151 Sentences With "hartal" | Random Sentence Generator

On the first morning of the festival, opening ceremonies were delayed an hour and several of the day's events canceled or rescheduled because of the hartal.

That same afternoon, Jamaat-e-Islami, an Islamic fundamentalist organization aligned with the political opposition, called a hartal, a national strike, during which no cars would be allowed on the streets.

Lyco art, or lyrical conceptualism, is a term coined by Hartal. In 1975, Hartal published A Manifesto on Lyrical Conceptualism,Hartal, Paul. The Brush and the Compass: The Interface Dynamics of Art and Science. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1988, p.

Around 3-5 million women participated in the event organised by the state government. The seventh hartal was on 3 January 2019. Sabarimala Karma Samithi called a statewide hartal in Kerala and Bharatiya Janata Party supported it. The reason for this hartal was the entry of two women under the age of 40 into Sabarimala Sree Dharmasastha Temple.

Aalroopangal narrates the effects of hartal in the life of common man. Nandu does the lead role as a roadside food vendor. The film plots how an unexpected declaration of hartal changes his life.

The House Tax Hartal of 1810–11 was an occasion of nonviolent resistance to protest a tax in parts of British India, with a particularly noteworthy example of hartal (a form of general strike) in the vicinity of Varanasi.

The human rights commission of Kerala has called it, "gross violation of human rights of Sabarimala devotees". The fourth hartal in Kerala was called by Bharatiya Janata Party on 17 November 2018. The reason for this hartal was the arrest of K P Sasikala.

Sangram looks over the hartal, involves in conflict with terrorist Lal. Lal wants to pay back.

BJP Hartal Protesting against Sabarimala Women Entry A total of seven hartals were organised in Kerala by various Hindu groups and their umbrella outfit Sabarimala Karma Samithi against allowing women to enter Sabarimala Temple since October 2018. The first hartal was observed in Pathanamthitta district on 7 October 2018. BJP called for this hartal in response to police beating up adv. Prakash Babu, state president of Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha during a protest march held on 6 October 2018.

Hartal 2006, p. 274. Auranitis began to similarly prosper during the reign of Philip, Herod's successor in the Hauran.

The more than doubling of the cost of rice was the main reason for the organizers of the hartal. The lefties parties took to agitating the working masses, with "factory gate meetings" and village level meetings in the rural areas. The two main private print-media of the day Times of Ceylon and the Lake House group, along with the state owned Radio Ceylon reported on pro-government and anti-hartal propaganda. The leftist countered with the publication of special hartal editions of weekly news sheets.

Traders in the Bakaara Market in Mogadishu closed their doors in a hartal to protest tax hikes in February, 2018.

A "hartal" (strike) against the interference in Muslim personal law was observed during which all shops and colleges were closed.

The movie follows the inspiring tale of an entrepreneur, Joy Thakolkaaran, who owns a firm named 'Punyalan Agarbathis'. The firm in involved in the production of incense sticks from elephant dung. The first half moves around how it becomes nearly impossible for him to acquire necessary raw material (elephant dung) and when he finally does acquire it devil follows him in the form of a hartal. Struggling between the deadline given by the court and the unexpected hartal, he decides to smuggle the raw material on the day of the hartal.

This anger was furthered by the suspension of the meals given to schoolchildren and hikes in rail ticket fares and postal fees. Prior to 1953, the concept of a 'Hartal', of General strike, was relatively unknown in Ceylon. Through their exile, the LSSP leaders had witnessed the immense impact of the hartals during the Quit India Movement, ensuring that this knowledge was brought with them. The Communist Party and VLSSP supported the Hartal and the SLFP and CIC expressed sympathy for the demand of the Hartal, but did not actively support the call for strike.

The mass upsurge that accompanied the action of the strikers caused Dudley Senanayake to resign from the premiership. The Hartal emoboldended the LSSP to start to consider that the party might be able to seize state power. During the Hartal, Vivienne insisted that a black flag, the sign of the Hartal, be hoisted upon the roof of the Colombo Town Hall. In 1956 the LSSP went into a no-contest pact with the Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (People's United Front) of SWRD Bandaranaike, which he had formed with Philip Gunawardena and the VLSSP.

This anger was furthered by the suspension of the meals given to schoolchildren and hikes in rail ticket fares and postal fees. Prior to 1953, the concept of a 'Hartal', of General strike, was relatively unknown in Ceylon. Through their exile, the LSSP leaders had witnessed the immense impact of the hartals during the Quit India Movement, ensuring that this knowledge was brought with them. The Communist Party and VLSSP supported the Hartal and the SLFP and CIC expressed sympathy for the demand of the Hartal, but did not actively support the call for strike.

On 5 August 1964, the Maha Gujarat Janata Parishad organized a state-wide hartal (general strike). Mehta took part in mobilising mill workers to join the strike. After the hartal, Mehta and other party leaders were arrested. Mehta was elected to the Central Committee of CPI(M) at the 7th Party Congress, held at Calcutta in October- November 1964.

V.Exler, Elizabeth. “Paul Hartal: A Manifesto on Lyrical Conceptualism.” Manhattan Arts. November–December 1992, p. 14. introducing Lycoism as a new art idea on the “periodic table of art.” In this work, Hartal proposes a theory of art which runs contrary to what he claims is the traditional belief, that emotion and intellect are at odds with each other.

The film revolves around three youngsters, Jeevan, Shiva, and Anwar, who travel around a city during a hartal (labour strike) in Trivandram.

One of the protestors named Chandran Unnithan belonging to Sabarimala Karma Samiti got injured when CPI(M) members started pelting stones and he died shortly of severe skull injuries. Many cases of violence and arson were reported from across the state during this hartal. Fed up of a series of hartals in connection with Sabarimala women entry issue, trader organisations in Kerala had already decided to observe 2019 as 'anti-hartal year' and to defy all hartals in future. Even though police had promised them adequate protection, shops which opened defying the hartal were widely attacked and some even put to fire.

The country came to standstill with transport and communication stopping due to acts of sabotage. The government implemented emergency regulations and deployed the army to suppress the Hartal and restore order. Badly shaken by the events of the Hartal, Senanayake gravely ill resigned as Prime Minister on 12 October 1953. Kotelawala succeeded Senanayake as Prime Minister; Minister of Defense and External Affairs; and leader of the UNP.

Repressive action by the colonial British Government and the princely states, which infringed on human rights and on peaceful movement protests to demand an end to British rule in India, often triggered such localized public protests, as in Benares and Bardoli. Hartals are still common in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and in parts of Sri Lanka where the term is often used to refer specifically to the 1953 Hartal of Ceylon. In Malaysia the word is used to refer to various general strikes in the 1940s, the 1950s, and the 1960s such as the All-Malaya Hartal of 1947 and the Penang Hartal of 1967.

The 1953 hartal is of course, the central event of its history to which Sri Lanka's Old Left looks back with heroic nostalgia. For many years Hartal Day was an occasion for rousing speeches by the Left. It was an application of the classic Marxist thesis of the general strike but those who called the hartal never intended to take it beyond that stage, whereas in the Marxist playbook a general strike ought to lead to the overthrow of the government in power. But still nursing gradualist illusions of ultimately seeking parliamentary power the LSSP leaders primarily did not envisage anything like such a scenario.

Hartal 2006, p. 4. It forms the heart of the Hauran plain. Al-Nuqra is a relatively recent appellation, meaning "the cavity" in Arabic.Honigman 1995, p. 114.

The armed forces were deployed to assist the police to bring the situation under control. Senanayake took ill, and Gunathilaka took command of the security forces from the Queen's House. The army began to suppress riots and hartal was eventually stopped. The hartal was scheduled for only one day, but in some cases the crowds were so worked up that they continued until the morning of the 13th.

The protesters used various methods including demonstrations, civil disobedience, Dharna, Gherao, hunger strikes, Satyagraha, Hartal, vandalism, arsons, stone pelting, hashtag activism, general strike and Bandh against the bill.

However, in introducing the notion of Lycoism, Hartal did not intend to form a new post- conceptualist splinter-trend; instead, his intention was the creation of a new philosophy of art in which the tearing down of the boundaries between art and science, the interlacement of the intuitive and the exact, and incorporation of the lyrical and the geometrical play a central role.Szombathy, Balint. "A lirai konceptualizmus muveszete: Paul Hartal elmeleti-gyakorlati torekvesei." Uj Forras.

The 1967 Penang Hartal riot () happened on November 24, 1967 in response to the devaluation of the Malayan dollar against the British pound sterling and the newly established Malaysian dollar.

Paul Hartal (born 1936) is a Canadian painter and poet, born in Szeged, Hungary. He has created the term "Lyrical Conceptualism" to characterize his style in both painting and poetry.

Married Ramavati Devi on June 15, 1941. Has two sons and two daughters. Actively participated in the Quit India Movement. As a student he participated several times in Hartal and Satyagraha.

As a writer, Hartal has authored books of poetry, nonfiction, as well as the illustrated novel,The Kidnapping of the Painter Miro, which has also been published in Mandarin Chinese translation ().

Though the UNP remained in power, the Hartal 1953 greatly effected the administration and Senanayake personally, he resigned as prime minister on health grounds in October, leaving politics and the public limelight.

In 1953, the LSSP took the lead in organising the Hartal. The immediate cause for the Hartal was a hike in the price of rice from 25 cent to 70 cent per measure by the UNP government. At the time, J.R. Jayawardena was the finance minister of the country. Maintaining the price of rice at 25 cent had been an electoral promise given by UNP in the 1952 elections, and when the new rates were introduced to the public, uproar ensued.

The Hartal 1953 () was a country-wide demonstration of civil disobedience and strike, commonly known as a hartal, held in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) on 12 August 1953. It was organized to protest of the policies and actions of the incumbent United National Party government. It was the first mass political action in Ceylon and the first major social crisis after independence. This event is of historical significance because it was the first people's struggle against an elected government in the country.

In 1953, the LSSP took the lead in organising the Hartal. The immediate cause for the Hartal was a hike in the price of rice from 25 cent to 70 cent per measure by the UNP government. At the time, J.R. Jayawardena was the finance minister of the country. Maintaining the price of rice at 25 cent had been an electoral promise given by UNP in the 1952 elections, and when the new rates were introduced to the public, uproar ensued.

During the protests against the Simon Commission, the WPP played a major role in organising manifestations in Calcutta and Bombay. In Bombay it also mobilised 'hartal' (general strike) in protest against the Simon Commission.

Universita degli studi di Salerno, March 1997, pp. 38-42.Hartal, Paul. “Homage to a Blue Planet: Aeronautical and Astronomical Artworks.” Leonardo: Journal of the International Society for the Arts, Sciences and Technology (Leonardo/ISAST).

The Indian National Congress and Bharatiya Janata Party launched separate protests demanding the state government to revoke section 144 imposed in Sabarimala. The fifth hartal was on 11 December 2018. Bharatiya Janata Party called this harthal on Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala. It was in response to police action against Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha march to secretariat on 10 December 2018. A 49-year-old man committed suicide in front of the protest site of BJP on 13 December 2018, following which BJP called for another statewide hartal.

The second hartal was on 18 October 2018. The Bharatiya Janata Party called for this hartal across the state to deter women between the age of 10 and 50 years from worshipping at Sabarimala. The Indian National Congress also launched a protest demanding the state government to file a review petition against the Supreme Court's verdict. Rahul Easwar, a member of the family of Sabarimala priests and leader of Ayyappa Dharma Sena, was arrested for inciting violence and rioting near the Sabarimala temple complex.

All political parties in the Opposition agitated against these measures brought on by the government, but only the Lanka Sama Samaja Party (LSSP), the Viplavakari Lanka Sama Samaja Party (CP-VLSSP) United Front and the Federal Party called for resistance. The Sri Lankan leftist parties led by the Lanka Sama Samaja Party (LSSP) called for the hartal, mobilizing the masses to resist the direct attack on their standard of living. The Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP) and Ceylon Indian Congress (CIC) supported protests against the elimination of the rice subsidy, but did not support a hartal. The Communist Party of Ceylon (CPC), who gained a seat in the 1952 elections, together with their allied party the Viplavakari Lanka Sama Samaja Party (VLSSP), also gave verbal supported to the idea of hartal, but there is disagreement about how much they participated.

Hartal () are a term in many Indian languages for a strike action and was used first during the Indian Independence Movement (also known as the nationalist movement). A hartal is a mass protest, often involving a total shutdown of workplaces, offices, shops, and courts of law, and a form of civil disobedience similar to a labour strike. In addition to being a general strike, it involves the voluntary closing of schools and places of business. It is a mode of appealing to the sympathies of a government to reverse an unpopular or unacceptable decision.

His 1953 proposal to cut the subsidies on which many poor people depended on for survival provoked fierce opposition and the 1953 Hartal campaign, and had to be called off. Following the resignation of Prime Minister Dudley Senanayake after the 1953 Hartal, the new Prime Minister Sir John Kotelawala appointed Jayewardene as Minister of Agriculture and Food and Leader of the House. However the party suffered a major defeat when Sir John Kotelawala called for early elections in 1956, Jayewardene himself lost his parliamentary seat in Kelaniya to R. G. Senanayake.

Although the ALL Malaya Hartal was successful, the colonial government did not concede and the coalition had financial shortage for the second Hartal. In April 1948, member organisations of the coalition held the last conference. Eu proposed to decentralise the AMCJA-PUTERA coalition that each member organisation of the coalition could conduct agitation against the Federation constitution and member organisations were not allowed to act in the name of the AMCJA-PUTERA unless permitted by the general conference. This conference actually dismantled AMCJA-PUTERA, and the MDU which ascribed the result to financial stringencies dissolved voluntarily.

Newfoundland was initially in reserve, and was used as a training ship as part of the stokers' training establishment , before starting a 20-month reconstruction at Plymouth in 1951. Recommissioned on 5 November 1952, she became flagship of the 4th Cruiser Squadron in the East Indies. The cabinet of Sri Lanka met on board her during the Hartal of 1953.Colvin R de Silva, Hartal From December 1953 Newfoundland underwent a three-month refit at Singapore before transferring to the Far East Station, shelling Malayan National Liberation Army targets near Penang in June 1954 when on passage to the Far East.

The federal government launched an operation coded "Operation X", which closed down the Labour Party. During the raid, the police discovered communist documents at the party headquarters, which suggested that the Communist Party of Malaya might have played a role in the hartal.

Bandaranaike contested the general election from the SLFP for the Attanagalla seat and was re-elected. With the SLFP gaining nine seats and the LSSP gaining nine. Bandaranaike was elected Leader of the Opposition. The leftist agitated Hartal 1953 affected Senanayake, who shortly stepped down.

The Biratnagar Jute Mill Strike (Majdur Hartal) of March 1947 was a labour strike in Biratnagar, Nepal, by workers and laborers of Biratnagar Jute Mill, Ltd. The strike was initially against the management regarding labor rights, but gradually turned into a nationwide anti-regime movement.

Batty Weerakoon, The Ceylon Federation of Labour & the Trade Union Movement in Sri Lanka (1932-1975), (abridged version) accessed on 4 November 2005. Leslie Goonewardena, Short History of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party accessed 4 November 2005. Colvin R. de Silva, Hartal! accessed 4 November 2005.

Khan took part in the Language Movement. He was a member of the Rastrabhasa Sangram Parishad. He took part in picketing on 11 January 1948 as a part of hartal and he was arrested for this. Khan also took part in the Language Movement on February 1952.

A hartal was observed in northern Sri Lanka on 20/21 May 2015 as a protest against the murder. Shops, businesses, private transport and even government offices were shut across the Northern Province. On 23 May 2015, Jaffna Magistrate’s Court banned protests within the city limits of Jaffna.

After returning to Sri Lanka, then he joined the public service. He worked in Kurunegala Kachcheri for a brief period and then joined as an agent for Brookbond Company, Colombo. There he joined the 1953 Hartal to seek professional rights. He was a hard leftist at the time.

On 9 April 2018, various Dalit and Adivasi organisations organised a dawn-to-dusk strike against the perceived dilution of the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 by the Indian supreme court. Geethanandan co-organized the hartal and was arrested by the State police.

Leader of the Opposition Ramesh Chennithala observed that another struggle for Independence is required to save the constitution from "fascist forces". On 17 December, A dawn-to-dusk hartal (shutdown) was observed in Kerala by Welfare Party of India, Bahujan Samaj Party,Social Democratic Party of India and other 30 organization against the Citizenship (Amendment) Act and the police violence against students at various universities across the country, in relation to anti-CAA protests. The Kerala police detained 233 people in connection with the hartal, including 55 people in Ernakulam, 51 in Thrissur and 35 in Idukki. In Palakkad 21 people have been detained, while 13 were detained in Kannur, 12 in Kottayam and 8 in Wayanad.

Dinkar Mehta took part in mobilizing mill workers to join the strike. After the hartal and strike, Mehta and party leaders were arrested. In their absence the Dange loyalists constituted themselves as the new Gujarat State Secretariat of the party. The Dange-led party headquarters immediately recognized the new State Secretariat.

In 1949, Ahad and three other students were expelled from the University. Ahad was present at the historical meeting that took place at the Amtala of Dhaka University on 21 February 1952. Later that day, he organized the agitated students. The next day he led a rally and called for a nationwide Hartal.

Vijitha was later charged by the police for making false allegations. Vijitha had been threatened by BBS leader Galagoda Aththe Gnanasaara in April 2014. He had gone into hiding following attempted assaults. Muslim businesses in Colombo, Eastern Province and Northern Province staged a hartal on 19 June 2014 as protest against the riots.

In 1919, the European population in Punjab feared the locals would overthrow British rule. A nationwide hartal (strike action), which was called on 30 March (later changed to 6 April) by Mahatma Gandhi, had turned violent in some areas. Authorities were also becoming concerned by displays of Hindu-Muslim unity.Chadha, Yogesh (1997).

Roman amphitheater of Bosra By 63 BCE the Roman Empire extended its influence to all of Syria and initially charged local princes with keeping order in Auranitis (Jabal Hauran), Batanea (Nuqrah) and Trachonitis (Lajat).Hartal 2006, p. 271. However, the districts remained largely in the hands of nomadic tribes.Hartal 2006, p. 273.

The Tripura organization of the Indian National Congress had been invited to take part in the founding of the committee, but they stayed aloof.Mohanta, Bijan. Tripura – In the light of socio-political movements since 1945. Kolkata: Progressive Publishers, 2004. p. 101, 103 On 11 October 1955, the committee organized a hartal (general strike) in Agartala.

The film is about a hartal, a labour strike. Sreejith Vijay and Meghana Raj were announced to portray the lead roles. Meghana Raj signed for the film along with several other films including Maad Dad, Red Wine, Up & Down: Mukalil Oralundu, and a Kannada film. Basil shot for the film after his cameo in Karmayodha (2012).

However, the protest turned violent with 27 died and 137 people injured. Conflicts emerged as some shops refused to participate in the hartal and were forced to shut down by protesters. Several cafes serving breakfast were attacked by protesters. The federal government declared a 24-hour curfew beginning 8PM on the same day to overcome the riot.

Subrahmanya Iyer was appointed Diwan of Travancore in 1929 succeeding E. W. Watts. He served as Diwan till 1932 when he was succeeded by Thomas Austin I.C. S. In 1930, Venkatarama Iyer was appointed Commissioner of Travancore Devaswom. In 1931, Subrahmanya Iyer had to deal with a students hartal in Travancore which followed the death of Motilal Nehru.

Assam police resort to lathicharge on the satyagrahis at the Tarapur railway station (now, Silchar railway station). On 19 May, the dawn to dusk hartal started. Picketing started in the sub-divisional towns of Silchar, Karimganj and Hailakandi from early in the morning. In Karimganj, the agitators picketed in front of government offices, courts and railway station.

When LSSP members who were imprisoned by the British were released in 1945, Wilfred Senanayake took the initiative to organise rallies throughout the country. He led the Hartal in the Kelani Valley in 1953. He was elected to Parliament from Homagama in 1970. The late Wilfred Senanayake was a representative of the poor and ordinary people.

The third hartal was on 2 November 2018. Sivadasan, a lottery seller went to Sabarimala pilgrimage and his dead body was found near Laha. BJP called for a hartal in Pathanamthitta district blaming police action at Pamba as the reason behind his death even though police confirmed that he died in a road traffic accident. Anticipating protests, IPC Section 144 was declared at Sannidhanam, Pamba, Nilakkal and Elavunkal when the temple reopened for the 41 day long Mandalam-Makaravilakku pilgrim season in 16 November 2018. Around 70 people were arrested for defying prohibitory orders and protesting near the main temple, also K. Surendran, state secretary of the Bharatiya Janata Party and K.P.Sasikala, leader of Hindu Aikya Vedi were taken into preventive detention while on their journey to the temple on 17 November 2018.

In retrospect it has become the traditional wisdom to say that it was not the Old Left but the SLFP which benefited from the hartal in the form of the popular upsurge of 1956 which felled the UNP and brought S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike to power as prime minister. While those who later broke away from the LSSP have all complained in varying degrees of the LSSP's failure to mobilize after the hartal for a bigger onslaught against the state, the party's official historian Leslie Goonewardene offers this explanation: "Most important of all, it was the considered view of the LSSP (as well as we believe of the VLSSP-CP United Front) that the mass movement had reached only a stage of protest against the actions of the Government in imposing the burdens it did on the masses, and not at a stage where it was aiming at the overthrow of the Government". Dr. Colvin R. de Silva had identified 1953 Hartal as a class struggle. The long-term effect was for politicians in Ceylon, and then Sri Lanka, to recognize that the laboring classes had power, and that in turn increased the coercive effect and hence political power of trade unions.

Today, MJB includes 4 research groups, divided into 8 research teams: Families Group (Children and Youth team, Aging team, Disabilities team); Systems group (Health Policy team, Employment team, Arab Population team); Quality Assurance Group; and Pathfinder Research Innovation and Development Group. In 2017, Prof. Michael Hartal was named Executive Director, replacing Prof. Jack Habib, who had been with MJB since its founding.

The only political party to give unconditional support to the revolt was the BLPI. As soon as it got news of the revolt it came out with a call for a Hartal in support of the mutineers. BLPI members Prabhakar More and Lakshman Jadhav led the textile workers out on strike. Barricades were set up and held for three days.

In Silchar, the agitators picketed in the railway station. The last train from Silchar was around 4 PM, after which the hartal would be effectively dissolved. Not a single ticket was sold for the first train at 5-40 AM. The morning passed off peacefully without any untoward incident. However, in the afternoon, the Assam Rifles arrived at the railway station.

Due to the continuous Hartal, Brookbond manager transferred Anthony to Negombo branch of the company. He also worked as the production manager of Vijaya Studios in Hendala. After many years in civil service, Perera met one of his friends, H. M. L. Tissera, who owns Ratnavali Cinema, Ja-Ela. Tissera introduced Perera to K. Gunaratnam, who owns Cinemas Film Corporation.

The Ceylon Mercantile Union supported the demands of the strike, but in not take part in it. Rather it encouraged their members to go to work wearing black armbands as a means to protest. The Hartal took the country to a complete standstill. Afraid of a revolution in the making, the government cabinet sought refuge on , a Royal Navy warship offshore.

On 17 April 2012, Ali disappeared after last being seen in Dhaka at midnight with his driver. His private car was found by police near his Dhaka home, but the two men remain missing since. No groups took credit for his disappearance, nor was a ransom asked for. BNP announced plans for a hartal (general strike) in Sylhet in protest.

The Ceylon Mercantile Union supported the demands of the strike, but in not take part in it. Rather it encouraged their members to go to work wearing black armbands as a means to protest. The Hartal took the country to a complete standstill. Afraid of a revolution in the making, the government cabinet sought refuge on , a Royal Navy warship offshore.

Dean Kuriakose is an Indian politician from Kerala and a member of the Indian National Congress. Dean Kuriakose was the president of the Youth congress kerala wing of Indian Youth Congress. As of 2019, he has 204 criminal cases registered against him due to hartal organized by Indian National Congress. He is elected as member of parliament from idukki constituency with record lead of 1.77 lakhs votes..

A complete hartal was observed in Dinanagar along with Gurdaspur, Pathankot and Batala. S In 1920, the non-cooperation movement was started by Mahatma Gandhi due to alliance with Khilafat leader Jallianwala Bagh massacre and Rowllat Act. The people all over the country responded to the call of Gandhi. The Government made every effort to stop the movement and a large number of persons courted imprisonment.

He contested and was elected to the Moratuwa Urbarn Council from the United Socialist Front and played an active role in the 1953 Ceylonese Hartal. A long standing member of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party, he served as its general secretary. He contested the 1970 general election from the LSSP and was elected from the Moratuwa electorate. He unsuccessfully contested the 1977 general election from Moratuwa.

Senanayke died in 1952 after falling from a horse and was succeeded by his son Dudley Senanayake, the then minister of Agriculture. In 1953 he resigned following a massive Hartal ("general strike") by the Left parties against the UNP. He was followed by John Kotelawala, a senior politician and an uncle of Dudley Senanayke. Kotelawala did not have the enormous personal prestige or the adroit political acumen of D. S. Senanayake.

In November 1967, the West Bengal United Front government was dismissed by the central government. Initially the Indian National Congress formed a minority government led by Prafulla Chandra Ghosh, but that cabinet did not last long. Following the proclamation that the United Front government had been dislodged, a 48-hour hartal was effective throughout the state. After the fall of the Ghosh cabinet, the state was put under President's Rule.

In 1810 the government attempted to extend a house tax that was in effect in Calcutta to other areas in Eastern India: Varinasi, Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha. Inflation, crop failures, and widespread poverty made the tax especially difficult to bear. Various non-governmental civil society groups in Varanasi met to decide on a course of opposition to the tax, and eventually decided on a hartal which included a general strike.

The procession ended on 2 May in Silchar. Later on a similar padayatra was organized in Hailakandi. After the padayatra, Rathindranath Sen, the Parishad chief declared that if Bengali was not accorded the status of official language by 13 April 1961, a complete hartal would be observed on 19 May from dawn to dusk. The Parishad also called for due recognition of the languages of other linguistic minorities.

Hartal 2006, p. 279. During the late 2nd century, imperial order gradually weakened and political instability ensued. In 244 a native of the Hauran, Philip the Arab, became emperor and turned his hometown of Shahba (Philippopolis) into an imperial city. Though Shahba and Auranitis prospered, the general state of the empire was marked by decline. Philip was killed in 249 and Auranitis was largely abandoned in the late 3rd century.

The hartal would eventually the apparent invincibility of the UNP government which would go on to lose the 1956 elections to the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP) under S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, who contested under the "Sinhala only" slogan. Dudley Senanayake return to politics and went on to serve as Prime Minister on two other occasions, for four months in 1960, and a full term from 1965–70.

In November 1967, the West Bengal United Front government was dismissed by the central government. Initially the Indian National Congress formed a minority government led by Prafulla Chandra Ghosh, but that cabinet did not last long. Following the proclamation that the United Front government had been dislodged, a 48-hour hartal was effective throughout the state. After the fall of the Ghosh cabinet, the state was put under President's Rule.

In August 1946 he took over as Superintendent of Police, Kandy; May 1947 of Sabaragamuwa; November 1948 of Western Province (North) and in January 1950 Superintendent of Police, Colombo. In 1950 he underwent a course in Traffic Control in India. In 1953, he was appointed Acting Deputy Inspector-General of Police of Range I and later confirmed. He was in this position during the Hartal 1953 and during riots of 1958.

In the parliament they were in the opposition. On May Day 1963 the three main left parties (LSSP, CP and MEP) held a massive joint rally. That was followed by the launching of United Front on 12 August, the tenth anniversary of the 1953 Hartal. The front launched agitations on issues like bring down the prices of essential commodities, leading it to represent an immediate threat to the governance of SLFP.

The Awami League called for a nationwide hartal on 23 and 24 August 2004 following the incident. Khaleda Zia, then Prime Minister of Bangladesh condemned the attacks, and also vowed a thorough probe to catch the culprits. An intercity train was burned down by Awami League activists on strike in Bhairab. Awami Leagues activists also organized protests in Chittagong and furled black flags at the sight of the attack.

Security measures were increased to prevent the situation from escalating. The death toll rose to forty-four (including six policemen). Former prime minister and BNP member Khaleda Zia declared a nationwide dawn-to-dusk hartal for 5 March, and called for countrywide rallies on 2 March to protest what she called government corruption, misrule, oppression, and "mass killings". Violent conflict continued on 2 March, with another four deaths and hundreds of injuries.

Patil said that, "Maharashtra will not get Bombay for the next 5,000 years." On 21 November 1955, violent outbursts erupted, and there was a total hartal in Bombay. Thousands of angry protesters converged at Hutatma Chowk with a view to march peacefully towards the Council Hall, where the State Legislature was in session. The police used tear gas to disperse the crowd, but when it failed, they finally resorted to firing, killing 15 people.

The BNP was concerned about India's construction of the Tipaimukh Dam on the Barak River, which enters northeastern Bangladesh at Amalshid in Zakigonj. They believe it will have adverse effects in the region and contribute to desertification. The dam was planned decades ago, but resistance has developed against the project. In late 2011, Ali organized a day-long hartal (strike) and protests in the Sylhet district on December 1 to protest the Indian project.

Settlement within the Hauran continued and in some cases "thrived" in the early Islamic period, with "no perceptible change in activity or cultural patterns under the Umayyad caliphs", according to historian Moshe Hartal. According to the 10th-century Muslim geographer Istakhri, the Hauran and Bathaniyya were "...two great districts of the Damascus Province. Their fields are rain-watered. The frontiers of these two districts extend down to... ...the Balqa district and Amman".

However, Muslim League suspected that Congress's acceptance was insincere. Consequently, in July 1946, it withdrew its agreement to the plan and announced a general strike (hartal) on 16 August, terming it Direct Action Day, to assert its demand for a separate Muslim homeland. Against a backdrop of communal tension, the protest triggered massive riots in Calcutta. More than 4,000 people lost their lives and 100,000 residents were left homeless in Calcutta within 72 hours.

Ahad first met with Khawaja Nazimuddin to discuss his language proposal on 8 January 1948. Later that year, he became a member of the committee that organised a Hartal on 12 March, demanding Bangla be made the official state language. Prior to that, he was also nominated as a member of the Muslim Chhatra League. While picketing in front of the Secretariat, he was attacked and arrested along with Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Khaleque Nawaz Khan, and Shamsul Haque.

That was followed by the launching of United Front on 12 August, the tenth anniversary of the 1953 Hartal. The front launched agitations on issues like bring down the prices of essential commodities, leading it to represent an immediate threat to the governance of SLFP. The SLFP began to offer the left parties ministerial posts and worked intensively to break the unity of ULF. In 1964, Vivienne was elected as MP for the Borella Electoral District.

In 1950, Ceylon became one of the original members of the Colombo Plan, and remains a member as Sri Lanka. Don Senanayake died in 1952 after a stroke and he was succeeded by his son Dudley. However, in 1953 – following a massive general strike or 'Hartal' by the leftist parties against the UNP – Dudley Senanayake resigned. He was followed by General Sir John L. Kotelawala, a senior politician and military commander and an uncle of Dudley.

The hartal was primarily a protest of the labouring class, and as such there were no exclusions based upon caste, ethnicity or religion, even the Roman Catholics participated, notably in the Negombo, Wennappuwa and Ragama areas. Acts of sabotage occurred throughout the country. For instance on the railways the rails and fish plates were removed. In Waskaduwa the rails with the sleepers were torn up for over a mile, and the telegraph posts toppled over along the whole stretch.

The mass upsurge that accompanied the action of the strikers caused Dudley Senanayake to resign from the premiership. The Hartal emoboldended the LSSP to start to consider that the party might be able to seize state power. In 1956 the LSSP went into a no-contest pact with the Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (People's United Front) of SWRD Bandaranaike, which he had formed with Philip Gunawardena and the VLSSP. The MEP won a landslide in the polls held that year.

Protests continued under the leadership of newly formed political party Telangana Praja Samithi asking for the formation of Telangana and people continued to get killed in police firing.Firing again in Telangana(IE April 15- page 1). News.google.com (15 April 1969).Total hartal(strike) in Telangana ; 3 killed ;(IE April 16). News.google.com (16 April 1969). ;Justice Bharagava committee Justice Bhargava committee which looked into Telangana surpluses, found that 283 million rupees was diverted from Telangana to Andhra region between 1956 and 1968.

Completing graduation, before taking the charge of the family business, A Sangram an honest and active protester against injustice goes to Gazipur at his friend's wedding party. At that party, he is introduced to a naughty girl Sunayana. He is in love with Sunayana but he doesn't propose to her for scaring of her father. One day when Sunayana's father became ill, Sangram has to go to bring some medicine while hartal is running that was called by a terrorist Lal.

Criminal Justice India Series. Ahmedabad: Allied Publishers in collaboration with National University of Juridical Sciences, 2002. p. 26 On 9 August 1954 Pondicherry observed a hartal after a call from the Communist Party and the Youth Congress.Madhava Menon, N. R., and D. Banerjea. Criminal Justice India Series. Ahmedabad: Allied Publishers in collaboration with National University of Juridical Sciences, 2002. p. 30 V. Subbiah met with Jawaharlal Nehru on 13 August 1954 to discuss the prospects of the resistance struggle.Chopra, Pran Nath.

Mahatma Gandhi bathed in the sea at Mumbai and made a speech before a procession to a temple took place. This event was part of the Non-cooperation movement. However, the success of the hartal in Delhi, on 30 March, was overshadowed by tensions running high, which resulted in rioting in the Punjab and other provinces. Deciding that Indians were not ready to make a stand consistent with the principle of nonviolence, an integral part of satyagraha, Gandhi suspended the resistance.

The Karatal (, Karatal; Khalkha Mongolian: Хартал Hartal, "Black Steppe"), also known as the Qaratal River (, Qaratal), is a river in Kazakhstan that originates in the Dzungarian Alatau Mountains near the border of with China and flows into Lake Balkhash. It is the easternmost of two large rivers that flow into the lake; the other is the Ili. The Karatal is one of the main rivers of the historic region of Zhetysu. The river is long and has a basin area of .

Leaders of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party and the Communist Party of Ceylon made speeches condemning government policy. A segment of supporters and workers, who attended the meeting, marched towards the Parliament screaming and gesticulating, in an attempt to storm the House. The Police baton charged and tear gassed the unruly crowds. Small groups left a trail of hooliganism: damaged public property, stoned buses, an indication of the nastiest to come, as the leaders called a hartal on August 12.

Jennings, Ivor (1954) "Politics in Ceylon Since 1952" Pacific Affairs 27(4): pp. 338–352, page 341 Some commentators suggest that the hartal only occurred in one-third of the country. The most civil disobedience acts on 12 August took place in certain localities along the western and south-western seaboard, e.g., Maharagama, Boralesgamuwa, Gangodawila, Kirillapone, Egoda Uyana, Katukurunda, Koralawella, Waskaduwa, Karandeniya, Dompe, Akurala, Totagamuwa, Hikkaduwa, and Ragama, where there were widespread riots and extensive damage to communications and transportation facilities.

He was denied bail on the grounds that he could return to Sabarimala to incite further trouble. Malayalam actor Kollam Thulasi said that women who enter Sabarimala temple should be ripped in half. An FIR was registered against him for his deliberate act intended to outrage dignity of women and inciting violence. Over 3000 people were arrested and around 500 cases were registered at various police stations across Kerala in relation with the protests including hartal-related violence, since the Supreme court verdict came.

On 18 February 1946, the ratings of Talwar, declared a hartal ("strike"), and refused duty. The next day the "mutiny" spread to the RIN Depot at Castle Barracks, and to ships in Bombay harbour. Demonstrations became violent and several arrests were made. Flag Officer, Bombay, received delegates from the mutineers and was presented with a list of demands, including improvements in pay rates and conditions, faster demobilisation according to age and service, and disciplinary action against the commanding officer of Talwar for alleged poor treatment of ratings.

Prime Minister Dudley Senanayake was badly affected by the crisis, having taken gravely ill at the height of the Hartal. He resigned as Prime Minister on the 12 October 1953 on health grounds, leaving politics and the public limelight. The United National Party remained in control of the government, while Colonel Sir John Kotelawala took over as Prime Minister. The rice subsidy was partially restored, and various foreign policy initiatives were undertaken to brighten Ceylon's image abroad, including entry into the United Nations in 1955.

Gandhi on the Salt March On 5 February, newspapers reported that Gandhi would begin civil disobedience by defying the salt laws. The salt satyagraha would begin on 12 March and end in Dandi with Gandhi breaking the Salt Act on 6 April. Gandhi chose 6 April to launch the mass breaking of the salt laws for a symbolic reason—it was the first day of "National Week", begun in 1919 when Gandhi conceived of the national hartal (strike) against the Rowlatt Act.Dalton, p. 113.

He joined the Communist Party of Sri Lanka and rose to the post of District Secretary of the party and was a member of the Central Committee of the party. He was arrested by the police on charges of violating the curfew law during the 1953 Hartal, which had taken place in the country in the wake of the 1953 rice price hike. He was a founding member of the Matara Co-operative Hospitals Society. He participated in the International Co-operative Conference in Poland representing Ceylon.

On 14 August, Kiron Shankar Roy, a leader of the Congress Party in the Bengal Legislative Assembly, called on Hindu shopkeepers to not observe the public holiday, and keep their businesses open in defiance of the hartal. In essence, there was an element of pride involved in that the monopolistic position that the Congress had hitherto enjoyed in imposing and enforcing hartals, strikes, etc. was being challenged. However, the League went ahead with the declaration, and Muslim newspapers published the programme for the day.

His government partially retained the rice subsidy which led to the 1953 Hartal. An ardent anti-communist, he took a hardline stand against triad unions and left-wing parties. He formed the Ceylon Railway Engineer Corps and Post and Telegraph Signals to minimized the effects to transport and communication in the event of trade union action. He hosted in Ceylon Queen Elizabeth and the Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh during their Royal Commonwealth Tour in April 1954, using the occasion to request the appointment of a Ceylonese Governor-General when Lord Soulbury's tenor ended.

Above all, Pulluvazhy is renowned for its unity against Hartal, a common strike practice in India by restraining public to work, to travel, to shop etc. Pulluvazhy gave mere importance to this strike and never supported any kind of such strike. The entire village is very much alive in a Harthal Day, and is a solace to most of the travelers as the village is besides Airport-Kottayam MC Road. The only two occasions when the village had downed shutters were when Communist leaders P. Govinda Pillai ,P K V and P.R. Sivan died.

He quoted a letter from one of his disciples, Dr. Rajan: > Just two days ago, Mr. Singaravelu Chettiar, president Madras District > Congress Council, held a public meeting on the Madras beach. The first > resolution congratulated the citizens of Madras on their successful hartal > and the second resolution condemned the excesses committed that day. > I wired to Mr. Singaravelu not to have this ugly meeting but evidently no > notice seems to have been taken of itThe Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi > Volume. 26: 24 January 1922 – 12 November 1923 p. 132.

Online edition of Sunday Observer - 10 Aug 2003 A hartal is often used for political reasons, for example by an opposition political party protesting against a governmental policy or action. The term comes from Gujarati (હડતાળ haḍtāḷ or હડતાલ haḍtāl), signifying the closing down of shops and warehouses with the goal of satisfying a demand. Mahatma Gandhi, who hailed from Gujarat, used the term to refer to his anti- British general strikes, effectively institutionalizing the term. The contemporary origins of this form of public protest date back to the British colonial rule in India.

The police said that BNP supporters had barricaded roads of the district and they were being called in."BNP calls hartal in Sylhet for Thursday" , Bangla News24, 18 April 2012 BNP members have also clashed with police in protests in Dhaka since his disappearance, where more than 30 people have been injured. By April 22, conflicts had taken place especially in Sylhet and Dhaka; demonstrations and protests had also occurred elsewhere. BNP supporters led day-long hartals (strikes) for three consecutive days on April 23, 24 and 25 in the week following Ali's disappearance.

Promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel in 1957, Ramayanayake was appointed its first commanding officer. Since he lead the formation of the Ceylon Engineers, Ramayanayake is referred to as the "Father of the Sri Lanka Engineers". The squadron moved to the Panagoda Cantonment and assisted in its construction and was deployed during the 1953 Hartal. He served as commanding officer of the 1st Field Engineer Regiment from October 1958 to November 1965, during which time the regiment undertook the earth works at Sugathadasa Stadium, built bridges across Galoya, in Hiniduma and Amparai.

Hartal 2006, p. 288. This led to a rebellion in the Hauran and a siege on Bosra led by al-Mundhir's son al-Nu'man VI, which only ended when the latter was allowed by the Byzantines to reestablish the Ghassanid phylarchy. This only lasted until al-Nu'man was exiled in 584, after which the empire dissolved the phylarchy into numerous, smaller Ghassanid and other Arab Christian units. Some of these units continued to fight alongside the Byzantines, but their overall power had diminished, leaving the area more vulnerable to invasion.

Lycoism refuses to polarize science and art; instead, it seeks to unify aesthetics and ethics in works which involve the use of science and technology by the artist in the creation of beauty. In accordance with these premises, Hartal formed The Centre for Art, Science and Technology in Montreal during the 1980s. The Centre has implemented a variety of interdisciplinary projects exploring the connections between several branches of arts and sciences, including painting, poetry, music, architecture, communication, artificial intelligence, mathematics, cosmology, and space exploration.Costa, Barbara. “Dell’ ‘aeropittura’ futurista alla ‘Space Art’.“ Epiphaneia/2.

On the eve of the Hartal 1953, on 11 August 1953, the South- Western Bus Company workers came to a strike decision and its owner, Mr Cyril de Zoysa, stated to union representatives that he left his employees free to act as they thought best. It thereby became certain that the biggest bus operator in Sri Lanka would not function on 12 August. The news about the SW Bus Co had been sent to other bus lines by LSSP leaflets the same evening. However, certain bus owners announced of that they would run their buses, whatever the situation.

Mehta's group managed to win the allegiance of Vajubhai Shukla, a founder of the party in Gujarat, who agreed to join the preparatory committee for the left CPI Calcutta Party Congress. Dinkar Mehta attended the Tenali convention, and afterwards organized a special convention in Ahmedabad to present a report from Tenali. For the Dange group this was an act of open defiance of party discipline, and they instructed their loyalists in Gujarat to organize a new State Council. The opportunity arrived in August 1964, as on August 5, 1964 the Mahagujarat Janata Parishad of Indulal Yagnik organized a state-wide hartal (general strike).

It was a statewide hartal. On 21 November, Thiruvananthapuram City Police Commissioner, P Prakash threatened NRIs who are using social media to express their displeasure of the state interfering in temple practices by "provocative voice notes videos and photos, and social media posts" of "getting their passports cancelled, and forcing to return to India." Kerala Police was severely criticised by High Court for the various restrictions it had implemented in Sabarimala which caused difficulty for the pilgrims but agreed with the decision to impose Section 144. Following criticism from High Court, all restrictions except Section 144 were removed gradually.

It was the sixth hartal invoked by BJP on Sabarimala issue since the beginning of mandalam makaravilakku pilgrim season at Sabarimala and sixth one in the series. BJP alleged that the man who is an Ayyappa devotee, immolated himself, protesting against the restrictions imposed by Kerala government at Sabarimala, but police denied the allegations saying that he committed suicide due to personal reasons and his dying declaration didn't mention anything about Sabarimala. On 26 December, thousands of Ayyapa devotees mainly women, took part in Ayyappa Jyothi, an event organised by Hindutva outfits in protest against supreme court verdict.

Limited opposition to ketuanan Melayu and UMNO during this period came from a coalition between the All-Malaya Council of Joint Action (AMCJA) and the Pusat Tenaga Rakyat (PUTERA). Although one of PUTERA's constituent organisations had insisted on ketuanan Melayu as a "National Birthright" of the Malays, PUTERA joined the AMCJA in championing equal political rights for non-Malays. After the British refused to heed the PUTERA-AMCJA coalition, it pulled out of talks with the British, later launching a major hartal (general strike) to protest perceived defects in the new polity. After the Federation was formed over their objections, the coalition disbanded.

Ancient temple, al-Sanamayn, photographed by Hermann Burchardt in 1895 The earliest surveys of the Hauran's archaeological sites were taken in the 19th century by the French archaeologist Melchior de Vogüé between 1865 and 1877, S. Merrill in 1881 and Gottlieb Schumacher in 1886 and 1888.Hartal 2006, p. 7. The most thorough and abundant documentation was recorded in surveys carried out by Butler and his team from Princeton University in 1903 and 1909 and then published periodically between 1909 and 1929. In 1913, Butler also surveyed Umm al-Jimal, which contained numerous ruins, some as high as three storeys high.

The Ceylon Federation of Labour was registered as a federation of unions by the Workers & Peasants Union, which was led by the Radical Party under the influence of the ideas of M.N. Roy of India. When the Lanka Sama Samaja Party re-commenced its trade union activity in the post-war period, it did so in co-operation with the Workers & Peasants Union and gradually took over leadership of the CFL by 1946. The CFL was involved in the general strike of 1946 and its successor of 1947. It was the prime mover in the hartal of 1953.

Since the 1950s the Ceylon Army had assisted the police to guard the Temple Trees and protect the Prime Minister during national crises, such as Hartal 1953 and 1971 JVP Insurrection. Even in peace time the armoured corps has maintained an armored detachment at Temple Trees. With the creation of the Executive Presidency in 1978 the Prime Minister ceased to be the head of government. This reduced the power of the post, however with the escalation of political associations as a result of the Sri Lankan civil war and the JVP Uprising (1988-1989) the security of the Prime Minister increased.

The LSSP emerged as a major political force in the Sri Lankan independence movement during the 1940s, during which time the party was forced to go underground due to its opposition to the British war effort. The party played an instrumental role in the Indian independence and later Quit India Movement through the Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma (BLPI). Through its efforts, India gained Independence from Britain in 1947, followed by Sri Lanka in 1948. In the late early 1950s, the LSSP took the lead in organising the Hartal strike, caused by vast food price inflation by the UNP government.

Following his demobilisation, Irving was appointed officiating deputy commissioner for Amritsar city and the surrounding district. In March 1919, the enactment of the Rowlatt Act, which imposed stricter press censorship, arbitrary and warrantless searches and detention without trial, triggered massive protests across India. In response to the Act's passage, Mahatma Gandhi called for a general strike (hartal) to begin on 30 March as part of a peaceful satyagraha. On 30 March, the Amritsar satyagraha movement was launched by a Dr. Satyapal, a local general practitioner, and his friend Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew, a barrister who had studied at Cambridge University and was close to Gandhi, having known him since 1909.

Madan Mohan Malaviya and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, a member of the All-India Muslim League resigned from the Imperial legislative council in protest against the act. The act also angered many other Indian leaders and the public, which caused the government to implement repressive measures. Gandhi and others thought that constitutional opposition to the measure was fruitless, so on 6 April, a hartal took place. This was an event in which Indians suspended businesses and went on strikes and would fast, pray and hold public meetings against the 'Black Act' as a sign of their opposition and civil disobedience would be offered against the law.

At that time he was the convener of the Rashtrabhasha Sangram Parishad of Dhaka Medical College. Golam Mawla played a special role in the decision to observe Rashtrabhasha Day through hartal on 21 February and Flag Day on 21 and 23 February at the meeting of the All-Party Rashtrabhasha Sangram Parishad held at the office of Mughaltulistha East Bengal on 150 February 1952. From February 20, 1952, the government issued section 144 for one month and banned rallies and processions. Immediately after this announcement, the medical students, led by Golam Mawla, came together and immediately decided to break section 144 and continue the movement.

In 1946, the Cabinet Mission to India was planning the transfer of power from the British Raj to the Indian leadership. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the one time Congressman and Indian Nationalist, and now the leader of the Muslim League, had accepted the Cabinet Mission Plan of 16 June whereas the Congress rejected it outright. Fearing Hindu Domination in the Constituent Assembly, Jinnah denounced the British Cabinet Mission and decided to boycott the Constituent Assembly to try to put pressure on Congress and the British, by resorting to "Direct Action". The Muslim League responded by planning and carrying out a hartal ("general strike") on 16 August 1946 (called Direct Action Day).

Hurriyat (G) Launches 'Quit Kashmir' Stir With Hartal Rioters shouting pro-independence slogans, defied curfew, attacked riot police with stones and burnt vehicles and buildings. The protests started out as anti India protests but later were also targeted against the United States following the 2010 Qur'an-burning controversy. The riot police consisting of Jammu and Kashmir Police and Indian Para-military forces fired teargas shells rubber bullets and also live ammunition on the protesters, resulting in 112 deaths, including many teenagers and an 11-year-old boy. The protests subsided after the Indian government announced a package of measures aimed at defusing the tensions in September 2010.

The Hindus spoke neither English nor Malay languages and remained confined to interacting within their own community. After Malaysia gained independence in 1957, local governments favored autochthonous Bumiputera and refused automatic citizenship to Indians and Chinese ethnic groups who had been living in Malaysia for decades during British colonial era.Malaysian Indian Community: Victim of ‘Bumiputera’ Policy ORF Issue Report (2008) They were declared illegal aliens and they could not apply for government jobs or own land. Sectarian riots followed, targeting Indians and Chinese, such as the 1957 Chingay riot in Penang, 1964 Malaysian racial riots, the 1967 Hartal riots, and 13 May 1969 riots.

Led by the Lanka Sama Samaja Party (LSSP) and other leftist parties who called on the public to resist the government and demonstrate civil disobedience and strikes, the hartal was primarily a protest of the labouring class, and as such there were no exclusions based upon caste, ethnicity or religion. The protests saw much sabotage and destruction to public infrastructure, as a means of frightening and halting the government. This occurred mainly in the Western, Southern and Sabaragamuwa Provinces as well as other minor protests around the rest of the island. The demonstrations lasted only a day with at least 10 people killed, resulting in the resignation of the Prime Minister.

After mediation between Kotelawala and Senanayake by senior UNP members including Sir Oliver Goonetilleke, Kotelawala agreed to serve in Dudley Senanayake's cabinet retaining his existing portfolio. Soon after Senanayake called for fresh elections and in the 1952 general elections Kotelawala was re-elected and retained his ministry and the post of leader of the house as the UNP won a majority to form a government. The following year, the Senanayake government faced a major civil unrest with left-wing parties launching the 1953 Hartal in August. On 12 August 1953 civil disobedience, strikes and demonstrations started through out the island by trade unions against the proposed elimination of the subsidy on rice by the government.

In the meantime, he was organising a group of Communists among the students that opposed both British imperialism and the Trotskyists of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party. After graduating from the University of Ceylon in 1943, Shanmugathasan joined the trade union movement, and became a full-time activist of the Ceylon Communist Party. He became the head of the Ceylon Trade Union Federation and led several strikes, including the general strike of 1947, the Hartal (general strike) of 1953, and a transport strike in 1955.On the Demise of Comrade Nagalingam Sanmugathasan – Comrade Shan: An Unrepentant Communist by the Central Organizing Committee, Ceylon Communist Party (Maoist), 1993 Shanmugathasan married with Parameswari, the widow wife of veteran Communist leader Hon.

The Star of India, an influential local Muslim newspaper, edited by Raghib Ahsan Muslim League MLA from Calcutta published detailed programme for the day. The programme called for complete hartal and general strike in all spheres of civic, commercial and industrial life except essential services. The notice proclaimed that processions would start from multiple parts of Calcutta, Howrah, Hooghly, Metiabruz and 24 Parganas, and would converge at the foot of the Ochterlony Monument (now known as Shaheed Minar) where a joint mass rally presided over by Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy would be held. The Muslim League branches were advised to depute three workers in every mosque in every ward to explain the League's action plan before Juma prayers.

Walker made this proposal with the hope that the risk of conflicts, especially those related to picketing, would be minimized if government offices, commercial houses and shops remained closed throughout Calcutta on 16 August. The Bengal Congress protested against the declaration of a public holiday, arguing that a holiday would enable 'the idle folks' to successfully enforce hartals in areas where the Muslim League leadership was uncertain. Congress accused the League government of "having indulged in 'communal politics' for a narrow goal". Congress leaders thought that if a public holiday was observed, its own supporters would have no choice but to close down their offices and shops, and thus be compelled against their will to lend a hand in the Muslim League's hartal.

The tancament de caixes ("closing of the cashboxes") of July–November 1899 in Barcelona was a tax strike of merchants and industrialists against tax hikes put in place by the Francisco Silvela cabinet and his minister of the Treasury, Raimundo Fernández Villaverde in order to pay for the expenses of the Spanish-American War. The protest consisted of shutting down business and industrial establishments as a form of hartal which allowed them to stop paying tax without it being illegal. The protest was led by the very mayor of the city, Dr. Bartomeu Robert. The shutting of the cashboxes was caused by the colonial crisis of 1898, which led the Spanish government to impose some restrictive budgets along with an increase in taxation to compensate for the deficit.

In 1953, the UNP attempted to reduce the rice ration resulting in the 1953 Hartal, which caused Dudley Senanayake to resign. He was succeeded by his cousin, Colonel Sir John Kotelawala who launched several major power generation and infrastructure projects such as the Lakshapana hydropower project, Bambalapitiya housing project which provided houses to the homeless, modernizing of the Ratmalana airport, construction of the Kelaniya Bridge and others, including the development of Buddhist religious sites. There was growing disaffection with the UNP particularly because of its support of minority religious groups, most notably Catholics, to the consternation of the predominantly Buddhist Sinhalese. Bandaranaike was able to take advantage and lead the SLFP to victory in the 1956 elections, resulting in a humiliating defeat for the United National Party which return only eight members to parliament.

The catalyst for the events leading to Asaduzzaman's death include the Six point movement of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and the Agartala Conspiracy Case at which Rahman and dozens of others were charged with sedition by the Government of Pakistan. Student groups were already experiencing considerable unrest when, in December 1968, Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani organised a march against the Governors House, in conjunction with several labour associations arranged a Repression Resistance Day on 6 December 1968, and proclaimed a hartal against merchants. On 4 January 1969, an 11-point programme—an expansion of Rahman's six-point movement—was publicised by a coalition of student group leaders, including the group for which Asaduzzaman served as an officer. In a meeting at Dhaka University on 17 January 1969, student protestors decided to unite all campuses of East Pakistan on 20 January 1969, in strike.

Though the hartal in Amritsar on 6 April passed peacefully, on 8 April Irving telegraphed the Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab, Sir Michael O'Dwyer, reporting members of all three major faiths in the city - Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims - had united for the satyagraha. Characterising Satyapal and Kitchlew as agitators and troublemakers, Irving requested immediate reinforcements, including machine-gun units if possible. With O'Dwyer giving his approval, on the morning of 10 April Irving invited Satyapal and Kitchlew to a private meeting at his official residence in the British cantonment, located in the Civil Lines area. Upon arrival, both were arrested and deported by car to Dharamshala in the United Provinces, where they were held without trial.. After Kitchlew and Satyapal's followers were informed of their leaders' arrests, several barrister friends of Kitchlew's led a deputation towards Irving's residence, accompanied by a large crowd.

Works, Vol. 15, Doc. 28 (the original letter's date is 10 October 1916); Coll. Works, Vol. 18, Doc. 202, 224, 242; and see following note Gandhi's Circular letter of October 1919, calling for a nationwide hartal with reference to the Khilafat movement was addressed to 28 of India's leading Independence activists, among them Motilal and Jawaharlal Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, C. F. Andrews, Rajendra Prasad, and also V. A. Sundaram.Coll. Works, Vol. 19, Doc. 37 Sundaram built up close and cordial relationships with leading Independence activists of Tamil Nadu, namely C. Rajagopalachari, C. Vijayaraghavachariar and Sir Subramania Iyer. Under their guidance and with Gandhi's support, he engaged in the cause of the Bengal internments of 1917, in the Vaikom Satyagraha of 1925, the Salt Satyagraha of 1930 and the civil disobedience campaigns of 1930 and 1931.Coll. Works, Vol.

This was expanded and renamed as Task Force Anti-Illicit Immigration (TaFII) in 1963 and continued up to 1981. The Army was mobilised to help the police to restore peace under provincial emergency regulations during the 1953 hartal, the 1956 Gal Oya Valley riots and in 1958 it was deployed for the first time under emergency regulations throughout the island during the 1958 riots In 1962 several volunteer officers attempted a military coup, which was stopped hours before it was launched. This attempted coup affected the military to a great extent; since the government mistrusted the military, it reduced the size and growth of the army, especially the volunteer force, with several units being disbanded. In May 1972, Ceylon was proclaimed a republic and changed its name from Ceylon to the "Republic of Sri Lanka", and in 1978 to "Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka".

He took a leading part in the 1953 Hartal, in the same year he was elected to the Watugedera Town Council, serving as its Chairman from 1956 until 1965. At the 4th parliamentary election, held on 19 March 1960, de Silva ran as the Lanka Sama Samaja Party candidate in the newly created electorate of Balapitiya. He failed to get elected polling 7,818 votes (30% of the total vote), 647 votes behind the Sri Lanka Freedom Party candidate, Lakshman de Silva but 1,583 votes ahead of the United National Party candidate, Ian de Zoysa. In 1964 he was appointed as the Chairman of the National Lotteries Board, serving for a year. At the 6th parliamentary election, held on 22 March 1965, he re-contested the seat of Balapitiya and was successful defeating the incumbent, Lakshman de Silva, by 96 votes, polling 16,615 (39.4% of the total vote).

Arkib Negara: List of associations invited to form the Pan- Malayan Council of Joint Action – Tan Cheng Lock Papers Collection The PUTERA- AMCJA tabled an alternative proposal known as the People's Constitutional ProposalSepuluh Tahun Sebelum Merdeka: The People's Constitutional Proposal for Malaya and attempted to lobby for a Royal Commission to be formed to review the original proposals. The PUTERA-AMCJA also launched a successful nationwide hartal was organised on 20 October 1947, the same date where the constitutional proposals were due to be deliberated by the House of Commons in London. Despite these efforts, PUTERA-AMCJA failed to overturn the decision to adopt the Constitutional Proposals which led to the formation of the Federation of Malaya on 31 January 1948. API was banned on 20 March 1948, gaining the distinction of being the first political movement in Malaya to be banned by the authorities and Boestamam was arrested on 1 July 1948.

Also known as the Black Act, it vested the Viceroy's government with extraordinary powers to quell sedition by silencing the press, detaining the political activists without trial, and arresting without warrant any individuals suspected of sedition or treason. In protest, a nationwide cessation of work (hartal) was called, marking the beginning of widespread, although not nationwide, popular discontent. The agitation unleashed by the acts culminated on 13 April 1919, in the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar, Punjab when the British military commander, Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer, blocked the main entrance to the Jallianwallah Bagh, a walled- in courtyard in Amritsar, and ordered his soldiers to fire into an unarmed and unsuspecting crowd of some 6,000 people who had assembled there in defiance of a ban. A total of 1,650 rounds were fired, killing 379 people (as according to an official British commission; Indian estimates ranged as high as 1,500Ackerman, Peter, and Duvall, Jack, A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict p.

He successfully organised 'hartal' at Hyderabad in March 1919 in protest against the Rowlatt Act. Dr. Choithram was sent to jail several times, first in 1922 when as editor of the "Hindu" his writings were regarded as seditious; then in 1930 when he broke the Salt Law at Karachi; again during the Civil Disobedience Movement of 1932 and also in 1933 for defying the Govt. orders not to leave Hyderabad; in 1940 for making a fiery speech at Lahore; and finally in 1942 for joining the Quit India Movement launched by Gandhiji. Whenever outside jail, besides attending to his political activities he did valuable humanitarian work such as running a charitable dispensary, supplying medicines to the poor and the needy free of charge, collecting donations for Pathshalas and Narishalas, organising relief work during floods and earthquakes as also during communal riots, and taking measures to prevent persecution of one community at the hands of the other.

The first internal security operation of the Ceylon Army began in 1952, code named Operation Monty to counter the influx of illegal South Indian immigrants brought in by smugglers on the north-western coast, in support of Royal Ceylon Navy coastal patrols and police operations. This was expanded and renamed as Task Force Anti Illicit Immigration (TaFII) in 1963 and continued up to 1981 when it was disbanded. The Army was mobilised to help the police to restore peace under provincial emergency regulations during the 1953 hartal, the 1956 Gal Oya Valley riots and in 1958 it was deployed for the first time under emergency regulations throughout the island during the 1958 Riots. During the 1950s and 1960s the army was called upon to carry to essential services when the workers went on strike which were organised by the left-wing parties and trade unions for various reasons, the most notable was the 1961 Colombo Port strike, during which ships threatened to bypass Colombo port and the country almost starved.

Some authors have characterized the complex of land and poll taxes in the pre-Abbasid era and implementation of the jizya poll tax in early modern South Asia as discriminatory and/or oppressive,Chandra, S. (1969), Jizyah and the State in India during the 17th Century, Journal de l'histoire economique et sociale de l'Orient, p. 339. Quote: "Politically, the greatest objection to jizyah was that it harassed and alienated some of the most influential sections of the Hindus, namely the urban masses [...] These people were subjected to great harassment and oppression by the collectors of jizyah, and in retaliation resorted on a number of occasions to hartal and public demonstrations." and the majority of Islamic scholars, amongst whom are Al-Nawawi and Ibn Qudamah, have criticized humiliating aspects of its collection as contrary to Islamic principles.Takim, L. (2007), Holy Peace or Holy War: Tolerance and Co- existence in the Islamic Juridical Tradition, Islam and Muslim Societies, 4(2). pp. 14-6 Quote: «تزيدات مبتدعة في طريقة استحصال الرسم أو الضريبة التي تسمى الجزية.

On 10 February 1959, Basu and other leaders of the PIFRC met with the Chief Minister, Bidhan Chandra Roy who gave them verbal assurances that ration shops will be restocked offering amenable prices but the assurances weren't followed through. On 26 April, Union Food Minister, Ajit Prasad Jain declared that the food situation in West Bengal was "easy, smooth and comfortable". This caused widespread public outrage and led to the intensification of the Food movement of 1959 between May–June as the situation was further aggravated by hoarders attempting to save up stocks in illegal go-downs and warehouses. The persistent refusal of the Government of West Bengal to consider the demands presented also provoked the PIFRC into augmenting the demands to include enactment of ceilings on private land holdings and confiscation without compensation of excessive lands owned by Zamindars (trans: Landlords); these were presented in parallel with general strikes and organised direct action endorsed and supported by the committee to locate and force the sale of hidden stocks of rice. On 25 June, the PIFRC and over 100 trade unions called a statewide hartal (general strike) to protest against the "anti–food" policies of the government.