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"indenture" Definitions
  1. a type of contract in the past that forced a servant or apprentice to work for their employer for a particular period of time

728 Sentences With "indenture"

How to use indenture in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "indenture" and check conjugation/comparative form for "indenture". Mastering all the usages of "indenture" from sentence examples published by news publications.

The notes, which are being issued under Costco's First Supplemental Indenture dated March 20, 2002 which supplements the original indenture dated Oct.
Ebay issued the senior notes under the indenture dated Oct.
Trumpcare, by contrast, enshrines indenture as a facet of personal liberty.
Last year the 1860 Indian Museum, dedicated to indenture, opened in Durban.
We have, after all, reintroduced indenture disguised as college and payday loans.
Sullivan's language was unequivocal, stating "the exchange offer is explicitly prohibited by the indenture".
We know that working families should indenture themselves for life to predatory lending agencies.
The interest payment deferral does not constitute an event of default under the indenture.
Marblegate sued to force Education Management to pay in full, invoking the Trust Indenture Act.
"But remembering indenture, just as we remember slavery, is at the heart of that identity."
Host will issue the Series G notes under its existing indenture dated May 2110, 21000.
It said the bond indenture allowed the exchange offer to include the new secured bonds.
Perhaps they considered it a small price to pay for a different hell they left behind, as Gaiutra Bahadur ponders in her extensive historical work Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture about her great-grandmother's arrival in Guyana and the broader context of Indian indenture.
The bonds will be issued under the New Master Trust Indenture (MTI) which became effective Aug.
Gaiutra Bahadur, author of Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture, is a professor at Rutgers-Newark.
The indenture of the proposed bond restricts the amount of prior-ranking debt that JPL can have.
Children shouldn't have to indenture themselves in order to fully develop their skills, those activists are saying.
Indian South Africans are "proud to be Indian", says Mr Kassie, but "don't like to talk about indenture much".
The new notes will be issued under the indenture governing the existing 0003% PGNs and will have the same terms.
"Slavery under a different name" is how The British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society described the indenture system in 1839.
One of them was a black man, John Casor, who had fulfilled his time of indenture and sought his freedom.
When Franklin printed the broadside, he had broken the terms of his indenture in Boston and run away to Philadelphia.
However, the court said Marblegate could not invoke the Trust Indenture Act to retain an "absolute and unconditional" right to payment.
A credit analyst at a hedge fund said it was unusual that the judge expressed an opinion on the secured indenture.
There is no way I could ever afford to go to Europa, even if I signed up for an indenture program.
The notes rank pari passu with all of Marriott's senior unsecured debt and will be issued under its indenture dated Nov.
The group said it had received consents from bondholders allowing it to change the indenture governing the 4.75 pct notes due 2020.
A commonly used technique is to have the old bondholders agree to change the bond indenture on the way out the door.
But there is also power in the complementary argument that Republicans have coopted the language of freedom to impose a form of indenture.
Its ability to access additional debt is limited due to an incurrence covenant in its bond indenture that limits debt/EBITDA to 13x.
The notes will be issued by PepsiCo under the indenture dated May 21, 2007 and will rank equally with PepsiCo's senior unsecured obligations.
SECURITY The bonds will be secured by a pledge of the obligated group's (OG) gross revenues and notes under a 2014 Master Trust Indenture.
"We believe these are a fraudulent transfer," said Richard Pedone of Nixon Peabody LLP, an attorney for the EFH Indenture Trustee, which represents the noteholders.
And bondholders who want real protection from that need to think about getting that protection in the form of real covenants in the bond indenture.
Such sudden altruism will likely inspire copycats but, without structural change, the system will continue to indenture college graduates, whose debt burden totals $1.6 trillion.
But the judge added that the creation of new securitisation notes - a key aspect of the exchange - would breach the terms of the secured bond's indenture.
After the case moved to federal court, the judge there said the exchange offer was probably impermissible under the indenture, but he refused to block it.
Oklahoma-based BOKF NA, as indenture trustee, had overseen the offerings which raised $190 million from investors who believed they had a stake in retirement home income.
In short, the judge was saying that any violation of the indenture could be rectified by the payment of money damages or other remedies after the fact.
The senior unsecured rating reflects provisions in the indenture for the proposed bond, which limits prior-ranking debt to levels commensurate with Fitch's guidelines for low structural subordination.
When the Indian Legislative Council finally ended indenture, a century ago, it did so because of pressure from Indian nationalists and declining profitability, rather than from humanitarian concerns.
Certain secured bondholders sued to block the exchange offer, arguing that it was not permitted by the contract under which they purchased the bonds — known as an indenture.
Sullivan said that while the secured bond's indenture allows for a "qualified securitisation financing", using new securitisation notes in an exchange offer would be classed as a "prohibited refinancing".
Tech industries lobbied hard for the loophole to further indenture H-1B guest workers to their assigned employer and thus keeping them more pliant than uppity American tech workers.
California tomato growers evinced little interest in mechanization until it became clear that their prized labor source, "bracero" guest workers imported from Mexico under conditions of near indenture, was threatened.
Ingrid obviously loved him without the implied indenture, as she loved all her friends, a blessed bunch who could do no wrong because she herself had deemed them just right.
The court ordered Cash America to pay a make-whole premium to bondholders, because the sale of the majority of a wholly owned subsidiary violated covenants in its bond indenture.
This is because US district judge Richard Sullivan said that the creation of new securitisation notes - a key aspect of the exchange - would breach the terms of the secured bond's indenture.
"An indenture implies two people have entered into a contract with each other but slavery is not a contract," said Leslie Harris, a professor of African-American history at Northwestern University.
The U.S. Court of Appeals in Manhattan said a lower court erred in its ruling that a Depression-era law, the Trust Indenture Act, barred Education Management's plan to restructure its debt.
About the Fitch 50 Published annually, the Fitch 05403 is a high-profile compendium covering organizational structure diagrams, liquidity profiles, and credit agreement/indenture summaries of the largest 50 leveraged loan issuers.
Losing records on perhaps one of the key radicalization grounds on the internet for white nationalism doesn't exactly indenture much faith the bureau sees neo-Nazi terror on the same level as ISIS.
The company recently completed a consent solicitation exercise to amend the trust indenture of its Philippine peso retail bonds, increasing the maximum consolidated debt/equity covenant ratio to 2.5x from the current 2.0x (1H16: 1.4x).
The proposed guarantors represented, after deducting intercompany eliminations, GBP88.1 million, or 0003%, of EBITDA (as defined in indenture) and GBP248.1 million, or 94.6%, of Ocado's net assets for the 52 weeks ended 27 November 2016.
This new series stretches the episodes to a half-hour and gives her a family: a hypochondriac mother (Angela Kinsey), a sensible sister (Francesca Reale) and a besotted neighbor (Erik Stocklin) who lets Miranda indenture him.
The first-lien obligations, including the bank debt and the first-lien secured notes, are guaranteed by all material wholly owned U.S. subsidiaries of HCA that are "unrestricted subsidiaries" under the HCA unsecured note indenture dated Dec.
U.S. District Judge George Daniels in Manhattan ruled on Tuesday that Commerzbank may pursue breach of contract and negligence claims, as well as a claim that Bank of New York Mellon violated the federal Trust Indenture Act.
In a ruling against pawn shop operator Cash America, the court ordered the company to pay a make-whole premium to bondholders because the sale of the majority of a wholly owned subsidiary violated covenants in its bond indenture.
Because of restrictions on the guarantor group as stipulated by the 1993 indenture, the credit facilities and first-lien notes are not 100% secured; the subsidiary guarantors of the first-lien obligations comprised about 45% of consolidated total assets.
The 11.25% senior secured PGNs due 2021 have a first-priority interest and a mortgage pledge in the stock of iHeart and the intercompany debt of wholly owned domestic subsidiaries of iHeart that are not restricted by the legacy note indenture.
Although they are not treated as the property of ­"owners," these victims of debt bondage, kidnapping and childhood indenture as domestic servants are not free to leave their work and are vulnerable to exploitation and high levels of control and abuse.
However, Fitch's rating case does not assume dividends or incremental inter-company loans to Dell, although Fitch believes the absence of restrictions on restricted payments and inter-company loans in VMware's senior unsecured notes indenture provides Dell with mechanisms to access VMware's cash.
Coverage of pro forma maximum annual debt service (MADS) of $220.6 million was 5.6x in fiscal 2015 based on the Master Trust Indenture (MTI) calculation and MADS represented a 2.3% of total system revenues, both in line with Fitch's 'AA' category medians.
The deal includes GE Appliances' 48.4% stake in Mabe, which has a joint venture with GE. Under the current indenture, the acquisition would trigger a change of control clause on the 2019s, requiring Mabe to repurchase the notes at a price of 101.00.
A charge sheet of Britain's efforts in India—and every territory colonised can produce an equivalent—might list partition, the man-made Bengal famine in 1943 (which resulted in an estimated 3m deaths), the wretched labour system of indenture and the looting of state wealth.
So, putting that another way, if you accept the concept of student debt as the new social indenture, you are, in all probability, in a long-term, flatlining economy, signing up to be in indebted servitude all your life, simply through enrolling in college.
The outer limit to all this, at least in the corporate context, is provided by the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, also know as the T.I.A. At heart, this law was designed to force restructuring into the then newly created federal corporate bankruptcy system.
As of 211 June 21500, Lodha and certain restricted subsidiaries advanced loans and provided shortfall guarantees to its 21000%-owned joint-venture in London - which is not part of the original restricted group, in excess of the consolidated net income basket limit allowed under the bond indenture.
The limits on how agreements are enforced, and the reality that the sovereign entity has obligations to its citizens that are always going to be more compelling than those that come from a bond indenture or a loan agreement, mean that the analogy to corporate or personal bankruptcy will get you only so far.
Announces consent solicitation relating to its senior notes * Surgery partners inc - surgery center is soliciting consents pursuant to a consent solicitation statement dated may 18, 2017 * Surgery partners-soliciting consents from holders of its 8.875% senior notes due 2021 to approve amendments to certain provisions of indenture governing notes Source text for Eikon: Further company coverage:
Upon the closing of the 4807123 series, the 212001-1 class A ranks pari passu with the 2013-1 class A; the 2016-1 class B with the 2013-13 class B; and the 2016-1 class C with the 2013-1 class C. The new series of securities was issued pursuant to a supplement to the indenture.
Books of The Times To read the poems of Rita Dove, to go where they take you, is to follow her deeply into a series of themes and their subsets: African-Americans in history and right now, ideas of indenture and independence, sex, travel, language (she compares commas to "miniature scythes"), family, motherhood, roomy adult love and whatever is coming out of the radio.
Announces entry into global restructuring agreement * Permian Holdings Inc - entering an out-of-court restructuring of its 10.500% senior secured notes due 2018 * Permian Holdings-global restructuring agreement provides for exchange of notes into 30% of common and preferred equity of a newly formed holding co * Permian Holdings - agreement also provides for purchase of up to $20 million of newly issued five-year promissory notes of Permian * Permian Holdings -in connection with restructuring agreement, obligations of holdings will be assumed by a newly-formed holding co of Tank And Lide * Permian Holdings - got consent of holders of over 99% of outstanding notes to amend indenture to eliminate most "restrictive" covenants, events of default Source text :
In 2002, with historian Dr Marina Carter, Torabully co-authored "Coolitude", a reference in indenture studies worldwide. In 2018, the first International Coolitude Festival was held in Guadeloupe. This very first festival of indenture showcased the dialogue between indenture and dialogue which Torabully has developed for more than two decades.
He was also an indenture of retinue to John of Gaunt.
Indenture of apprenticeship binding Evan Morgan, a child aged 6 years and 11 months, for a period of 14 years, 1 month. Dated Feb. 1, 1823, Sussex Co., Delaware. An indenture was a legal contract enforced by the courts. One indenture reads as follows:Frank R. Diffenderffer, The German Immigration into Pennsylvania Through the Port of Philadelphia, 1700–1775, Genealogical Pub.
Howell, 2008. p421NEIMME: Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell, Bart . Retrieved 28 November 2012. Under an 1850 Indenture,Indenture 1759/13 Charles William Vane, Marquis of Londonderry, Pattinson and Bell declared themselves "chemical manufacturers and co-partners in trade".
The country will designate the classification in the instrument's indenture or prospectus.
Most of the conversions to Christianity took place during the period of indenture.
Bond indenture (also trust indenture or deed of trust) is a legal document issued to lenders and describes key terms such as the interest rate, maturity date, convertibility, pledge, promises, representations, covenants, and other terms of the bond offering. When the offering memorandum is prepared in advance of marketing a bond, the indenture will typically be summarised in the "description of notes" section. In the United States, public debt offerings in excess of $10 million require the use of an indenture of trust under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939. The rationale for this is that it is necessary to establish a collective action mechanism under which creditors can collect in a fair, orderly manner if default takes place (like that which occurs during bankruptcy).
Bradford was also to train Parker the skills of the printing trade. Parker became a liability instead of an asset for Bradford when there was little printing work available. He decided in April 1733 to sell the remaining 21 months left on Parker's servant indenture and advertised the sale of his indenture. Parker ran away on May 17 before Bradford had a chance to sell the remaining indenture.
The property was transferred to Caroline Calvert Morris with her brother George Henry Calvert designated as trustee, thus leaving Caroline's husband with no control over the property.July 10, 1852, indenture in the Howard County land records. With this indenture George H. Calvert transferred the Waterloo properties to Caroline's children to enable them to sell the holdings. The indenture contains a summary of the ownership of the property dating back to the time of William and John Spurrier.
Indenture or coolie trade was out of focus. He decided to address the "silence of the archives".
As trustees of the trust indenture, BB&T; is responsible for allocating receipts into nine different funds.
Only 30 Indians chose to re-indenture after the first indenture period expired in 1868. They accepted the Danish government's offer of a one- time payment of US$40 in exchange for re-indenturing for an additional 5 years and forfeiting their right of free return to India. All 30 of these Indians emigrated to Trinidad, some time after their second indenture period expired in 1873. Some sought employment in the country and settled in Trinidad, while others returned to India.
Complexity increases as levels are closer to one. ;Local effect :The failure effect as it applies to the item under analysis. ;Next higher level effect :The failure effect as it applies at the next higher indenture level. ;End effect :The failure effect at the highest indenture level or total system.
Central Vaidik Mandir in Georgetown About 84% of the East Indian immigrants were Hindu. During the indenture period, the East Indian caste system broke down. Hinduism was redefined, and caste-distinguishing practices were eliminated. Christian missionaries attempted to convert East Indians during the indenture period, beginning in 1852, but met with little success.
Danish plantation owners also began importing Indian workers to St. Croix.Roopnarine, p. 12. This indenture system, however, did not last.
The Indian indenture ships which carried Indians from India to Fiji between 1879 and 1916 were manned mainly by lascars.
Parker ultimately went to Philadelphia and started working for Benjamin Franklin. He worked for Franklin as a journeyman. Franklin persuaded him to return to New York to fulfill his servant indenture agreement with Bradford. After completing his servant indenture agreement (with penalties), Parker returned to Philadelphia, where he lived with Franklin for several years.
At the start of indenture most of the crews of indenture ships were lascars, but they treated their fellow countrymen passengers roughly and also many got sick in the cold weather, south of Australia on the voyage to Fiji. From 1891 attempts were made to employ more Europeans on the ship, but the crew remained predominantly lascar. The indenture ship, Syria, which ran aground on Nasilai Reef on 11 May 1884 had on-board 33 lascars, out of a total crew of 43. Of the 33, three died in the disaster.
One of the best known islands the Irish flocked to when their period of indenture came to an end was Montserrat.
Following Houston's death in 1952, the Indenture was transferred to the community, which was eventually turned into the Andorra Homes Civic Association.
Bucks County, Pennsylvania, who had paid for Mayer to travel from Europe. An indentured servant or indentured laborer is an employee (indenturee) within a system of unfree labor who is bound by a signed or forced contract (indenture) to work without pay for the owner of the indenture for a period of time. The contract often lets the employer sell the labor of an indenturee to a third party. Indenturees usually enter into an indenture for a specific payment or other benefit (such as transportation to a new place), or to meet a legal obligation, such as debt bondage.
John Williams Clinch I died in 1871 and William and James Jr's control of the brewery and other businesses was formalised as part of an extensive family indenture document in 1874. The indenture resolved several disputes and required William and James to effectively 'buy out' a large number of family members for large cash sums and yearly annuities, plus pay the gambling debts of a younger brother. The indenture marked the partial dismemberment of the business 'empire' which had been built by John Williams Clinch I and his father John. James Jr died in 1877 leaving William with a controlling interest.
During the indenture period the servants were not paid cash wages, but were provided with food, accommodation, clothing and training. The indenture document specified how many years the servant would be required to work, after which they would be free. Terms of indenture ranged from one to seven years with typical terms of four or five years.White Servitude , by Richard Hofstadter In southern New England, a variant form of indentured servitude, which controlled the labor of Native Americans through an exploitative debt-peonage system, developed in the late 17th century and continued through to the period of the American Revolution.
Half of an indenture document of 1723 showing the randomly cut edge at the top An indenture is a legal contract that reflects or covers a debt or purchase obligation. It specifically refers to two types of practices: in historical usage, an indentured servant status, and in modern usage, it is an instrument used for commercial debt or real estate transaction.
Compensated emancipation was a method of ending slavery, under which the enslaved person's owner received compensation in exchange for manumitting them. This could be monetary, or it could be a period of labor, an indenture. Cash compensation rarely was equal to the slave's market value. An indenture was seen as a compromise between slavery and outright emancipation, an intermediate step.
"Quoted in Herrick, White Servitude, 291. As for indentured colonists, the reasons for entering into such an arrangement varied. Colonists might indenture themselves or their relations in response to economic circumstances. For example, parents unable to financially support their children might place them under indenture, since the terms of the agreement usually specified the provisioning of "meat, drink, lodging and washing.
Dr Steevens' Hospital in 1780DG18 Dr Steevens' Hospital. Dublin City Council. Retrieved 4 May 2018. Abraham Colles indenture to Philip Woodroffe, 1790Heritage Week at RCSI.
Babu Ram Singh was a Fiji Indian who had come to Fiji under the indenture system and was one of the few people who, after indenture, prospered and made an attempt to help his less fortunate ex-indentured brethren. Babu Ram Singhs surviving Business, Fiji Rubber Stamp Co Ltd is still under operation in Mark Street, Suva, and is looked after by his children.
An indenture is a legal contract between two parties, particularly for indentured labour or a term of apprenticeship but also for certain land transactions. The term comes from the medieval English "indenture of retainer" -- a legal contract written in duplicate on the same sheet, with the copies separated by cutting along a jagged (toothed, hence the term "indenture") line so that the teeth of the two parts could later be refitted to confirm authenticity (chirograph).See for example Brown, M.P., A Guide To Western Historical Scripts From Antiquity to 1600, British Library, 1990, pp. 78-9. Each party to the deed would then retain a part.
The Colonial Report, St. Kitts, 1868, FCOL states that only a "handful" of Indians were indentured in St. Kitts in 1868. The estimated 10 Indians who were still indentured are presumed to have re-indentured, as the original indenture period was five years. The report also emphasizes the "great exodus" of Indians from Saint Kitts to Guyana and Trinidad. Twenty-two Indians died during their indenture period in Saint Kitts.
In 1817, he was released from his indenture by the Haberdashers' Company and married Mary Martha Dutton. The couple had one child, Mary Dutton Pearson, born in 1820.
The Indian indenture system was an ongoing system of indenture, a form of debt bondage, by which 3.5 million Indians were transported to various colonies of European powers to provide labor for the (mainly sugar) plantations. It started from the end of slavery in 1833 and continued until 1920. This resulted in the development of large Indian diaspora, which spread from the Indian Ocean (i.e. Réunion and Mauritius) to Pacific Ocean (i.e.
In 1706, after the indenture was over, Dulany traveled to London, in order to study law. Dulany returned to Maryland and in 1709 was admitted to the Charles County bar.
The subtle difference between slavery and indenture-ship is best seen here as women were still subjected to the control of the plantation owners as well as their newly assigned 'partner'.
The Indian workers were not provided any time to acclimatize to their new surroundings. Per the terms of their contracts, the indenture period was 5 years, or would expire in 1868.
The Warden, Richard Martin, raised charges against Lonyson for intentionally reducing both weight and fineness by the maximum amounts allowed under the indenture, against prior custom and for personal profit. The matter was finally weighed in 1578 by a commission of Privy Council members including Nicholas Bacon (the Lord Keeper), William Cecil, Lord Burghley (the Lord Treasurer), Sir Christopher Hatton, the Earls of Leicester and Sussex, Sir Francis Walsingham, and Sir Walter Mildmay. The wording of Lonyson's indenture was imprecise, and he avoided conviction. Ultimately the Council required Lonyson to coin only on short-term commissions that quite specifically established the Master's portion of precious metals at a level higher than the intention of the original indenture but lower than Lonyson's practice of 1572–76.
This fluidity inspired a coral poetics to the writer, which he developed as a capacity of articulating bio and cultural diversities. Clearly, while being in the process of laying the foundation of indenture studies though his inclusive vision of indenture, Torabully filled a gap in the academic field as there was no theory prior to his work of deconstruction in the intellectual field. In the process, Torabully made it clear that indenture was not only a page of Indian History, but also of Chinese, Malagasy, African, American, Caribbean and European histories. This forms the praxis of the humanism of diversity of coolitude and the basis of a theory of complexity that relates post colonial, post and transmodern constructions, with a strong element of intercultural negotiations and transculturalism.
At first, half of the recruits were women but, in 1840, the proportion was reduced to a third of the number of men. In 1844, the period of indenture was extended to five years with a guarantee that, if they wished, they would get a free passage home at the end of their service. In 1853 the law was again amended to allow the indentured labourers to re-indenture themselves for a second five-year term or, if they wished, to commute any portion of their contract by repayment of a proportionate part of their indenture fee. Newly arrived indentured Indians in Trinidad Industrial unrest on the plantations was gaining momentum to be followed by a deepening depression in the sugar industry in 1884.
William Apess, A Son of the Forest, pp. 28, 1829 When William was eleven, Mr. Furman discovered his ill- formed plans to run away. He never really wanted to leave, but, despite his reassurances, the family he had come to regard as his own sold his indenture to Judge James Hillhouse, a member of the Connecticut elite. The elderly judge, too old to deal with an unruly and rejected child, quickly sold his indenture to Gen.
Cornwall formally entered the Lancastrian affinity on 12 March 1395 at Saint-Seurin in Bordeaux through an indenture with John of Gaunt.Walker, p. 299. This was at a time of truce in the Hundred Years' War, with Richard II's effective power confined to very small enclaves along the west coast of France. Cornwall was still an esquire and the indenture is unusual in giving him both wages and bouche of court – a privilege reserved for knights.
Howell (2008), p.420-1 His partners and co-founders of the Washington chemical company, named after his home, were his brother-in-law Robert Benson Bowman and his father-in-law Hugh Lee Pattinson. Pattinson was the inventor responsible for the process separating silver from lead that bears his name. Under an 1850 Indenture,Indenture 1759/13 Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry, Pattinson and Bell declared themselves "chemical manufacturers and co-partners in trade".
Owain Glyndŵr's Parliament House, Machynlleth, pictured in 1814 In February 1405, Owain negotiated the "Tripartite Indenture" with Edmund Mortimer and Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland. The Indenture agreed to divide England and Wales among the three of them. Wales would extend as far as the rivers Severn and Mersey, including most of Cheshire, Shropshire and Herefordshire. The Mortimer Lords of March would take all of southern and western England and the Percys would take the north of England.
She sought recognition as a free woman of color, rather than being classified as a Negro (African) and slave. Her natural father was an Englishman (and member of the House of Burgesses). He had acknowledged her, had her baptized as a Christian in the Church of England, and had arranged for her guardianship under an indenture before his death. Before her guardian returned to England, he sold Key's indenture to another man, who held Key beyond its term.
The Indian Imperial Association of Fiji (I.I.A.) was active in Fiji during the last years of the indenture system, safeguarding the interests of and assisting in the improvement of the Indian community.
Part of the indenture required Rose to see to Haynes's education, and by accompanying Rose to church, he became exposed to Calvinistic religious doctrine, including the works of Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, and Philip Doddridge, who all became strong influences on Haynes' religious outlook.Anyabwile, Thabiti M. The decline of African American theology: from biblical faith to cultural captivity. InterVarsity Press, 2007. pp. 67-68 According to Haynes, while David Rose fulfilled his indenture obligations to Haynes, Rose's wife Elizabeth (Fowler) Haynes (d.
Owain demonstrated his new status by negotiating the "Tripartite Indenture" in February 1405 with Edmund Mortimer and Henry Percy the 1st Earl of Northumberland. The Indenture agreed to divide England and Wales between the three of them. Wales would extend as far as the rivers Severn and Mersey including most of Cheshire, Shropshire, and Herefordshire. The Mortimer Lords of March would take all of southern and western England and Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester, would take the north of England.
6, in The Statutes of the Realm, Vol. 8 (1821), p. 258 This act gave parish authorities the power to indenture and apprentice boys to the sea, from as young as 10, until age 21; it also reaffirmed that rogues and vagabonds were subject to be pressed into the navy. The act establishes administration and regulations for the act, including youth who volunteer for the indenture and certain seamen engaged in the coal trade supplying cities, are exempt from impressment for three years.
In lieu of the return passage, the British authorities soon began offering portions of land to encourage settlement, and by 1902, more than half of the sugar cane in Trinidad was being produced by independent cane farmers; the majority of which were Indians. Despite the trying conditions experienced under the indenture system, about 90% of the Indian immigrants chose, at the end of their contracted periods of indenture, to make Trinidad their permanent home. East Indians entering the colony were also subject to certain crown laws which segregated them from the rest of Trinidad's population, such as the requirement that they carry a pass with them if they left the plantations, and that if freed, they carry their "Free Papers" or certificate indicating completion of the indenture period.Mohammed, Patricia (2002).
During this period, Grinstead and Elizabeth Key began a relationship and had a son together, whom they named John. They were prohibited from marrying while Grinstead was serving his indenture. Elizabeth Key's future was uncertain.
It can be assumed that except for the Parcels Clause, the Great Grant indenture document and the Path Grant indenture document are identical. This assumption is not unreasonable because with the exception of the Parcels clause, the Recital Clause, all the purchasers, the various nine tenants in common, the Cherokee chiefs and all the deed structural elemental clauses were all the same. All the language structure of both parcels clauses is similar and in some phrases identical. Most telling though is the inclusion of the consideration.
On 5 April 1770, Richard Rust, "Citizen & Grocer of London" paid a fee for the indenture of Ebenezer Rust, who was then freed from his apprenticeship in 1777, and joined the partnership of Spencer and Browning in 1784. Ebenezer Rust, Senior, was then in turn master to his son Ebenezer, Junior, who apprenticed with him. The seven-year contract of indenture referred to the elder Ebenezer as a "mathematical instrument maker" and as a "Citizen and Grocer of London." The contract was dated 3 September 1795.
Collectanea de Rebus Albanicis, pp. 56–67. According to the historian Donald Gregory the first authentic record of the clan is found in an indenture between John of Islay, Lord of the Isles and the Lord of Lorn, in 1354. In the indenture, Lorn agreed to hand over the Isle of Mull and other lands, if the castle of Cairn na Burgh, located on Cairn na Burgh Mòr in the Treshnish Isles, was not delivered into the keeping of any of Clan Finnon.Gregory, pp. 80–81.
Between the 1630s and the American Revolution, one-half to two-thirds of white immigrants to the Thirteen Colonies arrived under indentures.Galenson 1984: 1 Half a million Europeans, mostly young men, also went to the Caribbean under indenture to work on plantations. Most indentures were voluntary, although some people were tricked or coerced into them. A debt peonage system similar to indenture was also used in southern New England and Long Island to control and assimilate Native Americans from the 1600s through the American Revolution.
In 1593, a document was drawn up between the four parties interested in the will: Thomas & Marian, Mayor & citizens, Dean & Chapter, and the Bridge Wardens. The document was called the "Indenture Quadripartite". In brief (the indenture is over 14 pages long when set in modern print) Marian was allowed to keep the house in return for giving up all other claims and returning the 100 marks left to her in the original will. The bulk of the document establishes the form and government of the charity which now bears Richard Watts' name.
Fearful that his crimes would soon be detected, Aitken negotiated an indenture in exchange for a voyage to Jamestown, Virginia. He had no real intention of serving the terms of the indenture, and soon escaped to North Carolina. His next two years in the colonies were spent in such locales as Philadelphia, Boston, New York City, and Perth Amboy, New Jersey. It was during this period that he became exposed to revolutionary rhetoric, and Aitken claimed that he had been harassed by British troops for being a suspected Whig.
About 2,075 workers returned to India, while the rest remained in Saint Lucia or emigrated to other Caribbean nations such as Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana. The last indenture contracts expired in 1897, and by the end of the 19th century, Saint Lucia had a population of 2,560 free Indians. Many Indians who had completed their indenture periods were unable to return home as they did not have sufficient funds to do so. The Indians that remained in Saint Lucia are the origin of the Indo-Saint Lucian community.
Those that agreed to the extension would also receive free housing, medical care and a free return trip to India at the end of the three-year indenture period. The system was intended to ensure that the maximum number of workers extended their contracts. The indenture contracts were amended in 1874 to increase the length of the extension period to five-years. To further persuade Indians to remain on the plantations for as long as possible, a one-time signing fee of £10 () was also provided to workers who extended their contracts.
In total, nearly 4,500 Indians were brought to Saint Lucia, excluding those who died during the voyage. About 2,075 workers returned to India, while the rest remained in Saint Lucia or emigrated to other Caribbean nations such as Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana. The last indenture contracts expired in 1897, and by the end of the 19th century, Saint Lucia had a population of 2,560 free Indians. Many Indians who had completed their indenture periods were unable to return home as they did not have sufficient funds to do so.
According to a written reply to an enquiry from the Guiana Emigration Agency at 8 Garden Reach, Calcutta, which was responsible for emigration of Indians to Nevis, acting President Spencer Churchill declared that all Indian immigrants were freed from indentureship in April 1879. Some Indian labourers broke their contracts before the five-year indenture period ended so that they could migrate to Trinidad. Others emigrated after completing their contracts. No Indian workers in Nevis chose to re-indenture after completing their initial five-year contract, however, many chose to remain in Nevis as free workers.
The Trust Indenture Act of 1939 (TIA), codified at , supplements the Securities Act of 1933 in the case of the distribution of debt securities in the United States. Generally speaking, the TIA requires the appointment of a suitably independent and qualified trustee to act for the benefit of the holders of the securities, and specifies various substantive provisions for the trust indenture that must be entered into by the issuer and the trustee. The TIA is administered by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which has made various regulations under the act.
He was buried at sea in the Atlantic Ocean. Elizabeth was now the sole owner of the printing press and Daye's indenture. The ship arrived a few weeks later on the coast of New England in the fall.
Many Indians who had completed their indenture periods were unable to return home as they did not have sufficient funds to do so. The Indians that remained in Saint Lucia are the origin of the Indo-Saint Lucian community.
Ellen created programs inside the prison and outside as well to help the women achieve their goals. Johnson developed a system of indenture for house service in houses outside the prison walls. This was all done under sympathetic supervision.
Its wingspan is about 33 mm. Forewings of male without costal vesicles. Forewings with longitudinal white streak entire, and with an indenture on its upper edge and a small black spots near its lower edge. A red marginal line is present.
Public outrage in the United Kingdom at such abuses was a factor in the decision to halt the scheme in 1916. With the intervention of Banarsidas Chaturvedi and Reverend C.F. Andrews all existing indenture was cancelled on 1 January 1920.
Frado decides to wait until her indenture contract is over at the age of 18. Over time, Jane Bellmont leaves the house. Jack moves in with his wife, whom Mrs. Bellmont verbally abuses because of her poverty in Jack's absence.
It was not until 25 July 1860 that France was officially permitted by the British authorities to recruit labour for Reunion at a rate of 6,000 annually. This was extended on 1 July 1861 with permission to import ‘free’ labourers into the French colonies of Martinique, Guadeloupe and French Guiana (Cayenne). Indenture was for a period of five years (longer than British colonies at the time), return passage was provided at the end of indenture. (Not after ten as in British colonies) and Governor-General was empowered to suspend emigration to any French colony if any abuse was detected in the system.
When the man to whom Key was indentured returned to England, he sold her indenture contract to a second man. The latter prolonged Key's servitude beyond the indenture's original term. At the death of the second owner of her indenture, his estate classified Elizabeth Key and her mixed-race son (who also had a white father), as “Negro slaves” who were personal property of the deceased. Colonial-era legal cases about the rights (human, economic, political) of the mixed-race children of Englishmen and slave women were to determine whether or not a mixed-race person was a British subject.
Only the Indian workers that had arrived on board the Ulysses had not completed their indenture period. The majority of the Indian workers who had completed their indenture period requested to return to India. However, the Governor of Saint Lucia wanted them to remain in Saint Lucia and offered cash in exchange for forfeiting the right to return. Four hundred Indians took up the Governor's offer, while 230 officially registered to return to India by the end of 1867. 451 Indians returned to India aboard the Ganges at the end of that year, and 298 returned on board the Lincelles in November 1868.
A REMIC can have only one class of residual interest. Residual interests tend to involve ownership and resemble equity more than debt. However, residual interests may be neither debt nor equity. “For example, if a REMIC is a segregated pool of assets within a legal entity, the residual interest could consist of (1) the rights of ownership of the REMIC’s assets, subject to the claims of regular interest holders, or (2) if the regular interests take the form of debt secured under an indenture, a contractual right to receive distributions released from the lien of the indenture.”Peaslee & Nirenberg at 436.
Half of an indenture contract, the randomly cut (or indented) edge proves a match to the counterpart document Edward III had developed the contract system where the monarch entered into formal written contracts called indenture with experienced captains who were contractually obliged to provide an agreed-upon number of men, at established rates for a given period. Frequently the landed nobility acted the principal or main contractor. Knights, men at arms and archers were often sub-contracted. A lord could find men amongst his tenantry who included landless men and others who would crave the security of maintenance and livery.
The word girmit represented an Indian pronunciation of the English-language word "agreement" - from the indenture "agreement" of the British Government with Indian labourers. "1834 - Indenture system, an alternate source of labour for British Empire, first started with the labourers being sent to work in Mauritius, Uganda and Nigeria for an initial 5 year period. This system became widely known as 'Girmit' - a mispronunciation of the word "agreement" by the non English speaking Indian labourers." The agreements specified the workers' length of stay in foreign parts and the conditions attached to their return to the British Raj.
Per the terms of the contracts offered, the Indian workers would be paid 10 pence () per day working on the plantation estate. The indenture period was five years, during which they were required to live on the estate at which they worked and were prohibited from leaving it without permission. They were also barred from traveling to other Caribbean islands even after the end of their indenture period. At the end of the five-year period, Indian workers were required to sign a three-year extension, or pay a fee to exempt them from the extension.
When the agreement was made before a court of law a tripartite indenture was made, with the third piece kept at the court. The term is used for any kind of deed executed by more than one party, in contrast to a deed poll which is made by one individual. In the case of bonds, the indenture shows the pledge, promises, representations and covenants of the issuing party. Charter of the Clerecía de Ledesma, 1252 Although other evidence indicates that the method has been in use from around the year 1000, the earliest surviving examples in England are from the thirteenth century.
These are agreements for military service, proving that a paid contract army was then in existence. Exchequer records of Henry V's French campaign of 1415 (the Agincourt campaign), including the indentures of all the captains of the army agreeing to provide specified numbers of men and at what cost, may still be read. An indenture was commonly used as a form of sealed contract or agreement for land and buildings. An example of such a use can be found in the National Archives, where an indenture, from about 1401, recording the transfer of the manor of Pinley, Warwickshire, is held.
The Indian indenture system was a system of indenture, a form of debt bondage, by which 2 millionIndentured labour from South Asia (1834-1917) - 2013, Dr Sundari Anitha from the University of Lincoln and Professor Ruth Pearson from the University of Leeds, 'Striking Women: South Asian workers' Indians were transported to various colonies of European powers to provide labour for the (mainly sugar) plantations. It started from the end of slavery in 1833 and continued until 1920. This resulted in the development of a large Indian diaspora, which spread from the Indian Ocean (i.e. Réunion and Mauritius) to Pacific Ocean (i.e.
Enquire of the Captain on > board the vessel, off Walnut-street wharff, or of MEASE and CALDWELL. When a buyer was found, the sale would be recorded at the city court. The Philadelphia Mayor’s Court Indenture Book, page 742, for September 18, 1773 has the following entry:Record of Indentures, Philadelphia, 1771–1773, Genealogical Publishing Co., Baltimore, 1973. > James Best, who was under Indenture of Redemption to Captain Stephen Jones > now cancelled in consideration of £ 15, paid for his Passage from London > bound a servant to David Rittenhouse of the City of Philadelphia & assigns > three years to be found all necessaries.
The plot follows closely the original play. Tokubei (Ryudo Uzaki) works as a soy-sauce maker. He falls in love with indentured prostitute O-Hatsu (Meiko Kaji). After O-Hatsu's indenture is bought by a wealthy patron, they plan to commit suicide.
The burgh is mentioned in an indenture of 1292, and that the sheriffdom was in existence at the time of the Largs campaign of 1263 suggests that the burgh may also have been recognised as such during the reign of Alexander III.
On 10 October 1335 Stirling signed an indenture contract with King Edward and received Edinburgh Castle and shrievalty of Lothian on 2 November. As the warden of the Castle, Stirling has repeatedly petitioned the king for the pay due to the garrison.
He is also remembered for his role in ending the Indian indenture system, especially in the Caribbean. His efforts in helping the Indo-Caribbeans is compared to Mahatma Gandhi's efforts of helping Indian South Africans.The Caribbean East Indians, Part 1 of 2.
Indentured servants were provided food, housing, clothing and training but they did not receive wages. At the end of the indenture (usually around age 21, or after a service of seven years) they were free to marry and start their own farms.
Thus by 1870 the indenture system, transporting Indian labour to the colonies, was an established system of providing labour for European colonial plantations and when, in 1879, Fiji became a recipient of Indian labour it was this same system with a few minor modifications.
397, note of the indenture recorded 23 June 1442. The castle was sacked during a feud with the Forbes family in 1526. The castle was rebuilt in 1530. Mary Queen of Scots in 1562 stayed at the castle prior to the Battle of Corrichie.
With Sir Robert Carnegie, he agreed an indenture with English commissioners for peace on the Scottish border at Berwick upon Tweed.Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 1 (1898), 193-4. In 1555 Sir John Bellenden audited accounts for fortifications built by Mary of Guise at Inchkeith.
"Advertisement," The Pennsylvania Gazette, 10 June 1766. In some cases the terms of indenture were mentioned in the advertisement as well.Herrick, White Servitude, 195-196. The sale of indentured servants usually occurred on the ship, with the servants being "displayed" to the prospective buyers.
By Indenture of 1585, with Owen Tasburgh (his wife's kinsman), he levied a fine on his manors of Blythburgh, Westwood, Walberswick, Hinton, Westhall and Thorington, with appurtenant lands also in Westleton, Darsham, Wenhaston and elsewhere, granting seisin thereof to Edmund Hall and William Roberts, for the sole use and benefit of his son and heir Arthur Hopton of Charterhouse, Somerset.The National Archives (UK), Court of Wards and Liveries, Indenture ref. WARD 2/32/118A/61 (Discovery Catalogue). Sir Owen was remembered favourably by the people of Walberswick in later times, when the Brooke family deprived them of their rights over the common and at Paulsfen.
Shivani Gurunathan also used this conceptual tool to relate indenture worldwide and in Malaysia. Indeed, as a paradigm born of a history of migrations with a contract (the coolie trade) enriched with transcultural codes, coolitude is a categorization or methodology that is used to analyze or produce narratives in the fields of cultural, historic and memorial negotiations. It is also a construction which has developed into a dialogue between theories of hybridity, creoleness, indianness and creolization. Torabully's discourse has articulated poststructuralism, Foucauld, Lacan, Eco, Spivak, Bhabha, Barthes, Deleuze and Guattari, among others, in the intellectual and artistic construction of his pioneering discourse of indenture.
Thomas John Jones of Aberarth was born in 1874, near Aberaeron, Wales Trade., G. B. B. o. (1902). Continuous certificate of discharge for Thomas John Jones, 1902-1908.. In 1888, at the age of fourteen, Jones paid thirty pounds(1888). Ordinary apprentice's indenture, Scotland, September 10, 1888.
32, No. 3, pp. 704-736 In 1920, after non-violent civil protests led by Gandhi against indenture system in British colonies around the world, Britain abolished the system. This stopped the inflow of new Indian labor into Fiji plantations, while Indians continued to leave Fiji plantations.
Shakers were celibate; procreation was forbidden after they joined the society (except for women who were already pregnant at admission). Children were added to their communities through indenture, adoption, or conversion. Occasionally a foundling was anonymously left on a Shaker doorstep."Shaker Baby", Pittsfield Sun, September 3, 1873, 1.
Slavery and indenture were encouraged to populate the area. The third public reading of The Declaration of Independence took place in New Brunswick, but many East Jerseyans became Tories. Several battles of American Revolution took place in the region including those at Connecticut Farms, Bound Brook, and Paulus Hook.
Redmond graduated from Columbia College in 1857, along with classmates Samuel Ward Francis, Elbridge Thomas Gerry, and Daniel S. Tuttle. He worked in banking and fire insurance, serving as a Trustee to the London Assurance Corporation's indenture in 1871. Redmond also managed real estate in New York City.
Between the years 1857 and 1890 other ships anchored in this and other bays bringing a total of 3,200 persons from India to work as agricultural indenture labourers in Grenada. This monument is dedicated to those who became the genesis of the Indo- Grenadian population of our nation”.
As in this case, a mathematical instrument maker often specialized in navigational instruments. Rust himself had apprenticed, and received his freedom in 1752. In William Spencer's contract of indenture, Richard Rust was referred to as a Grocer. This signified that he was a member of the Grocers' Company.
Casor later claimed to a neighboring farmer, Robert Parker, that he had completed his term. Parker persuaded Johnson to free Casor, who then went to work for Parker. The farmer signed him to a new term of indenture. Johnson challenged Parker in court, saying he had taken his worker.
Eventually James gets in trouble with the colonial assembly, which jails him for a short time and then forbids him to continue publishing his paper. James and his friends come up with the stratagem that the Courant should hereafter be published under the name of Benjamin Franklin, although James will still actually be in control. James signs a discharge of Ben's apprenticeship papers but writes up new private indenture papers for Ben to sign which will secure Ben's service for the remainder of the agreed time. But when a fresh disagreement arises between the brothers, Ben chooses to leave James, correctly judging that James will not dare to produce the secret indenture papers.
The mistreatment of Indian workers on the island eventually led the British and British Indian governments to ban immigration to Saint Croix at the end of the first indenture period in 1868. Unlike a similar ban on immigration to British Guyana which was lifted in 1845, the ban on Saint Croix remained and the immigration of Indian indentured workers to the island never resumed. The decision was backed by a negative report filed by the British Consul in Saint Croix, whose job was to oversee the conditions of Indian workers. According to the Consul, although indentured workers repeatedly expressed a desire to be free, most did not condemn the system after their indenture periods ended.
Indentured servitude was a method of increasing the number of colonists, especially in the English and later British colonies. Voluntary migration and convict labor only provided so many people, and since the journey across the Atlantic was dangerous, other means of encouraging settlement were necessary. Contract-laborers became an important group of people and so numerous that the United States Constitution counted them specifically in appointing representatives: Displaced from their land and unable to find work in the cities, many of these people signed contracts of indenture and took passage to the Americas. In Massachusetts, religious instruction in the Puritan way of life was often part of the condition of indenture, and people tended to live in towns.
James Pittillo (b. 1690–1698 Scotland – d. 1754 Dinwiddie County, Virginia) was a Scots laborer and Jacobite rebel, who became a major landowner after being deported in 1716 to the Colony of Virginia. After completing service of his indenture, in 1726 Pittillo was granted on Wagua Creek in Brunswick County, Virginia.
Although South Indians were used to working overseas, most found it difficult to adjust to the Fiji Indian society already established in Fiji. Language was a major problem as they had to learn Hindustani, the language of the plantation. During indenture, there was a high suicide rate amongst South Indians.
Unusual naming customs arose among Chinese people in Belize. Indentured migrants were assigned identifying numbers, which were sometimes used in place of names. Workers sometimes traded numbers or misused numbers of deceased fellows to obtain extra rations. After they had filled their indenture contracts, they had to register their own names.
Recites that by indenture of lease dated 20 November 1824 made between same parties, Taylor and Whitely leased to Netterfield the lands of Aughnakilly, parish of Kinawly, County Cavan; sub-denomination of Aghnacally (Aughnakilly) called Legavreagra (Legauregra), for three named lives with covenant for perpetual renewal. Rent of £45.10.0 late currency.
Indenture of Lease to Anne Delany. Register of the Registry of Deeds, Ireland, Book 362, page 164, Document 243455, reproduced from LDS FHL British Film #531955, Volumes 361-362, 1784-1785 involving his mother Ann Delany suggest Gale was born in Queen's County, Ireland, subsequently renamed County Laois.McCarthy, John Patrick (2006).
By 1623, Johnson had completed his indenture and was a "free Negro". During the late 1640s, Johnson moved with his family to Northampton County on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. He acquired property on Pungoteague Creek and began raising livestock. He was the first known African landowner in the colony.
New York Marble Cemetery during 2008 Open House New York weekend The cemetery was founded as a commercial undertaking of Perkins Nichols, who hired two lawyers, Anthony Dey and George W. Strong, to serve as organizing trustees.Abstract of Title. Indenture form Henry & Marion Eckford to Dey & Strong, in trust. 13 July 1830.
Nichols, Dey & Strong, and the subscribers applied to the New York State Legislature for a special act of incorporation, and this was granted on February 4, 1831.Abstract of Title. Memorandum of an Agreement contained in the Indenture Tripartite between Nichols, Dey & Strong, and the New York Marble Cemetery. 1 May 1832.
In 1889 Sarah Anne Ramsay died. In 1892 the depression inhibited further sale of the Dobroyde Estate inheritance lands. In 1894 Mary Louisa Learmonth and her unmarried daughter, Mary, took an Indenture Mortgage to Mutual Life Association. In the 1890s land west of Yasmar was leased to horticultural nursery Wadd Pty Ltd.
Rather, the trustee in a "trust indenture" is a third party, usually a specialist company, who is appointed by the issuer to handle and safeguard the interests of the numerous public bondholders, in events ranging from the usual distribution of coupons and principal payments to dealing with the issuer's default, if any occurs.
It was reported in The Australian of 22 July 1829. Frederick Unwin purchased most of this land, including the study area, for a little over . In January 1831 an indenture was made between Unwin and John Wood for the sale of the portion of the property for . It included the study area.
During his months herding cattle near Glenveagh, Mac Gabhann befriended many local residents, learned a considerable amount of English, and listened to stories about the mass evictions decreed in 1861 by Anglo-Irish landowner Captain John George Adair. In November 1874, he completed his indenture and returned home.MacGowan (1962), pages 17-23.
On 29 November 1935, by an indenture of Lease, (Calcutta Registration Office, Book No. 1, Volume No. 103, Pages 280-296, No. 4467 for the year 1935), the Official Trustee of Bengal granted and demised the lands to Jodhpur Club Limited for a term of 19 years commencing from 1 January 1931.
When Torabully wrote the foundational work of indenture, from a poetological and semiological perspective, he devised a visionary paradigm for coolie trade. Branching out from a sometimes offensive term, "coolie", also used in some spaces as a colonial slur, Torabully coined the word "coolitude" to encompass the "silence of the archives" regarding indenture, elaborating a new vision for this paradigm. Therefore, the richness of the reclaimed term, which is polysemic, envisages the various meanings and definitions of the term "coolie", so as to go beyond the deviant use of the word by the dominant. It was thus re-invested with the capacity of imagining beyond mental, cultural, religious or linguistic boundaries or set definitions condemning the coolie to err endlessly in the margins.
The Path Grant deed Hawkins County Tennessee Registrar of Deeds, "Book 1", pages 147-151 is an indenture conveying a tract of property in Northeast Tennessee and Southwest Virginia known as the Path Grant from/by the Cherokee people to nine individuals collectively known as Richard Henderson and company. The indenture was drawn on an unstated day in March 1775 and recorded on November 15, 1794. The document is said to be the Path Deed because it represents the sale of land that is a route to an even larger tract of ground known as the Great Grant or the Transylvania Purchase. Were it not for the Path, it would not be possible to travel to the Great Grant without passing or trespassing on Cherokee land.
Seven-year contract of indenture of apprentice William Spencer to master Richard Rust, dated 4 November 1766 William Spencer, son of Anthony Spencer, was born in around 1751 in England. On 4 November 1766, at the approximate age of fifteen, William Spencer signed a seven-year contract of indenture (pictured) to Richard Rust, "Citizen and Grocer" of London, England. The contract indicated that his father Anthony Spencer was a shoemaker of the parish of Church Minshull in the County Palatine of Chester, now simply known as Cheshire. In consideration of the sum of ten pounds paid by William's father, Richard Rust agreed to instruct his apprentice, as well as provide him with the necessities of life, including food, drink, clothing, and lodging.
The cause of the default is uncertain, for the records are thought destroyed by fire in April 1865. Wythe resold Chesterville to prominent landowner Houlder Hudgins of newly created but nearby Mathews County, Virginia via an Indenture dated December 6, 1802, in Elizabeth City County Deed and Will Book, no. 12, pp. 232–34.
The islands were made part of the Straits Settlement under an Order in Council of 20 May 1903.S.R.O. 1903 No. 478, S.R.O. & S.I. Rev. XXI, 515 Meanwhile, in 1886 Queen Victoria had, by indenture, granted the islands in perpetuity to John Clunies- Ross.Commonwealth and Colonial Law by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966.
Parmanand Singh was born in Yalalevu in the Ba District of Fiji in 1905. His parents had come to Fiji as indentured labourers and prospered in the opportunities available after indenture. He was educated at Auckland College, graduating in 1923. While in New Zealand, he played rugby, a game rarely played by Fiji Indians.
A more common form in modern society is indenture, or bonded labour, under which workers sign contracts to work for a specific period of time, for which they are paid only with accommodation and sustenance, or these essentials in addition to limited benefits such as cancellation of a debt, or transportation to a desired country.
In some systems, the tenant could be evicted at whim (tenancy at will); in others, the landowner and tenant sign a contract for a fixed number of years (tenancy for years or indenture). In most developed countries today, at least some restrictions are placed on the rights of landlords to evict tenants under normal circumstances.
Drever was gifted with the ability to learn and memorize things rapidly as well as retain the information. He could repeat several pages of his favorite author’s works. At age fourteen Drever was indentured for four years as a pupil-teacher. He assisted the headmaster of the school for two years before breaking his indenture.
In the Transvaal, legislation required that males be released from indenture at the age of 25, while females were released at 21, but the law was not always observed in remote frontier districts. British attitudes towards the Inboekstelsel system were ambivalent. The British administration of Transvaal between 1877 and 1881 did not affect it.
Some 1200 Palatine Germans were brought to Livingston Manor (now known as Germantown). New York's Governor Hunter had also helped with these arrangements: the workers were to manufacture naval stores (e.g., pitch, resin, and turpentine) from the pine trees in the Catskill Mountains. They were promised land for resettlement after completing their terms of indenture.
Seven whites were also deported."A List of White Persons taken into Custody on Account of the 1741 Conspiracy", Africans in America, PBS, accessed 9 Apr 2009. The following year, Mary Burton finally received her reward of £100 from the city, which she used to buy her freedom from indenture, and had money left over.
Sally Miller, born Salomé Müller (c. 1814 – ?),Bailey, Lost German Slave, p. 245. Note: Salomé Müller was noted as age four on the indenture agreement signed in 1818 in New Orleans. was an American slave whose freedom suit in Louisiana was based on her claimed status as a free German immigrant and indentured servant.
Note: Children's ages appeared on the indenture agreement signed in 1818 in New Orleans. In 1843, the Müllers' friend and fellow immigrant Madame Karl Rouff was served by an enslaved woman at a cafe in New Orleans. She came to think that the woman must be Salomé Müller from her home village, grown to adulthood.
Sir Arthur therefore conveyed the bailiwick to Sir Anthony in November 1545, by an indenture preserved among the Earl of Stradbroke's muniments. The Tudor mansion was destroyed by fire in 1773.A.I. Suckling, The History and Antiquities of the County of Suffolk, 2 vols (Author, London 1845-1847), II, pp. 350-51, 354-55(Google).
Even though he had failed to meet his part of the bargain of marrying one of the Basset daughters, Henry spent considerable effort in later life trying to prevent the Basset family obtaining the reversion of these properties, as the indenture provided for. The dispute figures prominently in the Lisle Letters.Byrne, vol.5, p.
The Indian indenture system was put in place initially at the behest of sugar planters in colonial territories, who hoped the system would provide reliable cheap labour similar to the conditions under slavery. The new system was expected to demonstrate the superiority of "free" over slave labour in the production of tropical products for imperial markets.
He, in turn, gave it to Harvard University where it is currently displayed. With her living accommodations taken care of, Elizabeth established the printing business. This process involved getting approval from the local magistrates and elders and finding a location to set it up. Since Elizabeth owned Daye's indenture, she decided to find housing for him and his family.
His early education was limited to the elementary schooling. In July 1820, he left Germany on board the bark Jupiter for New Orleans, having secured his passage by an indenture. He was then employed for several years in a printing office. In 1825, with a partner, he established and edited the first literary journal published in Louisiana.
The conditions of the indenture varied from between one and five years, with the workers being released if they fell ill or bought themselves out of their contract. They were not allowed to leave the plantation without a permit, on pain of fines or even imprisonment. Many of the workers and their families suffered from yaws, hookworm, and malaria.
Her ancestors emigrated from India to Trinidad under the Indian indenture system. Her maternal great-grandparents (her maternal grandmother’s parents) were Sumaria and Seepersad who were from India. Sumaria had left India from the Madras Port. Her paternal great-grandparents (her paternal grandfather’s parents) were Pundit Ram Lakhan Mishra and Ganga Mishra who were from India.
Born in Lansingburgh, New York, Penniman attended the common schools and was apprenticed as a printer at the age of thirteen in the office of the New Hampshire Sentinel. When he was eighteen years of age, he bought his indenture and moved to New York City in 1822 to pursue a career in the mercantile business.
The lands granted jointly by Nicholas and Edmund Haute to William Elys in March 1384/5 by indenture, reserving powers of entry for arrears of rent, in "Northynton", refer to an estate in Nackington, Lower Hardres, south of Canterbury.Calendar of Close Rolls, Richard II, Vol. II: 1381–1385 (HMSO 1920), p. 624; Woodger, History of Parliament Online.
Earliest records of the Craver Farmstead indicate construction of the farmhouse sometime prior to 1790. The home appears on a survey map drawn by Evert Van Alen. Whose comments included the farm being "under good improvement" with a "sufficiency of timber." A lease of same farm, some 225 acres, called "This Indenture," was dated February 1, 1790.
From 1852, Christian missionaries attempted to convert East Indians during the indenture period, but this met with little success. When Christian missionaries started proselytizing, Brahmins started administering spiritual rites to all Hindus regardless of caste. This led to the breakdown of the caste system there. In the late 1940s, reform movements caught the attention of many Guyanese Hindus.
However, another fire in 1932 destroyed almost half of the university libraries. A major overhaul of the library occurred under A. Frederick Kuhlman as the director of the library. Under him, the Joint University Library Corporation was created by trust indenture. The participating libraries were Vanderbilt University, George Peabody College for Teachers, and Scarritt College for Christian Workers.
Cyril Dabydeen is a Guyana-born Canadian writer of Indian descent. He grew up in Rose Hall sugar plantation with the sense of Indian indenture rooted in his family background (he lived with his mother and with a grandmother in an extended family of aunt, nieces, nephews). He's a cousin of the UK writer David Dabydeen.Cyril Dabydeen biography.
It continued with the indenture of children born to slave mothers until their 20s, as noted above. Because of the gradual abolition laws, there were children still bound in apprenticeships when their parents were free.Harris, Leslie M. In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003: 93–95.
Bossages are also rustic work, consisting of stones which seem to advance beyond the surface of the building, by reason of indentures, or channels left in the joinings; used chiefly in the corners of buildings, and called rustic quoins. The cavity or indenture may be round, square, chamfered, beveled, diamond-shaped, or enclosed with a cavetto or listel.
He was articled to his father under an indenture date 1 April 1896. He spent six months apprenticed to Thomas Edward Marshall of Harrogate and went into partnership with his father on 10 April 1902. His father became blind in 1913 then died on 28 April 1917. After his father's death Ralph kept trading as W.H.Byrne and son.
Whorwood started it but was warned off by Lord Dudley, who promised to protect him from the consequences. He then went off for dinner. The election indenture had been written out earlier by one of Whorwood's servants, leaving the names of the successful candidates blank. They were filled in later in order of precedence: Sutton and Blount.
The features of indentured servitude in Pennsylvania, like other colonies, underwent a series of transformations. For example, indentured servitude initially possessed a patriarchal character. Under the "head right" system, prospective proprietors could receive for each "head" (servant/laborer) they brought over, with being given to the servant once his/her indenture had expired.Herrick, White Servitude, 32–34.
The redemption of these lands by Daubeney snr. was part of the "great indenture" of 11 December 1504Transcript in Byrne, vol. 4, chapter 7, appendix 2, pp. 95–103 made with Basset, which would require ownership of the lands to descend to the male issue of the marriage between Henry Daubeney and one of the Basset daughters.
Realogy Corporation had several outstanding debts and sought to refinance many of its debt notes by offering to exchange the notes for term loans under a new $500 million term loan facility. The new term loans would be issued under the credit facility and would be secured by a second lien on almost all of Realogy's assets. Because the new term loans were to be secured by second liens under the credit facility, the proposed exchange offer would have allowed the "Senior Fixed Notes" to effectively become senior to the "Senior Toggle Notes" and the "Senior Subordinated Notes" to "leapfrog" in priority over the Senior Toggle Notes. The trustee under the indenture sued Realogy on behalf of holders of the Senior Toggle Notes, arguing that the exchange offer breached the indenture.
Freed in 1774 when his indenture expired, Haynes joined the minutemen of Granville. In 1775, he marched with his militia company to Roxbury, Massachusetts, following the news of the Battles of Lexington and Concord. In 1776, he accompanied them in the garrisoning of the recently captured Fort Ticonderoga. He remained on garrison duty until contracting Typhus, which caused him to return home.
The success of the Indian indenture system for the British did not remain unnoticed. Other European plantation owners began setting up agents in India to recruit manpower. For instance, French sugar colonies hired labour via the French ports in India without knowledge of the British authorities. By 1856, the number of labourers in Réunion is estimated to have reached 37,694.
The castle was built in the 14th century and held by Leslie family from 1340.Coventry, p.329. On 5 July 1441 John Leslie of Balquhain made an indenture with four masons, David Hardgat, David Dun, Robert Masoun and Gilbert Masoun that they would complete his building work.Stuart, John, Extracts from the council registers of Aberdeen, Spalding Club (1844), p.
In Nepal it is known as kalo maas daal or kalo daal (black legume) and it is a very popular daal (legume) side dish that goes with curry and rice as a platter. Black gram has also been introduced to other tropical areas such as the Caribbean, Fiji, Mauritius, and Africa, mainly by Indian immigrants during the Indian indenture system.
Key intended Higginson to act as Elizabeth's guardian, but the latter did not keep his commitment to take the girl with him if he returned to England. Instead, he transferred (or sold) her indenture to Col. John Mottram, Northumberland County's first settler. About 1640, Mottram moved to the undeveloped county, taking Elizabeth at age 10 with him as a servant.
Friendly Societies representing specific trades would meet at taverns, their “house of call.” Journeymen looking for work could register at these taverns, and masters looking for men could find them there. Journeymen were mobile, and could rarely count on long-term employment. Only apprentices were hired for any length of time, usually the period of their seven-year indenture to learn the trade.
Williamstown, Massachusetts, Corner House Publishers, 1971, pg. 4 Shortly following Robert Prince's death, Osborne hired an Irish indentured immigrant, Alexander Osborne. Eventually, Alexander Osborne paid off his indenture, and the two married. Despite late Prince's wishes to carry-over his 150-acre farm to his two sons, Osborne upset social norms when she overtook the property for herself and her new husband.
234 The court heard evidence claiming that Adam had failed to "chearfully quietly and industriously" fulfil the terms of the indenture, and he was found guilty.Francis, pp. 233–235 The verdict was appealed at the instigation of Sewall, and Adam also filed a countersuit against Saffin for his freedom. Saffin's case was eventually stayed until Adam's was heard in 1703.
Maryn Adriansen (1600 - c1654) (also spelled Maryn Adriaensen, Marinus Adriaensz, Marijn Adriaensz, Marin Adriaensz, Marinus Ariaens) was an early settler to New Netherland. Originally emigrating under an Indenture agreement he later become a prominent member of society. His conflict with the governor at the time led to accusations and, eventually, acquittal. He owned property in New Amsterdam and a large plantation at Awiehaken.
William Eltonhead was executed by firing squad after losing an encounter with the Puritans of Providence. However Edward Eltonhead had much better fortune in the New World and was granted 10,000 acres in Maryland for the act of providing fifty men for the province of New Albion. On 22 July 1653, William Eltonhead witnessed an indenture between Argoll Yeardley and Thomas Butteris.
Before dawn of the imminent Spanish invasion, Queen Elizabeth ordered the attack on the Spanish fleet anchored at Cádiz.Raleigh, Sir Walter; Oldys, William; and Thomas Birch (1829). The Works of Sir Walter Raleigh, Kt., University Press. East Dorset noblemen and regular soldiers were commissioned by the monarch to supply troops, raising their quotas by indenture from a variety of sources.
Most of the Indo-Vincentian community left the estates and moved near Kingstown, settling at areas such as Calder, Akers, Argyle, Richland Park, Park Hill, Georgetown and Rose Bank. Others chose to emigrate to Trinidad and Guyana which had larger Indian communities, higher wages and legal rights for Indians. The indenture system was abolished in the Caribbean in the 1920s.
On the labor-intensives tobacco plantations, planters replaced indentured laborers with slaves, who also served as household and skilled workers. In the later 17th and 18th centuries, economic conditions improved in England, so the supply of indentured laborers decreased. Early Africans became free after serving their period of indenture. Some individual slaves were freed as early as the mid-17th century by manumission.
According to historian Kumar Sircar, 65 Indians from Saint Kitts migrated to Saint Croix in the 1870s after completing their indenture period in the former. Some of these Indians are recorded in the 1880 and 1890 Censuses of Saint Croix as "coolies". This group of Kittitian Indians is sometimes mistaken for the Indians that arrived in Saint Croix aboard the Mars in 1863.
After De Forest dropped the Gazette title, others took it on, though without any official connection. This can cause confusion in newspaper bibliographies. The first to take the name was James Parker, another former Bradford apprentice, although he had fled his indenture early. In 1743 he had founded the Weekly Post Boy with backing from Benjamin Franklin, to compete with Bradford.
He is also the author of Chalo Jahaji: On a journey through indenture in Fiji (2000) and editor of Bittersweet: The Indo-Fijian Experience (2004), the latter two recounting the history of the trials and triumphs of the Indo-Fijian community. He is the present Editor of the Journal of Pacific History and the Founding Editor of the literary journal, Conversations.
However, Prosper declared in its prospective dated December 21, 2016, that its relationship with Folio Investing had terminated on October 31, 2016. Consequently, note purchasers were informed that they would have to hold their notes to maturity unless Prosper were to establish a new secondary market platform, for which it made no assurance. Wells Fargo appears as a trustee in Prospers note indenture.
This assembly became the legislature of the Territory, although the governor retained veto power. Article VI of the Articles of Compact within the Northwest Ordinance prohibited the owning of slaves within the Northwest Territory. However, territorial governments evaded this law by use of indenture laws. The Articles of Compact prohibited legal discrimination on the basis of religion within the territory.
Mackworth's lands were sequestered by the royalists, apparently under Ottley's control, to provide funds for their own war effort. Evidently the sequestration was very thorough, but not thought through. The royalist William Browne had acquired an interest in Mackworth's estates through an indenture of mortgage, in return for a loan of £300 to Mackworth. Sequestration deprived him of a substantial income.
The Holding Company Act and the Trust Indenture Act in particular have changed significantly since then. The titles listed above, including the year of original enactment, are the so-called "popular names" of these laws, and practitioners in this area reference these statutes using these popular names (e.g., "Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act" or "Section 5 of the Securities Act").
He had already furnished an electoral indenture, complete with seals and the names of witnesses, but with the names of the successful candidates left blank. These were then filled in as Sutton and Blount, in order of precedence. Thus Littleton was simply excluded by blatant fraud. Littleton immediately appealed to the Star Chamber, proceeding against both the Suttons and Whorwood.
194 as well as the importation of slaves, but gave Texas an exemption from emancipating slaves who were already in the territory. To circumvent the ban on importing slaves, traders instead reclassified them as indentured servants with 99-year contracts. The Mexican government cracked down on this practice in 1832, limiting terms of indenture to a maximum of 10 years.
Le Morne Brabant mountain With Aapravasi Ghat, the first World Heritage site of Mauritius, Le Morne highlights the historical significance of slavery and indenture, two labour systems that shaped modern Mauritius. It is a unique conjunction in the Indian Ocean and abroad, and UNESCO has promoted a symbolic meeting of those two systems, to foster a better understanding among the descendants of both the slaves and indentured labourers in the colonial plantation system. Poet Khal Torabully, who developed the concept of coolitude, springing from intercultural strata of his native island, dreams that the memories of indenture and slavery will enhance debate on identity in Mauritius and elsewhere. For him Le Morne Brabant and the Aapravasi Ghat have to be considered as two characters of a collective narrative that will enhance openness and exchanges between cultures and dispel exclusive and sectarian views of identities.
Until mid-1331 the group had made a name for themselves by committing extreme acts of violence; it seems that from then they made it a policy to avoid violence where possible and concentrate on more financially profitable schemes. They became particularly involved in extortion, and Hanawalt has described their technique as being refined: they possessed "such an evil reputation for extortion that they only had to send a letter threatening damage to life, limb, and property in order to extort money". This was the gang's method with the mayor of Nottingham, to whom they wrote demanding £20—"or else". They used the indenture system: one half of the indentured contract was sent to the victim with the demand, and the sum demanded was to be paid to whoever arrived at the appointed time bearing the other half of the indenture.
Paul Haston is a writer based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. He writes novels, short stories and screenplays across several genres including literary fiction, historical fiction and young adult. Novels include Rising of a Dead Moon, Blood and Doves and Echo and the Magical Whispers. Rising of a Dead Moon, published in 2013, is an historical fiction set against the backdrop of 19th Century Indian Indenture.
C.C. 1513). his annual obit being kept by the Drapers on 26 May at St Thomas of Acon,W. Herbert, The History of the Twelve Great Livery Companies of London, 2 vols (Author, London 1834), I, p. 452. and by 1515 Joan remarried to Sir John Milbourne,The remarriage date is shown by an indenture of 1515/16 establishing a Fellowship at St Catherine's College, Cambridge.
What was unsettled was the status of > children if only one of the parents was an English subject, as foreigners > (including Africans) were not considered subjects. Because non-whites came > to be denied civil rights as foreigners, mixed-race people seeking freedom > often had to stress their English ancestry (and later, European). Elizabeth had served as a servant ten years beyond the terms of her indenture.
Church:—12 candlesticks and 2 great standards of laten, a pair of organs. Larder:—46 couple of salt fishes, 12 couple of lings, and 31 couple of stock fishes. In witness whereof "the said" Richard Cromwell and John Milsont have signed the part of this indenture remaining with the said late abbot, while he has signed the part remaining with them. Signed by John Palmer, late abbot.
His father Benjamin came from Broadclyst where he been a wood worker and possibly a chair-carver. Lucraft was baptised at St. Paul church Exeter on 16 December 1809. In 1819 around the age of 10 Lucraft was apprenticed in husbandry to his grandfather William according to his apprentice indenture. Some sources suggest that he was a ploughboy and was apprenticed in cabinet making at 14 years.
By 1852 more than 1500 had arrived. The intention was that they would work as indentured labourers on rural holdings, but some remained in Sydney and others escaped the isolation of the bush and returned to town. A five-year indenture meant very little once gold had been discovered, and the Chinese, like everyone else who caught gold fever, deserted their posts for the diggings.
The hotel's 45 rooms were designed with varied influences; Asian, Moroccan and Colonial styles are conspicuous.Smith Hotels The single rooms contain French double beds with blacks and whites in an eclectic style. The double rooms are styled as Indenture or Provençal design, including antique swan beds. The Director's Double has European king-sized beds which are either French gilded antique swan or four-poster.
Parker was born in 1714 in Woodbridge Township, New Jersey. When he was eleven-years-old, his father died. Parker apprenticed himself on a servant indenture on January 1, 1727 for eight years to William Bradford, the colonial printer in New York City. The agreement terms were that Bradford was to feed and provide for Parker in exchange for labor the boy would do.
Thomas McCormack signed an "indenture" agreement upon retrieving Mary Ellen from the Department of Charities' care, but didn't explain his or his wife's relationship with the child to the Commissioner of Charities and Correction. The McCormacks were required to report the child's condition annually to the Department, but according to Mary Connolly's later court testimony, this only occurred once or twice during Mary Ellen's stay.
Section 3 of the Act stated that "a lease required by law to be in writing... shall be void at law unless also made by deed". Section 5 reversed a common law rule that a person could not take an immediate interest in land unless named in an indenture under seal.Now LPA 1925 s 56 Section 6 stated that contingent interests were entirely alienable.
He was born in Manchester, and educated at the Manchester Grammar School. In March 1810 he enlisted in the 33rd Regiment of Foot, was wounded at the Battle of Waterloo, and was discharged on 28 November 1815. He went back to his apprenticeship to an engraver and copperplate printer, and in 1821 became a letterpress printer by indenture to Messrs. Dicey & Smithson, proprietors of the Northampton Mercury.
This task force was also involved in supporting matters of local industry participation, workforce planning, native title and Aboriginal heritage, and the review of the existing Roxby Downs (Indenture Ratification) Act 1982. The Cross-Government Tskforce acted as the precursor to the Olympic Dam Task Force. In 2006, BHP Billiton acquired Western Mining Corporation and its assets and the Olympic Dam Task Force was formed.
His indenture specifies that he remain apprenticed to the pirates until his "twenty-first birthday", meaning that he must serve for another 63 years.This figure assumes that Gilbert was ignoring the fact that there was no leap year in 1900. Otherwise, the action of the play would take place in 1873 instead of 1877, and the figure would be 67 years. See Bradley (1996), p.
The indenture system had two positive effects on subsequent generations. Firstly the need for people of different castes to live work and eat together led to an end of the caste system. Furthermore, shortage of females resulted in many marrying outside their caste. Another positive was the development of a new koiné language, known as Fiji Hindi that was formed from different languages and dialects of India.
The British offered liberated Africans a chance to serve with the military on larger islands; an opportunity that many accepted. A number stayed and settled in the Territory. They were required to serve an "apprenticeship" or indenture of 14 years, after which they were absolutely free. In 1828 the liberated Africans were given certificates of freedom, so as not to be confused with slaves.
Eight ships transported indentured labourers from India to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines the next two decades. The last ship carrying Indian indentured workers, the Lightning, arrived on the island on 22 May 1880. In total, nearly 2,500 Indians were brought to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, excluding those who died during the voyages. By 1884, around 1,100 returned to India after completing their indenture period.
The fact that John was one of the signatories was not unusual because almost every free adult male in the colony at that time also signed. However, as an indentured servant, Henry Grubb was not one of the signatories. After he finished his three-year indenture, Henry moved to Burlington where he opened a tavern and became an elected official. He was survived by two daughters.
She also freed a slave named Princess and four mulatto children. The rest of her slaves were bequeathed to "William Firebrace and his female relatives, William Stevens, and Captain Thomas Pringle". It is unclear from the will whether the freedom of Joanna discounted her earlier manumission or whether it terminated her contract of indenture. Thomas Rowlandson, an English artist, printed a lithograph of Polgreen in 1796.
Jaarboek Amstelodamum, p. 88-89. Lysbeth, pregnant, had to leave the city for a period of six years; she lived outside the city walls and died in 1663. Following the arrest of his wife and child, de Witte was forced to indenture himself to the Amsterdam notary and art dealer Joris de Wijs, surrendering all of his work in exchange for room, board, and 800 guilders annually.
As was common practice with indentured servitude in Pennsylvania, Brant was required to serve additional time, beyond her original contract of indenture, to pay for the expenses of her pregnancy, her recovery after birth, and the cost of the nurses hired to care for her child. Sally Brant left the Drinkers after fulfilling 8 years of service, on June 15, 1796, then 18 years old.
Thomas Bell, the immensely rich former mayor who was elected alongside Richard Morgan as MP for Gloucester. Morgan was elected to the parliament of 1545, the last of Henry VIII's reign, by two constituencies. Gloucester's indenture or electoral return was dated 6 January and placed Morgan first in order of precedence over Thomas Bell, the former mayor. However, Monmouth Boroughs returned Morgan on 14 January.
According to the civil court documents, Casor demanded his freedom. "Anthony Johnson was in a feare. Upon this his son in law, his wife and his two sonnes persuaded the said Anthony Johnson to set the said John Casor free." Casor went to work for Robert Parker, an English colonist who, along with his brother George, later testified that they knew Casor had an indenture.
Those of the "criminal" or "meaner" sort comprised another form of indentured servitude. For these individuals, indentured servitude provided a "conditional" alternative to judicially prescribed punishments. By serving a certain number of years under indenture, such persons would legally absolve themselves of their crimes. However, if these servants reneged on their contracts and returned to the home country, they would be subject to the penalty of death.
Transportation to the colonies also applied to so-called rogues, vagabonds, and other people of the "meaner" sort.Herrick, White Servitude, 116-117. The procedures for this practice, dating back to the Elizabethan era, had a similarity to that for convicts, with seven years being the standard period of indenture. Yet, most merchants shipping such individuals abroad actually did so outside of the dictates stipulated in the law.
Fenced boundary lines are noted in the indenture between John's parcel and Bowd's farm (on Howith's grant) and between Richard's parcel and the small strip of land formerly owned by Joshua Rose. In the indenture, John is listed as a farmer, and Richard as a dairyman. Physical changes made to the cottage in the early 20th century may have been made by John Rose after receiving the cottage upon the death of his parents. (The repairs could also have been made to make the cottage more comfortable for Charles and Mary Ann Rose in the later years of their lives.) Pine weatherboards were fixed over the slabs on the west side of the rear door (south elevation), over the fixed internally to all walls in the front room, as well as the west and south walls in the front bedroom, and on the north wall in the kitchen.
There was a high mortality rate in the one ship load sent to St Croix, and following adverse reports from the British Consul on the treatment of indentured labourers, further emigration was stopped. The survivors returned to India in 1868, leaving about eighty Indians behind. Permission was granted for emigration to Queensland in 1864, but no Indians were transported under the indenture system to this part of Australia.
Indenture documents show Hindu by caste: 11% were Brahmin, Bhumihar, Chatri, Rajput and Thakur castes; 1% were of the merchant or writer castes; 30% were of the medium agricultural castes; 9% were of the artisan castes; 2% were of the petty trading castes; 2% were of fishermen and boatmen castes; 25% were from menial or dalit castes; 3% were Hindus who were Madrasis; 2% were Hill Coolies or Tribals.
Since the earl did not directly participate in the rebellion, he was not convicted of treason. However, he lost his office as Constable. In 1405 all three parties signed the Tripartite Indenture, which divided England up between them. Glyndŵr was to be given Wales, and a substantial part of the west of England, Northumberland was to have received the north of England, as well as Northamptonshire, Norfolk, Warwickshire, and Leicestershire.
She again devoted herself to her work but her influence had waned. She had seen the effect that the indenture system had had on Indians in Fiji, particularly on women, and did her best to have the system abolished. She left Fiji in August 1913 because of illness, taking five girls and young Raymond with her. Australian immigration laws forced her to move with her children to Auckland.
In structured finance, a tranche is one of a number of related securities offered as part of the same transaction. In the financial sense of the word, each bond is a different slice of the deal's risk. Transaction documentation (see indenture) usually defines the tranches as different "classes" of notes, each identified by letter (e.g., the Class A, Class B, Class C securities) with different bond credit ratings.
This is a synopsis of organisations formed by Indians in Fiji. When they became free from the bondage of indenture and were able to organise themselves, they founded numerous organizations to seek social and political justice. These organisations promoted the teaching of Indian languages and religious practices and also to helped others in time of need. Some of the successful organisations are listed below in order in which they were established.
Lindy Stiebel, "Planted Firmly in South African Soul: Literary Recollections of Indenture", in Relations and Networks in South African Indian Writing, edited by Felicity Hand and Esther Pujolràs-Noguer (Brill, 2018), p. 16. Jayan Moodley, who wrote the script and co-directed, was inspired by her own family history.Haseenah Ebrahim, "South Africa", in Women Screenwriters: An International Guide, edited by Jill Nelmes, Jule Selbo (Springer, 2015), p. 42.
While guild records state that his indenture was to last seven years, Cooke was not freed until 22 March 1609. Cooke bound Walter Haynes under the same guild on 28 March 1610. Cooke's full name first appears in the plot for Ben Jonson's "Sejanus" (1603) in which he is listed as a "principle tragedian".F. E. Halliday, A Shakespeare Companion 1564-1964, Baltimore, Penguin, 1964; pp. 114–15.
In 1821 Richter was again elected to the Society of Painters in Water Colours, though his membership and the frequency of his exhibits varied through the decade. Between 1827 and 1828, John Sartain apprenticed under Richter. In 1823, the 14-year-old Sartain had sought become an experienced engraver under the indenture of John Swaine of the Merchant and Tailors Company. in 1828, Sartain continued his apprenticeship under Richter.
John Mckee was born in Alexandria, Virginia around 1821. An 1838 registration in Alexandria describes him as "a bright mulatto boy, about 19 years old, 5 feet 4½ inches tall, who is straight built with light colored eyes. He was born free, as appears by oaths of Betsey Beckley and Fanny Beckley." He was indentured to a bricklayer while a teenager, ran away but was brought back to complete his indenture.
Crown Grant to Walter Elliott of Allotment 2 Sec 1 fronting Gregory Street and this driveway continued to provide access up until 1973 when the property was subdivided. By 1865, Taylor was in major financial difficulties and an indenture over all his assets was granted to two of his creditors, William Baron Lethbridge, and to William Eaglestone, who had rights to the adjoining property that faced Gregory and Ligar Streets.
Bhojpuri residents of India who moved to British colonies in Africa, the Indian Ocean, and the Caribbean in the 19th and early 20th centuries used both Kaithi and Devanagari scripts.Rajend Mesthrie, Language in indenture: a sociolinguistic history of Bhojpuri-Hindi in South Africa, Routledge, 1992, , pages 30–32 Persian script (on the right side) and Roman script (above). "Lock no. 11" is written on the board in Bhojpuri.
It is not known for certain who his father was, but it is possible that the middle initial C. stands for Carroll or Carrollton. The Goodridge surname, also spelled Goodrich early on, might have been invented to give the impression of wealth. At the age of 6, Goodridge was indentured to the tanner Reverend Dunn in York, Pennsylvania. As a condition of the indenture, Dunn educated and trained the boy.
He served in the local (Granville, Massachusetts) militia during the American Revolutionary War, after his indenture ended, and was formally ordained as a Congregationalist minister in 1780. His service as minister to the Middle Granville church marks the first known instance of an African-American preacher leading a predominantly white congregation. Haynes spent many years leading a church in Rutland, Vermont, before ending his long career in Granville, New York.
Several ships transported indentured labourers from India to Grenada in the following decades. The last ship carrying Indian indentured workers arrived on the island some time between 1881 and 1885. In total, nearly 3,206 Indians were brought to Grenada, excluding those who died during the voyage. Only about 15% of them returned to India, while the rest remained in the country even after their indenture period ended in 1890.
At the end of his indenture period Kuppuswami Naidu, an ex-policeman and indentured labourer, took up the cause of the South Indians in Fiji. He gave up worldly pleasures, taking up the life of a sadhu (holy man). He was a devotee of Swami Vivekananda, Ramana Maha Rishi, Ramalinga Swamigal and Rama Krishna Paramahamsa. He later became known amongst his colleagues and South Indians in particular, as Sadhu Swami.
In the United States a private trustee is a position set up through a trust indenture. It is a private agreement, between the settlor of a trust and the trustee.United States Constitution Article I, §10 This makes both the trust and the trustee private. This arrangement differs from a bank trustee or a corporate trustee, both of which mainly focus on legalities and accounting in the public arena.
De Witte broke the contract, was sued by the dealer, and forced to indenture himself further as a result.Crenshaw, P. (2006) Rembrandt's Bankruptcy. The artist, his patrons and the art market in the seventeenth-century Netherlands, p. 85. Several patrons provided de Witte with support, but these relations did not work out well, for he tended to shout at his clients and at people watching him at work in churches.
Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, 1st series, Vol. 12, No. 162. There is no definite evidence of any children from Nicholas’ first marriage. However, it is possible that one “Guy de Loveyne” who on 22 April 1365 was included in an indenture that entailed much of the de Pulteney estates and who does not appear to be recorded subsequently may have been a child of that marriage who presumably died young.
He also ordered that medication must be dispensed and administered in a timely, accurate, and reliable manner.Judge Randa orders proper administration of medicine at Taycheedah Women's Prison. wispolitics.com. Accessed January 17, 2016. In 2010, Randa ruled that a bond indenture agreement executed by the Lake of the Torches Economic Development Corporation was void because it was a gaming facility management contract unapproved by the National Indian Gaming Commission.
1850 depiction of an indigenous woman panning for gold in the California Gold Rush. Unfree labour in California existed as a system technically different but similar to chattel slavery. While California's state constitution outlawed slavery the 1850 Act for the Government and Protection of Indians which allowed the indenture of Native Californians. The act allowed for a system of custodianship for indigenous children and a system of convict leasing.
Holcroft was elected to Parliament for the first time as Knight of the Shire for Lancashire on 23 November 1554, the election, according to the indenture, being unanimous.History of Parliament Online: Constituencies 1509–1558 – Lancashire – Author: N. M. Fuidge. All the county's freeholders were entitled to vote, but the numbers were in practice variable but low. Elections were held at Lancaster Castle, extremely inconvenient for most of the county's inhabitants.
Throughout the colonial era, islands such as Mauritius were important shipping nodes for the Dutch, French, and British. Mauritius, an inhabited island, became populated by slaves from Africa and indenture labour from India. The end of World War II marked the end of the colonial era. The British left Mauritius in 1974 and with 70% of the population of Indian descent, Mauritius became a close ally of India.
After three years of indenture, they traveled to Abington, Connecticut, to serve a further eight-month apprenticeship in the watch repairs. Shortly after, the two brothers returned to Concord, New Hampshire, to set up shop on Main Street. In 1787 Hutchins created the first American alarm clock. It was housed in a wooden cabinet with mirrored doors, and had an extra gear that rang an attached bell at 4 a.m.
Men who migrated to the North American colonies often took their East Indian slaves or servants with them, as East Indians have been documented in colonial records., "WEAVER FAMILY: Three members of the Weaver family, probably brothers, were called "East Indians" in Lancaster County,[VA] [court records] between 1707 and 1711."; "'The indenture of Indians (Native Americans) as servants was not common in Maryland ... the indenture of East Indian servants was more common.", Retrieved 15 February 2008Francis C. Assisi, "First Indian-American Identified: Mary Fisher, Born 1680 in Maryland" , IndoLink, Quote: "Documents available from American archival sources of the colonial period now confirm the presence of indentured servants or slaves who were brought from the Indian subcontinent, via England, to work for their European American masters.", Retrieved 20 April 2010 Some of the first freedom suits, court cases in Britain to challenge the legality of slavery, took place in Scotland in 1755 and 1769.
The carrack Minion (from the Anthony Roll) During 1562 Lodge, with other citizens, executed an indenture of charter-party with the queen for two ships, the Minion and the Primrose, to 'sail and traffic in the ports of Africa and Ethiopia'.Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series 1547–1580, p. 215. This has mistakenly been thought to represent the inauguration of the infamous traffic in slaves, countenanced by Elizabeth.C. Welch, 'Lodge, Thomas (d.
Following her captivity, Ashbridge was still determined to travel to America, and she returned to the ship. Shortly after, Ashbridge learned that some Irish servants had planned a mutiny. In spite of her informing the ship's captain of the planned attack on the crew, Ashbridge was forced into servitude: "The captain caused an indenture to be made, and threatened me with a gaol, if I refused to sign it." Ashbridge, p. 12.
The Sixteenth Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records of Ireland,Calendar of Fiants of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth 1586-95, Alex Thom., Dublin, 1884 He appears to have also had three sons who were also brehon lawyers. Soyrbrehagh Og Folain, in an indenture for John Kinge in May 1606, is described as "Soyrbrehagh Og Folain of Ierconnaght in the Co. of Galway atornies for seisin".The Lynch Blosse Papers.
In September, the delegates petitioned Queen Victoria through the British government to look into the treatment of Africans in South Africa and Rhodesia, including specified acts of injustice perpetrated by whites there, namely: > # The degrading and illegal compound system of labour in vogue in Kimberley > and Rhodesia. # The so-called indenture, i.e., legalized bondage of African > men and women and children to white colonists. # The system of compulsory > labour in public works.
Then the pirate king and Ruth find Frederic alone. They have reviewed the fine print on his apprenticeship indenture and have discovered that he is still a pirate because he was born in leap year on February 29, and he will not be out of his indentures to the pirates until his 21st birthday. Mabel agrees to wait for Frederic until then. The Police return and, hearing the pirates approach, they hide.
The country had 5 schools catering to Indian children by the end of 1891. The Jumna returned 137-139 workers who had completed their indenture period back to India in August 1892. The workers also received a total of £2,138 () in cash. Colonial authorities closed the Indian school located at the Central Factory Estate at the end of 1892, re-opened it in February 1893, before closing it permanently in October 1893.
An indenture of 23 March 1515 records the establishment of Broderers' Hall in Cutter Lane in that year,Norris p. 225 and the guild was officially incorporated (or reincorporated) by Royal Charter under Elizabeth I in 1561 as the Worshipful Company of Broderers.Jourdain 1912, p. 56 Professional embroiderers were also attached to the great households of England, but it is unlikely that those working far from London were members of the Company.
Victoria County History, volume 5, chapter 22, s.7. Elections at Stafford took place among a small circle of burgesses, chaired by the bailiff.The History of Parliament: Constituencies 1509–1558 – Stafford (Author: N. M. Fuidge) The returning officer at Stafford was the High Sheriff of Staffordshire, at that time Thomas Giffard himself, completing the indenture in Latin for his own son and brother-in-law. This parliament was even shorter, lasting just a month.
The original is now in the museum at Bury. Another early reference to him is an indenture 15 December 1490 by which Robert Geddying, son and heir of John Geddyng, agreed with Robert Drury, esquire, for the erection of houses at Lackford, Suffolk, Roger and William Drury being co- feoffees. He was elected Knight of the Shire (MP) for Suffolk in 1491, 1495 and 1510, acting as Speaker of the House in 1495.
An example of such a Scots rebel who started in the colony as a convict was James Pittillo. He survived his indenture and in 1726 was granted on Wagua Creek. He gradually became a major landowner in the area. He was appointed as a tobacco inspector in Bristol Parish in 1728 and that year served with William Byrd II on his spring and fall expeditions to survey the border between Virginia and North Carolina.
Landgate Deeds and Ordinances Index V 55/45: Indenture 20 February 1852. The walls of the “windmill” were nearly completed by mid-October 1850, and it was due to be completed in January 1851.Inquirer 16 October 1850, p.3. ”The architect is Mr Solomon Cook, and both the workmanship and design are such as do no discredit to that individual’s established reputation for ingenuity and skill.”Inquirer 16 October 1850, p.3.
The revenue earned from the tour of paintings was still not enough to ensure its endowment. By fall 1998, Glanton and fellow board member Niara Sudarkasa were suing each other. Lincoln University, which according to the Barnes Foundation's indenture, controlled four of the five seats on the board of trustees, began an investigation into the Foundation's finances. The Foundation's board believed that a similar investigation was warranted for activities during Glanton's tenure as president.
Bertram advises Robert to steal a magic branch that will give him great powers. All Robert has to do is sign an indenture for his soul. This branch turns out to be in the Chamber of Horrors in Madame Tussaud's wax museum. A chorus of wax figures of famous dead people come to life at midnight and sing about being wax works (to the tune of 'A fosco cielo' from Vincenzo Bellini's La sonnambula).
The gallery served as a teaching tool for students to study art using a method based on the scientific method. Barnes consulted with attorney Owen Roberts (1875-1955) when setting up the by-laws and the indenture. In 1925, the buildings were completed and the Barnes Foundation opened. The collection is not hung traditionally, instead they are arranged in "ensembles" which are organized following the formal principles of light, color, line, and space.
During this time two neighbors gave him books and Wilson enhanced his meager education by reading extensively on English and American history and biography. At the end of his service he was given "six sheep and a yoke of oxen." Wilson immediately sold his animals for $85 (about $2,100 in 2018), which was the first money he had earned during his indenture. Wilson apparently did not like his birth name, though the reasons given vary.
The last ship carrying indentured Indian immigrants, the Lightning, arrived on 22 May 1880 with 214 Indians on board. In total, 8 ships transported 2,474 Indians to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines between 1861 and 1880, excluding those who died during the voyage. By 1884, around 1,100 returned to India after completing their indenture period. The Indians that remained in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines are the origin of the Indo-Vincentian community.
It was officially opened on 5 September 1984 by the South Australian Premier John Bannon. The jetty is licensed to Santos under the Stony Point (Liquids Project) Ratification Act, 1981 and the State Government has an obligation to maintain the jetty for the life of the indenture. In 2010, Cabinet committed $29.9 million to its refurbishment. A major oil spill occurred at Port Bonython during the berthing of the tanker Era in 1992.
At the age of 14, Dent became apprenticed to his grandfather, John Wright Dent, a tallow chandler. Under the terms of the indenture – dated 20 August 1804 – John Wright Dent was expected to find suitable lodgings for his apprentice. Fortunately, Edward John Dent's cousin, Richard Rippon, was willing to have him. Rippon was an expert watchmaker and Dent became fascinated by watchmaking and less interested in the business of making and selling candles.
Grenville came into the main family estates by a deed of 1586 and an indenture of 6 February 1591. He was knighted in 1608.A. L. Rowse, Sir Richard Grenville, 58-9, 337-9 He was appointed High Sheriff of Cornwall for 1596–97, and a Justice of the Peace and a Deputy Lieutenant of Cornwall in 1598. He was a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber to King Charles I in 1628.
Indenture: no. 442, in J. Gairdner and R.H. Brodie (eds), Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII Vol. 14 Part 2: August-December 1539 (HMSO 1895), p. 162 (British History Online, accessed 1 June 2018). In February 1540 Suffolk asked Cromwell to intervene with the King to allow him to buy "Buttley and Tangham":'Letter: no. 190', in J. Gairdner and R.H. Brodie (eds), Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII Vol.
The trust was established by a Trust Indenture dated December 2, 1953 that created a California charitable trust was "the diffusion of artistic and general knowledge." The trust is governed by a 13-member board of trustees. Trustees are elected to serve four-year terms, with a maximum limit of three terms. The board is self-perpetuating with the board electing or re- electing the trustees.Getty Trust Bylaws, Section 2.2. Retrieved May 1, 2011.
He flirts with Hilary Robinson (Anne Scott-Pendlebury) much to her annoyance. Rob misses the wedding due to a hangover, but redeems himself by giving Charlene indenture papers for a four-year apprenticeship at the garage as a wedding present. When Gail decides to look for her biological parents, Rob is upset at the idea. Gail is distraught to discover her biological mother, Louise is dead but finds her father, Ian Chadwick (Robin Bowering).
Plantation owners were required to provide free housing, basic medical care, minimum wage, and basic rations to all workers during the indenture period. Breach of contract by either party was punishable by fines. However, in practice, plantation owners rarely provided these services to workers and were rarely punished except in a few cases of severe working conditions. Instead of adequate housing, Indian workers were placed in abandoned dwellings previously occupied by African slave laborers.
The first Indians in South Africa arrived on the Cape of Good Hope as slaves brought by the Dutch East Indies Company in 1654. The slaves were bought from Muslim ruled regions on the Indian subcontinent. However the most significant migrations of Indians came when the Natal become a British colony and large numbers were brought as Indian indenture system. Often serving as labourers on sugar plantations, but also in coal mines.
Page updated 12 February 2008. The Olympic Dam mine in South Australia is permitted to extract up to 42 million litres of water daily from the Great Artesian Basin under the Roxby Downs (Indenture Ratification) Act 1982. The underground copper and uranium mine commenced operations in 1988 and is expected to continue operating until approximately 2060. In addition, the Basin provides water, via a -deep bore, for a geothermal power station at Birdsville.
His 1200-mile journey took him 77 days. After delivering the money, Watson set off with two companions to explore Georgia and Florida, and during this journey started keeping a journal, a practice which he maintained for decades. After completing his indenture in 1779, Watson continued to work for the Browns. During the American Revolutionary War, Watson carried Brown's dispatches overseas to statesman Benjamin Franklin in France, who was working to secure French support.
William Spencer (c.1751–1816), son of Anthony Spencer, was an apprentice to Richard Rust. The contract of indenture to Richard Rust, "citizen and grocer of London," was for a term of seven years, and was dated 4 November 1766. London instrument maker William Spencer and his wife Ann had no children but his nephews, Samuel, John, and William Spencer, were apprenticed at the firm and some sources have assumed erroneously they were his sons.
Adams let go of Collins in early 1766 due to an economic slowdown, when he was twenty years old, completing only four years of his apprenticeship. Collins completed his last year of the 5 year indenture with William Rind, a printer of the Virginia Gazette in Williamsburg. He was twenty-one years old in 1767 when he finished his apprenticeship. Collins soon after his birthday moved to Philadelphia to start work as a journeyman printer.
Johnson, Benjamin, Patrick Kavanagh and Kevin Mattson. Steal This University: The Rise of the Corporate University and an Academic Labor Movement. New York: Routledge, 2003.Harney, Stefano and Fred Moten. “The University and the Undercommons.” Social Text 22.2-79 (Summer 2004): 101-115.Williams, Jeffrey J. “The Post-Welfare State University.” American Literary History 18.1 (2006): 190-216.Williams, Jeffrey J. “Student Debt and the Spirit of Indenture.” Dissent Fall 2008: 73-78.
In 1817, shortly before the fixed term of his indenture was completed, Baldwin moved together with his mother to Philadelphia. There the budding jewelry maker was employed by the firm of Fletcher & Gardner, one of the leading jewelry manufacturers of the city. Baldwin proved to be a valuable journeyman employee over the course of the next two years. In 1819 Baldwin quit Fletcher & Gardner and began to work as an independent silversmith.
A few became sufficiently prosperous that they were eventually able to acquire indentured servants of their own.The Fort Scott Tribune, (newspaper) Fort Scott, Kansas, November 3, 1986, p. 4B Given the high death rate, many servants did not live to the end of their terms. In the 18th and early 19th century, numerous Europeans, mostly from outside the British Isles, traveled to the colonies as redemptioners, a particularly harsh form of indenture.
At this time, there were only about 300 people of African origin living in the Virginia Colony, about 1% of an estimated population of 30,000. The first group of 20 or so Africans were brought to Jamestown in 1619 as indentured servants. After working out their contracts for passage money to Virginia and completing their indenture, each was granted of land (headrights). This enabled them to raise their own tobacco or other crops.
Emerging in the 18th century, the redemptionist system allowed indebted migrants to avoid indenture by repaying the costs of their passage within a certain period of time after arrival in the colony. However, if the migrant proved unable to reimburse the merchant for the passage, the former was sold as an indentured servant for the specified amount of the voyage.Smith, Colonists in Bondage, 20–21.; Salinger, "To serve well and faithfully", 11.
The Archbishops had long held land in Croydon and their presence was recorded in the Domesday Book. On 12 December 1889, Croydon Corporation bought Stubbs Mead from the Ecclesiastical Commissioners for £2,700. The indenture states that "The land shall be forever dedicated and used as an ornamental pleasure ground and place of recreation for the inhabitants of the Borough of Croydon and for no other purpose whatsoever." Improvements to the park were overseen by the Corporation's Road Committee.
After visits by Portuguese and Spanish explorers, Barbados was claimed on 14 May 1625 for James I (who had died six weeks earlier) by Captain John Powell. Two years later, a party of 80 settlers and 10 slaves, led by his brother, Captain Henry Powell, occupied the island. In 1639 the colonists established a local democratic assembly. Agriculture, reliant on indenture, was developed by the introduction of sugar cane, tobacco and cotton, beginning in the 1630s.
In the meantime, Burton hopes to betroth Yvonne to a Scottish king and indenture the remaining citizens of Camelot to that lord for personal gain. Yvonne and Jack reveal Burton and his wife's past treachery, and instead of a quick execution Jack hopes a trial will cleanse Camelot of its sins. Instead Brianna takes justice into her own hands and kills the pair as the barbarians approach. While the two sides battle, Lord Weston accompanies Jack to the cave.
Given the steady influx of ships carrying indentured Indians to Fiji up until 1916, repatriated Indians generally boarded these same ships on their return voyage. The total number of repatriates under the Fiji indenture system is recorded as 39,261, while the number of arrivals is said to have been 60,553. Because the return figure includes children born in Fiji, many of the indentured Indians never returned to India. Direct return voyages by ship ceased after 1951.
Greene fled with a bullet wound in his shoulder to Chicago after killing an Arkansas farmer who tried to indenture or enslave Franklin on his farm. Greene was extradited to Arkansas, and was threatened with lynching. Ida B. Wells-Barnett's Negro Fellowship League raised money to organize a defense committee and safely bring Greene to Canada. Further, Washington was skeptical of legal solutions for Franklin in favor of political ones, a view that was ultimately validated.
These were mostly indentured servants, as the colony needed labor to develop the plantations. Under the terms of indenture, workers could get passage by ship to the colony, and then work for a period of years as farm or domestic laborers to pay off their passage and board. Bennett named his plantation Warrosquoake, an indigenous name for the nearby river and a local tribe of the loose Powhatan Confederacy. Its 30 tribes dominated the coastal areas of Virginia.
This Chalice is still in existence.The Chalices and Books of Kilconnell Abbey, Brendan Jennings,Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society, Vol. 21, No. 1/2 (1944), Galway, 1944 He was the Son of Servreagh O'Folan, and appears to have also had two brothers who were also brehon lawyers. Soyrbrehagh Og Folain, in an indenture for John Kinge in May 1606, is described as "Soyrbrehagh Og Folain of Ierconnaght in the Co. of Galway atornies for seisin".
He died there on 11 August 1827. After his death, it passed to Crawshay Bailey, who owned the ironworks at Nantyglo and Beaufort. Bailey recognised the potential of the rich coal seams of the Aberdare and Rhondda valleys and bought up land in these areas in the 1830s. Amongst the lands he acquired was the Aberaman estate, which he bought from the executors of Anthony Bacon II, together with its mansion, by indenture dated 17 February 1837.
This was subsequently surrendered and a second mortgage registered. In an indenture dated 12 November 1857, made between Maurice and Margaret Reynolds and Charles E. Langley and George Stabler, the mortgage was discharged. On his death in 1860, the Harrington Street premises formed part of the insolvent estate of Maurice Reynolds of Burwood. The property included a house and adjoining land facing George Street and various small brick and stone houses in Reynolds Lane (now the Suez Canal).
In February 1405, Glyndŵr, Mortimer, and Northumberland entered into the Tripartite Indenture, which proposed a threefold division of the kingdom. Mortimer was to have most of the south of England. This agreement was apparently connected to the attempted abduction of Mortimer's nephew Edmund in the same month and Northumberland's second rising in May 1405. However, after Shrewsbury, Glyndŵr's attacks on the king's forces were largely unsuccessful, and according to T. F. Tout, 'Mortimer himself was reduced to great distress'.
This arrangement was wildly successful, and the whale fishery was soon seen all over New England. So valued were the Indian fisherman that in 1708 the governor made a law stating, “Indians under indenture to whaling companies could not be arrested, molested, or detained in any way from November first to April fifteenth”. This version of whale fishing continued with Indian contract labor until at least 1746. The whaling industry declined sharply in the mid 1700s.
The contracts offered to workers were complex. Roopnarine states, "The contracts consisted of laws and ordinances not easily comprehensible to modern researchers, much less to the nineteenth century Indian peasantry." High-levels of illiteracy among the workers meant that many were unable to comprehend the contracts they were agreeing to. The British Government did not monitor the day-to-day operation of the indenture system, delegating it to the British Indian government which was unconcerned with enforcing the guidelines.
Instead, they were disappointed that they were unable to make much money from their contracts. When the indenture period expired in 1868, nearly two-thirds of the Indian workers chose to return to India. The Dorothea Melchior departed Saint Croix on 16 July 1868, with around 250 Indians on board, and arrived in Calcutta on 16 December 1868. According to the Protector of Immigrants at Calcutta, 4 adult males and 1 woman died during the voyage.
It was during this time that he greatly refined and expanded his mathematical, astronomical, and surveying skills under the tutelage of Hudson's Bay Company surveyor Philip Turnor. It was also during this time that he lost sight in his right eye. In 1790, with his apprenticeship nearing its end, Thompson requested a set of surveying tools in place of the typical parting gift of fine clothes offered by the company to those completing their indenture. He received both.
Ebenezer Rust, son of Joseph Rust, was an apprentice to Richard Rust (died 1785), and most probably his nephew. Richard Rust was a renowned mathematical instrument maker in Ratcliff and Wapping, London, and the first of a line of English instrument makers. Richard Rust was master to a number of apprentices, including William Spencer, Samuel Browning, and Ebenezer Rust. The seven-year contract of indenture of Ebenezer Rust to Richard Rust was dated 6 March 1770.
Indenture drafted by Syon Abbey 1530, transferring bequest of Hugh Denys from Sheen Priory. BL Harley MS 4640, f.1r In 1530 for convenience of administration Sheen Priory transferred, under various covenants, the bequest of the manors of Osterley and Wyke received from Hugh Denys following his death in 1511, to Syon Abbey, a Bridgettine nunnery, its neighbour across the Thames one mile (1.6 km) due north. Gray's Inn was not similarly transferred, but remained held by Sheen.
Flower and Stone are not the suckers Pozzi takes them for and the plan backfires. Having run out of money Nashe decides to risk everything on "a single blind turn of a card" and puts up his car as collateral against the pot. He loses and the two indenture themselves to Flower and Stone as a way to pay back their debt. They will build the wall for Flower and Stone, a meaningless wall that nobody will ever see.
As there is no further record of these children it must be assumed that all three died young, or in infancy. In 1708 the baptismal register records the couple, or the mother, as living in the Minories, near St Botolph's; and in 1712 in Red Lion Street, near St Mary's. The Minories was an area noted for its gunsmiths. On 6 October 1708, Monamy registered an apprentice, Henry Kirby, who was bound to him for seven years by indenture.
Text XML editors generally provide features dealing with working with element tags. Syntax highlighting is a basic standard of any XML editor; that is, they color element text differently from regular text. Element and attribute completion based on a DTD or schema is also available from many text XML editors. Displaying line numbers is also a common and useful feature, as is providing the ability to reformat a document to conform to a particular style of indenture.
Cultivation of cash crops like coffee, cocoa, and sugar and exploitation of minerals like gold and tin led farm owners to search for individuals in need of loans for the sake of keeping laborers permanently. In particular, the Indian indenture system was based on debt bondage by which an estimated two million Indians were transported to various colonies of European powers to provide labor for plantations. It started from the end of slavery in 1833 and continued until 1920.
By the time Coney died in 1722, he had anglicized his name to Paul Rivoire. After Coney's death, Rivoire bought his freedom for about £40; the estate's inventory records "Paul Rivoire's Time abt Three Year & half as pr indenture £30/0/0," with an additional record reading "Cash received for Paul Rivoire's Time, more than it was prized at, £10." In 1723 he briefly revisited Guernsey, but returned to Boston and established himself as a gold and silversmith.
After the indenture system, Indians who spoke Gujarati and Punjabi arrived in Fiji as free immigrants. At present, many free settler descendants in Fiji and their families speak Tamil, Telugu, Punjabi and Gujarati at home, but all speak and communicate with each other in English. Two significant languages that are seeing growth are Cantonese Chinese and Mandarin Chinese. Many Chinese settlers, especially from southern China speak Cantonese, which is quickly incorporating many Fijian and English words.
Jamison was required to serve an indenture of four years in America to cover the cost of his transportation. He was bound to George Lockhart who assigned him to Rev. Clarke, the chaplain of Fort James, which was under the control of Thomas Dongan, 2nd Earl of Limerick, the royal governor of New York. Due to Jamison's education, the citizens arranged to purchase his time and set him up to teach a Latin school in the city.
At the end of the indenture, the young person was given a new suit of clothes and was free to leave. Many immediately set out to begin their own farms, while others used their newly acquired skills to pursue a trade.James Curtis Ballagh, White Servitude In The Colony Of Virginia: A Study Of The System Of Indentured Labor In The American Colonies (1895)Frank R. Diffenderffer (1979). The German Immigration into Pennsylvania Through the Port of Philadelphia, 1700–1775.
Co., Baltimore, 1979. > This INDENTURE Witnesseth that James Best a Labourer doth Voluntarily put > himself Servant to Captain Stephen Jones Master of the Snow Sally to serve > the said Stephen Jones and his Assigns, for and during the full Space, Time > and Term of three Years from the first Day of the said James’ arrival in > Philadelphia in AMERICA, during which Time or Term the said Master or his > Assigns shall and will find and supply the said James with sufficient Meat, > Drink, Apparel, Lodging and all other necessaries befitting such a Servant, > and at the end and expiration of said Term, the said James to be made Free, > and receive according to the Custom of the Country. Provided nevertheless, > and these Presents are on this Condition, that if the said James shall pay > the said Stephen Jones or his Assigns 15 Pounds British in twenty one Days > after his arrival he shall be Free, and the above Indenture and every Clause > therein, absolutely Void and of no Effect.
In this translation, the author translates "πεσσὸν" to the Latin "fœtum." The Hippocratic Oath, in Greek, from the 1923 Loeb edition, and then followed by the English translation: > > I swear by Apollo Healer, by Asclepius, by Hygieia, by Panacea, and by all > the gods and goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I will carry out, > according to my ability and judgment, this oath and this indenture. To hold > my teacher in this art equal to my own parents; to make him partner in my > livelihood; when he is in need of money to share mine with him; to consider > his family as my own brothers, and to teach them this art, if they want to > learn it, without fee or indenture; to impart precept, oral instruction, and > all other instruction to my own sons, the sons of my teacher, and to > indentured pupils who have taken the Healer’s oath, but to nobody else. I > will use those dietary regimens which will benefit my patients according to > my greatest ability and judgment, and I will do no harm or injustice to > them.
This was part of what became known as Southside Virginia. His name first appeared in colonial Virginia records in February 1723/24 when he witnessed the will of Richard Smith. In April 1724, Pittillo was recorded as surveying on the north side of Moccosoneck (presently called Rowanty) Creek in Prince George County, Virginia. In October 1726, having served his indenture to pay for the costs of his transportation to the colony, Pittillo was granted on Wagua Creek in what was now Brunswick County.
Chinese Cuban cuisine stems from the earliest migration of Chinese migrants to Cuba in the mid-1800s. Due to a labor shortage, close to 125,000 indentured or contract Chinese laborers arrived in Cuba between 1847 and 1874. The laborers or coolies were almost exclusively male, and most worked on sugar plantations alongside enslaved Africans. Tens of thousands of Chinese who survived indenture and remained on the island during the 1870s and 1880s now had more physical, occupational, and even social mobility.
Cokayne now found it prudent to enlist with the king's son, Thomas of Lancaster for military operations in the English Channel. This was during a lull in the Hundred Years' War, without major warfare between England and France, but with both sides sponsoring proxies. The French monarchy supported the Glyndŵr Rising and aristocratic plotting, the so-called Tripartite Indenture, as well as privateering to destabilise Henry IV.Jacob, p. 54-8. The king appointed his son admiralCalendar of Patent Rolls, 1401–1405, p. 496.
The city of Coventry faced few military threats, however, and the decision to build the walls appears to have been driven by political and economic drivers - walls were important symbolically to a city's leading citizens and in turn could bring additional trade.Creighton and Higham, p.87. The decision to build the walls in the 1350s appears to be linked to the "Tripartite Indenture" of Coventry in 1355, which established a common local government for the city.Creighton and Higham, p.212.
Early in the 20th century, adoption was "rare". Low-income birth parents from whom children were taken were generally considered genetically inferior, and the children, considered adoptable, were considered therefore genetically tainted. Before Tann's work, indenture was applied to some children with the duties to educate the children and to provide them with land scarcely enforced, and the Orphan Train Project gathered children and transported them for resettlement under farmers needing labor, using a procedure akin to a slave auction.
This in turn resulted in some neighbouring countries quarantining Saint Lucia. Many of the Indians on board the Bracadille were admitted to Saint Lucian hospitals the following year, and they were deemed to be in the poorest physical state of any Indian workers that had come to the island. The Poonah transported 306 Indian indenture workers to Saint Lucia in 1885. A Canadian Presbyterian Mission to Indian immigrants in Trinidad established three schools for Indian children in Saint Lucia in 1887.
The first English settlers, in what was to become Brunswick County, swarmed into the relatively protected lands near Fort Christanna during its 4 years of operation (1714–1718). Among them were indentured servants, including men deported from Scotland in 1716 after being convicted by the Crown in the Jacobite rising of 1715. They were required to work under indenture to pay the Crown back for their ship passage. Gradually the colonists pushed many of the Native Americans out of the area.
According to Wallis he was perhaps a Catholic attempting to avoid the vicissitudes of the Protestant Reformation on the continent. On 29 May 1554 he was given licence for twenty years to 'mine, break open ground, melt, divide (i.e. separate metals) and search for all manner of metals' in accordance with an indenture which he had entered into on 18 May of that year. The grant included a prohibition preventing others from making use of his methods for a six-year period.
Derby, now known as Lancaster after the death of his father,During the 1345 campaign he was known as the Earl of Derby, but his father died in September 1345 and he became the Earl of Lancaster. sent an urgent appeal for help to Edward. Edward was not only morally obliged to succour his vassal, but also contractually required to; his indenture with Lancaster stated that if Lancaster were attacked by overwhelming numbers, then Edward "shall rescue him in one way or another".
In addition to Glyndŵr and his family, the cast of characters includes real historical figures such as Gruffydd Young and the Lollard Walter Brut. Likewise, the historical events described in the book, such as the Battle of Pilleth and the signing of the Tripartite Indenture, are a mixture of fact and fiction; some of the incidents, such as the death of Hywel Sele,W. J. Keith, 'Owen Glendower': a Reader's Companion, July 2007, p. 22. are based on legend or oral tradition.
Nina shows the group her strange and creepy new abilities to control dead bodies, guessing that it might be a result of her surviving the jurda parem withdrawal. Kaz puts together another plan and declares an auction for the indenture of Kuwei, which causes everyone to think him more insane than usual. In the auction, Kaz disguises the Grisha from the embassy as the Council of Tides. They claim that the auction is biased because Van Eck gave money to the Shu people.
Indians began arriving in Belize in the 1880s as part of the Indian indenture system set up by the British Indian government after slavery was abolished. Initially coming in as indentured, many of them stayed on to work the sugar plantations and were joined by other Indian immigrants. Indians are spread out over many villages and towns primarily in the Corozal and Toledo districts and live in reasonably compact rural communities. They are fairly well integrated into the Belizean population through intermarriage.
Girmit Soccer Tournament is a football tournament organised in Fiji by the Fiji Football Association. The tournament was first held in 1979 to commemorate the centenary of the arrival of Indians in Fiji, under the indenture system, known as girmit by the Fiji Indians. The first tournament ended in controversy when Labasa was awarded the Girmit Cup when Ba defaulted the final game. The tournament was revived in 1999 when Nadi beat Ba in the final by one goal to nil.
In 1988, a public campaign by the Western Canada Wilderness Committee brought attention to the logging issues, and the GVWD conducted a public inquiry in 1991. Public advocacy groups including the Society Promoting Environmental Conservation, the Burke Mountain Naturalists, the Friends of the Watersheds, and the BC Tap Water Alliance made strong cases for halting logging activities. In 1999, the GVWD resolved to end all logging activity in the Greater Vancouver watersheds. The 1967 Amending Indenture was cancelled on February 8, 2002.
In August 1799, at the age of seven, he was sold to work as a mule scavenger in the Gonalston Mill, a cotton mill of C.W. and F. Lambert in Lowdham, near Nottingham. According to his later memoirs, he was one of the 80 seven-year-old children the St. Pancras workhouse sold to "indenture" as parish apprentices. They travelled there in wagons for five days. Ostensibly they were supposed to be schooled to better their lives, but that never happened.
SLUSA exempts from its preemption coverage certain class actions that are based on the law of the state in which the issuer of the security is incorporated. It also excludes any actions brought by a state agency, a state pension plan, actions under contracts between issuers and indenture trustees, and derivative actions brought by shareholders on behalf of a corporation.15 U.S.C. §§78bb(f)(3)(A)–(C), (f)(5)(C). SLUSA also expressly preserves state court jurisdiction over state agency enforcement proceedings.
He was initially employed as a telephone operator, but when he complained that he was not being given the promised job, he was sent to work in a cane field. He wrote to the I.I.A. and Manilal forwarded his case to the Anti-Slavery Society of London. The Society approached the Colonial Office and Veeraswamy was able to buy his freedom and get employment outside the indenture system. The government, instead of chastising the CSR and the immigration office, expressed annoyance with Manilal.
Indentures could not marry without the permission of their owner, were subject to physical punishment (like many young ordinary servants), and saw their obligation to labor enforced by the courts. To ensure uninterrupted work by the female servants, the law lengthened the term of their indenture if they became pregnant. But unlike slaves, servants were guaranteed to be eventually released from bondage. At the end of their term they received a payment known as "freedom dues" and become free members of society.
During and following the Revolution, the northern states all abolished slavery, with New Jersey acting last in 1804. Some of these state jurisdictions enacted the first abolition laws in the entire New World. In states that passed gradual abolition laws, such as New York and New Jersey, children born to slave mothers had to serve an extended period of indenture into young adulthood. In other cases, some slaves were reclassified as indentured servants, effectively preserving the institution of slavery through another name.
Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery, pp. 21–23. In The Book of Night Women, author Marlon James indicates that the ratio of slave owners to enslaved Africans is 1:33. James also depicts atrocities that slave owners subjected slaves to, and violent resistance from the slaves; numerous slaves died in pursuit of freedom. After slavery was abolished in 1834, sugarcane plantations used a variety of forms of labour including workers imported from India under contracts of indenture.
Maunatul Islam Association of Fiji (MIAF) represents approximately 30% of the Sunni Muslims in Fiji who are mostly followers of the Shafi school of jurisprudence. The followers of Imam Shafi in Fiji are the descendants of Muslims of Malayalam origin who came to Fiji under the indenture system from Kerala in South India between 1903 and 1916. The other Sunni Muslim organisation in Fiji, the Fiji Muslim League, represents all other Sunni Muslims in Fiji who are mostly followers of the Hanafi school of jurispudence.
After legislation for the abolition of slavery in the British dominions was enacted in 1833, slave-owning planters in the West Indies lobbied to postpone freedom for adults for twelve years in a form of indenture. Enslaved children under the age of six were emancipated by the new law on 1 August 1834, but older children and adults had to serve a period of bonded labour or "indentured apprenticeship". Sturge led a campaign against this delaying mechanism. He was supported by William Allen, Lord Brougham, and others.
Studley had a windmill by 1539, when it was listed among the estates of the priory that had just been dissolved and sold to John Croke. It was recorded on maps in the 17th and 18th centuries and finally on the parish of Beckley's inclosure maps of 1827–31. Its site is recorded by the name Mill Field, at the end of Mill Lane. Sir George Croke established the Studley Almshouse Charity in 1631 by an indenture that gave it an income from land at Easington, Buckinghamshire.
Due to deteriorating socioeconomic of conditions in British India, more than 36,000 Indians came to British Jamaica as indentured labourers under the Indian indenture system between 1845 and 1917, mostly from the Bhojpuri-speaking area and the Awadh region and other places of North India. A significant minority were from South India. Around two-thirds of the labourers who came remained on the island. The demand for their labour came after the end of slavery in 1830 and the failure to attract workers from Europe.
Washington Duke died on May 8, 1905, at the age of 84. Originally interred at Maplewood Cemetery in Durham, he was later re-interred in the Memorial Chapel within the Duke University Chapel. In the 1910s, members of the Duke family began to plan what would become The Duke Endowment of Trinity College. After the indenture for the $40,000,000 Duke Endowment was signed in December 1924 by Washington's youngest son, James B. Duke, Trinity College renamed itself to Duke University in honor of Washington Duke.
By an indenture of 26 Oct. 1418, shown to the > jurors, William Tauk, Robert Monkeston and Thomas Welegh, who were seised in > their demesne as of fee, granted the manor of Pury, a messuage, carucate and > 13 acres meadow, 40 a. pasture and 20 a. wood at "la Bere juxta Southwyke" > as lands and tenements in Pury, Badley, "Colvyle", "Holdmede", and "Bere", > to William Pagam and his wife Agnes, who survives, for life of Agnes, > remainder to William and his heirs in fee simple.
As a peer, Dudley should have no part in elections to the Commons, Littleton maintained—apparently the first time this constitutional principle was expressed. The other candidate, Sir Christopher Blount, Essex's stepfather, was also offended at having been placed below Sutton on the election indenture. His wife, Essex's mother, wrote to the Earl complaining about the outrage, and Dudley was summoned before the Privy Council. However, the parliament was soon over, and it appears that Littleton chose to concentrate his efforts on the hapless Whorwood.
At the end of 1896, 149 Indians remained indentured in the country. In total, 13 ships transported 4,354 Indian indentured workers to Saint Lucia between 1859 and 1893, excluding those who died during the voyage. About 2,075 workers returned to India, while the rest remained in Saint Lucia or emigrated to other Caribbean nations such as Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana. The last indenture contracts expired in 1897, and by the end of the 19th century, Saint Lucia had a population of 2,560 free Indians.
The deal's indenture (its governing legal document) usually details the payment of the tranches in a section often referred to as the waterfall (because the monies flow down). Tranches with a first lien on the assets of the asset pool are referred to as senior tranches and are generally safer investments. Typical investors of these types of securities tend to be conduits, insurance companies, pension funds and other risk averse investors. Tranches with either a second lien or no lien are often referred to as "junior notes".
In 1712, nineteen-year-old Jane Fenn left her home, family, and friends in London to obey an inner voice that said “Go to Pennsylvania!” After arriving in Philadelphia, she was soon cast into debtors’ prison for refusing to sign an indenture dictated by the man who had arranged her passage. Redeemed by a group of Quakers from Plymouth County (Pa.) who wished to employ her as a schoolteacher, she spent three years in their community and began to absorb their teachings and their ways.
Apart from this there was also substantial migration of Indians to work in the British colonial government, due to their general good command of the English language. Thaipusam Celebration in Balik Pulau, Penang. 1937 The establishment of the plantations and the need for cheap labour led to an influx of Indian migrants working under the indenture Kangani system in the 19th and early 20th century. Some, after the Kangani system ended in the early 20th century, also paid for their own passage to Malaya.
In 1915, the Reynolds Brothers opened a sugar mill at Sezela. This was later purchased by C. G. Smith, then by Illovo Sugar, and finally by Associated British Foods. In his book, Duncan du Bois describes in detail the ill treatment of the Indian indentured labourers who were brought from India to work in the mill. The workers had the choice to return to India after their indenture contract had expired, yet they chose to stay behind to develop this 'unknown area' into Sezela.
The Canadian writer Margaret Atwood is a post- colonial writer who dealt with themes of identity-seeking through her Southern Ontario Gothic style of writing. Canadian Michael Ondaatje, is an internationally acclaimed author with Sri Lankan roots, which he has explored in works like Running in the Family (1983) and The Cat's Table (2011). Cyril Dabydeen (born 1945) is a Guyana-born, Canadian writer of Indian descent. He grew up in a sugar plantation with the sense of Indian indenture rooted in his family background.
The East India Company had administered its holdings through "covenanted servants". Aspirants had to be nominated by a director of the Company, sign a "covenant of indenture" employment contract, and furnish a bond backed by two guarantors. For a long time, applicants also had to be British, but in the mid-nineteenth century some posts were opened to Indians, and a competitive examination was introduced for recruits. Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, administration passed to the Indian Civil Service (ICS), established in 1861.
Barrow, Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland, p. 391. Andrew B. W. MacEwen first noted that the grandfather of Margaret Graham, later Countess of Menteith and wife of Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany, was this Earl Alan 'II', and that he had been conflated by other authorities with his father. Cf. the indenture between Robert Stewart, as Earl of Menteith, and Isabella, Countess of Fife dated at Perth on 30 March 1371, in Fraser, The Red Book of Menteith 2:252, no.
The new mill was built between 1807 and 1809 by WIlliam Cooke, who worked for Mercer under an indenture contract. Cooke built the mill, granary miller's house and store, as well as the now-disappeared distillery, blacksmith shop, sawmill, cooperage and wheelwright's shops, in return for a half-share in the mill operation. The original mill machinery was a system patented and manufactured by Oliver Evans. Much of the machinery, along with the original wood water wheels, was replaced at the beginning of the twentieth century.
French financial, logistical and manpower efforts were focused on this offensive. Derby, now Lancaster,During the 1345 campaign he was known as the Earl of Derby, but his father died in September 1345 and he became the Earl of Lancaster. sent an urgent appeal for help to Edward. Edward was not only morally obliged to succour his vassal but contractually required to; his indenture with Lancaster stated that if Lancaster were attacked by overwhelming numbers, then Edward "shall rescue him in one way or another".
The marriage is arranged by Thanh's wealthy, merchant mother. But the day after the engagement, Thanh helps Camille leave to look for Jean-Baptiste up north. Camille travels and reaches Dragon Islet with a Vietnamese family seeking a term of indenture in the south, but they are killed by a French naval officer. When Jean-Baptiste arrives at the scene and demands that the officer tell him what happened, the officer says that the family refused to be split up and started inciting a riot.
Troops for foreign expeditions were raised upon an ad hoc basis. Noblemen and professional regular soldiers were commissioned by the monarch to supply troops, raising their quotas by indenture from a variety of sources. On January 26, 1661 Charles II issued the Royal Warrant that created the genesis of what would become the British Army, although the Scottish and English Armies would remain two separate organizations until the unification of England and Scotland in 1707. The small force was represented by only a few regiments.
The Tripartite Indenture of 1856, was an agreement between the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the City of Boston, and the Boston Water Power Company signed December 11, 1856. The agreement settled the plan for the development of Boston's Back Bay, then a tidal flat. The compromise is particularly significant because the decisions of the parties have had lasting impacts today. As part of the agreement, land was set aside for specific purposes, including the parks and public institutions that are now a part of Back Bay.
Tan Beng Swee was the son of Tan Kim Seng, also a successful businessman and a leader of the Chinese community. Of Tan Kim Seng's many civic projects, arguably the greatest was setting up of the city's first fresh water supply lines. The first president of the temple was Tan Kim Tian. An indenture dated 28 July 1880 gave the names of the temple trustees as Tan Cheng Kiat, Tan Chew Cha, Tan Siak Kiew, Tan Mah Arang, Tan Hai Tiew and Tan Sim Boh.
From 1884 onwards, as labourers completed their five-year indenture contracts, Muslim communities began forming in various parts of Fiji. They tended to be small, often isolated, but recognising the need for contact and cooperation among themselves for social and religious enhancement, they congregated. There were amongst the first generation of Indian labourers, Muslims who were literate and sufficiently versed in Islamic teachings to assume leadership roles and to lead prayers. Prayer meetings, initially in homes, helped foster an Islamic identity and inculcated a sense of unity.
Enville is in the South Staffordshire district. The largest village nearby is Kinver, with the smaller villages of Bobbington and Six Ashes,"The Sheepwalks", a popular walking area, nearby, as is Kinver Edge. Enville Golf Course is just outside the village. The small hamlet of Six Ashes marks the old border of two counties: Staffordshire and Shropshire and was the centre of the division of land as drawn up by the 1405 Tripartite Indenture between Owain Glyndŵr, Edmund Mortimer, and Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland.
As means of regulating the movement of servants, Pennsylvania law stipulated that such persons must travel with a pass or their indenture. "Unknown" or suspicious individuals that could not furnish such a document were subject to confinement in a workhouse. The sheriff's office would then "advertise" the apprehended person in an attempt to inform the master (if there was a master) of his/her whereabouts. If a master did reclaim the servant, the former would assume all charges involved in the latter's capture and captivity.
Ryde Library ref 36.1873.ONE; Mitchell Library Ref D13/29 George Spurway of Pennant Hills, farmer, purchased the two north-eastern sections, lots 13 and 14 of three acres, 21 perches, for A₤68 17s 9p in November 1873.Indenture of 11 Nov 1873, Primary Application Packet 40065 Whilst there is evidence that Marsden had farmed his grant in the early years of the colony, there is, at present, no indication of the uses made of this land from c.1810 through to its sale in 1873.
On 29 October 1886, a lease indenture for 999 years was made between the Maharaja of Travancore, Visakham Thirunal Rama Varma and the British Secretary of State for India for Periyar Irrigation Works. The lease agreement was signed by Dewan of Travancore V Ram Iyengar and State Secretary of Madras State J C Hannington. This lease was made after 24 years negotiation between the Maharaja and the British. The lease indenture granted full right, power and liberty to the Secretary of State for India to construct make and carry out on the leased land and to use exclusively when constructed, made and carried out, all such irrigation works and other works ancillary thereto. The agreement gave 8000 acres of land for the reservoir and another 100 acres to construct the dam. The tax for each acre was 5 per year. The lease provided the British the rights over "all the waters" of the Mullaperiyar and its catchment basin, for an annual rent of 40,000. In 1947, after Indian Independence, after British India was partitioned in 1947 into India and Pakistan, Travancore and Cochin joined the Union of India and on 1 July 1949 were merged to form Travancore-Cochin.
Richard Watts' will when proved in 1579 provided for an almshouse in Rochester High Street. now known as the Six Poor Travellers House, to be expanded and maintained. The "Indenture Quadripartite" of 1593 established the form and government of Richard Watts Charity which over time built other almshouses and expanded to incorporate several local charities, such as St Catherine's Hospital founded under the charity of Symond Potyn in 1315. Richard Watts Charities, as of 2013, provides 66 self-contained flats in Rochester which includes almshouses in Maidstone Road built in 1857.
John Roysse signed an indenture, consisting of thirty-one ordinances, on 31 January 1563, which essentially financed the building of a new schoolroom. Roysse was aged 63 in 1563 so he wanted the schoolroom to measure 15 feet in width and 63 feet in length, in addition to having 63 free scholars. The schoolroom was constructed on the south side of the gateway of the former Abingdon Abbey, on Bridge Street. The school lasted 300 years until it moved to a site near Albert Park (Abingdon School today).
Müller had immigrated as a young child with her family, and her father had signed an indenture agreement covering the whole family to pay their passage. A few weeks after the family left New Orleans to work, the father and son were reported to have died, but no one knew what became of the two young girls, Dorothea, six, and Salomé four.Carol Wilson, "Sally Muller, the White Slave", Louisiana History, Vol. 40, accessed 8 March 2011 Members of the German-American community believed that Sally Miller was Müller.
John Stewart's marriage has been a source of genealogical confusion. He is recorded as having contracted to marry Margaret Montgomerie, the daughter of Alexander Montgomerie, 1st Lord Montgomerie and Margaret Boyd, by indenture on 15 May 1438, as both parties were under age. She, however, appears to have died young. Ultimately, he married another Margaret Montgomerie in 1460, who was not the same individual, but the fraternal niece of the former, who was the daughter of Alexander, Master of Montgomerie (son of the 1st Lord), and Elizabeth Hepburn.
When Emigrants under indenture are ill they will be provided with Hospital accommodation, Medical attendance, Medicines, Medical comforts and Food free of charge. #An Emigrant who has a wife still living is not allowed to marry another wife in the Colony unless his marriage with his first wife shall have been legally dissolved; but if he is married to more than one wife in his country he can take them all with him to the Colony and they will then be legally registered and acknowledged as his wives.
These books have been harshly reviewed by historians. Writing in The Historian, for example, historian Dixie Ray Haggard wrote that Jordan and Walsh had deliberately conflated two very different labor systems by comparing slavery and indenture. According to Haggard, "they fail to acknowledge, or maybe understand, that each institution, slavery and indentured servitude, had its own purpose and position within the colonial economy and society," and chose to "oversimplify and confuse" rather than explore the complexity of colonial history.Dixie Ray Haggard, "White Cargo: The Forgotten History of Britain's White Slaves in America".
Indian indentured laborers in Trinidad and Tobago, c. 1890-1896. During the mid-19th century until the end of the World War I, much of the migration that occurred was of pioneering Girmitya indentured workers – mostly Bhojpuri and Awadhi-speaking people from the Bhojpur district of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar to other British colonies under the Indian indenture system. The major destinations were Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname, other parts of the Caribbean (e.g. Jamaica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Belize, Barbados, Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Lucia), Fiji, Réunion, Seychelles, Malay Peninsula (e.g.
The mother tongue of Indo-Mauritians is Creole, as well as French and English in general fields, however various Indian languages are still spoken, especially Bhojpuri, Tamil, Hindi, Marathi, Odia, Telugu, and Urdu as they are used in religious activities. Mauritius hosts the Aapravasi Ghat, the only site of UNESCO in the world, to pay homage to the memory of indenture. The Indian Festivals of Maha Shivaratri, Diwali, Thaipusam, Ponggal, Ganesh Chaturthi and Ugadi are all National Holidays as well as the Annual Commemoration of the Arrival of Indian Indentured Labourers in Mauritius.
A penal bond with conditional defeasance combined in one document the bond (the promise to pay a specified amount of money) with the contractual obligation. It did this in what the historian Brian Simpson called a ‘topsy-turvy’ fashion by printing the bond on the front of the document and the condition, whose performance by the obligor would render the bond void (referred to as the indenture of defeasance), on the back.Biancalana, Joseph, “The Development of the Penal Bond with Conditional Defeasance,” 26 J. Legal His. 103 (2005).
Challis (1978), p. 322 As is recorded in John Stow's Survey of London, a crisis arose when coins minted under Lonyson's direction were found to be consistently underweight and of less fineness than was prescribed. Lonyson responded that the variances were within the tolerances specified in his indenture and therefore allowable. The purity of the Elizabethan coinage was a matter of great pride to the government after the debased coinages and consequent inflation of the reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI, and the matter was taken up at the highest levels of the government.
In 1529 Whorwood was returned as Member of the English Parliament for the borough of Downton in Wiltshire This was one of three boroughs controlled by the Diocese of Winchester. The bishop's bailiff simply filled in the election return or indenture and handed it to the High Sheriff of Wiltshire.History of Parliament Online: 1509–1558 Constituencies – Downton (Author: S. R. Johnson) The bishop in commendam at the time was Thomas Wolsey, formerly the king's senior counsellor, but his career had entered its final crisis. It is possible Warham influenced the returns.
Thomas Key then took responsibility for Elizabeth, arranging for her baptism in the established Church of England. Sometime before his death in 1636, Thomas placed Elizabeth (then age six) in the custody of Humphrey Higginson by a nine-year indenture. Higginson, a wealthy planter, was expected to act as her guardian until Elizabeth Key reached the age of 15 (considered the "coming of age" for girls; during this period, girls frequently married or began working for wages at age 15). Upon reaching age 15, Elizabeth Key would be free.
The Assembly may also have been influenced by the reputation of her father Thomas Key and wanted to carry out his wishes as he had acknowledged his daughter. In addition, the father of her mixed-race child (three-quarters white) was himself an English subject. The court ordered Mottram's estate to compensate Key with corn and clothes for her lost years. Although Elizabeth Key won her court battle for freedom for her and her son John, she and Grinstead could not marry until he completed his indenture in 1656.
Emanuel Driggus (surname was possibly derived from Rodriguez) (b. c. 1620s-d. 1673) and his wife Frances were Atlantic Creole slaves in the mid-seventeenth century in Virginia, of the Chesapeake Bay Colony. They first appear in a record of sale in 1640 to Captain Francis Potts; at the time they arranged for a contract of limited indenture for their two children in service."Individual Stories- Individual Heroes" , Slavery and the Making of America, WNET, accessed 30 September 2011 The Driggus couple had other children, who were born into slavery.
English coins were almost exclusively made of silver until 1344, when the gold noble was successfully introduced into circulation. However, silver remained the legal basis for the pound sterling until 1816. During the time of Henry III, the pound sterling equalled the tower (weight) pound. In the 28th year of Edward I (around 1300), the tale (money) pound, or pound sterling, first began to differ from (weigh less than) the tower pound, from which it originated, for by indenture of that year the pound weight was to contain 20s. 3d.
Patrick Collinson, The Elizabethan Puritan Movement (1982) The Close Rolls contains record of a recognizance in the amount of £2000 acknowledged by Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford to Sir William Spring on 19 February 1583 in connection with an indenture. A fine was levied regarding the sale of the manor of Earls Hall in Cockfield, Suffolk by Sir William Spring against Oxford in 1583. The Earl later swore before the Queen to pay the money. Sir William first married Anne, the daughter of Sir Thomas Kitson and Margaret, Countess of Bath.
Across the river, John Macarthur had enlarged Elizabeth Farm and further east along Duck River, John Blaxland had erected a two-storey mansion called Newington House. An indenture dated 1 February 1839 transferred the property (Newlands) to Jane Marsden, daughter of the late Reverend Samuel Marsden, for 1500 pounds. Jane Marsden resided in Newlands House only for a short time, for in 1842 she sailed to England with her two children. The property was advertised seeking a tenant for a three-year lease in the "Sydney Morning Herald" in May 1841.
It meant that the sea was no longer to be viewed as a frightening space of the dissolution of one's soul or the end of the cycle of reincarnation for the Hindus. It offered beauties, opportunities, possibilities to conjoin a plural India (the Indias) with various host countries, making one's identity more fluid. The imaginary of coolitude is clearly archipelic, sea-based, a thalassography, a breakthrough in the history of Indian migrations and Literature. It puts the Indian Ocean in the forefront, relating the mainland and the islands through a revisited version of indenture.
Being an innovative exploration of indenture, articulating complexities and diversities, coolitude continues to enable the encoding and decoding of mosaic approaches in diverse intellectual and artistic entreprises. The trilogy of Amitav Ghosh, for instance, contains the complex codes of Torabully's constructions. The semiologist has also written about the work of V.S. Naipaul, Amal Sewtohul, Nathacha Mouriquand, Shenaz Patel, Barlen Pyamootoo, JMG Leclézio, Marcel Cabon, Malcolm de Chazal, Gandhi, among others, in relation to coolitude. A work by Véronique Bragard also developed a coolitude approach between women writers of the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic.
The North American practice of applying a rule of hypodescent began during colonial times when indentured servants and transported convicts working at the direction of the colonists and colonial authorities were joined by Africans that from 1619 on were first taken first from Spanish and then more and more from English or British slave ships. But while the freed captives were Christians, these individuals were classified as indentured workers. Virginia formally enacted a 'slave code' in 1705. There is documentary evidence from the 1650s that some Virginia Negroes were serving lifelong terms of indenture.
Not fighting the Law, but scared of it! For reasons unknown (but probably related to his namesake vice), Tom Idle is back on land again. If he was callous enough to throw out his indenture leaving land, he certainly doesn't feel bound by any law on his return as he has gone so far as to turn highwayman (more likely footpad) and take up a (dismal) residence with "a common Prostitute". In contrast to the luxury of Francis in plate 8, Thomas and his companion are shown living in complete squalor somewhere in London.
The proslavery faction of the territorial government adopted legislation in 1803 that allowed involuntary servitude to circumvent Article VI of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 that prohibited slavery. Passage of an indenture act in 1805 also allowed slaveholders to bring slaves purchased outside the territory into Indiana and bind them into service as indentured servants.Barnhart and Riker, pp. 347–48. In addition, passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 and the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 enforced slaveholders' rights to pursue, retrieve, and return African Americans to bondage in the South.
This area had been passed by when the earlier settlements such as Jamestown were established beginning in 1607 in favor of locations further inland which would be less susceptible to attacks by other European forces, such as the Spanish. Serving his period of indenture, he earned his freedom and became a leading citizen of the area. He was elected to the House of Burgesses for Elizabeth City (or "citiie" as it was then called) in 1629. He also served on the (Royal) Governor's Council, and as a Justice of the Court.
The house features restored small Elizabethan period bedrooms, along with a herb garden in the rear, and is open to the public from March through October. The small almshouse now known as the Six Poor Travellers existed before Watts left it money in his will. His will refers to "the almshouse already erected and standing", desiring it to be "reedified" [rebuilt] as well as extended with rooms for the travellers. The work had been completed before the signing of the Indenture Quadripartite in 1593, probably around the time of the remarriage of Marian in 1586.
R. Scott Bakker drew upon many cultures Interview with R. Scott Bakker (2004-07-18) as inspiration—notably Hellenistic Greece, Scythia, the Byzantine Empire, and other European and Middle Eastern cultures—for the Three Seas region of Eärwa. The setting is large and sweeping, with obvious parallels to the time period of the First Crusade. Some clear references to actual historical events include the Vulgar Holy War (a parallel of the People's Crusade) and the Emperor's Indenture (a parallel of the oaths of homage extracted from the crusaders by Byzantine Emperor Alexius I).
Dartiquenave was a strong supporter of the Whig Party who received employment though them. Among the treasury papers in the Record Office (vol. iii. No. 10) is a copy of an indenture in which Dartiquenave and another purchased ‘the office of keeper of Hampton Park, Bushey Park, and the Mansion House of Hampton Court during the lifetime of the Duchess of Cleveland’. Political patronage gave Dartiquenave from 1706 to 1726 the post of paymaster of the royal works, and his salary in 1709 was at the rate of 6s. 6d.
Martin graduated from the University of Adelaide with a law degree in 1970. She started practising the following year and has continued to do so in private and public sectors. During her public service, Martin negotiated the Roxby Downs (Indenture Ratification) Act 1982 during the proposal to expand the Olympic Dam mine and negotiated an agreement between three governments and the private sector to build the Adelaide-Darwin railway. Other major projects she has worked on include the Hindmarsh Stadium and the relocation of the South Australian Film Corporation to the Adelaide Studios.
Headrights were granted to anyone who would pay for the transportation costs of an indentured laborer. These land grants consisted of for someone newly moving to the area and for people previously living in the area. By ensuring the landowning masters had legal ownership of all land acquired, the indentured laborers after their indenture period had passed had little opportunity to procure their own land. This kept a large portion of the citizens of the Thirteen Colonies poor and led to tensions between the laborers and the landowners.
The three Gubru co-commanders (suzerains) overreact to most situations. When the Suzerain of Cost and Caution is killed in an accident set up by the neo-chim resistance movement, the other two suzerains exploit the situation and further their own goals. The Suzerain of Propriety seizes on the Garthling myth and builds an enormously expensive hypershunt on Garth. If Garthlings can be found, the Gubru will be able to use the hypershunt to adopt and indenture the race for 100,000 years in exchange for uplifting them to sentience.
The Olympic Dam Task Force Steering Committee is chaired by prominent South Australian businessman, Bruce Carter. It is composed of senior government and BHP Billiton representatives. Bruce Carter has also worked as a consultant for PIRSA and the Department of Trade & Economic Development providing commercial services related to the Olympic Dam expansion. In October 2011, Carter told a special parliamentary committee that BHP Billiton had lobbied hard to obtain a reduced royalty rate of 3.5 percent, fixed for 45 years with the revision of the Roxby Downs (Indenture Ratification) Act 1982.
He left a son, Cornelius, and five daughters. He had accumulated property. On 30 June 1653 the council of state resolved to settle lands of inheritance to the value of £200 a year on him and his heirs forever out of deans' and chapters' lands, and an ordinance was passed to that effect on 3 February 1651. He bargained to have the value in money at ten years' purchase, and accordingly received £2,100, with which he purchased the manors of Hambleton and Blackwell, Worcestershire, by indenture dated 27 September 1654.
Palliser was then part of Edward Boscawen's squadron on the Coromandel coast from July 1749, returning to Britain to pay off Sheerness in April 1750. As an alternative to half-pay he took up appointment as captain of , the guardship at Chatham. Shortly afterwards he was moved to the much smaller 20-gun , A difficulty arose when Scottish authorities accused a sailor from Seahorse of circulating a forged letter of indenture, in order to receive greater pay. The sailor took refuge aboard the ship, and Palliser refused to hand him over.
The territory's pro-statehood faction preferred to elect their own state officials instead of having the federal government appoint individuals on their behalf, formulate state laws, discontinue the appointed territorial governor's absolute veto power, and allow its citizens to have greater participation in national politics, including voting powers in Congress.Barnhart and Riker, p. 439. At the time the delegates were gathering at Corydon in June 1816, slavery had become a major and divisive issue in the territory. The indenture law of 1805 had been repealed, but slavery continued to exist within Indiana.
In January 1879, thirty-one Indians, who had originally been indentured labourers in Réunion, were brought from New Caledonia to Fiji under contract to work on a plantation in Taveuni. These labourers demonstrated knowledge of the terms of the indenture agreement and were aware of their rights and refused to do the heavy work assigned to them. Their contract was terminated by mutual agreement between the labourers and their employers. In 1881, thirty-eight more Indians arrived from New Caledonia and again most of them left but some stayed taking Indian wives or island women.
He married Isabel, or Isabella, daughter of Robert II and widow of James, 2nd Earl of Douglas and Mar. The estate of Edenham, or Ednam, in Roxburghshire, was granted to them by Robert 11 in 1390. Sir John by this marriage had one son David. An "agreement by way of indenture", dated Perth, 7 April 1410, between Sir John Edmonstone of that ilk and Davy Edmonstone, his son and heir, with Patrick (Graham) Earl of Strathearn... of the lands and barony of Tillyallan (Tullyallan?) in Clackmannashire, proves their acquisition of this property.
The indenture states that the Cherokee have true and lawful attorneys being Joseph Martin and John Farror who are presumed to have approved the language of the deed. The deed was signed by Joseph Vann, Linquester, who was the Royal Interpreter for the crown.Jefferson Papers page 11,img 767 The document is signed, sealed and delivered as marked by the three chiefs noted as Alla Cullocullah, Oconistoto, and Savanooko otherwise Coronok. The marks are witnessed by Wm. Bailey Smith, George Lumpkin, Thos Houghton, Caselton Brooks, John Bacon, Tilman Dixon, Valentine Servy, and Thomas Price.
In 1979 a joint venture partnership was established between WMC Resources and BP Minerals with the intention of establishing the mine. Three years later, the Roxby Downs (Indenture Ratification) Act 1982 was signed, creating a legal framework for the development to proceed. The first shaft was constructed that year, and named the Whenan Shaft after Ted Whenan, one of the exploration drillers who discovered the ore body. The new municipality of Roxby Downs was also created in 1982, as an intended service centre and community hub for the mine workers and their families.
On April 8, 1633 John Doane sold the indenture of Walter Harris - who had bound himself to serve Mr. Atwood of London under command of Mr. John Doane of New Plymouth - to Henry Howland. On January 2, 1633/34 tax rates were again assessed by the new governor, Thomas Prence, and William Bradford, Captain Standish, John Howland, Stephen Hopkins, John Doane and others associated with colony government. Eighty individuals to be taxed were listed.Eugene Aubrey Stratton, Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620-1691 (Salt Lake City: Ancestry Publishing, 1986), p.
In 1435 he was appointed by Richard, Duke of York (d.1460), father of the future King Edward IV (1461–1483), as forester of the royal forests of Exmoor and of Neroche, Somerset, as is recorded in the following charter in French surviving in the British Library summarised in Harleian Charter 43 E 47:Published as charter no. 243, Sir Christopher Hatton's Book of Seals, Oxford, 1950, p. 177 Indenture dated 1 January 1435: grant by Richard Duke of York to William de Botreaux, 3rd Baron Botreaux of office of Forester of Exmoor and Neroche.
Around 1922, Lewis acquired options to buy 16,000 acres of land on the Palos Verdes peninsula from banker Frank A. Vanderlip. He drew up plans for a new city on the peninsula, the construction of which was to be financed by the sale of sale of trust indenture notes. Although the project generated much publicity and thousands of people attended sales meetings in 1922, the project's detractors managed to create a great deal of controversy around it. Lewis's involvement with the project ended in 1923, and he declared bankruptcy in 1924.
Oakman was born in Hendon about 1748, and was educated at a grammar school. He was apprenticed to the map-engraver Emanuel Bowen, but left before completing his indenture, in consequence of an affair with his daughter, whom he afterwards married. He kept a shop in partnership with Matthias Darly for the sale of caricatures and similar prints, "but the love of pleasure and good company got so much the better of his judgment that he was soon put to other contrivances to obtain a living."Page 335 The Monthly Magazine, volume 10. 1800.
V.K. Agnihotri, Allied Publishers, 1988Dictionary of National Biography, Vol I (A-D), ed. S.P. Sen, Institute of Historical Studies, Kolkata, 1972 pp. 452-53. was an Indian trade unionist who organised the farmers of Oudh, India into forming a united front to fight against the abuses of landlords in 1920s and 1930s. He was also an influential figure in the history of Fiji, and owed his inspiration to take up the cause of the down-trodden to his 12 years as an indentured labourer in Fiji and to his efforts to end the indenture system.
A significant number of construction projects, principally British, in East Africa and South Africa, required vast quantities of labor, exceeding the availability or willingness of local tribesmen. Coolies from India were imported, frequently under indenture, for such projects as the Uganda Railway, as farm labor, and as miners. They and their descendants formed a significant portion of the population and economy of Kenya and Uganda, although not without engendering resentment from others. Idi Amin's expulsion of the "Asians" from Uganda in 1972 was an expulsion of Indo-Africans.
During the initial decades of Indian indenture, Indian cultural forms were met with either contempt or indifference by the Christian majority.Singh, Sherry-Ann, Hinduism and the State in Trinidad, Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, Volume 6, Number 3, September 2005, pp. 353–365(13) Hindus have made many contributions to Trinidad's history and culture even though the state historically regarded Hindus as second class citizens. Hindus in Trinidad struggled over the granting of adult franchise, the Hindu marriage bill, the divorce bill, the cremation ordinance, and other discriminatory laws.
Often, donors select family members, personal business associates, lawyers, or nonprofit leaders to serve on their boards. The Daniels Fund requires trustees to sign a statement affirming that they understand Bill Daniels' donor intent and will honor it in their decision- making on behalf of the foundation. The foundation that was created by Lloyd Noble recruits apprentice trustees to shadow the actual board; some are elected to the board in the future. At meetings of the Duke Endowment's board, James B. Duke's original indenture of trust is read aloud to reinforce his intentions.
Sixty-three Indians emigrated to Trinidad and Guyana after completing their indenture periods. In the 1860s, the decade that Indians arrived in Saint Kitts, they accounted for about 5% of the island's total population. By 1887, the Indian population in Saint Kitts had declined by 82% and there were only 61 Indians still residing in Saint Kitts, or 0.2% of the island's total population. According to the 1921 Census of Saint Kitts, there were 21 India-born people in the country indicating that most of the Indian immigrants had left Saint Kitts.
According to the indenture dated 25 January 1870 James Cole Copeman conveyed to The Loddon Town Hall Company (Limited), for the sum for £30, the site on which to build the Town Hall. The actual building of the Town Hall must have been started before the conveyance was drawn up because the Petty Sessions were held in the Town Hall for the first time on Wednesday 10 August 1870. The red brick building was very ornate, as was the style of many Victorian architects. The oldest photograph available shows much fancy brickwork and ornamentation.
Most apprentices were males, but female apprentices were found in crafts such as seamstress, tailor, cordwainer, baker and stationer. Apprentices usually began at ten to fifteen years of age, and would live in the master craftsman's household. The contract between the craftsman, the apprentice and, generally, the apprentice's parents would often be governed by an indenture. Most apprentices aspired to becoming master craftsmen themselves on completion of their contract (usually a term of seven years), but some would spend time as a journeyman and a significant proportion would never acquire their own workshop.
Williamson was taken to Philadelphia and sold for £16 as an indentured servant for a period of seven years to a fellow Scot, Hugh Wilson. Wilson had himself been kidnapped as a boy and sold into indentured servitude, but, like many indentured servants, had earned his freedom. He may have therefore sympathised with Peter's situation. Williamson said Wilson treated him kindly, and when the latter died in 1750, just before the end of the indenture, he bequeathed the boy £120 plus his best horse and saddle and all his clothes.
Holton was born in Lancaster, New Hampshire, and from an early age was raised by his mother alone. At age fourteen he was indentured by her for four years as a clerk in Bath, New Hampshire. He attended ordinary public schools, but was able to achieve qualifications to teach, and when the term of his indenture expired he returned to Lancaster to teach for a year. His general aptitude and business experience as a clerk led to a job in Buffalo as a bookkeeper in the shipping department of a wholesaler.
In later years indenture systems were developed; however, when it came to the French slave trade, which took place between its Melanesian colonies of the New Hebrides and New Caledonia, very few regulations were implemented. This represented a departure from the British experience, since increased regulations were developed to mitigate the abuses of blackbirding and 'recruitment' strategies on the coastlines. The first missionaries from the London Missionary Society and the Marist Brothers arrived in the 1840s. In 1849, the crew of the American ship Cutter was killed and eaten by the Pouma clan.
She was brought to lodgings in London, where she met Edgeworth for the first time. Day changed her name to Sabrina Sidney: Sabrina, the Latin name for the River Severn, which her orphanage overlooked; and Sidney after Algernon Sidney, one of Day's heroes. Day became a benefactor, and subsequently governor, of the Foundling Hospital, and on 20 September 1769 he chose another girl for his experiment, renaming her Lucretia after the Roman matron. Day had Bicknell draw up a contract to define the terms of the girls' indenture.
Joan was also to be mentioned at other commemorations of the dead. In accordance with the king's licence and their indenture, Joan issued a charter to the abbot and convent, granting them the manor of Warley and all that pertained to it, on the Sunday following the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ 1338. She must have died within weeks, as on 4 March the king had her heir, John Botetourt, in wardship and was presenting a parson to the church at Forton, Staffordshire on his behalf.Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1338—40, p. 24.
Subsequently the parliament passed a number of mutually contradictory acts, and Albany fled to Dunbar between Christmas and the new year. On 2 January 1483 Albany made an abortive second attempt to seize the king. Edward IV promised the duke further aid on 11 February, and on 19 March he managed to force the king into a humiliating indenture. With the death of Edward IV on 9 April 1483 Albany lost his main source of power and shortly thereafter he fled south, letting an English garrison into Dunbar Castle as he went.
The Oklahoma Housing Finance Agency (OHFA) is a non-profit organization which serves the people of Oklahoma by offering affordable housing resources, including loans and rent assistance. OHFA was created in 1975 when Governor of Oklahoma David L. Boren approved the agency's first trust indenture. OHFA is a public trust with the State of Oklahoma as the beneficiary. The Trust was established to better the housing stock and the housing conditions in the State of Oklahoma and administers the Section 8 housing program along with other housing programs for the State.
It seems likely that it was working as a printer that led him to realise for the first time that it was possible for someone to make a living drawing and painting. On 23 October 1805, Etty's seven-year indenture with Peck expired, an event greeted with great happiness as he intensely disliked the job. He remained in Hull for a further three weeks as a journeyman printer. He moved to London "with a few pieces of chalk-crayons in colours", to stay with his older brother Walter in Lombard Street.
In 1844, the trade was expanded to the colonies in the West Indies, including Jamaica, Trinidad and Demerara, where the Asian population was soon a major component of the island demographic. Members of the Chinese Labour Corps carry out riveting work at the Central Workshops of the Royal Tank Regiment. Starting in 1879, many Indians were transported to Fiji to work on the sugar cane plantations. Many of them chose to stay after their term of indenture elapsed and today they number about 40% of the total population.
The bill authorized legalized indenture, which allowed adult slaves owned or purchased outside the territory to be brought into the territory and bound into service for fixed terms set by the slave owner.Terms of servitude for an adult slave could extend beyond the slave's life. Slaves under the age of fifteen were required to serve until they reached age thirty-five for males and thirty-two for females. Children born to slaves after they arrived in the territory were bound into service for thirty years for males and twenty-eight years for females.
Mr. Creedon was president of the American Bar Foundation from 1980 to 1982 and chairman of the Business Law Section of the American Bar Association in 1975 - 1976. In the early 1970s, he served as Editor of the Business Lawyer, the pre- eminent legal periodical for business lawyers in the United States. He also served as a member of the Committee which prepared the Model Debenture Indenture and the Commentaries on its Provisions, a landmark project of the American Bar Foundation. Creedon wrote numerous articles published in the Business Lawyer and other legal publications.
Born in New York City on July 10, 1824 into a poor Irish family, King was indentured as an apprentice to a jeweler in Manhattan at the age of 9. In 1835, he ran away from his indenture, stowing away on a ship bound for Mobile, Alabama. Upon discovery, he was adopted into the crew and trained in navigation, becoming a steamboat pilot by the age of sixteen. While serving in the end of the Second Seminole War in 1842, he met Mifflin Kenedy, who would later become his partner.
Beginning in 1816, many impoverished Europeans immigrated to the United States as refugees from the crop failures of the Year Without a Summer, the wars of Napoleon, and other economic and social problems.Bailey, Lost German, p. Among the flood of refugees to Louisiana in 1818 were several families from Langensoultzbach in Alsace, on the lower Rhine, including Daniel Müller, a shoemaker; his wife Dorothea, two sons, and their daughters Dorothea and Salomé. To fund their passage, Müller signed a "redemption" or indenture agreement, bartering the labor of him and his family for several years.
In the early years, the line between white indentured servants and African laborers was vague, as some Africans also arrived under an indenture, before more were transported as slaves. Some Africans were allowed to earn their freedom before slavery became a lifelong racial caste. Most of the free colored families found in North Carolina in the censuses of 1790-1810 were descended from unions or marriages between free white women and enslaved or free African or African-American men in colonial Virginia. Because the mothers were free, their children were born free.
John Dudley's election to parliament came about as a result of the notorious Staffordshire election scandal of 1597.The History of Parliament: Constituencies 1558-1603 - Staffordshire Baron Dudley prevailed on Whorwood, John's father-in-law, and at that time High Sheriff of Staffordshire, to conspire in the return of a false electoral indenture. He was placed, as John Sutton, first in order of precedence over Sir Christopher Blount, step-father of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex. Edward Littleton, another Essex client, who had clearly won a seat in the voice vote, was excluded altogether.
Kou Baimen (), born in 1624 and also known as Kou Mei (; Mei was her given name, Baimen her courtesy name), was a famous Chinese courtesan known for her chivalry. Kou was a registered prostitute and when she was 18 or 19 her indenture was bought out by a high official, (), whom she married. The wedding was a lavish affair with 5,000 soldiers lining the route from Wuding Bridge to Zhu's home at Nei Bridge, but the marriage soon deteriorated. When the Ming dynasty fell to the Manchus in 1645, Zhu was arrested and imprisoned.
He also acquires the services of a balor demon named Errtu to be his general, though the demon has more interest in obtaining Crenshinibon for himself than in serving Akar Kessel. Near the end of Wulfgar's indenture, Bruenor forges Aegis-fang, a magical warhammer, for his adopted son. He then takes Wulfgar to be trained in the ways of battle, choosing Drizzt as the young man's instructor. Despite his ambivalence about training under a drow, Wulfgar quickly comes to respect and admire the dark elf, and Drizzt turns the young man into a formidable warrior.
In 1948, the Houston Estate and Planning Commission recruited architect Eero Saarinen to design the master plan for a proposed suburban development called "Cathedral Hills". Houston began development of the Cathedral Hills plan, which was renamed to "Andorra". The development included plans for over 5,000 single-family homes, duplexes, and apartments designed by Robert Rodes McGoodwin, although only 400 were ever built. Houston created an "Indenture of Covenants" for Andorra homeowners, which included stipulations such as no signs larger than one square foot, no “noxious, dangerous, or offensive behavior”, and a ban on raising livestock.
Great Britain Record Commission, (1819) In any case, while half the European immigrants to the Thirteen Colonies had been indentured servants at some time, actively indentured servants were outnumbered by non-indentured workers, or by those whose indenture had expired. Thus free wage labor was more common for Europeans in the colonies.John Donoghue, "Indentured Servitude in the 17th Century English Atlantic: A Brief Survey of the Literature," History Compass (2013) 11#10 pp. 893–902. Indentured persons were numerically important mostly in the region from Virginia north to New Jersey.
The usual period of indenture for an Irish person was from four years to nine years, after which they were free – able to travel freely, own property, make a living, and accumulate wealth. Additionally, the free Irish person could now marry whom they chose and their children were born into freedom. The British legal term used was "indentured servants" whether the servants had volunteered for transport or were kidnapped and forced aboard ships. However, for centuries, Irish folklore or various books had referred to the captive servants as Irish "slaves" even into the 20th century.
Adams was the son of Anthony Adams, a shipwright at Deptford Royal Dockyard and it was there at the age of thirteen that he began his indenture in his father's trade. In 1744 Anthony Adams moved with his family to Hampshire, to supervise for the Admiralty the construction of a small warship at a private yard at Buckler's Hard on the Beaulieu River. After this was completed the business fell into difficulties. By 1748, and with financial support from The Duke of Montagu, the business transferred to Henry Adams.
Working as an indentured servant to pay off his passage, he lived in Charleston, S.C.. He was employed by Moses Lindo, an indigo planter and Sephardic Jew who was part of the growing Jewish community in the city. By the beginning of the 19th century, Charleston was home to the largest and wealthiest Jewish community in North America, a status it would hold until about 1830. In 1759, Jonas Phillips completed his indenture and became a "freeman." He left the South, moving first to Albany, New York, the state capital.
Whether a servant or apprentice, children usually held contracts that lasted until their reaching an age of maturity, twenty-one/two for males and eighteen for females.Heavner, Indentured Servitude in Colonial Pennsylvania, 19. These regulations on indentured servant contracts arose from a great controversy in Britain over practice of "spiriting," whereby an agent or merchant would indenture an individual by deceptive and coercive means. Indeed, the situation became problematic for those engaged in the trade as well, since persons who had originally consented to being indentured could accuse the agents or merchants of spiriting.
Again the Earls appealed to the King, and again commissioners were sent over, who conducted an inquiry at Christ Church, Dublin, in June 1524. Their decision was in the main in favour of Kildare, and an indenture was drawn up, by which the Earls agreed to forgive each other, to be friends, and to make common cause for the future. He was also reconciled with the Vice- Treasurer, Sir William Darcy, a former ally of the FitzGeralds who had become one of Gearóid's most bitter opponents. Soon afterwards Kildare was reappointed Lord-Deputy.
William Etty was born in 1787 in York, the son of a miller and baker. He showed artistic promise from an early age, but his family were financially insecure, and at the age of 12 he left school to become an apprentice printer in Hull. On completing his seven-year indenture he moved to London "with a few pieces of chalk-crayons in colours", with the aim of emulating the Old Masters and becoming a history painter. Etty gained acceptance to the Royal Academy Schools in early 1807.
Williams began his railway career in 1954 as an engineering cadet for the Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR), and by 1959 graduated from the University of Western Australia, where he became a Design Engineer, a position he would hold until 1964 when he briefly became the Acting Assistant District Engineer based at Kalgoorlie. In 1965 Williams resigned from the WAGR on completion of his indenture. After leaving the WAGR Williams undertook further university studies. He undertook post-graduate degrees specialising in bridge design at Rice University in Texas and Imperial College London, gaining a PhD in 1969.
Eliot family of St. Germans coat of arms The name in the West Country derives from the Eliot family (South England) of Cornwall at Port Eliot/St. Germans, who claim descent from a Norman knight, Sir William de Aliot. It is unknown exactly when the Eliots settled in Devon, but it is estimated they prospered there for 8 to 10 generations before moving to St. Germans. The earliest record is of a William Elyot, who appears in the Somerset Assizes rolls in 1257 and there is a record of the surname in an indenture signed in 1400 by RYC Elyot.
Indeed, just over twelve years passed between the voyage of the first ship carrying indentured Indians to Fiji (the Leonidas, in 1879) and the first ship to take Indians back (the British Peer, in 1892). Given the steady influx of ships carrying indentured Indians to Fiji up until 1916, repatriated Indians generally boarded these same ships on their return voyage. The total number of repatriates under the Fiji indenture system is recorded as 39,261, while the number of arrivals is said to have been 60,553. Because the return figure includes children born in Fiji, many of the indentured Indians never returned to India.
These > Indians, who were Sikhs, were paid a good monthly wage, and expressed > themselves, on the whole, contented with their position. They had come out > under an agreement, but there was nothing about it that was servile. Their > passage was quite different from that of the ordinary coolies... They were > treated well by their senior officers, who spoke highly of their men. Walter Gill, who served as an overseer for the Colonial Sugar Refining Company in Lautoka during the final years of indenture, has also written about significant numbers of Sikhs employed in the Western Division of Fiji to police the Indian population.
25, 20 & 21 March 1558/9. In 1588 Dorothy Lewknor, widow of Edward Lewknor, subscribed to the loan raised by Queen Elizabeth at the time of the expected invasion by the Spanish Armada. She made her will as of Kingston Buci on 1 October 1587, making her son Edward her executor, and granting to her son Thomas her moiety of lands and tenements in Old Shoreham, and her term remaining in the manor of King's Barns. She refers to an indenture or recognizance made between herself and her Sir Francis Walsingham and Sir Henry Cocke in 1570.
Around 1622, he settled in an area south of the Chesapeake Bay and a few miles inland from the Atlantic Ocean. This area had been passed by when the earlier settlements of the London Colony such as Jamestown were established beginning in 1607 in favor of locations further inland which would be less susceptible to attacks by other European forces, such as the Spanish.Bellamy, Joe Davis The Bellamys of Early Virginia (iUniverse, 2005). p. 31. Having served his period of indenture, Adam returned to England, only to return to Virginia with a wife and 105 men.
The tract known as the "Pollard Survey" was sold by indenture on September 10, 1791 in Philadelphia by William Pollard. of the "Pollard Survey" between the North bank of Bacon Creek and the Green River were purchased by Thomas Lang, Jr., a British American merchant from Yorkshire, England on June 3, 1796, for £4,116/13s/0d (£4,116.65). The land was lost to a local county tax claim during the War of 1812. The historic entrance at Legend has it that the first European to visit Mammoth Cave was either John Houchin or his brother Francis Houchin, in 1797.
The Crown supported migration of the immigrants to help settle the New York colony. The plan was that they would work off their passage in a form of indenture in camps devoted to producing ships' stores, such as tar and other materials. Later they would be allowed to trade their work for land. Most of the Germans were first located in what were called the East and West Camps along the Hudson River, near Livingston Manor. It was not until 1723 that some 100 heads of families received land grants in the central Mohawk Valley, under Governor Burnetsfield.
1817 sovereign of George III William Wellesley Pole, elder brother of the Duke of Wellington, was appointed Master of the Mint (at that time a junior government position) in 1812, with a mandate to reform the Royal Mint. Pole had favoured retaining the guinea, due to the number extant and the amount of labour required to replace them with sovereigns. Formal instruction to the Mint came with an indenture dated February 1817, directing the Royal Mint to strike gold coins weighing 7.988 grams, that is to say, the new sovereign. The Italian sculptor Benedetto Pistrucci came to London early in 1816.
In the summer of 1429 he was summoned to parliament, this time styled "Johanni Arundell' Chivaler", meaning he was now Lord Arundel. In 1430, however, in an indenture for service with the king in France, he was styled Earl of Arundel, a title he also used himself. When he was finally officially recognised in his title of Earl of Arundel in 1433, this was based on the recognition that the title went with the possession of Arundel Castle. In reality though, the grant was just as much a reward for the military services he had by that point rendered in France.
On 16 August 1962 India and France exchanged the instruments of ratification under which France ceded to India full sovereignty over the territories it held. Pondicherry and the other enclaves of Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam came to be administered as the Union Territory of Puducherry from 1 July 1963. The merits and deficiencies of French colonial presence in India is disputed on accounts of the exploitative nature of colonial trade, segregation of French subjects within the colonial possessions along ethnic lines (Europeans and Creoles were differentiated from ethnic Indians on electoral lists) and the colonial use of indenture labour.
Dunn remained in this charge until 1857 when his son-in-law, the Rev'd Nathaniel Pettit, assumed the pulpit. The congregation's first church building was erected beginning in May 1823 and consecrated a few months later on 19 November 1823 by the Rt Rev'd John Croes, Bishop of New Jersey. This building was located at the corner of Church and Main streets, on a tract of land conveyed to the congregation by William T. Anderson, a local attorney."Box 17 Folder 21: Indenture, Sale of Anderson land to Church; Subscribers contribution to Christ Church, Newton 1823, 1832–1834", Records Group No. 608.
Maunatul Islam Association of Fiji (MIAF) represents approximately 30% of the Sunni Muslims in Fiji who are mostly followers of Imam Shafi. The followers of Imam Shafi in Fiji are the descendants of Muslims of Malayalam origin who came to Fiji under the indenture system from Kerala in South India between 1903 and 1916. The other Sunni Muslim organisation in Fiji, the Fiji Muslim League, represents all other Sunni Muslims in Fiji who are mostly followers of Imam Hanafi. The organisation originally operated under the name of Then India Maunatul Islam Association of Fiji since it was officially formed in 1942.
Vishnu Deo also founded a number of social and religious organisations. The Governor of Fiji proclaimed 15 May 1929 a public holiday to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the arrival of the first Indians in Fiji, but Vishnu Deo wanted this to be a day of mourning; at a meeting in Lautoka on 12 May 1929, it was decided to fast and pray on the day and to form the Fiji Indian National Congress. While there was an official ceremony and floats through Suva, Vishnu Deo and his associates displayed a black flag and burned the indenture system in effigy.
Alexander Hamilton, who was Stephen Van Rensselaer's brother-in-law, designed a lease that bound the new tenants permanently to the estate, thereby adroitly sidestepping the issue of feudalism, which had been outlawed in New York State in 1782. The 1790 “Indenture” which originally created the Craver Farmstead, was such an agreement. Under the terms of the lease, the tenant had to pay all taxes, and was to use the land for agricultural purposes only. The patroon reserved to himself timber, water and mineral rights, and had the right to enter the tenant's property to exploit those resources.
With the royal charter ready to travel to New England, Clarke had to begin gathering funds to get himself back as well. Only a week after the king put his seal on the charter, Clarke made an indenture with Richard Deane of London, mortgaging his Newport properties to raise money. Even this didn't ensure his immediate departure from England, and it wasn't until the following spring that he was able to make the voyage back to Rhode Island. He and his wife sailed aboard The Sisters of London, carrying their belongings and a shipment of armaments for the colony.
In 1992, Richard H. Glanton, president of the foundation, said the museum needed extensive repairs to upgrade its mechanical systems, provide for maintenance and preservation of artworks, and improve security. The old Philadelphia firm J.S. Cornell & Son was the contractor of choice. In order to raise the money, Glanton decided to break some terms of the indenture. From 1993 to 1995, 83 of the collection's Impressionist and post-Impressionist paintings were sent on a world tour, attracting large crowds in numerous cities, including Washington, D.C.; Fort Worth, Texas; Paris; Tokyo; Toronto; and Philadelphia at the Philadelphia Museum of Art.
Remains of Sir John Crosby's mansion of Crosby Hall St Helen's, Bishopsgate, where Sir John Crosby was buried As a youth Crosby was apprenticed to John Young, a member of the Worshipful Company of Grocers. He was made free of the Company in 1454, and became a wool merchant. By 1460 he was dealing on a large scale, and in 1462 was described as 'of London, grocer, Merchant of the Staple of Calais'. In 1465 his former master, John Young, accused Crosby of 'counterfeiting his seal and making a false indenture', and the quarrel between the two had to be submitted to arbitration.
Peter Kemble was born on December 12, 1704 in İzmir, Turkey, to Englishman Richard Kemble, a servant indentured in London to a merchant dealing in trade with the Ottoman Empire (the terms of which required the elder Kemble to spend the last two years of his indenture in Turkey), and his wife, a member of the Mavrokordatos family.Collections of the New-York Historical Society for the Year 1884: The Kemble Papers, Vol. II, pp xii - xxxiii Peter Kemble remained in İzmir until 1712, when he was sent to school in England. He studied in a classical school in London for six years.
By 1884, around 1,100 people returned to India after completing their indenture period. The ship transporting Indian indentured workers back to India departed from Kingstown on 1 August 1885. The harbour was lined with armed officers and military who sought to prevent Indians that were still indentured or those that had forfeited their right of return in exchange for a one-time payment of GBP10 from leaving. By the beginning of the 20th century, there were around 500 Indians in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, mostly residing in the estates surrounding the La Soufrière volcano, on Lot 14, Tourama, Waterloo, and Orange Hill.
Gunston Hall, February 2014, from the road William Buckland signed an indenture with Thomson Mason, George Mason's brother, on 4 August 1755, four months after he finished as an apprentice from April 1748 to April 1755. In exchange for free passage to Virginia, room and board, and a yearly salary of twenty pounds sterling, Buckland agreed to act as a carpenter and joiner for the Masons for four years. In November, when Buckland arrived, the exterior walls of Gunston Hall were probably complete. Buckland probably did design the portico overlooking the garden, in addition to much of the interior.
C.F. Andrews and W.W. Pearson were dispatched to Fiji to enquire into the complaints. Manilal Doctor made submissions for their report, published on 29 February 1916, which reported on the deplorable living conditions of the indentured labourers and their lack of access to education and medical facilities. Ram Singh remained an active member of the IIA and in 1919 joined in the campaign to stop the resumption of the indenture system. Ram Singh and Manilal Doctor organised a conference, of Fiji Indians, in Suva on 26 December 1919, which passed resolutions highlighting the difficulties being faced by Indians in Fiji.
The first power looms for woolens were installed in 1820, at Uxbridge, Massachusetts, by John Capron, of Cumberland, Rhode Island. These added automated weaving under the same roof, a step which Slater's system outsourced to local farms. Lowell looms were managed by specialized employees, many of the employed were unmarried young women ("Lowell mill girls"), and owned by a corporation. Unlike the previous forms of labor (apprenticeship, family labor, slavery, and indenture), the Lowell system popularized the concept of wage laborer who sells his labor to an employer under contract—a socio-economic system which persists in many modern countries and industries.
The debt was later purchased by merchant and farmer Hugh Hannah of Litchfield; while working for Hannah (or Hanna), Lyon continued his education through self-study when he was able. By working for wages when he was permitted, Lyon saved enough to purchase the remainder of his indenture, and he became a free man in 1768. While living in Connecticut, Lyon became acquainted with many individuals who became the first white settlers of Vermont. In 1774, Lyon moved to Wallingford, Vermont (then known as the New Hampshire Grants), where he farmed and organized a company of militia.
Indentured servitude in continental North America began in the Colony of Virginia in 1609. Initially created as means of funding voyages for European workers to the New World, the institution dwindled over time as the labor force was replaced with enslaved Africans. Servitude became a central institution in the economy and society of many parts of colonial British America. Abbot Emerson Smith, a leading historian of indentured servitude during the colonial period, estimated that between one-half and two-thirds of all white immigrants to the British colonies between the Puritan migration of the 1630s and the American Revolution came under indenture.
Maunatul Islam Association of Fiji (MIAF) represents approximately 30% of the Sunni Muslims in Fiji who are mostly followers of Imam Shafi. The followers of Imam Shafi in Fiji are the descendants of Muslims of Malayalam origin who came to Fiji under the indenture system from Kerala (Malabar) in South India between 1903 and 1916. The organisation originally operated under the name of Then India Maunatul Islam Association of Fiji since it was officially formed in 1942. The original officials were; President: Late Shahbud Dean, Vice President: Late Hajji Moidin Koya, Secretary: Mohammed Shafique, Treasurer: Late Hon A. R. Manu.
White indentured servants were also common in this region early in its settlement, gradually being replaced by African slaves by the latter half of the seventeenth century due to improved economic conditions in Europe and the resulting decrease in emigration to the Chesapeake region. Indentured servants were people who signed a contract of indenture requiring them to work for their Chesapeake masters for an average of five to seven years, in return for the cost of the Atlantic crossing. When finished, he might be given land, or goods consisting of a suit of clothes, some farm tools, seed, and perhaps a gun.
After the end of slavery, the West Indian sugar colonies tried the use of emancipated slaves, families from Ireland, Germany and Malta and Portuguese from Madeira. All these efforts failed to satisfy the labour needs of the colonies due to high mortality of the new arrivals and their reluctance to continue working at the end of their indenture. On 16 November 1844, the British Indian Government legalised emigration to Jamaica, Trinidad and Demerara (Guyana). The first ship, the Whitby, sailed from Port Calcutta for British Guiana on 13 January 1838, and arrived in Berbice on 5 May 1838.
Swynnerton served as Member of Parliament for the borough of Stafford in the second parliament of Queen Mary's reign, which assembled in April 1554. The influence of the Giffards, now at the height of their power in the county, must have secured him the seat. In the electoral indenture, completed in Latin, he was placed second in order of precedence, with the 21-year-old John Giffard as his senior.The History of Parliament: Constituencies 1509–1558 – Stafford (Author: N. M. Fuidge) The returning officer was the High Sheriff of Staffordshire, Thomas Giffard, his own brother-in-law and John Giffard's father.
An indenture of receipt dated November 8th, 1550, of delivery by Sir Philip Hoby, Ambassador to the Emperor, to Sir Richard Morrison, who is to replace him, of various items of silver plate formerly held by Thomas, late Bishop of Westminster. List with weights. Endorsed with paper seal Setting off in July, he went with Roger Ascham as his secretary, the two reading Greek every day together. His despatches to the council were long, but Morison found time to travel in Germany with Ascham, who published in 1553 an account of their experiences in A Report of the Affaires of Germany.
Historian Lomarsh Roopnarine notes that the British were generally reluctant to send Indian indentured workers to non-British colonies, particularly towards the start of the indenture system. Roopnarine suggests that this might have been because the British saw the workers as an economic advantage for the British Empire. However, the British permitted immigration of Indian indentured laborers to the French West Indies in 1860, believing that the French would hire laborers from Africa if they did not receive Indian workers. The British permitted immigration in 1863 following two years of negotiations with the Colonial Council of Saint Croix.
The OOCEA's chairman Walter Ketcham remarked that the OCX bonds were so poorly rated "we wouldn't touch them with gloves". In September 2016, CFX agreed to study future road projects in Osceola County, in order to determine which are viable for financing and construction, on behalf of OCX for an 18-month period. Legislation passed by the Florida legislature in 2014 envisions the CFX and OCX merging by 2018 and the agreement is a step towards that plan. The OCX contracted with the CFX to collect all toll revenues and place them in a trust indenture.
The indentures to the truce of 1398 stipulate that days of march (also known as "days of truce") should be held monthly.Neville, 1998, p.81 However, this was never adhered to, for a number of reasons: the hostility of the new Lancastrian regime put border law into abeyance soon after the indenture was signed, and the increase of violence amongst the border magnates (particularly between the Percy and Douglas families) disrupted the workings of the law. In later times, it may simply have been that mutual dislike between the opposing Wardens, or political tactics, was enough to cause extensive delays.
Spelman left England for the colonies in 1609 writing that he was not in good favor with his friends and desired to see other countries. Despite being a son of the high sheriff of his county, Spelman, owing to the traditional English practice of primogeniture, was left to indenture himself as a laborer to pay his passage to the New World. The Third Supply flotilla of 9 ships carrying between 500 and 600 passengers set sail from Plymouth, England on 2 June 1609. In July 1609,A True Declaration of the estate of the Colonie in Virginia ..., by the Council for Virginia, 1610.
Purleigh although it had been left to John Denys, was subject to an annual charge payable to Sheen, as provided for in the will. It appears that Syon Abbey were attracted by the prospect of acquiring the two nearby manors, while distant Gray's Inn could serve no function in their plans. The charter effecting the transfer from Sheen to Syon is an elaborate illuminated manuscript "An Indenture, a book with indented covers is preserved in the Augmentation Office. It is a beautiful Illuminated MS on vellum with a neat drawing of St. Bridget in the initial letter".
After stripping much Welsh land from Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in 1277, Edward I of England imposed harsh terms on the lands he had conquered. He had been aided in 1277 by many Welshmen, including Llywelyn's own brother Dafydd ap Gruffydd, but the terms of the peace, coupled with domination by English laws and by Edward's officials drove many of them into rebellion. The war began when Dafydd turned against the English and slaughtered the garrison of Hawarden Castle. Edward raised several armies through levy and indenture, and sent them into Wales on multiple fronts to surround and destroy Llywelyn's armies.
Be that as it may, such a grant fits into the context of ongoing consolidation of Scottish royal power in the western fringes of the kingdom in the years following the Treaty of Perth. The earliest phase of construction at the castle site dates to the twelfth- and thirteenth-centuries, and the castle's remains dating from this period closely resemble the earliest remains of Castle Sween.McDonald (1997) pp. 238-239. In 1277, an indenture between Hugh of Abernethy and Gilchrist's widow, Ethena, records that the latter possessed a third of Gilchrist's lands "by right of and by the law of the land".
The 1886 Act introduced employment contracts between employers and Aboriginal workers over the age of 14. There was no provision in the 1886 Act for contracts to include wages, but employees were to be provided with "substantial, good and sufficient rations", clothing and blankets. The 1886 Act provided a resident magistrate with the power to indenture 'half-caste' and Aboriginal children from a suitable age until they turned 21. An Aboriginal Protection Board, was also established to prevent the abuses reported earlier, but rather than protect Aborigines, it succeeded mainly in putting them under tighter government control.
For this he was to receive the full benefit of their prayers, fasts, vigils, alms, psalms and masses and at death was to receive the same benefits as an abbot. The abbot and convent then granted the manor back to Richard Fokerham for life, to hold in full by service of a rose on John the Baptist's Day. On 23 August Joan obtained an inspeximus and confirmation that wrote into the public record the terms of her donation to the abbey, which were contained in an indenture or chirograph.Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1334—38, p. 495—6.
The highly detailed contract of indenture had a term of six months from the opening of the campaign in Gascony, with an option for Edward III to extend it for a further six months on the same terms. Derby was given a high degree of autonomy; for example, his strategic instructions were: ("if there is war, do the best you can"). In early 1345 the French decided to stand on the defensive in the south west. Their intelligence correctly predicted English offensives in the three theatres, but they did not have the money to raise a significant army in each.
The purpose was to entail the Beaumont lands upon the male issue of a Daubeney- Basset marriage, thus increasing the future wealth of the Daubeney family. However the indenture allowed for Sir John Basset and any future wives of his to retain possession during their lives of Umberleigh and lands in Bickington. If the scheme should fail due to the marriage not taking place and in default of other provisions, the lands would revert to the right heirs of Basset. To this effect Basset sent two of his four daughters by Elizabeth Denys, namely Anne and Thomasine, to live in the Daubeney household.
A different tradition recounts that, as a Christian virgin, she was bound to the tail of a horse by a rejected suitor and dragged to death. The saint and her grave were revered at least since the 8th century, when the Bavarian duke Tassilo III (748–788) gave Reisbach to Wessobrunn Abbey in 760. At this place a church synod took place in 798/799. Wolfsindis is further mentioned in a Wessobrunnian necrology from the 10th century, an indenture of Regensburg's bishop Heinrich I (1132–1155) from 1139 and a necrology of the Abbey of Saint Gall from the 12th century.
In addition, Governor Harrison negotiated a series of treaties with native tribes that ceded additional lands within the Indiana Territory to the federal government, opening millions of acres for sale and settlement in the present-day southern of Indiana and most of Illinois. In 1810 antislavery supporters in the territorial legislature also succeeded in repealing the 1805 indenture law.Madison and Sandweiss, pp. 43–44, 46–47. Congressman Jonathan Jennings, delegate of the Indiana Territory In late December 1811 and early January 1812, Jonathan Jennings, who had become the territory's first popularly-elected delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1810,Dunn, p.
Cavendish seems to have let Francis Pole have £30 worth of the goods on account as he deposited a certificate: > "And Sir Wm. Cavendishe owes xxx. li by ffraunces Pole de Rodborne in the > Countie of Derby, Armiger a debt to his Majestie ye King by an obligacione > given 24 October in the xxx Regis predicti, to be paid on the Feast of the > Nativitie 1540, as by an indenture and book more clearly appears."Brodhurst, > F. (1907) Sir William Cavendish —1557, p. 85. The jury made a similar note of the shortfall in their inventory.
The Act introduced employment contracts between employers and Aboriginal workers over the age of 14. There was no provision in the 1886 Act for contracts to include wages, but employees were to be provided with "substantial, good and sufficient rations", clothing and blankets. The 1886 act provided a resident magistrate with the power to indenture 'half-caste' and Aboriginal children, from a suitable age, until they turned 21. An Aboriginal Protection Board was also established to prevent the abuses reported earlier, but rather than protect Aborigines, it mainly succeeded in putting them under tighter government control.
Maunatul Islam Association of Fiji (MIAF) represents approximately 30% of the Sunni Muslims in Fiji who are mostly followers of Imam Shafi. Muslims of the Shafi school of Islamic jurisprudence are the descendants of Muslims of Malayalam origin who came to Fiji under the indenture system from Kerala in South India between 1903 and 1916. The main Sunni Muslim organisation in Fiji, the Fiji Muslim League, represents Sunni Muslims in Fiji who are mostly followers of Hanafi jurisprudence. The organisation originally operated under the name "The India Maunatul Islam Association of Fiji," since it was officially formed in 1942.
During the American Civil War various political factions in opposition to slavery and other forms of unfree labour united as the Union Party and began to slowly dismantle unfree labour systems in California. Republicans had decried the kidnapping and forced apprenticeship of Native Americans but still viewed the arrests and leasing of Native Americans as a necessary evil to civilize them. In 1863 after the declaration of the Emancipation Proclamation lawmakers in California ended all forms of legal indenture and apprenticeship for Native Americans. Illegal slave raiding and holding continued afterwards but died out around 1870.
96–97 Most were young men, with dreams of owning their own land or striking it rich quick, who would essentially sell years of their labor in exchange for passage to the islands. However, forceful indenture also provided part of the servants: contemporaries report that youngsters were sometimes tricked into servitude in order to be exploited in the colonies.Alexandre Olivier Ecquemelin, The History of Buccaneers in America (1853 edition), p. 46 The landowners on the islands would pay for a servant's passage and then provide the servant with food, clothes, shelter and instruction during the agreed term.
An animation showing when United States territories and states forbade or allowed slavery, 1789–1861. Freedom suits were lawsuits in the Thirteen Colonies and the United States filed by enslaved people against slaveholders to assert claims to freedom, often based on descent from a free maternal ancestor, or time held as a resident in a free state or territory. The right to petition for freedom descended from English common law and allowed people to challenge their enslavement or indenture. Petitioners challenged slavery both directly and indirectly, even if slaveholders generally viewed such petitions as a means to uphold rather than undermine slavery.
He took the oaths at St. Thomas Court, his nephew, Con Bacagh O'Neill, carrying the sword of state before him. He then entered into an indenture with the King not to grant pardons without the consent of the council, to cause the Irish in his territories to wear English dress, to shave their "upper berdes", and not to levy coigne and livery except when on the King's business, and then only to a specified amount, not exceeding 2d. a meal for horsemen, 1½d. for foot Next year, 1525, Kildare and Ormond were again at daggers drawn.
The land was opposite his family's properties in Stewart Street - and opposite the Brush Farm estate, located near the present intersection of Marsden Road, Stewart Street and Rutledge Street. The transfer indenture is made out to George Spurway of Pennant Hills, rather than of Bathurst, so it is possible that his father George senior attended the auction on the ground and bid for the land for his son.Indenture of 11Nov 1873, Primary Application Packet 40065 On this land was built Riverview. By 1877-78 (and certainly by July 1878) George the younger had returned to Dundas.
In the middle of the 19th century Edward Hayles Taylor sold Rockford to Henry Baring of Somerley, from whom it was purchased by John Coventry of Burgate Manor. Moyles Court, however, was sold to the Earl of Normanton with Ellingham. A chapel at Rockford, subject to the church of Ellingham, was granted by Walter of St Quentin, with the tithe from his house, to the abbey of Saint-Sauveur-le- Vicomte about 1170, and mass was to be said there three times a week by the chaplain of Ellingham or a monk. No trace of it remains, but it probably stood in the "Chapell field" mentioned in an indenture of 1664.
The following is the indenture agreement of 1912: #Period of Service-Five Years from the Date of Arrival in the Colony. #Nature of labour-Work in connection with the Cultivation of the soil or the manufacture of the produce on any plantation. #Number of days on which the Emigrant is required to labour in each Week-Everyday, excepting Sundays and authorized holidays. #Number of hours in every day during which he is required to labour without extra remuneration-Nine hours on each of five consecutive days in every week commencing with the Monday of each week, and five hours on the Saturday of each week.
Newly arrived indentured labourers from India in Trinidad After the end of slavery, the West Indian sugar colonies tried the use of emancipated slaves, families from Ireland, Germany and Malta and Portuguese from Madeira. All these efforts failed to satisfy the labour needs of the colonies due to high mortality of the new arrivals and their reluctance to continue working at the end of their indenture. On 16 November 1844, the British Indian Government legalised emigration to Jamaica, Trinidad and Demerara (Guyana). The first ship, the Whitby, sailed from Port Calcutta for British Guiana on 13 January 1838, and arrived in Berbice on 5 May 1838.
The purpose was to entail the Beaumont lands upon the male issue of a Daubeney-Basset marriage, thus increasing the future wealth of the Daubeney family. However the indenture allowed for Sir John Basset and any future wives of his to retain possession of Umberleigh and lands in Bickington during their lives. If the scheme should fail due to the marriage not taking place and in default of other provisions, the lands would revert to the right heirs of Basset. To this effect Basset sent two of his four daughters by his first wife Elizabeth Denys, namely Anne and Thomasine, to live in the Daubeney household.
Cokayne, in a similar position, negotiated the tricky waters of politics in the king's minority alongside Vernon and often in close alliance with him. At the county's parliamentary election in 1432 he sealed the indenture returning Richard Vernon, Sir Richard's son,Wright, p. 114. and at about the same time arranged the betrothal of his heir, John, to Vernon's daughter Anne. During this period Vernon, Cokayne and Henry Grey, Baron Grey of Codnor, were the decisive influences in the choice of knights of the shire, generally in collusion, although Humphrey Stafford also took a close interest. However, in 1433 the tacit collaboration between the gentry and Grey broke down.
They were totally reliant on him: they or their guardians had signed papers of indenture, in front of a magistrate, which bound them to him until they were adults. It was the duty of the Poor Law guardians to apprentice as many children of the workhouse in their care as possible, so as to reduce costs to the parish. The master sweep had duties: to teach the craft and its mysteries, to provide the apprentice with a second suit of clothes, to have him cleaned once a week, allow him to attend church, and not send him up chimneys that were on fire. An apprentice agreed to obey his master.
Following the death of Sir Thomas Stanley, Under-Treasurer of the Mint, on 15 December 1571, the management of the Royal Mint was divided between two officers. In April 1572 the crown confirmed Richard Martin, as Warden of the Royal Mint, and John Lonyson as Master-Worker of the Mint. As Master, Lonyson was to accept silver and gold bullion from merchants and goldsmiths and return it in the form of coin, of such denominations, weight, and fineness as were specified in a document called an indenture. In these transactions, a specified portion of the bullion was retained by the Master and Warden for their fees and to cover operating costs.
It quickly became evident that, in practice, the original company faced scarcely any measurable competition. The companies merged in 1708, by a tripartite indenture involving both companies and the state, with the charter and agreement for the new United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies being awarded by Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin. Under this arrangement, the merged company lent to the Treasury a sum of £3,200,000, in return for exclusive privileges for the next three years, after which the situation was to be reviewed. The amalgamated company became the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies.
Similarly, Bang, like Frederic, has never seen a woman before. Also, he is affected by so keen a sense of duty as an apprenticed pirate that he is prepared to slaughter his own parents until the discovery of the passage of his twenty-first birthday frees him from his articles of indenture. Captain Bang also exhibits elements of H.M.S. Pinafore's Captain Corcoran and Sir Joseph, rolled into one: :I'm a hardy sailor, too; :I've a vessel and a crew :When it doesn't blow a gale :I can reef a little sail. :I never go below :And I generally know :The weather from the lee, :And I'm never sick at sea.
Mahen Utchanah, ex- Energy Minister of Mauritius and Chairman of the Ghat and Raju Mohit, director, entrusted Torabully with this historic mission. Dr Doudou Diene, former Director of UNESCO's routes of dialogue accompanied Torabully though UNESCO's administration with a view of making the IIRL an inclusive route, based on the existing work of coolitude relating slavery and indenture. The premises of the IIRL, inscribed on the agenda of UNESCO in 2016, integrated this vision: the IIRL is an intercultural and intermemorial lane where diversities converge and are not meant to oppose themselves, much in keeping with the humanism of diversity it encourages. The IIRL is still in elaboration.
Older children were bound by indentured servitude in which they were contracted to families, both Black and white, to learn a trade or skill until age 21. The families, in turn, paid a small fee to the Colored Orphan Asylum for the services which were placed in the bank for when the child left the institution. By 1897, schooling was increased until grade six and sent several students to the Hampton Institute for further study. In 1918 schooling was increased until grade eight and the indenture system evolved into a loose foster care system in which the child was to be incorporated into the family and continue their studies.
Lydia2 A. K. Marsh (Ky.) 467 (1820) concerning the status of slaves born in the Northwest Territory where the Ordinance of 1787 outlawed slavery.Finkleman, p. 192 In his opinion, Mills was careful to avoid judgments regarding the institution of slavery itself, but upheld the decision of the Shelby County circuit court that the slave (Lydia) ought to be freed under terms of an indenture she had agreed to in Indiana before being sold to a master in Kentucky. Mills' opinion set a precedent that was adhered to in Kentucky for the next forty-five years and was frequently cited in both northern and southern courts.
Syme, pg. 358 Augustus dispatched Murena to lead an expedition against the Salassi tribe of the Aosta Valley region in the northwestern Alps in 25 BC.Davies, pg. 257 The Salassi had proved troublesome to Roman armies using the Great St Bernard pass, which, as the shortest route from Italy to the Upper Rhine river, had become strategically vital to the Romans since the completion of Julius Caesar's conquest of Gaul in 51 BC. The Salassi were utterly defeated and, according to Strabo, Murena deported and sold into slavery 44,000 tribespeople. According to Cassius Dio, he sold only males of military age and only for an indenture- term of 20 years.
Jagdeo was born in Unity Village in Demerara-Mahaica, in then British Guiana in 1963 to Hindu Indian parents. In 1912, his grandfather, Ram Jiyawan had immigrated under the Indian indenture system to British Guiana from the village of Pure Thakurain in the Amethi district of the Awadh region of the United Provinces in British India (present-day state of Uttar Pradesh in India). He joined the youth wing of the People's Progressive Party (PPP), the Progressive Youth Organisation, when he was 13, and became a member of the PPP itself at age 16. He subsequently rose to local leadership positions in the party.
West Lakes Shore and its larger sister suburb West Lakes were created from the low-lying wasteland and coastal sand dunes formerly known as "The Greater Port Adelaide Development Area". In 1969 an Indenture was signed by the South Australian Government and the Delfin Group for the joint development of this area which measures 4.83 km long and 1.6 km wide. Since that time West Lakes and West Lakes Shore have become a thriving community of 8,800 people enjoying sporting, shopping, educational and recreational facilities in a fully planned development renowned nationally for its excellence in planning and design.Marsden, S. (2015): A year-round holiday: the histories of West Lakes.
The highly detailed contract of indenture had a term of six months from the opening of the campaign in Gascony, with an option for Edward III to extend it for a further six month on the same terms. Derby was given a high degree of autonomy, for example his strategic instructions were: "si guerre soit, et a faire le bien q'il poet" (if there is war, do the best you can). In early 1345 the French decided to stand on the defensive in the south west. Their intelligence correctly predicted English offensives in the three theatres, but they did not have the money to raise a significant army in each.
He hears how William Smith was once indentured to a man named Ben Spurdance and how Spurdance tried to swindle Smith out of his share of land upon expiry of his indenture. The court is about to find in favour of Spurdance, but an outraged Ebenezer insists that the court punish Spurdance by signing the rights to Spurdance's land over to Smith. The judge agrees and gets Ebenezer to sign a document, whereupon Ebenezer discovers that Spurdance is the overseer of Malden, and that his father's estate has now passed to Smith. Ebenezer meets Mary Mungummory, a prostitute who was once the lover of the Indian Charley Mattasin.
Richard, upon discovering Hastings' treachery ordered his immediate execution, which took place on 13 June 1483 at the Tower of London. Several weeks later, Richard sealed an indenture, swearing to take Katherine directly under his protection and to > "secure for her the enjoyment of her husband's lands, goods, privileges, and > the custody not only of their heir until the boy came of age but also the > wardship of the young Earl of Shrewsbury who was married to their daughter, > Anne". Richard assured Katherine that Hastings would never be attainted, and that she would be defended against any attempt by intimidation or fraud to deprive her of her rights.Kendall, pp.
However, by the sixteenth century, at least one branch of the family seems to have fallen from grace. One John Brantingham is mentioned in the will of John Benley Prest, dated 20 December 1564, as having taken on William Prentis (a beneficiary of the will) as an indentured servant. From Prentis' second indenture, as an apprentice to a tailor, it may be that Brantingham was also in the same trade.Surtees (1835): I: 219 Six years later, the will of one Margery Brantingham of the parish of St Andrew's, Auckland, dated 30 September 1570, states that she was working as a servant to John Robinson of Myddleston.
A second indenture covered the method of dealing with losses due to piracy (as vexatious a problem as that of land-based theft). On land, it set up a mechanism of establishing 'proofs' using men versed in the law and local men of standing (from England and Scotland) as jurors who established the facts of cases before they were presented to the cross-border tribunals. The provisions in the 1429 indentures were the first real attempt to bring the Anglo-Scottish border into the ambit of international law, rather than relying on the ad hoc, intermittent activity of local magnates (the Warden- Conservators).Neville, 1998, p.
In addition to the Bahamian Goombay tradition, Gombey is similar to some other Afro-Caribbean styles and celebrations (such as the Mummers). In Bermuda, Gombeys are seen more as dancers than musicians, with ritualised costumes, accoutrements and steps, whereas in the West Indies the term applies to a musical tradition, not normally accompanied by dance. Afro-Caribbeans came to Bermuda primarily from former Spanish colonies as free, but indentured, servants in the Seventeenth Century ('til the terms of indenture were raised from seven to ninety-nine years as a discouragement). Most of these arrived as Spanish-speaking Catholics, but acculturated to become English-speaking Protestants.
The Royal Palace of Whitehall where the Earl of Oxford married Anne Cecil, as it appeared about 100 years later In 1562, the 16th Earl of Oxford had contracted with Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon, for his son Edward to marry one of Huntingdon's sisters; when he reached the age of eighteen, he was to choose either Elizabeth or Mary Hastings. However, after the death of the 16th Earl, the indenture was allowed to lapse. Elizabeth Hastings later married Edward Somerset, while Mary Hastings died unmarried. In the summer of 1571, Oxford declared an interest in Cecil's 14 year-old daughter, Anne, and received the queen's consent to the marriage.
Elizabeth issued Oxford a licence to travel in January 1575, and provided him with letters of introduction to foreign monarchs. Prior to his departure, Oxford entered into two indentures. In the first contract, he sold his manors in Cornwall, Staffordshire, and Wiltshire to three trustees for £6,000. In the second, since he had no heirs, and if he should die abroad the estates would pass to his sister, Mary, he entailed the lands of the earldom on his first cousin, Hugh Vere. The indenture also provided for payment of debts amounting to £9,096, £3,457 of which was still owed to the Queen as expenses for his wardship.
Though Mecom never attended school, she learned to read and write under the tutelage of Benjamin Franklin. In 1723 Benjamin ran away to become a printer in New York and escape his indenture to his brother, leaving his 11-year-old sister alone. At 15 she was married off, although the legal marrying age in Massachusetts was 16, and her brothers and most of her sisters had married by 24, none of them before 20. Even more startlingly, she was married to a nearly illiterate 22-year-old saddler, Edward Mecom, a poor Scottish immigrant whose swings of mental instability were inherited by at least two of his sons.
In 1960, the GVWD announced plans to continue building a road nine miles further north to the Loch Lomond reservoir in the Seymour watershed. In 1961, 316 acres of forest in the Seymour watershed were logged to prevent a wooly aphid infestation on Balsam tree species from spreading to the rest of the forest. As the decade continued, the case for logging in the watershed for the reasons of protection began to strengthen. In 1967, the 1927 GVWD lease agreement (known as the Amending Indenture) with the provincial government was changed to now allow for building of roads and logging of old- growth forests in all three watersheds.
In the 1970s the gaol was converted into a leisure centre. In 2011 the site was developed into residential and commercial premises. According to local legend, prior to its conversion in the 1970s, the gaol was haunted by the ghost of an eight-year-old boy who, after being convicted for arson in the mid-19th century, became the youngest person in the UK to be executed by hanging. The Roysse Room was the site of Abingdon School (then 'Roysse's School') from 1563 until it moved to its current site after an indenture by John Roysse, who had been born and educated in Abingdon before he moved to London.
Watt, Dictionary, p. 510. His seal was attached to an indenture at Auldearn on 2 January 1365; and to a deed drawn up at Perth on 16 October 1370. He was at the Scone parliament of 18 November 1358, at the Scone parliament of 26 July 1366.Watt, Dictionary, p. 510. He did not attend the Perth parliament of 27 September 1367, nor the Scone parliament of 6 March 1369. He attended the Council General at Perth on 13 January 1365. He witnessed many charters in or around Ross during his episcopate, but also various royal charters, including those issued at Scone on 18 November 1358.
Lynch's father left his native Ireland and emigrated to the English Colony of Virginia in about 1725 as an indentured servant, called a "redemptioner" in the nomenclature of the day. Upon arrival to the New World, Lynch's contract of indenture was sold to a wealthy planter living in Caroline County. Lynch remained with the planter for his fixed term of servitude, winning in the process not only his freedom but also the hand of the planter's daughter, Sarah Clark, in marriage. With the financial assistance of the elder Clark, the Lynches themselves became planters of tobacco on a large scale, farming well over 7,000 acres of Virginia land.
His dream of having a life of professional barrister was realised when the Chief Justice of Aden (with whom he had studied in London) asked him to come and practice there after assuring colonial authorities that he would not be a problem there as there was no indenture system in Aden. He continued to provide service to the people of Aden and Somaliland (1935–1940) but the revolutionary and radical zeal seemed to have left him. He visited Mauritius in 1950 where he was enthusiastically welcomed. In 1953 he returned to India (from Aden) and lived in Bombay until his death on 8 January 1956.
In 1848 Mexico ceded California to the United States and 1845–1855 marked the years of the gold rush, bringing in white immigrants to California. Indians became the major and immediate source of labor for mining. In those 10 years the Indian population decreased by two-thirds and in order to craft California's own code of labor, An Act for the Government and Protection of Indians was passed in 1850 which "legally" curtailed the rights of Indians. Within this Act, Indian children could be obtained for indenture, convicted Indians could be hired out of jail and Indians could not testify for or against whites.
During the War of Jenkins' Ear, a major British assault on Cartagena de Indias was planned and carried out. The British government urged its colonies in North America to raise soldiers for this undertaking; the 3,000 men asked for were rapidly reached and exceeded. Only Virginia used impressment, forcing former indentured servants and convicts to enlist. Pennsylvania enlisted 300 indentured servants that volunteered, thereby breaching their indenture. Massachusetts raised five companies; Rhode Island two; Connecticut two; New York five; New Jersey three; Pennsylvania eight; Maryland three; Virginia four; and North Carolina four, for a total of 36 companies, organized in four battalions. Walter Clark (1904).
96–98Deetz and Deetz (2000), p. 143 Several laws dealt with indentured servitude, a legal status whereby a person would work off debts or be given training in exchange for a period of unrecompensed service. The law required that all indentured servants had to be registered by the Governor or one of the Assistants, and that no period of indenture could be less than six months. Further laws forbade a master from shortening the length of time of service required for his servant, and also confirmed that any indentured servants whose period of service began in England would still be required to complete their service while in Plymouth.
In 1465 Montagu received the main grant of the Percy Earldom of Northumberland estates, and on 25 March the following year he was granted the constableships and honours of Knaresborough and Pontefract Castles, which Warwick and before him their father had previously held, and also the castles of Tickhill, Snaith, and Dunstanburgh. This was to repay his arrears in back wages from his Wardenship of the East March, from an indenture of 1 June 1463. On the same day he was made Steward of the Duchy of Lancaster (north of the Trent), and it was from the profits of the duchy that his wages were coming from, amounting to approximately £1,000.
Five years pass, with Wulfgar indentured to the dwarves. Bruenor teaches him to smith and mine, and comes to love him like a son. Though Wulfgar initially resents the dwarves and his indenture, he grows to respect and even love Bruenor, like his own father who had died years past. During this time, the failed wizard Akar Kessel, left to die in the Spine of the World, finds Crenshinibon, the Crystal Shard, a magical, sentient crystal with the ability to lend power to its wielder, make tower sanctuaries in the likeness of itself, and insinuate itself into the minds of others, including that of its wielder.
It raised around £50,000 a year and although it was initially a temporary measure, it proved so successful that its use was continued. Successive Acts have created new duties and impressed duty stamps are still in use to collect taxes, although electronic methods are now taking over. Around 10,000 different dies of impressed duty stamps have been used since the 17th century, and these exist with face values of up to £1 million. Certificate of indenture bearing a £1 impressed duty stamp on blue paper, 1843 The tax was enforced by making the documents unenforceable in court if they had not been properly stamped.
At the time when the Northwest Ordinance was constructed, white adult servants were still being imported into the United States, and thus, historically, it seems likely that the Ordinance's framers considered indenture to be a form of "voluntary" servitude. In essence, this means the indentured servant chose to work for someone who bought them something. The Territory of Hawaii was the last place in the United States to widely use indentures, as by 1900 the practice had been abolished in the rest of the country and replaced by alternatives such as the credit-ticket system used to transport Chinese laborers.Cloud, Patricia and David W. Galenson.
By July 1651, he had expanded his holdings, which he referred to in a court record as myne owne ground, to , then a considerable tract by Eastern Shore standards. He was prosperous enough to import five indentured servants of his own and was granted an additional as "headrights" for bringing in workers. In 1653 John Casor, an African employed by Johnson, filed what later became known as a freedom suit. He said that he had been imported as a "seaven or eight yeares" indentured servant and that, after attempting to reclaim his indenture, he had been told by Johnson that he didn't have one.
The ground rules of each FMEA include a set of project selected procedures; the assumptions on which the analysis is based; the hardware that has been included and excluded from the analysis and the rationale for the exclusions. The ground rules also describe the indenture level of the analysis (i.e. the level in the hierarchy of the part to the sub- system, sub-system to the system, etc.), the basic hardware status, and the criteria for system and mission success. Every effort should be made to define all ground rules before the FMEA begins; however, the ground rules may be expanded and clarified as the analysis proceeds.
Sayers Croft is situated on Wealden clay, to the South of the Greensand Ridge. The area is not suitable for agriculture, and so has remained heavily wooded. The Romans built Stane street across the Weald to link Chichester (Noviomagus Reginorum) on the South coast with London and a branch from this principal highway crosses Sayers Croft on its way to the Romano-Celtic temple at Farley Green. The earliest historical reference to Sayers Croft is in an indenture dated 20 August 1552, which records the sale by Sir Edward Bray, knight, to John Dandy, cowman of Sayers Croft, 3 acres of land for the sum of £8.
When he died, the estate classified Key and her child (also the natural son of an English subject) as Negro slaves. Key sued for her freedom and that of her infant son, based on their English ancestry, her Christian status, and the record of indenture. She won her case.Taunya Lovell Banks, "Dangerous Woman: Elizabeth Key's Freedom Suit -Subjecthood and Racialized Identity in Seventeenth Century Colonial Virginia", 41 Akron Law Review 799 (2008), Digital Commons Law, University of Maryland Law School, accessed 21 Apr 2009 The number of white indentured servants declined in the late seventeenth century, as an improving economy in England made workers less willing to brave the colonies.
The master-worker was charged with hiring engravers and the management of moneyers, while the Warden was responsible for witnessing the delivery of dies. A specialist mint board was set up in 1472 to enact a 23 February indenture which vested the mint's responsibilities into three main roles: a warden, a master and comptroller. In the early 16th century, mainland Europe was in the middle of an economic expansion; England however was suffering with financial difficulties brought on by excessive government spending. By the 1540s wars with France and Scotland led Henry VIII to enact The Great Debasement, which saw the amount of precious metal in coin significantly reduced.
The diplomat Baron de Malortie visited Granville and his family at Walmer, and later praised the homely atmosphere in the castle. He described how, after breakfast, the family and guests would all gather in the drawing room, which was the only large room in the house, and Granville would answer government correspondence amid the daily life of the rest of the household. The businessman and politician William Smith was appointed Lord Warden in 1891, but died in Walmer Castle during his first visit here in October of that year. Smith had proposed that the historical artefacts in the castle should be protected from being removed by later Lord Wardens and suggested that government pass an Indenture of Heirlooms Bill.
At the time he had been married for 30 years to his first wife Elizabeth Denys and had given up any hope of producing a surviving son and heir. To make the best of his situation, he obtained financing for the recoveries from Giles Daubeney, 1st Baron Daubeney (1451–1508), KG, under a special agreement entered into in 1504, referred to by the family as the "Great Indenture".Transcribed in Byrne, vol.4, chapter 7, appendix 2 This specified that Daubeney would pay about £2,000 for the recoveries on condition that one of the Basset daughters and co-heiresses would marry Daubeney's son Henry Daubeney (1493–1548) (later created Earl of Bridgewater), then aged 10, before his 16th birthday.
After his mother's death, Long Tai (Mike He) returns to Taiwan in search for his long lost father and twin brother. When people mistake him for his brother, who has left the country, he perpetuates the mistake; the change does not go unnoticed by his brother's foe, Zhao Ren Hu (Nylon Chen), who has planned on defeating Long Tian He (Mike He). In a festival competition, Zhao tries to take over Long's hot spring, but is defeated by Long Tai: as per agreement, Zhao sends his sister (DaYuan Lin) to Long's house to work as an indenture servant for a year, but secretly orders her to spy on Long. But his sister has other things in mind.
Both this and his appointment in Aquitaine proved very costly, and by June 1404, he had sold or pledged his plate and was contemplating mortgaging his lands to pay his troops in Wales. In February 1405, the Welsh rebel leader Owain Glyndŵr, Glyndŵr's son-in-law Sir Edmund Mortimer and Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, entered into a tripartite indenture that proposed a threefold division of the kingdom. This agreement was apparently connected to a plot to free Mortimer's nephew Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, from King Henry's custody and carry him into Wales. On 13 February 1405, the young Edmund Mortimer and his brother Roger were abducted from Windsor Castle, but quickly recaptured near Cheltenham.
Cultural fusion between local Malay culture and other foreign cultures also led to the ethnocultural development of the related Chitty, Jawi Peranakan, Kristang and Peranakan cultures. Today, some Malays have recent forebears from other parts of Maritime Southeast Asia, termed as anak dagang ("traders") or foreign Malays who have assimilated into the Malay culture. Among the earliest groups of these foreign Malays were of Minangkabau descent who had established themselves in Negeri Sembilan, as well as Bugis people who had formed Selangor Sultanate and domiciled in large numbers in Johor. Between the 19th century and the early 20th century, significant number of immigrants from Java and Sumatra came as traders, settlers and indenture labours to Malaya.
One of the most frequently cited concerns with Income Share Agreements is that they are a form of indentured servitude. Critics argue that because students owe a percentage of their income, the investor therefore own a piece of the student. For instance, Kevin Roose wrote in New York magazine that ISA companies give "young people in the post-crash economy the chance to indenture themselves to patrons in the investor class." However, advocates of ISAs contend that since students have no legal obligation to work in a particular industry, and since it is illegal for investors to pressure them into a certain career, students are no more “indentured” than those with a student loan.
Once she had paid off her indenture, Fanny continued as a prostitute under her own employ, but remained in poverty. While she was in London, she was noticed by Jack Harris, a famous pimp from Covent Garden and later co-author of Harris's List of Covent Garden Ladies, a list of prostitutes that Harris claimed were free of venereal disease. Harris supposedly had a surgeon examine Murray to verify her claims that she was free of disease, and made her pay a £20 deposit on the accuracy of her information. Although she had been working in London for many years, she appeared in Harris's guide as a "new face", described as "fit for high keeping with a Jew merchant".
In western Nepal, kamaiyas are male workers, usually of Tharu or Dalit caste groups, bonded to a landlord owing to debt whose interests mount at a rate higher than can be paid with labourer's wage; the indenture is inherited by the subsequent generations as the debt is never paid. It was abolished, and more than 11,000 labourers freed, in 2000. However, the system is believed to still persist in practice as many freed kamaiyas have begun returning to their former landlords, as law-enforcement isn't strict, and freed labourers lack other opportunities for livelihood. Kamlaris are young girls, as young as six, sold by their parents as indentured servants to higher-caste, land-owning families to repay debts.
The land in which Pulau Pisang Lighthouse sits on is owned by Singapore, more explicitly by the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore for Singapore. This piece of land is in the possession of Singapore due to an 1885 agreement and 1900 indenture that allows the Straits Settlement Government to lease a plot of land (0.809 ha) and the roadway leading to it from the Johor Government for the sole purpose of building a lighthouse on Pulau Pisang in perpetuity. The land would be returned to Malaysia if the lighthouse were to no longer be operated, as the ultimate sovereignty of the land belongs to them. The surrounding territory is under Malaysia's jurisdiction.
After the war, Warren Coleman was freed but bound in a two-year apprenticeship indenture to William M. Coleman until he came of age in 1867. (Coleman was a planter-lawyer in Cabarrus County, who later became the state attorney general, and he served as a patron of the younger man.) After that, Coleman moved to Alabama, seeking economic opportunities. He returned to Cabarrus County the next year, and established his first business; collecting rags, bones, and junk for resale and disposal. In 1873–1874, he went to Washington, DC, where he attended the Model School at Howard University] to learn more about business, a period of study supported by William Coleman.
The use of Christian missionaries in recruitment was just one of many measures that the colonial government used in its venture to avoid accusations that indenture was simply another form of slavery. The government was particularly sensitive to such accusations because it was competing directly with other European powers, particularly Spain, to recruit laborers from China. The recruitment of Chinese laborers was generally conducted by professional recruiters, known as "crimps", who were paid per individual recruit, while the recruits themselves received a cash advance. In the 1850s, the demand for Chinese labor and the fees paid to the crimps increased so dramatically that the system quickly became notorious for its association with abuse and coercion, including kidnapping.
Porter, William S., Genealogy of the Eliot family, George B. Bassett & Co., New Haven, 1854 It is unknown exactly when the Eliots settled in Devon, however it is estimated they prospered there for 8 to 10 generations. The earliest written record of the surname is an indenture signed in 1400 by RYC Elyot. John Eliot of Devonshire (born 1375) is a common ancestor for all Eliots of South England.The New England Historical and Genealogical Register, Volume 39, David Clapp & Son, Boston, 1885 He had two sons, Mychell (born 1414) and Walter (born 1433).Eliot, Walter Graeme, A Sketch of Eliot Family, Livingston Middleditch, New York, 1887 Mychell's family took residence in East Coker while Walter remained in Devon.
While the majority of the resettlement took place within Ireland to the province of Connaught, perhaps as many as 50,000 were transported to the colonies in the West Indies and in North America. During the early colonial period, the Scots and the English, along with other western European nations, dealt with their "Gypsy problem" by transporting them as slaves in large numbers to North America and the Caribbean. Cromwell shipped Romanichal Gypsies as slaves to the southern plantations, and there is documentation of Gypsies being owned by former black slaves in Jamaica. Long before the Highland Clearances, some chiefs, such as Ewen Cameron of Lochiel, sold some of their clans into indenture in North America.
Unlike the bulk of Fiji's Indian population, who are descendants of Indian indentured labourers brought to Fiji between 1879 and 1916, the Gujaratis came to Fiji as free immigrants beginning in 1904. While the indentured labourers, on becoming free, generally took up farming, the Gujaratis were traders and craftsmen. In the Indo-Fijian population as a whole, the caste system disappeared within a few years of indenture, but the Gujaratis still maintain it and very rarely marry outside their caste. The Gujaratis continue to maintain strong links with India, usually sending their sons and daughters to be married there while the rest of Fiji's Indian population have little contact with their country of origin.
The child also did not survive. Nevertheless, on 29 October 1856, he fulfilled his commitment to the Agricultural Society's festivities by hosting an excellent luncheon served up in superior style. More than 120 guests attended, including the Governor and a large party of ladies. On 26 February 1858, an indenture was registered between Warren and the partnership of Joseph Farmaner and Walter Padbury whereby Warren was recorded as owing the sum of three hundred and nineteen pounds, a princely sum of money in those days. That same day, Isaac Doust signed an agreement to purchase lots R24, R25, R26, R27, R28 and R45 and take over the debt of three hundred pounds owed to Farmaner and Padbury.
A group of children at Crumpsall Workhouse, 1895–97 Education was provided for the children, but workhouse teachers were a particular problem. Poorly paid, without any formal training, and facing large classes of unruly children with little or no interest in their lessons, few stayed in the job for more than a few months. In an effort to force workhouses to offer at least a basic level of education, legislation was passed in 1845 requiring that all pauper apprentices should be able to read and sign their own indenture papers. A training college for workhouse teachers was set up at Kneller Hall in Twickenham during the 1840s, but it closed in the following decade.
As Mauritian History was made of various migratory waves, Torabully was soon immersed in Creole, English, French, and to a lesser degree, in Bhojpuri, Urdu, Arabic and Chinese languages (citation needed). The cultural mosaic prevalent on the island accounts for his interest in diversity and the discourse of identity in History, as no nation was existent in this country made of several communities. Torabully started writing poetry at a very early age, steadily explored the virtualities of the Encounter between cultures, histories and imaginaries. Branching from coolie trade or indenture, the semiologist started his articulations by exploring and moving beyond créolité or creoleness, antillanité, indianity or indignity and posited his work between those theories and creolization.
For the next two years the newly minted debased coins including the reintroduced Testoon were stockpiled in Jewel Tower in the Palace of Westminster while production of coins at the current standard continued. By May 1544 a lack of bullion arriving at the mint prompted the government to issue the secret indenture and allow the debased coins to enter into general circulation. Two months later in July 1544 merchants of the Low Countries discovered that newly minted silver groats had become debased and begun offering a lower price for them. The introduction of these debased coins caused coins at similar face value but with higher precious metal content to disappear from circulation in line with Gresham's law.
Alvarado took six months after arriving in Mérida to evaluate the conditions he found, gathering data from all social levels assisted by local Yucatecos. He staffed his bureaucracy with a mix of "conservative planters and radical intellectuals" and forged a coalition to restructure society. One of his first actions was to address the situation of the Maya peasants and liberate them from serfdom, prohibiting their confinement, forced guardianships, retention of their children, and whipping as well as other corporal punishment. He canceled their indenture debts with the landowners and established laws for women and child laborers, including domestic workers, defining maximum hours, minimum pay, mandatory rest periods, health and safety standards, and prohibitions on immoral employment.
18–19 The issue was raised in Buteshire but was given an added salience because it was alleged against Lamont that the Coolie labour (as it was referred to in Edwardian times) on his West Indian property were similarly indentured and that it was hypocritical of him to object to the practice in the Transvaal. Lamont was able to deflect this attack by showing he had removed the indenture system when he succeeded to the property and that the workers were now retained in an arrangement akin to being tenant farmers. His supporters also made political capital from the fact that Lamont had been the subject of what they chose to characterise as an unwarranted and brutal assault.
This ship had been one of Sir Walter Raleigh's ships used on his last expedition to South America. It is likely that his wife was to follow him later, but most likely died before. In any case, shortly after his arrival in the colony, he married Alice Davenport who had arrived on the same boat as he did. Roger was indentured to John Chew and employed in 1624 on his plantation on Hog Island. He worked out his indenture by 1626, for he had relocated Jamestown by September 18th 1626, and in 1628 Francis West, "Governor and Captaine Generall", granted him 1,000 acres (4 km²) on Lawne's Creek which flows into the James River just below Hog Island.
Seen in the context of playing multiple roles, it has been called a "socio-political-military joint-stock enterprise" that helped uphold noble authority without needing a basis in feudalism itself. In the mid-fifteenth century, it could vary in organization from being secured almost exclusively by military indenture (for example, the affinity of William, Lord Hastings) to being based more on blood and marital connections, as with the House of Neville.Weiss, Michael, Loyalte me Lie': Richard III and affinity politics in northern England (University of California Irvine thesis, [1977]), 4. . 1981 Recently it has been questioned whether a royal affinity could actually work in the same way as a noble one.
In 1542 the McQuillans would appeal to the English for help, and seeing the opportunity to submit the O'Cahans to the surrender and regrant policy of King Henry VIII, the warden of Coleraine, John Travers, was ordered to attack the O'Cahans. The English would capture Limavady Castle and kill all the O'Cahan troops in the area, with Manus O'Cahan submitting partly to the Crown and signing an indenture of peace. The peace only lasted about two years before the O'Cahans and O'Donnells invaded the territory of the McQuillans, again capturing the castle at Ballylough, which was then besieged by the McQuillans and MacDonnells. By 1553, the territory of the O'Cahans was described as "for the most part waste".
The highly detailed contract of indenture had a term of six months from the opening of the campaign in Gascony, with an option for Edward to extend it for a further six months on the same terms. Derby was given a high degree of autonomy, for example his strategic instructions were: "si guerre soit, et a faire le bien q'il poet" (...if there is war, do the best you can...). French intelligence had uncovered the English plan for offensives in the three theatres, but France did not have the money to raise an army in each. The French anticipated, correctly, that the English planned to make their main effort in northern France.
Captured footage shows a team that must be military or corporate trained, according to Veil. Gradual tells Veil she doesn't know how they got military hardware as there's no smuggling going on on Mars then, something she clarifies to mean there's no smuggling at all on the entire planet. The Goat God talks with Veil about how he and Hakan are disposable hardware with histories in Indenture Compliance, going after escaped Indentured Servants for the company that employed them, however can only tell Veil so much about the footage he has already acquired and dissected himself. The Goat God does explain however that the team was using shock and terror tactics to mask their clean extraction job.
The original treaty was written in French, with two copies made, top and bottom, on a single sheet (a chirograph or indenture). After the English and Scottish ambassadors verified that the copies were the same, it was cut in half across the middle with a wavy line, so that the two copies could be matched together if ever questioned. The kings did not actually sign the treaty, but signified their agreement by affixing their seals to straps that hang from the bottom of the document. (These wax seals have not survived the years, and are lost from the straps.) The bottom copy of the two originals is in the National Archives of Scotland, in Edinburgh.
Four births also took place, however, three of the newborns died on board. The Protector also claimed that the workers "expressed themselves perfectly satisfied with their treatment during the voyage and spoke highly of the kindness of commanders and officers." The Indian indenture system was expensive for the Danish colonial government. Between 1859 and 1878, the Danish spent an estimated $138,000 to facilitate the immigration of workers of all ethnicities to Saint Croix. Between 1863 and 1865, the immigration of Indian indentured workers alone cost the government $57,786 (42% of $138,000). The Danish colonial government spent $34,214 to bring Indian workers to Saint Croix in 1863, and $15,283 for their return voyage.
They were subject to indenture, a long-established form of contract which bound them to forced labour for a fixed term; apart from the fixed term of servitude, this resembled slavery. The first ships carrying indentured labourers from India left in 1836. Sugarcane, a crop that is native to India, does not grow in the cold latitudes such as those found in Europe, but grows in tropical latitudes, were grown in large colonial tropical plantations to meet the growing European and American demand. It is these sugarcane and other tropical cash crop plantations that brought the indentured Hindus and other migrants from India to Mauritius, and other island countries such as Fiji, Jamaica, Trinidad, Martinique, Suriname and others.
Thomas Posey Slavery in the Indiana Territory was supported by Governors William Henry Harrison and his successor Thomas Posey, who both sought to legalize it in the territory. Both men were appointed by the President of the United States while the office was held by southern slaveholders. Although slavery was not legal under Article 6 of the Northwest Ordinance, Harrison recognized the existing customs of slavery and indenture in the territory, Both men's slavery positions were resisted by the territory's population. In a gesture to the residents who lived in the territory before the Northwest Ordinance, Harrison organized a public meeting in 1802 which called for a 10-year moratorium on the slavery ban.Bigham, 106.
Up until the 19th century, Legavreagra was a sub-division of Aghnacally townland and its history is the same until then. Cavan Library holds several leases relating to Legavreagra. (A) Reference No. P017/0034, dated 7 October 1827 described as- Renewal of lease made between Joshua Taylor, Killniglare, gentleman, and Edward Whitely, Ballyconnell, esquire, both County Cavan, of the one part, and Moses Netterfield, Ballyconnell, County Cavan, gentleman. Recites that by indenture of lease dated 20 November 1824 made between same parties, Taylor and Whitely leased to Netterfield the lands of Aughnakilly, parish of Kinawly, County Cavan; sub-denomination of Aghnacally (Aughnakilly) called Legavreagra (Legauregra), for three named lives with covenant for perpetual renewal.
A single share of stock in the Virginia Company cost 12 pounds 10 shillings, the equivalent of more than six months' wages for an ordinary working man. The largest single investor was Thomas West, Lord de la Warre, who served as the first governor of Virginia between 1610 and 1618. (The English colonists named the Delaware River and Native American Lenape tribe for him.) The business of the company was the settlement of the Virginia colony, supported by a labour force of voluntary transportees under the customary indenture system. In exchange for 7 years of labor for the company, the company provided passage, food, protection, and land ownership (if the worker survived).
Soon after the Aberdare Railway was built, the Aberaman Ironworks and a number of collieries associated with it were opened. Bailey remained the owner of the Aberaman Estate but despite the profitability of his colliery activities, the depression in the iron trade meant that the enterprise did not prove as successful as Bailey had hoped so he decided to sell the Aberaman estate and return to Monmouthshire. He disposed of the entire Aberaman estate including its collieries, ironworks, brickworks and private railway, to the Powell Duffryn Steam Coal Co. by indenture dated 2 February 1867 for the sum of £123,500. He was anti trade union and opposed to his workers organising themselves along these lines.
This item includes formal pledges (undertakings) that are applicable to whichever of 12 types of offering is being registered: Rule 415 offerings; subsequent Exchange Act documents by reference; warrants and rights offerings; competitive bids; incorporated annual and quarterly reports; equity offerings of nonreporting registrants; registration on Form S-4 or F-4 of securities offered for resale; accelerated becoming effective of registration statement; qualification of trust indentures under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 for delayed offerings; registration statements permitted by Rule 430A; filings regarding asset-backed securities incorporating by reference subsequent Exchange Act documents by third parties; and filings regarding asset-backed securities that provide certain information through an Internet Web site.
The largest migration of abandoned children in history took place in the United States between 1853 and 1929. Over one hundred and twenty thousand orphans (not all of whom were intentionally abandoned) were shipped west on railroad cars, where families agreed to foster the children in exchange for their use as farmhands, household workers, etc. Orphan trains were highly popular as a source of free labor. The sheer size of the displacement as well as complications and exploitation that occurred gave rise to new agencies and a series of laws that promoted adoption rather than indenture. By 1945, adoption was formulated as a legal act with consideration of the child’s best interests.
Initially, the plantations established in these colonies were mostly owned by friends (mostly minor aristocrats and gentry) of the British-appointed governors. A group of Gaelic-speaking Scottish Highlanders created a settlement at Cape Fear in North Carolina, which remained culturally distinct until the mid-18th century, at which point it was swallowed up by the dominant English-origin culture. Many settlers from Europe arrived as indentured servants, having had their passage paid for, in return for five to seven years of work, including free room and board, clothing, and training, but without cash wages. After their periods of indenture expired, many of these former servants founded small farms on the frontier.
In 1571 an indenture between Queen Elizabeth I and Thomas Smith, and his son Thomas, meant that the Smith's were to conquer as much land in the Ards peninsula and northern County Down as possible. Thomas Smith junior however was killed in 1573 by Irishmen in his own service, with Thomas Smith senior dying four years later, leaving the patent unfulfilled and thus expiring. As the 17th century started, Conn O'Neill was the largest land-owner in north Down. After a series of deals between Conn O'Neill and Scotsmen Hugh Montgomery and James Hamilton, Conn's lands were divided up between them, with Conn retaining the third that lay in the barony of Castlereagh Lower.
The English Passenger Vessels Act of 1803, which regulated travel conditions aboard ships, attempted to make transportation more expensive in order to stop emigration. The American abolition of imprisonment of debtors by federal law (passed in 1833) made prosecution of runaway servants more difficult, increasing the risk of indenture contract purchases. In the 19th century, most indentures of this nature occurred in the old Northwest Territory. The permissibility of such indentures centered on the interpretation of "involuntary servitude" per the 1787 Northwest Ordinance, which declared: The permissibility (or not) of penal sanctions in labor became an issue of "fundamental law", in which it was questioned whether those sanctions or specific performance enforcements turned indentured servitude into "involuntary servitude".
As a result, the companies that generated indentures disrupted the price signaling effect and thus the supply of immigrants did not expand sufficiently to meet demand. Some actors in the market attempted to generate incentives for workers by shortening the length of indenture contracts based on the productivity of the prospective emigrant. Some American firms also opted to incentivize workers by paying small wages or by negotiating early expiration of indentures. The rising cost of indentured labor and its inelastic supply pushed American producers towards other forms of labor. Slaves were substantially cheaper and the supply of them was more abundant for it was not constrained by the slaves’ willingness to emigrate.
One commentator said that Johnson may have feared losing his headrights land if the case went to court.William J. Wood, "The Illegal Beginning of American Slavery", ABA Journal, 1970, American Bar Association, accessed 2 May 2011 Anthony Johnson brought suit in Northampton County court against Robert Parker in 1654 for detaining his "Negro servant, John Casor," saying "Hee never did see any [indenture] but that hee had ye Negro for his life". In the case of Johnson v. Parker, the court of Northampton County upheld Johnson's right to hold Casor as a slave, saying in its ruling of 8 March 1655: > This daye Anthony Johnson negro made his complaint to the court against mr.
In 1660 Elizabeth Key won the first freedom suit in Virginia. She challenged being classified as a slave in a complicated case related to a lengthy indenture and an estate. The mixed-race woman, daughter of an African woman and English planter, argued that she was free due to her white English father who had acknowledged her as his daughter, had her baptized as a Christian, and tried to protect her by establishing a guardian and indentureship for her as a girl when he was dying. After this case, the colonial legislature adopted the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, saying that all children born in the colony would take the status of their mothers, regardless of paternity.
Most of the surviving schools were eventually absorbed into the state system under the Butler Act (1944), and to this day many state schools, most of them primary schools, maintain a link to the Church of England, reflecting their historic origins. The Protestant non-conformist, non-denominational, or "British schools" were founded by Society for Promoting the Lancasterian System for the Education of the Poor, an organisation formed in 1808 by Joseph Fox, William Allen and Samuel Whitbread and supported by several evangelical and non- conformist Christians. In 1814, compulsory apprenticeship by indenture was abolished. By 1831, Sunday School in Great Britain was ministering weekly to 1,250,000 children, approximately 25% of the population.
During a 1970-71 research trip in York, England, to study manuscripts related to the York cycle of biblical plays (also known as the York Mystery Plays), Alexandra F. Johnston, an early drama scholar from the University of Toronto, came across a manuscript transcription of a 1433 indenture agreement between the leaders of the medieval Mercers' Guild and their pageant masters. The document contained details of a medieval pageant wagon and sophisticated staging unknown to researchers of the time.Johnston 2006, p. 27. Johnston also met Margaret Dorrell, an Australian graduate student at the University of Leeds, who was working on a similar project related to the York records; the two women decided to collaborate.
John Moseley married Mary Beaman at All Hallows London Wall on February 5, 1681/2. Their son Edward was born February 16, 1682/3 just prior to his father's release from indenture. John Moseley began his own merchant tailor business in Cripplegate, just west of Bishopsgate; but he had died by April 1690 when his orphaned son applied to Christ's Hospital. School records confirm that Edward Moseley was a pupil at Christ's Hospital, Newgate, in a division called the Royal Mathematical School which had been founded in 1673 to supply educated navigators to the navy and merchant marine. Moseley applied to the school at the age of 7 or 8 and was accepted the following year on July 2, 1691.
Many of these were brought away from their homelands deceptively, from inland regions far from seaports where they were promised jobs but were not told the work they were being hired for, nor that the new job required them to leave their homeland and communities. They were hustled aboard waiting ships, unprepared for the long and arduous four-month sea journey. Abuse, disease and death on these ship, and in plantations of South Africa were common place.R Huttenback (1976), Racism and Empire: White Settlers and Colored Immigrants in the British Self-Governing Colonies 1830-1910, Cornell University Press, H Tinker (1976), Separate and Unequal, University of British Columbia Press, The abuse led to a temporary ban on indenture labor hiring in South Africa in early 1870s.
In the indenture of trust, Duke specified that he wanted the endowment to support Duke University, Davidson College, Furman University, Johnson C. Smith University; not-for-profit hospitals and children's homes in the two Carolinas; and rural United Methodist churches in North Carolina, retired pastors, and their surviving families. The remainder of Duke's estate, estimated at approximately $100 million (), went to his twelve-year-old daughter, Doris, making her "the richest girl in the world". In 1927, Doris sued her mother for control of the Duke Farms estate and won. Associating Duke Farms with fond memories of her father, Doris Duke made few major changes to the property other than the adaptation of her father's Conservatory to create Display Gardens in his honor.
But Russell states that the "most reasonable explanation" was that the Dutchman and the Scot, being white, were given only four additional years on top of their remaining terms of indenture, while Punch, "being a negro, was reduced from his former condition of servitude for a limited time to a condition of slavery for life."John Henderson Russell. The Free Negro In Virginia, 1619-1865, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1913, pp. 29-30, scanned text online Russell noted that the court did not refer to an indentured contract related to Punch, but notes that he was a "servant," and it was most reasonable that he was a limited-term servant (of some sort) before he was sentenced to "slavery for life".
The original settlers had a hard time keeping up with all the work that needed to be done. It was common for servants and slaves to become overwhelmed with the work load that some considered running away to live life with the Indians. If a servant or slave were caught running away from their master they could be put to death, but that would be destroying personal property as slaves cost money and produced labor.. In some cases, masters would treat their indentured servants and slaves with respect rather than beating them. This provided a sense of reliability in them and made it more likely they would ask to work for the owner following year to pay that the indenture expired.
A further 19 children and 3 adults would die at the hospital. By the end of 1891, Saint Lucia had an Indian population of 2,523 Indians - 1,849 Hindus, 475 Christians, and 199 Muslims. Indian workers who had been brought to Saint Lucia in 1881 and had completed their indenture period were unable to avail their right of return to India in 1891 because the colonial government failed to procure any transportation for them. However, the government reserved a 627-acre plot of land near the Castries to establish a settlement for Indians. The government sold 5 to 10 acres of land to each Indian at a cost of about £1 () per acre payable in installments over a five-year period.
The former Director of the Slave Route of UNESCO, Dr Ali Moussa Iye, also called on Torabully to develop his vision so as to prevent concurrence of memories and histories when the Morne Brabant, a UNESCO site dedicated to the symbolism of slavery, was also enlisted as World Heritage Site in 2008. Coolitude had already developed an intellectual and discursive framework so as to relate those two paradigms, contributing to an appeased relationship between two pages of History hitherto separated. It inspired the official stance of the Mauritian government which decided to adopt coolitude's inclusive stance between those two paradims of servile History. Torabully's work continued when in 2015 the Aapravasi Ghat officially contacted him to initiate the International Indenture Labour Route (IIRL).
But the guardian sold her indenture and left the colony, and the next master did not free her. When he died, his estate claimed her and her son as slave property.Taunya Lovell Banks, "Dangerous Woman: Elizabeth Key's Freedom Suit - Subjecthood and Racialized Identity in Seventeenth Century Colonial Virginia", 41 Akron Law Review 799 (2008), Digital Commons Law, University of Maryland Law School, accessed 21 Apr 2009 However, following Key's victory, Virginia established the principle in law in 1662 of partus sequitur ventrem, from Roman law; that is, children born in the colonies would take the social status of their mothers. This meant that all children born to enslaved women would be born into slavery, regardless of their paternity and race.
In later reports it emerged that Cresswell was being promoted not as Arthur Orton, but as Tichborne himself: > "This person is stated to have a cut over the eye-brow, received on the > Pauline from an albatross, mark of a fishhook through the eyelid, indenture > in the back of the head, and to correspond in age and height to the real Sir > Roger Tichbourne. The person is further described as a Roman Catholic, and > has a sacred relic in his possession when admitted. He has a peculiar > twitching of the eye- brows, odd ears, speaks French, repeatedly talks of > his estates in Hampshire and Dorsetshire." 19th century map showing squatting runs in Gippsland where Cresswell is said to have known Arthur Orton.
On September 24, 2002, the foundation announced that it would petition the Montgomery County Orphans' Court (which oversees its operations) to allow the art collection to be moved to Philadelphia (which offered a site on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway) and to triple the number of trustees to 15. The foundation's indenture of trust stipulates that the paintings in the collection be kept "in exactly the places they are". The foundation argued that it needed to expand the board of trustees from five (four of which were held by persons appointed by Lincoln University) to 15 to increase fundraising. For the same reason, it needed to move the gallery from Merion to a site in Center City, Philadelphia, which would provide greater public access.
It was several years before he began speculating for coal. By 1845, Crawshay Bailey had, in partnership with Josiah John Guest, built the Aberdare Railway and, around this time, the Aberaman Ironworks and a number of collieries associated with it were opened. Bailey remained the owner of the Aberaman Estate but despite the profitability of his colliery activities, the depression in the iron trade (see below) meant that the enterprise did not prove as successful as Bailey had hoped so he decided to sell the Aberaman estate and return to Monmouthshire. He disposed of the entire Aberaman estate including its collieries, ironworks, brickworks and private railway, to the Powell Duffryn Steam Coal Co. by indenture dated 2 February 1867 for the sum of £123,500.
When Jacob Bishopp sold Anne Orthwood's indenture to Lieutenant Colonel William Waters, he had assured Waters that as far as he knew Anne was in perfect health and still a virgin. At some point between April and June 1664, Waters became aware of Anne's pregnancy, at which point he tried to cancel the sale and recover his down payment (the amount of which was never specified). Bishopp refused to take Anne back and return Waters' down payment, stating that the contract was valid and Waters had no legal obligation to support her. Waters believed that the contract was voidable because Bishop had provided a false description of Anne's physical condition, since it was impossible for Anne to have not been pregnant at the time of the sale.
Although there were nine original signed copies of the Great Grant indenture,Jefferson Papers page 26 (img 782) none is known to have survived. One Thomas Price, the last of the nine witnesses to sign the Path Grant was deposed by the Virginia Convention, 1776–77 and provided the Convention the wording of the Parcels clause of both the Great Grant and Path Grant indentures.The Thomas Jefferson Papers page 11 (img 767) The Virginia Convention was assembled to nullify the Transylvania Colony and to determine how the Richard Henderson and Company should be compensated for their efforts. Thomas Price was "a noted Indian trader" who accompanied Richard Henderson on a visit to the Cherokee town of Otari to begin negotiations.
30/F, Alexandra House, Hongkong Milbank's commitment to Japan began in 1925, when founding partner Morris Hadley traveled to Yokohama to prepare an indenture for the Toho Electric Power Company. In 1977, Milbank became the first U.S. law firm to establish an office in Tokyo under its own name, amid opposition from both the Ministry of Justice and Japan Federation of Bar Associations, who viewed it as illegal for foreign lawyers to practice in Japan at that time. Despite these protests, Milbank's office remained open through the early 1980s and was the only office of an American law firm in Japan during that time. Restrictions on foreign law firms in Japan were eased with the introduction of the attorney at foreign law system in 1987.
"An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery" provided that, from July 4 of that year, all children born to slave parents would be free (subject to lengthy apprenticeships) and that slave exports would be prohibited. These same children would be required to serve the mother's owner until age 28 for males and age 25 for females, years beyond the typical period of indenture. It did not provide government payment of compensation to slave owners, but failed to free people who were already enslaved as of 1799. The act provided legal protection and assistance for free blacks kidnapped for the purposes of being sold into slavery.Edgar J. McManus, History of Negro Slavery in New York All slaves were emancipated by July 4, 1827.
Segrave attached himself to one of the leaders of the growing baronial opposition to the king, in 1297 making an indenture with Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk, by which he covenanted to serve the earl, with five other knights. In return he obtained a grant of the earl's manor of Lodene in Norfolk. During the crisis of 1297 Segrave was summoned on 1 July to appear in London to attend the king beyond sea, but he appeared as proxy for the Earl Marshal Bigod, who pleaded sickness. Segrave, however, on 28 December 1297 received letters of protection for himself and his followers, on their proceeding to Scotland on the king's service, and he subsequently fought in the Falkirk campaign.
They argue that savings among Indian in Saint Croix were low because they had less freedom and rights in Saint Croix compared to colonies such as British Guyana, where they could engage in trade and business after completing indenture and earn higher incomes. Another reason cited for the lower savings are heavier fines imposed on Indian workers in Saint Croix, and the higher charges they were required to pay for basic commodities. For instance, Indian workers were charged 40 cents for the food supplied to them which was much higher than the 25 cents local workers were charged for the same quantity of food. Indian historian Kumar Sircar states that of 245 Indians who returned home, only 149 had any savings while 96 were penniless.
At the end of his indenture in January 1780 he came to London to study under John Hunter, and was appointed house apothecary or house surgeon to the Westminster Hospital. There he came under the influence of Henry Watson, the surgeon and professor of anatomy at the Royal Academy. He acted as house surgeon for about 18 months, and worked as a dissector. John Sheldon engaged him to assist in his private anatomical school in Great Queen Street. Sheldon descended into mental illness and left London, and Trye returned to Gloucester, where he was appointed house apothecary to the infirmary on 27 January 1783; shortly after leaving this post he was elected in July 1784 surgeon to the charity, a position he filled until 1810.
Programming for imprisoned women was centered on domesticity, although efforts were made to include industrial training programs and academic programs. For example, the Indiana Women's Prison tried to incorporate chair caning, paper-boxing making, glove stitching, and laundry, which, with the exception of the latter, were deemed "financially disappointing." Academic classes were difficult to maintain due to staff and funding shortages, and differences in education levels among the women. At another institution in Framingham, Massachusetts, administrators implemented an indenture system, a conditional early release program that allowed women to serve as domestic servants in nearby homes located on the country side, which proved to be rather successful with a less than nine percent recidivism rate for those who participated in the program.
Later in the same year Andrew is recorded as lieutenant on another privateer owned by Daniel Lefebvre and Andrew Mesurier of Guernsey. The gunner on this vessel, named "The Revenge of the Flying Sloop", was an Andrew Clark. On 3 September 1696, Peter Monamy, aged 15, was bound as an apprentice for seven years by indenture to William Clark, a former (1687) Master of the Worshipful Company of Painter-Stainers, one of London's ancient guilds of craftsmen. Clark is recorded in several capacities in the London of the late 17th century, as a constable and juryman, with premises in Thames Street, and on London Bridge, and practised as what would today be called an interior decorator, with a thriving business.
At the time he had been married for 30 years to his first wife Elizabeth Denys and had given up any hope of producing a surviving son and heir. In order to make the best of his situation, he obtained financing for the recoveries from Giles Daubeney, 1st Baron Daubeney (1451–1508), KG, under a special agreement entered into in 1504, referred to by the family as the "Great Indenture".Transcribed in Byrne, vol.4, chapter 7, appendix 2 This specified that Daubeney would pay about £2,000 for the recoveries on condition that one of the Basset daughters and co-heiresses would marry Daubeney's son Henry Daubeney (1493–1548) (later created Earl of Bridgewater), then aged 10, before his 16th birthday.
He got away all right and the ship sailed round Cape Horn, and from that point, the association with the copper ore trade lasted several years. Gough Certificate of competency as Master of a foreign-going ship He was later apprentice(4 years indenture from 1884 to 1888) notably in the Richardsons' cape horner Ravenscrag, got his mate's and masters' certificates (1890, 1892 and 1896) and served in numerous ships including the Kildonan, Lord Eslington, Taunton, Illimani, Serena, Candahar, Brunetti, Sumbawa, Matteawan, Savernake, Menemisha, Glenbreck, S.Y Eothen Rys. His first steamer was the Charles Hill's Bristol City line, Sir Walter O.N 79147 on which he served as a Master (in 1904).Lloyd's Captains Registers, 1904 His career at sea spanned almost half a century.
Holding all persons to account for animal grazing and wood-taking financially were added benefits. The statute set up a new forest or chase for the king, to be called 'Hampton Court Chase' but which was smaller than the many square miles the King wished: The bounds of the chase apart from Bushy Park took in the manors of Hampton, Hanworth, Kempton, Walton-on-Thames. Parliament, through the courts, was deemed to have strongly curtailed its royal forest rights so as not to impinge on freeholds nor main customary tenants lands in Molesey, Weybridge, Cobham and part of Esher, its furthest reach due to Henry's legal deed (indenture) of 1537. The Ranger or Keeper in early years held the position of Housekeeper of the Palace.
Jean-Baptiste confronts Éliane about this at a Christmas party at her place, and a loud spat ensues in which he slaps her on the face. As a result, instead of Haiphong, Jean-Baptiste is sent to a remote French military base on the notorious Dragon Islet (Hòn Rồng) in northern Indochina. On arrival, he is greeted by the outgoing commanding officer, who says the French authorities hardly pay attention to this outpost: its sole function is to gather unemployed northern Vietnamese who seek indenture on plantations in more prosperous southern Indochina. Against her better judgment, Éliane allows Camille to become engaged to Thanh (Eric Nguyen), a young pro-Communist Vietnamese expelled as a student from France because of his support for the 1930 Yên Bái mutiny.
The early site ownership is confused by a convoluted set of claims and counter claims from the 1830s tracing back to 1816 and two men; William Walsh and Dennis Conway, each of whom owned a building on the site. In 1815 Walsh acquired a publican's license and the Memorials allude to an inn called The Duke Wellington on the site. Not long after, Walsh succeeded in securing an indenture in which Dennis Conway "did assign bargain transfer and make over to the said William Walsh...all that dwelling house situate lying and being No. 6 Gloucester Street, Sydney". In May 1834, long after the death of both men, Conway's grandson, John Norman, disputed William Walsh Junior's ownership of the site.
Boyle was created Baron Carleton in 1714, and the property has been called after him since then, although at some point the "e" was dropped. On Carleton's death the lease passed to his nephew, the architect and aesthete Lord Burlington, and in January 1731 George II issued letters patent granting Burlington a reversionary lease for a further term of 40 years at an annual rent of £35. By an indenture dated 23 February 1732 the lease was assigned to Frederick, Prince of Wales, eldest son of George II, who predeceased his father, dying in 1751; his widow, Augusta, continued living in the house, making alterations and purchasing an adjoining property to enlarge the site. She died in 1772 and the house devolved to her son, George III.
In July 1447, Greystoke sealed an indenture with Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury promising to ride with the earl "in time of peace and of war." When the Earl of Salisbury allied with Richard of York against the duke of Somerset's regime in February 1454, as a royal councilor Greystoke aided Richard, Duke of York to gain permission to open parliament, and become Protector. He again supported Salisbury that summer, being part of a commission of Oyer and Terminer which investigated Percy adherents from the previous year's feud between the Percies and the Nevilles. Later that year he was instructed by the Yorkist government to raise troops in Yorkshire to assist in crushing disorder that had broken out in neighbouring Lancashire.
An indenture of 1662 shows "land lying up on a green called Woodside Green". The Croydon Inclosure Map of 1800 shows an area "Woodside Green". In 1871, the Ecclesiastical Commissioners granted 'copyhold' to the Croydon Local Board of Health upon condition that it should be appropriated by the Board: ::"to be forever kept as an open space and used as, and for, a place of recreation for the use of inhabitants of the parish of Croydon and of the neighbourhood and for no other purpose". Four months later, the Commissioners, passed the freehold of the land to the board "freed from all incidents whatsoever of copyhold or customary tenure to be held and used for the purpose of public walks, recreation or pleasure grounds only".
For example; "fatigue or corrosion of a structural beam" or "fretting corrosion in an electrical contact" is a failure mechanism and in itself (likely) not a failure mode. The related failure mode (end state) is a "full fracture of structural beam" or "an open electrical contact". The initial cause might have been "Improper application of corrosion protection layer (paint)" and /or "(abnormal) vibration input from another (possibly failed) system". ;Failure effect :Immediate consequences of a failure on operation, or more generally on the needs for the customer / user that should be fulfilled by the function but now is not, or not fully, fulfilled ;Indenture levels (bill of material or functional breakdown) :An identifier for system level and thereby item complexity.
The intention was that, in exchange for labor, the orphan child would be given room, board and training in life skills, so that she could later make her way in society. From their documentary research, the scholars P. Gabrielle Foreman and Reginald H. Pitts believe that the Hayward family were the basis of the "Bellmont" family depicted in Our Nig. (This was the family who held the young "Frado" in indentured servitude, abusing her physically and mentally from the age of six to 18. Foreman and Pitts' material was incorporated in supporting sections of the 2004 edition of Our Nig.) After the end of her indenture at the age of 18, Hattie Adams (as she was then known), worked as a house servant and a seamstress in households in southern New Hampshire.
The existing regulations failed to stamp out abuses of the system, which continued, including recruitment by false pretences and consequently, in 1843 the Government of Bengal, was forced to restrict emigration from Calcutta, only permitting departure after the signing of a certificate from the Agent and countersigned by the Protector. Migration to Mauritius continued, with 9,709 male Hill Coolies (Dhangars), and 1,840 female wives and daughters trasported in 1844. The repatriation of Indians who had completed indenture remained a problem with a high death rate and investigations revealed that regulations for the return voyages were not being satisfactorily followed. Without enough recruits from Calcutta to satisfy the demands of Mauritius planters, permission was granted in 1847 to reopen emigration from Madras with the first ship leaving Madras for Mauritius in 1850.
London-based architects Read and Macdonald, who designed many buildings on that city's Cadogan and Grosvenor Estates, were commissioned to design it, and the firm of Chapman, Lowry and Puttoch constructed the building. Stephen Ralli laid the foundation stone (in the form of a plaque) on 14 April 1913, and a board of trustees was set up to administer the building. The indenture was issued on 2 May 1913 in the names of Marietta Ralli, Rev. L.H. Burrows (the vicar of Hove), a local Justice of the Peace and two others. Almost immediately, the gymnasium in the basement section of the building was put to use as a drill hall to train soldiers fighting in World War I. They were part of the 106th Brigade RFA, whose operational base was the nearby Hove Recreation Ground.
The arid environment and lack of natural fresh water resources made it necessary to import water in barges from Port Pirie. The Post Office was renamed Whyalla on 1 November 1919, and on 16 April 1920 the town was officially proclaimed with its new name. The ore conveyor on the jetty was improved, and the shipping of ore to the newly built Newcastle, New South Wales steelworks commenced. The town grew slowly prior to the development of steelmaking and shipbuilding facilities in the late 1930s. The BHP Indenture Act was proclaimed in 1937 and provided the impetus for the construction of a blast furnace and harbour. In 1939 the blast furnace and harbour began to be constructed and a commitment for a water supply pipeline from the Murray River was made.
', in A. Thrush and J.P. Ferris (eds), The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1604–1629 (from Cambridge University Press, 2010), History of Parliament Online; see also R. Virgoe, 'Astell, John, of Gray's Inn, London', in P.W. Hasler (ed.), 'The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1558–1603', (from Boydell and Brewer 1981), History of Parliament Online. By this indenture the manors of South Fambridge and of Latchingdon (or Purleigh) Barnes, and the White Hart in West Cheap, were placed in feoffment to the uses of Peter and Anne Osborne and their children.The original of this document, which is referred to in Osborne's Inquisition post mortem, was held in the Essex Records, ref. D/DXb 9, until 1983, when it was withdrawn by the depositor, see SEAX Catalogue.
When the news reached India, through the writings of Christian missionaries J. W. Burton, Hannah Dudley, and R. Piper and a returned indentured labourer, Totaram Sanadhya, of the mistreatment of Indian indentured labourers in Fiji, the Indian Government in September 1915 sent Andrews and William W. Pearson to make inquiries. The two visited numerous plantations and interviewed indentured labourers, overseers and Government officials and on their return to India also interviewed returned labourers. In their "Report on Indentured Labour in Fiji" Andrews and Pearson highlighted the ills of the indenture system; which led to the end of further transportation of Indian labour to the British colonies. In 1917 Andrews made a second visit to Fiji, and although he reported some improvements, was still appalled at the moral degradation of indentured labourers.
In the 1660s the Assembly stated that "any English servant that shall run away in company with any Negroes who are incapable of making satisfaction by addition of time shall serve for the time of the said Negroes absence", indicating Negroes could not 'make satisfaction' by serving longer if recaptured. This device gave legal status to the practice of lifetime enslavement of persons of African descent; in subsequent statutes the legislature defined conditions of lifetime servitude. But in 1655 Elizabeth Key Grinstead, a mixed-race woman, fought and won the first freedom suit in Virginia. Her English father had acknowledged her as his daughter, had her baptised as Christian, and, falling ill, established a legal guardian to care for her after his death, arranging a limited-term indenture for her as a girl.
Tom finally exhausts everyone's patience – except his mother's On the other hand, Tom Idle's useless ways have finally gotten their reward: His master (possibly with the consultation of or incitement by Francis) either throws him out or orders him away to sea. In either case, Tom clearly feels that his authority over him is at an end and has cast his indenture into the boat's wake in the lower left-hand corner. Judging by his companions' antics, his reputation of laziness and disobedience have preceded him: One tries to tease him with the frayed end of a rope (i.e. a cat o' nine tails), the other points towards a man hanging from a gibbet at the waterline for some nautical crime (It is also possible he's pointing at their ship).
Robert de Herle became an important official in the earl of Warwick's administration of the West Midlands, becoming his most senior official for at least the decade beginning after 1339. Robert was overlord at the Leicestershire village of Kirby Muxloe, but more significantly became one of Thomas, the earl of Warwick's most prominent retainers and was granted a life indenture at Wadborough. During the 1340–50s all legal settlements in Warwickshire were subject to the goodwill of Thomas, earl of Warwick, who has been called 'the most powerful lay figure in the West Midlands', at the time. The earl's absolute control over Warwickshire's administration caused a large number of people to depart the county, not 'willing to be judged by' the earl, or his officials, chief amongst, them being de Herle.
Kym Winter-Dewhirst speaks for BHP Billiton following the Olympic Dam approval court challenge 2012 Kym Winter-Dewhirst has had a long professional association with the Olympic Dam copper, gold and uranium mine near Roxby Downs in South Australia. Prior to BHP Billiton's acquisition of Western Mining Corporation and its assets in 2005 (which included the Olympic Dam mine), Winter-Dewhirst worked for WMC as manager of government relations. Under BHP Billiton's ownership, his senior executive positions related to the mine have included Vice-President External Affairs – Uranium Customer Sector Group and Vice-President Government and Community Relations Olympic Dam. He has worked as part of the company's environmental regulatory approvals team with a focus on the Olympic Dam environmental impact study (EIS) and the revision of the Roxby Downs (Indenture Ratification) Act 1982.
Thomas' son Walter Strickland (described in 1452 as an 'esquire') was an indentured retainer of Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, and his 1452 indenture survives. He contracts to support the Earl of Salisbury with "bowmen horsed and harnessed, 69; billmen horsed and harnessed, 74; bowmen without horses, 71; billmen without horses, 76". quoted in Oman's The Art Of War in the Middle Ages page 408 (The term 'harnessed' refers to armour, not a horse harness.) During his father's lifetime he carried his father's banner of sable three escallops argent, but differenced by the overlay of a label of three points or. Succeeding his father as Sir Walter, he is known to have fought for the Yorkists at 1st St Alban's in 1455 and Blore Heath in 1459.
AMR affects the reset of the interest rate on each of the designated participating classes of CLO securities (each, an “AMR Class”) through a modified Dutch auction. Like Traditional Refinancings, the AMR procedures can be initiated at the direction of the holders of a majority of the Subordinated Notes of a CLO or by the Collateral Manager. In addition, the AMR procedures may also be initiated automatically, if certain specified objective conditions specified in the indenture for the related CLO have occurred. Prior written notice of each AMR date, auction procedures, and other relevant information is distributed by the CLO trustee to the holders of each AMR Class and certain other transaction parties. An Auction Service Provider (the “ASP”) is appointed by the CLO issuer to facilitate the auction process.
On January 14, 2019, following the departure of CEO Geisha Williams, who had led the company since 2017; PG&E; announced that it was filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in response to the financial challenges associated with catastrophic wildfires that had occurred in Northern California, in 2017 and 2018. On January 15, 2019 PG&E; stated it did not intend to make the semiannual interest payment of $21.6 million on its outstanding 5.40 percent Senior Notes, due January 15, 2040, which has a total capital value of $800 million. Under the indenture, the company had a 30-day grace period (expired on February 14, 2019) to make the interest payment, before triggering a default event. PG&E; filed for bankruptcy on January 29, 2019. The company's disclosure statement was approved on March 17, 2020.
The term "deed", also known in this context as a "specialty", is common to signed written undertakings not supported by consideration: the seal (even if not a literal wax seal but only a notional one referred to by the execution formula, "signed, sealed and delivered", or even merely "executed as a deed") is deemed to be the consideration necessary to support the obligation. "Poll" is an archaic legal term referring to documents with straight edges; these distinguished a deed binding only one person from one affecting more than a single person (an "indenture", so named during the time when such agreements would be written out repeatedly on a single sheet, then the copies separated by being irregularly torn or cut, i.e. "indented", so that each party had a document with corresponding tears, to discourage forgery).
1200); the older pedigrees agree in stating that he married Tudo (or Dudo), daughter and heiress of Ieuan Goch of Trawsgoed. Their great- grandson, Morus Fychan ap Ieuan, is said to have stabilised the Fychan, hence Vaughan, as surname. Among the family monuments (in the National Library of Wales) is an indenture of 1547 whereby Richard ap Moris Vaughan, father of Moris ap Richard ap Moris of Llanafan, in consideration of the intended marriage between the son and Elliw, daughter and heiress of Howell ap Jenkin, covenants, with other persons, to assure to the use of the son and Elliw two messages, etc...one of which is ‘the place at Trausgoed’, i.e. ‘Plas Trawsgoed.’ Thereafter the family monuments supply much material as to the succeeding members of the family and the estate (N.
The Mathematical Art was translated into English by J. Happle-Hutcheson as Dr. Wampen's World Renowned System of Anthropometry as Simplified and Americanized in 1842, and remained in print into the 20th century Prior to this sewing patterns were made to fit a specific individual, and were originally made on cloth, and only later on paper. A tailor or dressmaker recorded a customer's measurements on a thin strip of parchment and kept it with the pattern pieces, noting any changes in measurements and adjusting the pattern pieces accordingly. This required a good eye and many years' experience. Frequently an apprentice tailor's indenture specified that the apprentice would inherit the master's patterns upon the latter's demise, while enjoining complete confidentiality upon the former; patterns could also be passed down via family inheritance.
The Society approached the Colonial Office and Veeraswamy was able to buy his freedom and get employment outside the indenture system. After the appointment of Badri Maharaj as the nominated member representing Indians in the Legislative Council (Fiji), the I.I.A. took on the role of an opposition party because Badri Maharaj had little support amongst the Fiji Indians. The I.I.A. was allowed to present an address of welcome to Admiral Lord Jellicoe, on behalf of the Indian community, during his visit to Fiji in 1919. On 26 December 1919, the Association organised a conference in the Suva Town Hall, which Manilal chaired and which passed a number of resolutions, including a call for independence for India, sympathy for the victims of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and other resolutions relating to Fiji Indians.
The Foreign Miners' Tax of 1850, which called for all non-European noncitizen miners to pay a tax in order to work in the mines, can be considered "a system of taxation and indenture...to exploit alien caste laborers rather than expel them." Under "An Act for the Government and Protection of Indians," passed in 1850, Native Americans in California were targeted under the guise of stopping vagrancy and promoting apprenticeship. As outlined by the California Research Bureau of the California State Library, the act "facilitated removing California Indians from their traditional lands, separating at least a generation of children and adults from their families, languages, and cultures...and indenturing Indian children and adults to Whites." The Anti- Vagrancy Act of 1855 extended the vagrancy statutes to non-Native Americans in a less severe manner.
Dougan was the uncle of Moody's wife, Martha Clement, and the son of a slave-plantation owner. Dougan was influenced by the zealous idealism of Whig agitators in England, such as the Quaker John Barton, and by the Clapham Sect, with which he was associated. Moody, in contradistinction, was influenced by Montesquieu, William Petty, William Robertson, Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, Johannes van den Bosch, and by the Africans Toussaint Louverture, Henri Christophe, and Jean-Pierre Boyer, the President of Haiti. Moody was also extensively read in abolitionist literature, and had noted that Stephen's recommendation, in 1802, of a period of indenture had provided the basis for both the Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, and for the Orders in Council. Moody and Dougan arrived on Tortola in May 1822.
Indentured servitude in British America was the prominent system of labor in British American colonies until it was eventually overcome by slavery. During its time, the system was so prominent that more than half of all immigrants to British colonies south of New England were white servants, and that nearly half of total white immigration to the Thirteen Colonies came under indenture. By the beginning of the American Revolutionary War in 1775, only 2 to 3 percent of the colonial labor force was composed of indentured servants. The consensus view among economic historians and economists is that indentured servitude became popular in the Thirteen Colonies in the seventeenth century because of a large demand for labor there, coupled with labor surpluses in Europe and high costs of transatlantic transportation beyond the means of European workers.
His grandfather, another Richard Sharp (circa 1690–1775), from a family of clothiers at Romsey, Hampshire, had been apprenticed in 1712 to George Baker, a freeman of the Goldsmiths’ Company of London, but a haberdasher of hats by trade. He completed his apprenticeship, and by the early 1730s he was George Baker’s partner in the successful hatting business on Fish Street Hill in the City of London.Richard Sharp’s apprenticeship indenture, at London Metropolitan Archives, ELJL/384/5; London Trade Directories (London Guildhall Library); London Land Tax records, annual lists for Bridge Ward, Lower Precinct of St Lawrence Eastcheap (London Metropolitan Archives). Baker & Sharp were frequent buyers of beaver at Hudson’s Bay Company sales,Hudson's Bay Company Archives, at Archives of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Grand Journals and Fur Sales Books.
Then in the 1800s after slavery was abolished in the British West Indies the British recruited indenture servants from China and India to come and work in agriculture at British Honduras. Then a British man opened a banana plantation and brought a couple of Indian labourers to cultivate and work on the plantation at Guinea Grass. After a short period of time in 1847 came the Mestizos ( mixture of Spanish and Maya), the Yucatec Mayas and the Yucatecos (Spaniards born in Yucatán Mexico to Spanish Parents or grand parents from both sides) to the north of Belize escaping La Guerra de Castas (the Caste War) of Yucatán, Mexico.]The settlement composed with different ethnicity and different language speakers had to find ways of communication and soon used English creole as a means to communicate with different ethnic groups.
Others, in particular the female indentured workers, saw the work as a "vehicle for emancipation" believing that their indenture period was a path to attaining personal and economic freedom. Nearly two-thirds of all indentured Indian women were widows, former prostitutes, single mothers, or had been deserted by their husbands or had run away from unhappy marriages. The conditions of the Indian workers on plantation estates was poor, and on average, 25-30% of all workers suffered from malaria or spleen disease at any given point of time. The first Indian settlements in Saint Lucia were established near the sugar estates where they worked namely, Pierrot, Augier, Belle Vue and Cacao around the Vieux Fort factory; La Caye and Dennery near the Dennery factory; Marc and Forestiere near the Cul-de-Sac factory, and Anse La Raye near the Roseau factory.
The cove is known as "tou deewee", meaning "rice hole" in French Creole, because oral accounts of the ship stated that it was carrying bags of rice, some of which reportedly washed on shore. All of the Indians who arrived on the SS Roumania and the Volga had to remain in Saint Lucia because they did not have sufficient funds to return to India, and the fund set up by the colonial government to repatriate Indian workers had no money left. The British Peer returned 450 immigrants, including 40 children, to India in September 1894. They received a total of £2,989 () from the colonial government. At the end of 1894, 889 Indian workers completed their indenture period. Of these workers, 317 accepted the government's scheme to remain in the country, while 36 remained in the country without claiming compensation from the government.
On July 25, 1633, the court noted that John Beavan had covenanted to serve John Winslow as an apprentice for six years and at the end of the term Winslow was to give to him twelve bushels of Indian corn and twenty-five acres of land. On July 23, 1634, Mr. Timothy Hatherly turned over the remaining term of his servant Ephraim Tinkham to John Winslow, and Winslow was obligated to perform the conditions expressed in the indenture. On March 3, 1634/35, John Winslow was on a committee to assess colonists for the costs of the watch and other charges. As early as January 5, 1635/6, John Winslow, his brother Kenelm Winslow, John Doane and other prominent men were chosen to assist the governor and council to set rates on goods to be sold and wages paid laborers.
In the 16th century, after suffering from the effects of the Black Death, Europe was in the middle of an economic expansion due in part to increased trade and newly discovered deposits of precious metals from the New World, England however was suffering with financial difficulty. In the 1540s, Henry VIII began a campaign of excessive overspending of government money on his lavish lifestyle and to pay for wars with France and Scotland. In order to fund these Henry had already raised great sums through the Dissolution of the Monasteries, selling off the Crown's land and by raising taxes however more money was still required. In May 1542, Henry issued a secret indenture whereby he ordered that the amount of gold and silver within the country's coinage be secretly reduced and for the previous unsuccessful Testoon coin be reproduced.
The details of the institution are clearly stated in the 1194 orders of Richard I, stating as follows: > All the debts, pledges, mortgages, lands, houses, rents, and possessions of > the Jews shall be registered. The Jew who shall conceal any of these shall > forfeit to the King his body and the thing concealed, and likewise all his > possessions and chattels, neither shall it be lawful to the Jew to recover > the thing concealed. Likewise six or seven places shall be provided in which > they shall make all their contracts, and there shall be appointed two > lawyers that are Christians and two lawyers that are Jews, and two legal > registrars, and before them and the clerks of William of the Church of St. > Mary's and , shall their contracts be made. > And charters shall be made of their contracts by way of indenture.
In 1863 the latter were described as unoccupied and according to the 1863 Assessment Book, "much out of repair". Land title documents indicate that Margaret Reynolds retained ownership of the property at this time, however re-mortgaged to Langley and Stabler following the death of her brother in 1861, and to John Blaxland and George Stabler on the death of Charles Langley in 1864. In an indenture dated 28 November 1870, Margaret finally conveyed her interest in the property, Allotment 2 of Section 84 with all buildings thereon, to John Blaxland and George Stabler and their heirs. Further confusion arose, as according to the Assessment Books, William Scoles was recorded as the owner of No. 28-32 Harrington Street in 1867, however all the land title records up to this time give no mention of a William Scoles.
The initial trustees were John B. Crenshaw, Jeremiah Willets, William H. Pleasants, Richard A. Ricks and Walter A. Ricks, members of the society of Friends; Rev. James H. Holmes, Nelson Vandervall, members of the First Baptist church; Joseph E. Farrar, John Adams, members of Ebenezer Baptist church; William Boyd, member of the Fifth Baptist church; Frederick Smith, -— Cooper, members of Mount Zion Baptist church; P. H. Woolfork, member of Third-street Methodist church; and Thomas M. Hewlett, member of Manchester Baptist church. By virtue of the bylaws, parents were required to yield all rights to their children and the board had discretion to bond children into indenture until their age of majority–21 years for boys and 18 years for girls. Until 1889 only white trustees served on the board; thereafter, only members of black Baptist churches from Richmond could serve as trustees.
The contracts included a 5 or 6 year term of indenture with food, clothing, pay and shelter to be provided, but many absconded, due to reasons of these conditions not being met. The coolies were also subject to assault, slavery, and kidnap. Government enquiries delayed further coolie importation, but in 1842 a number of colonists, including William Wentworth and Gordon Sandeman, formed an Association to Import Coolies to pressure the colonial government into allowing further intakes. The following year, Major G.F. Davidson imported 30 Indian coolies into Melbourne, and in 1844 Sandeman and Phillip Freil organised a shipment of 30 Indian coolies, most of whom were sent to work on their properties in the Lockyer Valley. Wentworth and Robert Towns arranged a shipment of 56 Indian coolies who arrived in a state of starvation in 1846.
Fitch, Valerie Eager for Labour:The Swan River Indenture Hesperian Press 2003 During the 1860s planters in Australia, Fiji, New Caledonia, and the Samoa Islands, in need of laborers, encouraged a trade in long-term indentured labor called "blackbirding". At the height of the labor trade, more than one-half the adult male population of several of the islands worked abroad. Over a period of 40 years, from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century, labor for the sugar-cane fields of Queensland, Australia included an element of coercive recruitment and indentured servitude of the 62,000 South Sea Islanders. The workers came mainly from Melanesia – mainly from the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu – with a small number from Polynesian and Micronesian areas such as Samoa, the Gilbert Islands (subsequently known as Kiribati) and the Ellice Islands (subsequently known as Tuvalu).
Starting with Cromwell, a large percentage of the white labourer population were indentured servants and involuntarily transported people from Ireland. Irish servants in Barbados were often treated poorly, and Barbadian planters gained a reputation for cruelty. The decreased appeal of an indenture on Barbados, combined with enormous demand for labour caused by sugar cultivation, led the use of involuntary transportation to Barbados as a punishment for crimes, or for political prisoners, and also to the kidnapping of labourers who were sent to Barbados involuntarily. Irish indentured servants were a significant portion of the population throughout the period when white servants were used for plantation labour in Barbados, and while a "steady stream" of Irish servants entered the Barbados throughout the seventeenth century, Cromwellian efforts to pacify Ireland created a "veritable tidal wave" of Irish labourers who were sent to Barbados during the 1650s.
His elder brother was due to inherit the earldom and the vast Courtenay estates under primogeniture or entail, and thus as the second son with no prospective patrimony, Hugh Courtenay was given the estate of Boconnoc by his mother, the heiress Emmeline Dauney, which he made his seat.Gilbert, p.64 The practice of raising up a younger son in this way was common in the case of a wealthy heiress who married an already wealthy husband, and frequently the younger son beneficiary was required to adopt the maternal surname and armorials.See for example the cases of Theobald Gorges, described in Warbelton v Gorges and Nicholas Carew of Haccombe Furthermore, his mother requested his elder brother the Earl to give him the estates of "Goderington" (Goodrington), Stancombe (alias Slancomb (sic) Dawney) and South Allington, which he duly performed by deed of indenture dated 1414.
On 29 December 1919 the Association sent a list of request to the government which included the following: # Immediate cancellation of all remaining indenture agreements # Repeal of the Masters and servants ordinance # Improved educational facilities # Training of Indian medical officers like the Fijians # Permission to repatriate gold sovereigns # Establishment of sugar-cane board # Abolition of hut tax and hawkers licences # Agricultural training and financial help for Co-operative credit societies or agricultural banks # Better pay for skilled Indian workers such as locomotive drivers and those handling dangerous machinery # Worker's compensation # Better roads to Indian settlements # Easier acquisition of land without distinction of race # Better railway and steamship facilities # Amendment to municipal ordinances to enable most Indian ratepayers to vote # Amendment to all Fiji's ordinances to enable Indians to do most of the things permitted to Europeans only. The Colonial Secretary, ignored the requests.
Wood's Irish halfpence coin, obverse and reverse. 'Rosa Americana' halfpence, struck for circulation in the Thirteen Colonies Wood hoped to make a profit producing coins for use in Ireland and America. During the first half of 1722 the king's mistress, the Duchess of Kendal, obtained a patent from the Earl of Sunderland for coining copper money for Ireland. This was a means of providing her with something to live on after the death of the king. Wood thought this would be a profitable enterprise so he purchased the royal patent from the duchess for £10,000. In his indenture from George I dated 16 June 1722, Wood was authorized to produce up to 360 tons of halfpence and farthings for Ireland at 30 pence to the pound over a period of fourteen years for an annual fee of £800 paid to the king.
Charles and Florence Conybeare were the co-beneficial owners of a property known as the Tregullow Offices, which Charles Conybeare bought in 1889 from the Williams family (mining moguls), and which he mortgaged in 1891 to raise some capital required for a marriage settlement. The financing of this marriage settlement, which effectively entitled Florence to half the value of the property in the event of desertion or divorce, was managed by Isaac Seligman, a wealthy and prominent German-born merchant banker based in London. The couple sold the property in 1902 to a Charles Rule Williams (no relation to the Williams mining mogul family), a retired mining engineer who renamed it Zimapan Villa The 1902 Indenture in which the "Tregullow Offices" (later Zimapan Villa) are sold by Conybeare and his wife on 21 July 1902: copy of document on www.zimapanners.com by Peter King Smith.
However, the royal courts increasingly did not respect shifting fees since there was no livery of seisin (i.e., no formal conveyance), nor did they recognize that tenure could be enlarged,The Jersey Law Commission, Consultation Paper: Security on Immovable Property, (8), [pdf], p. 2. so by the 14th century the simple gage for years was invalid in England (and Scotland and the near continentIn Scots law and on the continent, the prohibition against pacta commissoria is due to the reintroduction of Roman law.). The solution was to merge the latter-day wadset and gage for years into a single transaction embodied in two instruments: (1) the absolute conveyance (the charter) in fee or for years to the lender; (2) an indenture or bond (the defeasance) reciting the loan and providing that if it was repaid the land would reinvest in the borrower, but if not the lender would retain title.
It was also considered that if the labourers had a family life in the colonies they would be more likely to stay on. The proportion of women in early migration to Mauritius was small and the first effort to correct this imbalance was when, on 18 March 1856, the Secretary for the Colonies sent a dispatch to the Governor of Demerara that stated that for the season 1856–7 women must form 25 percent of the total and in the following years males must not exceed three times the number of females dispatched. It was more difficult to induce women from North India to go overseas than those from South India but the Colonial Office persisted and on 30 July 1868 instructions were issued that the proportion of 40 women to 100 men should be adhered to. It remained in force of the rest of the indenture period.
The first Muslims to arrive in the country arrived from Africa brought as slaves by the colonists. The second group arrived in 1816 as a small proportion of those of the Corps of Colonial Marines who were African-born and had been recruited in 1815 in Georgia during the War of 1812, mostly settled in Fifth and Sixth Companies within the Company Villages near Princes Town. They were followed by African Muslims among disbanded members of the West India Regiments settled between 1817 and 1825 in Manzanilla on the East Coast and in a group of villages south-east of Valencia, and further African Muslims were brought to Trinidad as a result of the Royal Navy's interception of slaving ships following the Slave Trade Acts. From the 1840s, Muslims came from South Asia as part of the Indian indenture system to work on sugar cane and cacao plantations.
Despite these descriptions, it was not truly a new form of slavery, as workers were paid, contracts were finite, and the idea of an individual being another's property had been eliminated when slavery was abolished. In addition, employers of indentured labour had no legal right to flog or whip their workers; the main legal sanction for the enforcement of the indenture laws was prosecution in the courts, followed by fines or (more likely) jail sentences. People were contracted for a period of five years, with a daily wage as low as 25 cents in the early 20th century, and they were guaranteed return passage to India at the end of their contract period. However, coercive means were often used to retain labourers, and the indentureship contracts were soon extended to 10 years from 1854 after the planters complained that they were losing their labour too early.
The deed for the land on which the church and cemetery are located was made on January 17, 1753. At this time, the land was in Anson County, North Carolina in an area that became Rowan County on March 27, 1753. A copy of the deed is on display in the current church building and reads as follow: :"This Indenture, made the Eighteenth day of January in ye year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Fifty Three, between Jno. Lynn of yet County of Anson in the Province of North Carolina, of the one part, And the Congregation Known by Ye Congregation belonging to Ye Lower Meeting house between ye yatkin river & the Cutabo River, adhering to a Minister Licensed From or by a Presbytery belonging to & the old synod of Philadelphia..." (sic) The deed indicates that there was a congregation prior to the date of the deed.
It was operated by the Philadelphia, Germantown and Norristown Railroad Company (PG&N;) from December 1, 1854 until November 30, 1870, under a lease dated March 17, 1852. By agreement dated November 10, 1870, the lease was assigned by the PG&N; to The Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Company. By indenture dated November 30, 1870, a new lease was made by the Chestnut Hill Railroad Company to The Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Company for 999 years from December 1, 1870. The obligation of The Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Company was assumed by the Philadelphia and Reading Railway Company on December 1, 1896, and the lease was amended in certain respects by Agreement dated January 27, 1897. The Reading RR station building from the late 1800s, of stone construction, was located on the east side of the Bethlehem Pike, slightly north of its intersection with East Chestnut Hill Avenue.
Edmund took part in the Siege of Boulogne in October 1492. However, he is said to have subsequently agreed with King Henry VII, by Indenture dated 26 February 1492/3, to surrender the Dukedom (with, apparently, the Marquessate) of Suffolk, and to be known henceforth as the Earl of Suffolk only, this being ratified by Act of Parliament in 1495. In consideration of this surrender and "of the true and diligent service done to his Highness by the said Edmund" the King granted to him, for £5,000, a portion of the lands forfeited by his elder brother John, Earl of Lincoln, in 1487. He was one of the leaders against the Cornish rebels at Blackheath, 17 June 1497. However, in Michaelmas term 1498 he was indicted for murder in the King's Bench and, though afterwards pardoned, he fled overseas to Guisnes, July 1499, returning to England after September.
This was a development of the feudal concept of fief (in which a lord was obliged to raise a certain quota of knights, men-at-arms and yeomanry, in return for his right to occupy land). In practice, noblemen and professional regular soldiers were commissioned by the monarch to supply troops, raising their quotas by indenture from a variety of sources. A Commission of Array would be used to raise troops for a foreign expedition, while various Militia Acts directed that (in theory) the entire male population who owned property over a certain amount in value, was required to keep arms at home and periodically train or report to musters. The musters were usually chaotic affairs, used mainly by the Lord Lieutenants and other officers to draw their pay and allowances, and by the troops as an excuse for a drink after perfunctory drill.
What he terms the "coral imaginary" is a metaphor to this vision of the world. Torabully proposes an exchange between cultures and imaginaries on an egalitarian basis, underlining the necessity of muffles histories to engage in shared narratives and a mosaic identity construction. Coolitude proposed an inclusive perspective, namely, to foster memorial and historical negotiations between slavery and indenture or coolie trade, which helped in the UNESCO policies in establishing two sites in Mauritius, the Aapravasi Ghat, dedicated to the memory of coolie trade and Le Morne, dedicated to the memory of slavery. This was contained in the premises of the International Indentured Labour Route, established in 2014, headed initially by Khal Torabully , with the collaboration of Doudou Diene, Moussa Ali Iye, former directors of the Slavery Routes and Routes of dialogues of UNESCO, missioned by Raju Mohit, Mahen Utchanah, directors of the Aapravasi Ghat.
After seven years his master absconded with the money paid for the indenture, and soon after, Culpeper's mother died of breast cancer. In 1640 he married Alice Field, the 15-year-old heiress of a wealthy grain merchant, which allowed him to set up a pharmacy at the halfway house in Spitalfields, London, outside the authority of the City of London, at a time when medical facilities in London were at breaking point. Arguing that "no man deserved to starve to pay an insulting, insolent physician" and obtaining his herbal supplies from the nearby countryside, Culpeper could provide his services free of charge. This and a willingness to examine patients in person rather than simply examining their urine (in his view, "as much piss as the Thames might hold" did not help in diagnosis), Culpeper was extremely active, sometimes seeing as many as 40 patients in a morning.
Barwell argued that northern Australia had proven unsuitable for white settlement and only the large scale importation of "selected Asiatics working as coolie labour under indenture to white men" would help develop the region as they were the only race suited to such conditions. This was heresy for many Australians, particularly those in the opposition Labor Party, for which the White Australia Policy was historically a central plank in their policy platform. Labor politicians treated Barwell with undisguised contempt for the rest of his career, referring to him as "Black Barwell". Barwell's decisiveness was evident during his premiership when he addressed the state of the South Australian Railways, which by 1922 had decayed to the point of imminent total collapse, endangering state finances. He forced the funding of a £5 million rehabilitation program through parliament and recruited a brilliant American railroad executive, William Alfred Webb, to lead it.
The lands of Parliamentarians that fell in the royalist-controlled areas were sequestered. The seizure of Humphrey Mackworth's lands created problems for Ottley, made all the sharper by the fact that they were, by contemporary reckoning, cousins. The seizure had been made without regard to anyone else's interests in the lands. In March Ottley was compelled to issue an order allowing the royalist William Browne to draw £70 a year from Mackworth's confiscated estates, as he had bought an interest in them through an indenture of mortgage.Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.298-9. Shortly afterwards he received a cutting but polite letter from Mackworth's mother, Dorothy Gorton, asking that he “not let me suffer for my esteemed fault.” She was the widow of Ottley's own uncle and claimed that she held a jointure in the sequestered lands.Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.302-3.
A further two years go by and Owen negotiates the Tripartite Indenture with Hotspur's father, the Earl of Northumberland, which he signs in February 1405, despite the news of a defeat for his forces in the north and the fatal injuries to his trusted "captain", Rhys Gethin. Rhisiart, Brut, Mad Huw and Father Rheinalt are scandalized when Owen forces Tegolin to appear before the assembled troops wearing golden armour, and they prepare to oppose the prince's scheme to take her into battle with him. Through their intervention, and that of his own son Meredith, Owen is persuaded to alter his plans, and he gives Tegolin to Rhisiart in marriage. Following the ceremony, Rhisiart foils an assassination attempt by Dafydd Gam at the chapel door. Rhisiart and Tegolin are sent with an army to relieve the prince’s forces on the Usk, and the focus of the action shifts to Owen himself.
D. Wis. 2009). On appeal, the Seventh Circuit agreed that the indenture was an unapproved management contract, but remanded for further proceedings to determine whether any collateral documents could support the waiver of sovereign immunity.Wells Fargo v. Lake of the Torches, 658 F.3d 684 (7th Cir. 2011). In 2014, Randa ordered that evidence collected by prosecutors in a campaign finance investigation regarding alleged unlawful "coordination" by advocacy groups opposing the 2012 recall election of Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker be destroyed and the probe be halted. One day later, a 7th Circuit Court of Appeals panel issued a stay of his ruling on procedural grounds, returning the case to Randa to determine whether the prosecutors' motions are frivolous.Judge's order tossing "John Doe" investigation is stayed, Wisconsin State Journal, May 7, 2014; retrieved May 14, 2014.RE "John Doe" investigations against Republicans and conservatives in Wisconsin, watchdog.org; accessed July 31, 2014.
His wife and infant son died on the voyage. (Although this part of Alsace was then within French territory, and has been again since World War II, it was near the German border and had many ethnic German residents such as the Müllers, who spoke a German dialect.) In March 1818, the surviving Müllers arrived in New Orleans. Their indenture contracts were reportedly sold to John Fitz Miller of Attakapas Parish (now St. Martin Parish), who had a sugar cane plantation. A few weeks after the family were taken to the Miller plantation, his friends and relatives in New Orleans learned that Daniel Müller and his older son Jacob, age 10, had died of fever; they were not able to discover what had happened to the two young girls: Dorothea, age 8, and Salomé, age 4, nor were they able to locate them.Bailey, Lost German Slave, p. 245.
While, with the loss of the caste system, Hindus did not have any institution binding them together, the Muslim faith was affected little by travel to a far off land, although the community initially suffered from a lack of mosques and religious scholars. The Muslim community was able to preserve their religious rites, practices and festivals, but under the harsh reality of the indenture system, it was difficult to pray five times a day and observe the full fast of Ramadan due to the slavish labour conditions imposed upon them. C.F. Andrews, in his report after his first visit to Fiji, noted that religious decline had not been as rapid amongst Muslims compared to that of the Hindus, and on his second visit wrote that Muslims had retained their social system and religious life was showing signs of revival. Muslims played a significant part in protests against the Indentured Labour system.
1520) lord of the manor of Iron Acton in Gloucestershire, who built the Poyntz Chapel within the Gaunt's Chapel in Bristol. The stone ceiling boss of the Poyntz Chapel displays in relief sculpture the arms of Poyntz (of 4 quarters) impaling the arms of Woodville (of 6 quarters, 3rd quarter Woodville), and the two wooden end- panels of his monumental coffin, decorated with the heraldry of Poyntz and Woodville, survive in the Gaunt's Chapel in which he was buried. The Heraldic Visitation of Gloucestershire records that:Maclean, 1885, p.129 :"A testimony of this match apereth by indenture of covenant of the mariag yett extant under the hand and seale of the said Erle, by letters written by the hand of the reverend ffather Morton, Cardinall, also by the armes of the Erle impaled w(i)th Poyntz on the top of a Chappell near Bristowe where they lye buried".
A child of an Emigrant born within the colony will be entitled to a free return passage until he reaches the age of twelve, and must be accompanied on the voyage by his parents or guardian. #Other Conditions-Emigrants will receive rations from their employers during the first six months after their arrival on the plantation according to the scale prescribed by the government of Fiji at a daily cost of four pence, which is at present equivalent to four annas, for each person of twelve years of age and upwards. #Every child between five and twelve years of age will receive approximately half rations free of cost, and every child, five years of age and under, nine chattacks of milk daily free of cost, during the first year after their arrival. #Suitable dwelling will be assigned to Emigrants under indenture free of rent and will be kept in good repair by the employers.
On June 7, 1638, Joseph had signed a contract of indenture with Daye. The contract specified that Joseph would pay Daye one- hundred pounds for two years of work, with an advance to pay for Daye and his family's passage to Cambridge. The contract states: > The condition of this obligation is such that whereas the above named Josse > Glover hath undertaken and promised to bear the charges of and for the > transportation of the above bounded Stephen Day and Rebecca his wife, and of > Matthew and Stephen Day, their children, and of William Bordman, and three > menservants, which are to be transported with him the said Stephen to New > England in America, in the ship called the John of London; The contract lists specific items and tasks that Joseph purchased and performed to help Daye transition into his new life, as well as consequences and responsibilities for carrying out the charges of the contract. It does not mention Daye's specific work with the printing press.
Rodgers notes, however, that there were other differences between the experiences of servants and those of slaves: masters provided servants with meat but denied it to slaves, servants received European-style clothes (including shoes) while slaves did not, and the two groups slept in different quarters. According to Rodgers, masters sometimes worked servants harder because they only possessed their service for a limited time, and this fact underscores "the complexity of making comparisons" between slavery and indenture. According to Kevin Brady, Cromwellian exiles in Barbados held a position that was "between temporary bondage and permanent enslavement," stating that the main difference between the servants and slaves was that they were not sold as chattel. Brady states that they were often subject to "glaringly inhumane treatment by aristocrats of the planter class" and that they "were not given the material or monetary compensation" usually provided to indentured servants at the end of their term.
John Maynard and Elize Stert had also purchased in 1656, on behalf of the Hele Charity trust, an estate at Lower Creeson, Mary Tavy. Yearly accounts were compiled each November and money was to be used to build a schoolhouse at Plympton St Maurice and to buy lands at Brixton to support the preaching minister. In 1656 his trustees, Sir John Maynard and Elize Stert apportioned money for the founding of the Blue Maid's Hospital (later renamed "The Maynard School") and in 1658 for the establishing of Hele's School in Plympton.Exeter charities accessed 22 June 2008 An indenture of 17–18 December 1658 between the Hele Charity trustees and the City of Exeter and governors of St John's Foundlings Hospital, Exeter, granted the profits of the manors of Clyst St Lawrence, Clyst St Gerrard and Teignharvey, as well as of Torre House, Newton Ferrers, to the Hospital, for the maintenance of the poor children.
The Grand Lake Theater, designed as a single auditorium theater by Architects Reid Brothers for local businessmen Abraham C. Karski and Louis Kaliski, held its grand opening on March 6, 1926. On August 1, 1929, Abraham C. Karski and Louis Kaliski leased the theater to West Coast Theatres, Inc. for a period of 94 years, 4 months until November 30, 2023.Lease (Indenture) Agreement dated August 1, 1929 by and between Louis Kaliski and A.C. Karski (Lessors) and West Coast Theatres, Inc. (Lessee) The descendants of Abraham C. Karski and Louis Kaliski owned the Theatre for nearly nine decades, operating it under the original lease terms although assigning it twice (to Mann Theaters Corporation of California (who later became National General Theaters, Inc.) in 1973 and to the current tenant Renaissance Rialto, Inc. in 1980.) After the Grand Lake Theater opened on March 6, 1926, it held vaudeville and silent movie showings, but with the arrival of "talkies" it began to exclusively show sound films.
Other languages spoken in South Africa not mentioned in the Constitution, include many of those already mentioned above, such as KheLobedu, SiNrebele, SiPhuthi, as well as mixed languages like Fanakalo (a pidgin language used as a lingua franca in the mining industry), and Tsotsitaal or S'Camtho, an argot that has found wider usage as an informal register. Many unofficial languages have been variously claimed to be dialects of official languages, which largely follows the Apartheid practice of the Bantustans, wherein minority populations where legally assimilated towards the official ethnos of the Bantustan or "Homeland". Significant numbers of immigrants from Europe, elsewhere in Africa, and the Indian subcontinent (largely as a result of the British Indian indenture system) means that a wide variety of other languages can also be found in parts of South Africa. In the older immigrant communities there are: Greek, Gujarati, Hindi, Portuguese, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Yiddish, Italian and smaller numbers of Dutch, French and German speakers.
Despite the lighthouse and the roadway being under the jurisdiction of Singapore, access to the location is controlled by the Johor Government that stipulates that workers entering or exiting the territory register with the Immigration Department in Kukup, Johor. Despite the arrangement, the plot of land on which the lighthouse sits on is rarely considered to be an exclave of Singapore. There have been calls for the Johor Government to assume control of the lighthouse, especially after the ruling by the International Court of Justice at The Hague which awarded Pedra Branca to Singapore in 2008. The interpretation of the 1900 indenture is highly similar to the agreement made by the British to the Federated Malay States Railways in 1918 for a 999-year land lease to operate the current Malaysia KTM in Singapore, with specifically a covenant that restricts its use solely for the railway, otherwise following the end of its use the Singapore government would assume control of this land.
Although a build date of 1680 is often quoted, Bocking Windmill was actually built in 1721 at a position some to the west (TL 761 260 ) of its present site. The first mention of the mill was in an indenture dated 19 April 1721 where the lease of land that had been enclosed for the building of a windmill was sold to Joseph Nash, miller of Halstead for £11. The mill was marked on Warburton, Bland and Smyth's map dated c1724. The mill was conveyed to Joseph Nash Jr in April 1772, who promptly mortgaged the mill for £100. Thomas French, miller of Halstead, purchased the mill for £135 on the death of the mortgagee c1734. French sold the mill in 1774 to Bartholomew Brown, of Wethersfield for £170. In 1784 John Tabor loaned £100, with the mill as security. The mill was to be run by the Brown family for three generations, ending with John Brown who died in September 1829.
In his will dated 20 May 1911, Charles Rose devised: > All those my thirteen and three quarter acres of land more or less at > Wilberforce whereon I now reside Unto and to the use of my two sons John > Henry Rose and Richard Alfred Harold Rose in equal shares their respective > heirs and assigns for ever to be divided by a line from the road to the > river Hawkesbury so that my son John Henry Rose shall take as his half the > portion on which is the Homestead and the other buildings and being the part > adjoining the property of Edward Thomas Bowd and so that my son Richard > Alfred Harold Rose shall take as his half the other portion on which is the > house erected by him. Charles Rose died 28 May 1911 and his wife Mary Ann died in 1912. In December 1913, John and Richard registered an indenture describing the two equal parcels of land, each measuring 6.3.12 1/2 acres.
According to advocates of New Thought, physical sickness and mental illness, as well as unfortunate circumstances, are the consequence of such mental content. Furthermore, they allege that when an individual controls, modifies, and regulates his or her mind and mental content, then material life and the experience of living alters accordingly, healing physical sickness, disability and psychological pain, and transforming destitution, indenture, and misery into wealth, autonomy, and happiness. Gawain's book focuses primarily on making changes to visual mental imagery, and attributes to it the capacity for hindering or facilitating an individual's potential, citing vivid anecdotal stories drawn from her experience and that of others to support her thesis. Subsequent to the popularity of the book, the practice of creative visualization, as described by Gawain, remained a staple and stable feature within the New Age movement, self-help media, and popular psychology of the 1980s, 1990s, and first decade of the 21st century.
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ('SEC) is a large independent agency of the United States federal government that was created following the stock market crash in the 1920s to protect investors and the national banking system.' The SEC holds primary responsibility for enforcing the federal securities laws, proposing securities rules, and regulating the securities industry, which is the nation's stock and options exchanges, and other activities and organizations, including the electronic securities markets in the United States. In addition to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, which created it, the SEC enforces the Securities Act of 1933, the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, the Investment Company Act of 1940, the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002, and other statutes. The SEC was created by Section 4 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (now codified as and commonly referred to as the Exchange Act or the 1934 Act).
Most of the workers on the Maidstone were distributed to plantation estates in St. Patrick and St. Mark parishes, as well as other parishes. None were sent to plantations in St. John parish. The Fulwood brought 362 live Indian workers to Grenada in 1858 and the Jalawar brought 249 workers the following year. Between 1857 and 1878, ships transported a total of 3,033 Indians to Grenada, excluding those who died during the voyage. The last ship carrying 175 indentured Indian labourers arrived on the island some time between 1881 and 1885. In total, nearly 3,206 Indians were brought to Grenada, excluding those who died during the voyage. Only about 15% of them returned to India, while the rest remained in the country even after their indenture period ended in 1890. These Indians are the origin of the Indo- Grenadian community. The 100th anniversary of the first arrival of Indians in Grenada was commemorated in 1957.
A group of clerics and laymen, headed by John Porter, vicar of Kidderminster, took on five entire granges for a term of sixty years, but on puzzling terms: the indenture provided for Halesowen Abbey to pay to the vicar and churchwardens of Kidderminster £400 over 20 years following the death of a named individual, Richard Russeby. The whole story is not apparent in the lease conditions, not least because Blakeley Grange, one of those apparently handed over to the consortium, was on the market again long before the term elapsed: a six-year lease to John de Walloxhale of Halesowen is extant, dating from February 1443. The date 1415 may be a clue to the purpose of the transaction: the king was about to launch the invasion of France that led to the Battle of Agincourt and religious houses had every reason to minimise their tax liability and their exposure to the levying of "voluntary" loans.The financial pressures are covered by .
In 1698, George White was one of the leading forces behind the setting up of a rival company known as the "English Company Trading to East India", which was initially financed under a state backed indemnity of £2 million. George White was part of the new company's Court of Directors, which had the responsibility of deciding on the rules for new directors, each new director having to put up the sum of £2000, without interest, as well as being approved by the existing directors. This new company could not compete with the old East India Company as powerful directors of the original that company took out shares in the new company, in the sum of £315,000, giving them influence on the new company's board. The new company could only gain a small percentage of the trade carried out and, in 1708, finally merged with the original East India Company, in a tripartite indenture involving both of the companies and the state.
Lock considers the reference to Stercan Lei in the 730 Cartularium Saxonicum applies to Stirchley. A stirk or Styrk is Old English for heifer, and therefore the name signifies the clearing or pasture for cattle.Lock, Arthur B: History of King’s Norton and Northfield Wards (Midland Educational Company Ltd) p128 This has been adopted as the meaning of Stirchley in Shropshire. The earliest known reference of a settlement at Stirchley is a deed dated 6 May 1658 described as an "Indenture between Katherine Compton and Daniel Greves and others concerning a tenement and lands at Stretley Streete in the Parish of King’s Norton".Item 253503, A catalogue of the Birmingham collection, Birmingham Public Libraries In his research of the history of the building called Selly ManorEnglish Heritage Building ID: 217669, NGR: SP0456781423 Demidowicz identified it to be a Yeoman’s house before becoming cottages called the Rookery. He also identified the site of the medieval settlement of Barnbrook’s End.
She published her Early Reminiscences in which she comments on her servants, in particular she refers to the daughter of a local gamekeeper in glowing terms she is perfectly lovely; just seventeen, tall with the figure of a nymph, quantities of golden hair, a skin like milk and eyes like the pearls of a forget-me-not. I never saw anyone more exquisite ..Aitchison, Page 25 John Kelso Hunter John Kelso Hunter (1802–1873) was born at Gillhead Cottage, close to Symington cemetery, on the Dankeith Estate and was at first employed here during his indenture as a herd boy, his father being a gardener. John moved to the village of Dundonald and became a respected artist, noted for portraiture. In 1847 he exhibited at the Royal Academy in London before becoming a regular exhibitor at the Royal Scottish Academy for the next 25 years. Hunter published two books: ‘Retrospective of an Artist’s Life’ (1868), and ‘Life Studies of Character’.
She was not however the first female law graduate in Scotland: Eveline MacLaren and Josephine Gordon Stuart graduated from the Faculty of Law at the University of Edinburgh some years earlier, but at that time women were prohibited from practising as lawyers. On 12 May 1917 she began working as an apprentice law agent at the practice of Maclay Murray & Spens. In 1920, Anderson was the first woman to be admitted to the legal profession in the United Kingdom following the passing of the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919, when she was admitted as a law agent in Scotland (the Scottish Law Agents Society was formed in 1884; the Law Society of Scotland was not created until 1949). Her application for admission as a law agent was initially refused, because the necessary three years of training began before the passing of the Act, and her indenture of training was not properly registered — registration was refused in 1917 because she was a woman.
In the late medieval period, all great lords created an affinity between themselves and groups of supporters, who often lived and travelled with them for purposes of mutual benefit and defence, and Humphrey Stafford was no exception. These men were generally his estate tenants, who could be called upon when necessary for soldiering, as well as other duties, and were often retained by indenture. In the late 1440s his immediate affinity was at least ten knights and twenty-seven esquires, mainly drawn from Cheshire. By the 1450s—a period beginning with political tension and ending with civil war—Stafford retained men specifically "to sojourn and ride" with him. His affinity was probably composed along the lines laid out by royal ordinance at the time which dictated the nobility should be accompanied by no more than 240 men, including "forty gentlemen, eighty yeomen and a variety of lesser individuals", suggested T. B. Pugh, although in peacetime Stafford would have required far fewer.
Binns was later appointed by the Legislative Council to lead a delegation to India in 1894 to obtain the approval of the Indian Government to a proposal that Indian indentured labourers working on the canefields in Natal who did not return to India at the end of their indenture contracts should be subject to an annual tax of £25. The proposal did not find favour with Lord Elgin (Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin), the Viceroy of India, and an annual tax of £3 was subsequently imposed. This measure caused significant resentment amongst the Natal Indian community and was strongly opposed by the Natal Indian Congress, as recorded by Mahatma Gandhi in The Story of My Experiments with Truth sv The £3 Tax. Sir Henry, however, was an outspoken opponent of the introduction, under the government of Harry Escombe, of the Dealers' Licences Act of 1897, which unfairly hampered the ability of Indians to carry on trade as merchant traders in the colony.
342, 149 N.E.2d 598 (1958). A > trust provided for income to be paid to the surviving children of the > settlor's brother for life, and on the death of the last surviving child of > the settlor's brother, an equal division of the trust principle was to be > made among the issue of the children of the settlor's brother. The gift to > the issue of the brother's children failed, because the ascertainment of > issue could not be made until the brother's children died, and the brother > might have children born after the creation of the trust who might not die > within the permissible period. However, a later trust had been established > by the settlor, which stated that if any provision in the first trust > indenture should be declared invalid, any income or principal which reverted > to his estate should be deemed held in trust by the settlor for the benefit > of his brother's children and their issue.
In 1492 Darcy was bound by indenture to serve Henry VII beyond sea for a whole year with one thousand men, "himself having his costrel and page, 16 archers, and 4 bills, and 6 H." (apparently halberds) on foot. In the latter part of the same year he attended the king at the reception of the French embassy sent to treat for peace. In 1496 he was indicted at quarter sessions in the West Riding for giving to various persons a token or livery called the Buck's Head. But next year he marched with Surrey to raise the siege of Norham Castle, and pursued King James on his retreat into Scotland. He was a knight for the king's body, and is so designated in the patent by which, on 8 June 1498, he was made constable and doorward of Bamburgh Castle in Northumberland. On 16 December of the same year he, being then captain of Berwick, was appointed deputy to Henry, Duke of York (then only 7 years old) who was warden of the east and middle marches.
The school was founded in 1576 by Edward Gwyn, a merchant; William Vaughan, a philanthropist and landowner; and William Death. A 1660 document outlined the original terms for the founding of the school: "William Vaughan, Edward Gwyn and William Death donated land and property near the Market House in Dartford High Street, the profits from which were to be used for maintaining a school and for and towards the supporting of one honest sufficient and learned man in grammar, as to them should seem fit and convenient, to be elected, chosen, and approved of, for the teaching, instructing and eruditing of children in the town of Dartford, in the knowledge of grammar, as heretofore has been used according to the charitable and pious interests and meaning of the said William Vaughan, Edward Gwyn and William Death re: 24th March 18 Elizabeth I.""Indenture of 1660 outlining the original terms for the founding of Dartford Grammar School", Dartford Archive. Retrieved: 24 September 2015. Lessons were initially given in the High Street above the Corn Market house, which was demolished in 1769.
To prevent such occurrences from happening again, John Wills took the unique step of deeding the Coaxen lands to the Indians. By 1740, Mehemickwon was dead, and a new leader, King Ossolowhen, had replaced him, but he too, was deceased. Ossolowhen's brothers and relations were the recipient of John Will's deed: This Indenture made the Sixth day of October 1740 year of our Lord One thousand Seven hundred and Forty and in the Year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord George the Second over Great Britain France and Ireland King &c; Between John Wills of the Township of Northampton in the County of Burlington and province of New Jersey (Gentleman) of the one part and the Children of the late Indian King Ossolowhen late of the Township of Northampton in the County and province aforesaid deceased and his Two Brothers, called by the names of Teannis and Moonis Indians and Natives of the Westerly Division of the province of New Jersey. The deed provided a metes and bounds description of what was henceforth known as the Coaxen.
Similarly, philosopher Michael J. Monahan has argued that Irish servants in Barbados occupied an ambiguous racial position in the eighteenth century, which separated them both from other Europeans and from African slaves, and could work to their advantage as well as to their detriment. According to Monahan, even the highest "and most likely exaggerated" estimates that as many as fifty thousand Irish laborers were sent to the Caribbean against their will "pales by comparison" to the millions of West African slaves who were sold into slavery, and it is important to avoid what he calls "facile equivocations between the conditions of (at least some) Irish laborers and chattel slaves" or between slavery and involuntary indenture, which "are not the same thing." Monahan nonetheless argues, however, that it is an "important fact" that there were some similarities between the situations of some involuntary indentures and African slaves. He is careful to note, however, that this is not to deny that there were "significant, even crucial differences" between the experiences of involuntary Irish servants and those of slaves.
The concerns of these New York gentlemen were fueled by their increasing awareness that the disputed border lands were rich in iron ore, water power, and charcoal yielding forests. The Council of New York passed a resolution on September 29 which stated: > we cannot advise your honor, to order the said Surveyor to proceed and fix > the said latitude by this instrument; but rather, that he should be directed > to set forth and certify by some instrument, under his hand and Seal, that > the Station pretended to be fixt at the Fishkill, is wrong and erroneous, to > the End this province may not, at any time hereafter, receive and Prefudice > by the aforesaid tripartite Indenture ... and that all farther proceedings > ought to be staid until a correct and large instrument, be procured for > setting the said station. Not only did this resolution tell Jarrat to back out of the "Tri Partite Deed", but it also instructed him to prove that the station point along the Fishkill was incorrect.
In the last weeks of Rann's premiership, he signed off on a record $30 billion Olympic Dam mining deal with BHP Billiton,Historic indenture agreement signed for $30 billion Olympic Dam mine expansion by BHP Billiton and State Government: AdelaideNow 13 October 2011 opened the new South Australian Police headquarters,Rann, Foley leave police legacy: AdelaideNow 9 October 2011 and oversaw the commencement of operation of the Port Stanvac Desalination Plant.Water starts to flow from desal plant: AdelaideNow 15 October 2011 He voiced his support for a further Glenelg Tram expansion.Adelaide City Council reveals $60m plan to save Rundle Mall: AdelaideNow 4 October 2011 Rann also voiced his support for same-sex marriage, prompting Liberal leader Isobel Redmond to also support same-sex marriage.SA Libs back Rann's call for gay marriage: West Australian 10 October 2011Conflict as MPs talk gay unions: AdelaideNow 13 October 2011 Following negotiations in Australia and Mexico, Rann announced in October 2011 that a private university, to be named Torrens University Australia and backed by Laureate International Universities, would be established in Adelaide.
Some sources have claimed that George Washington himself drew up the design for the building, and at least one hints that George Mason, too, might have provided input; however, records show that in March 1769 the vestry paid James Wren and William West for the church plans. Construction was initially overseen by the planter Daniel French of Rose Hill, a member of the congregation. He died before completion of the building works, and oversight passed to William Buckland, who was also involved in the building of Gunston Hall nearby, and who may have participated in the decoration of the church interior as well; it is possible that Buckland took over the work at the instigation of his employer, George Mason, who had assumed many of French's debts and obligations at the latter's death. Much of the original woodwork in the building was executed by master carver William Bernard Sears, a longtime associate of Buckland's who was also attached to Gunston Hall, likely in indenture to Mason, and is known to have worked at Mount Vernon as well.
In Mythologies of Migration, Vocabularies of Indenture: Novels of the South Asian Diaspora in Africa, the Caribbean, and Asia-Pacific (2009), Mariam Pirbhal points out that Karodia's work has received more acclaim outside of both her home countries of Canada and South Africa. Daughters of Twilight, for instance, "did not receive the critical attention or acclaim it derives in Canada" while "it was nominated for the Fawcett Literature Prize in Great Britain" (78), and after "reworking [that novel] "as the first part of a three-part multigenerational saga entitled Other Secrets published by Penguin in 2000, [this] also received a prestigious nomination, the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award, though it did not enjoy a long shelf-life in print" (78). Pirbhal points to both the difficulty of categorising Karodia and her work into neat racial and national categories as one the strengths of her work, as well as a potential reason for the lack of popular and critical attention both receive in non-diasporic contexts. Karodia, she contends, is one of the "unique voices in African literature . . .
Under English law (which was generally used in the colonies at that time), if a servant became pregnant before a master hired her, he was able to fire her from his household, but if she had conceived the child during her time in the new master's house, then the master had to continue to provide the necessities of life and was not permitted to turn her out. So in order to "fix" his bad purchase of Anne's indenture, Waters had to convince a panel of five judges (his colleagues as he was also a justice of the peace) that he was not obligated to care for her as she did not become pregnant during her stay in his home, and sue Bishop for the return for his down payment. Before the case could go to trial, Bishop asked for a stay of the trial as he had business out of town. While Bishopp was away, Anne gave birth to her surviving son Jasper Orthwood, and subsequently died due to complications.
And one > part of the indenture shall remain with the Jew, sealed with the seal of > him, to whom the money is lent, and the other part shall remain in the > common chest: wherein there shall be three locks and keys, whereof the two > Christians shall keep one key, and the two Jews another, and the clerks of > William of the Church of St Mary and of William of Chimilli shall keep the > third. And moreover, there shall be three seals to it, and those who keep > the seals shall put the seals thereto. > Moreover the clerks of the said William and William shall keep a roll of > the transcripts of all the charters, and as the charters shall be altered so > let the roll be likewise. For every charter there shall be three pence paid, > one moiety thereof by the Jews and the other moiety by him to whom the money > is lent; whereof the two writers shall have two pence and the keeper of the > roll the third.
Corbet, p.338 As his eldest surviving son and heir, Sir Vincent Corbet, 2nd Baronet, was well below the age of majority – probably 14 or 15 – the trustees now took over active management of the estates. Shortly before his death, Corbet had made an indenture committing the family lands in Buckinghamshire, to his trustees specifically to generate marriage portions for his daughters: £2000 for Elizabeth and £1000 each for the others.Corbet, p.340-1 These estates were centred on the manor of Linslade, now in Bedfordshire, which had returned to Sir Vincent's control after the death of his grandmother and great-aunt, Judith Austin, in 1642. Thornes soon began to manipulate the management of the estates in a way that alienated the other trustees, who resigned, and the Corbet family, who went to the Court of Chancery for redress in 1659. They alleged that, as well as running the estates primarily for his own enrichment, Thornes had deliberately set the young Vincent against his mother, so that he now refused to see her.
1, 89. although an earlier view (possibly outdated or not agreed with by all scholars) was that the law may have been relatively limited, providing only that the wife sale was limited to the sale of her services, Theophile J. Meek arguing in 1948 that the law should be "translated somewhat as follows: .... § 117: 'If an obligation came due against a seignior and he accordingly sold (the services of) his wife ... they [e.g., "his wife"] shall work (in) the house of their purchaser or obligee for three years, with their freedom re-established in the fourth year and another view was that the law created an indenture, not a sale, being for a limited duration. Specifically, according to Ernst J. Cohn in 1938, "if a man contracted a debt and sold his wife, son or daughter or gave them to work it off, 'for three years they work in the house of their buyer or exploiter and in the fourth year he shall restore them to their former condition.
FINRA, a self-regulatory organization, promulgates rules that govern broker-dealers and certain other professionals in the securities industry. It was formed when the enforcement divisions of the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD), now FINRA, and of the New York Stock Exchange merged into one organization. FINRA, like the stock exchanges and the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC), is overseen by the SEC, and in general FINRA's rules are subject to SEC approval. All brokers and dealers registered with the SEC under , with some exceptions, are required to be members of SIPC (pursuant to ) and are subject to its regulations. The federal securities laws were largely created as part of the New Deal in the 1930s. There are five major federal securities laws: # Securities Act of 1933 – regulating distribution of new securities # Securities Exchange Act of 1934 – regulating trading securities, brokers, and exchanges # Trust Indenture Act of 1939 – regulating debt securities # Investment Company Act of 1940 – regulating mutual funds # Investment Advisers Act of 1940 – regulating investment advisers Since these laws were originally enacted, Congress has amended them many times.
A number of books have been written on the subject including White Cargo: The Forgotten History of Britain's White Slaves in America, The Irish Slaves: Slavery, indenture and Contract labor Among Irish Immigrants. According to research librarian and independent scholar Liam Hogan, the most influential book to assert the myth was They Were White And They Were Slaves: The Untold History of The Enslavement of Whites In Early America, self- published in the US in 1993 by conspiracy theorist and Holocaust denier Michael A. Hoffman II (who blamed Jews for the African slave trade). A 2000 book published in Dublin,To Hell Or Barbados: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland, by Irish Republican Sean O'Callaghan, is advertised as "a vivid account of the Irish slave trade: the previously untold story of over 50,000 Irish men, women and children who were transported to Barbados and Virginia." The book continued the same themes as Hoffman, and introduced the concept of Irish women being forcibly bred with African men in order to produce mulattos, who are represented as being more valuable than slaves of purely Irish ancestry.
Edward Frankland's indenture Edward Frankland was born in Catterall, Lancashire and baptised at Churchtown, Lancashire on 20 February 1825. As his baptismal record shows, his birth was illegitimate. His mother, Margaret "Peggy" Frankland, later married William Helm, a Lancaster cabinet-maker. "His illegitimacy cast a shadow over all his life since he was pledged to silence as to the identity of his natural father, though a handsome annuity was paid to his mother". From age 3 to 8 Edward lived and was educated in Manchester, Churchtown, Salford and Claughton. In 1833, the family moved to Lancaster and he attended the private school of James Wallasey, where he first took an interest in chemistry, in particular, reading the work of Joseph Priestley borrowed from the Mechanics Institute Library. At age 12, Edward moved to the Lancaster Free Grammar School (later Lancaster Royal Grammar School), that had also educated scientists William Whewell and Sir Richard Owen. According to Frankland himself, his interest in chemistry was furthered by a case held in the court of Lancaster Castle, which was adjacent to the Free Grammar School (then located on Castle Hill, Lancaster).
Strickland married Margaret Alford, eldest of the three daughters and co- heiresses of Sir William Alford of Meaux Abbey and Bilton, Yorkshire and his first wife Elizabeth Rookes, and had issue, besides his eldest son Sir Thomas Strickland, another son Walter Strickland, and two daughters, Dorothy, who married Wiliam Grimstone, and Theresa, who married as his second wife John Stafford-Howard, younger son of William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford. In the year 1646, an indenture was made between Sir Robert Strickland, and Margaret his wife, Sir Thomas Strickland, their eldest son and heir apparent, Thomas Strickland second brother of Sir Robert, and Walter Strickland third brother of Sir Robert, of the one part; and Sir John Mallory (1610-1655) of Studley Royal, and Richard Aldbrough esquire, of the other part; containing covenants of an intended settlement upon the marriage of Sir Thomas, with Jane Moseley, daughter and co-heiress of Thomas Moseley of Ulleskelf, and widow of Sir Christopher Dawnay, first of the Dawnay Baronets of Cowick. Thomas and Jane had two surviving daughters; she died before 1675. Thomas remarried Winifred Trentham, by whom he had four sons.
Tudor Coventry Cross as shown on Bradford's Map 1748/9 By 1506 discussions had already begun about replacing it, and a fund started. In 1541, a former mayor of London, Sir William Hollyes, who had been born in Stoke, Coventry, left £200 in his will for a new cross, and building started the same year.Coventry Cross at British History Online, in Victoria County History, County of Warwick Volume 8, 1969 An indenture details how the cross was to be made, based on one in Abingdon, Berkshire, and made of ‘seasonable free-stone of the quarries of Attleborough and Rowington’. It was to be built on the same spot as the old cross and on every pinnacle of the lower storey have ‘a beast or fowl holding up a fan’. On each pinnacle of the second storey there was to be ‘the image of a naked boy with a target and holding up a fan’. The cross was 57 feet high, in four sections, with statues in the top three storeys: the lower of these holding statues of Henry VI, King John, Edward I, Henry II, Richard I and Henry.
Charleton was educated, it is said, at both Oxford and Cambridge, but was more closely connected with Oxford, of which he became a doctor of civil law and a licentiate, if not also a doctor, in theology. In 1336, he became prebendary of Hereford, of which see his kinsman Thomas Charlton was then bishop. He next appears, with his brother Humphrey, as holding prebends in the collegiate church of Pontesbury, of which Lord Charlton was patron. In 1340, Adam of Coverton petitione to the king against him on the ground of obstructing him in collecting tithes belonging to St. Michael's, Shrewsbury. A royal commission was appointed to inquire into the case, which in 1345 was still pending. Lewis had apparently succeeded Thomas the bishop to this prebend, and on his resignation in 1359 was succeeded by Humphrey, who held all three prebends in succession. In 1348, he appears as signing, as doctor of civil law, an indenture between the town and university of Oxford that the should have a common assize and assay of weights and measures. He was probably continuously resident as a teacher at Oxford; of which university his brother became chancellor some time before 1354.
The Task Force's four initial objectives were to: # Drive government facilitation of the project, to ensure timely delivery # Facilitate the development of key infrastructure including a major desalination plant # Work to try to maximise the regional and state benefits to be derived from the project, particularly in terms of skills development, local content, regional development, infrastructure and indigenous economic development; and # Resolve and progress policy, regulatory and legislative issues. In 2008, its two key roles were: # To negotiate indenture arrangements between the State Government and BHP Billiton; and # To facilitate the government’s role in the Olympic Dam development As of 2014, it continued to work to: # Facilitate the proposed expansion of the Olympic Dam mine; and # Provide BHP Billiton with a single entry point to government. By 2016, its objectives had broadened to include delivering "innovative and transformative solutions to complex resource and investment projects for the benefit of all South Australians" while "collaborating with stakeholders across government and industry to fund, design, and deliver specialised resource projects" that are: # Significant in terms of size and complexity # Sensitive (politically, socially and environmentally) # Time bound, and for which there is little guidance within the public domain.
Edward Hall and John Lesley wrote that Albany mustered the Scottish army at Cranshaws Castle in the Lammermuir Hills to save Berwick Castle from his former allies Hall's Chronicle has the army entering Edinburgh without any destruction at Albany's request, and issuing a public proclamation for James III in the castle, while the Scottish lords and army were at Haddington. After the reconciliation, Hall describes an indenture made at the English camp at Lennoxlove (Lethington), just south of Haddington, on 3 August between Albany and Gloucester wherein Albany promised to deliver on his treaty at Fotheringhay despite his new agreement. Hall quotes the 4 August bond of the community of Edinburgh for the dowry repayment, Grafton has Albany direct the city of Edinburgh to make the bond after Berwick castle surrendered, but as in Hall, Grafton has the Garter Herald King at Arms return to Edinburgh on 23 October to request payment on the 4 August bond. The date is nearly correct; Edward IV decided to abandon the marriage plan and redeem the bond and the Garter herald John Writhe came to Edinburgh on 26 October.
In the modern era, many whites in Britain, Ireland and British North America were indentured servants, a form of slavery now banned by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, but not all had the comfort of having the documentation of being indentured, and some indentured servants were treated just as badly as their African brethren. Sterling Professor of history at Yale University David Brion Davis wrote that:In the Image of God Religion, Moral Values, and Our Heritage of Slavery page 144 :From Barbados to Virginia, colonists long preferred English or Irish indentured servants as their main source of field labor; during most of the seventeenth century they showed few scruples about reducing their less fortunate countrymen to a status little different from chattel slaves - a degradation that was being carried out in a more extreme and far more extensive way with respect to the peasantry in contemporary Russia. The prevalence and suffering of white slaves, serfs and indentured servants in the early modern period suggests that there was nothing inevitable about limiting plantation slavery to people of African origin. Between 50 and 67 percent of white immigrants to the American colonies, from the 1630s and American Revolution, had traveled under indenture.

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