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"heterotroph" Definitions
  1. a living thing that gets its food from the body of another living thing and does not make it from simpler substances
"heterotroph" Synonyms
"heterotroph" Antonyms

52 Sentences With "heterotroph"

How to use heterotroph in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "heterotroph" and check conjugation/comparative form for "heterotroph". Mastering all the usages of "heterotroph" from sentence examples published by news publications.

C. thermocellum is a type of bacteria known as a heterotroph.
Thermotoga petrophila is a hyperthermophilic, anaerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped fermentative heterotroph, with type strain RKU-1T.
Thermotoga naphthophila is a hyperthermophilic, anaerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped fermentative heterotroph, with type strain RKU-10T.
Oxyrrhis marina is a species of dinoflagellates with flagella. A marine heterotroph, it is found in much of the world.
Consequently, risk of contamination with other organisms like bacteria or fungi is lower in photobioreactors when compared to bioreactors for heterotroph organisms.
Chilomonas is a genus of cryptophytes, including the species Chilomonas paramecium. Chilomonas is a protozoa (heterotroph). Chilomonas is golden brown and has two flagella.
Although there are many examples of trophic mutualisms, the heterotroph is generally a fungus or bacteria. This mutualism can be both obligate and opportunistic.
2,4-Bis(4-hydroxybenzyl)phenol is a phenolic compound produced by the saprophytic orchid Gastrodia elata and by the myco-heterotroph orchid Galeola faberi.
Heterotrophs may be subdivided according to their energy source. If the heterotroph uses chemical energy, it is a chemoheterotroph (e.g., humans and mushrooms). If it uses light for energy, then it is a photoheterotroph (e.g.
Monotropa uniflora, an obligate myco-heterotroph known to parasitize fungi belonging to the Russulaceae. Myco-heterotrophy (from Greek μύκης , "fungus", ἕτερος ', "another", "different" and τροφή ', "nutrition") is a symbiotic relationship between certain kinds of plants and fungi, in which the plant gets all or part of its food from parasitism upon fungi rather than from photosynthesis. A myco-heterotroph is the parasitic plant partner in this relationship. Myco-heterotrophy is considered a kind of cheating relationship and myco-heterotrophs are sometimes informally referred to as "mycorrhizal cheaters".
S. flexneri is a heterotroph. It utilizes the Embden- Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP), Entner-Doudoroff (ED), or pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) to metabolize sugars. The products of these pathways then feed into the Citric Acid Cycle (TCA). S. flexneri can metabolize glucose and pyruvate.
Trophic mutualism is a key type of ecological mutualism. Specifically, "trophic mutualism" refers to the transfer of energy and nutrients between two species. This is also sometimes known as resource-to-resource mutualism. Trophic mutualism often occurs between an autotroph and a heterotroph.
An exception is the yellowish green species Corallorhiza trifida, which has some chlorophyll and is able to fix CO2. However, this species also depends primarily on fungal associations for carbon acquisition.Zimmer, K., et al. (2008). The ectomycorrhizal specialist orchid Corallorhiza trifida is a partial myco-heterotroph.
Close- up on flower Although it has green leaves year-round, it receives a significant portion of its nutrition from fungi in the soil (that is, it is a partial myco-heterotroph, which is not surprising as related plants, such as Pyrola, are partial or full myco-heterotrophs).
Geosiris aphylla is a species in the flowering plant family Iridaceae, first described in 1894. It is endemic to Madagascar.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Geosiris aphylla is sometimes called the earth-iris. It is a small myco-heterotroph lacking chlorophyll and obtaining its nutrients from fungi in the soil.
Nature, 10 January 2005 and tuna have independently evolved various levels of endothermy. Bony fish can be any type of heterotroph: numerous species of omnivore, carnivore, herbivore, filter-feeder or detritivore are documented. Some bony fish are hermaphrodites, and a number of species exhibit parthenogenesis. Fertilization is usually external, but can be internal.
Geosiris aphylla is sometimes called the "earth-iris." It is a small myco-heterotroph lacking chlorophyll and obtaining its nutrients from fungi in the soil. The genus name is derived from the Greek words geos, meaning "earth", and iris, referring to the Iris family of plants. Its rhizomes are slender and scaly, and stems are simple or branched.
Beggiatoa can grow chemoorgano-heterotrophically by oxidizing organic compounds to carbon dioxide in the presence of oxygen, although high concentrations of oxygen can be a limiting factor. Organic compounds are also the carbon source for biosynthesis. Some species may oxidize hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur as a supplemental source of energy (facultatively litho- heterotroph). Produced sulfur is stored intracellularly.
Microvirgula aerodenitrificans is a species of bacteria, the only species in its genus. It is a Gram-negative, catalase-and oxidase-positive, curved rod- shaped and motile denitrifier. It is aerobic as well as an anoxic heterotroph, having an atypical respiratory type of metabolism in which oxygen and nitrogen oxides are used simultaneously as terminal electron acceptors. SGLY2T is its type strain.
Reticulomyxa is a heterotroph that can feed on prey of a range of sizes. Previous studies have observed the ingestion of bacteria and other protists, as well as large aquatic zooplankton. The vegetative plasmodium will stay in one location while eating until surrounding food sources have been depleted. Once devoid of food, the cell will excrete waste from the protoplasm and move to a new location.
When contaminated animals are consumed, they cause severe diarrhoea. D. acuminata blooms are constant threat to and indication of diarrhoeatic shellfish poisoning outbreaks. Dinophysis acuminata is a photosynthesising Dinophysis species by acquiring secondary plastids from consuming the ciliate Myrionecta rubra, which in turn had ingested them from the alga Teleaulax amphioxeia. Thus, D. acuminata is a mixotroph, primarily a heterotroph, but autotroph once it acquires plastids.
Thismia neptunis is a species of Thismia endemic to Malaysia. It was discovered by Italian botanist Odoardo Beccari in 1866, and described in 1878. It was not observed again until 2017, when it was first photographed by a team of biologists from the Czech Republic. T. neptunis lives underground, and is a myco-heterotroph, a plant which obtains nutrients through a parasitic relationship with fungi.
The pink to cream flower, with four to five petals, is borne on a short stalk Monotropa hypopitys with bee Unlike most plants, it does not contain chlorophyll; it is a myco-heterotroph, getting its food through parasitism upon fungi rather than photosynthesis. These fungi form a mycorrhiza with nearby tree species. Plants are fleshy and grow 10–35 cm tall. True stems are nonexistent.
The flavobacterium is still a heterotroph as it needs reduced carbon compounds to live and cannot subsist on only light and CO2. It cannot carry out reactions in the form of :n CO2 \+ 2n H2D + photons → (CH2O)n \+ 2n D + n H2O, where H2D may be water, H2S or another compound/compounds providing the reducing electrons and protons; the 2D + H2O pair represents an oxidized form. However, it can fix carbon in reactions like: :CO2 \+ pyruvate + ATP (from photons) → malate + ADP +Pi where malate or other useful molecules are otherwise obtained by breaking down other compounds by :carbohydrate + O2 → malate + CO2 \+ energy. Flowchart to determine if a species is autotroph, heterotroph, or a subtype This method of carbon fixation is useful when reduced carbon compounds are scarce and cannot be wasted as CO2 during interconversions, but energy is plentiful in the form of sunlight.
In the food chain, heterotrophs are primary, secondary and tertiary consumers, but not producers. Living organisms that are heterotrophic include all animals and fungi, some bacteria and protists, and many parasitic plants. The term heterotroph arose in microbiology in 1946 as part of a classification of microorganisms based on their type of nutrition. The term is now used in many fields, such as ecology in describing the food chain.
Long exposure image of bioluminescence of N. scintillans in the yacht port of Zeebrugge, Belgium N. scintillans is a heterotroph that engulfs, by phagocytosis, food which includes plankton, diatoms, other dinoflagellates, fish eggs, and bacteria. Diatoms are often found in the vacuoles within these single-celled creatures. These green nonfeeding symbioses can grow photoautotrophically for generations. Diatoms of Thalassiosira have been noted as a favored food source of these organisms.
Its nucleus is prominently situated at the centre, and is surrounded by organelles mostly derived from algae. For example, its cytoplasm contains numerous plastids, mitochondria and other nuclei. These organelles are properly separated such that the mitochondria are fully enclosed in a vacuole membrane and two endoplasmic reticulum membranes of the ciliate. This indicates that the ciliate is primarily a heterotroph, but after acquiring algal plastid, it transforms into an autotroph.
However, the question is still left open, as the plant is in any case not a haustorial parasite, which is usually the case with angiosperms. Certain experts therefore consider the plant as a myco-heterotroph. Molecular phylogenetic analysis also suggest affinities between Parasitaxus and the genera Manoao (New Zealand) and Lagarostrobos (Tasmania).Sinclair, W. T., R. R. Mill, M. F. Gardner, P. Woltz, T. Jaffré, J. Preston, M. L. Hollingsworth, A. Ponge, and M. Möller.
The Corallorhiza maculata side petals are reddish, and the lip petal is bright clean white with deep red spots. Corallorhiza maculata is a myco-heterotroph; it lacks chlorophyll and obtains energy by parasitizing the mycelium of fungi in the family Russulaceae. The rhizome and lower stem are often knotted into branched coral shapes. The stem is usually red or brown in color, but occasionally comes in a light yellow or cream color.
Mesodinium chamaeleon is a ciliate of the genus Mesodinium. It is known for being able to consume and maintain algae endosymbiotically for days before digesting the algae. It has the ability to eat red and green algae, and afterwards using the chlorophyll granules from the algae to generate energy, turning itself from being a heterotroph into an autotroph. The species was discovered in January 2012 outside the coast of Nivå, Denmark by professor Øjvind Moestrup.
These nutrients are made available for uptake by heterotroph bacteria and phytoplankton alike. The most common nutrient limiting primary productivity in marine waters is nitrogen, and others such as iron, silica, and vitamin B12 have also been discovered to limit growth rate of specific species and taxa. Studies have also identified that heterotrophic bacteria are commonly limited by organic carbon, however some nutrients that limit growth may not limit in other environments and systems.
Including a heterotroph also provides a solution to the issues of contamination when producing carbohydrates, as competition may limit contaminant species viability. In isolated systems this can be a restriction to the feasibility of large-scale biofuel operations, like algae ponds, where contamination can significantly reduce the desired output. Through interactions between Geobacter spp. and Methanogens from the soil in a rice paddy field, it was discovered that the use of interspecies electron transfer stimulated the production of methane.
As an obligate anaerobe, A. boonei requires restrictive anoxic reduced niches to survive. It benefits from a continuous supply of inorganic electron acceptors such as elemental sulfur, sulfate, and ferric iron. Conditions such as these are naturally formed in the vent system by geophysical and geochemical processes that occur beneath the crust and within the benthic fluids that flood the vents. The archaeon is shown to be an obligate heterotroph that primarily ferments peptides to harness energy.
It is a parasitic plant growing on the roots or of various shrubs such as burrobush, Yerba Santa, California croton, rabbitbrush, and ragweeds.Arizona Game & Fish Fact Sheet As a heterotroph which derives its nutrients from other plants, it lacks chlorophyll and is brownish-gray or whitish in color. There are hairy, glandular, pointed leaves along the surface of the plant. Flowers emerge between them, each roughly one centimeter wide, the rounded corolla lavender to deep or bright purple with a white margin.
Primary producers are the autotroph organisms that make their own food instead of eating other organisms. This means primary producers become the starting point in the food chain for heterotroph organisms that do eat other organisms. Some marine primary producers are specialised bacteria and archaea which are chemotrophs, making their own food by gathering around hydrothermal vents and cold seeps and using chemosynthesis. However most marine primary production comes from organisms which use photosynthesis on the carbon dioxide dissolved in the water.
Monotropsis is a monotypic genus of plants containing the single species Monotropsis odorata, also known as sweet pinesap or pygmy pipes. It is a member of the subfamily Monotropoideae of the family Ericaceae. It is native to the Appalachian Mountains in the south-eastern United States, and is viewed as being uncommon throughout its range. Like all members of the subfamily, Monotropsis odorata does not contain chlorophyll; it is a myco-heterotroph, getting its food through parasitism upon fungi rather than photosynthesis.
T. kodakarensis cells are irregular cocci 1–2 μm in diameter, often occurring in pairs, and are highly motile by means of lophotrichous archaella. The cell wall consists of a layer of diether and tetraether lipids, and an outer glycoprotein coat. T. kodakarensis is an obligate anaerobe, and a heterotroph, growing rapidly on a variety of organic substrates in the presence of elemental sulfur, producing hydrogen sulfide gas. The generation time is estimated to be 40 minutes under optimum conditions.
The algal plastids are not destroyed by D. acuminata but use it for its own photosynthesis, thereby becoming an autotroph. However, unlike its prey M. rubum, it is not clear whether D. acuminata uses the plastids permanently or temporarily. Food vacuoles found in the vacuoles of this primitive genus indicates that organisms in this genus are mixotrophs especially D. norvegica[1]. Mixotrophy is the ability of an organism to use different sources of carbon and energy instead of having a single mode of feeding (autotroph or heterotroph).
The only known primary producers in the hadal zone are certain bacteria that are able to metabolize hydrogen and methane released by rock and seawater reactions (serpentinization), or hydrogen sulfide released from cold seeps. Some of these bacteria are symbiotic, for example living inside the mantle of certain thyasirid and vesicomyid bivalves. Otherwise the first link in the hadal food web are heterotroph organisms that feed on marine snow, both fine particles and the occasional carcass. The hadal zone can reach far below deep; the deepest known extends to .
D. acuminata is basically a heterotroph feeding on the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum. M. rubrum in turn feeds on green algae that contain plastids. (The endosymbiont is used by the ciliate for its own photosynthesis.) Microscopic observations of live cells using established cultures revealed that D. acuminata uses a peduncle, extending from the flagellar pore, to extract the cell contents of the marine ciliate M. rubrum. After about 1 minute the trapped M. rubrum becomes immobile after which the D. acuminata slowly consumes the ciliate, over 1–2 hours, filling its vacuoles with the ciliate's cytoplasm.
When the organic nutrient source taken in by the heterotroph contains essential elements such as N, S, P in addition to C, H, and O, they are often removed first to proceed with the oxidation of organic nutrient and production of ATP via respiration. S and N in organic carbon source are transformed into H2S and NH4+ through desulfurylation and deamination, respectively. Heterotrophs also allow for dephosphorylation as part of decomposition. The conversion of N and S from organic form to inorganic form is a critical part of the nitrogen and sulfur cycle.
Subfamily Nivenioideae contains six genera from South Africa, Australia and Madagascar, including the only true shrubs in the family (Klattia, Nivenia and Witsenia) as well as the only myco-heterotroph (Geosiris). Aristea is also a member of this subfamily. It is distinguished by having flowers in small, paired clusters among large bracts, slender styles that are divided into three slender branches and nectar (when present) produced from glands in the ovary walls. The flowers are always radially symmetrical, with separate tepals (petals) and the rootstock is a rhizome.
Pholisma sonorae is a perennial herb which grows in sand dunes, its fleshy stem extending up to two meters (six feet) below the surface and emerging above as a small rounded or ovate form. It may be somewhat mushroom-shaped if enough sand blows away to reveal the top of the stem. It is a parasitic plant which attaches to the roots of various desert shrubs such as wild buckwheats, ragweeds, plucheas, and Tiquilia plicata and T. palmeri to obtain nutrients. As a heterotroph, the Pholisma sonorae plant lacks chlorophyll and is grayish, whitish, or brown in color.
Cryptothallus mirabilis is a species of liverworts in the family Aneuraceae, and was first described in 1933. Plants of this species are white as a result of lacking chlorophyll, and their plastids do not differentiate into chloroplasts. Apart from lacking chlorophyll, Cryptothallus is very similar to the genus Aneura, and the validity of recognizing Cryptothallus as a separate genus has been questioned by Renzaglia, who suggests it may be considered "merely as an achlorophyllous species of Aneura." Cryptothallus mirabilis is a subterranean myco-heterotroph that obtains its nutrients from the abundant fungi growing among its tissues rather than from photosynthesis.
Metabolic pathways consist of complex networks, which are responsible for processing of both energy and material. The metabolic rate of a heterotroph is defined as the rate of respiration in which energy is obtained by oxidation of carbon compound. The rate of photosynthesis on the other hand, indicates the metabolic rate of an autotroph. According to MTE, both body size and temperature affect the metabolic rate of an organism. Metabolic rate scale as 3/4 power of body size, and its relationship with temperature is described by Van’t Hoff-Arrhenius equation over the range of 0 to 40°C.
Chlamydomonas has been used to study different aspects of evolutionary biology and ecology. It is an organism of choice for many selection experiments because (1) it has a short generation time, (2) it is both a heterotroph and a facultative autotroph, (3) it can reproduce both sexually and asexually, and (4) there is a wealth of genetic information already available. Some examples (nonexhaustive) of evolutionary work done with Chlamydomonas include the evolution of sexual reproduction, the fitness effect of mutations,De Visser et al. 1996 The effect of sex and deleterious mutations on fitness in Chlamydomonas. Proc.
Similarly, replicating the environmental conditions of the hydrothermal vent systems is difficult to do in laboratory settings and often results in more fastidious deep-sea organisms outcompeting the DHVE2. To date the only cultured representative of the DHVE2 group is Aciduliprofundum boonei which is described as an obligate thermoacidophilic heterotroph capable of fermenting peptides for energy and carbon. A. boonei has a unique S-layer which is more flexible and allows it to generate vesicles that bud off the cells. Further, this particular archaeon reveals unique genomic arrangement of its flagellar genes suggesting horizontal gene transfer or reductive evolution of its flagella production pathway.
Aminobacterium mobile is a Gram-negative, anaerobic, mesophilic, non-spore- forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Aminobacterium which has been isolated from anaerobic lagoon from a dairy wastewater treatment plant in Colombia. Dissimilar to Aminobacterium colombiense, Aminobacterium mobile has a marginally lower DNA GC-content (44 mol% vs 46 mol%.) Aminobacterium mobile is motile and ferments Serine to Acetate and Alanine. Aminobacterium mobile is both a Heterotroph and Asaccharolytic. Its adverse effects on both animals and humans are not yet known, but because of the ability of Aminobacterium mobile to degrade amino acids and peptides, the possibility of harmful effects cannot be excluded.
Koribacter versatilis is a member of the acidobacteria phylum which itself is a newly devised phylum of bacteria, and is only distantly related to other organisms in the domain bacteria. Its closest phylogenetic relative is candidatus Solibacter usitatus, according to Michael Nerdahl. It contains 5,650,368 nucleotides, 4,777 proteins, and 55 RNA genes, and has a circular chromosome according to information found from GenBank. According to the Joint Genome Institute, “The bacterium is a gram-negative, highly capsulated, aerobic heterotroph that grows with a range of sugars, sugar polymers, and some organic acids.” It was first found in soil in a pasture from Australia in 2003, by a group of scientists led by S. J. Joseph.
The very loosely defined "species" Thiobacillus trautweinii was where sulfur oxidising heterotrophs and chemolithoheterotrophs were assigned in the 1910-1960s era, most of which were probably Pseudomonas species. Many species named in this genus were never deposited in service collections and have been lost. All species are obligate autotrophs (using the transaldolase form of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle) using elementary sulfur, thiosulfate, or polythionates as energy sources - the former Thiobacillus aquaesulis can grow weakly on complex media as a heterotroph, but has been reclassified to Annwoodia aquaesulis. Some strains (E6 and Tk-m) of the type species Thiobacillus thioparus can use the sulfur from dimethylsulfide, dimethyldisulfide, or carbon disulfide to support autotrophic growth - they oxidise the carbon from these species into carbon dioxide and assimilate it.
Monotropastrum humile, a myco- heterotroph dependent on fungi throughout its lifetime Around 90% of land plants live in symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi, where fungi gain sugars from plants and plants gain nutrients from the soil via the fungi. Some species of plant have evolved to manipulate this symbiosis, so that they no longer give fungi sugars that they produce and instead gain sugars from the fungi, a process called myco-heterotrophy. Some plants are only dependent on fungi as a source of sugars during the early stages of their development, these include most of the orchids as well as many ferns and lycopods. Others are dependent on this food source for their entire lifetime, including some orchids and Gentianaceae, and all species of Monotropaceae and Triuridaceae.
Karlodinium micrum, another dinolagelate, expresses a blue tuned proteorhodopsin (E109) which may be related to its deep water vertical migrations. O.Marina was originally believed to be a heterotroph, however the proteorhodopsin may well partake in a functionally significant manner, as it was the most abundantly expressed nuclear gene and, furthermore, is dispersed unevenly in the organism, suggesting some organelle membrane function. Previously the only eukaryotic solar energy transducing proteins were Photosystem I and Photosystem II. It has been hypothesized that lateral gene transfer is the method by which proteorhodopsin has made its way into numerous phyla. Bacteria, archea and eukarya all colonize the photic zone where they come to light; Proteorhodopsin has been able to disseminate through this zone, but not to other portions of the water column.

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