freedom of custom hardware to assign as many bits to the timestamp as required and accuracy is assured by reference to an external time source such as GPS which is accurate to ± 40 nanoseconds. In contrast, the accuracy of NTP (by which kernel clocks can be corrected over the Internet) is in the order of milliseconds (about 100,000 times less accurate), depending on the conditions involved.
This technique is notable because many performance criteria are defined in terms of the eye opening at a specified probability level (e.g. 1E-12), that requires an impossible amount of data acquisition to measure directly. This technique allows for modest extrapolations to be performed to evaluate the 1E-12 eye opening with measurements that are acquired in only a few minutes. This technique also became a very powerful means to communicate the strength of the BERTScope's eye diagramming capability since it demonstrates how eyes that appear open if sampled to a shallow depth - such as those sampled by contemporary oscilloscopes - very quickly could become closed if the underlying problem was a random process such as jitter or noise.
The recipient of traffic that has been policed will observe packet loss distributed throughout periods when incoming traffic exceeded the contract. If the source does not limit its sending rate (for example, through a feedback mechanism), this will continue, and may appear to the recipient as if link errors or some other disruption is causing random packet loss. The received traffic, which has experienced policing en route, will typically comply with the contract, although jitter may be introduced by elements in the network downstream of the policer. With reliable protocols, such as TCP as opposed to UDP, the dropped packets will not be acknowledged by the receiver, and therefore will be resent by the emitter, thus generating more traffic.
This is especially true where the transfers over the bus or network are cyclically scheduled (as is commonly the case with MIL-STD-1553B and STANAG 3910, and necessarily so with AFDX and TTEthernet) but the application processes are asynchronous, e.g. pre- emptively scheduled, or only plesiosynchronous with this schedule. In this case, the maximum delay and jitter will be twice the update rate for the cyclic transfer (transfers wait up to the update interval between release and transmission and again wait up to the update interval between delivery and use). With both AFDX and TTEthernet, there are additional functions required of the interfaces to the network for the transmission of critical data, etc.
A phase detector for a bang-bang charge pump must always have a dead band where the phases of inputs are close enough that the detector fires either both or neither of the charge pumps, for no total effect. Bang-bang phase detectors are simple, but are associated with significant minimum peak-to-peak jitter, because of drift within the dead band. In 1976 it was shown that by using a three-state phase detector configuration (using only two flip-flops) instead of the original RCA/Motorola twelve-state configurations, this problem could be elegantly overcome. For other types of phase-frequency detectors other, though possibly less-elegant, solutions exist to the dead zone phenomenon.
An injection-locked oscillator (ILO) is usually based on cross- coupled LC oscillator. It has been employed for frequency division or jitter reduction in PLL, with the input of pure sinusoidal waveform. It was employed in continuous mode clock and data recovery (CDR) or clock recovery to perform clock restoration from the aid of either preceding pulse generation circuit to convert non-return-to-zero (NRZ) data to pseudo-return-to-zero (PRZ) format or nonideal retiming circuit residing at the transmitter side to couple the clock signal into the data.[54] T. Gabara, "An 0.25 μm CMOS injection locked 5.6 Gbit/s clock and data recovery cell," in Symposium on Integrated Circuits and Systems Design 1999, pp.
The IETF Deterministic Networking (DetNet) Working Group is working to define deterministic data paths with bounds on latency, loss, and packet delay variation (jitter), and high reliability. DetNet shall operate over both Layer 2 bridged segments and Layer 3 routed segments, relying on interoperability with AVB/TSN switches when possible. One of the possible application of DetNet is professional audio/video, such as music and film production, broadcast, cinema, live sound, and large venue (stadiums, halls, conference centers, theme parks, airports, train terminals, etc.) systems for public addressing, media streaming and emergency announcement. The stated goal is to enable geographically distributed, campus/enterprise-wide Intranet for content delivery with bounded low latency (10-15 ms).
DuBois has taught interactive music and video performance at a number of institutions, including Columbia, Princeton University, the School of Visual Arts, and the Music Technology and interactive telecommunications programs at New York University. In 2008 he began teaching as a full-time professor at the NYU Tandon School of Engineering, where he currently serves as co-director of the Integrated Digital Media program and director of the Brooklyn Experimental Media Center; his academic position consists of a triple appointment between the Engineering School, Music Technology, and ITP. As a graduate student at Columbia he was a contributor to Real-Time Cmix. Since 2000 he has worked for Cycling '74 on Max/MSP/Jitter.
But digital ground current must not pass through the analog grounding system, where voltage drop due to the finite ground impedance would cause noise to be injected into the analog circuits. Phase lock loop circuits are particularly vulnerable because the VCO loop filter circuit is working with sub-microvolt signals when the loop is locked, and any disturbance will cause frequency jitter and possible loss of lock. Generally, the analog and digital parts of the circuit are in separate areas of the PCB, with their own ground planes, and these are tied together at a carefully chosen star point. Where analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are in use, the star point may have to be at or very close to the ground terminals of the ADC(s).
A continuous pilot-tone, if added to the signal – as was done on V2000 and many Hi-band formats – can keep mechanical jitter under control and assist timebase correction. These FM systems are unusual, in that they have a ratio of carrier to maximum modulation frequency of less than two; contrast this with FM audio broadcasting, where the ratio is around 10,000. Consider, for example, a 6-MHz carrier modulated at a 3.5-MHz rate; by Bessel analysis, the first sidebands are on 9.5 and 2.5 MHz and the second sidebands are on 13 MHz and −1 MHz. The result is a reversed-phase sideband on +1 MHz; on demodulation, this results in unwanted output at 6 – 1 = 5 MHz.
Wright initially developed software within the Max/Msp/Jitter and Csound environments as a way of creating methods to perform otherwise impossible music, as in the case of the 8 channel audio/video mixer devised for 'Harp Set', and the sample/processing/difussion system of 'Polarities'. These have quickly become outmoded as live/electronic mixed music has become more mainstream. Wright's approach to software design as a method of interfacing with the digital world during live performance brings software design (as in the case of 'Crosswire' and 'Sound games') closer to instrument building, focusing on methods of physical interaction e.g. mouse, Wii Remote and motion tracking controls which provide a wide range of expression yet demand the precision of physical control expected by an instrumental performer.
This audio was somewhat poor, due to a large amount of jitter occurring from the signal being played back from the disk packs. The video was also of less than stellar quality, due to it being recorded in skip-field mode (which was done to extend recording time on the disk packs). But all of this did not matter, since the 600's main purpose was solely for off-line editing, in order to create an Edit Decision List (EDL) for later on-line editing. The 600 was paired with the CMX-200, which took the EDL information from the 600, and used it to control several VTRs to auto-assemble the video program in the on-line editing stage.
MightySat II in orbit (artist's impression) MightySat II.1 was manufactured by Spectrum Astro in a modular approach, using, e.g., VME-based subsystems, and a planar payload deck for small experimental payloads. The satellite measured 0.67m x 0.83m x 0.86m (WxLxH) and had a launch weight of 123.7 kg (Bus Mass: 87.1 kg). Power was provided by 2-axis articulated Si solar arrays with a designed end- of-life power output of 330 W. The attitude determination and control subsystem featured a 3-axis zero-momentum-bias reaction wheel assembly with a Sun sensor, a star tracker and inertial measurement units, delivering an attitude jitter of 15.7 arcsec/sec, and pointing accuracy and knowledge of 648 and 540 arcsec, respectively.
WiNoC in the 3D-chiplet Some researchers think that NoCs need to support quality of service (QoS), namely achieve the various requirements in terms of throughput, end-to-end delays, fairness, and deadlines. Real-time computation, including audio and video playback, is one reason for providing QoS support. However, current system implementations like VxWorks, RTLinux or QNX are able to achieve sub-millisecond real-time computing without special hardware. This may indicate that for many real-time applications the service quality of existing on-chip interconnect infrastructure is sufficient, and dedicated hardware logic would be necessary to achieve microsecond precision, a degree that is rarely needed in practice for end users (sound or video jitter need only tenth of milliseconds latency guarantee).
Fig 6: Output-voltage Ripple with SNJ Present Fig. 7 Output-voltage Ripple after SNJ Conditioning Since SNJ occurs on a random basis, the most effective measurement technique employs a determination of how often it occurs. The DPX (digital phosphor) technique from Tektronix is particularly useful, as it directly outputs event density in the form of a histogram analysis. Thanks to the introduction of event density as an additional measurement dimension, a DPX Spectrum display can be used to discriminate between load-induced and jitter-induced movement of the waveform, adding an additional dimension to frequency and amplitude. The color temperature spectrum (“Z” axis) shows the number of occurrences of signals (or ‘event density’) over a set period of time.
Movie Projector with hand crank and geneva drive Geneva stop with five spokes One application of the Geneva drive is in film movie projectors and movie cameras, where the film is pulled through an exposure gate with periodic starts and stops. The film advances frame by frame, each frame standing still in front of the lens for a portion of the frame cycle (typically at a rate of 24 cycles per second), and rapidly accelerating, advancing, and decelerating during the rest of the cycle. This intermittent motion is implemented by a Geneva drive, which in turn actuates a claw that engages sprocket holes in the film. The Geneva drive also provides a precisely repeatable stopped position, which is critical to minimizing jitter in the successive images.
The IEEE committee defined C37.94 as a programmable n x 64 kbit/s (n=1...12) multimode optical fiber interface to provide transparent communications between teleprotection relays and multiplexers for distances of up to 2 km. To reach longer distances, the power industry later adopted a single mode optical fiber interface as well. The standard defines the protection and communications equipment inside a substation using optical fibers, the method for clock recovery, the jitter tolerances allowed in the signals, the physical connection method, and the actions the protection equipment must follow when any kind of network anomalies and faults occur. C37.94 was already implemented by many protection relay manufacturers such as ABB, SEL, RFL, and RAD; and tester manufacturers such as ALBEDO and VEEX.
It was found that a combination of the jitter and blocking rate of the acetylcholine receptors caused a reduced end-plate potential similar to what is seen in cases of myasthenia gravis. Research of motor unit potentials (MUPs) has led to possible clinical applications in the evaluation of the progression of pathological diseases to myogenic or neurogenic origins by measuring the irregularity constant related. Motor unit potentials are the electrical signals produced by motor units that can be characterized by amplitude, duration, phase, and peak, and the irregularity coefficient (IR) is calculated based on the peak numbers and amplitudes. Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome is a disorder where presynaptic calcium channels are subjected to autoimmune destruction which causes fewer neurotransmitter vesicles to be exocytosed.
Due to the rise in the awareness of the implications of g-jitter, accelerometers with capabilities to attune to a hectic low-gravity environment have begun to be incorporated within space vehicles. Past experiments conducted in the Space Shuttle environment have served as a base to correlate g-jitter's effects to testing in material science and numerically model the residual acceleration to help devise specific experiments for a particular environment. Methods for the analysis of acceleration readings are readily available, but the difficult task of shifting through all the raw data can be facilitated by keeping a timeline of the recorded events and correlate them to a respective residual acceleration.Rogers, M.J.B. and Alexander, J.I.D. "A strategy for residual acceleration data reduction and dissemination--from orbiting space laboratories".
For synchronization a distributed clock mechanism is applied, which leads to very low jitter, significantly less than 1 μs, even if the communication cycle jitters, which is equivalent to the IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol standard (PTP). Therefore, EtherCAT does not require special hardware in the master device and can be implemented in software on any standard Ethernet MAC, even without dedicated communication coprocessor. The typical process of establishing a distributed clock is initiated by the master by sending a broadcast to all slaves to a certain address. Upon reception of this message, all slaves will latch the value of their internal clock twice, once when the message is received and once when it returns (remember EtherCAT has a ring topology).
Quality of service (QoS) is the description or measurement of the overall performance of a service, such as a telephony or computer network or a cloud computing service, particularly the performance seen by the users of the network. To quantitatively measure quality of service, several related aspects of the network service are often considered, such as packet loss, bit rate, throughput, transmission delay, availability, jitter, etc. In the field of computer networking and other packet-switched telecommunication networks, quality of service refers to traffic prioritization and resource reservation control mechanisms rather than the achieved service quality. Quality of service is the ability to provide different priorities to different applications, users, or data flows, or to guarantee a certain level of performance to a data flow.
In telecommunication, degradation is the loss of quality of an electronic signal, which may be categorized as either "graceful" or "catastrophic", and has the following meanings: #The deterioration in quality, level, or standard of performance of a functional unit. #In communications, a condition in which one or more of the required performance parameters fall outside predetermined limits, resulting in a lower quality of service. There are several forms and causes of degradation in electric signals, both in the time domain and in the physical domain, including runt pulse, voltage spike, jitter, wander, swim, drift, glitch, ringing, crosstalk, antenna effect (not the same antenna effect as in IC manufacturing), and phase noise. Degradation usually refers to reduction in quality of an analog or digital signal.
Aspects of Junita plays upon the work of Andrew Lloyd Webber, including The Phantom of the Opera, Evita, Jesus Christ Superstar, Sunset Boulevard, Cats, Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat and Starlight Express. In this sung-through pop opera, Junita hopes that becoming a superstar, despite her lack of talent, will allow her to get out of paying her rent from the mysterious Sir Phantom Jitter. As her boyfriend Bill bemoans the lack of communication in their relationship (due to the fact that they literally cannot talk), and fading diva Abigail von Starr advises her to go over the top, Junita falls under Phantom Jitter's spell, only for an errant Chandelier to bring things literally crashing down to a spectacular climax.
The generic cell rate algorithm (GCRA) is a leaky bucket-type scheduling algorithm for the network scheduler that is used in Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks. It is used to measure the timing of cells on virtual channels (VCs) and or Virtual Paths (VPs) against bandwidth and jitter limits contained in a traffic contract for the VC or VP to which the cells belong. Cells that do not conform to the limits given by the traffic contract may then be re- timed (delayed) in traffic shaping, or may be dropped (discarded) or reduced in priority (demoted) in traffic policing. Nonconforming cells that are reduced in priority may then be dropped, in preference to higher priority cells, by downstream components in the network that are experiencing congestion.
In the early 1980s, the Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees (TCO), a worker's union, foresaw that computers would become an important work utility and sought to establish ergonomic and radiation standards for computer displays to protect their members from health issues by daily use. Back then, the increasing use of computers and monitors in white collar work environments caused widespread complaints from employees experiencing visual fatigue and visual stress during after-work hours (also called "VDU sickness"). In fact, early generations of computer displays were frequently related to eye strains and headache due to flickering, jitter and radiation. In 1986, TCO published a basic list of requirements and test protocols to verify if a display was fit for continuous daily use as a help for employers to choose the right hardware for work places.
Network emulation is the act of introducing a device to a test network (typically in a lab environment) that alters packet flow in such a way as to mimic the behavior of a production, or live, network -- such as a LAN or WAN. This device may be either a general-purpose computer running software to perform the network emulation or a dedicated emulation device which usually does link emulation. Network emulators incorporate a varying amount of standard network attributes into their designs including: the round-trip time across the network (latency), the amount of available bandwidth, a given degree of packet loss, duplication of packets, reordering packets, corruption and modification of packets, and/or the severity of network jitter. It is commonly known that networks are imperfect -- private or public.
However, in a SPAD, the reverse bias is so high that a phenomenon called impact ionisation occurs which is able to cause an avalanche current to develop. Simply, a photo-generated carrier is accelerated by the electric field in the device to a kinetic energy which is enough to overcome the ionisation energy of the bulk material, knocking electrons out of an atom. A large avalanche of current carriers grows exponentially and can be triggered from as few as a single photon-initiated carrier. A SPAD is able to detect single photons providing short duration trigger pulses that can be counted. However, they can also be used to obtain the time of arrival of the incident photon due to the high speed that the avalanche builds up and the device’s low timing jitter.
If the clock arrival times at individual registers are viewed as variables to be adjusted in order to minimize the clock period while satisfying the setup and hold inequalities for all of the paths through the circuit, then the result is a Linear Programming problem. In this linear program, zero clock skew is merely a feasible point - the solution to the linear program generally gives a clock period that is less than what is achieved by zero skew. In addition, safety margins greater than or equal to the zero skew case can be guaranteed by setting setup and hold times and jitter bound appropriately in the linear program. Due to the simple form of this linear program, an easily programmed algorithm is available for arriving at a solution.
Network latency (link offset) is the time difference between the moment an audio stream enters the source (ingress time), marked by RTP timestamp in the media packet, and the moment it leaves the destination (egress time). Latency depends on packet time, propagation and queuing delays, packet processing overhead, and buffering in the destination device; thus minimum latency is the shortest packet time and network forwarding time, which can be less than 1 μs on a point-to-point Gigabit Ethernet link with minimum packet size, but in real-world networks could be twice the packet time. Small buffers decrease latency but may result in drops of audio when media data does not arrive on time. Unexpected changes to network conditions and jitter from packet encoding and processing may require longer buffering and therefore higher latency.
Baldock playing bells with Space Dog, Brighton 2011 The official website describes DJ Bongoboy as a "genial host, broadcaster, polymath, ruthless leader, de-facto king of the moon, Moon-Pope and space- penguin". His real name is Robert Baldock, from East Lothian, a J2EE technical developer by day, "space age bachelor by night". He creates experimental music under the name Aleatory Music Systems using "analogue synths, Java applications and Max/MSP/Jitter", and has performed at the Edinburgh Art Festival and Edinburgh Annuale. He occasionally remixes tracks for the podcast, and has also released items on Bandcamp on behalf of Project Moonbase (with cover art by co-host Fielding) including an album of telephone ringtones Ringtones from Space Volume 1, and a track The Coming of the Dial to accompany telephony-themed podcast episode 208 Dial M For Moonbase.
Annwn has worked closely with celebrated American calligrapher, Thomas Ingmire. Titles include Tabula Gratulatoria, Out of the air, seismograph jitter, 1762011, Asters of Risk, errant inerrancies, Against the odds/St John's Fragment (2014) Going up to Sun Terrace, Shiva of Liquid Club, A pulse walks in, The Zorn Suite and Mary Shelley's Elisions. Some of the fruits of this collaboration featured in the ‘Form and Expression’ exhibition, the Brunnier Art Museum, Iowa State University in 2014 and are the subject of the essays ‘Flying Through’ 8 and ‘Master Calligrapher’s Diodati Tribute’ 9 and in Annwn's lectures at the Letter Exchange, London and The Society of Scribes, New York. In his study, ‘Form & Expression : the Written Word’, Bruce Nixon, art critic, writes: ‘Ingmire’s approach to calligraphy as a mode of research, typified by his relationship with Annwn, is especially intriguing.
The Orono Weekly Times was started by Roy A. Forrester on January 28th, 1937, to fill the void left by the News ending the year previous. Roy A. was born in Clinton, Ontario, and spent 12 years in the printing trade in Beeton. In 1935 he purchased the Oakville Star, leaving two years later for Orono. His tenure lasted until the early 1950s, when his son Roy Clarence/Charles is listed as publisher in the March 1st, 1951 issue. Popular columns over the years have included “Farm Front” by John Russell, “Your Family counselor” by Anne Hirst, “Chronicles of Ginger Farm” by Gwendoline D. Clarke and Arthur Black’s “Basic Black”. Featured comics included “Jitter” by Arthur Pointer and “Regular Fellers” by Gene Byrnes, and the wartime issues are a fantastic resource, featuring full pages of 1940s era comics.
Another common use of aperture priority mode is to indirectly affect shutter speed for a desired effect. In landscape photography, a user might select a small aperture when photographing a waterfall, so that the camera will select a slow shutter speed (to allow a sufficient amount of light to reach the film or sensor for proper exposure), thereby causing the water to blur through the frame. At the contrary, a larger aperture allows to shorten the shutter speed reducing the hand jitter by taking a picture without a tripod or, in alternative, a lower ISO to enhance the image quality by reducing the noise. When shooting a portrait in dim lighting, the photographer might choose to open the lens to its maximum aperture in hopes of getting enough light for a good exposure while maintaining the shortest possible shutter speed to reduce blur.
The second bucket has an emission interval of 1/PCR and a limit value τPCR that allows for the CDV up to that point in the path of the connection: see leaky bucket#Delay Variation Tolerance. Cells are then allowed through at the PCR, with jitter of τPCR, up to a maximum number of MBS cells. The next burst of MBS cells will then be allowed through starting MBS x 1/SCR after the first. If the cells arrive in a burst at a rate higher than 1/PCR (MBS cells arrive in less than (MBS - 1)/PCR - τPCR), or more than MBS cells arrive at the PCR, or bursts of MBS cells arrive closer than IMT apart, the dual leaky bucket will detect this and delay (shaping) or drop or de- prioritize (policing) enough cells to make the connection conform.
If packets are delayed by the network, some packets arrive in bursts with interpacket delays shorter than when they were transmitted, while others are delayed such that they arrive with greater delay between packets than when they were transmitted from the source (see figure below). This time difference between when a packet actually arrives and the expected arrival time is defined as packet jitter or time distortion.IneoQuest. "Media Delivery Index Application Note" Time distortion in Ethernet packet switched networks A receiver displaying the video at its nominal rate must accommodate the varying input stream arrival times by buffering the data arriving early and assuring that there is enough already stored data to face the possible delays in the received data (because of this the buffer is filled before displaying). Similarly, the network infrastructure (switches, routers,…) uses buffers at each node to avoid packet loss.
Like the RCA system, the signal is recorded on the discs as variations in capacitance, a conductive coating on the disc itself forming part of a resonant circuit. A diamond stylus reads the signal, though unlike CED there are no actual grooves—the stylus follows the tracks electronically, like a compact disc. This means less wear, though there is still physical contact (unlike LaserDisc) so some wear would still occur. The discs contain two frames (four fields) per revolution, and play in CAV mode, which makes play simple, as all frames start at the same place on the disc, but having two frames per rotation means that true freeze frame is not possible — there would be some "jitter" on moving sequences (discs which were designed to be used a frame at a time - such as picture catalogues - doubled up the frames, to get true stills at the cost of reduced capacity).
The Iranian calendar is an observational calendar that starts on the spring equinox and adds a single intercalated day to the last month (Esfand) once every four or five years; the first leap year occurs as the fifth year of the typical 33-year cycle and the remaining leap years occur every four years through the remainder of the 33-year cycle. This system has less periodic deviation or jitter from its mean year than the Gregorian calendar, and operates on the simple rule that the vernal equinox always falls in the 24-hour period ending at noon on New Year's Day. The 33-year period is not completely regular; every so often the 33-year cycle will be broken by a cycle of 29 years. A similar rule has been proposed to simplify the Gregorian calendar.Dr Jeremy Shears, President, British Astronomical Association, personal communication (JBAA 2015/022), 3 September 2015.
Perpetual Art Machine (PAM) was founded in New York City in January 2006 by artists Chris Borkowski, Aaron M. Miller, Raphaele Shirley and Lee Wells in collaboration with Alexis Hubshman, president of the Scope art fair. Through the use of open source CMS and DAM software such as Joomla and Gallery2, streaming video technologies and custom software developed in Max/MSP and Jitter, as well as MySQL, PAM has become a video art portal on the internet. Since its first installation in at the Scope New York art fair in March 2006 PAM has grown via its web site into a free community of more than 900 artists from over 50 countries and consists of over 1000 video art works on-line and in its interactive video installation. PAM has featured a number of notable video artists, including Lev Manovich, Janet Biggs, and John Criscitello.
Olivia Hallinan plays an intelligent schoolgirl named Julia Jekyll who makes a special drink called an elixir for a science project, but two school bullies named Nicole and Sharon known as "The Blister Sisters" ruin her experiment by placing all kinds of dangerous things in her drink including a hair restoring formula. When Julia sips the drink during a demonstration, she turns into a huge hairy monster named Harriet Hyde that scares the living daylights out of most of the people around her, even though she is harmless and friendly to most. Julia's parents are fond of Harriet and believe she is Julia's friend, not knowing that Harriet and Julia were the same person. However their next-door neighbours, Jason and Mona Jitter, a neurotic couple who spent most of their time at a therapist's, were terrified of Harriet and had numerous unfortunate encounters with her.
The leaky bucket as a meter can be used in either traffic shaping or traffic policing. For example, in ATM networks, in the form of the generic cell rate algorithm, it is used to compare the bandwidth and burstiness of traffic on a Virtual Channel (VC) or Virtual Path (VP) against the specified limits on the rate at which cells may arrive and the maximum jitter, or variation in inter-arrival intervals, for the VC or VP. In traffic policing, cells that do not conform to these limits (nonconforming cells) may be discarded (dropped) or may be reduced in priority (for downstream traffic management functions to drop if there is congestion). In traffic shaping, cells are delayed until they conform. Traffic policing and traffic shaping are commonly used in UPC/NPC to protect the network against excess or excessively bursty traffic, see bandwidth management and congestion avoidance.
Deterministic Networking (DetNet) is an effort by the IETF DetNet Working Group to study implementation of deterministic data paths for real-time applications with extremely low data loss rates, packet delay variation (jitter), and bounded latency, such as audio and video streaming, industrial automation, and vehicle control. DetNet operates at the IP Layer 3 routed segments using a Software-Defined Networking layer to provide IntServ and DiffServ integration, and delivers service over lower Layer 2 bridged segments using technologies such as MPLS and IEEE 802.1 Time-Sensitive Networking. Deterministic Networking aims to migrate time-critical, high-reliability industrial control and audio-video applications from special-purpose Fieldbus networks (HDMI, CAN bus, PROFIBUS, RS-485, RS-422/RS-232, and I²C) to packet networks and the IP in particular. DetNet will support both the new applications and existing IT applications on the same physical network.
The short switching time suggests electrons from the trigger discharge and the corresponding secondary electrons knocked from the anode as the initiation of the switching operation; the vaporized material travels too slowly through the gap to play significant role. The repeatability of the triggering can be improved by special coating of the surface between the trigger electrode and the cathode, and the jitter can be improved by doping the trigger substrate and modifying the trigger probe structures. Sprytrons can degrade in storage, by outgassing from their components, diffusion of gases (especially hydrogen) through the metal components, and gas leaks through the hermetic seals; an example tube manufactured with internal pressure of 0.001 Pa will exhibit spontaneous gap breakdowns when the pressure inside rises to 1 Pa. Accelerated testing of storage life can be done by storing in increased ambient pressure, optionally with added helium, for leak testing, and increased temperature storage (150 °C) for outgassing testing. Sprytrons can be made miniaturized and rugged.
Meanwhile, in 2005, three groups sequentially established ChR2 as a tool for genetically targeted optical remote control (optogenetics) of neurons, neural circuits and behavior. At first, Karl Deisseroth's lab (in a paper published in August 2005) demonstrated that ChR2 could be deployed to control mammalian neurons in vitro, achieving temporal precision on the order of milliseconds (both in terms of delay to spiking and in terms of temporal jitter). This was a significant finding, since, first, all opsins (microbial as well as vertebrate) require retinal as the light-sensing co-factor and it was unclear whether central mammalian nerve cells would contain sufficient retinal levels, but they do; second, it showed, despite the small single- channel conductance, sufficient potency to drive mammalian neurons above action potential threshold; and, third, it demonstrated channelrhodopsin to be the first optogenetic tool, with which neural activity could be controlled with the temporal precision at which neurons operate (milliseconds).
Beginning in the 1980s several digital signal-processing and coding techniques were introduced into disk drives to improve the drive error-rate performance for operation at higher areal densities and for reducing manufacturing and servicing costs. In the early 1990s, partial-response class-4 (PR4) signal shaping in conjunction with maximum-likelihood sequence detection, eventually known as PRML technique replaced the peak detection systems that used run-length-limited (RLL) (d,k)-constrained coding. This development paved the way for future applications of advanced coding and signal-processing techniques in magnetic data storage. NPML detection was first described in 1996 and eventually found wide application in HDD read channel design. The “noise predictive” concept was later extended to handle autoregressive (AR) noise processes and autoregressive moving-average (ARMA) stationary noise processes The concept was extended to include a variety of non-stationary noise sources, such as head, transition jitter and media noise; it was applied to various post- processing schemes.
Q.2931ITU-T Recommendation Q.2931 Digital Subscriber Signalling System No. 2 – User-Network Interface (UNI) layer 3 specification for basic call/connection control is a modified and extended variant of Q.931 for use on "B-ISDN" or ATM networks. Q.2931 fulfils a purpose within BISDN similar to that of Q.931 in ISDN. Whilst ISDN allocates bandwidth in fixed 64k increments, B-ISDN/ATM incorporates an elaborate traffic management scheme, allowing precise specification of virtual circuit traffic parameters such as peak and mean bandwidth, jitter, cell loss ratio and so on. In order that ATM switches can manage bandwidth allocation in the network, encodings to express these parameters were added in Q.2931.for example, see the Extended Quality of Service or eQoS Information Element, which can indicate many quality of service parameters' Unlike Q.931, although Q.2931 was implemented by many switch manufacturers, it was never widely deployed.
Instead of the head-up display mounted atop the dashboard of earlier fighters, the HMDS puts flight and combat information on the helmet visor, allowing the pilot to see it no matter which way he or she is facing. Infrared and night vision imagery from the Distributed Aperture System can be displayed directly on the HMDS and enables the pilot to "see through" the aircraft. The HDMS allows an F-35 pilot to fire missiles at targets even when the nose of the aircraft is pointing elsewhere by cuing missile seekers at high angles off-boresight."F-35 Distributed Aperture System EO DAS". YouTube. Retrieved 23 November 2009. Each helmet costs $400,000. The HMDS weighs more than traditional helmets, and there is concern that it can endanger lightweight pilots during ejection. Due to the HMDS's vibration, jitter, night-vision and sensor display problems during development, Lockheed Martin and Elbit issued a draft specification in 2011 for an alternative HMDS based on the AN/AVS-9 night vision goggles as backup, with BAE Systems chosen later that year.
Dancing the jitterbug, Los Angeles, 1939 According to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) the word "jitterbug" is a combination of the words "jitter" and "bug"; both words are of unknown origin. The first use of the word "jitters" quoted by the OED is from 1929, Act II of the play Strictly Dishonorable by Preston Sturges where the character Isabelle says: "Willie's got the jitters" is answered by a judge "Jitters?" to which Isabelle answers "You know, he makes faces all the time." The second quote in the OED is from the N.Y. Press from 2 April 1930: "The game is played only after the mugs and wenches have taken on too much gin and they arrive at the state of jitters, a disease known among the common herd as heebie jeebies." According to H. W. Fry in his review of Dictionary of Word Origins by Joseph Twadell Shipley in 1945 the word "jitters" "is from a spoonerism ['bin and jitters' for 'gin and bitters']...and originally referred to one under the influence of gin and bitters".
The actions for UPC and NPC in the ATM protocol are defined in ITU-T Recommendation I.371 Traffic control and congestion control in B ISDN and the ATM Forum's User-Network Interface (UNI) Specification. These provide a conformance definition, using a form of the leaky bucket algorithm called the Generic Cell Rate Algorithm (GCRA), which specifies how cells are checked for conformance with a cell rate, or its reciprocal emission interval, and jitter tolerance: either a Cell Delay Variation tolerance (CDVt) for testing conformance to the Peak Cell Rate (PCR) or a Burst Tolerance or Maximum Burst Size (MBS) for testing conformance to the Sustainable Cell Rate (SCR). UPC and NPC define a Maximum Burst Size (MBS) parameter on the average or Sustained Cell Rate (SCR), and a Cell Delay Variation tolerance (CDVt) on the Peak Cell Rate (PCR) at which the bursts are transmitted. This MBS can be derived from or used to derive the maximum variation between the arrival time of traffic in the bursts from the time it would arrive at the SCR, i.e.

No results under this filter, show 444 sentences.

Copyright © 2024 RandomSentenceGen.com All rights reserved.