But more recently it struggled to live up to a billion-dollar valuation and made some costly mistakes, like selling branded paper goods and pivoting to a "groupware" model supporting business teams.
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On a crisp, overcast, and breezy Monday afternoon in San Francisco on December 9, 1968, before an SRO audience of more than 2,19973 slack-jawed computer engineers, a soft-spoken engineer named Douglas Engelbart held the first public demonstration of word processing, point-and-clicking, dragging-and-dropping, hypermedia and hyperlinking, cross-file editing, idea/outline processing, collaborative groupware, text messaging, onscreen real-time video teleconferencing, and a weird little device dubbed a "mouse" — the essentials of a graphical user interface (GUI) 15 years before the first personal computers went on sale.
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Horde Groupware Webmail Edition extends the Horde Groupware by the Horde e-mail applications IMP and Ingo.
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Simple Groupware is a groupware package written in PHP. It uses the MySQL database (version 4 or higher). It contains a calendar system, an email client, an inventory system, and a number of other features. Simple Groupware is free software released under the GNU General Public License.
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Collaborative software was originally designated as groupware and this term can be traced as far back as the late 1980s, when Richman and Slovak (1987) wrote: "Like an electronic sinew that binds teams together, the new groupware aims to place the computer squarely in the middle of communications among managers, technicians, and anyone else who interacts in groups, revolutionizing the way they work." Even further back, in 1978 Peter and Trudy Johnson-Lenz coined the term groupware; their initial 1978 definition of groupware was, "intentional group processes plus software to support them." Later in their article they went on to explain groupware as "computer-mediated culture... an embodiment of social organization in hyperspace." Groupware integrates co-evolving human and tool systems, yet is simply a single system.
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Horde is a free web-based groupware. The components of this groupware rest on the Horde framework. This PHP-based framework provides all the elements required for rapid web application development. Horde offers applications such as the Horde IMP email client, a groupware package (calendar, notes, tasks, file manager), a wiki and a time and task tracking software.
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Electronic meeting systems need to be distinguished on the one hand from classic groupware, on the other from web conferencing systems. In reality, there is some overlap between minor features of products of the named categories. The main difference from groupware is the intensity of collaboration. According to Lubich's classification, groupware supports collaboration within groups where the individual contributions remain identifiable.
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SharePoint contains team collaboration groupware capabilities, including: project scheduling (integrated with Outlook and Project), social collaboration, shared mailboxes, and project related document storage and collaboration. Groupware in SharePoint is based around the concept of a "Team Site".
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Mailtraq is a commercial mail and groupware server. It runs on Microsoft Windows.
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Since groupware supports group interaction (once the group is formed), it would consider it to be social software.
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Samsung Contact was an enterprise email and groupware server that ran on Linux and HP-UX. It was based on HP OpenMail, which was licensed from Hewlett- Packard. It provided email, calendars and other collaborative software, which are standard in groupware. It could be accessed from many different clients, most notably Microsoft Outlook.
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In 2002, Gutwin along with Saul Greenberg, developed a research paper regarding the idea of workspace awareness (the up-to-the-moment understanding of another person's interaction with a shared workspace) and how it can help and improve the usability of a groupware application. The goal of the research was to provide groupware designers a framework about how to design for awareness in multi-user systems, specifically workspace awareness. The developed framework can help educate designers about awareness in groupware and help to improve the quality of the systems that are built.
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Orlikowski won the Lasting Impact Award from the conference in 2015 for her paper "Learning from Notes: organizational issues in groupware implementation".
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It is aimed at the individual who wishes a more secure and private alternative to free email services, with full groupware functionality. There's the option of a Lite version, which offers the email service only and do not include the groupware synchronisation feature. Standard storage size for this account type ranges from 2 up to 100 GB, with cost incurring accordingly.
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Virtual organizations can be supported by groupware systems as it delivers a shared core of information to partners and a platform to collaborate regardless of the associates’ physical position. This way, groupware systems can assist associates track the rate of progress in work being done in a way that they can cooperate on the project without being concerned about geographical barriers. However, in a similar way as EDI, groupware is not the ideal decision to make for assisting communication within a virtual organization as it would not empower the organization to rapidly form an alliance to respond to a market opportunity, even though it offers more flexibility than EDI.
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Horde was the web client for the Kolab groupware system up until version 3. It is also integrated into the cPanel & WHM and Plesk Server management software.
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Informal communication predominates and specialists in certain domains exchange their experience with other people within the groupware environment. Collaboration and cooperation are available through instant messages; people can discuss, chat and swap ideas. Moreover, people can work together while they are located remotely from each other. Groupware can be split into three categories: communication, collaboration and coordination, depending on the level of cooperation and technology involved in the process.
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Groupware focuses on messaging (like E-Mail, Chat, and Instant Messaging), shared calendars (e.g. Lotus Notes, Microsoft Outlook with Exchange Server), and conferencing (e.g. Skype). Groupware overlaps with Computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW), that originated from shared multimedia editors (for live drawing/sketching) and synchronous multi-user applications like desktop sharing. The extensive conceptual claim of CSWC must be put into perspective by its actual solution scope, that is available as the CSCW Matrix.
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Founded in 2005 by Rafael Laguna and Frank Hoberg, the software started as a Linux-based email and groupware solution that was positioned as open-source alternative to Microsoft Exchange.
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A number of specialized systems have been developed back from the days of the groupware systems to today's Web 2.0 interfaces. A few such examples, in chronological order, are given below.
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Besides participatory leadership, another key element of a successful collaborative work system is the availability of group collaboration technology or groupware – hardware and software tools that help groups to access and share the information the professionals need to meet, train or teach. However, a collaborative work system (CWS) does not necessarily require groupware support. A simple way to conceptualize the relation between the two concepts is to consider computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) as a whole consisting of a collaborative work system (CWS) supported by collaborative software or groupware. On the other hand, a collaborative working environment which supports people in both their individual and cooperative work, whatever their geographical location transcends the notion of CSCW which deals specifically with cooperative work.
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Scalix is an e-mail and groupware server that runs on Linux, licensed under the Scalix Public License (SPL). Scalix provides e-mail, group calendaring and other collaborative software, which are standard in groupware. It can be accessed from many different clients, most notably Microsoft Outlook, Novell Evolution (formerly Ximian) and Scalix Web Access, an AJAX-based web email and calendaring client that combines the functionality of desktop email with the ease-of-use of a browser.
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GroupDAV is a computer protocol used to connect Open Source groupware clients with Open Source groupware servers. Its primary design goal is to be as simple as possible to implement, focusing more on end-user issues with open source applications than on an extremely extensive command set. It is based on a subset of WebDAV. Client side GroupDAV implementations exist for KDE Kontact, Evolution, Thunderbird and Outlook, work on the Mozilla Calendar Project is in progress.
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Kolab Now is a web-based email and groupware service, based completely on free and open-source software. It is owned and operated by Kolab Systems AG and was formerly known as MyKolab.
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In computer science, and more specifically in groupware engineering, the acronym WYSIWIS stands for "What You See Is What I See" and refers to a paradigm in the design of multiuser interfaces where multiple users, interacting with a multiuser software system, share the same visual perception of the work area (e.g., of the document they are collaboratively editing). While some pioneering groupware systems (e.g., window sharing systems) where characterized by strict WYSIWIS, the WYSIWIS model is most often relaxed in several respects.
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He and his team at Xerox PARC created OfficeTalk, one of the first groupware systems. Ellis also pioneered Operational Transformation, which is a set of techniques that enables real- time collaborative editing of documents.
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It also uses Spamassassin, Clamav, and AMaViS for security. It conforms to open standards: SyncML, GroupDAV, CalDAV, and WebDAV. The middleware products are developed by Bynari and provide groupware sharing with calendars, contacts, and tasks.
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The Consumerist, ''Comcast's "We Don't Throttle BitTorrent" Internal Talking Points Memo'' . Consumerist.com (2007-10-26). Retrieved on July 8, 2011. Comcast uses RST packets on groupware applications that have nothing to do with file sharing.
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Creating an advanced 3D graphics and AI engine for the Pocket PC, Pishevar led the product development on several software titles. Additionally, Pishevar co- founded Application Corporation, which created the HyperOffice messaging and groupware suite.
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According to Carstensen and Schmidt (1999) groupware is part of CSCW. The authors claim that CSCW, and thereby groupware, addresses "how collaborative activities and their coordination can be supported by means of computer systems." The use of collaborative software in the work space creates a collaborative working environment (CWE). Finally, collaborative software relates to the notion of collaborative work systems, which are conceived as any form of human organization that emerges any time that collaboration takes place, whether it is formal or informal, intentional or unintentional.
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Depending upon what one includes or excludes while talking about CIS, we have many or hardly any theories. If we consider the past work on the groupware systems, many interesting insights can be obtained about people working on collaborative projects, the issues they face, and the guidelines for system designers. One of the notable works is by Grudin, who laid out eight design principles for developers of groupware systems. The discussion below is primarily based on some of the recent works in the field of computer supported cooperative work CSCW, collaborative IR, and CIS.
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Gutwin has undergraduate degrees in computer science and in English literature. He received his PhD in 1997 from the University of Calgary, where he worked and developed the idea of workspace awareness as a design factor for distributed groupware systems.
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EUPL was originally intended to be used for the distribution of software developed in the framework of the IDABC programmeOverview of the IDABC project., given its generic scope it was also suitable for use by any software developer. Its main goal is its focusing on being consistent with the copyright law in the Member States of the European Union, while retaining compatibility with popular free software licences such as the GNU General Public License. The first IDABC software packages mentioned are CIRCA groupware,CIRCA groupware IPMIPM technical architectureIPM EUPL and the eLinkeLink G2G, G2C, G2B specification software.
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Kontact is a personal information manager and groupware software suite developed by KDE. It supports calendars, contacts, notes, to-do lists, news, and email. It offers a number of inter-changeable graphical UIs (KMail, KAddressBook, Akregator, etc.) all built on top of a common core.
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These studies also report that features of the groupware system that is used for communication may substitute for leadership. Finally, controlled experiments also report that motivation is enhanced by anonymity. Thus, e-leaders should probably consider using anonymous chat rooms and polls as mentioned previously.
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Groupware can be divided into three categories depending on the level of collaboration:Casalino N., Draoli M. (2009), “Governance and Organizational Aspects of an Experimental Groupware in the Italian Public Administration to Support Multi-Institutional Partnerships”, in Information Systems: People, Organizations, Institutions, and Trchnologies, D’Atri A., Saccà D. (Eds.), Physica-Verlag, Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 81-89, , doi 10.1007/978-3-7908-2148-2_11 # Communication can be thought of as unstructured interchange of information. A phone call or an IM Chat discussion are examples of this. # Conferencing (or collaboration level, as it is called in the academic papers that discuss these levels) refers to interactive work toward a shared goal.
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Kolab is a free and open source groupware suite. It consists of the Kolab server and a wide variety of Kolab clients, including KDE PIM-Suite Kontact, Roundcube web frontend, Mozilla Thunderbird and Mozilla Lightning with SyncKolab extension and Microsoft Outlook with proprietary Kolab-Connector PlugIns.
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This laid the foundation to develop further on the ideas of groupware and in the 1990s Lotus Notes, Microsoft Exchange Server and Outlook were invented. In 2002 at the Social Software Summit Clay Shirky introduced the phrase “social software” as a "software that supports group interaction".
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He has recently spoken at Comdex, the Groupware Users Exchange, the InterClass European Conference and the Federal Government Group Decision Technology Conference. In the early 1980s, Dalton advocated the use of inexpensive CP/M computers such as the Kaypro II and Morrow Designs MD-1 for businesses.
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EGroupware is free open-source groupware software intended for businesses from small to enterprises. Its primary functions allow users to manage contacts, appointments, projects and to-do lists. EGroupware is based on PHP. The projects spreads its software under the terms of GNU General Public License (GPL).
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Kolab Now currently supports PayPal and Bitcoin as well as credit card as payment methods for monthly subscriptions and wire transfer for yearly payments only. The current monthly price for individual accounts with standard groupware functionality is 8.99 CHF, and for the email- only version, 4.55 CHF.
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Gutwin's main research areas are in Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), groupware usability, interaction techniques, collaboration support, modelling human performance, information visualization and interface design. Along with his students and collaborators, Gutwin has published more than 200 papers in Human Computer Interaction and Computer Supported Cooperative Work.
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A Lotus Notes messaging engineer noticed strange behavior with Lotus Notes dropping emails when hooked up to a Comcast connection and verified Comcast's reset packets are the culprit.Bangeman, Eric. (2007-10-22) Ars Technica, ''Comcast traffic blocking: even more apps, groupware clients affected''. Arstechnica.com. Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
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The system as a whole supports user preferences, themes, user permissions, multi-language support and user groups. It includes modules to set up and administer the working environment. The groupware suite is based on an advanced Application Programming Interface (API). phpGroupWare is released under the GNU GPL 2+.
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The products are mainly aimed at companies, as well as educational institutions and governmental organizations, but can also be used for private cooperation. BSCW can entirely be used in the browser. The groupware is offered as Cloud or OnPremise. The software license is based on the number of users.
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In contrast, EMS enable the group to cooperatively produce a result for which the group is responsible as a whole. In a business process, groupware and electronic meeting systems complement each other: Groupware supports teams when researching and creating documents in the run up to an EMS session or when implementing the results of such a session. Web conferencing systems and electronic meeting systems complement each other in the online meeting or workshop: EMS extends the web conferencing system by providing interactive tools for producing and documenting group results. On the other hand, web conferencing systems complement EMS with the screensharing and voice conferencing functionality required in synchronous online meetings and not present in EMS.
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Citadel/UX (typically referred to simply as "Citadel") is a collaboration suite (messaging and groupware) that is descended from the Citadel family of programs which became popular in the 1980s and 1990s as a bulletin board system platform. It is designed to run on open source operating systems such as Linux or BSD. Although it is being used for many bulletin board systems, in 1998 the developers began to expand its functionality to a general purpose groupware platform. In order to modernize the Citadel platform for the Internet, the Citadel/UX developers added functionality such as shared calendars, instant messaging, and built-in implementations of Internet protocols such as SMTP, IMAP, Sieve, POP3, GroupDAV and XMPP.
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HyperOffice was founded in 1999 by Drew Morris and Shervin Pishevar. The lead angel investor was Strategic Technology Investors, co-managed by Roy Morris and Steve Zecola, two former telecom executives. It was one of the earliest incarnations of hosted groupware, along with sites such as Jump.com (bought by Microsoft), When.
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Plumtree can be used to deploy both Java and .Net portlets on the same page. The Plumtree Corporate Portal, Plumtree's flagship product, began as a Yahoo!-like directory for indexing and organizing content from file systems, Websites, document databases, and groupware repositories, creating a rich knowledge management system for enterprise information.
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Jon Udell Jon Udell is a freelance journalist.jonudell.net From 2007 to 2014 he was "Evangelist" at Microsoft. Previously he was lead analyst for the InfoWorld Test Center. Udell is author of Practical Internet Groupware, published in 1999 by O'Reilly Media, and is an advisor to O'Reilly's Safari Tech Books Online.
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Another example is the SemanticXWikiSemantic XWikiExtension, ObjectSecurity Ltd, November 16, 2012 extension for XWiki. Some standard wiki engines also include the ability to add typed, semantic links to pages, including PhpWiki and Tiki Wiki CMS Groupware. Freebase, though not billed as a wiki engine, is a web database with semantic-wiki-like properties.
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Collaborative software or groupware is application software designed to help people working on a common task to attain their goals. One of the earliest definitions of groupware is "intentional group processes plus software to support them". As regards available interaction, collaborative software may be divided into: real-time collaborative editing platforms that allow multiple users to engage in live, simultaneous and reversible editing of a single file (usually a document), and version control (also known as revision control and source control) platforms, which allow separate users to make parallel edits to a file, while preserving every saved edit by every user as multiple files (that are variants of the original file). Collaborative software is a broad concept that overlaps considerably with computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW).
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Eric Hahn (born March 19, 1960) is an American serial entrepreneur and computer software programmer who founded an early e-mail-based groupware company called Collabra Software in 1992. Netscape acquired Collabra in 1995, and in 1997 Hahn became Netscape's CTO. According to SEC filings Hahn netted approximately $29 million from sales in Netscape stock.
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The files contain the email contents as plain text in MIME format, containing the email header and body, including attachments in one or more of several formats. ;`emlx` :Used by Apple Mail. ;`msg` :Used by Microsoft Office Outlook and OfficeLogic Groupware. ;`mbx` :Used by Opera Mail, KMail, and Apple Mail based on the mbox format.
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Groupware and collaboration functionality are provided by the use of MAPI, CalDAV, CardDAV, SyncML and Exchange ActiveSync protocols. According to one survey in May 2016, MailEnable has the largest reported install base on the Windows platform, and ranked fourth all in the list of email servers visible on the internet behind exim, Postfix and Sendmail.
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The Insight Connector is a server that works like a Microsoft Exchange Server, but using IMAP and a Microsoft Outlook plugin. The server also supports MAPI Message Store Provider and thus being able to edit and change the groupware-Data "live and online" using any IMAP server. The server is also used by IBM serving over 4.600 companies.
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Founded in 1993, Automation Centre LLC is a privately held independent software vendor located in Tucson, Arizona, in the United States of America. Their first product, Tracker Suite, was released in 1994. Tracker Suite is a groupware solution for the Lotus Notes/Domino messaging platform. The first release of Tracker Suite provided functions for time reporting.
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SOGo (formerly named Scalable OpenGroupware.org) is an open source collaborative software (groupware) server with a focus on simplicity and scalability. SOGo provides collaboration for Mozilla Thunderbird/Lightning, Microsoft Outlook, Apple iCal/iPhone and BlackBerry client users. Its features include the ability to share calendars, address books and e-mail using an open source, cross-platform environment.
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The Conference on Information Technology, Organisations and Teams (CITOT) was held in 2007 and 2009. In this conference, Information Technology and its application in organizations and teams is discussed. Subjects like evolution of Web technologies, small display devices as well as mobile and groupware systems are also subject of analysis and discussion. CITOT 2007 conference received 35 papers.
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During Amara's presidency, the Institute conducted some of the earliest studies of the impact of the ARPANET on collaborative work and scientific research, and was notable for its research on computer mediated communications, also known as groupware. Starting from the early seventies astrophysicist and computer scientist Jacques Vallee, sociologist Bob Johansen, and technology forecaster Paul Saffo worked for IFTF.
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UCS is open-source software; the proprietary developments of Univention GmbH included in UCS were published under the GNU GPL until Version 2.3. With the launch of Version 2.4, the company switched to GNU AGPL. There are also a range of software appliances based on UCS (e.g., in the groupware, desktop and IT service management fields).
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The term itself has its roots in social software and Groupware, computer applications designed for the desktop environment and aiming at facilitating various forms of social interaction, with the former being oriented to Internet-based informal exchanges, daily tasks and entertainment and the latter focusing on collaborative work (CSCW) or learning (CSCL) within a well defined group. Two typical groups that would benefit from these applications are or school classmates. While the term social software, introduced by Clay Shirky in recent years, has gained much popularity, Groupware is not anymore a trendy word, even if it has a strong tradition that goes back to the Eighties. Scientific research on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) and Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) provides results which are still valid in the mobile environment.
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As development continued, new components were incorporated into Tracker Suite, including modules for project management, HR, help desk services and others. In 2001, Automation Centre released a similar groupware product for the Microsoft Outlook / Exchange messaging platform, called TrackerOffice. In 2006, Automation Centre released TrackerSuite.Net, a purely Web based suite of integrated business applications similar to Tracker Suite, but with cloud computing capabilities.
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Cooperation is the action of working together to the same end. Cooperation developed naturally over time, as it helped companies to streamline their research costs and to better answer to users' requirements. As a result, nowadays organisations are looking for flexible structures that can easily adapt to this rapidly changing environment. Groupware systems perfectly cater to these needs of companies.
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There are a number of software applications for tracking action items or service reports. These applications are used within software development organizations as well as in customer support functions. Because these software applications facilitate group communication, they are often referred to as Collaborative software or groupware.. Various such software are available in the market. They are known to increase the productivity of Managers.
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Timothy J Hickey is a professor of computer science and Chair of the Computer Science and Internet Studies Program (INET) at Brandeis University. He was born on July 24, 1955. Hickey's specialties include analysis of algorithms, logic programming and parallel processing, symbolic manipulation, and groupware. He is also the lead developer of the JScheme programming language and the GrewpEdit collaborative editor.
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Twproject is a web-based project and groupware management tool developed by Open Lab, an Italian software house founded in 2001. It won the 17th Jolt Productivity Award in 2007 in the project management category.2007 Jolt Awards It has widespread use in universitiesList of universities using Twproject as a teaching tool in project management courses. It is used by Canonical Ltd.
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This account type provides the customer with an administration login, used purely to set up the actual groupware account within a domain under the customer's control, and to administrate users existing within that domain. It is also possible to use an own SSL Certificate for that domain. Cost is incurred per user in a similar fashion to the individual accounts.
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Alternatively, people might specify "noon" or "midnight", after or instead of 12:00. (Business events, which are increasingly scheduled using groupware calendar applications, are less vulnerable to such ambiguity, since the software itself can be modified to take care of the naming conventions.) Where the a.m.–p.m. convention is inconvenient typographically (e.g., in dense tables), different fonts or colors are sometimes used instead.
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Technology collects the individual table discussions and the results are compiled into a set of collective recommendations. Each table submits ideas using wireless groupware computers and each participant can vote on specific proposals with keypad polling. These two pieces of technology allow for real-time reporting and voting. Results from discussions are presented to participants within minutes and polling results within seconds.
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Today, distributed computing and groupware applications have become the norm. Computer operating systems include a networking stack as a matter of course. During the 1980s the need to integrate dissimilar computers with network capabilities grew and the number of networked devices grew rapidly. Partly because it allowed for multi-vendor interoperability the TCP/IP protocol suite became almost universally adopted in network architectures.
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Beyerlein, M; Freedman, S.; McGee, G.; Moran, L. (2002). Beyond Teams: Building the Collaborative Organization. The Collaborative Work Systems series, Wiley. Whereas the groupware or collaborative software pertains to the technological elements of computer-supported cooperative work, collaborative work systems become a useful analytical tool to understand the behavioral and organizational variables that are associated to the broader concept of CSCW.
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Keychain is the password management system in macOS, developed by Apple. It was introduced with Mac OS 8.6, and has been included in all subsequent versions of the operating system, now known as macOS. A Keychain can contain various types of data: passwords (for websites, FTP servers, SSH accounts, network shares, wireless networks, groupware applications, encrypted disk images), private keys, certificates, and secure notes.
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The Skyrix Web Groupware was a web based calendaring, contact and project management system developed by the SKYRIX Software AG in Magdeburg, Germany (~1998-2008). It was based upon the SOPE application server (an open source derivate of WebObjects developed by the same company). That system was later released as an OpenSource project under the name "OpenGroupware.org". Even though the name was derived from the OpenOffice.
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GroupWare is about software and more importantly, in common use to describe combining many pieces of software together into a group for so-called easy access for an individual. The original definition had to do with a group of people operating on something collaboratively through software, but this has changed meaning due to corporate appropriation to describe software suites like Microsoft Office and LibreOffice.
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Kontact got support for various groupware servers, and Kopete was integrated into Kontact. KMail gained the ability to store passwords securely in KWallet. KPDF gained the ability to select and copy and paste text and images from PDFs, along with many other improvements. The update added a new application, Akregator, which provides the ability to read news from various RSS-enabled websites all in one application.
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The goal of collaborative software, also known as groupware, such as Moodle, Landing pages, Enterprise Architecture, and Sharepoint, is to allow subjects to share data – such as files, photos, text, etc. for the purpose of project work or school work. The intent is to first form a group and then have them collaborate. Clay Shirky defines social software as "software that supports group interaction".
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It included more groupware features intended to appeal to enterprises. In February 1998, Netscape announced that Mozilla.org would co-ordinate the development of Netscape Communicator 5 as "a dedicated team within Netscape with an associated Web site that will promote, foster and guide open dialog and development of Netscape's client source code." However, the aging Communicator code proved to be difficult to work with, so it was abandoned.
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The Wiser.org Directory was organized around a master list of issues which are "networked" in such a way that registered users could edit the "connections" of each issue to organizations, resources, jobs, events, and groups. The website featured groupware and social networking components including graphical "Network Maps". A unique "Solution form" allowed any logged in user to state a serious social or environmental problem and propose a way to solve it.
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Zarafa provides its groupware functionality by connecting the Linux-based server with Outlook clients using MAPI. The communication between server and client is based upon SOAP technology. The connection to Outlook clients can be secured using TLS/SSL, either directly between the Zarafa server program and the client, or via an HTTPS proxy. All data is generally stored in a MySQL database, although attachments can be saved on the filesystem.
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Data can be exported in the CSV, XML, HTML, RSS, and iCal formats. The modules consist of traditional PHP code which is responsible for reading data from the data source into an array. The presentation (displaying, sorting, filtering, linking, editing, etc.) is specified in "sgsML" (Simple Groupware Solutions Markup Language). sgsML allows web applications to be implemented faster and with less work than would be possible in, for example, PHP.
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The Desktop Developers' Conference was a Linux conference where developers discussed and worked on X11, Linux desktops like GNOME and KDE, FreeDesktop.org projects, and desktop software such as web browsers, office suites, and groupware. The conference took place in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada each year -- just before the Linux Symposium conference -- in 2004, 2005, and 2006.X.Org Events history The Desktop Developers' Conference has not been held since 2006.
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A mobile social network is the social space determined by a MoSoSo application. Finally, an important distinction concerns the ultimate goal of MoSoSo applications, designed for usage in everyday life situations, including not only tools for communication, but also for coordination and knowledge sharing. From this perspective, MoSoSo is more similar to social software than Groupware applications, which aimed at increasing productivity and teamwork at work or at school.
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Tiki is under active developmentTiki Wiki CMS Groupware - CIA.vc by a large international community of over 300 developers and translators, and is one of the largest open-source teams in the world.This is one of the largest open-source teams in the world, and is in the top 2% of all project teams on Ohloh. Project members have donated the resources and bandwidth required to host the tiki.
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The Tracker family includes Tracker Suite, TrackerOffice, and TrackerSuite.Net. Tracker Suite and TrackerOffice are groupware, utilizing the Lotus Notes and Microsoft Outlook email systems, respectively. TrackerSuite.Net is a web application, although it also utilizes email for functions such as notifications and reminders. It is considered a cloud computing application, as it can be configured to interact with software as a service solutions such as QuickBooks Online Edition. TrackerSuite.
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It is used either via its native web-interface, making access platform- independent, or by using different supported groupware clients, such as Kontact, Novell Evolution, or Microsoft Outlook. It can also be used by mobile phone or PDA via SyncML. It currently has translations for more than 25 languages, including right-to-left language support. It depends on a standard X-AMP System and as such requires no specific operating system.
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The design intent of collaborative software (groupware) is to transform the way documents and rich media are shared in order to enable more effective team collaboration. Collaboration, with respect to information technology, seems to have several definitions. Some are defensible but others are so broad they lose any meaningful application. Understanding the differences in human interactions is necessary to ensure the appropriate technologies are employed to meet interaction needs.
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Group-Office is a PHP based dual license commercial/open source groupware and CRM and DMS product developed by the Dutch company Intermesh. The open source version, Group-Office Community, is licensed under the AGPL, and is available via SourceForge. GroupOffice Professional is a commercial product and offers additionally mobile synchronisation, project management and time tracking. The online suite puts independent office applications onto a central server, making them accessible through a web browser.
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The Funambol middleware and the Funambol SOGo Connector allow SyncML clients to synchronize contacts, events and tasks. SOGo supports standard groupware capabilities including CalDAV, CalDAV auto- scheduling, CardDAV, WebDAV Sync, WebDAV ACLs, and iCalendar. Microsoft Outlook support is provided through an OpenChange storage provider to remove the MAPI dependency for sharing address books, calendars and e-mails. Native connectivity to Microsoft Outlook allows SOGo to emulate a Microsoft Exchange server to Outlook clients.
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GMS (GMS) is a commercial mail and groupware server developed by Gordano Ltd. It runs on Windows, Linux, Solaris, and AIX. Originally called NTMailBrian Proffitt, (March 6, 2003), Gordano Messaging Suite: Early, Current Support for Linux Platform, linuxplanet.com which was the first commercially available mail for the Windows platform, the products were rebranded to the Gordano Messaging Suite in August 2002 to reflect the support for additional hardware platforms and operating systems.
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BIGWIG was founded in 2006 as an Interest Group for the Library Information Technology Association (LITA), a division of the American Library Association. The name was an acronym for "Blog, Interactive Groupware, and Wiki Interest Group" - as these were some of the first Web 2.0 technologies to attain popular usage within libraries. Since that time, the group has broadened its scope to include the exploration of other Web 2.0 software and techniques.
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The following strand started looking at individuals as their subject of analysis, and as such, many informal aspects of organizational studies were also taken into account. That marked the emergence of social aspects appearing in scholarly papers about organizational technology—terms like ‘technology-in use’Orlikowski, W. J. (1995). LEARNING FROM NOTES: Organizational Issues in Groupware Implementation. Readings in Human–Computer Interaction, 197-204. doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-051574-8.50023-6 and ‘socio-technological ensembles’.
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Don Lavoie joined the faculty of the economics department of George Mason University as an assistant professor in 1981. He was co-founder of the interdisciplinary unit known as the Program on Social & Organizational Learning at George Mason University. As a young professor, he worked on the philosophy and practice of electronically mediated discourse. He knew the importance for organizations of new ways of cultivating interactive learning environments (groupware and hypertext software environments) in order to enhance communicative processes.
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Wiki software can include features that come with traditional content management systems, such as calendars, to-do lists, blogs and discussion forums. All of these can either be stored via versioned wiki pages, or simply be a separate piece of functionality. Software that supports blogs with wiki- style editing and versioning is sometimes known as "bliki" software. Tiki Wiki CMS Groupware is an example of wiki software that is designed to support such features at its core.
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The software was first developed in Sydney, Australia, under the name Grouputer by John Findlay. A change in company ownership lead to a split and Grouputer Solutions and Zing Technologies went their separate ways. Zing software is now used in Australasia, Europe and North America. Zing software is designed to assist teams create new knowledge together and has been variously categorized as groupware, instructional technology, Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS), Decision Support Systems (DSS), electronic meeting systems and a Team Learning System.
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Microsoft had sold a number of simpler email products before, but the first release of Exchange (Exchange Server 4.0 in March 1996) was an entirely new X.400-based client–server groupware system with a single database store, which also supported X.500 directory services. The directory used by Exchange Server eventually became Microsoft's Active Directory service, an LDAP-compliant directory service which was integrated into Windows 2000 as the foundation of Windows Server domains. As of 2020, there have been ten releases.
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The release of Horde 2.0 and IMP 3.0 was the first one with two truly separate components. Horde as a generic web application framework primarily supported the webmail as well as a set of groupware applications by the time Horde 3.0 was released in 2004. The modular and flexible nature of the software allowed many service providers and packagers to integrate the software into their portfolio. Horde is the software used for webmail offered by SAPO which serves several million users.
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PHProjekt is a free groupware and project management web application written in PHP. It was created in the late 1990s by Albrecht Günther; since early 2006, Mayflower GmbH develops and supports PHProjekt along with Günther. PHProjekt is the only Free software project management software included in the SimpleScripts script installer, and one of two included in the Fantastico script installer (along with dotProject). The software's functionality can be expanded through various add-on packages (including one for synchronization with Microsoft Outlook).
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Videoconferencing has also been called "visual collaboration" and is a type of groupware. While development of video conferencing started in the late 19th century, the technology only became available to the public starting in the 1930s. These early demonstrations were installed at "booths" in post offices and shown at various world expositions. It took until 1970 for AT&T; to launch the first true video conferencing system, wherein anyone could subscribe to the service and have the technology in their home or office.
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All new development of the suite was ended in 2000, with ongoing maintenance being moved overseas. The last update release was 2014. Lotus began its diversification from the desktop software business with its 1984 strategic founding investment in Ray Ozzie's Iris Associates, the creator of its Lotus Notes groupware platform. As a result of this early speculative move, Lotus had gained significant experience in network-based communications years before other competitors in the PC world had even started thinking about networked computing or the Internet.
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ExaSearch is a search engine, which integrates with Exanet’s scalable, ExaStore, network attached storage (NAS) software, allowing customers to turn stored data into accessible information. ExaSearch includes a search engine capable of searching multiple sources: file servers, email systems, groupware, databases and employee directories. It can process unstructured data and queries, and allows immediate access to newly generated content through real-time indexing. The product is designed to integrate with ExaStore software resulting in a clustered NAS solution combined with enterprise-class search capabilities.
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The device can then determine the optimal peer to use, and substitute it for the one selected by the P2P algorithm by "[sitting] in the middle, imitating both ends of the connection, and sending reset packets to both client and server."Comcast traffic blocking: even more apps, groupware clients affected In March 2018 the Citizen lab published a report showing strong evidence that PacketLogic devices from Sandvine could have been used to deploy government spyware in Turkey and redirect Egyptian users to affiliate ads.
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Other elements of these EMSs could support additional activities such as categorization of ideas, elimination of duplicates, assessment and discussion of prioritized or controversial ideas. Later EMSs capitalized on advances in computer networking and internet protocols to support asynchronous brainstorming sessions over extended periods of time and in multiple locations. Introduced along with the EMS by Nunamaker and colleagues at University of Arizona was electronic brainstorming (EBS). By utilizing customized computer software for groups (group decision support systems or groupware), EBS can replace face-to-face brainstorming.
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He became a vice president and partner in Bain in 1984. In 1985, Kolowich took a leave of absence from Bain to join the rapidly growing Lotus Development Corporation as corporate vice president, marketing and business development. After a company reorganization in 1987, he took line responsibility for all of Lotus' non-spreadsheet products, including Freelance Graphics, Agenda, Magellan, and Manuscript. He was responsible for negotiating and signing the development agreement with Iris Associates that gave Lotus the long-term rights to market the pioneering groupware product, Lotus Notes.
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Many businesses are either considering or are actively migrating to cloud-based email because it can offer a number of important benefits. These benefits may include lower cost of ownership, more predictable costs, the shift from a capital expenditure (CAPEX) to an operational cost (OPEX) model, and less demand for internal IT resources. The typical email infrastructure functions that are moved to the cloud include the email filtering layer for spam and virus protection, message archiving and the "email groupware system" mailboxes. The email backbone layer typically stays on on-premises.
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PabloDraw is a cross-platform text editor designed for creating ANSI and ASCII art, similar to that of its MS-DOS-based predecessors; ACiDDraw (1994) and TheDraw (1986). A notable feature of PabloDraw is its integrated multi-user editing support, making it the first groupware ANSI/ASCII editor in existence. This allows artists from around the world with an internet connection to cooperatively draw (and chat) together. These creations are referred to as "joints", or jointly created productions, and have radically changed the way these artists collaborate in this form.
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Clarence "Skip" Ellis (May 11, 1943 – May 17, 2014) was an American computer scientist, and Emeritus Professor of Computer Science and Cognitive Science at the University of Colorado at Boulder. While at the CU-Boulder, he was the director of the Collaboration Technology Research Group and a member of the Institute of Cognitive Science. Ellis was the first African-American to earn a Ph.D. in Computer Science (1969), and the first African-American to be elected a Fellow of the ACM (1997). Ellis was a pioneer in Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) and Groupware.
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The PerfectOffice 3.0 suite, Professional edition, as released by Novell in 1995 WordPerfect became part of an office suite when the company entered into a co- licensing agreement with Borland Software Corporation in 1993. The offerings were marketed as Borland Office, containing Windows versions of WordPerfect, Quattro Pro, Borland Paradox, and a LAN-based groupware package called WordPerfect Office. Originally based on the WordPerfect Library for DOS, the Novell / WordPerfect Office suite was integrated by "middleware". The most important middleware-suite, still active in current versions of WordPerfect Office, is called PerfectFit (developed by WordPerfect).
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When a backend supports it, Z-Push can also make use of advanced features which bring server load down even lower, for example reading message changes directly from a 'diff' source, instead of comparing all the messages with whatever was in there last time. So if the groupware backend can provide a list of changes on-the-fly, then Z-Push can use this information almost instantaneously. Zarafa provides an incremental synchronization backend for its own MAPI-based solution here through their PHP-MAPI extension, enabling extremely low-load synchronizations.
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An example of groupware is the GroupSystems, a software developed by University of Arizona. After an idea discussion has been posted on GroupSystems, it is displayed on each group member's computer. As group members simultaneously type their comments on separate computers, those comments are anonymously pooled and made available to all group members for evaluation and further elaboration. Compared to face-to-face brainstorming, not only does EBS enhanced efficiency by eliminating travelling and turn-taking during group discussions, it also excluded several psychological constraints associated with face-to-face meetings.
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The DiamondTouch table is a front-projected interactive display that allows up to four users to sit face to face and work together on the same screen.Kageyama, Y., Touch of the Future, Associated Press, 5 June 2006 The DiamondTouch hardware enables a class of software known as "single-display groupware" where collaborative work is supported by computer interfaces that allow participants to be physically close. While product literatureDiamondTouch Product Flier. mentions consumer uses such as gaming,Hog, H., "GDC 09: Diamond Touch: A multi-user touch tabletop", Destructoid, 27 March 2009.
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In addition, UCS offers various interfaces for manufacturers of application software enabling them to integrate their applications in the UCS management system. Since UCS 3.1, UCS provides with "Univention App Center" an own graphic management component for the installation and deinstallation of UCS components and UCS-certified third-party appliances. The Univention App Center includes, beside Univention solutions, for example, the Open Source groupware solutions Kopano, Open-Xchange, the document management system agorum core, the slack alternative Rocket.Chat and the dropbox alternatives ownCloud and Nextcloud, or the collaboration solutions ONLYOFFICE and Collabora.
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Lotus initially brought Lotus Notes to market in 1989, and later reinforced its market presence with the acquisition of cc:Mail in 1991. In 1994, Lotus acquired Iris Associates. Lotus's dominant groupware position attracted IBM, which needed to make a strategic move away from host-based messaging products and to establish a stronger presence in client–server computing, but it also soon attracted stiff competition from Microsoft Exchange Server. In the second quarter of 1995 IBM launched a hostile bid for Lotus with a $60-per-share tender offer, when Lotus' stock was only trading at $32.
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Early in his career, he created the first real-time collaborative graphic design application as a software engineer at Groupware. He was later co- founder of a software development firm, and a management consultant with McKinsey & Company and IBM. Ghosemajumder worked at Google from 2003 to 2010, where he led product management efforts for protecting their advertising services, worth US $20 billion in annual pay per click revenue, against click fraud. He was one of the early product managers for AdSense, led the launch of Link Units and AdSense for Feeds, and was part of the team that launched Gmail.
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FirstClass is a client–server groupware, email, online conferencing, voice and fax services, and bulletin-board system for Windows, macOS, and Linux. FirstClass's primary markets are the higher-education and K-12 education sectors, including four of the top ten largest school districts in the United States (Las Vegas, NV's Clark County School District, Florida's Broward County Public Schools, Hillsborough County Public Schools, and Chicago Public Schools). The product is part of OpenText's Portfolio Group and runs on Windows, Mac OS X and Linux platforms, for both client and server. iPhone and Android client applications are also available.
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As content is checked in and out, each use generates new metadata (automatically, to some extent). Information about how (and when) people use the content can allow the system to acquire new filtering, routing and search pathways, corporate taxonomies and semantic networks, and retention-rule decisions. Solutions can provide intranet services to employees (B2E), and can include enterprise portals for business-to-business (B2B), business-to-government (B2G), government-to-business (G2B), or other business relationships. This category includes most former document-management groupware and workflow solutions that had not, by 2016, fully converted their architecture to ECM but provided a web interface.
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Sirius provide a full Enterprise Stack which can include, but is not limited to, products such as Asterisk (VoIP), JBoss (application server), Apache (web server), Squid (proxy), OGo/Scalix (groupware), Sendmail/Cyrus (email), Samba/CUPS (file & print), OpenLDAP (directory server), PostgreSQL (database), PostGIS (geographic information systems) and Linux (operating system). Mark Taylor founded Sirius Corporation in 1998. Sirius have worked with household brands including PepsiCo, BOC, Three, Sony Ericsson, Axa and Specsavers. In 2008, Sirius was among 12 software suppliers to have been awarded places on the £80m Software for Educational Institutions Framework (SEIF) agreement and in 2009 .
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Axigen is a Linux, Windows, and Docker mail server with groupware and collaboration functionalities. It supports SMTP, IMAP, POP3, and webmail services, and includes features such as an integrated mailing list server, Antivirus and Antispam integration options, and various mobile capabilities including mobile-friendly webmail and Exchange ActiveSync support. Axigen can be hosted in data centers, on bare-metal or Private or Public Clouds of choice. A free mail server version is available, along with the business mail server and the MSP mail server for Managed Service Providers, including features like a personal organizer and advanced security policies.
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Kolab Systems AG is the company behind the Kolab groupware suite. Founded in 2010 in Zürich, Switzerland, Kolab Systems has taken the place of the Kolab Konsortium which initially provided Kolab services primarily in German speaking areas from 2004 to 2010. It is also the largest contributor to the Roundcube web mailer project. The company's board of directors is composed of CEO Georg Greve, the founding president of Free Software Foundation Europe, CTO Jeroen van Meeuwen, Michael Moser, CCO and co-founder of Switzerlands leading Open Source Integrator Adfinis-SyGroup AG, and Philipp Koch, co-founder of Swiss hosting company Nine.ch.
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Carl Gutwin is a Canadian computer scientist, professor and the director of the Human–computer interaction (HCI) Lab at the University of Saskatchewan. He is also a co-theme leader in the SurfNet research network and was a past holder of a Canada Research Chair in Next-Generation Groupware. Gutwin is known for his contributions in HCI ranging from the technical aspects of systems architectures, to the design and implementation of interaction techniques, and to social theory as applied to design. Gutwin was papers co- chair at CHI 2011 and was a conference co-chair of Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) 2010.
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Flores has founded several companies including "Hermenet" (in partnership with Werner Erhard);Sourcebook of Coaching History by Vikki Brock, PhD "Logonet", a design, logistics, and manufacturing company; "Business Design Associates", a management consulting company) and Action Technologies, a software company, where he introduced new distinctions in workflow analysis, groupware, software design and business process analysis that he developed in association with Terry Winograd. He has also founded an Internet-based movement called Atina Chile. His newest project is Pluralistic Networks, a company that plans to develop leadership and communication abilities in virtual business teams using multi-player online games, currently World of Warcraft.
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Telecommuting is the performance within a traditional worker and employer relationship when it is facilitated by tools such as groupware, virtual private networks, conference calling, videoconferencing, and voice over IP (VOIP) so that work may be performed from any location, most conveniently the worker's home. It can be efficient and useful for companies as it allows workers to communicate over long distances, saving significant amounts of travel time and cost. As broadband Internet connections become commonplace, more workers have adequate bandwidth at home to use these tools to link their home to their corporate intranet and internal communication networks.
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In his book The Virtual Community, Howard Rheingold called EIES "the lively great-great-grandmother of all virtual communities". EIES was one of the earliest instances of groupware, if not the earliest, and some users contend it is where the term was coined. The editors of the Whole Earth Software Catalog set up a private conference on EIES where they could collaborate on software reviews from around the US. Along with serious research, there were diversions like the "EIES Soap Opera", which was a series of stories written collaboratively by the service's users. The first soap opera was initiated in 1980 by Martin Nisenholtz.
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Since version 7, Notes has provided a Web services interface. Domino can be a Web server for HTML files; authentication of access to Domino databases or HTML files uses the HCL Domino user directory and external systems such as Microsoft Active Directory. A design client, HCL Domino Designer, can allow the development of database applications consisting of forms (which allow users to create documents) and views (which display selected document fields in columns). In addition to its role as a groupware system (email, calendaring, shared documents and discussions), HCL Notes and Domino can also construct "workflow"-type applications, particularly those which require approval processes and routing of data.
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The Journal was a primitive hypertext-based groupware program, which can be seen as a predecessor (if not the direct ancestor) of all contemporary server software that supports collaborative document creation (like wikis). It was used by ARC members to discuss, debate, and refine concepts in the same way that wikis are being used today. The journal was used to store documents for the Network Information Center and early network email archives. Most Journal documents have been preserved in paper form and are stored in Stanford University's archives; they are a valuable record of the evolution of the ARC community from 1970 until commercialization began in 1976.
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The roots of telecommuting are found in early 1970s technology that linked satellite offices to downtown mainframes through dumb terminals using telephone lines as a network bridge. The ongoing and exponential decreases in cost along with the increases in performance and usability of personal computers, forged the way for moving the office to the home. By the early 1980s, branch offices and home workers were able to connect to organizational mainframes using personal computers and terminal emulation. Telework is facilitated by tools such as groupware, virtual private networks, conference calling, videoconferencing, virtual call centre, Voice over IP (VOIP), and by the decreasing cost of good quality laptop computers.
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In 1992 Julie Hanna worked at Lotus Development in Mountain View, Calif., after their acquisition of cc:Mail where she worked on a next generation product strategy as part of the integration of the groupware firm with Lotus Notes. She joined Silicon Graphics to develop the first web- oriented product line for businesses in 1995 and then was recruited the following year with a group of SGI employees to help James Clark build Healtheon, where she was the founding product manager. In 1997 she joined Portola Communications as founding VP of Product and Marketing, known for its expertise as developer of high performance messaging systems.
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Z-Push (presumably Z is for Zarafa) is a FOSS implementation of the Microsoft Exchange ActiveSync protocol which is used to synchronize email, personal contacts and other items between a central server and a mobile device. Note the difference between this protocol, and an earlier (technologically unrelated) protocol named Microsoft ActiveSync. Z-Push enables any PHP-based groupware package to become fully syncable with any ActiveSync-compliant device. Currently, Z-Push includes four backends: the IMAP and the Maildir backend for e-mail synchronization, the vCard backend for contact synchronization and one for the Zarafa package which is sold by allowing full synchronization of E-mail, Calendar, Contacts and Tasks.
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Given small differences in policies, the same type of software can produce radically different social outcomes. For instance, Tiki Wiki CMS Groupware has a fine-grained permission system of detailed access control so the site administrator can, on a page-by-page basis, determine which groups can view, edit or view the history. By contrast, MediaWiki avoids per-user controls, to keep most pages editable by most users and puts more information about users currently editing in its recent changes pages. The result is that Tiki can be used both by community groups who embrace the social paradigm of MediaWiki and by groups who prefer to have more content control.
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The emphasis for the MS in Information Systems program is on the use of computer systems in business. For the Master of Science in Scientific Computing, it is designed to provide broad training in areas related to scientific computing using modern computing technology and mathematical modeling arising in various applications. The core of the curriculum for all computer science graduate students consists of courses in algorithms, programming languages, compilers, artificial intelligence, database systems, and operating systems. Advanced courses are offered in many areas such as natural language processing, the theory of computation, computer vision, software engineering, compiler optimization techniques, computer graphics, distributed computing, multimedia, networks, cryptography and security, groupware and computational finance.
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Daniel Harple (born July 23, 1959) is an American entrepreneur, investor, inventor and engineer best known for his role in the creation of several Internet standards, among them, Real Time Streaming Protocol used in entertainment and communications systems such as YouTube, RealPlayer, QuickTime, Skype, and others. Harple has been called a visionary, an Internet pioneer, and a "serial entrepreneur", founding multiple technology start-ups and playing a key role in the development of technologies like collaborative groupware, Voice over IP, and interactive screen sharing whiteboards. Harple also holds a number of core technology patents for inventions in VoIP, media streaming, real time web communications, collaborative computing, and location-based social media. He was co-founder, chairman and CEO of InSoft, Inc.
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GroupWise Workflow was also added to the product. GroupWise 5.5 in 1998 enhanced all the basic groupware functions, added full-text indexing, and enhanced support for Internet standards and security. In 2003, Novell utilized GroupWise Imaging, developed by Computhink, to make available extensive document imaging capabilities directly to the users of GroupWise 6 and 6.5. With the release of GroupWise 6.5 SP1 in 2004, Linux was added to the list of platforms supported by the server components. In 2006, GroupWise Mobile Server (based on the Nokia Intellisync software) was released, allowing hand-held devices running multiple platforms to synchronize email, contacts, calendar, and notes with GroupWise. GroupWise 7 was launched in 2005, providing a totally new Windows client and WebAccess.
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1, G. Rozenberg and A. Salomaa (Eds.), Springer 1997, S. 210-217. For his second thesis he developed variants of Quicksort suitable for multiset and proved that they achieved the lower bound for quicksort algorithms previously given by Robert Sedgewick. Following a sabbatical stay at the IBM Scientific Center Heidelberg he took an interest in the Non-First Normal-Form data model, also known as nested relational model, and designed a graphical editor which also served as base for research on synchronous groupware. In 1986 he authored an E-learning course "Introduction to Unix", which originally was a contribution to Hermann Maurer's COSTOC-Project, and with several portings was in active use until 2015, thus constituting one of the longest running examples of courseware.
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Lotus Software (called Lotus Development Corporation before its acquisition by IBM) was an American software company based in Massachusetts; it was "offloaded" to India's HCL Technologies in 2018. Lotus is most commonly known for the Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet application, the first feature-heavy, user- friendly, reliable and WYSIWYG-enabled product to become widely available in the early days of the IBM PC, when there was no graphical user interface. Much later, in conjunction with Ray Ozzie's Iris Associates, Lotus also released a groupware and email system, Lotus Notes. IBM purchased the company in 1995 for US$3.5 billion, primarily to acquire Lotus Notes and to establish a presence in the increasingly important client–server computing segment, which was rapidly making host-based products such as IBM's OfficeVision obsolete.
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Resulting from Taligent's work led by Mark Davis, IBM published all of the internationalization libraries that are in Java Development Kit 1.1 along with source code which was ported to C++ and partially to C. Enhanced versions of some of these classes went into ICU for Java (ICU4J) and ICU for C (ICU4C). Davis's group became the Unicode group at the IBM Globalization Center of Competency in Cupertino. Taligent created a set of Java- and JavaBeans-based development tools called WebRunner, a groupware product based on Lotus Notes called Places for Project Teams, and licensed various technologies to Sun Microsystems which are today part of Java, and to Oracle Corporation and Netscape Communications Corporation. HP released the Taligent C++ compiler technology (known within Taligent as "CompTech") as its "ANSI C++" compiler, aCC.
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By late 2007, Comcast began using forged TCP resets to cripple peer-to-peer and certain groupware applications on their customers' computers.Section of Wikipedia Comcast articleAssociated Press, Comcast Blocks Some Internet Traffic This started a controversy, which was followed by the creation of the Network Neutrality Squad (NNSquad) by Lauren Weinstein, Vint Cerf, David Farber, Craig Newmark and other well-known founders of and champions of openness on the Internet.NNSquad home page In 2008, the NNSquad released the NNSquad Network Measurement Agent, a Windows software program written by John Bartas, which could detect Comcast's forged TCP resets and distinguish them from real endpoint-generated resets. The technology to detect the resets was developed from the earlier open-source "Buster" software which used forged resets to block malware and ads in web pages.
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The Z-Push protocol is HTTP based, and uses WBXML (WAP Binary XML) as a communication layer, which is used for bi-directional communication between the PDA/cellular phone and the Server. Inside the protocol there is everything you expect from a synchronization protocol: the process of sending items from one side to the other, while keeping track of what has already been sent. The Z-Push hides the complexity of handling these protocol requests to the backend developer, who only needs to implement various standard functions, like getting a list of items, and getting the data for a specific item. All that is needed is a good understanding of the WBXML object definitions and fields, and a developer can quite easily get the items of any groupware solutions onto the PDA/cellular phone.
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The term "e-participation" originated in the early 2000s and draws generally on three developments. # The general development in CSCW (Computer Supported Cooperative Work) and groupware directed towards collaborative environments to support human ICT-mediated interaction, both work-related and social. # Developments in e-democracy since the late 1990s, where interest rapidly evolved from e-voting to several forms of ICT-supported and -enabled interaction between governments and citizens, including not only direct ones (such as consultations, lobbying, petitioning and polling) but also ones pursued outside of government itself, including electioneering, campaigning, and community informatics. To a large extent, the institutional framework conditions of the chosen democratic model define at which part of the democratic processes participation is permitted (such as direct or representative democracy, or any intermediate forms).
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Implementations that share the familiar Citadel user interface, but are not derived from the original Citadel code base, are also common. They have ranged from vanity projects such as a Citadel-like control program to control the serial port of an advanced graphing calculator, to full-blown efforts to modernize the Citadel interface with modern protocols. Some of the more notable ones included Glenn Gorman's TRS-80 BASIC implementation called Minibin, a clone of Cit-86 intended to run on a Unix running on Motorola processors called Cit/68, and a Unix version, technically called Citadel/UX but referred to simply as "Citadel" in the mainstream open source community. This version of Citadel is still being developed, extending the Citadel metaphor to enable what its developers call "a messaging and collaboration platform (for) connecting communities of people together": a groupware platform.
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DiamondTouch technology was developed by Paul Dietz and Darren Leigh at MERL, and presented at the ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) in 2001. The hardware complimented other Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) research, including the Personal Digital Historian developed by Chia Shen and others at MERL, and led to developments in tabletop computing, shared display groupware, and touch-based interaction. While the traditional computer interfaces (consisting of a mouse, keyboard and monitor) were originally designed to support individuals, the focus was to create a new type of computer interface to support face-to-face collaboration among small groups of people. In 2003, MERL started a university loan program in which DiamondTouch tables were provided to universities for research purposes, and tabletop computing research built around DiamondTouch began at research groups including Stanford University, Carnegie Mellon University, Georgia Institute of Technology, and University of Tokyo, leading to research papers presented at academic conferences including UIST, ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI), ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), and International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (HCII).
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In 1968 computer systems were brought in connection with communication and the potential way of working together when not at the same place by Dr. J. C. R. Licklider, head of the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). In his article “The Computer as a Communication Device” he envisioned the idea that there should be a way of “facilitating communication among people without bringing them together in one place” , which eventually led to ARPANET, commercial time-sharing systems and finally the Internet. When the Microcomputer was invented in 1970, everyone learned about office automation, which led to the first collaborative software called Electronic Information Exchange System (EIES) that allowed to do surveys, threaded replies and group-structured approaches. In 1991 educator C. A. Ellis came up with the definition of the term "groupware" as “computer- based systems that support groups of people engaged in a common task (or goal) and that provide an interface to a shared environment” . Paul Wilson then shaped the term “Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW). He described it as “a generic term which combines the understanding of the way people work in groups with the enabling technologies of computer networking, and associated hardware, software, services, and techniques”.
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