1000 Sentences With "gauge" | Random Sentence Generator

"I have a shotgun, I have a 20-gauge, a 12-gauge," Biden said.

He cannot gauge our times because his only gauge is his own self-exaltation.

"Sit there all afternoon, looking at the gauge," he later said of the fuel gauge.

Instead, choose 12 gauge for 100 feet or more and 14 gauge for under 100 feet.

But we can also gauge what people want, gauge people's expectations, and all of that matters.

The new standard gauge railway will replace the existing narrow gauge line built over a century ago.

Takamatsu, watched by Takahashi, examined his regulator attachment, E/O connector, communication unit, pressure gauge, depth gauge.

And from the very beginning, I have a shotgun, I have a 20-gauge, a 12-gauge.

And from the very beginning: I have a shotgun, I have a 20-gauge, a 12-gauge.

Offord was killed with a 21996-gauge shotgun, and police discovered a 22013-gauge shell outside Kuenzel's home.

It calls for technology that can adapt to different train gauges used along the way from Southeast Asia's metre-wide gauge to China's 1.435-metre standard gauge to Russia's 1.52-metre broad gauge, Jia said.

Gauge Gauge is an indispensable toolkit for measuring various aspects of the interaction between your computer and the web.

And from the very beginning, I have a shotgun, I have a 20-gauge, a 12-gauge, my sons hunt.

A volatility gauge for eurozone stocks, commonly known as the fear gauge, jumped to an all-time high of 2500 points.

Tanzania is building a network of standard gauge rail to replace an existing narrow gauge built more that a century ago.

The survey's six-month outlook gauge rose to 11 from 9 in July, while its shipment gauge fell to -7 from zero.

His most glaring discovery: Venn had borrowed a 2222-gauge shotgun prior to the murder, the same gauge gun used to kill Offord.

This year the river gauge in Embudo, N.M. — a gauge established in 1881 and the oldest in the nation — recorded the lowest flows in history.

The one week gauge rose to 10.35%, while the one-year gauge jumped to 17.8%, the highest level in four weeks, data from Fenics showed.

Unlike the old line, which is on a 1,067mm gauge, the new railway is built to a modern "standard gauge" (53,435mm), which ought to increase capacity.

Indeed, a New York Fed gauge that includes prices, real activity and financial asset values — the Underlying Inflation Gauge — sees inflation running right around 3 percent.

This beauty of a tool has a 14-gauge steel blade and an 18-gauge steel handle welded together so the shovel won't snap even under rugged use.

It also plans to build a new standard gauge railway line to connect with a track being built in Kenya, replacing a narrow gauge line built a century ago.

They would replace the single-gauge tracks with broad gauge, while extending the line some 500 miles north to the city of Leh, in the mountainous state of Ladakh.

The experiments began with the two gauges used by the referee Walt Anderson — one called the "logo" gauge, with a Wilson logo on it, the other the "non-logo" gauge.

All gauges (scales) of trains are collected and operated by members. Partiality for a particular gauge is a personal preference of each member. These gauges include HO gauge, S gauge, O gauge/O scale, G gauge/G scale, Standard Gauge, 1 gauge, and 2 gauge. Other small gauges (less than 1:148) include N gauge, T gauge, TT gauge.

After the change to in 1909, gauge was standardised as 3 gauge (or III gauge). European G gauge trains are built to the same II gauge scale, but with a narrow rail gauge of (the same as 1 gauge). This G gauge at 1:22.5 scale represents narrow-gauge railways. This scale-gauge combination is sometimes called IIm in European literature.

A broad-gauge railway is a railway with a track gauge broader than the standard-gauge railways. Broad gauge of , commonly known as Russian gauge, is the dominant track gauge in former Soviet Union (CIS states, Baltic states, Georgia and Ukraine), Mongolia and Finland. Broad gauge of , commonly known as Irish Gauge, is the dominant track gauge in Ireland. Broad gauge of , commonly known as Iberian gauge, is the dominant track gauge in Spain and Portugal.

The term "medium gauge" had different meanings throughout history, depending on the local dominant gauge in use. In 1840s, the Irish gauge was considered a medium gauge compared to Brunel's broad gauge and the narrow gauge, nowadays being standard gauge.

Raised platforms on the narrow gauge railways can prevent track gauge conversion to standard gauge or broad gauge.

Exhibits on display include models in 1 gauge (45 mm gauge, 1/32 scale), 0 gauge, and H0 gauge.

In the same scale standard- gauge trains are modelled on gauge track, known as H0. Narrow-gauge trains are usually modelled on gauge track which is known as H0e and industrial minimum- gauge lines are modelled on gauge track known as H0i or H0f gauge. HOn3 is used to model gauge railroads in the United States and uses a track gauge of .

Birmingham gauge is also known as the Stubs Iron Wire Gauge or Birmingham Wire Gauge. It is not the same as, though similar to, the Stubs Steel Wire Gauge. Birmingham gauge is often simply termed Gauge, with the abbreviation G. However, this should be distinguished from French gauge.

Firing a shot from a boat-mounted punt gun in Yorkshire, UK While hunting of waterfowl was on the rise in America and Europe, hunters used a wide array of shotguns. Shotguns used included 4 gauge, 6 gauge, 8 gauge, 10 gauge, 12 gauge, 16 gauge, 18 gauge, 20 gauge, 24 gauge, 28 gauge and 410 gauge. The 12 gauge turns out to be the most popular with hunters then and now due to its weight to firepower ratio. Punt guns, along with both the four and six gauge, were mounted to small boats due to their weight and recoil. The eight gauge was hand held at about fourteen pounds in weight with approximately 2.5 ounces of shot.

The gauge for the most of the China national railway network is standard gauge. Currently, in the national railway network, only the Kunming–Hai Phong Railway uses narrow gauge. In addition, there are some industrial lines still using narrow gauge, mostly narrow gauge or narrow gauge. As of 2003, 600+ km narrow-gauge railways, 50000+ km standard gauge railways, and 9.4 km broad gauge railways were in use in mainland China.

In the same scale standard-gauge trains are modelled on gauge track, known as HO scale. Sn3½ is also used to represent , as the gauge is the same as HO scale. HOm uses the same 12mm gauge track to represent metre-gauge (3ft3.37in) railways. HOn3 uses gauge to represent gauge railways H0e/HOn30 uses gauge to represent railway with gauges of about .

Gauge refers to the distance between the inside edges of the load-bearing rails. Various sizes of track gauge exist around the world and the normal O gauge track represents the Standard gauge of . "O gauge" refers to tracks that are apart. When used as a narrow-gauge track, O gauge allows scales such as 1:32 representing gauge track.

Technical solutions to avoid transshipping include variable gauge axles, replacing the bogies of cars, and using transporter cars that can carry a car of a different gauge. The Spanish manufacturers Talgo and CAF have developed dual-gauge axles (variable gauge axles) which permit through running between broad-gauge and standard-gauge lines. In Japan the Gauge Change Train, built on Talgo patents, runs on both standard and narrow gauge. Breaks-of-gauge might also be avoided by installing dual-gauge track, either permanently or as part of a project to replace one gauge with another.

5.5 mm to 1 foot scale (1:55.4 or 1:55) is used for modelling narrow gauge railways. gauge track is used to represent to gauge prototypes. gauge track is used to represent gauge prototypes.

Gauge conversion is the change of one railway track gauge to another. This may be required if loads are too heavy for the existing track gauge or if rail cars are of a broader gauge than the existing track gauge. Gauge conversion may become less important as time passes due to the development of variable gauge systems, also called Automatic Track Gauge Changeover Systems.

The Hesston Steam Museum, which contains several railroads with multiple track gauges including narrow gauge, narrow gauge, gauge, and gauge, is located just west of Hesston.

The Bathinda-Rewari metre gauge line was converted to wide broad gauge in 1994. The metre gauge Hisar-Sadulpur link was converted to broad gauge in 2009. Bhiwani-Rohtak link was also converted to broad gauge.

Narrow-gauge railway lines in Estonia. Narrow lines on the map represent the narrow gauge. Some lines (Tallinn–Pärnu–Mõisaküla and Lelle–Viljandi) were later replaced by the wide gauge. A surviving narrow-gauge railway on Naissaar island Narrow-gauge steam engine Kc4-100 in Tallinn All Estonian narrow-gauge railways were built at the gauge of .

As a consequence, of the track gauges, plus overscale track, finescale standards have been developed. These include EM gauge (4 mm scale, 18.2 mm gauge), P4 gauge (4 mm scale, 18.83 mm gauge), 3 mm finescale (3 mm scale, 14.2 mm gauge), 2 mm finescale (2 mm scale, 9.47 mm gauge). Others have adopted H0 gauge.

While Lionel thrived in the O Gauge market, American Flyer in the S gauge, and Bachmann in the HO gauge, Hornby thrived in the OO gauge since Lionels' OO gauge demand dropped in the 1940s and 1950s.

Lisbon trams’ gauge track with regular freight track in Iberian gauge Railway of one gauge may be extended into territory that uses another gauge. This may avoid transhipment. For example, a gauge line runs from an iron ore mine in Ukraine to a steelworks in Slovakia. A portion of four rail dual gauge line (1435 mm and 1520 mm) runs from Slovakia to Romania (both standard gauge) through Ukraine (Russian gauge).

There are two major commercial standards; 00 gauge (4 mm:foot, 16.5 mm gauge), and British N gauge (2.05 mm:foot, 9 mm gauge). Ready-to-run (RTR) equipment is available in both standards. Hornby Railways and Bachmann Branchline offer major RTR support in 00 gauge; Graham Farish (part of the Bachmann group) offer RTR support in N gauge. Previously commercial support was available for British TT gauge (3mm:foot, 12mm gauge).

Most of the metre gauge and narrow gauge railways have been converted to broad gauge. Small stretches of the network that remain on metre and narrow gauges are also being converted to broad gauge. Rapid transit lines, are mostly on standard gauge, although some initial lines use broad gauge.

Rail gauge in Slovakia. The track gauge for most lines in Slovakia is the international standard gauge of .

Brazil has a large rail network, mostly metre gauge, with some broad gauge. It runs some of the heaviest iron ore trains in the world on its metre gauge network. Argentina have Indian gauge networks in the south and metre gauge networks in the north. The metre gauge networks are connected at one point, but there has never been a broad gauge connection.

The tracks on the viaduct were laid as mixed-gauge track, broad gauge for use by the SWR and standard gauge for the Llanelly Railway. During May 1872, the SWR transitioned to standard gauge, and the broad gauge tracks were redundant.

Ghana is converting its narrow gauge to standard gauge, and is installing dual gauge sleepers as an intermediate stage.

This station started as a meter gauge railway station. After the 1991 gauge conversion it changed to broad gauge.

Wider narrow gauge railways of e.g. and gauge can take ISO containers, provided that the loading gauge allows it.

The railway station was re-opened on 4 January 2014 after gauge conversion from meter-gauge to broad-gauge.

The track gauge is Indian gauge in the south and in the north. The Santiago Metro uses standard gauge.

Track gauge in Canada is standard gauge of , except for Toronto transit systems. Rail lines built during the 19th century with a broad gauge of were converted to standard gauge.

Narrow- gauge railways in Italy are (or were) mainly built with gauge, with some gauge lines in the north, Bosnian gauge in the north-east and a few other gauges.

Z Gauge [1:220] N Gauge [1:160] HO Gauge [1:87] S Gauge [1:64] O Gauge [1:43 to 1:48, varies] G Gauge [1:20] Märklin measured the gauge as the distance between the centers of the two outer rails, rather than the distance between the outer rails themselves. Lionel's standard gauge is allegedly the result of Lionel's misreading these standards, as are the variances in O gauge between the United States and Europe. Most of these standards never really caught on, due to their large size, which made them impractical to use indoors, as well as the high price of manufacturing. Wide gauge trains, which are close in size to 2 gauge, are produced in limited quantities today, as are 1 gauge and O gauge trains.

As the company prepared for construction, it had to decide on a track width ("gauge"). The track width has been characterized as both narrow-gauge and standard-gauge. It was neither; the gauge was a highly unusual . At the time, nearly all railroads in Ohio were built with a gauge (the "Ohio gauge").

3' Gauge rail modelling is a specialisation in rail transport modelling. Specifically it relates to the modelling of narrow gauge prototypes of gauge. This gauge was the most common narrow gauge in the United States and in Ireland. Apart from some other lines in North, Central and South America, gauge was uncommon elsewhere.

Lower-cost narrow-gauge railways are often built to serve industries as well as sparsely populated communities where the traffic potential would not justify the cost of a standard- or broad-gauge line. Narrow-gauge railways have specialized use in mines and other environments where a small structure gauge necessitates a small loading gauge. In some countries, narrow gauge is the standard; Japan, Indonesia, Taiwan, New Zealand, South Africa, and the Australian states of Queensland, Western Australia and Tasmania have a gauge, and Malaysia and Thailand have metre-gauge railways. Narrow-gauge trams, particularly metre-gauge, are common in Europe.

In a quantized gauge theory, gauge bosons are quanta of the gauge fields. Consequently, there are as many gauge bosons as there are generators of the gauge field. In quantum electrodynamics, the gauge group is U(1); in this simple case, there is only one gauge boson, the photon. In quantum chromodynamics, the more complicated group SU(3) has eight generators, corresponding to the eight gluons.

Ten German cities have purchased this type. Adtranz took over the rail division of MAN in 1990. The naming scheme is GTxN/M/S/K from German (articulated propelled railcar) with x axles for a specific gauge ( - standard gauge, - meter gauge, - narrow gauge, - cape gauge). Delivered models include the standard-gauge version that was named GT6N or GT8N and the metre-gauge version that was called GT6M.

In gauge theory, especially in non-abelian gauge theories, global problems at gauge fixing are often encountered. Gauge fixing means choosing a representative from each gauge orbit, that is, choosing a section of a fiber bundle. The space of representatives is a submanifold (of the bundle as a whole) and represents the gauge fixing condition. Ideally, every gauge orbit will intersect this submanifold once and only once.

Afghan platforms will be above rail for Russian gauge and Indian gauge railways, and above rail for standard gauge railways.

The track gauge, also called the Scotch gauge, was adopted by early 19th century railways mainly in the Lanarkshire area of Scotland. It differed from the gauge of that was used on some early lines in England. Early railways chose their own gauge, but later in the century interchange of equipment was facilitated by establishing a uniform rail gauge across railways: a so-called 'standard gauge' of . In the early 1840s standard gauge lines began to be constructed in Scotland, and all the Scotch gauge lines were eventually converted to standard gauge.

H0e is a gauge defined by the Normen Europäischer Modellbahnen (NEM). According to that standard, H0e represents narrow gauges between , though it's often used to represent gauge railways as well. In strict scale H0e represents a theoretical gauge of , which does not exist as a prototype. But this is very close to the gauge of the gauge railways most widely used in Germany, gauge railways Bosnian gauge most widely used in the former Austro-Hungarian empire, gauge rack railways in Switzerland as well as to the gauge used in parts of the British Empire.

Leighton Buzzard Narrow Gauge Railway. Leighton Buzzard Narrow Gauge Railway at the Steam Glow event 2008 Doll is a gauge steam locomotive based at the Leighton Buzzard Narrow Gauge Railway in Bedfordshire.

The term gauge anomaly is usually used for vector gauge anomalies. Another type of gauge anomaly is the gravitational anomaly, because coordinate reparametrization (called a diffeomorphism) is the gauge symmetry of gravitation.

However many miniature railways use this type of gauge. Broad gauge railways use a track gauge greater than . Examples include , and .

Chasewater Light Railway - narrow gauge railway Volunteers are working to establish a gauge narrow gauge railway close to the heritage centre.

The port was intended to be served by a dual gauge railway line providing for both narrow gauge and standard gauge .

A siphon rain gauge is a rain gauge that can record rainfall over an extended period. A siphon is used to automatically empty the gauge. It is often simply called a "siphon gauge" and is not to be confused with a siphon pressure gauge.

British TT, also known as TT3, was pioneered by Triang Railways as ready-to-run models. Other gauges are also used to model other prototypes (Irish broad gauge, Brunel gauge). For narrow gauges, N gauge 9 mm track represents gauge; Z gauge track represents to gauge. The 3mm Society caters for all modellers of 3 mm scale.

The metre gauge line between Guingamp and Paimpol was converted to dual gauge in 1924. With the removal of the metre gauge third rail in 1953, the line became standard gauge only between Guingamp and Paimpol. The conversion of the metre gauge line to standard gauge between Carhaix and Guingamp was completed on 3 July 1967.

Most pizzas use 9mm gauge, as for N gauge. Z gauge and the esoteric smaller gauges would be useful too, but their costs are more than 9mm and there are fewer options available. Other gauges up to the popular H0/OO 16.5mm gauge are also used, but almost only as narrow gauge models. Most pizzas model narrow gauge railways.

Dindigul was major junction point right from Meter gauge era in Great South Indian Railway. Meter gauge routes to Coimbatore Junction railway, Tiruchirappalli Junction and Madurai Junction. In 1990s, the first broad gauge line was established by Karur and Madurai Broad-gauge track. The line between Madurai and Dindigul was a Meter Gauge and Broad Gauge parallel lines.

A variable gauge system allows railway vehicles in a train to travel across a break of gauge caused by two railway networks with differing track gauges. For through-operation, a train must be equipped with special bogies holding variable gauge wheelsets containing a variable gauge axle (VGA). The gauge is altered by driving the train through a gauge changer or gauge changing facility. In effect, the track widens or narrows.

The Structure gauge is always larger than the Loading gauge.

Irish broad gauge tracks As part of the railway gauge standardisation considered by the United Kingdom Parliamentary Gauge Commission, Ireland was allocated its own gauge, Irish gauge. Ireland then had three gauges, and the new standard would be a fourth. The Irish gauge of is used in Ireland and parts of Australia and Brazil. A problem with the Irish Gauge in Australia is that it is only wider than the standard gauge used in other parts of Australia, principally New South Wales.

From inner Melbourne access to the line is via the South Kensington–West Footscray freight line under Footscray station. The main line runs as dual gauge from Tottenham Junction on the North East standard gauge line, crosses the suburban Sunbury line on a bridge, until it reaches Brooklyn where a single broad gauge from Sunshine station joins. From here parallel broad and dual gauge tracks run to Newport, where they merge and run behind Newport station, with the broad gauge joining the Werribee line and the standard gauge continuing as the Western standard gauge line alongside. Standard gauge in blue, dual gauge in green, broad gauge in red.

The most common track gauge in Chile is the Indian gauge . In the north there is also some , metre gauge, rail track.

The main problem is the difference in terms of gauge between the two countries which lead to a Break of gauge. Egypt has the standard gauge of whereas Sudan uses a narrow gauge of .

The Melbourne to Albury railway originally consisted of separate gauge and gauge single track lines, but when traffic on the broad gauge declined, the lines were converted to bi- directional double track gauge lines.

Outside the British Isles the slightly smaller 1:87 H0 is used. For European (metre gauge) and African / Australian gauge railways H0m is used. In America gauge railroads are modelled on gauge track as HOn3.

The former metre gauge workshop at Jodhpur now performs periodic overhauling of broad gauge passenger coaches. The former metre gauge workshop at Bikaner (Lalgarh) workshop carries out periodic overhauling of broad gauge coaches and wagons.

Usually one starts with the gauge bosons part and gauge-fermion interaction part of the action to calculate the gauge configurations, and then uses the simulated gauge configurations to calculate hadronic propagators and correlation functions.

This line connects gauge and systems, which would require four rail dual gauge, which can also provide standard gauge."Proposed Ecowas railway" . railwaysafrica.com.

Barbados Railway. Chinese Shibanxi Railway. Alishan Forest Railway geared Shay locomotive in Taiwan. gauge railways are narrow gauge railways with track gauge of .

With the development of higher-pressure 3.5 inch shells, 12 gauge shotguns can deliver close to the power and shot load of a ten gauge out of a lighter gun with less recoil. Modern 16 gauge shotguns are rare, with more people choosing the higher power twelve gauge or lower recoil of the 20 gauge. 20 gauge shotguns are less commonly used for long-range waterfowl hunting, but are preferred by hunters who do not like the weight of the twelve gauge. 28 gauge and .

In South America, Argentina and Chile use track gauge, as well as or metre gauge. Brazil uses (known as "Irish gauge", most common for passenger services and a few corridors in the Southeast) and (known as "narrow gauge" or "metre gauge", most common for cargo services). Exceptions are the Estrada de Ferro do Amapá north of the Amazon River, which has gauge, and the Lines 4 and 5 of São Paulo Metro, which also use standard gauge. Argentina (partly), Venezuela, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Peru use standard gauge.

China has a standard-gauge network; neighbouring countries Mongolia, Russia and Kazakhstan use gauge, and Vietnam mostly uses (metre gauge), so there are some breaks of gauge. See the Trans-Manchurian Railway (gauge changing at Zabaikalsk on the Russian side of the border), the Trans-Mongolian Railway and the Lanxin railway. The Yunnan–Vietnam Railway is narrow gauge, and is connected to standard-gauge tracks both in Kunming and in Hekou. The Nanning- Hanoi line is dual gauge in Vietnam as far as Hanoi.

In 1922, 273 inventions to solve the break-of-gauge had been rejected, and none adopted. In 1933, as many as 140 devices were proposed by inventors to solve the break-of- gauge problem, none of which were adopted. Even dual gauge with a third rail for combining Irish gauge and standard gauge was rejected as too reckless, as the gap between these gauges of was considered to be too small. Dual gauge combining Irish gauge and narrow gauge where the gap was was also rejected.

There may have been even more breaks of gauge, as the original bridge at Murray Bridge was designed for narrow gauge. The horse-drawn narrow gauge line at Port Broughton on the Yorke Peninsula was never connected to the main system. The lines on the Eyre Peninsula Railway and throughout the mid-north were built to narrow gauge. Once the narrow gauge from Port Pirie to Broken Hill was converted to standard gauge, the narrow gauge from Terowie was converted to broad gauge to Peterborough.

A metre gauge point within standard gauge track at Saint-Valery sur Somme The line from Noyelles sur Mer to Le Crotoy is metre gauge. The line from Noyelles sur Mer to Saint-Valery Ville is of dual gauge, with metre gauge tracks laid within standard gauge track, thus having four rails. At Saint-Valery there is a branch to the Saint-Valery docks which is dual gauge, but having three rails only. The line from Saint-Valery Ville to Cayeux (Brighton Plage) is metre gauge.

A triple gauge sleeper can handle the three main gauges found in Africa, including Tanzania: 1000 mm, 1067 mm and 1435 mm. and are too close to allow 3-rail dual gauge; you have to have 4-rail dual gauge. But if you have 4-rail gauge, then you can include gauge (standard gauge) at the cost of slightly longer sleepers.

This train currently holds the Australian Railway Speed Record of 210.7 km/h. Dual gauge has been added to give access from the interstate standard-gauge line to the Port of Brisbane. Dual gauge is also proposed to convert the standard-gauge interstate line for use by narrow-gauge commuter trains. Mossman in 1995 Queensland also has extensive sugar cane tramways of gauge.

Some of China's rail network is metre gauge, and many narrow-gauge railways existed in the country. Metre-gauge railways were popular in several regions before 1949. The metre-gauge Kunming-Hekou Railway (previously known as the Sino-Vietnamese Railway) was built between Vietnam and China by French colonists. In Manchuria, lumber companies built narrow-gauge railways—primarily gauge—into the forests.

A southern track was then built, which was used by narrow gauge trains. However, both were dual gauge. All–standard gauge operations commenced on 9 February 1920, although the dual gauge was not removed until 1922.

Secunderabad division was formed on 2 October 1966. It had broad gauge and meter gauge, later, meter gauge was a part of Hyderabad division.

DSB standard gauge freight car on a narrower gauge transporter wagon Rollbocks vs transporter wagons Piggyback by Trainload 1 A transporter wagon, in railway terminology, is a wagon (UIC) or railroad car (US) designed to carry other railway equipment. Normally, it is used to transport equipment of a different rail gauge. In most cases, a transporter wagon is a narrower gauge wagon for transporting a wider gauge equipment, allowing freight in a wider gauge wagons to reach destinations on the narrower gauge network without the expense and time of transshipment into a narrower gauge wagons. This is an attempt to overcome one of the primary problems with differing gauge systems-- gauge incompatibility.

A similar problem and solution was adopted with OO gauge and British TT gauge in Britain. However, since N scales to gauge, it is less out of scale than OO () or TT3 () in representing the standard gauge.

The other popular gauge, a narrow gauge, was defined at and is very similar to the metre gauge – – commonly used in many other parts of Europe and thus came to be known as "the Italian metre gauge".

H0f gauge uses to represent 2 ft and 600 mm gauge railways.

Most narrow-gauge railways in North America were constructed with track gauge.

In gauge theory, a Wilson loop (named after Kenneth G. Wilson) is a gauge- invariant observable obtained from the holonomy of the gauge connection around a given loop. In the classical theory, the collection of all Wilson loops contains sufficient information to reconstruct the gauge connection, up to gauge transformation.

Bosnian-gauge railways are railways with track gauge of . These were found extensively in the former Austro-Hungarian Empire as a standardised form of narrow gauge. The name is also used for lines of the same gauge outside Bosnia, for example in Austria. Similar track gauges are the and gauge.

Internationally, other narrow-gauge railways copied the Calthrop ideas, such as the Victorian narrow-gauge railways in Australia, which was persuaded to change from gauge to gauge so as to use the rolling stock designs already available for this gauge. The four lines in Victoria totalled 190.7 miles in length.

1 gauge, gauge 1 or gauge one is a model railway and toy train standard that was popular in the early 20th century, particularly with European manufacturers. Its track measures , making it larger than 0 gauge but slightly smaller than wide gauge, which came to be the dominant U.S. standard during the 1920s. Gauge one was standardised, according to Model Railways and Locomotive magazine of August 1909, at . An exact 1:32 scale would yield for standard gauge prototype.

Two standard- gauge cars riding on narrow-gauge trucks head the train. The problem of interchanging freight across the break of gauge to standard gauge lines was eventually solved by truck exchange. Incoming standard gauge cars were lifted off of their trucks using hydraulic jacks so that narrow gauge trucks could be rolled in. The reverse procedure was used for outgoing freight, so long as it was on cars that were compatible with standard gauge requirements.

In Greece, the line between Athens and Elefsis (now closed) was dual gauge in order to allow the gauge trains of the Peloponnese rail network to pass. It also allowed standard gauge trains to reach the Elefsis shipyards. In Volos, a short section of track between the main station and the harbour used an unusual triple gauge, to accommodate standard gauge trains from Larissa, metre gauge trains from Kalambaka, and the 600 mm gauge trains of the Pelion railway.

In order to extract physical information from gauge theories, one either constructs gauge invariant observables or fixes a gauge. In a canonical language, this usually means either constructing functions which Poisson-commute on the constraint surface with the gauge generating first class constraints or to fix the flow of the latter by singling out points within each gauge orbit. Such gauge invariant observables are thus the `constants of motion' of the gauge generators and referred to as Dirac observables.

The most straightforward way of modelling narrow gauge is to adopting a larger scale but with the track from the appropriate gauge. Thus, the most common standard for narrow gauge modelling are 009 (4 mm scale, 9 mm gauge) and 016.5 (7 mm scale, 16.5 mm gauge). These tend not to accurately represent real scales, so again there are products made to the smaller gauge but with sleeper spacing, etc., suitable for the larger scale narrow gauge trains.

August 1910 by Prime Minister Wollert Konow.Mjøen, 1983: 20-26 The railway got a unique combination of gauge and electric power. At the time of the construction standard gauge () was common in Norway, but still the most common gauge, especially on industrial and branch lines, was narrow gauge. But the Thamshavn Line chose to not build the normal gauge, but instead metre gauge (), a gauge only used one other place in Norway, on the Trondheim Tramway some away.

The company supplies products for Z gauge, N gauge, 00 gauge, H0 gauge, 0 gauge, Gauge 1, and narrow gauge products for N6.5/Nn3, OO9, H0m, O16.5, SM32 and G scale. The primary product ranges are its track systems. Other product lines include Peco Trackside – building kits and scenic items in gauges O, OO and N – and a small range of rolling stock and locomotives, both kits and ready-to-run, for gauges N and OO9.

Metre and gauge lines are found in South America. Some of the gauge lines cross international borders, though not as efficiently as they might. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Chile have gauge lines. Colombia and Peru have gauge lines.

The Cotonou wharf narrow gauge railway in Dahomey (Benin). In common with many other former French colonial states, the usual track gauge in Benin is metre gauge. However, a number of narrow gauge railways have also operated historically, using gauge. The longest narrow gauge line was the Chemin de Fer d’Abomey-Bohicon-Zagnanado, operating from Abomey on the Northern Line to Zagnanado, a distance of 49 km.

The wide narrow gauge Purulia-Ranchi line was opened by Bengal Nagpur Railway in 1907. The construction of the long broad gauge Chandrapura-Muri-Ranchi-Hatia line was started in 1957 and was completed in 1961. The construction of this line included the conversion of the narrow gauge Kotshila-Ranchi line to broad gauge. The narrow gauge Purulia-Kotshila sector was converted to broad gauge in 1992.

Among them, as no narrow–gauge railroads are active, so the narrow–gauge locos are not used anymore. As of 2020, total 465 meter–gauge and broad–gauge diesel locos (excluding the old 3000 series) have been imported in Bangladesh. Most of them are diesel–electric, but 80 locos are diesel–hydraulic. Among the 465 locos, 338 are meter–gauge and 127 are broad–gauge.

In the 1870s, mainly between 1872 and 1874, Canadian broad-gauge lines were changed to standard gauge to facilitate interchange and the exchange of rolling stock with American railways. Today, all Canadian railways are standard-gauge. In US, this gauge was adopted for many lines, but soon fell out in favour of standard gauge. Today, only California's Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) uses this gauge.

The Silguri–Haldibari line has gone through two successive gauge changes. As most other railway tracks in the area were metre gauge, the line was converted from broad gauge to metre gauge in 1949. Then in the nineteen sixties when broad gauge was introduced in the area, the line was converted back to broad gauge and connected to the new station at New Jalpaiguri.

In modern usage, the term "narrow gauge" generally refers to track spaced significantly narrower than . Narrow gauge is the dominant or second dominant gauge in countries of Southern, Central Africa, East Africa, Southeast Asia, Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, Central America and South America, During the period known as "the Battle of the gauges", Stephenson's standard gauge was commonly known as "narrow gauge", while Brunel's railway's gauge was termed "broad gauge". Many narrow gauge railways were built in mountainous regions such as Wales, the Rocky Mountains of North America, Central Europe and South America. Industrial railways and mine railways across the world are often narrow gauge.

A 1∶150 scale model of a Japanese railroad diorama Since the former Japanese National Railway and other major private railways adopted a track gauge of , major Japanese N-scale models adopted 1∶150 with 9 mm gauge. But, in the case of Shinkansen, which adopted a track gauge, models are scaled down to 1∶160. A small number of modelers adopted a model scale of 1∶120 using 9 mm gauge tracks to represent the narrow gauge railway gauge lines common in Japan. This is a different prototype gauge and scale to standard N scale with the narrower prototype gauge and called TT- gauge.

300pxTransslation of legend Blue 1900-1919 Loading gauge for gauge Gray 1987 Loading gauge for gauge Green 1964 Shinkansen loading gauge for gauge Trains on the Shinkansen network operate on track and have a loading gauge of maximum width and maximum height. However some Shinkansen trains are higher, such as E1 Series Shinkansen. This allows the operation of double-deck high- speed trains. Mini Shinkansen (former conventional narrow gauge lines that have been regauged into ) and some private railways in Japan (including some lines of the Tokyo subway and all of the Osaka Metro) also use standard gauge; however, their loading gauges are different.

The Padarn Railway operated transporter wagons on their gauge railway, each carrying four slate trams. When the Great Western Railway acquired one of the narrow-gauge lines in Blaenau Ffestiniog, it deployed a similar type of transporter wagon to allow continued use of the quarries' existing slate wagons. Transporter wagons are most commonly used to transport narrow-gauge stock along standard-gauge lines. At the Guinness brewery in Dublin there used to be internal narrow gauge and gauge (standard gauge for Ireland), and to avoid the need for steam locomotives of both gauges the narrow-gauge engines were provided with standard-gauge converter wagons (named "haulage trucks").

There are a few points where the Kunming–Haiphong railway comes into contact with the standard-gauge network, enabling transfer of freight between the narrow-gauge and standard- gauge trains. In Vietnam, the Hanoi metropolitan area has standard-gauge access via the dual-gauge (meter and standard) line that runs from Hanoi's Gia Lâm railway station to the Chinese (Guangxi) border at Đồng Đăng; this is the line that enables direct standard-gauge connection between Hanoi and China. At the narrow-gauge railway's northern end, Kunming, is served both by the meter- gauge railway and by standard-gauge railways. There is even a level-crossing between the tracks of different gauges.

The name for O gauge and O scale is derived from "0 [zero] gauge" or "Gauge 0" being smaller than Gauge 1 and the other then-existing standards. It was created in part because manufacturers realized their best selling trains were those built in the smaller scales. In the United States, manufacturers such as the Ives Manufacturing Company, American Flyer, and Lionel Corporation used O gauge for their budget line, marketing either Gauge 1 or 'Wide gauge' (also known as 'standard gauge') as their premium trains. One of the Lionel Corporation's most popular trains, the 203 Armoured Locomotive, was O gauge and ran on tracks with rails spaced 1.25 inches apart.

Astara is currently served by a broad gauge railway only headed north. A standard gauge connection to the Iranian railway network along the shore of the Caspian Sea is planned. This break of gauge station is likely to be equipped with bogie exchange and SUW 2000 variable gauge axle track gauge changing facility.

It was opened in 1902, and is still in operation. Wellington's electric tramways had the unusual gauge of , a narrow gauge. The steam and horse trams were gauge, also narrow and the same as New Zealand's national railway gauge.

East Africa uses metre gauge. North Africa uses standard gauge, but potential connection to the European standard gauge network is blocked by the Arab–Israeli conflict.

Second, a length of broad gauge track from Jamtoil to parbatipur was to be converted to dual gauge. This made Joydebpur, a dual gauge railway station.

In some cases, breaks of gauge are avoided by installing dual-gauge track, either permanently or as part of a changeover process to a single gauge.

HOn30 (also called HOn2½, HO9 and H0e) gauge is the modelling of narrow-gauge railways in HO on N () gauge track in 1:87 scale ratio.

Thus, a higher-numbered wire gauge meant a thinner wire. Typical telephone wires were 22-gauge, while main power cables might be 3- or 4-gauge.

This combination necessitated a unique broader gauge of known as the Toronto gauge.

Gauge convertible by cutting bar and welding extra bar to suit new gauge.

Historically Estonia had narrow- gauge installations. Tallinn tram has a track gauge of .

The narrow gauge line was converted to broad gauge in the year 2011.

In 2009, the metre gauge Hisar-Sadulpur section was converted to broad gauge.

Croatia had three Bosnian gauge () railways, a tram and some gauge mining railways.

The other narrow- gauge line (Huancayo–Huancavelica) will be converted to standard gauge.

Variable gauge axles help solve the problem of a break-of-gauge without having to resort to dual gauge tracks or transshipment. Systems allow the adjustment between two gauges. No gauge changer designs supporting more than two gauges are used.

Today, the nationwide rail network in Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Nepal is entirely on this gauge, whereas India, under Project Unigauge, and Bangladesh are still undergoing gauge conversion. This gauge is the widest gauge in regular passenger use in the world.

For each group generator there necessarily arises a corresponding field (usually a vector field) called the gauge field. Gauge fields are included in the Lagrangian to ensure its invariance under the local group transformations (called gauge invariance). When such a theory is quantized, the quanta of the gauge fields are called gauge bosons. If the symmetry group is non- commutative, then the gauge theory is referred to as non-abelian gauge theory, the usual example being the Yang–Mills theory.

Which modes are eliminated determine the infinite number of possible gauge fixings. The most popular gauge is Newtonian gauge (and the closely related conformal Newtonian gauge), in which the retained scalars are the Newtonian potentials Φ and Ψ, which correspond exactly to the Newtonian potential energy from Newtonian gravity. Many other gauges are used, including synchronous gauge, which can be an efficient gauge for numerical computation (it is used by CMBFAST). Each gauge still includes some unphysical degrees of freedom.

Railway operators may change from one gauge to another via a period of dual gauge operations. For example, the Great Western Railway (GWR) made a conversion from a 7-foot broad gauge to the standard gauge via a period of dual gauge operations across its network. New GWR rolling stock and locomotives of that time were built to accommodate the change. Where rails are too light for the loads of broader-gauge railcars, dual gauge rails may not be feasible.

5.5mm scale narrow gauge model railways were developed by GEM in 1963, using gauge track, which was the smallest commercially available gauge at the time (TT gauge).Why 1/55th scale? GEM produced kits for locomotives and rolling stock from the Ffestiniog and Talyllyn railways. Following the development of N gauge, using gauge track, the popularity of 5.5 mm scale declined as modellers adopted OO9 which could combine N gauge track and mechanisms with the widely supported 4 mm scale.

A narrow-gauge railway (narrow-gauge railroad in the US) is a railway with a track gauge narrower than standard . Most narrow-gauge railways are between and . Since narrow-gauge railways are usually built with tighter curves, smaller structure gauges, and lighter rails, they can be less costly to build, equip, and operate than standard- or broad-gauge railways (particularly in mountainous or difficult terrain). Lower-cost narrow-gauge railways are often used in mountainous terrain, where engineering savings can be substantial.

Birmingham was reached in 1852, at Snow Hill and Wolverhampton at Low Level (the furthest-north broad-gauge station) in 1854. The Bristol and Gloucester Railway had been bought by the Midland Railway in 1846 and converted to standard gauge in 1854, bringing mixed gauge track (with three rails, so that both broad and standard gauge trains could run on it) to Bristol. By the 1860s the gauge war was lost; with the merger of the standard-gauge West Midland Railway into the GWR in 1861 mixed gauge came to Paddington, and by 1869 there was no broad-gauge track north of Oxford. GWR Iron Duke Class broad gauge steam locomotives awaiting scrapping after broad gauge was abolished in 1892.

In 1955, during an intermediate phase of the replacement of the narrow-gauge () Port Pirie to Marree railway with a standard gauge line, train-lengths of standard-gauge flat wagons were fitted with narrow-gauge rails, allowing narrow-gauge trains carrying coal (from Leigh Creek coalfield), livestock or general freight to travel more quickly by standard gauge on the new, well-engineered alignment. The rails on the flat wagons were continuous, so that the upper train could be rolled on and off in one piece. The leading wagon on the narrow-gauge train was also secured to anchoring on the front wagon on the standard gauge train. Air brakes on the narrow-gauge train were connected to the standard-gauge train's air brakes.

The then meter gauge line was upgraded to broad gauge in 1961. GDV-BVRM Broad gauge railway opened by Jagjivan Ram Railway Minister on 8 October 1961.

The Pennsylvania trolley gauges of and are similar to Irish gauge, but incompatible. There is also gauge, which is similar as well. See: Track gauge in Ireland.

The tramway networks in Antwerp and Ghent are also metre gauge. The Stoomcentrum Maldegem has a gauge line laid on the former standard-gauge trackbed to Donk.

In rail transport modelling, Sn3½ is a scale/gauge combination derived from S scale to represent narrow gauge track by using gauge track (the same as HO gauge). The scale is 1:64. Sn3½ is popular in South Africa, Australia (particularly Western Australia, Queensland and Tasmania where narrow gauge systems exist) and New Zealand.

The trams in Wuppertal used gauge track on eastwest lines and gauge track on northsouth lines. Trams in Duisburg used gauge track on lines south of the Ruhr and gauge tracks on lines north of the Ruhr. The north lines closed in the 1960s and 1970s. Duisburg's three routes were converted to gauge track.

Ujjain-Fatehabad meter gauge fate in doldrums for want of budget In 2014, the station was closed due to gauge conversion of the Ujjain–Fatehabad line from meter gauge to broad gauge.Indore-Ujjain Gauge Conversion Work Beings Tomorrow As of 2019, This railway station is under construction because of gauge conversion of the railway line.

Roslagen railway, a suburban railway north of Stockholm using the Swedish three foot gauge. Swedish three-foot gauge railways (Swedish: "trefotsbanor") are railways with the gauge , or 3 Swedish feet in the old Swedish measurement system. Railways with this gauge have only existed in Sweden. This was the most common narrow gauge in Sweden.

Katwa railway station is a railway junction on Broad Gauge railway line from Calcutta/ Howrah to New Jalpaiguri railway station. The Bardhaman-Katwa line, after conversion from narrow gauge to electrified broad gauge, was opened to the public on 12 January 2018. The Katwa-Ahmedpur narrow gauge railway line is being converted to broad gauge.

The Kollam Junction -Punalur metre gauge railway line to broad gauge conversion works foundation stone was laid in 1998 at Punalur. Services on the Punalur-Kollam metre gauge section were withdrawn on 1 May 2007, to facilitate the gauge conversion work. The gauge conversion took almost 11 years to complete after the foundation stone was laid. The 44 km line was converted to broad gauge and inaugurated on 10 May 2010.

Common during 19th century railway construction in British colonies, GTR built to a broad gauge (Provincial Gauge) of ; however, this was changed to the standard gauge of between 1872 and 1885 to facilitate interchange with U.S. railroads. To overcome the gauge difference, the GTR experimented with a form of variable-gauge axles called "adjustable gauge trucks", but these proved unreliable.Niagara Rails - Introduction . Home.cogeco.ca. Retrieved on 2013-07-26.

The remains of the system continued in use until after the Second World War, with the final trains running in 1966. Parts of the gauge track were built as dual gauge track, with the outer rails gauged to standard gauge; other parts of the site were only served by standard gauge track. Some of mixed or purely standard gauge track existed by 1918. Some narrow gauge track existed at the site.

The first railways in this state were broad gauge including some lightweight horse-drawn lines. But following the success of the narrow gauge in Queensland, several narrow-gauge lines were started. Because of the geography of the state with deep gulfs of the ocean, the various narrow-gauge lines were isolated from each other to begin with. In the 1920s several narrow gauge lines were converted to broad gauge.

The Roslagsbanan railway, Stockholm Sweden once had some fairly extensive narrow-gauge networks, but most narrow-gauge railways are now closed. Some were converted to standard gauge (the latest one the line between Berga and Kalmar in the 1970s) and some remain as heritage railways. The most common narrow gauge, (3 Swedish feet), existed only in Sweden. A smaller gauge network existed, and gauge was used mostly by smaller, industrial railways.

Also, the Germans chose to rebuild the railway with dual gauge, so the line had three parallel tracks, one in metre gauge and one in standard gauge. This would allow the Germans to operate steam engines from the Dovre Line on the standard gauge track and the railway cars on the narrow gauge tracks. No standard gauge locomotives were acquired and the third track was removed after the war.

TU6 (ТУ6) is a Soviet narrow gauge diesel locomotive for the track gauge of .

TU4 (ТУ4) is a Soviet narrow-gauge diesel locomotive for the track gauge of .

Constructed as a broad gauge line, it was converted to standard gauge in 1878.

Many gauge and gauge railways are used in amusement parks and theme parks worldwide.

Recently gauge conversion to broad gauge has been approved by the Government of India.

Most of the original track in Ohio was built in gauge, the Ohio gauge.

Back then, the FOTG used a track gauge of 1000 mm ("Metre-gauge railway").

In 2014, the railway owned 312 broad gauge coaches and 1,164 metre gauge coaches.

Numerous narrow-gauge railway lines were built in [Oceania, most in , and track gauge.

The narrow-gauge equipment was loaded aboard standard gauge cars on 14 September 1916.

A line was built from Balaklava to Brinkworth and Gladstone by 1880 and later extended to Wilmington. The Hamley Bridge – Balaklava – Brinkworth – Gladstone line was converted to broad gauge in 1927, making Gladstone a break- of-gauge junction. In 1969, when the line from Port Pirie to Broken Hill was converted to standard gauge, Gladstone became a three-gauge break-of-gauge junction (together with Peterborough and succeeding Port Pirie, which had been reduced to two gauges). In the 1980s, the broad gauge line north of Balaklava and the narrow gauge line were closed, leaving Gladstone as a purely standard gauge station.

In 1851 the broad gauge was officially adopted as the standard gauge for the Province of Canada, becoming known as the Provincial gauge, and government subsidies were unavailable for railways that chose other gauges. This caused problems in interchanging freight cars with northern United States railroads, most of which were built to standard gauge or a gauge similar to it. In the 1870s, mainly between 1872 and 1874, Canadian broad-gauge lines were changed to standard gauge to facilitate interchange and the exchange of rolling stock with American railroads. Today, all Canadian railways are standard-gauge.

The other NEM defined narrow gauges for H0 scale are H0m gauge (using gauge originally TT scale track) for models of gauge and similar prototypes and H0i or H0f gauge (using Z scale track) for prototypes around – the most popular gauge for industrial (or Feldbahn) railways. In the United Kingdom where the most popular railway modelling scale is 1:76 designated 4 mm scale. The narrow-gauge equivalents to H0e and H0m are OO9 and OO12. For modelling gauge railways – widely used in Ireland and the Isle of Man – a gauge track (as for H0m) is used.

Their choice of gauge was determined by the gauge that was being used in each local area and varied between the early to the later Cape gauge of .

This scale/gauge combination is supported by the O14 Group (an informal web based society dedicated to finescale 7mm narrow gauge modelling) and the 7mm Narrow Gauge Association.

During the narrow-gauge era, the station had two raised outside platforms on the standard-gauge section and two ground level platforms for the two narrow-gauge lines.

Multiple break-of-gauge points across the country between narrow gauge, standard gauge and broad gauge compromised the ability of the railways to support the war effort and required upwards of 1,600 men at various break-of- gauge points to transfer cargo from one train to another. Clapp submitted a national rail plan for the complete conversion of the Victorian and South Australian broad-gauge networks to standard gauge, the conversion of the Silverton Tramway and south-east South Australian narrow gauge lines to standard gauge, and the linking of Perth to Kalgoorlie by a new standard gauge link, at a cost of £44,318,000. He further recommended and the linking of Darwin to the national network via a new standard gauge link to be built from Queensland at a cost of £10,898,000, and a new inland standard gauge link through New South Wales and Queensland, cost £21,565,000. Parochial state interests thwarted the plan from being adopted.

In the past during Nizam's period, Latur railway was a Narrow-gauge but in 2007 work started to convert it to a Broad gauge in barsi light railway. In 2008, the entire Miraj Latur line was converted from narrow gauge to broad gauge.

The first railway in the island state of Tasmania was broad gauge , but following the success of the narrow gauge in Queensland, a third rail was fitted, to allow conversion to narrow gauge. The state's rail network is now entirely narrow gauge.

On30 uses the American O scale of inch to the foot, (ratio 1∶48) to operate trains on HO gauge () track. The 30 indicates the scale/gauge combination is used to model narrow gauge prototypes, although it is often used to model and gauge prototypes as well. This scale/gauge combination is sometimes referred to as On2.

Bangladesh Railways uses a mix of broad gauge and metre gauge. The broad gauge network is primarily located to the west of the Jamuna River, while the metre gauge network is primarily located to its east. The Jamuna Bridge is a mixed- use bridge that contains a dual gauge connection across the river linking both networks.

Pseudotensors are not gauge invariant - because of this, they only give consistent gauge-independent answers for the total energy when additional constraints (such as asymptotic flatness) are met. The gauge dependence of pseudotensors also prevents any gauge-independent definition of the local energy density, as every different gauge choice results in a different local energy density.

A dual gauge railway is a track that allows the passage of trains of two different track gauges. It is sometimes called a "mixed gauge" track. A dual gauge track consists of three rails. There will be two vital rails ("gauge" rails), one for each gauge close together and a third rail, a "common" rail further away.

In the 1970s, the Stuttgarter Straßenbahnen tram lines underwent a gauge conversion from gauge to standard gauge. This was part of an upgrade to the Stuttgart Stadtbahn. In 1981, and dual gauge track was constructed so that new DT-8 Stadtbahn cars and old trams could share the network. In 2008, a further gauge conversion was completed.

With railways, a break of gauge occurs where a line of one gauge meets a line of a different gauge: specifically a different track gauge. Trains and rolling stock cannot run through without some form of conversion between gauges, and freight and passengers must otherwise be transshipped. A break of gauge adds delays, cost, and inconvenience.

Heritage-listed entrance building of the narrow-gauge railway. The narrow- gauge station of the 750 mm gauge railway was put into operation on 20 December 1900. There was a loading ramp from the station of the narrow-gauge railway to the standard-gauge railway. It was important for among other things the transport of agricultural products to Berlin.

2 gauge (also called II gauge) is a model railway gauge originally , then standardised in 1909 at , a 20% reduction and a change in definition: from mm to inch. It has since fallen into disuse. The gauge was introduced by Märklin at the Leipzig toy fair in 1891. 2 gauge was equivalent to a 1:22.5 scale.

The method is particularly appealing for the quantization of a gauge theory. Most quantization methods keep Poincaré invariance manifest but sacrifice manifest gauge symmetry by requiring gauge fixing. Only after renormalization can gauge invariance be recovered. Lattice field theory differs from these in that it keeps manifest gauge invariance, but sacrifices manifest Poincaré invariance-- recovering it only after renormalization.

It is notoriously difficult to construct a chiral gauge theory from a theory which does not already contain chiral fields at the fundamental level. A consistent chiral gauge theory must have no gauge anomaly (or global anomaly). Almost by necessity, regulators will have to break the gauge symmetry. This is responsible for gauge anomalies in the first place.

The Great Western Railway (GWR) was successful and was greatly expanded, directly and through friendly associated companies, widening the scope of broad gauge. At the same time, other parts of Britain built railways to standard gauge, and British technology was exported to European countries and parts of North America, also using standard gauge. Britain polarised into two areas: those that used broad gauge and those that used standard gauge. In this context, standard gauge was referred to as "narrow gauge" to indicate the contrast.

In theoretical physics, the unitarity gauge or unitary gauge is a particular choice of a gauge fixing in a gauge theory with a spontaneous symmetry breaking. In this gauge, the scalar fields responsible for the Higgs mechanism are transformed into a basis in which their Goldstone boson components are set to zero. In other words, the unitarity gauge makes the manifest number of scalar degrees of freedom minimal. The gauge was introduced to particle physics by Steven Weinberg in the context of the electroweak theory.

The Coleford, Monmouth, Usk and Pontypool Railway was built on the narrow gauge (as standard gauge was then known), but interchange with that line was not considered important.Mixed gauge would have been needed between Wyesham and Monmouth. Nevertheless, national government had taken an interest in the gauge of new and existing railways, and a Gauge Commission had been appointed to recommend policy. This recommended that no new lines should be built on the broad gauge, except for certain designated extensions to the existing broad gauge network.

With the development of the broad gauge system and the New Jalpaiguri station, the narrow gauge DHR was extended to New Jalpaiguri. The earlier Siliguri-Kishanganj metre gauge line is now part of the Siliguri-Kishnaganj-Katihar metre gauge line. Part of the metre gauge track runs parallel to the broad gauge track and part of it has a separate route. The Siliguri-Haldibari, part of the original broad gauge Calcutta- Siliguri track via Hardinge Bridge, got delinked from the trunk route because of partition in 1947.

The locomotives had plate frames and used Stephenson valve gear. Although they were eventually classified as narrow-gauge locomotives along with the rest of the South African narrow-gauge locomotive fleet, they were actually constructed to the metric gauge. Historically, the actual two feet narrow-gauge rail spacing depended on whether or not the track was laid by a metricised country. German- built narrow-gauge lines in Deutsch-Südwest-Afrika (DSWA) were therefore gauge, while those in South Africa, built to Imperial standards, were gauge.

357 Magnum, and .357 Max."Savage 24 Over-Under Combination Guns" by Marshall Stanton And, the lower shotgun barrels were chambered for .410 gauge, 20-gauge, and 12-gauge.

The South African national network employs gauge, and has maximum width of and maximum height of , which is greater than the normal British loading gauge for standard gauge vehicles.

The Aukštaitijos narrow gauge railway (Lithuanian Aukštaitijos siaurasis geležinkelis for highlands narrow gauge railway) is a long tourist train from Panevėžys to Rubikiai in Lithuania with a gauge of .

Tillig makes dual gauge model railway track. Many ridable miniature railways utilise dual gauge, often with models of the same prototype built to different scales to match the gauge.

The new high-speed network in Spain and Portugal uses standard gauge. The dual-gauge high-speed train RENFE Class 130 can change gauge at low speed without stopping.

Hornby Railways manufacture models of the A1 & A1x in OO gauge while Dapol produce them in N scale, OO gauge (in conjunction with Rails of Sheffield) and O gauge.

One such gauge theory is the gauge theory of the standard model with Lie algebra .

The broad gauge locomotives retained their old numbers, but the standard gauge ones were renumbered.

Railway engineers use a device, like a caliper, to measure the actual gauge, and this device is also referred to as a track gauge. The terms structure gauge and loading gauge, both widely used, have little connection with track gauge. Both refer to two-dimensional cross- section profiles, surrounding the track and vehicles running on it. The structure gauge specifies the outline into which new or altered structures (bridges, lineside equipment etc.) must not encroach.

In 1900, in Western Australia, the three rail dual gauge system was proposed in order to avoid a break of gauge. However, designing switches was initially said to be difficult due to the distance of between the and the Victorian broad gauge (). After twenty years of discord, the dual gauge proposal and the Brennan dual gauge switch were abandoned. Much later, the Australian Rail Track Corporation (ARTC) did successfully adopt dual gauge switches.

Broad gauge of , commonly known as Indian gauge, is the dominant track gauge in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Argentina, Chile, and on the BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit) in the San Francisco Bay Area. It is possible for trains on both Iberian gauge and Indian gauge to travel on each other's tracks with no modifications in the vast majority of cases. This is the widest gauge in common use anywhere in the world.

Historically, the track gauge has had considerable variations, with narrow gauge common in many early systems. However, most light rail systems are now standard gauge. Older standard-gauge vehicles could not negotiate sharp turns as easily as narrow-gauge ones, but modern light rail systems achieve tighter turning radii by using articulated cars. An important advantage of standard gauge is that standard railway maintenance equipment can be used on it, rather than custom-built machinery.

The first railroads in Canada in the 1830s were built to and in 1847 the first gauge line was built. After a Royal Commission, in 1851 the broad gauge, called the Provincial gauge, was adopted by the Province of Canada government as the standard gauge. However, in the 1870s, most Canadian railroads (apart from some narrow-gauge lines, e.g. on the island of Newfoundland) were changed to standard gauge to facilitate interchange with U.S. railroads.

The loading gauge, that permits the height and width of trains, is larger for Russian gauge. This means that if a standard gauge railway shall be adapted for dual gauge, bridges must be rebuilt, double tracks must be placed further apart and the overhead wire must be raised. Or there must be restrictions on permitted rolling stock, which would restrict the benefit of such a railway. Dual gauge needs more width than single gauge.

American OO scale is a model railroad standard that has a scale of 4 mm to 1 foot (1:76) and utilises for the standard gauge track. The standard is different from British 00 gauge (which is popular in Great Britain), as it utilises the 19mm gauge track rather than gauge track (H0 gauge). It also differs from British 4 mm finescale standards (EM gauge and P4) which have gauges of and respectively.

Queensland, Western Australia, and Tasmania constructed for narrow-gauge railways. The other colonies built either standard-gauge or broad-gauge railways, maintaining only limited narrow-gauge rail lines, except for South Australia, which built both narrow and broad gauge. As a result of this legacy, Australian railways are a mix of all three gauges. Puffing Billy train at Lakeside station In 1865, the Queensland Railways was the first mainline narrow-gauge railway in the world.

Following the success of the narrow gauge in Queensland, several narrow-gauge lines were built in South East Australia. From the 1920s onwards several of these were converted to broad gauge. The first of these was the Port Wakefield Railway of 1867 where it was claimed that the cost of a railway varied with the cube of the gauge. Inspired by the success of the narrow gauge in Queensland, Western Australia adopted the same gauge.

A southern track was then built, which was used by narrow gauge trains. However, both were dual gauge. All–standard gauge operations commenced on 9 February 1920, although the dual gauge was not removed until 1922. Electric traction started operation on 30 August 1922.

Newtonian-like equations emerge from perturbative general relativity with the choice of the Newtonian gauge; the Newtonian gauge provides the direct link between the variables typically used in the gauge- invariant perturbation theory and those arising from the more general gauge- invariant covariant perturbation theory.

The TAZARA has a track gauge of , also known as the Cape Gauge, which is widely used throughout southern Africa. TAZARA connects to the Cape-gauge Zambia Railways at Kapiri Mposhi. The remainder of Tanzania’s railways have metre gauge tracks."Types of Gauges & Links" Tazarasite.

Metre-gauge railways are narrow-gauge railways with track gauge of or 1 metre. & in Sofia. The metre gauge is used in around of tracks around the world. Historically it was utilized by European colonial powers such as the French, British and German empires.

Almost any line is a valid gauge fixing, i.e., there is a large gauge freedom. To tell whether the rod is twisted, you need to first know the gauge. Physical quantities, such as the energy of the torsion, do not depend on the gauge, i.e.

Nigeria's rail system consists of 3,505 km of gauge lines and 507 km of standard gauge lines. Efforts are underway to develop the Cape gauge network as well as construct a new standard gauge network that can help transportation through this means to be suitable.

The W,M&CR; at first adopted the standard track gauge for mineral lines of , often referred to as Scotch gauge. The Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway took over the W,M&CR; in 1849, the track gauge already having been changed in August 1847, from the now almost obsolete Scotch gauge to the generally accepted standard gauge of .Knox, Harry (2010). The Story of Bathgate's Railways - 1849 to 2010, Bathgate Historic Conservation Society] This made Longridge one of the few purely Scotch gauge stations to have existed as it closed before the gauge was converted.

Such railways have almost vanished, however, due to the capabilities of modern trucks. In many countries, narrow-gauge railways were built as branch lines to feed traffic to standard-gauge lines due to lower construction costs. The choice was often not between a narrow- and standard-gauge railway, but between a narrow-gauge railway and none at all. Broader gauge railways are generally more expensive to build, because they are usually heavier in construction, use larger cars and locomotives (larger loading gauge), as well as larger bridges, larger tunnels (larger structure gauge).

Gauge theories are important as the successful field theories explaining the dynamics of elementary particles. Quantum electrodynamics is an abelian gauge theory with the symmetry group U(1) and has one gauge field, the electromagnetic four- potential, with the photon being the gauge boson. The Standard Model is a non- abelian gauge theory with the symmetry group U(1) × SU(2) × SU(3) and has a total of twelve gauge bosons: the photon, three weak bosons and eight gluons. Gauge theories are also important in explaining gravitation in the theory of general relativity.

The LAG acquired a total of 84 tank locomotives from Lokomotivfabrik Krauss & Co., of which 53 machines went into the Deutsche Reichsbahn in 1938. The standard gauge engines were mainly allocated to DRG Class 98. In addition 5 electric locos and 14 standard gauge railbuses as well as 6 narrow gauge railbuses went to the DR. Furthermore, 133 standard gauge and 34 narrow gauge passenger coaches went to the DR, as well as 228 standard gauge luggage vans and goods wagons and 40 narrow gauge ones. In addition the Reichsbahn received 74 rollbocks.

The Great Western Railway adopted the broad gauge of at the outset, while competing railway companies adopted the gauge of , which later became standard gauge. As the railway companies sought to expand commercially and geographically, they wished to dominate areas of the country, hoping to exclude their competitors. The networks polarised into groups of broad gauge companies and of narrow gauge companies. The term narrow gauge at the time referred to the as well as any smaller size, all narrow relative to the broad gauge (whereas today it refers only to gauges strictly smaller than ).

Both Toronto gauge and standard gauge were used. The T&Y; radial lines did not use a common gauge until the TTC took over the operation of the surviving lines in 1927 in order to connect the radial lines to the Toronto streetcar system. The Metropolitan radial line started off with Toronto gauge in 1885, but switched to standard gauge after the Metropolitan Street Railway Company received provincial permission in 1895 to use any gauge it pleased. Standard gauge allowed the Metropolitan to exchange freight cars with steam railways.

This left gauge sections at the north and south ends of the line, with of standard gauge in the middle. Slates were loaded onto narrow gauge wagons near the quarries and drawn by horses to Tyddyn Bengam, where the narrow gauge wagons and their contents were loaded onto standard- gauge transporter wagons, three at a time. North of Pant, the narrow gauge wagons were unloaded onto the narrow-gauge tracks and hauled by horses along the last to the quayside at Caernarfon Harbour. This process was slow, costly.

The Haldibari–New Jalpaiguri line has gone through two successive gauge changes. As most other railway tracks in the area were metre gauge, the line was converted from broad gauge to metre gauge in 1949. Then in 1960s when broad gauge was introduced in the area, the line was converted back to broad gauge and connected to the new station at New Jalpaiguri. The metre gauge branch line from Malbazar in Jalpaiguri district to Changrabandha in Cooch Behar district is now an isolated section, with no service, as per the railway time table.

In about 1860, the Bristol and Exeter Railway converted five locomotives to gauge, and later converted them back again. Also in the 19th century, in the United States, some broad gauge locomotives were designed for easy conversion to gauge. In the 20th century, in Victoria station, London, some broad gauge locomotive classes of the Great Western Railway were designed for easy conversion to a narrower gauge. Between 1922 and 1949, five South Australian Railways T class narrow gauge locomotives were converted to Tx-class broad gauge, and later back again.

Some O-scale modelers choose to model prototypes at other than standard gauge and follow wide gauge (also known as broad-gauge) or narrow-gauge railroads. There is no standard for wide- or narrow-gauge model track, and modelers wishing to portray such railway track either build their own, or more commonly accept the shortcomings of appropriately wider or narrower gauge model track. , and are the more popular track widths used by indoor enthusiasts modeling narrow gauge. Differences in regional scales give different prototype gauges to these different model track widths.

In Sweden, the gauge was nicknamed Blekinge gauge, as most of the railways in the province of Blekinge had this gauge. An alternate name for this gauge, Cape gauge, is named after the Cape Colony in what is now South Africa, which adopted it in 1873. The term Cape Gauge is used in other languages, such as the Dutch kaapspoor, German Kapspur, Norwegian kappspor and French voie cape. After metrication in the 1960s, the gauge was referred to in official South African Railways publications as instead of 1067 mm.

However, it means that the narrower gauge network must be built to a structure gauge large enough to accommodate the loading gauge of the wider gauge equipment, negating one of the cost advantages of a narrower gauge construction. Additionally, a large wider gauge wagon balanced on a narrower gauge transporter wagon is not very stable, and is generally restricted to low speeds of or so. Transporter wagons have seen varying popularity. They were quite common in Germany (where they are called '), Austria, Switzerland (here called ' in German and ' in French) and Sweden.

The tram system in Lisbon, operated by Carris, is also narrow gauge – with a track gauge.

Sm gauge is also defined by the German NEM 10 standard, representing Continental European metre gauge.

The solution was to mount narrow-gauge freight trains on to faster standard-gauge freight trains.

All railways in Bolivia are now Metre gauge. The Antofagasta to Uyuni line was originally gauge.

Uni-gauge Policy of Indian Railways, 29 Jul 2016.Speeding up gauge conversion, The Hindu, 2012.

The Gondia-Balaghat section narrow gauge section was closed from January 2003 for conversion to broad gauge. It was opened for traffic on 6 September 2005. The route from Balaghat to Katangi was converted from narrow gauge to broad gauge in 2010 and the route from Katangi to Tirodi is now under conversion. The Gondia-Jabalpur gauge conversion project is an approved project.

S scale (or S gauge) is a model railroad scale modeled at 1:64 scale, S scale track gauge (space between the rails) is . S gauge trains are manufactured in both DC and AC powered varieties. S gauge is not to be confused with toy train standard gauge, a large-scale standard for toy trains in the early part of the 20th century.

The max. height, width, and length of Chinese rolling stock are , and .National Standard GB146.1–83 Rolling stock gauge for standard gauge railways China is building numerous new railways in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia (such as in Kenya and Laos), and these are being built to "Chinese Standards". This presumably means track gauge, loading gauge, structure gauge, couplings, brakes, electrification, etc.

The wide metre gauge Delhi-Bandikui and Bandikui- Agra lines of Rajputana State Railway were opened in 1874. The lines were converted to broad gauge in early 2000s. The Hathras Road-Mathura Cantt broad gauge line was opened in 1875 and the Agra-Gwalior broad gauge line was opened in 1881. The broad gauge Agra-Delhi chord was opened in 1904.

The switch will also be limited in speed. The difference between the gauges should be 50 mm greater than the width of the base of the rails. In a rail yard, weak dual gauge switches are avoided by separating the gauges and using, single gauge switches, and dual gauge diamond crossings. Gauge splitters are used for trains of a single gauge.

The Stuttgart Straßenbahn Museum operates gauge trams on weekends and special occasions. In Krefeld on Ostwall, Germany, tram lines are dual gauge so standard Rheinbahn U76 Stadtbahn cars and gauge trams may share the lines. At the north end of the route, at the junction with Rheinstraße, the trams reverse. There, the standard gauge line ends, while the metre gauge lines continue.

The Great Western Railway in Britain was originally a broad gauge line. After a "gauge war", a track gauge conversion was made. A dual gauge system was easily installed as the gauges were well separated and the line had wooden sleepers. A short section of broad gauge and remains at the Great Western Society site at Didcot as a demonstration line.

In particle physics, the Wess–Zumino gauge is a particular choice of a gauge transformation in a gauge theory with supersymmetry. In this gauge, the supersymmetrized gauge transformation is chosen in such a way that most components of the vector superfield vanish, except for the usual physical ones when the function of the superspace is expanded in terms of components.

Originally, various track gauges were used in the United States. Some railways, primarily in the northeast, used standard gauge of ; others used gauges ranging from to . As a general rule, southern railroads were built to one or another broad gauge, mostly , while northern railroads that were not standard-gauge tended to be narrow-gauge. The Pacific Railroad Acts of 1863 specified standard gauge.

As all the other tracks in the area were metre gauge, it was converted from broad gauge to mere gauge in the late forties. When New Jalpaiguri station came up, the line was extended to New Jalpiguri. When broad gauge lines were laid in the area, it was reconverted to broad gauge and now functions as the Haldibari-New Jalpaiguri Line.

The Kurduwadi–Miraj section was converted to broad gauge in 2002. The Latur–Osmanabad section was converted to broad gauge in September 2007. (Osmanabad did not lie on the narrow-gauge railway line and the alignment was changed for the new broad-gauge track to pass through Osmanabad). Finally the remaining Osmanabad–Kurduwadi section of broad-gauge track became operational in October 2008.

Septemvri–Dobrinishte narrow-gauge railway, Bulgaria From the 19th into the early 20th there were many and gauge railways in existence Bulgaria, some were dismantled and others were converted to standard gauge. The picturesque Septemvri–Dobrinishte narrow-gauge line is 125 km long and features 25 stations, 35 tunnels, many bridges, spiral loops. It is the only remaining gauge railway in Bulgaria.

White Pass and Yukon Route Steam Locomotive 73 Although many railways of central and eastern Canada were initially built to a (broad gauge), there were several railways, especially on Canada's Atlantic coast, which were built as individual narrow-gauge lines with track gauge and The only narrow-gauge system still in operation in the country is the gauge White Pass and Yukon Route.

The battle to persuade or coerce that choice became very intense, and became referred to as "the gauge wars". As passenger and freight transport between the two areas became increasingly important, the difficulty of moving from one gauge to the other—the break of gauge—became more prominent and more objectionable. In 1845 a Royal Commission on Railway Gauges was created to look into the growing problem, and this led to the Regulating the Gauge of Railways Act 1846, which forbade the construction of broad gauge lines unconnected with the broad gauge network. The broad gauge network was eventually converted—a progressive process completed in 1892, called gauge conversion.

On 1 September 1882 the standard gauge Bala and Festiniog Railway reached Llan Ffestiniog from the south, enabling a passenger from (say) Bala to Tyddyngwyn to transfer from a standard gauge train to a narrow gauge train at Llan by walking a few yards, much as modern-day passengers transfer between Conwy Valley Line and Ffestiniog Railway trains at Blaenau Ffestiniog. From May 1882 the narrow gauge line was converted to standard gauge. Narrow gauge trains continued to operate during the conversion, using a third rail. Narrow gauge trains ceased running on 5 September 1883 with standard gauge services beginning on 10 September 1883.

In 1882 the standard gauge Bala and Festiniog Railway reached Llan Ffestiniog from the south. The standard gauge station was just to the south-east of and some thirty feet above the narrow gauge terminus, close enough to form one station concourse. People travelling from (say) Bala to Blaenau walked the few yards from the standard gauge train to the narrow gauge train, much as they do today between the Conwy Valley Line and the Ffestiniog Railway at . The following year the narrow gauge line was converted to standard gauge, but narrow gauge trains continued to run until 5 September 1883 using a third rail.

The Broad Gauge was technically superior but conversion of the standard gauge routes to broad would have meant reconstructing every tunnel, bridge and station platform, whereas universal adoption of the standard gauge only required the progressive conversion of the track itself. The broad gauge was doomed, and no further independent broad gauge lines could be built. The existing broad gauge routes could continue, but as they had no development potential it was only a matter of time before they were eventually converted to standard. In the meantime, an extensive mileage of mixed gauge track was installed, where each line had three rails to accommodate trains of either gauge.

By September 2006, the second metre gauge track from Sarai Rohilla to Rewari was also converted to broad gauge and all metre gauge trains stopped operating between Rewari and Sarai Rohilla (though the converted track was "officially" dedicated to the nation by politicians only in October 2007). Rewari thus became the terminus of metre gauge trains for the next three years. For example, the train from Bikaner to Delhi ran on metre gauge track up to Rewari and then a connecting train ran on broad gauge track from Rewari to Delhi junction. All metre gauge railway tracks from Rewari were converted to broad gauge by the end of 2010.

The gauge starts at the lowest gauge number of 5Ø or 00000, corresponding to the largest size of to the highest gauge number of 36, corresponding to the smallest size of . Size steps between gauges range from between high gauge numbers to between the two lowest gauge numbers and do not correspond to a particular mathematical pattern, although for the most part the steps get smaller with increasing gauge number. Concerning wire and fine tubing, the gauge number is used to specify the outside diameter of the product, whereas for larger mechanical tubing the gauge number specifies the wall thickness independent of the overall size of the tube. In medicine, the Birmingham gauge specifies the outside diameter of hypodermic needles, catheters, cannulae and suture wires.

Later produced CNC cut engraved 28 gauge gold Woodcock, 20 gauge gold Grouse, 12 gauge gold Pheasant and 12 gauge All Weather gold Duck. The Red Label was primarily intended as a sporting shotgun for waterfowling, upland game hunting as well as in skeet and sporting clays.

Delhi is connected via Satyagraha Express and Sadbhavana Express. Earlier, all tracks were metre gauge but most have been converted to Broad gauge. After the completion of the gauge conversion from Darbhanga to Sagauli via Sitamarhi, another broad gauge route to Sagauli became available from March 2014.

The Bardhaman–Katwa line, after conversion from narrow gauge to electrified broad gauge, was opened to the public on 12 January 2018. The track from Katwa to Ahmedpur line after conversion from narrow gauge to broad gauge, was opened to the public on 24 May 2018.

The primary region using Russian gauge covers the former Soviet Union (CIS states, Baltic states, Georgia, Ukraine), Mongolia and Finland, with about of track. Russian gauge is the second-most common gauge in the world, after .1520 Strategic Partnership, About gauge 1520 , retrieved 2008-07-20.

The railway line from Latur to Kurduwadi to Miraj was narrow gauge. The Kurduwadi-Pandharpur section towards Miraj was converted to broad gauge in 2002. The Latur to Osmanabad section was converted to broad gauge in September 2007. (Osmanabad did not lie on the narrow gauge railway line and the alignment was changed for the new broad gauge track to pass through Osmanabad.) The Osmanabad-Kurduwadi section of broad gauge track became operational in October 2008.

The Berne Gauge or Berne Convention Gauge is an informal but widely used term for the railway loading gauge considered the standard gauge in most of Europe. The term arises from the international railway conference held and consequent convention signed in Bern, Switzerland in 1912. The official name of this gauge is the ' (, literally "pass-everywhere international"), and it came into force in 1914. The European (Berne) loading gauge is usually wide by rising to in the centre.

Through-running is done with vehicles having a gauge within certain tolerances. Indian gauge, , is also compatible with Iberian gauge, although there are no actual railway connections between the two. Despite this, old Spanish and Portuguese rolling stock have been reused in Argentina and Chile, both of which use Indian gauge. A nominal break of gauge with standard gauge exists as well: on the Hong Kong MTR network, lines owned by MTR Corporation use before 2014.

Bratislava municipal transport system uses gauge for trams, while Košice transport system uses standard gauge . Railways, however use standard gauge making Bratislava tram and railways networks incompatible with each other. There is a discussion regarding transforming Bratislava's tram gauge to standard gauge to allow trams to use the railways tracks to increase transportation capabilities of Bratislava's public transportation system. The most notable tourist lines in operation are the gauge Čiernohronská železnica and Oravsko-kysucká lesná železnica – Vychylovka.

Although scale and gauge are often confused, scale means the ratio between a unit of measurement on a model compared with a unit of measurement in corresponding full size prototype, while gauge is the distance between the two running rails of the track. About 60% of the world's railways have a track gauge of known as "standard gauge", but there are also narrow-gauge railways where the track gauge is less than standard and broad-gauge railways where the gauge is wider. In a similar manner, a scale model railway may have several track gauges in one scale. In addition to the scale and gauge issue, rail transport modelling standards are also applied to other attributes such as catenary, rolling stock wheel profile, loading gauge, curve radii and grades for slopes, to ensure interoperation of scale models produced by different manufacturers.

Like Protofour, 2mm standards have been extended to several other prototypes of both wider and narrower gauge with the same tolerances such as Brunel's gauge, Japan Rail's narrow gauge and so on.

From 1969 to 1972, Zastal built 47 locomotives (factory numbers 001 to 047) Of these, 10 were for 750 mm gauge, 34 for 785 mm gauge and 3 for 900 mm gauge.

A narrow-gauge locomotive pushed the narrow-gauge train up an earthen ramp to the deck of the standard gauge train. There were no overhead structures to restrict operation of the trains.

Railways with track gauge of ' are broad-gauge railways, currently in use in Australia, Brazil and Ireland.

Saïda is served by a narrow gauge railway from Mohammadia, however a standard gauge line is proposed.

The new Standard Gauge Railway (SGR), is intended to replace the old, inefficient metre-gauge railway system.

The South Indian Railway Company laid a long metre gauge trunk line from Chennai to Tuticorin in 1880. With the conversion from metre gauge to broad gauge in the entire Egmore-Tambaram-Villupuram-Tiruchirapall-Dindigul-Madurai sector virtually complete broad gauge passenger traffic was initiated in March 2001.

Narrow-gauge train at Alūksne Around 1935, Latvian narrow-gauge railways consisted of 536 km (335 miles) of gauge, 432 km (270 miles) of gauge, and 48 km (30 miles) of meter gauge.The state lines of LatviaThe TU2 Pages One public, one museum, and some industrial peat railways survive.

In 1861, the line was doubled, a standard gauge track being laid alongside the original broad gauge track. The new track was used by the freight services, while passenger trains continued to use the broad gauge track. Complete conversion of the line to standard gauge took place in 1875.

Class 05 is being made as a ready-to-run model in OO gauge by Silver Fox Models, 4mm OO gauge by Heljan (August 2015) and in 7mm O gauge in September 2017.

Gauge tests can be executed from the command line or the supported IDEs. The default command `gauge specs` run the tests sequentially. The command `gauge -p specs` will execute the tests in Parallel.

Another notable narrow-gauge tracks include: the Štrbské Pleso - Štrba rack railway and the Tatra Electric Railway (both gauge) in the Tatra mountains and the gauge railway from Trenčianska Teplá to Trenčianske Teplice.

Although initially built as a narrow-gauge line, it had been designed to be upgraded to standard gauge. The track bed was correspondingly wide, it was laid with standard gauge sleepers at reduced spacing, and it used heavy rail. A third rail was installed in 1904. Passenger trains then ran on the narrow gauge track and freight trains ran on the standard gauge track.

Aishbagh railway station used to serve the 130 years old metre gauge railway network, and used to act as a terminal for it. On 15 May 2016 the gauge conversion process started in which the Aishbagh – Sitapur section is being upgraded to broad gauge. Before the gauge conversion Aishbagh Junction had five platforms. Their number will be increased to seven after completion of the gauge conversion.

The Karara mine, as seen from the air. The ore will be shipped initially by a narrow gauge railway to the existing port of Geraldton in quantities up to 10 Mtpa. When a standard gauge railway is built to a new port at Oakajee, the tonnage will increase to at least 30Mtpa. The common part of the narrow gauge and standard gauge routes will be dual gauge.

The first French-built narrow-gauge railway line in Morocco was completed in 1908 with minimum-gauge track, which was later converted to narrow-gauge track. More lines utilizing gauge track followed. Beginning in 1912 and ending in 1935, French Morocco had one of the largest gauge networks in Africa with a total length of more than 1700 kilometres.Reference - Durrant, A.E., A.A. Jorgensen, C.P. Lewis.

Numerous narrow-gauge systems were built, usually as three foot gauge railways (). Most are now closed, including one of the largest narrow-gauge systems, that of the County Donegal Railways Joint Committee. The Irish narrow gauge today survives as heritage railways in both the Republic and in Northern Ireland. Bord na Móna uses narrow gauge in the Midlands bogs as part of its peat transport network.

', a broad gauge, is the track gauge used in India, Pakistan, western Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Argentina, Chile, and on BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit) in the San Francisco Bay Area. In North America, it is called Provincial, Portland, or Texas gauge. In Argentina, it is known as "trocha ancha" (Spanish for broad gauge). In the Indian Subcontinent it is simply known as "broad gauge".

Iberian gauge (, ) is a track gauge of , most extensively used by the railways of Spain and Portugal. This is the second-widest gauge in regular use anywhere in the world. The Indian gauge, , is wider. As finally established in 1955,1955 the Iberian gauge is a compromise between the similar, but slightly different, gauges adopted as respective national standards in Spain and Portugal in the mid-19th century.

Because of the gauge difference between Finland (1,524 mm) and the rest of Europe (1,435 mm), through service was using special variable gauge rolling stock. The tracks in Stockholm and on the ferry itself were standard gauge, with a short section of standard gauge in the harbour area to enable hauling the wagons off the ferry before the gauge of the axles was altered using bogie exchange.

In 1879, the Clevedon branch was converted to standard gauge. This followed a scheme throughout the GWR to convert its tracks from broad gauge to mixed gauge. The last GWR broad-gauge train operated on 20 May 1892, after which all tracks were converted to standard gauge. The conversion of the Clevedon line coincided with the opening of an engine shed for branch traffic.

In Europe, large metre-gauge networks remain in use in Switzerland, northern Spain and in many European towns with urban trams, although most metre-gauge local railways in France, Germany and Belgium closed down in the mid-20th century. With the revival of urban rail transport, metre-gauge light metros were established in some cities, while in other cities metre gauge was replaced by standard gauge.

The Satpura Railway is under conversion to broad gauge. The section between Gondia and Balaghat was converted to broad gauge in 2005–2006 connecting Balaghat to India's national network for the first time. Work is underway to convert the Balaghat–Jabalpur section to broad gauge. The narrow gauge trains running between Jabalpur and Balaghat were stopped in October 2015 and the track was closed for gauge conversion.

Historically, the track gauge has had considerable variations, with narrow gauge common in many early systems. However, most light rail systems are now standard gauge. An important advantage of standard gauge is that standard railway maintenance equipment can be used on it, rather than custom-built machinery. Using standard gauge also allows light rail vehicles to be delivered and relocated conveniently using freight railways and locomotives.

Preserved Kowloon-Canton Railway locomotive In Hong Kong, the Kowloon-Canton Railway was partially laid with and gauge during its 1910 construction but was soon converted to standard gauge. The Sha Tau Kok Railway had a gauge for much of its existence. The Hong Kong Tramways are gauge and the territory's metro, the MTR, runs on except for its leased, standard-gauge KCR network.

Taiwan narrow-gauge service Taiwan began developing its rail service during the Qing dynasty, using a gauge. The Japanese colonial government, which ruled from 1895 to 1945, continued using that gauge. The system is now administered by the Taiwan Railway Administration, and the Taipei Metro and Kaohsiung MRT use standard gauge. The Taiwan High Speed Rail (THSR), which began operation in January 2007, also uses standard gauge.

Rajputana State Railway extended the metre gauge Delhi–Ajmer line to Ahmedabad in 1881. The Khodiyar–Mahesana sector was converted to wide broad gauge in 1995 and the Mahesana–Palanpur section was converted in 1997, which along with the conversion of the Ajmer–Palanpur section, completed the conversion of the entire Jaipur–Ahmedabad line. Viramgam-Mahesana section was re-opened in 2005, after gauge conversion to wide broad gauge. Mahesana–Taranga Hill line is under gauge conversion to wide broad gauge.

Before 2004, a narrow-gauge track connecting Latur to Kurduvadi was passing through Osmanabad district. Yedshi was nearest station for Osmanabad which was 18 km away from Osmanabad City. During the gauge conversion from narrow gauge to broad gauge, then Chief Minister Vilasrao Deshmukh decided to change the track alignment and directed towards Osmanabad city and Latur-Kurudvadi broad- gauge route is passed through Osmanabad. In first step broad gauge track between Latur-Osmanabad was completed and it became functional in 2007.

NSB was in the process of gauge converting all its narrow-gauge railways to standard gauge, and had a surplus of narrow-gauge rolling stock. The only other remaining private narrow-gauge railway in the country was the Lillesand–Flaksvand Line, although Vestfold Privatbaner's stock was not suited for the line. Attempts to sell the locomotives to Swedish narrow-gauge railways were also fruitless. The only interest was a German railway in current-day Poland which bought locomotive no. four.

Wherever there are narrow-gauge lines that connect with a standard-gauge line, there is technically a break of gauge. If the amount of traffic transferred between lines is small, this might be a small inconvenience only. In Austria and Switzerland there are numerous breaks-of- gauge between standard-gauge main lines and narrow-gauge railways. Many internal Swiss railways that operate in the more mountainous regions are , and most are equipped with rack assistance to deal with the relatively steep gradients encountered.

In the UK, No 2 Gauge was while No 3 gauge was . From this, it follows that G gauge is sometimes, albeit rarely, referred to as 3m. A gauge of standard gauge locos gives a scale of 1:28.25, not so far off the 1/29 used by some manufactures with gauge track. In the grand tradition of model rail gauges often being narrower than the full scale equivalent (00 scale being the classic example) this is deemed perfectly acceptable.

The Stevens Model 77E was a pump-action shotgun offered in 12 gauge, 16 gauge, 20 gauge, 28 gauge, and 410 gauge. The military version 77E was the most widely used shotgun of the Vietnam War. It was a short-barreled pump-action shotgun known variously as the "trench" or "riot" shotgun in 12 gauge. The Military Model 77E had a noticeably shorter stocks than similar United States military shotguns built by Ithaca Gun Company, Remington Arms, and Winchester Repeating Arms Company.

Although several alternatives exist, including transferring freight, replacing individual wheels and axles, truck exchange, transporter flatcars or the simple transshipment of freight or passengers, they are impractical, thus a cheap and fast system for changing gauge would be beneficial for cross-border freight traffic. Alternative names include Gauge Adjustable Wheelsets (GAW), Automatic Track Gauge Changeover System (ATGCS/TGCS), Rolling Stock Re-Gauging System (RSRS), Rail Gauge Adjustment System (RGAS), Shifting wheelset, Variable Gauge Rolling Truck, track gauge change and track change wheelset.

Since this railway was converted to standard gauge shortly after, the tests were abandoned. Instead, roll-block traffic was now favored. However, it was soon evident that piggy-backing standard-gauge freight cars onto the narrow-gauge tracks did not meet the initial goals of operating the narrow-gauge railways on a very small budget: The railways needed large investments to reinforce the tracks, increase the structure gauge to accommodate a larger loading gauge and to acquire stronger steam locomotives.

Asia has many narrow-gauge railways. The railways of Japan (except for high- speed lines), Indonesia and the Philippines are predominantly narrow gauge. Those in mainland Southeast Asia, which includes Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar and Malaysia, are predominantly metre gauge. The proposed ASEAN Railway would be standard or dual gauge, using metre- and standard-gauge regional railway networks and linking Singapore (at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula) through Malaysia, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam to China's standard-gauge rail network.

In October 2015 all narrow gauge network in Nagpur division (622 km), was closed for gauge conversion, except Nagpur – Naghbir line.Narrow gauge section closes from 1 October in Satputda valleyBroad view on narrow gauge. Full StopWorld’s biggest narrow gauge train network set to sail into history The approval of the gauge conversion works have been envolved in controversy, since the Union's environment ministry authorized the construction works in Balaghat-Nainpur section (77 km), which passes through Kanha - Pench tiger corridor. The station is on the Jabalpur - Gondia line (227 km), almost entirely converted to broad gauge.

In mathematics, and especially differential geometry and mathematical physics, gauge theory is the general study of connections on vector bundles, principal bundles, and fibre bundles. Gauge theory in mathematics should not be confused with the closely related concept of a gauge theory in physics, which is a field theory which admits gauge symmetry. In mathematics theory means a mathematical theory, encapsulating the general study of a collection of concepts or phenomena, whereas in the physical sense a gauge theory is a physical model of some natural phenomenon. Gauge theory in mathematics is typically concerned with the study of gauge-theoretic equations.

In Los Angeles, the previously operating Los Angeles Railway and Pacific Electric Railway ran on dual gauge track on some downtown streets. From 1880 to 1902, the Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railway (standard gauge) and the Burlington and Northwestern Railway (narrow gauge) shared a dual gauge mainline from Burlington, Iowa to Mediapolis, to the north. Until 1941, the Colorado and Southern Railway used both standard and narrow gauge tracks, and had a dual gauge line between Denver and Golden, Colorado. Until the 1960s, the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad's Alamosa–Durango Line from Alamosa, Colorado to Antonito was dual gauge.

There were also shunting delays and a shortage of trucks. A counter proposal to ease congestion at the inadequate facilities at the Hamley Bridge break of gauge was to shift the break of gauge northwards to Balaklava, was strongly opposed. Alternately, the break of gauge may have been moved northwards to Owen Hamley Bridge ceased to be a break of gauge station in 1927 when narrow gauge lines as far north as Gladstone were converted to broad gauge, Gladstone becoming a break of gauge station in lieu. 24 hour per day operation was made possible by the installation of floodlighting in 1908.

Dual gauge track on the old Strand street crossing outside Cape Town station, c. 1880 The original line between Cape Town and Wellington was laid to standard gauge, but this gauge could not be accommodated economically on the tight curves required by the proposed Hex River rail pass. This led to a decision by the CGR to use a narrower gauge of across the pass. After initially making use of dual gauge, it was decided in 1873 to convert all existing trackage of the CGR to this narrower gauge that was eventually to become known throughout Africa as Cape gauge.

To be operational by early augustCentury-old narrow gauge train track finally gets new lease of lifeFunds crunch hits gauge conversion work Nainpur was a railway hub on the Narrow Gauge () line. This was the junction point of Jabalpur 110 km to its north, Balaghat 76 km to its south, Mandla 50 km to its east and Chhindwara 150 km to its west. It is connected to Nagpur via Chhindwara and Gondia.Broad view on narrow gauge. Full StopWorld’s biggest narrow gauge train network set to sail into history It was Asia's largest Narrow Gauge Railway Junction before the recent Gauge Conversion Project.

In the area used for the transfer of goods between the standard-gauge tracks and the narrow-gauge tracks, the standard- gauge tracks lay to the east and the narrow-gauge tracks to the west. The entrance building was located approximately on the site later occupied by the former signalbox. Passengers had to cross the tracks on the level to reach the trains. The station also included a small goods shed, a loading ramp, a four- stall locomotive shed for the narrow-gauge vehicles with maintenance facilities, a Rollbock pit and a ramp for loading narrow-gauge wagons on standard-gauge wagons.

The conversion from metre gauge to broad gauge was effected during 1992-93 and completed during September 1998.

In modern usage the term "standard gauge" refers to . Standard gauge is dominant in a majority of countries.

There is a so-called gauge-invariant formalism, in which only gauge invariant combinations of variables are considered.

The last narrow gauge section, between Leadville and Climax, was converted to standard gauge on August 25, 1943.

In 1971, Gerard 't Hooft proved that spontaneously broken gauge symmetries are renormalizable even with massive gauge bosons.

The Scheffel bogie was used to set the world narrow gauge speed record of on Cape gauge tracks.

The gauge was outlawed in Great Britain in 1846. From 1903, tram lines of Tokyo adopted this gauge.

A tachometer took the place of the fuel gauge in the large opening left by the fuel gauge.

Lionel dubbed its new standard Standard Gauge and trademarked the name. Lionel's Standard Gauge is distinct from the standard gauge of real railroads, and the later 1:64 scale S gauge popularized by American Flyer after World War II. Due to the trademark, Lionel's competitors mostly called their similar offerings "wide gauge".Classic Toy Trains Magazine - O Gauge Trains Operating, Collecting, Forums, Lionel Trains Historians offer two alternative explanations for the creation of Standard Gauge. One is that Lionel misread the specifications for Märklin's European Gauge 2, measuring the distance between the inside portion of the rails rather than between the centers of the rails as Märklin did, thus accidentally making a slightly larger and incompatible standard.

Following a Royal Commission, in 1851 the broad gauge was adopted by the Province of Canada (present day Ontario and Quebec) as the standard gauge and government subsidies were unavailable for railways that chose other gauges. was called 'Provincial gauge' in Canada and today is generally known as "Indian gauge" after it was adopted as the first standard in India in 1851 and remains the dominant gauge there. Well-known colonial systems such as the Grand Trunk Railway and Great Western Railway, along with the Intercolonial Railway, European and North American Railway and Nova Scotia Railway later expanded the use of broad gauge. By 1860 there were of broad gauge and of standard gauge.

Conversion of metre gauge to broad gauge started in 1991. The Delhi-Rewari railway line had double metre gauge tracks and one of the tracks was converted to broad gauge in December 1994 as a part of conversion of Ajmer-Delhi line. This allowed metre gauge trains from north Rajasthan to continue up to Delhi railway junction on the remaining track while broad gauge trains ran from Delhi railway junction to Rewari on the other track. Rewari-Bhatinda track was converted to broad gauge in December 1994Overview of Bikaner Division and Delhi was connected to Bhatinda (and further north) by broad gauge trains via Rewari for the first time opening an alternative route.

Queensland adopted a narrow gauge of in order to make construction of lines lighter and thus cheaper, though this initiated a break-of-gauge with other states. The cost savings were due to light rails, low axleloads and low speeds as much as due to the gauge. Tasmania, Western Australia and South Australia followed suit with the narrow gauge to reduce costs, though South Australia ended up with an inefficient two-gauge system which negated some of the supposed cost savings of the narrow gauge. New South Wales resisted calls to introduce narrow gauge, but did adopt pioneer lines with 30 kg rails to reduce costs without the need for breaks-of-gauge.

During the Commonwealth Railways era (from 1937 to 1957), the train line between Stirling North and Port Augusta was dual gauge. Narrow gauge served the line to Quorn and the standard gauge, which branched at Stirling North, was for the line to Port Pirie and also to Marree. A new standard gauge line to Marree was built in the 1950s on a new route west of the Pichi Richi Pass, with the purpose of bypassing the narrow gauge section of the Central Australia Railway to Marree, through Quorn and Hawker. The narrow gauge component of the section dual gauge track between Stirling North and Port Augusta was removed once the standard gauge line to Marree was in full operation, and the narrow gauge route from Hawker to Marree had been closed and removed.

While some initial freight railway lines in India were built using standard gauge, most of the standard and narrow gauge railways have since been dismantled and relaid in broad gauge. Ireland and some states in Australia and Brazil have a gauge of , but Luas, the Dublin light rail system, is built to standard gauge. Russia and the other former Soviet Republics use a (originally ) gauge while Finland continues to use the gauge inherited from Imperial Russia (the two standards are close enough to allow full interoperability between Finland and Russia). Portugal and the Spanish Renfe system use a gauge of called Ancho Ibérico in Spanish or Bitola Ibérica in Portuguese (see Iberian gauge); though there are plans to convert to standard gauge.Verkehrsrundschau, April 30, 2007Spanien: Bahn bis 2020 auf Normalspur In Toronto, Canada, the gauge for TTC subways and streetcars was chosen in 1861.

At this time, the broad gauge was still in use, although conversion to standard gauge was well underway. Several of Dean's early designs were "convertible" locomotives, which could be easily rebuilt into standard gauge.

The Sofia tramway uses a mixture of narrow and standard gauge. A section of track between Krasna polyana depot and Pirotska street is dual gauge shared by route 22 and narrow gauge route 11.

Broad Gauge train at Bahraich Metre gauge engine at bahraich meter gauge yard. Bahraich railway station is a main railway station in Bahraich district, Uttar Pradesh. Its code is BRK. It serves Bahraich city.

Since 2008, the operating company Eisenbahn- Bau- und Betriebsgesellschaft Pressnitztalbahn operates the Rügen narrow-gauge railway (which uses the same 750 mm gauge) and also the standard-gauge Bergen auf Rügen–Lauterbach Mole railway.

Knitting machines are commonly classified using gauge, and can range from 7 gauge all the way through 18 and 21 gauge. The gloves are often coated with solid or foamed latex, nitrile or polyurethane.

British styled Crown engine at Busch Gardens Williamsburg. gauge Crown engine at Hersheypark, 1966. The locomotives produced by Crown were narrow gauge live steam engines of various sizes, ranging from gauge to gauge. All engines built were of the 4-4-0 wheel arrangement, with the exception of Carowinds engine no.

In Pennsylvania, many interurbans were constructed using the wide "Pennsylvania trolley gauge" of . In Los Angeles, the Pacific Electric Railway, using standard gauge track, and the Los Angeles Railway, the city's streetcar system, using narrow gauge, shared dual-gauge track in downtown Los Angeles with one rail common to each.

Gautampura Road railway station (station code: GPX) is one of the local railway stations in Ujjain. The station used to be a meter gauge station on Ratlam-Indore meter gauge line. In 2015, Ratlam-Indore meter gauge line was converted into a board gauge line, hence connecting Indore and Ratlam directly.

In 2007 is a break of gauge junction station on Indian Railways. Broad gauge lines go to Munabao and Jodhpur, while a metre gauge line subject to conversion goes to Bhildi.Railway Gazette International Supplement December 2007 p7 Now broad gauge has completed and passenger train has started from 16 October 2010.

The gauge outreach from Kalgoorlie to Perth partly replaced the original narrow-gauge line, and partly rebuilt that line with better curves and gradients as double- track dual gauge. Because of lack of space at the main Perth station, standard-gauge passenger trains terminate one station short at East Perth.

These narrow-gauge lines were easier to build than standard gauge and cost significantly less to construct. Some of the lines of these former networks still exist in the present day and continue to use gauge track, while the rest were either widened to standard gauge or abandoned (see table below).

Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda are odd men in the South & East zone as they use gauge. The latest plans for a greatly expanded railway with links to adjoining countries are to build new lines in standard gauge and possibly upgrade and convert existing metre gauge lines to the same wider gauge.

The authority decided to make broad gauge railway instead of this narrow gauge. Construction of the new railway is currently underway. In a few days, passengers can enjoy a better railway service here. Now the conversion from narrow gauge to broad gauge is completed and also overhead electrification is done.

Kanazawa-hakkei Station is an elevated station with two island platforms serving four tracks. Track 4 is dual-gauge (1,067 mm narrow gauge and 1,435 mm standard gauge) to allow narrow-gauge rolling stock to be moved at night from the nearby J-TREC factory to JR tracks via Zushi Station.

Welding regulators, unlike simpler LPG heating regulators, retain their outlet (hose) pressure gauge and do not rely on the calibration of the adjustment knob. The cheaper single-stage regulators may sometimes omit the cylinder contents gauge, or replace the accurate dial gauge with a cheaper and less precise "rising button" gauge.

A similar connection between the narrow-gauge and standard- gauge network exist in Mengzi, where the narrow-gauge Yuguopo railway station (雨过铺站) on the Caoba–Guanjiashan branch is adjacent to the standard-gauge Mengzi North railway station (蒙自北站) on the Kunming–Yuxi–Hekou line.

The meter gauge train has become history for Hanumangarh because in October 2012 Hanumangarh- Sadulpur meter gauge track closed and is being converted into broad gauge. Hanumangarh to Sri Ganganagar railway track has been converted into broad gauge and presently Three trains are running on this track from Hanumangarh to Sriganganagar.

A tide gauge The tide gauge in Kronstadt, Russia With explanatory diagram showing Lea-type float gauge and stilling-well. A tide gauge is a device for measuring the change in sea level relative to a vertical datum. It its also known as mareograph, marigraph, sea-level recorder and limnimeter.

The Iberian-gauge railways, that service much of Spain and Portugal, have a track gauge of , just different from . Used rolling stock from Iberia has been employed on broad-gauge lines in Argentina and Chile.

The Chemin de Fer de la Baie de Somme in France is dual gauge between Noyelles- sur-Mer and Saint-Valery-sur-Somme. The line has four rails with metre gauge laid within standard gauge.

His robot form has a separate health gauge from his regular health gauge as a human. When his robot gauge runs out, he will transform back to a human. The game consists of five stages.

Trakiszki has a railway station along the rail line connecting Poland's standard gauge network with Lithuania's Russian gauge system.

Unlike the gauge being used by the Luas tram system (opened in 2004), the DUTC trams used the gauge.

This was converted to standard gauge in 1995 and became the Western standard gauge line between Melbourne and Perth.

The metre-gauge track from New Jaipaiguri to Siliguri town and Siliguri junction was later converted to broad gauge.

The DRG Class 99 were steam locomotives for narrow gauge routes and were grouped according to their rail gauge.

In Japan gauge is referred to as , which directly translates as narrow gauge. It is defined in metric units.

The last broad-gauge line closed in 1911. The Toronto subway and streetcar system use a broad-gauge of .

Portugal once had hundreds of kilometres of gauge railways. Most of them were closed or converted to broad gauge.

With the conversion from metre gauge to broad gauge, the entire long Egmore-Tambaram- Tiruchirapalli-Dindigul-Madurai sector was completed, broad gauge passenger traffic was initiated in March 2001. The left over conversion work was then completed and the last metre gauge EMU service ran between Tambaram and Egmore on 1 July 2004. Conversion from metre gauge to broad gauge of the Viluppuram–Puducherry branch line was completed in 2004. The Cuddalore Port Junction railway station–Vriddhachalam railway station sector was converted in 2003.

The width between the buffers tends to increase as the gauge increases or decrease as the gauge decreases, so that if wagons are changed from one gauge to another, the buffers will no longer match. This occurs because the buffers are originally extensions of the frames, which are spaced according to the gauge. Conversely, as gauge gets smaller, the distance between the buffers reduces also. The height of the buffers is usually lower on narrow gauge railways, corresponding to the generally lower height of the rolling stock.

New break of gauge handling stations are to be constructed between the standard-gauge railway backbone and eventually rehabilitated narrow-gauge branch lines. As of September 2018, no actively planned break of gauge railway stations are in consideration. Another method is to build a railway station of the standard- gauge railway in the immediate vicinity to an old railway station of the narrow-gauge railway network – which then allows passenger transfers between both railway stations. There is only one example for that as of September 2018.

Chittaranjan is well known for Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW), which manufactures mainline electric broad gauge locomotives. This factory commenced production in 1950; and up to 1972, it was involved in the production of broad gauge and meter gauge steam locomotives. Production of electric locomotives commenced in 1963. In addition to steam and electric locomotives, CLW also produced narrow gauge (762 mm) diesel locomotives of the ZDM class, meter gauge (1000 mm) diesel locomotives of the YDM class, and broad gauge hydraulic shunting locomotives of the WDS4 class.

Usage of a thread pitch gauge To use a thread gauge, the user must first match the type of thread to the gauge. For example, attempting to measure metric threads with an imperial gauge will not return accurate results. To determine the correct gauge, sex of trial and error may be needed if the screw is of unknown origin. Once the correct gauge is determined, the user should extend one of the leaves of the tool and press it against the threaded portion of a screw.

When the TTC took over the line in 1927, it converted the line to Toronto gauge but built a short section of four-rail, dual-gauge track in Aurora to deliver freight cars to a factory there. The Mimico radial line used Toronto gauge until 1922 when the Hydro- Electric Railways converted the line to standard gauge. When the TTC took over the line in 1927, it converted the line back to Toronto gauge. The Scarboro radial line used only Toronto gauge throughout its years of operations.

Costa Rica's railroads are of gauge, along with a private gauge railroad at 3.5 km in length. The railroads of Panama are connected to Costa Rica. The country had two gauges: originally broad gauge , which was converted to standard gauge () in 2000, and narrow gauge (914 mm). Like the situation with roads, the Darien Gap is a formidable obstacle to railroads, and no railways cross it into South America.

Retrieved on 11 July 2012 The Gül Train connecting Islamabad, Tehran and Istanbul by covering 6,500 kilometer or 4,040 mile in 16 days. There is a break-of-gauge between Iran Railways, Standard gauge and Pakistan Railways, Broad gauge at Zahedan. A container terminal is proposed in Zahedan for transshipment of containers from Standard gauge to Broad gauge. A passenger train service is also under consideration on this route.

When completed in 1905, the 47 mile Farmington branch was unusual in that it was built as a standard gauge line which resulted in Durango having dual gauge facilities. It was converted to 3 ft gauge in the 1920s after plans to standard gauge the Alamosa–Durango line fell through. This branch lasted until the late 1960s when the D&RGW; ended its narrow gauge freight operations from Alamosa to Durango.

The Bardhaman–Katwa line is a broad gauge branch line connecting Bardhaman and Katwa in Purba Bardhaman district of West Bengal. It is under the jurisdiction of Eastern Railway. The line was a narrow gauge line, before its gauge conversion began on 2010. The gauge conversion was done in two phases along with electrification and the full broad gauge line was thrown open for public again on 12 January 2018.

The 53 km long railway section was converted to broad gauge, work for which began on 15 April 2010. The Bardhaman-Balogna section of the line, after conversion from narrow gauge to electrified broad gauge, was opened to the public on 11 February 2014. The Balogna-Katwa section of the line, after conversion from narrow gauge to electrified broad gauge, was opened to the public on 12 January 2018.

Mixed gauge track and pointwork ( and ) at Odawara In Japan, the national railway standard is the narrow gauge track. Dual gauge is used where the Shinkansen (bullet train) lines join the main network. For example, part of the Ōu Main Line became part of the Akita Shinkansen and was converted to dual gauge in a limited section. The longest () dual gauge section in Japan is around Seikan Tunnel.

Zimmerli's mercury pressure gauge The initial filling of a sealed gauge with mercury can be problematic. One method involves fusing the glass of the gauge to a vessel of mercury, pumping out the air and boiling the mercury. After filling, the gauge is then cut away again. Further, the vacuum in the gauge eventually deteriorates due to slow diffusion of gases through the mercury, making the device inaccurate.

After gauge conversion it was repopened in the late 1970s. Although the broad gauge largely follows the same trackbed and alignment as the erstwhile narrow gauge, there is a minor deviation near Saharanpur. The broad gauge line takes off south towards Delhi from Tapri on the main line, while the narrow gauge line did not touch Tapri at all. Other than that, the stations are the same as before.

Variable gauge multiple units, or a train including a variable gauge locomotive (e.g. Talgo 250) and rolling stock, may drive straight across a gauge changer. Normally the locomotive will not be able to change gauge, meaning that it must move out of the way whilst the remainder of the train itself passes through. On the opposite side, a new locomotive of the other gauge will couple to the train.

The unique gauge has remained to this day because it is easier to adapt new rail vehicles to this gauge than to convert the entire system to standard gauge. The three heavy- rail lines of the Toronto subway also use the unique gauge; however, the light-metro Line 3 Scarborough and two light rail lines under-construction (Line 5 Eglinton and Line 6 Finch West) use standard gauge.

The GWR converted the gauge of the South Wales Railway line to standard gauge on 12 May 1872. The C&CR; was obliged to convert its remaining broad gauge section, the three miles from Pencader to Llandyssil, as well. This was completed on 1 June 1872 at which time broad-gauge operation elsewhere in Wales had already ceased: the C&CR; ran the last broad gauge trains in Wales.

Numerous industrial narrow-gauge lines were built for peat extraction, clay extraction for brickworks and construction sites. The dominant gauge for industrial lines was , contrary to the gauge used in neighbouring countries. Nowadays, a lot of this industrial rail heritage is preserved in museums or in theme parks, such as the Efteling Steam Train Company. A lot of tram lines were also constructed in narrow gauge, the majority in gauge.

At a break-of-gauge, cargo is transloaded from boxcars or covered goods wagons on one track to wagons on another track of a different rail gauge, or else containers are transloaded from flatcars on one track to flatcars on another track of a different gauge. Variable-gauge axles can eliminate this inconvenience.

The former metre gauge workshop at Jodhpur now performs periodic overhauling of broad gauge passenger coaches. The former metre gauge diesel shed at Bhagat ki Kothi was converted to broad gauge shed in the 1990s. It houses 133+ electro-motive diesel locos. It is home to WDG-4, WDP-4, WDM-2.

It was originally built as narrow gauge, but with gauge standardisation of the main interstate railway in the late 1960s, it was converted to standard gauge to, so as not to become a gauge orphan. The route was also changed somewhat with standardisation, with a junction at Kalgoorlie replacing the junction at Coolgardie.

There is a Rafil gauge changer at the Tornio yard. Similar arrangements exist on the approach to Kaliningrad, where track penetrates from the Polish border with some dual gauge stretches. Between Västervik and Jenny, in Sweden there is a and dual gauge line and a dual gauge track in the Västervik station area.

The first eleven were diverted to the WP&YR; as gauge, the next 15 went to India as meter gauge, another 20 went to Queensland Rail as gauge, and the remaining 14 were meter gauge for India where the order was destined before the Alaskan and Australian diversions.White Pass & Yukon Route Fan Page.

Molesworth was consulted on a number of occasions on the suitability of adopting a narrow gauge rather than a broad one. He was generally against the narrow gauge as he regarded the cost savings as illusory. His broad gauge line to Kandy is proof that this gauge is practicable in steep mountains.

Approaching Noyelles sur Mer. Note the metre gauge track laid within the standard gauge track. The CFBS operates its network with meter-gauge track, but dual-gauge track remains between the station Noyelles and Saint-Valery Port. Transhipment facilities for cargo still exist in Noyelles that are used in every Steam Festival.

During gauge conversion work, some stations and branch lines may become "gauge orphans". Trains can't operate to them until costly gauge conversion work is completed. For example, between Seymour and Albury in Australia, some branch lines (such as Benalla to Oaklands) and some stations, such as Violet Town have become gauge orphans.

Balgona railway station is situated on the Bardhaman-Balgona sector. EMU trains are being operated on this section from 2012. Burdwan Katwa Railway was undergoing gauge conversion from narrow gauge to . The Bardhaman-Katwa line, after conversion from narrow gauge to electrified broad gauge, was opened to the public on 12 January 2018.

Witten, E., 1991. Geometric quantization of Chern–Simons gauge theory. representations, 34, p. 39.Witten, E., 1991. Quantization of Chern-Simons gauge theory with complex gauge group. Communications in Mathematical Physics, 137(1), pp. 29–66.

It was converted to metre-gauge between 1929 and 1931 as part of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway. The section was converted from metre gauge to broad gauge in 2007–2008. It was electrified in 2014.

The Gwalior-Bhind line was opened as a wide narrow gauge line in 1899. It was converted to broad gauge in 2001. The Gwalior-Sheopur Kalan wide narrow gauge line was constructed between 1904 and 1909.

In Poland, there is a 3 km and dual gauge section in the Greater Poland Voivodeship, linking Pleszew with a nearby mainline station. It is served by narrow gauge passenger trains and standard gauge freight trains.

Paraguay's railroads operate on a standard 1.435-meter gauge. The total length of rail in Paraguay is . of that is standard gauge at . Another is narrow gauge at , and of the total railway is privately owned.

After a gauge conversion drive taken up by Southern Railways, the line was converted to a broad gauge in 2010. After gauge conversion the first train Rameswaram-Tirupati Express passed through this station in April 2011.

After Gauge conversion between Chennai Egmore and Madurai, Palaniroute was the sole Meter gauge section in the entire western Tamilnadu. Around 2012, Dindigul Palani section was converted into Broad Gauge, Chennai Palani Express commenced its service.

Fiel performing a Deathblow. A decreased tension gauge is shown on the right. The game also features a "tension gauge" on the right side of the screen. This gauge indicates the player's performance level with combos.

The proposed (Russian gauge) railways (e.g. Arctic Railway and Kosice-Vienna broad gauge line) and the proposed (Brunel gauge) railways will be for Sweden and Norway, and for Poland and Slovakia, and for Germany and Austria.

While older Spanish platforms are lower than the rest of Europe, many platforms are now above rail. Following track gauge conversion from Iberian gauge to standard gauge, platforms to be raised to for new regional trainsets.

Dissatisfaction with these standards led to a more accurate standard for wheels and track called Proto:48 This duplicates to exact scale the AAR track and wheel standards. In the United Kingdom a similar ScaleSeven system exists. The track gauge normally used for 0 of 32 mm or the near-approximation inch is for Standard gauge () approximately equivalent to at 1:48 scale, at 1:45 and at 1:43.5. Possibly because of the large size of American railroad systems, accurate scale modeling in standard gauge O gauge is rare in the United States, though narrow-gauge modeling is much more common. Four common narrow-gauge standards exist, and the differences among On3, On2, On30, and On18 are frequent sources of confusion. On3 is exact-scale 1:48 modeling of gauge prototypes, while On30 is 1:48 modeling of gauge prototypes, On2 is 1:48 modeling of gauge prototypes, and On18 is 1:48 modeling of gauge prototypes.

Since 2002, Knorr-Bremse has been working on variable gauge systems for more efficient solutions to break of gauge problems.

The initially planned track gauge of 750 mm was changed to meter gauge shortly before the start of construction work.

The Matale line has a gauge of broad gauge. The line is not electrified. Regular services run on diesel power.

Elsewhere it is known as Indian gauge. It is the widest gauge in regular passenger use anywhere in the world.

12 mm gauge (TT gauge) track used to model prototypes which were common in Ireland and the Isle of Man.

There are two railways: narrow gauge and miniature railway. A third standard gauge line formerly operated but is now abandoned.

During 2019 ARTC commenced work to progressively remove the broad gauge rail and related infrastructure, retaining standard gauge only throughout.

The line underwent another gauge conversion in 1985. The track was relayed at gauge and new rolling stock was introduced.

Peshelan narrow gauge railway A narrow gauge railway serving the Peshelan gypsum mine is located in the village of Bebyayevo.

All Estonian narrow-gauge railways were built at the gauge of . Four museum lines and some industrial peat railways survive.

On 1 September 1882 the standard gauge Bala and Festiniog Railway reached Llan Ffestiniog from the south, enabling a passenger from (say) Bala to Tan-y-Manod to transfer from a standard gauge train to a narrow gauge train by walking a few yards, much as modern-day passengers transfer between Conwy Valley Line and Ffestiniog Railway trains at Blaenau Ffestiniog. From April the following year the narrow gauge line was converted to standard gauge. Narrow gauge trains continued to operate during the conversion, using a third rail and a diversion around the wooden viaduct north of Tan-y-Manod, which was demolished and replaced by a stone version. Narrow gauge trains ceased running on 5 September 1883 with standard gauge services beginning on 10 September 1883.

If rail lines with other gauges coexist in a network, in times of peak demand it is difficult to move rolling stock to where it is needed when a break of gauge exists. Sufficient rolling stock must be available to meet a narrow-gauge railway's peak demand (which might be greater in comparison to a broad-gauge network), and the surplus equipment generates no cash flow during periods of low demand. In regions where narrow gauge forms a small part of the rail network (as was the case on Russia's Sakhalin Railway), extra money is needed to design, produce or import narrow-gauge equipment. Solutions to interchangeability problems include bogie exchanges, a rollbock system, variable gauge, dual gauge or gauge conversion.

The opposite of a gauge orphan is a line of one gauge which reaches into the territory composed mainly of another gauge. Examples include five broad-gauge lines from Victoria, Australia, which crossed the border into otherwise standard-gauge New South Wales. Similarly, the standard-gauge line from Albury to Melbourne in 1962 which eliminated most transshipment at Albury, especially the need for passengers to change trains in the middle of the night. Two Russian broad-gauge lines reach out from Ukraine, one (the Uzhhorod–Košice line) into Slovakia to carry minerals; another (the Metallurgy Line) into Poland to carry heavy iron ore and steel products without the need for transshipment as would be the case if there were a break of gauge at the border.

History of the Pichi Richi Railway Pichi Richi Railway Between 1913 and 1917, the standard gauge Trans-Australian Railway was built from Port Augusta to Kalgoorlie in Western Australia, entering the town from another direction and the station from the other end. Thus Port Augusta became a break of gauge station until the standard gauge line was extended to Port Pirie Junction in 1937. The new station provided for transfer of passenger and goods between trains on the standard gauge line to Kalgoorlie and the narrow gauge line to Oodnadatta and Adelaide (via Peterborough, and another break of gauge at Terowie). The new two-storey station building was and provided platform for standard gauge trains and platform for narrow gauge trains.

Ireland, using the same criteria, was allocated a different standard gauge, the Irish gauge, of which is also used in the Australian states of South Australia and Victoria. Broad-gauge lines in Britain were gradually converted to dual gauge or standard gauge from 1864, and finally the last of Brunel's broad gauge was converted over a single weekend in 1892. In 1839 the Netherlands started its railway system with two broad-gauge railways. The chosen gauge of was applied between 1839 and 1866 by the Hollandsche IJzeren Spoorweg-Maatschappij (HSM) for its Amsterdam–The Hague–Rotterdam line and between 1842 and 1855, firstly by the Dutch state, but soon by the Nederlandsche Rhijnspoorweg-Maatschappij, for its Amsterdam–Utrecht–Arnhem line.

Bangladesh Railway is using three rails to avoid break of gauge with its broad and meter gauge lines. The new Jamuna Bridge that links the east and west rail systems is a four rail dual gauge line.

A few narrow-gauge lines were built in Denmark, the majority in gauge. Most railway lines in Denmark were built with standard gauge from the beginning, since the country was fairly densely populated in the 19th century.

At where narrow gauge met LNWR standard gauge the two sets of lines were laid so they never crossed, like sticking two table forks into each other end-to-end. The GWR/FR yard, by contrast, had standard gauge lines crossing, parallel to and abutting narrow gauge lines, this last because the slate transporter wagons used by the GWR were end-loading. The goods yard was dominated by a goods shed with one narrow gauge line and one standard gauge line. Three tracks stood opposite the standard gauge platform: the platform line, a run-round loop and a siding frequently used to house workmen's coaches.

1:29 G scale boxcar by Aristo-Craft on G gauge track1:32 scale 2-bay offset hopper by Mainline America Large scale or G scale (, G gauge) is a track gauge for model railways which, because of its size and durability, is often used outdoors. These garden railways use a fixed track gauge of to represent a range of rail transport modelling scales between narrow gauge (~1:13‒1:19‒1:20), metre gauge (1:22.5), Playmobil trains (~1:24), and standard gauge (~1:29–1:32). These scales all use the same track and wheel profiles, allowing different scales of models to be operated together.

In quantum field theory, the electric and magnetic fields are unified into a single entity called the electromagnetic field, and this field is described by a special type of quantum field theory called a gauge theory or Yang–Mills theory. In a gauge theory, the physical fields have a high degree of symmetry which can be understood mathematically using the notion of a Lie group. This Lie group is known as the gauge group. The electromagnetic field is described by a very simple gauge theory corresponding to the abelian gauge group U(1), but there are other gauge theories with more complicated non-abelian gauge groups.

This meant that the remaining narrow gauge line from Stirling North to Hawker via Quorn was now isolated. On the occasions that a narrow gauge train needed to travel to Port Augusta or to Marree, the train would need to utilise a piggy back system. This arrangement saw the entire narrow gauge train loaded on top of a standard gauge train of flatcars and transported via standard gauge, then unloaded at the destination on to the existing narrow gauge. The first stage of returning narrow gauge train services to Port Augusta was the completion of of track rehabilitation between Woolshed Flat and Stirling North.

When carried by rail, containers can be loaded on flatcars or in container well cars. In Europe, stricter railway height restrictions (smaller loading gauge and structure gauge) and overhead electrification prevent containers from being stacked two high, and containers are hauled one high either on standard flatcars or other railroad cars. Taller containers are often carried in well cars (not stacked) on older European railway routes where the loading gauge (especially with the reduced gauge for UK lines) is particularly small. Narrow gauge railways of gauge have smaller wagons that do not readily carry ISO containers, nor do the long and wide wagons of the gauge Kalka-Shimla Railway.

Great Western Railway broad-gauge steam locomotives awaiting scrapping in 1892 after the conversion of the tracks to . A replica GWR Firefly Class broad gauge steam locomotive, with a preserved, standard-gauge GWR railcar, Didcot Railway Centre, 2009 In Great Britain broad gauge was first used in Scotland for the Dundee and Arbroath Railway (1836-1847) and the Arbroath and Forfar Railway (1838-1848). Both short and isolated lines, they were built in . The lines were subsequently converted to standard gauge and connected to the emerging Scottish rail network. The Great Western Railway, was designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, in 1838, with a gauge of , and retained this gauge until 1892.

Conversion of metre gauge to broad gauge started in 1991. The Delhi-Rewari railway line had double metre gauge tracks and one of the tracks was converted to broad gauge in December 1994 as a part of conversion of Ajmer-Delhi line.IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: IR History: Part 5 Ajmer-Delhi MG railway line converted to BG Within a few years, both the tracks from Sarai Rohilla to Delhi railway station were converted to broad gauge and all metre gauge trains stopped operating from Delhi station. As a result of this, all the metre gauge trains terminated and started from Sarai Rohilla which became a railway terminus.

Railways in Afghanistan, past and future Iran to the west uses standard gauge, , as does China to the east; to the south, Pakistan uses Indian gauge, while to the north, the central Asian republics of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan use gauge. In 2010, the gauge question was resolved so that the internal network would be .

Australian Railways Historical Society. 1969. pp. 4, 11, 15-16 The broad gauge system was the main focus of Webb rehabilitation scheme. The narrow gauge systems north of Terowie and on the Eyre Peninsula remained untouched, as did the gauge South Eastern division (although it was subsequently converted to broad gauge in the early 1950s).

The Réseau Breton (RB) is a , standard gauge, and former , metre gauge, railway in Finistère, France, with a few kilometres of line in Côtes d'Armor, Ille-et-Vilaine and Morbihan. The hub of the system was Carhaix. The metre gauge lines were built with the capacity to be easily converted to standard gauge if necessary.

Retrieved 17 August 2009 As the use of the quarries finished by 1920 the original gauge track was not used. The Trust laid a mixture of standard gauge, gauge and track but from 1982 only standard gauge track has been used. The area around the hill is the large Northampton housing estate called West Hunsbury.

The metre-gauge Gonda loop, running between Gorakhpur and Gonda, was constructed by the Bengal and North Western Railway between 1886 and 1905. The Kaptanganj–Siwan metre-gauge line was opened in 1913. The metre-gauge Nautanwa branch line was opened in 1925. Conversion to broad gauge started with the Gorakhpur–Siwan section in 1981.

As its name implies, metre gauge is a track gauge of . It has about of track. According to Italian law, track gauges in Italy were defined from the centre of each rail rather than the inside edges of the rails. This gauge, measured between the edges of the rails, is known as Italian metre gauge.

It was built to a nominal gauge of , and all rolling stock was constructed to this gauge. However, as local labour had difficulty grasping the concept of gauge widening on curves, the entire line was built to a gauge of .Neil Robinson: World Rail Atlas and Historical Summary 7. North, East and Central Africa. 2009.

Sloane is located on the Victorian Oaklands railway line and as such the railway was constructed to broad gauge. In 2008 a decision was taken to gauge convert the North East railway line from broad gauge to standard gauge. Subsequently it was decided to also convert the Oaklands line. The conversion was completed in 2009.

The track systems were expanded and included seven standard-gauge tracks and four narrow-gauge tracks. The tracks were still on the same level. A four-stall locomotive shed of the narrow-gauge railway lay in the eastern part of the station area. The station never had a locomotive shed for standard-gauge operations.

The Standard Model of elementary particles, with the gauge bosons in the fourth column in red In particle physics, a gauge boson is a force carrier, a bosonic particle that carries any of the fundamental interactions of nature, commonly called forces. Elementary particles, whose interactions are described by a gauge theory, interact with each other by the exchange of gauge bosons—usually as virtual particles. All known gauge bosons have a spin of 1; for comparison, the Higgs boson has spin zero. Therefore, all known gauge bosons are vector bosons.

Besides this one, the system includes lines connecting Hanoi to the People's Republic of China, to surrounding cities such as Thái Nguyên, Hai Phong and Hạ Long. Most existing Vietnamese railway lines use metre gauge, although standard gauge (used in China) and mixed gauge are used northeast of Hanoi. As of 2005, approximately of track was in use throughout Vietnam— meter gauge, standard gauge and mixed gauge. As of 2005, there were 278 stations on the Vietnamese railway network, 191 of which are located along the North-South Railway line.

Shotguns are classed according to gauge, a related expression. The gauge of a shotgun refers to how many lead spheres, each with a diameter equal to that of the bore, amount to one pound (approximately 454 grams) in weight. In the case of a 12-gauge shotgun, it would take 12 spheres the size of the shotgun's bore to equal a pound. A numerically larger gauge indicates a smaller barrel: a 20-gauge shotgun requires more spheres to equal a pound; therefore, its barrel is smaller than the 12-gauge.

The precise reason why a track gauge of (also known as "Cape gauge") came to be selected remains uncertain. It could be because was supposed to be cheaper to build than the internationally more widely used "Stephenson gauge" of , or because the first British agent, whose contract was later cancelled, ordered iron sleepers made for the narrower gauge. It seems most likely, however, that Morel's previous experience building Cape gauge railways in similar New Zealand terrain was a significant influence, and Cape gauge became the de facto standard.

The meter gauge line was later extended to Chala at Trivandrum via Paravur and Varkala and inaugurated on 4January 1918 Fund allotted for the extension of meter gauge railway line from Quilon to Ernakulam via Kottayam on 1952 and is inaugurated on 6January 1958. The metre-gauge lines between Kollam and Ernakulam were converted to broad gauge in 1975 and inaugurated on 13September 1976. The broad gauge conversion between the Punalur and Quilon sections was inaugurated on 12May 2010. There was once a metre-gauge line connecting Quilon Junction and Ashramam Maidan.

Traditionally, the gauge of the national railway in Spain, now managed by Adif, is , known as Iberian gauge. This gauge (originally 1,674mm but then reduced slightly to allow interoperability with Portugal) was decided upon by a Parliamentary committee, after a report known as the Informe Subercase (named for its principal author) in 1844. Spain has 11,791 km of track with this gauge. Since 1992, all high-speed rail lines in Spain have been built to standard gauge, providing direct connections without break-of-gauge with the French railway system.

The combination of railways with different track gauges into a hybrid railway network requires measures to make the different railways interoperable despite the break of gauge problem. In East Africa, this applies to the new standard-gauge railway network and to the old and eventually rehabilitated narrow-gauge railway network. Two methods exist within the East African Railway Master Plan countries for break of gauge handling and passenger transfers. Break of gauge handling of cargo always needs to consider the much lower axle loads and different loading gauges on the narrow-gauge railway network.

3 mm scale, also known as 3 mm finescale, is a model railway scale of 3 mm: 1 ft used for British prototypes. Introduced as British TT gauge, it sits approximately halfway between British N gauge and OO gauge, but is not as popular as either and there is no longer any mass manufacturer ready-to-run support. When TT gauge model railways were developed for British prototypes, in order to fit the small British prototypes, the scale was enlarged but without altering the 12mm gauge. The result, British TT gauge, is too narrow.

16 mm to 1 foot or 1:19.05 is a popular scale of model railway in the UK which represents narrow gauge prototypes. The most common gauge for such railways is , representing gauge prototypes. This scale/gauge combination is sometimes referred to as "SM32" (terminology popularised by Peco, one of the principal manufacturers of appropriate track) and is often used for model railways that run in gardens, being large enough to easily accommodate live steam models. The next most common gauge is , which represents the theoretical non-existent gauge .

Instead, the extensions were to be laid with metre gauge track. A extension to Le Crotoy opened on 1 July 1887. A metre gauge line to Cayeux-sur-Mer opened on 6 September 1887. This line was laid as a dual gauge line as far as St. Valery, with the metre gauge rails laid between the standard gauge rails. On 28 August 1892, an metre gauge line opened to Forest-l'Abbaye, joining with a long line between Abbeville and Dompierre-sur- Authie which had opened on 19 June 1892.

Loading gauges vary considerably, and through trains would be forced to use the most restrictive loading gauge along its route. The structure gauge of tunnels and bridges needs to be about taller to allow for piggy back operation of trains of one gauge on the wagons of another gauge. The loading gauge width for new standard gauge railways in Ethiopia and Kenya is following the standard for high speed lines pioneered by Shinkansen in Japan, and followed by South Korea and China. May also be followed by Tanzania and Nigeria.

The Rewari-Jaipur-Ajmer track was converted to broad gauge in 1995 and broad gauge trains started running from Ajmer to Delhi via Rewari. Broad gauge trains started running from Ahmedabad to Delhi via Rewari from May 2007. Within a few years, both the tracks from Sarai Rohilla to Delhi railway junction were converted to broad gauge and all metre gauge trains stopped operating from Delhi junction. As a result of this, all metre gauge trains to Rewari and beyond terminated at and started from Sarai Rohilla which became a railway terminus.

Anomalies in gauge symmetries lead to an inconsistency, since a gauge symmetry is required in order to cancel unphysical degrees of freedom with a negative norm (such as a photon polarized in the time direction). An attempt to cancel them—i.e., to build theories consistent with the gauge symmetries—often leads to extra constraints on the theories (such is the case of the gauge anomaly in the Standard Model of particle physics). Anomalies in gauge theories have important connections to the topology and geometry of the gauge group.

Pusher/dummy seen 4 August 2008 at Roaring Camp and Big Trees Narrow Gauge Railroad, operated on standard gauge tracks to Santa Cruz by Santa Cruz Big Trees and Pacific Ry. Two are narrow gauge, while the other five are standard gauge. While in transit between events, Thomas' face is covered. The standard gauge replicas (and the one narrow gauge replica) are transported from location to location via flatbed truck. Thomas appears in full dress at Day Out With Thomas events hosted by railroads in arrangement with HiT Entertainment.

In British India, some standard gauge freight railways were built in initial period, though they were dismantled later. Later, in 1850s, the gauge of was adopted as standard for the nationwide network. Attempts to economize on the cost of construction led to the adoption of gauge and then and narrow gauges for many secondary and branch lines. In the later part of 20th century, due to interchangeability and maintenance issue, the railways in each of the countries in the Indian Subcontinent began to convert all metre-gauge and narrow-gauge lines to this gauge.

SE scale is a designation used by a growing number of modellers to describe miniature (model) trains which run on either Gauge 1 () track or O gauge () track. In SE scale, 7/8ths of an inch equals one foot, which is a ratio of 1:13.7. On gauge track this represents real life narrow gauge railways that are gauge, while on gauge track this represents railways. Modelling in a scale where 7/8" = 1'- 0" is relatively new (within the last 20 years) and, as a result, the majority of the modellers build from scratch.

South African Railways Index and Diagrams Electric and Diesel Locomotives, 610 mm and 1065 mm Gauges, Ref LXD 14/1/100/20, 28 January 1975, as amended The gauge name Colonial Gauge was used in New Zealand. In Australia the imperial (pre-metric) term 3 foot 6 inch is used. In some Australian publications the term medium gauge is also used, Adoption of the 3ft. 6ins. gauge for Queensland railways (1983) while in Australian states where or is the norm, gauge is often referred to as narrow gauge.

The Mount Gambier line was gauge converted to broad gauge in 1953 being a dual gauge line then with the narrow gauge being completely removed by 1959 . Australian National passenger services ceased on 31 December 1990. When the Melbourne–Adelaide railway was converted to standard gauge, the Mount Gambier to Wolseley line was not converted and was closed on 12 April 1995. In 2001, expressions of interest were sought for a private operator to reopen the line with the state government offering financial assistance to gauge convert, but nothing came of it.

In 2005, the railway was long.Bangladesh Transport Website FAQ Of that, are broad gauge (1,676mm) tracks (mainly in the western region) and the remaining are metre-gauge tracks (mainly in the central and eastern regions). The gauge difference is being addressed by adding third rails to major broad- and metre-gauge routes, making them dual gauge. A road-rail bridge over the Jamuna River opened in 1998 to connect the east and west rail networks.

With the opening of the North East standard gauge line in 1961, the line had standard gauge track at both ends, in addition to the broad gauge via Benalla. Gauge conversion of the line was proposed at various times, including by the Victorian State Government in 2001 with a proposed completion data of late 2003. The last broad gauge train to run on the line was a Pacific National grain service in May 2007.

The Rajputana-Malwa Railway extended the wide metre gauge Delhi-Rewari line to Bathinda in 1884. The Bathinda-Rewari metre gauge line was converted to wide broad gauge in 1994. Bathinda was the world's oldest and largest commercial metre gauge railway junction until 2003 The Southern Punjab Railway Co. opened the Delhi-Bathinda-Samasatta line in 1897. In 1901-02, the metre gauge Jodhpur-Bikaner line was extended to Bathinda by Jodhpur-Bikaner Railway.

The branch line from Latur towards east of Kurduvadi connects Miraj in south-southwest and was called Barshi Light Railway as it was a narrow gauge track. Solapur lies southeast of Kurduvadi and connects to Bijapur. A part of the narrow gauge Barshi Light Railway track from Kurduvadi to Pandharpur (52 km) was converted to broad gauge in 2001. The narrow-gauge track from Pandharpur to Miraj was converted to broad gauge in 2010.

However, his assumption proved incorrect, and when railways of a different gauge met, the inconvenience led to an officiating organization looking into the matter. Their conclusion was that Stephenson's "narrow gauge" should be adopted as Britain's standard gauge, and Parliament passed the 1846 Gauge of Railways Act which stipulated the standard gauge of . The undaunted GWR pressed ahead into the West Midlands, in hard-fought competition with the London and North Western Railway.

Modelling British railway prototypes is a hobby where railway modelling is applied to British prototypes. For historical reasons, British model scales have developed somewhat separately from those in other countries, and the commercial standards; 00 gauge and British N gauge are unique to British prototypes. The railways in Britain were for the most part standard gauge, and consequently most support focuses on these scales. Narrow gauge, and broad gauge standards also exist.

This gauge was first used in the United Kingdom and the United States before it became the standard gauge for most railways in the former Soviet Union. Russian gauge or CIS gauge is the second most widely used gauge in the world, and spans the whole of the former Soviet Union/CIS bloc including the Baltic states and Mongolia. Finland uses . The difference is clearly lower than the tolerance margin, so through running is feasible.

According to the Gautrain planning and implementation study, this is done for several reasons, including that standard gauge is safer and more comfortable to passengers. The rolling stock is also easier, quicker and less expensive to obtain than Cape Gauge rolling stock, and standard gauge is also less expensive to maintain as it is more tolerant of track imperfections than Cape Gauge. Standard gauge allows for travel at Gautrain's required speed of .

Because of construction constraints, most railway lines in New Zealand have a limited loading gauge. Great Britain uses , but its loading gauge is only slightly larger than New Zealand's Cape gauge. This means that British Rail rolling stock like the Mark 2 carriage can run on most New Zealand lines after gauge conversion. To fit the New Zealand loading gauge, the Mark 2s were lowered on their new bogies by 25 centimetres.

In 1956, all of the model locomotives were steam-powered, hence the name "Live Steamers". Over the years, gasoline-powered models of diesel locomotives and battery-electric locomotives and trolleys have also become popular. The museum operates a gauge miniature railway on which these locomotives pull trains that the public can ride. The museum also has multiple smaller gauge railroad layouts for members usage in 4.75" gauge, 3.5" gauge, elevated 1 gauge, and g-scale.

The Rajputana-Malwa Railway extended the wide metre gauge Delhi-Rewari line to Bathinda in 1884. The Bathinda- Rewari metre gauge line was converted to wide broad gauge in 1994. The Bhiwani-Rohtak link was laid in 1979.

The Madrid Metro is built to a gauge of 1,445mm, slightly wider than standard gauge. The Barcelona Metro is built to standard gauge, except line 1, which was designed for through running of trains from the national network.

Ireland's Ulster Railway underwent a gauge conversion from to the new Irish standard of . The Dublin & Drogheda Railway underwent a gauge conversion from . This and the new Irish standard were too close to allow a dual gauge line.

Currently this line is undergoing gauge conversion, from metre to broad gauge. In March 2019 the section between Botad Junction and Hadala Bhal stations was commissioned (67 km), remaining under gauge conversion Hadala Bhal – Ahmedabad Junction (98 km).

Both meter gauge and broad gauge lines earlier passed through this station. There is a diamond railway crossing. The broad gauge started in 1982 from Bhatinda to Suratgarh via Hanumangarh and first train was flagged by Milkha Singh.

Costa Rican railways are {Cape} gauge. Due to its mountainous terrain, the first railway was laid using Cape gauge in 1871. This set the standard for other railways to use the same gauge. Currently all of rail are .

Just like the broad gauge railways, the narrow gauge lines required covered vans. The vast majority of those were louvre vans.

Wuhan Metro owns and uses the following types of rolling stock. The system track gauge is 1 435 mm standard gauge.

Mecheria is served by a narrow gauge railway from Mohammadia, however, replacing it with a standard gauge line has been proposed.

In 2008 tenders were sought for -gauge steel sleepers convertible to gauge and for concrete sleeper plant for dual and gauges.

In 1925, it was merged with East Indian Railway Company. System mileage was of wide broad gauge of wide metre gauge.

The Rowtor Target Railway was a military narrow gauge target railway south of Okehampton in Dartmoor, England with a gauge of .

The number of standard-gauge version 105Na vehicles produced is 1443 while the number narrow-gauge version, the 805Na, is 691.

The Watsonville Traction Company or Watsonville Transportation Company was a narrow gauge,California's Narrow Gauge Railroads interurban electrified railway in California.

The gauge Ffestiniog Railway in Wales gauge railways were generally constructed in the former British colonies. , and were used in Europe.

The long wide metre gauge Salem-Bangalore line was opened in 1969. It was converted to wide broad gauge in 1997.

Gauge conversion of Rajkot–Veraval section was announced in 1996-97. Gauge conversion of Rajkot–Veraval has been completed in 2003.

The line is equipped with metre gauge ( gauge) track throughout, and is electrified at 1200 V DC, using an overhead line.

Discussions of gauge in this article use the American Wire Gauge (AWG) scale. Some jewelry may still use the obsolete and significantly different Standard Wire Gauge (SWG) scale instead. Both AWG and SWG express sizes as a gauge, but the numbers are different. For example, AWG 12g is 2.1 mm, but SWG 12g is 2.6 mm.

Rajputana State Railway opened the Delhi-Bandikui wide metre gauge line in 1874, extended it to Ajmer in 1875 and to Ahmedabad in 1881. The Delhi-Ajmer metre gauge line was converted to wide broad gauge in 1994. The Ahmedabad- Ajmer sector was fully converted to broad gauge in 1997 – parts of it were converted earlier.

Engineers checking the gauge between rails at (England) Infrastructure owners specify permitted variances from the nominal gauge, and the required interventions when non-compliant gauge is detected. For example, the Federal Railroad Administration in the USA specifies that the actual gauge of a 1,435 mm track that is rated for a maximum of must be between and .

The Southeast helped initiate the narrow-gauge era. The first in Georgia was the Kingsboro & Cataula Railway, chartered in 1870. In Tennessee, the Duck River Valley Narrow Gauge Railway was also chartered in 1870, opening seven years later; it was converted to standard gauge in 1888. The first narrow-gauge railway in Alabama was the Tuskegee Railroad in 1871.

Various mining and industrial operations in Canada have also operated narrow-gauge railways. Almost all rail gauge in Canada is standard gauge. By 2015, the only remaining narrow-gauge system in Canada was the White Pass and Yukon Route, which used some of the rolling stock of the Newfoundland Railway which closed in the late 1980s.

The Denton Park quarry closed in February 1974. The final quarry face was close to the A607. In 1948 the narrow gauge tramway was converted to standard gauge so that the ore no longer had to be tipped from narrow gauge wagons into standard gauge wagons. Steam locomotives were used until 1967 when a diesel took over.

The Torne River Railway Bridge over Torne river with dual gauge tracks. A break of gauge occurs at Tornio between the Finnish and Swedish railway systems. A bogie exchange and variable gauge axle track gauge changing facility are provided. Tornio has a passenger service provided from Tornio-East station by Finnish Railways VR three days a week overnight.

Rail Baltica is running through the area. There is a break of gauge where the railway systems of the two countries meet. To speed up though traffic, a track gauge changing facility of the SUW 2000 variable gauge axle system has been installed to allow fitted trains to pass through the break of gauge at walking pace.

In Spain, there is dual gauge in the AVE line from Zaragoza to Huesca, usable for both standard gauge high speed trains and Iberian gauge Spanish trains (21,7 km). In 2009, Adif called for tenders for the installation of a third rail for standard gauge trains on the between Castellbisbal and the Can Tunis freight terminal in Barcelona.

The station is situated on the Delhi –Gorakhpur-Raxaul- Muzaffarpur-Kolkata lines.Jagran NewsBhaskar News Earlier, all tracks were metre gauge but most have been converted to 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge. After the completion of the gauge conversion from Darbhanga to Raxaul via Sitamarhi, another broad gauge route to Raxaul became available from March 2014.

Thus there was a direct metre gauge connection from Manihari to Siliguri via Katihar. A generally acceptable route to Siliguri was via Sahibganj Loop to Sakrigali ghat. Across the Ganges by ferry to Manihari Ghat. Then metre gauge via Katihar and Barsoi to Kishanganj and finally narrow gauge to Sliguri, before Kishanganj-Siliguri was converted to metre gauge.

The larger the gauge number, the thinner the metal. Commonly used steel sheet metal ranges from 30 gauge to about 7 gauge. Gauge differs between ferrous (iron-based) metals and nonferrous metals such as aluminum or copper. Copper thickness, for example, is measured in ounces, representing the weight of copper contained in an area of one square foot.

In Erie, Pennsylvania, the Erie Railroad terminated while adjacent railroads used gauge, also known as "Ohio gauge." This led to the Erie Gauge War in 1853–54 when the Erie mayor and citizens temporarily prevented a gauge standardization, as there would then be less trans-shipping work and through passengers would no longer have a stopover at Erie.

Thus, for example, the electric charge is the generator of the U(1) symmetry of electromagnetism. The conserved current is the electric current. In the case of local, dynamical symmetries, associated with every charge is a gauge field; when quantized, the gauge field becomes a gauge boson. The charges of the theory "radiate" the gauge field.

Keolari is a railway station on the narrow gauge () line between Jabalpur to the north and Gondia / Balaghat to the south.It is connected to Asia's largest narrow gauge railway station Nainpur. This line is scheduled for conversion to broad gauge. Narrow gauge line also branches to Nainpur Mandla in the east and to Nagpur via Chhindwara.

The South Eastern narrow gauge lines were converted to broad gauge in the 1950s, with steel sleepers able to be converted to standard gauge at a later date if required. The privately owned iron ore mines at Iron Knob and Iron Baron are connected to the steel works at Whyalla by an isolated narrow- gauge line.

Variations include TTn3, where TT scale is run on N gauge () track for narrow gauge operation. In New Zealand, this is known as NZ120New Zealand Rail 120. and is growing in popularity as a means of modelling the nation's gauge railway network. TT9 is modelling using British TT scale on 9 mm track to model gauge lines.

The ARTC does not control any of the narrow gauge track in Queensland or South Australia, nor broad gauge track in Victoria. However it does control the Albion to Jacana freight line which has been partially converted to dual gauge for use as a passing lane, but is considered a main line on the broad gauge network.

The Panama Railway, first constructed in ca. 1850, was built in gauge. During canal construction (1904-1914), this same gauge was chosen for both construction traffic, canal operating services along the quays, and the newly routed commercial cross-isthmus railway. In 2000 the gauge for the commercial parallel railway was changed to to use standard gauge equipment.

On 19 April 1963, formal approval was granted and allowed construction work to commence immediately. There was, however, a slight change to the plan. Instead of converting the existing narrow gauge track to standard gauge, a new standard gauge railway line was built next to the former narrow gauge one. In 1966 Fitch became the SAR Railways Commissioner.

One of the gauge locomotives of the Mount Gretna Narrow Gauge Railway. The Mount Gretna Narrow Gauge Railway was a narrow-gauge line of the Cornwall and Lebanon Railroad in the state of Pennsylvania that operated between 1889 and 1916. The Cornwall and Lebanon Railroad earlier had established a station and picnic ground at Mount Gretna.

1950's Pounds Per Square Inch. Gauge The Budenberg Gauge Company was founded in 1918. The original parent company was Schäffer & Budenberg founded in 1850 by and in Prussia. The Budenberg Gauge Company is now based in Irlam, Salford.

This is particularly true for narrow gauge railways, on which it would be impractical to prepare and serve formal meals. Examples include the gauge Puffing Billy Railway near Melbourne, Australia and the gauge Lahaina Kaanapali Railroad in Maui, Hawaii.

The port authority in Derry, Northern Ireland uses a dual gauge line in a street level network to transfer freight. Two of the city's stations are on a narrow gauge. The other two city stations are on broad gauge.

Multiple bus carriers operate between Lima and Huancayo daily. The Ferrocarril Central Andino enables transport by rail. Huancayo was a break-of-gauge from gauge to gauge for the extension to Huancavelica. In 2009, this line was being standardised.

O gauge is used for modelling standard-gauge railways in 7 mm scale, with ScaleSeven the accurate scale and complementary set of standards to O14. Other 7 mm scale narrow-gauge model railway gauges include: O16.5, On30 and O21.

Every gauge field has an associated ghost, and where the gauge field acquires a mass via the Higgs mechanism, the associated ghost field acquires the same mass (in the Feynman–'t Hooft gauge only, not true for other gauges).

The Port Said Railway was a narrow gauge railway with a gauge of 750 mm from Ismailia to Port Said in Egypt.

They came in 12 gauge (2 3/4" only) over .308 Win or 12 Gauge (2 3/4" only) over .222 Rem.

The Bristol and Exeter Railway operated 28 standard gauge locomotives. Five of these spent a short while working as broad gauge locomotives.

' narrow-gauge railways are generally found in Europe. This gauge is mostly used for light urban rail networks, industrial and agricultural railways.

The railway tracks from Guwahati to Lumding and from Chaparmukh to Haibargaon were upgraded from metre gauge to broad gauge in 1994.

By 2004, variable gauge electric passenger locomotives were available from Talgo. It is not clear if variable gauge freight locomotives are available.

The Feynman–'t Hooft gauge is usually the simplest gauge for this purpose, and is assumed for the rest of this article.

Kitadu is fitted with large cranes which help tranship goods, especially containers, from wagons of one gauge to wagons of another gauge.

The Billerica and Bedford Railroad was an early narrow gauge railroad in Massachusetts, built to demonstrate the advantages of a gauge railroad.

The Bardhaman-Katwa line after conversion from narrow gauge to electrified broad gauge was opened to the public on 12 January 2018.

Gauge conversion of Maliya–Miyana section was taken up in 1996-97. Conversion to broad gauge was completed in the year 2001.

ScaleSeven (S7) is a set of finescale model railway standards for 1:43.5 (7 mm scale) using true-to-prototype track and wheel standards. It is principally used to model British standard gauge (), Irish Broad Gauge (), or Great Western broad gauge ().

The TTC continued a standard-gauge freight service between the CNR and Collis Leather in Aurora. To do this, the TTC laid of four-rail, dual-gauge track. The TTC stationed a former passenger car there for standard- gauge shunting.

Although a nominal two-foot gauge, the actual gauge between the rails at Dinorwic was in common with its neighbour Penrhyn, but fractionally narrower than the public lines of the Ffestiniog Railway or North Wales Narrow Gauge Railway which were .

Previously, all tracks were metre gauge but most have been converted to Broad gauge. The metre gauge track from Raxaul to Narkatiaganj was converted in August 2018. It is likely that this route will continue to be used by other trains.

The Palaiofarsalos to Kalambaka railway is a standard-gauge railway line that connects Kalambaka with the mainline station of Palaiofarsalos in Thessaly, Greece. Originally opened as a metre-gauge railway in 1886, it was converted to standard gauge in 2001.

Locomotive 99 1746 of the Weisseritz Valley Railway in Germany TU8 diesel locomotive in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia ' narrow-gauge railways are very similar to and gauge. 750 mm gauge rolling stock is almost compatible with 760 and 762 mm railways.

The wide metre gauge Delhi-Bandikui and Bandikui-Agra lines of Rajputana State Railway were opened in 1874. The Agra-Jaipur line was converted to wide broad gauge in 2005. The broad gauge Agra-Delhi chord was opened in 1904.

Therefore, metre gauge trains stopped operating from Rewari. This obviated the need for change of trains at Rewari which no longer remained a gauge-change station. Broad gauge trains now connected Rewari to various cities in all parts of India.

Peterborough became the change of gauge station for Broken Hill Adelaide express. The narrow gauge line was retained north from Peterborough to Quorn. The main interstate links from Adelaide to Perth, Darwin, Melbourne, and Sydney are all of standard gauge.

Because there are no tunnels or narrow bridges on the old narrow-gauge line, the line received a lot of second-hand standard-gauge rolling stock, this rolling stock being noticeably larger than the original narrow-gauge wagons and carriages.

In 1935 and 1936, the lines were converted from narrow gauge to standard gauge, although for a year the station served as a break-of-gauge station. The Grimstad Line closed in 1961 and in 1983 the station was unmanned.

Massless weakly- interacting gauge bosons lead to long-range forces, which are only observed for electromagnetism and the corresponding massless photon. Gauge theories of the weak force needed a way to describe massive gauge bosons in order to be consistent.

The -wide metre gauge Delhi-Bandikui and Bandikui-Agra lines of Rajputana State Railway were opened in 1874. The Agra-Jaipur line was converted to -wide broad gauge in 2005. The broad-gauge Agra-Delhi chord was opened in 1904.

The Windmill Farm Railway is a narrow gauge railway line located at the Windmill Animal Farm. The railway operates over a track at gauge, using locomotives previously from the Fairbourne Railway, since that line has regauged to a smaller gauge.

The platforms are not well sheltered. It lacks many facilities including water and sanitation. Mandla is served by a narrow-gauge railway from Nainpur, where it connects to the narrow-gauge line between Jabalpur and Gondia. Gauge conversion has already started.

Darjeeling Himalayan Railway India has four narrow-gauge railways: the metre-gauge Nilgiri Mountain Railway, the Kalka–Shimla Railway and the Darjeeling Himalayan and Matheran Hill Railways. UNESCO World Heritage Sites as mountain railways, they were not converted to broad gauge.

Because HVB desired to have the same gauge as TEB to allow for a concurrency, HVB's gauge was therefore changed to gauge. The alternative was to build the section with dual gauge. The issue resulted in disagreements between the parties, but in the end the pulp mill agreed to maintain their financing despite the gauge change. A proposal to electrify the railway was proposed, but the NOK 250,000 cost was not found to pay off and therefore scrapped.

Some jewelry makers or sellers who express the size of their jewelry in millimeters, may also list the nearest approximate gauge-and-inches measurements for each item.As supporting examples for the claim about just- gauge, metric-and-gauge, and just-metric: Just in gauge-inches: an example item at Tribalectic . With metric and gauge: an example item at Body Jewelleryshop. Just in metric: an example item at Neo-Piercing, and an example item at Inoki Piercing.

Historically, in many places narrow gauge railways were built to lower standards to prioritize cheap and fast construction. As a result, many narrow- gauge railways have often limited scope for increase in maximum load or speed. An example is the use of low curve radius, which simplifies construction but limits the maximum allowed speed. In Japan, a few narrow-gauge lines have been upgraded to standard-gauge mini-shinkansen to allow through service by standard-gauge high-speed trains.

An alternative theory of gravitation, gauge theory gravity, replaces the principle of general covariance with a true gauge principle with new gauge fields. Historically, these ideas were first stated in the context of classical electromagnetism and later in general relativity. However, the modern importance of gauge symmetries appeared first in the relativistic quantum mechanics of electronsquantum electrodynamics, elaborated on below. Today, gauge theories are useful in condensed matter, nuclear and high energy physics among other subfields.

A pure gauge is the set of field configurations obtained by a gauge transformation on the null-field configuration, i.e., a gauge-transform of zero. So it is a particular "gauge orbit" in the field configuration's space. Thus, in the abelian case, where A_\mu (x) \rightarrow A'_\mu(x) = A_\mu(x)+ \partial_\mu f(x), the pure gauge is just the set of field configurations A'_\mu(x) = \partial_\mu f(x) for all .

The Seiberg-Witten map is a map used in gauge theory and string theory introduced by Nathan Seiberg and Edward Witten which relates non-commutative degrees of freedom of a gauge theory to their commutative counterparts. It was argued by Seiberg and Witten that certain non-commutative gauge theories are equivalent to commutative ones and that there exists a map from a commutative gauge field to a non-commutative one, which is compatible with the gauge structure of each.

N-gauge track and components are also used with larger scales, in particular H0e (or "HOe") and 00-9 scale for modelling narrow gauge railways. N-scale models on Z-scale track are used to model metre gauge (Nn3). A small amount of 2-foot (Nn2) industrial narrow-gauge modelling in N scale using custom track is done, but suppliers of parts are few. Nn18 layouts use T-scale track and mechanisms to represent minimum gauge railways.

In a U(1) gauge group with quantized charge, the group is a circle of radius . Such a U(1) gauge group is called compact. Any U(1) that comes from a grand unified theory is compact – because only compact higher gauge groups make sense. The size of the gauge group is a measure of the inverse coupling constant, so that in the limit of a large-volume gauge group, the interaction of any fixed representation goes to zero.

In the early 1960s, a central track was built in preparation for a future mixed-gauge operation with a correspondingly large clearance gauge so that it could handle Soviet broad-gauge wagons (1520 mm gauge). The narrow gauge part remained unchanged. Platform 5 has been decommissioned. It is to be replaced by a three-track upgrade of the line to Dresden and a platform 6 is planned as a bay platform for additional peak-hour services from Dresden.

The museum site has a narrow-gauge railway () network, one of several 600 mm gauge railways in Germany. This connects the original 1905 locomotive shed to the rest of the site. Part of the museum railway track extends southwards through the old brickworks to the district offices opposite Leimbach Park. This section uses the former standard gauge railway siding linking the REWE central warehouse to Wiesloch-Walldorf station and so track gauge conversion to narrow gauge was necessary.

Through this period the conversion to standard gauge continued, with mixed-gauge track reaching Exeter in 1876. By this time most conversions were bypassing mixed gauge and going directly from broad to standard. The final stretch of broad gauge on the national network was converted to standard in a single weekend in May 1892. There is one small exception: The Holyhead Breakwater Railway, laid for the construction of the breakwater, was constructed at the broad gauge.

The standard arrangement has a high pressure hose leading to a submersible pressure gauge (SPG) (also called a contents gauge). This is an analog mechanical gauge, usually with a Bourdon tube mechanism. It displays with a pointer moving over a dial, usually about diameter. Sometimes they are mounted in a console, which is a plastic or rubber case that holds the air pressure gauge and other instruments such as a depth gauge, dive computer and/or compass.

In addition to it being perceived as having a good return on investment, the limited amount of funding available cautioned the commission to recommend trunk routes which would largely be futile unless completed to their intended termini. During this period there was a major controversy concerning rail gauge in Norway. Some lines were being built in standard gauge, others in narrow gauge. With the Kongsvinger Line being built in standard gauge, a deviating gauge in Solør with require transshipment.

Unfortunately, this is often impossible globally for non-abelian gauge theories because of topological obstructions and the best that can be done is make this condition true locally. A gauge fixing submanifold may not intersect a gauge orbit at all or it may intersect it more than once. The difficulty arises because the gauge fixing condition is usually specified as a differential equation of some sort, e.g. that a divergence vanish (as in the Landau or Lorenz gauge).

The CF Économiques Forestiers des Landes was a narrow gauge railway operating in France. The line operated over 12 km between Roquefort and Lencouaq- Jourets. It opened in 1907 and closed in 1934, and was the only railway built to this gauge in France. When narrow gauge railways were first proposed in France, it was intended they could be constructed in either and metre gauge, however pressure from the Military made metre gauge compulsory in 1888.

The Turkish State Railways took over the station, but Kars remained isolated from the rest of the network until 1939, when a standard gauge line was built to Erzurum. Passengers would change to a narrow gauge train from Erzurum to Kars. The Narrow gauge line was replaced with standard gauge in 1957 and the broad gauge line was replaced in 1962. It is the terminus of the Kars–Gyumri–Tbilisi railway, and the Baku–Tbilisi–Akhalkalaki–Kars railway.

Alsthom-built metre-gauge locomotive The Northern Line was originally standard gauge, but it was regauged after 1919 and the State Railway of Thailand now operates entirely on metre gauge (including service to Malaysia and Laos). However, standard gauge is used by the BTS skytrain, the MRT and the Bangkok airport link. All proposed new high-speed lines would be standard gauge. At Siam Park City in Bangkok, a light railway for visitors operated for about two decades.

The first gauge model of gravity was suggested by Ryoyu Utiyama (1916–1990) in 1956R. Utiyama, "Invariant theoretical interpretation of interaction", Physical Review 101 (1956) 1597. just two years after birth of the gauge theory itself. However, the initial attempts to construct the gauge theory of gravity by analogy with the gauge models of internal symmetries encountered a problem of treating general covariant transformations and establishing the gauge status of a pseudo-Riemannian metric (a tetrad field).

In 1882 the Bala and Ffestiniog Railway opened the line from to a temporary terminus at , Trawsfynydd was one of the stations opened with the line. At Festiniog passengers had to transfer to narrow gauge trains if they wished to continue northwards. To do this people travelling from Trawsfynydd to Blaenau or beyond walked the few yards from the standard gauge train to the narrow gauge train much as they do today between the Conwy Valley Line and the Ffestiniog Railway at . The following year the narrow gauge line was converted to standard gauge, but narrow gauge trains continued to run until 5 September 1883 using a 3-rail dual gauge track.

Bing's first trains hit the market in the 1880s. When Märklin formalized several standards for track gauges in 1891, Bing adopted them, and added O gauge by 1895 and gauge III (2.5 inches), causing confusion as Marklin Gauge III became Bing gauge IV (3 inches). In the early 1920s, under the auspices of Bassett-Lowke, Bing introduced a still- smaller gauge, half that of '0' at 0.625 inch, which it called OO. However, Bing's OO gauge at 4 mm scale became a British standard, larger than the 3.5 mm scale on the same gauge of track favoured elsewhere. Bing produced numerous items for export which were then sold either under its own name or for other companies.

Connection The gauge initially proposed by Brunel was exactly but this was soon increased by to to accommodate clearance problems identified during early testing. George Stephenson was to add an extra half inch to his original gauge for the same reason. While the parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was initially prepared to authorise lines built to the broad gauge of , it was eventually rejected by the Gauge Commission in favour of all new railways in England, Wales and Scotland being built to standard gauge of , this being the gauge with the greatest mileage. Railways which had already received their enabling Act would continue at the 7 ft gauge.

The disruption caused by the process of transferring goods from narrow (standard) gauge wagons to broad gauge influenced the Gauge Commission, who at the time were deliberating on recommendations to Parliament about the standardisation of the gauge in Great Britain. Of more immediate concern, the Midland Railway obtained authorisation by Act of 14 August 1848 to lay an independent narrow gauge track between Gloucester and Standish Junction (where the Cheltenham and Great Western Union Railway diverged), and to mix the gauge between Standish and Bristol. They ran their first narrow gauge train throughout on 29 May 1854. Further Norris locomotives were purchased, but they were crudely constructed and early replacement of fireboxes proved to be necessary.

In Queensland, 19 sugar mills are serviced by ~3,000 km of narrow gauge ( gauge) cane tramways that deliver sugar cane to the mills.

Ireland uses the somewhat unusual gauge, referred to in Ireland as "Irish Gauge" (but is an island with no external cross-border links).

The Indian part of EBR was converted to broad gauge in 1990s to 2010s. The Bangladesh part is under conversion to broad gauge.

The Indian part of ABR was converted to broad gauge in 1990s to 2010s. The Bangladesh part is under conversion to broad gauge.

Since the intercity services will traverse the narrow-gauge line, there will be a dual gauge network between these stations and IRRI station.

In addition, about of new standard gauge lines towards Athens Airport and to replace metre gauge lines, became fully operational in July 2007.

Moçâmedes is the terminus of the Moçâmedes Railway. This line was originally 600mm gauge but was converted to 1067mm gauge in the 1950s.

9 The last gauge locomotives were sold in 1949 after conveyor systems were constructed to transport materials formerly moved in narrow gauge cars.

Rail passengers had to change trains at Grovane Station from 1938 to 1962 due to different track widths, narrow-gauge to normal gauge.

In 2008 it was announced that the HJR and the CFH were planning to convert the line from narrow gauge to standard gauge.

If the gauge exceeds the maximum gauge limit for taper threads, re-tapping may be considered at the discretion of the competent person.

The workshops at Newton Abbot played a part in converting broad gauge locomotives, carriages and wagons to standard gauge over the following months.

For example, the number 0000 gauge or 4/0 gauge, would use n = −3; and the calculated result would be 211,600 circular mils.

The difference of On2 scale, compared to its nearest alternative (On30), is that On2 scale equates to the correct track gauge for prototypes - such as Maine "Two Footers" and the many industrial operations that used or continue to use this gauge - including existing 21st century sugar cane operations in Australia, Fiji, Indonesia. On2 has the advantage over HOn3 or HOn2 in that it is large enough to operate reliably and it is possible to add a significant level of detail to locomotives, rolling stock, buildings and scenery. DCC accessory control and sound are also more easily implemented in O scale in both narrow gauge and standard gauge than in the smaller scales. A comprehensive narrow gauge On2 scale layout can be accomplished in the same amount of room as a standard gauge HO scale layout because gauge prototypes are much smaller than their standard gauge equivalents - a South African gauge NG G16 Garratt (2-6-2+2-6-2) is only 48' long whilst an Australian standard gauge NSWGR AD60 Class Garratt (4-8-4+4-8-4) is 108'.

Mexico has a connection to Guatemala, but it is a break of gauge, since Mexico uses , while Guatemala and Central America use narrow gauge . Aside from a short spur line linking border city of Ciudad Tecún Umán, Guatemala, the entire nation is on gauge. South of Guatemala, there are numerous breaks of gauge, such as (with Honduras), and El Salvador (which uses the same 914 mm gauge of rail, but is currently closed, with some sections abandoned and unusable). Nicaragua has also closed its rail network in 1996, though the majority of it was gauge, with some lines along the Atlantic Coast.

In 1955 Spain and Portugal decided to halve this difference of , and defined their gauge to be , called Iberian gauge. The decision for a national gauge came to be regretted by later generations, when international trade became more relevant, and it also made railway construction more expensive. Apart from the widespread broad-gauge lines, a large system of narrow gauge railways was built in the more mountainous parts of Spain, especially in the north coast of the country, where narrow gauge was the most adequate option. The main-line network was roughly complete by the 1870s.

The Launceston and South Devon Railway had been absorbed by the South Devon Railway in 1869, but under the terms of the L&SDR; authorising Act, it was required to lay narrow gaugeNarrow gauge, now called standard gauge. At the time there was no "standard" and the term narrow gauge was in general use. rails when requested by any connecting narrow gauge line.John Nicholas, The North Devon Line, Oxford Publishing Company, Sparkford, 1992, Consequently, the SDR had to lay a narrow gauge rail, forming mixed gauge track, from Lidford to Plymouth, and to allow LSWR trains to run over the line.

Preserved Kowloon- Canton Railway locomotive The Kowloon-Canton Railway (now East Rail) was originally partially laid to and gauge during its construction, and the latter was proposed to be its gauge since the tunnel could only accommodate gauge if the line was to be double track throughout. However it was built to standard gauge and was single track, retaining space at places for later expansion. The now-defunct Sha Tau Kok Railway, built in 1911 and closed in 1928, constructed of the same materials used for constructing the main line, was gauge. The famous Hong Kong Tramways are gauge.

Therefore, the East African Railway Master Plan considers the new standard-gauge railways to become the backbone of the whole hybrid railway network, with narrow-gauge railways assuming the role of branch lines. Break of gauge handling is usually done in dedicated break of gauge railway stations. The only existing break of gauge railway station within the reaches of the East African Railway Master Plan is the break of gauge transshipment station at Kidatu in Tanzania, which uses cranes for the transshipment of goods, especially containers, between the TAZARA Railway network () and the Tanzania Railways Ltd. network ().

The segment between Denver and Golden still exists today to serve the Coors Brewery. Most of the track was removed from Waterton to Chatfield, Colorado in 1942 and the rest was converted to standard gauge, ending all narrow-gauge service out of Denver. The last narrow-gauge operation between Leadville and the Climax mines was converted to standard gauge due to heavy traffic from World War II. The last Colorado and Southern narrow-gauge train, pulled by engine 76, ran the 28 mile roundtrip on August 25, 1943. The next day standard-gauge trains began hauling the load.

Volos station was converted to dual gauge, in order to accommodate trains of the two branches. Parts of the station and the track towards the city centre were at this period of a unique triple-gauge system: standard gauge for Larissa trains, metre gauge for Kalambaka trains and gauge for Pelion trains. In 1970 the network was taken over by the new Hellenic Railways Organisation, successor of the Hellenic State Railways. In 2001 the section between Palaiofarsalos and Kalampaka was converted to standard gauge and physically connected at Palaiofarsalos with the mainline from Athens to Thessaloniki.

Through running of standard-gauge trains on rack sections would not be possible, but dual-gauge track exists in many places where the gradient is relatively flat to carry standard- and metre-gauge stock. There are also some 800-mm-gauge railways which are entirely rack operated. The effects of a minor break of gauge can be minimized by placing it at the point where a cargo must be removed from cars anyway. An example of this is the East Broad Top Railroad in the US, which had a coal wash and preparation plant at its break of gauge in Mount Union, Pennsylvania.

In electromagnetism, the Lorenz gauge condition or Lorenz gauge (sometimes mistakenly called the Lorentz gauge) is a partial gauge fixing of the electromagnetic vector potential. The condition is that \partial_\mu A^\mu=0. This does not completely determine the gauge: one can still make a gauge transformation A^\mu\to A^\mu+\partial^\mu f, where f is a harmonic scalar function (that is, a scalar function satisfying \partial_\mu\partial^\mu f=0, the equation of a massless scalar field). The Lorenz condition is used to eliminate the redundant spin-0 component in the representation theory of the Lorentz group.

In most of the southern states, the gauge was preferred (a broad gauge which later was adopted by Russia for its new railroad and became known as Russian gauge). This configuration allowed for wider rolling stock that could more efficiently accommodate cotton bales, the most commonly transported good in the South at the time. In the U. S. this gauge was changed to in 1886.Southern Railfan, The Days They Changed the Gauge This gauge remains in use by Pittsburgh's two funicular railways, the Monongahela Incline (the oldest continuously operating funicular in the United States, having opened in 1870) and the Duquesne Incline.

In 1886, the southern railroads agreed to coordinate changing gauge on all their tracks. After considerable debate and planning, most of the southern rail network was converted from gauge to gauge, then the standard of the Pennsylvania Railroad, over two days beginning on Monday, May 31, 1886. Over a period of 36 hours, tens of thousands of workers pulled the spikes from the west rail of all the broad gauge lines in the South, moved them east and spiked them back in place. The new gauge was close enough that standard gauge equipment could run on it without problem.

The gauge was first used in Great Britain in Scotland for two short, isolated lines, the Dundee and Arbroath Railway (1836-1847) and the Arbroath and Forfar Railway (1838- ). Both the lines were subsequently converted to standard gauge and connected to the Scottish rail network. Later this gauge was adopted as a standard for many British colonies such as Province of Canada and British India. In 1851, the broad gauge was officially adopted as the standard gauge for the Province of Canada, becoming known as the Provincial gauge, and government subsidies were unavailable for railways that chose other gauges.

In the physics of gauge theories, gauge fixing (also called choosing a gauge) denotes a mathematical procedure for coping with redundant degrees of freedom in field variables. By definition, a gauge theory represents each physically distinct configuration of the system as an equivalence class of detailed local field configurations. Any two detailed configurations in the same equivalence class are related by a gauge transformation, equivalent to a shear along unphysical axes in configuration space. Most of the quantitative physical predictions of a gauge theory can only be obtained under a coherent prescription for suppressing or ignoring these unphysical degrees of freedom.

Conversion from a narrow to a wider gauge may require enlargement of the structure gauge of the bridges, overpasses and tunnels, embankments and cuts. The minimum curve radius may have a larger radius on broader gauges requiring route deviations to allow the minimum curve radius to be increased. Track centers at stations with multiple tracks may also have to be increased. Conversion from narrow to standard gauge means several changes not because of the gauge itself, but in order to be compatible with the structure gauge of standard gauge track, such as height of overpasses so that trains can be exchanged.

The standard gauge tracks lead to a 28 m turntable (Google Earth) north of the station while the wide gauge tracks have a triangle south of the station to turn locomotives. A new orange coloured (Google Earth) depot building north of the station provides maintenance for the standard gauge diesel locos that use the Bam route. This supplements a small broad gauge shed at the south end of the station where the station's broad gauge shunter is maintained. A transfer shed is situated south of the level crossing but only appears to be served by the broad gauge tracks.

In 1886, the southern railroads agreed to coordinate changing gauge on all their tracks. After considerable debate and planning, most of the southern rail network was converted from gauge to gauge, then the standard of the Pennsylvania Railroad, over two days beginning on May 31, 1886. Over a period of 36 hours, tens of thousands of workers pulled the spikes from the west rail of all the broad-gauge lines in the South, moved them east and spiked them back in place. The new gauge was close enough that standard gauge equipment could run on it without problem.

For some time it had become increasingly obvious that the continuation of the broad gauge was limited. The importance of the Birkenhead traffic, carried on the narrow (standard) gauge Shrewsbury lines emphasised this; the GWR installed mixed gauge track right into Paddington station, and Birkenhead trains ran narrow gauge throughout. From then it was only a matter of time, and at length the GWR decided to convert the entire system progressively. The BW&DR; and nearby lines were converted to standard gauge only on 1 April 1869, although the passenger service had been purely narrow gauge from 1 November 1864.

The last standard gauge freight train operated to Bremgarten in 2009, although occasional standard gauge passenger trains aimed at the rail enthusiast market have run since. When track renewal was due in 2015, the decision was made to relay the line as meter gauge only. The end of the standard gauge was marked with special trains on June 26–28, and on July 13 all service was suspended between Bremgarten West and Wohlen for the removal of the standard gauge track and renewal of the meter gauge track. The line is expected to reopen on 27 July 2015.

In 1907 Adra was connected to the Grand Chord at Gomoh with a wide Broad Gauge line.R.P.Saxena, Indian Railway Time Table. The construction of the long broad gauge Chandrapura-Muri-Ranchi-Hatia line was started in 1957 and was completed in 1961. The construction of this line included the conversion of the narrow gauge Kotshila-Ranchi line to broad gauge.

Construction of the long -wide broad gauge Siliguri-Jogihopa line, between 1963 and 1965, brought broad-gauge railways to Assam. It also was the reason for setting up the New Bongaigaon railway station. New railway track from New Bongaigaon to Guwahati was commissioned in 1984. Saraighat Bridge opened in 1962, initially carried a metre-gauge track, which was later replaced by broad gauge.

Standard Gauge, also known as wide gauge, was an early model railway and toy train rail gauge, introduced in the United States in 1906 by Lionel Corporation.Lionel Trains As it was a toy standard, rather than a scale modeling standard, the actual scale of Standard Gauge locomotives and rolling stock varied. It ran on three-rail track whose running rails were apart.

Narrow Gauge Suspension Railway designed by J.B. Fell, C.E.Narrow Gauge Suspension Railway designed by Mr. J.B. Fell, C.E., The Engineer, 30 September 1870, p. 230. The Aldershot narrow-gauge suspension railway was built in 1872 as an innovative experimental railway at Aldershot Camp, Hampshire, England. It had a gauge of and incorporated the suspension principle, invented and patented by John Barraclough Fell.

O16.5 in the United Kingdom is a model railway scale/gauge combination of 7 mm to the foot. This is the same scale as British O scale (1:43.5 ratio) running on gauge track, which is used by OO gauge model railways. It thus represents the prototype gauge of just over (e.g. the Snailbeach District Railways), although also widely used to model (e.g.

Two rather more conventional 2-4-0 express locomotives were turned out in 1888 and ran on the broad gauge. They were similar to the standard gauge 3206 Class Barnum's turned out in 1889 but with large in driving wheels. Following the abolition of the broad gauge in 1892 they were renewed, reappearing as standard gauge 4-4-0 locomotives in 1894.

Kurduvadi Workshop was set up for repair of narrow gauge steam locomotives, coaches and wagons by Barsi Light Railway in 1930. With the reduction in narrow gauge rolling stock, the Workshop has taken up new activities as per requirements. Kurduvadi Workshop now undertakes rehabilitation of 20 broad gauge wagons per month. Kurduvadi had a narrow gauge diesel loco shed for Barsi Light Railway.

The line would be on the standard gauge.At this time the main line railway was broad gauge, so a break of gauge and transshipment of goods at the junction were inevitable. Pain had discussed the cheaper construction costs of a narrow gauge line, such as 3 feet or 3ft 6in. It is not recorded why he rejected that and chose standard gauge.

Its condition declined after 1979, when the US government handed over control to the government of Panama. Except for dedicated railroad sections, such as the concrete factory, the broad gauge was used. This gauge was also used for the locomotives along the locks ("mules"). When the gauge for the railroad was changed in 2001, the mules kept the broad gauge.

A rail system with two gauges suffered from inefficiency where a break of gauge occurred. Various alternatives to costly transloading were proposed in the early era of railways,. including rollbocks, transporter wagons, dual gauge, and even containerization or variable gauge axles. However, these were not implemented during the Gauge War in the 1840s, which resulted in the use of wasteful transloading.

The metre gauge line has been converted into broad gauge during 1929. On September 1929, the entire stretch of has been completely converted into broad gauge in just 5 hours of time. The first broadguage train from Erode Junction reached Tiruchirappalli Junction, exactly 5hours after the reach of last meter gauge train.. The route has been electrified in February 2018.

Like the rest of the Adelaide network, the line is broad gauge. Dual gauge sleepers have been laid to allow for the line to be converted to standard gauge at a future date.The gauge problems lives on 21 March 2012 The line is 35.9 kilometres long and is the second longest of the Adelaide suburban railway lines. The line is double track throughout.

Golden Rock performs periodic overhauls (POH) and maintenance of diesel locomotives and the Darjeeling and Nilgiri narrow-gauge locomotives. It maintains, services and remodels discontinued diesel metre- gauge locomotives for export by RITES, and other converted locomotives for Mozambique, Tanzania, Mali, Sudan and Senegal. GOC has produced five metre- gauge diesel engines for Malaysia. Three remodelled metre-gauge locomotives were exported to Benin.

Track gauge or rail gauge (also known as track gage in the United States) is the distance between the inner sides (gauge sides) of the heads of the two load bearing rails that make up a single railway line. Each country uses different gauges for different types of trains. However, the gauge is the basis of 60% of the world's railways.

At one point, there were 1,500 railwaymen working on a railroad. The first train using the standard gauge reached Lajkovac on 7 July 1968. The decline of the Yugoslav Railways narrow-gauge network in 1960s led to a decision that all narrow-gauge lines should cease operation during the 1970s. At the same time, the Belgrade-Bar standard gauge line passed through Lajkovac.

Elverum Station in 1913. The narrow-gauge train is using the narrow-gauge tracks to the left, while a standard-gauge train is waiting on the other tracks. Hamar Station developed into a major center for transshipment of goods between narrow and standard gauge rolling stock. By 1912 there was 91,725 tonnes of cargo which was transshipped, all of it for hand.

Railways with a railway track gauge of first appeared in the United Kingdom and the United States. This gauge became commonly known as Russian gauge because the government of the Russian Empire later chose it in 1843 - former areas of the Empire have inherited this standard., retrieved 2008-07-20. In the 1960s Soviet Railways re-defined the gauge as 1,520 mm ().

It is the second stoppage for trains in Dhaka, after the Kamalapur railway station. Trains come from India and Locally Noakhali, Sylhet, Rajshahi, Chittagong, Comilla, and many important towns and cities. Its rail tracks are Dual gauge which provide both Meter gauge and Broad gauge. Therefore, Broad gauge trains from Rajshahi, Khulna and the Maitree Express can stop at that station easily.

Kolejka Parkowa Maltanka – gauge in Poznań There are hundreds of kilometres of , , , and narrow-gauge lines in Poland. The metre-gauge lines are mostly found in the northwest part of the country in Pomerania, while lines are found only in the Upper Silesia region. is the most commonly used narrow gauge. In the past, there have also been , and lines.

A train at Bad Bubendorf station on the Waldenburg railway Switzerland boasts extensive networks of metre-gauge railways, many of which interchange traffic (most prominent is the Rhaetian Railway). The Jungfraubahn terminates at the highest station in Europe. Dual gauge (combined metre- and standard-gauge trackway) also exists in many areas. Also, nearly all street tramways in Switzerland are metre gauge.

Rail transport in Latvia is done on Russian gauge. The main railway company is the state-owned Latvijas dzelzceļš, with its subsidiary Pasažieru vilciens providing passenger services. Historically Latvia had lot of different rail gauges, most notably standard gauge and narrow gauge. The Rail Baltica project aims to connect Latvia and the other Baltic states to the European standard gauge.

However, both were dual gauge. All–standard gauge operations commenced on 9 February 1920, although the dual gauge was not removed until 1922. Electric traction started operation on 30 August 1922.Bjerke & Holom: 196 An interlocking system was installed on 29 July 1924.

When gauge conversions took place around 1997, Ledo became the last and the easternmost station. The wide broad gauge continued up to Tirap for railway sidings. Beyond that the remnants of the wide metre gauge track to Lekhapani was visible (as of 2005).

This was built at the metre gauge in the 1880s during the French colonial rule. There are also standard gauge lines running from Hanoi to the People’s Republic of China, eventually leading to Beijing, and some mixed gauge in and around Hanoi.

A flood destroyed an earlier version of the gauge in January 1974. The existing gauge began recording data in October 1983. The mudflow flood related to the eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 occurred outside the period of record for either gauge.

A time pressure gauge is an instrument that digitally displays pressure data divided into appropriate time intervals.1 While a pressure gauge indicates a general unit amount, only a time pressure gauge accounts for varying consumption and capacity in relation to time remaining.

This new engine was first seen in 1995, when Yamaha introduced its TRX850 in Japan. Although early models came with no fuel gauge and a reserve fuel tap, from 1999 Yamaha replaced the temperature gauge on the dashboard with a fuel gauge.

There were some instances of mixed gauge trains being run, where wagons of each gauge were run in a single train. The legacy of the broad gauge can still be seen where there seems to be an unnecessarily wide space between station platforms.

A snow gauge. A snow gauge is a type of instrument used by meteorologists and hydrologists to gather and measure the amount of solid precipitation (as opposed to liquid precipitation that is measured by a rain gauge) over a set period of time.

When the SWA narrow gauge line was regauged to Cape gauge in 1960, all these locomotives were transferred to the Eastern Cape for further service on the Langkloof narrow gauge line from Port Elizabeth to Avontuur. Here they were nicknamed the Kalahari.

When a main line is converted to a different gauge, branch lines can be cut off and made relatively useless, at least for freight trains, until they too are converted to the new gauge. These severed branches can be called gauge orphans.

The United Kingdom is known for its widespread use of internal and external railways of many different gauges. The most common industrial gauge in the UK was standard gauge. This used 4 ft 8 1⁄2 the most common gauge throughout the world.

Some of the dual gauge track was removed at the same time. However five new narrow gauge locomotives were bought between 1934 and 1941; and a final one from Hunslet Engine Company in 1954. The remaining narrow gauge lines finally closed in 1966.

Inspired by the success of the narrow gauge in Queensland, Western Australia adopted the same gauge. In the capital of Perth, there was the only narrow-gauge tramway network (of any considerable extent) on mainland Australia. The final portion was closed in 1958.

There was no track connection to the narrow-gauge tracks or to the line to Havelberg, which was also rebuilt to narrow gauge after the Second World War. Vehicles were transported by standard-gauge transfer wagons between the two parts of the station.

Afghanistan's neighbours to the north, namely the former Soviet republics of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan, use this gauge. Iran to the west uses standard gauge, same as China, while Pakistan, which borders Afghanistan to the east and the south, uses Indian gauge.

Figure 3: Dennison combined gauge. Actual size 150 × 19 mm. About 1840 Aaron Lufkin Dennison devised a gauge "upon which all the different parts of a watch could be accurately measured", Figure 3. Later this became known as the "US Standard" gauge.

Drawing a line is gauge fixing. Drawing the line spoils the gauge symmetry, i.e., the circular symmetry U(1) of the cross section at each point of the rod. The line is the equivalent of a gauge function; it needs not be straight.

In the terminology of quantum field theory, a ghost, ghost field, or gauge ghost is an unphysical state in a gauge theory. Ghosts are necessary to keep gauge invariance in theories where the local fields exceed a number of physical degrees of freedom.

Standard gauge is used throughout the network, allowing new train equipment to be transported over the Chinese rail network which uses the same gauge.

Iain Logie: Egyptian Narrow Gauge Railways - Their History and Stock. Research Notes for the library of the Narrow Gauge Railway Society, V2, August 2017.

When broad-gauge lines were laid in the area, it was reconverted to broad gauge and now functions as the Haldibari–New Jalpaiguri line.

When broad-gauge lines were laid in the area, it was reconverted to broad gauge and now functions as the Haldibari–New Jalpaiguri Line.

Construction of the -long -wide broad gauge Siliguri–Jogihopa line, between 1963 and 1965, created broad-gauge railway links in North Bengal and Assam.

The Burneside Tramway was initially a narrow gauge and later a standard gauge industrial railway serving the James Cropper paper mills around Burneside, Cumbria.

The Assam Mail originally ran from Sealdah to Santahar by broad gauge, and onwards by metre gauge from Santahar to Guwahati (then spelt Gauhati).

Hathras lies 9 km away in the west and is served by Hathras City railway station on the broad gauge (previously metre gauge) line.

Poland (along with the rest of Western and Central Europe) uses standard gauge, while Belarus, Russia, and the former Soviet Union use Russian gauge.

The coal was unloaded from narrow-gauge cars of the EBTR, and after processing was loaded into standard-gauge cars of the Pennsylvania Railroad.

The Stann Creek Railway was used from 1908 to 1938 as a long gauge narrow gauge railway from Commerce Bight to Middlesex in Belize.

The final death of the narrow gauge came the year after Pihl died, when parliament decided to build the Bergen Line as standard gauge.

Bachmann model. Bachmann and Graham Farish produce models of Green Arrow for OO gauge and N gauge respectively as part of the 2011 range.

When broad-gauge lines were laid in the area, it was reconverted to broad gauge and now functions as the Haldibari–New Jalpaiguri line.

The Coimbatore–Mettupalayam metre gauge line was opened to traffic in 1873. The Coimbatore–Mettupalayam section was converted to broad gauge in early 2000s.

It used to be served by a narrow gauge branchline of the national railway network, part of which is being rebuilt to broad gauge.

One express train till 30 September 2014 used to run between Lumding and Agartala daily. The meter gauge track is converted to broad gauge.

Its case is somewhat unusual in that the gauge field is a tensor, the Lanczos tensor. Theories of quantum gravity, beginning with gauge gravitation theory, also postulate the existence of a gauge boson known as the graviton. Gauge symmetries can be viewed as analogues of the principle of general covariance of general relativity in which the coordinate system can be chosen freely under arbitrary diffeomorphisms of spacetime. Both gauge invariance and diffeomorphism invariance reflect a redundancy in the description of the system.

In 1883–84 the -wide metre-gauge line of Assam Behar State Railway met the Eastern Bengal Railway's -wide broad gauge line at Parbatipur. It reached Katihar in 1888-89 and in 1909 it reached Amingaon on the banks of the Brahmaputra, which could be crossed by ferry to reach Guwahati. The new broad- gauge track from New Bongaigaon to Guwahati was commissioned in 1984. Saraighat Bridge opened in 1962, initially carried metre-gauge tracks, which was later replaced by broad-gauge tracks.

Increasing the structure gauge can involve substantial work. The UK's Midland Main Line being upgraded in 2014. The structure gauge, which refers to the dimensions of the lowest and narrowest bridges or tunnels of the track, complements the loading gauge, which specifies the tallest and widest allowable vehicle dimensions. There is a gap between the structure gauge and loading gauge, and some allowance needs to be made for the dynamic movement of vehicles (sway) to avoid mechanical interference causing equipment and structural damage.

Infrastructure of the station will be changed as proposed in tune with handling demands and matching to the glory of past. Kollam - Punalur section The Kollam Junction -Punalur meter gauge railway line to broad gauge conversion works foundation stone was laid in 1998 at Punalur. Services on the Punalur-Kollam metre gauge section were withdrawn on 1 May 2007, to facilitate the gauge conversion work. The gauge conversion took almost 11 years to complete after the foundation stone was laid.

Using N gauge 9 mm track to model narrow-gauge prototypes is also popular in HO scale model railways. In Europe, this is known as H0e while in the United States this is called HOn30 or HOn2. As the latter indicates, 9 mm in HO scale is in the theoretical prototype, closer to gauge. gauge lines (common in Ireland and the Isle of Man) are generally modelled in 4 mm scale but with gauge track, which is known as OOn3.

Crampton worked as assistant to Marc Brunel and on joining the GWR in 1839, then Daniel Gooch. Crampton was involved in the design of the "Firefly" class of locomotives. Gooch's aim was to produce broad gauge locomotives that were better than those on the standard gauge lines, thus proving the broad gauge system was the better technically. Crampton, unbeknown to the GWR, had the idea of improving standard gauge locomotives so that they could match those of the broad gauge.

The line between Finland and Russia has a nominal break of gauge; Finnish gauge is whereas Russian gauge is . This does not usually prevent through-running, and in fact, such a service exists in the form of the Allegro high-speed service between Helsinki and St. Petersburg. The nominal difference is generally within tolerance, and the present Russian gauge is actually a redefinition of the older . The Iberian gauge is actually three slightly different gauges: in Spain, in Portugal, and the newer, redefined .

1920s railway station building at the museum Narrow Gauge Railway Museum in Sochaczew (Polish: Muzeum Kolei Wąskotorowej w Sochaczewie) is a -gauge heritage railway based at Sochaczew in Poland, about west of Warsaw. The museum's headquarters are that of the former Sochaczew County Narrow Gauge Railway (Polish: Sochaczewska Kolej Powiatowa). It has a fleet of historic 750mm-gauge steam, diesel and electric locomotives, goods wagons, passenger cars and draisines. It has also a small number of standard gauge and other exhibits.

Fifteen-inch gauge railways were pioneered by Sir Arthur Percival Heywood who was interested in what he termed a minimum gauge railway for use as estate railways or to be easy to lay on, for instance, a battlefield. In 1874, he described the principle behind it as used for his Duffield Bank Railway, distinguishing it from a "narrow-gauge" railway. Having previously built a small railway of gauge, he settled on gauge as the minimum that he felt was practical.

Over a period of 36 hours, tens of thousands of workers pulled the spikes from the west rail of all the broad-gauge lines in the South, moved them east and spiked them back in place. The new gauge was close enough that standard-gauge equipment could run on it without difficulty. By June 1886, all major railroads in North America were using approximately the same gauge. The final conversion to true standard gauge took place gradually as track was maintained.

In addition there was the narrow gauge Darjeeling Himalayan Railway running from Siliguri Town station to Darjeeling via Siliguri Junction. The Assam Rail Link Project, completed in 1950, linked the railways in Assam, with a metre-gauge line to Kishanganj. The line running across North Bengal, spanned the Teesta, Torsha, and Sankosh rivers. In the early 1960s, Indian Railways started changing over from metre gauge to broad gauge and built a new broad-gauge station south of Siliguri Town station.

The term HOn30 (and sometimes HOn2½) is generally used when modelling American prototypes while H0e is used for European prototypes. In the Britain the term OO9 is sometimes used. All these terms refer to models of narrow-gauge railways built to the world's most popular model railway scale of HO (1:87) but using a track gauge of --the gauge used for N scale models of standard- gauge railways. OO9 refers to OO scale, 1:76.2, models on 9mm gauge track.

Although projects have begun to rehabilitate the Cape gauge railways, economic growth in Nigeria has made a standard gauge line desirable. In 2006, the Nigerian government awarded a $8.3 billion contract to the China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation to construct a standard gauge railway from Lagos to Kano. Due to an inability to secure funding for the whole project, the Nigerian government decided to build the standard gauge line in segments and rehabilitate the narrow-gauge line in the meantime.

With both the AWG and SWG systems, the larger the number, the smaller the gauge. For example: 2-gauge wire is large (like a pencil) and 30-gauge wire is fine, like thread. In much of the world wire diameter is often expressed in millimeters. For making jump rings, 10- to 18-gauge wire (2.5 to 1.3 mm) is used. Bracelet and necklace wire components are generally made out of wire that is 16-, 18- or 20-gauge (1.3 to 0.8 mm).

Gauge on the Cape Government Railways. South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, July 1943. pp. 515-518. No more broad gauge locomotives were acquired, since it had been decided by Parliament to continue railway construction from Wellington into the interior, but to use the narrower gauge, later to become almost universally known as Cape gauge. This gauge was decided upon since it would decrease the cost of construction through the difficult terrain beyond the coastal plain and up the Hex River mountains.

Shay logging locomotive in California A steam locomotive of the C&TS; RR Many narrow-gauge railways were built in the United States with track gauge . The most extensive and well known systems were the gauge lines through the Rocky Mountain states of Colorado and New Mexico. Today a few lines survive as heritage railways and tourist attractions. USG Corporation operates an industrial gauge line at Plaster City, California and narrow-gauge railways are still used for some tunneling and mining work.

It has a combination of elevated, at-grade, and underground lines, and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock. Four types of rolling stock are used: Mitsubishi–ROTEM Broad gauge, Bombardier MOVIA, Mitsubishi–ROTEM Standard gauge, and CAF Beasain Standard gauge. The Phase-I of Delhi Metro was built at a cost of US$2.3 billion and the Phase-II was expected to cost an additional . Phase-II has a total length of 128 km and was completed by 2010.

Outer Harbor station with gauge convertible sleepers in November 2005 Gauge conversion of 2,000 kilometres of track in Victoria was announced by the State Government in May 2001 but did not proceed due to the difficulty of achieving any agreement with then track manager, Freight Australia.Rail Gauge Standardisation Project Audito General Victoria August 2006 In 2010, 200 kilometres of the North East line in Victoria was gauge converted between Seymour and Albury. In the same year standard gauge access was provided to the Port of Geelong, 13 years after the conversion to standard gauge of the Western standard gauge line between Melbourne and Adelaide, which runs through the northern suburbs of Geelong. The Oaklands branch line was converted in 2009 to standard gauge as part of the project to standardise the North East line, to prevent that branch becoming isolated.

Fintown station on the trackbed of the County Donegal Railways Joint Committee (CDR) in County Donegal A bridge of the defunct National Railroad of Mexico in 1883 A railbus on the Ferrocarril Santa Ana near Machu Picchu An electric tram on the Tranvía de Sóller on the Spanish island of Majorca Three foot gauge railways have a track gauge of or 1 yard. This gauge is a narrow gauge and is generally found throughout North, Central, and South America. In Ireland, many secondary and industrial lines were built to gauge, and it is the dominant gauge on the Isle of Man, where it is known as the Manx Standard Gauge. Modern gauge railways are most commonly found in isolated mountainous areas, on small islands, or in large-scale amusement parks and theme parks (see table below).

If the broad gauge had originally been an asset, the reality by the 1870s was that the narrow gauge of had become the standard gauge, and beyond the Great Western Railway the vast majority of lines adopted it. As trade increased, this led to troublesome difficulties at the point of junction between lines—the break of gauge—where goods had to be physically transshipped between wagons for onward transit. In July 1874 the Somerset and Dorset Railway completed its Bath extension, and narrow gauge wagons could reach Exeter and beyond from the Midlands over that route and the LSWR. Responding to the reality, the B&ER; started to lay narrow gauge rails—that is, it installed mixed gauge—on its main line.

In relativistic cosmology there is a freedom associated with the choice of threading frame, this frame choice is distinct from choice associated with coordinates. Picking this frame is equivalent to fixing the choice of timelike world lines mapped into each other, this reduces the gauge freedom it does not fix the gauge but the theory remains gauge invariant under the remaining gauge freedoms. In order to fix the gauge a specification of correspondences between the time surfaces in the real universe (perturbed) and the background universe are required along with the correspondences between points on the initial spacelike surfaces in the background and in the real universe. This is the link between the gauge-invariant perturbation theory and the gauge-invariant covariant perturbation theory.

Whilst the scale of structures can be considered the same in an O Scale layout regardless of track gauge (ignoring forced scale for purposes of perspective), On3 (), On30 () or On2 () prototype modelling permits a greater level of model detail and more appropriate scale operation of narrow gauge railway (railroad) prototypes. An example of structure difference is that servicing facilities for locomotives were minimal compared to those for standard gauge equivalents - a narrow gauge two track locomotive shed will occupy much less space on a model layout than a standard gauge roundhouse or running shed. narrow gauge operations were generally operated outside of the heavy industrial centres and surrounding buildings often (but not always) tended to be of a smaller scale than those serviced by standard gauge lines.

The ECR tracks were originally set to a gauge of on the recommendation of engineer John Braithwaite. At this time there was no legislation dictating the choice of gauge and indeed the directors favoured the Great Western Railway's broad gauge . Braithwaite persuaded the directors otherwise on the grounds of additional cost but recommended the gauge in an effort to reduce wear on locomotive parts. This choice meant that the Northern & Eastern Railway who were planning to share the ECR line between Stratford and Bishopsgate were forced to adopt the same gauge. With the extension of the ECR in the early 1840s it became apparent that standard gauge was a more realistic choice and subsequently between September and October 1844 the gauge conversion was carried out.

In 1957, the engineers at the private Odakyu Electric Railway in Greater Tokyo Area launched the Odakyu 3000 series SE EMU. This EMU set a world record for narrow gauge trains at , giving the Odakyu engineers confidence they could safely and reliably build even faster trains at standard gauge. The original Japanese railways generally used narrow gauge, but the increased stability offered by widening the rails to standard gauge would make very high-speed rail much simpler, and thus standard gauge was adopted for high-speed service. With the sole exceptions of Russia, Finland, and Uzbekistan all high speed rail lines in the world are still standard gauge, even in countries where the preferred gauge for legacy lines is different.

Construction of the Mineral Loop started in September 1870, but in February 1871 the Great Western Railway, as successor to the South Wales Railway, informed the S&WR; of their intention to convert the gauge of their mainline to standard gauge. The S&WR; decided to lay the Mineral Loop in standard gauge and provide mixed gauge on the existing broad gauge mainline from Tufts Junction down to Lydney Junction. In fact, the futility of retaining broad gauge on the mainline was realised, and it was converted to standard gauge on the weekend of 11–12 May 1872. On 22 April 1872 traffic started on the lower part of the Mineral Loop, below Crump Meadow, and it was substantially complete at the middle of May.

Through the 1830s, 1840s, and 1850s, not only local projects, but long-distance links, were completed, so that by 1860 the eastern half of the continent, especially the Northeast, was linked by a network of connecting railroads. However, although Great Britain had early adopted a standard gauge of , once Americans started building locomotives, they experimented with different gauges, resulting in the standard gauge, or a close approximation, being adopted in the Northeast and Midwest U.S., but a gauge in the South, and a gauge in Canada. In addition, the Erie Railway was built to broad gauge, and in the 1870s a widespread movement looked at the cheaper narrow gauge. The Pacific Railway Act of 1863 established the standard gauge for the first transcontinental railroad.

JA1271 with excursion consist climbing the Opapa incline in New Zealand Tram descending the Great Orme Tramway Dual gauge track in Perth, WA including both 3 ft 6 in and standard gauge A preserved Japanese JNR Class D51 in main line service in 2014 The Taroko Express in Taiwan Sheung Wan station on Hong Kong Tramway with bus interchange San Francisco cable car traversing a hill Railways with a track gauge of were first constructed as horse-drawn wagonways. From the mid-nineteenth century, the gauge became widespread in the British Empire, was known as the Cape Gauge, and was adopted as a standard in Japan and Taiwan. There are approximately of gauge track in the world, which are classified as narrow gauge railways.

More sophisticated approaches do not attempt to apply a delta function constraint to the gauge transformation degrees of freedom. Instead of "fixing" the gauge to a particular "constraint surface" in configuration space, one can break the gauge freedom with an additional, non-gauge-invariant term added to the Lagrangian density. In order to reproduce the successes of gauge fixing, this term is chosen to be minimal for the choice of gauge that corresponds to the desired constraint and to depend quadratically on the deviation of the gauge from the constraint surface. By the stationary phase approximation on which the Feynman path integral is based, the dominant contribution to perturbative calculations will come from field configurations in the neighborhood of the constraint surface.

The 48 AL is a semi-automatic shotgun manufactured by Luigi Franchi S.p.A. The gun is available in 12 gauge, 20 gauge and 28 gauge. It uses a patented action that John Browning developed for the Browning Auto-5.Wallack, LR. "Sixty Million Guns". 1983.

The rolling stock was converted to the narrow gauge. The four Stephenson locomotives were sold and the Sharp Stewart was converted to narrow gauge, emerging with a 4-2-2 wheel arrangement, the only 'Single' to run on the narrow gauge railways of Australia.

The Uganda Standard Gauge Railway is a planned railway system linking the country to the neighboring countries of Kenya, Rwanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Sudan. The new Standard Gauge Railway (SGR), is intended to replace the old, inefficient metre-gauge railway system.

Mhow has been connected to Indore and Khandwa by metre gauge railway lines. In 2008, the Union Cabinet approved the gauge conversion for the Ratlam-Mhow-Khandwa-Akola railway line. (472.64 km). The cost of the gauge conversion would be about Rs.1421.25 crore.

Between Moldova and Romania there is a break-of-gauge (Romania employing standard gauge). The most important crossing (including gauge changing equipment) is Ungheni–Iași, another two are Cantemir–Fălciu and Giurgiulești–Galați. International passenger trains run to Bucharest, Kyiv, Minsk, Saint Petersburg and Moscow.

Until 2006 it was a metre gauge station. In 2006 Railway Minister Lalu Prasad Yadav reopened the line as a broad gauge railway line towards Lucknow. The first station superintendent was Mr. V.N. Pandey. In 2008 a broad gauge line opened towards Mathura too.

This system is not suitable for four-wheeled wagons. The Ramsey car transfer apparatus is another way to change bogies. Adjustable gauge equipment or variable gauge axles, allow a wheel gauge to be altered. Transshipment procedures move containers and people from one train to another.

In March 1962, Winchester-Western Company began to sell the new ammunition to the public. Hanford's shell was highly popular because of its light weight and superior performance. Winchester-Western Company produced the Mark 5 shell in 12-gauge, 16-gauge, and 20-gauge sizes.

The Jhanjharpur-Laukaha Bazar line was opened in 1976. The lines were converted to broad gauge in phases starting from early 1980s. Samastipur to Darbhanga (metre to broad gauge) was converted around 1983. Siwan to Thawe (metre to broad gauge) was converted in early 2006.

Pick-a-back operation solves gauge-break problem Adelaide AdvertiserComplete narrow-gauge trains on standard-gauge wagons Railway Gazette International September 9, 1955 pages 305-308 Japan Railways planned a similar "Train on Train" scheme, but at much higher speeds, to operate from 2016.

A narrow-gauge railway is one where the distance between the inside edges of the rails is less than . Historically, the term was sometimes used to refer to standard- gauge railways, to distinguish them from broad-gauge railways, but this use no longer applies.

The Northam line was extended to Southern Cross in 1894 and Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie in 1896. This line connected with the standard gauge Trans-Australian Railway to eastern Australia in 1917 at a break-of-gauge. The replacement standard gauge line opened in 1968.

Hornby Railways manufacture a model of the 38xx in OO gauge. 3mm Scale Model Railways manufacture a model kit of the 38xx in TT gauge. Hornby manufactured between 1931-1936 electric and clockwork tin-plate models of the 3821 County of Bedford in 0 gauge.

The narrow gauge Kalka- Shimla Railway was constructed by Delhi-Ambala-Kalka Railway Company and opened for traffic in 1903."Engineer" journal article, circa 1915, reprinted in Narrow Gauge & Industrial Railway Modelling Review, no. 75, July 2008 In 1905 the line was regauged to gauge.

The headlight unit is rounded and the lip is introduced to the top centre. A digital gauge is added in place of the temperature gauge.

In 1892 the broad gauge was abandoned and the locomotives were all converted to standard gauge tender locomotives, becoming a part of the 3201 Class.

The Egyptian Salt and Soda Company Railway was a 33 miles (54 km) long narrow gauge railway with a gauge of 750 mm in Egypt.

The RTRI is developing a variable gauge system, called the "Gauge Change Train", to allow Shinkansen trains to access lines of the original rail network.

As track scales down to 16.5mm at 1:64, modelers use HO gauge track (which represents Standard gauge at 1:87 scale) on Sn3½ layouts.

Should the railway systems be connected by this bridge, the narrow gauge () tracks on the island would be converted to the gauge of the mainland.

Bachmann have released a 00 gauge model of the 4-CEP in 2009. An N Gauge version was released in late 2011 by Graham Farish.

The Labasa Mill Tramway was a narrow gauge railway with a gauge of in the northeast of Vanua Levu, the second largest island of Fiji.

The Marconi Railway was a long narrow gauge railway with a gauge of at the Marconi Wireless Station near Clifden in the Irish County Galway.

Some crafters' gauge varies, and two works created even by a crafter with a very stable gauge using the same stitch will inevitably vary slightly.

This link will be standard-gauge and tie in with normal Croatian Railways operations (the previous narrow-gauge line to Samobor was closed in 1979).

Rajputana State Railway opened the Delhi-Bandikui wide metre gauge line in 1874, extended it to Ajmer in 1875 and to Ahmedabad in 1881. The Delhi-Ajmer metre gauge line was converted to wide broad gauge in 1994. The Ahmedabad-Ajmer sector was fully converted to broad gauge in 1997. Railway electrification work is in the process in the Rewari-Alwar-Bandikui-Jaipur-Palanpur-Ahmedabad sector.

They were narrow gauge locomotives of gauge. Two more went to the Denver, Utah and Pacific, #10 Middle Park and #19 Denver. The DU&P; sold one of the latter to the Burlington and Northwestern Railway, a narrow-gauge affiliate of the CB&Q; operating in Iowa.Burlington & Western, B&NW; Narrow Gauge Branch Lines, Burlington Bulletin No. 30, Burlington Route Historical Society, 1994; page 6.

Gauge theories became even more attractive when it was realized that non-abelian gauge theories reproduced a feature called asymptotic freedom. Asymptotic freedom was believed to be an important characteristic of strong interactions. This motivated searching for a strong force gauge theory. This theory, now known as quantum chromodynamics, is a gauge theory with the action of the SU(3) group on the color triplet of quarks.

The line was inaugurated on 1 January 1876. The conversion from meter gauge to broad gauge completed on 4 August 1981. The gauge conversion process was performed by retaining the old meter gauge line and constructing the new line on the other side to avoid extended cancellation of service. The electrification process for the line started in January 2010 and completed in January 2015.

N scale is a popular model railway scale. Depending upon the manufacturer (or country), the scale ranges from 1∶148 to 1∶160. In all cases, the gauge (the distance between the rails) is . The term N gauge refers to the track dimensions, but in the United Kingdom in particular British N gauge refers to a 1∶148 scale with 1∶160 () track gauge modelling.

Morocco had from 1912–1935 one of the largest gauge networks in Africa with total length of more than 1,700 kilometres. After the treaty of Algeciras where the representatives of Great Powers agreed not to build any standard gauge railway in Morocco until the standard gauge Tangier–Fez Railway being completed, the French had begun to build military gauge lines in their part of Morocco.

The Bradford, Bordell and Kinzua Railroad handled significant interchange traffic with standard gauge lines by use of truck exchange. Cars were hoisted at interchange points and trucks were rolled out and replaced with new ones of the appropriate gauge. On at least one occasion, the blocking used to adapt a standard-gauge car to narrow gauge trucks failed, leading to a fatal accident.Titus v.

Narrow gauge railway often use centre couplers without buffers instead. In short, when rebuilding wagons from one gauge to another, more work is needed. However, in the case of Iberian broad gauge railways, the buffer's height and spacing is the same as for the standard gauge railways in Europe including Great Britain in order to allow through running of rolling stock by the use of bogie exchange.

A Shay locomotive in On30 gauge, based on the Bachmann Industries model. On30 (also called On2, O16.5 and Oe) gauge is the modelling of narrow gauge railways in O scale on HO () gauge track in 1:48 scale ratio by American and Australian model railroaders, in 1:43.5 scale ratio by British and French model railroaders and 1:45 by Continental European model railroaders (excluding France).

Bairabi is one of the railhead of Mizoram, connected with a broad gauge line. Katakhal-Bairabi metre gauge track was converted to broad gauge, having got the status of national project, it was fast tracked and completed on 21 March 2016.Sanctioned in 2000, broad-gauge train reaches Mizoram after 16 years Indian Express, Retrieved 21 March 2016. On completion this will be extended to Sairang.

However subsequent tests found British locomotives steamed better, resulting in savings in fuel costs that outweighed the extra maintenance costs. No gauge locomotives were constructed after the 1913 decision to convert to metre gauge. However the locomotives the FCAB were certainly amongst the largest constructed for gauge. A 2-6+6-2T Kitson Meyer constructed in 1912 was perhaps the heaviest locomotive ever constructed for this gauge.

Rail transport in Kenya consists of a metre-gauge network that is in poor condition and a new standard gauge railway (SGR). Both railways connect Kenya's main port city of Mombasa to the interior, running through the national capital of Nairobi. The metre-gauge network runs to the Ugandan border, and the Mombasa–Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway, financed by a Chinese loan, reaches Suswa.

Just as narrow-gauge equipment and parts are rare, narrow-gauge railroads are rare these days too. When narrow-gauge pieces of equipment come back to life there are very few places in the United States where they can run. Many of these pieces run during the railroad's annual Railfest held every August. Below are some pieces of narrow-gauge equipment that visit the D&SNG; railroad.

The bridges at the borders of Sweden and Finland, between Haparanda and Tornio have of dual gauge, and track. At each end of the dual-gauge section there are yards with standard and Finnish gauge areas to allow for transshipment. The four-rail method is used because the gauges are close. The bridge structure is wide to allow for the offset from the centreline of each gauge.

From 1884 until 2011, the bridge had one track in , to comply with New South Wales standard gauge; and the second track in , to complex with Victorian broad gauge. In 2011 the Victorian broad gauge track was replaced with standard gauge. It is also the first to have two spans, the earlier bridges having one, three or four spans. The bridge now carries a double-track railway.

In electroweak theory, the degrees of freedom in a unitarity gauge are the massive spin-1 W+, W− and Z bosons with three polarizations each, the photon with two polarizations, and the scalar Higgs boson. The unitarity gauge is usually used in tree-level calculations. For loop calculations, other gauge choices such as the 't Hooft-Feynman gauge often reduce the mathematical complexity of the calculation.

The sauterelle had to be approached slowly. In 1953, the metre gauge rail was removed between Guingamp and Paimpol, the line operating as standard gauge since then. The metre gauge line between Carhaix and Guingamp closed on 14 February 1967, re-opening as a standard gauge line on 3 July 1967. The first station is Carnoët-Locarn (), the station being nowhere near either village.

Locomotive 2705 at Kamalapur railway station In the rail transport system of Bangladesh, diesel locomotives are used. Among diesel locos, there are diesel–electric and diesel–hydraulic locos. Besides diesel locos, steam locos were used in the past, but now they are no longer used. By gauge, there are narrow–gauge (762 mm), meter–gauge (1,000 mm) and broad–gauge (1,676 mm) locos in Bangladesh.

It was the only grey steam locomotive produced by Lionel during the postwar years. The 1950 and 1964 version was for O-Gauge Tubular track and numbered 773. The 1987 Hudson was released for O-Gauge Tubular track and numbered 783. The 2011 'legacy' Hudson was numbered 5344 like the 1937 Hudson but made for O Gauge FasTrack, Tubular, or Atlas O Gauge track.

A hook gauge. A hook gauge or needle gauge is a measuring device used by crocheters and knitters to test the sizes of particular crochet hooks and knitting needles. Hook gauges are usually made of plastic or aluminum and have sizing holes from 2mm to 11mm diameter. A hook gauge also functions as a ruler to test the size of a test swatch of handmade fabric.

Where vehicles move to a different gauge, they must either be prepared for bogie exchange or be prepared for wheelset exchange. For example, passenger trains moving between the in France, and the gauge in Spain, now pass through an installation which adjusts their variable gauge axles. This process is known as "gauge change". Goods wagons are still subject to either bogie exchange or wheelset exchange.

The larger gauges are usually found on club tracks or miniature railways, and are intended to haul the driver and passengers. Popular 'garden gauges' are '0' gauge, '1' gauge and 2½" gauge (ridable). Usual club track gauges are 3½", 5" and 7¼", and 4¾" and 7½" in North America. Larger miniature railway gauges such as 10¼" and 15" gauge are more common in zoo and park settings.

Analog Cylinder Head Temperature gauge A Cylinder Head Temperature gauge (CHT) measures the cylinder head temperature of an engine. Commonly used on air- cooled engines, the head temperature gauge displays the work that the engine is performing more quickly than an oil or water temperature gauge. As the engine works at high speed or uphill, head temperature will increase quickly. The meter can be digital or analog.

Morocco had from 1912 – 1935 one of the largest gauge networks in Africa with total length of more than 1700 kilometres. After the treaty of Algeciras where the representatives of Great Powers agreed not to build any standard-gauge railway in Morocco until the standard gauge Tangier - Fez Railway being completed, the French had begun to build military gauge lines in their part of Morocco.

Thus train traffic began on this line. The metre gauge line was later converted to broad (Indian) gauge on 24 October 1935. It was during the Diwanship of P. Rajagopalachari (1896-1901), the railway line was completed and under the Diwanship of C.G. Herbert (1930-1935) the line was converted from Metre Gauge to Broad Gauge. The Shoranur Junction–Kochi metre gauge railway line, that was about long, ended at the Ernakulam Terminus Station (Ernakulam Old Railway Station; Station Code: ERG), situated behind Kerala High Court.

The railroad was built in stages to serve mills along the Kennebec River upstream of Augusta, Maine, where it connected with the Portland and Kennebec Railroad. These two connecting railroads were built to standard gauge at a time when most Maine railroads were built to Portland gauge. The Somerset and Kennebec reached Waterville in 1853, Fairfield in 1855, and Skowhegan in 1856. Maine Central Railroad leased the two connecting standard gauge railroads in 1870, and converted its previous Portland gauge lines to standard gauge the following year.

The South Devon and Tavistock Railway linked Plymouth with Tavistock in Devon; it opened in 1859. It was extended by the Launceston and South Devon Railway to Launceston, in Cornwall in 1865. It was a broad gauge line but from 1876 also carried the standard gauge (then referred to as narrow gauge) trains of the London and South Western Railway between Lydford and Plymouth: a third rail was provided, making a mixed gauge. In 1892 the whole line was converted to standard gauge only.

The first narrow gauge line was completed in 1870 from Port Wakefield to Hoyleton but was soon upgraded to broad gauge and extended to Blyth, the station nearest the township of Clare. The first interstate connection was completed in 1887, when the South Australian and Victorian broad gauge railways met at Serviceton. In 1888 a narrow gauge line was opened from Port Pirie to Broken Hill, with a connection at Peterborough to Adelaide. The broad gauge line was completed from Adelaide to Terowie in 1880.

In Victoria, there are sections of and dual gauge track between Southern Cross station and West Footscray, Sunshine and Newport, Albion and Jacana, North Geelong and Gheringhap, Maryborough and Dunolly, and in various goods yards and industrial sidings. Until 2008, there was dual gauge line between Wodonga and Bandiana. At Albury railway station, New South Wales there was and dual gauge line until 2011. There is dual gauge within Tocumwal railway station but in 1988, the standard gauge component was put out of use.

As part of the project, the narrow gauge from Terowie was converted to broad gauge to match the rest of the line to Terowie from Adelaide resulting in Peterborough having all three South Australian track gauges. Following the conversion of the Adelaide to Crystal Brook line to standard gauge in 1982, Peterborough's importance diminished. By 1988, both the narrow gauge line to the north and broad gauge line to the south had closed. Today the former roundhouse is home to the Steamtown Heritage Rail Centre.

Although the words "scale" and "gauge" are often used interchangeably, many toy train manufacturers historically had little concern with depicting accurate scale. American Flyer tended to boast its closer accuracy compared to other manufacturers. The terms "O scale" and "S scale" tend to imply serious scale modeling, while the terms "O gauge" and "S gauge" tend to imply toy trains manufactured by Lionel and American Flyer, respectively. While S gauge is fairly consistent at 1:64 scale, O gauge trains represent a variety of sizes.

The Androscoggin Railroad was chartered in 1848 to build a Portland gauge railroad to Farmington, Maine from Leeds Junction on the Portland gauge Androscoggin and Kennebec Railroad. The railway was completed to Livermore Falls in 1852, and to Farmington in 1859. The railway was then extended south from Leeds Junction to Brunswick to connect with the standard gauge Kennebec and Portland Railroad in 1861. Conversion of the Androscoggin Railroad to standard gauge that year initiated a series of court battles ultimately eliminating Maine's Portland gauge rail network.

The standard gauge side has a single platform (Platform 1) opening directly onto the station car park and the High Street. There is a standard gauge run-round loop used by occasional locomotive-hauled charter trains. The narrow gauge side has an island platform (Platforms 2 and 3) with an overall roof; this platform is reached by a footbridge, and also from the standard gauge platform and the town centre by a pedestrian level crossing at the terminal end. Narrow gauge trains normally use Platform 3.

Broad gauge generated 100% of the freight output (net tonne-kilometres) and more than 99% of the passenger output (passenger kilometres) in the fiscal year 2018–19. The tracks and and narrow gauge tracks are present on fewer routes. All of these routes, except the heritage routes, are being converted to broad gauge. The metre gauge tracks were (4.21% of total route network) and narrow gauges tracks were (2.50% of total route network) Urban rail transit systems in India mostly use standard gauge tracks.

As travel by rail became more popular and rail traffic grew, pressure mounted to have an additional local line. Also, the Gauge Act of 1846 decreed that George Stephenson's (narrower) standard gauge should be the standard used for all railways across the country. Therefore, in 1877 the viaduct was widened by the addition of an extra row of piers and arches on the north side. Then in 1892 the broad gauge track was converted to standard gauge, and this allowed enough width for four standard gauge tracks.

The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway came up as a narrow gauge (2 feet) railway in 1881. In 1915, it was extended up the Teesta Valley to Gielle Kola and to the south to Kishenganj. In 1949 Kishanganj - Siliguri was converted from narrow-gauge to metre-gauge and extended north-east into Assam, partly along the narrow-gauge Teesta Valley route. Along with development of the metre gauge line, a new Siliguri Junction station, north of the traditional Siliguri Town station, became the main station in the area.

The network has now crossed the boundaries of Delhi to reach Ghaziabad and Noida in Uttar Pradesh, and Faridabad and Gurgaon in Haryana. All stations have escalators, elevators, and tactile tiles to guide the visually impaired from station entrances to trains. It has a combination of elevated, at-grade, and underground lines, and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock. Four types of rolling stock are used: Mitsubishi-ROTEM Broad gauge, Bombardier MOVIA, Mitsubishi-ROTEM Standard gauge, and CAF Beasain Standard gauge.

In 1999, a gauge-changer was installed at Tornio at the Finnish end of the dual-gauge section between Haparanda and Tornio, for use with variable gauge freight wagons. The Tornio gauge changer is a Rafil design from Germany; a similar Talgo-RD gauge changer at the Haparanda end used to exist, but was removed as it required de-icing in winter. Train ferry traffic operated by SeaRail and arriving from Germany and Sweden by sea used bogie exchange facilities in the Port of Turku.

The Korean State Railway is the only rail operator in North Korea. It has a network of over of standard gauge and of narrow gauge () lines; as of 2007, over of the standard gauge (well over 80%), along with of the narrow gauge lines are electrified.Kokubu, Hayato, 将軍様の鉄道 (Shōgun-sama no Tetsudō), The narrow gauge segment runs in the Haeju peninsula. Because of lack of maintenance on the rail infrastructure and vehicles, the travel time by rail is increasing.

Approximately 60% of the world's existing railway lines are built to the standard track gauge where the distance between the inside edges of the rails of the track is (see the list of countries that use the standard gauge). Narrow gauge railways have track gauges of between and . They are cheaper to build and operate, but tend to be slower and have less capacity. Minimum gauge railway have a gauge of less than and are primarily used as industrial railways rather than for passenger transit.

The quarries continued up the hill towards the Firs. These quarries were connected to the main London and North Western Railway in the valley by way of narrow gauge and standard gauge private branch-lines. The narrow gauge line was cable worked taking the ore down to a tipping dock on the standard gauge branch.Tonks :op cit p128 In about 1870, the operation moved west with a standard gauge line running through what is now the Pocket Park to the Ironstone field south of the Playing Fields.

Today it constitutes an important transportation gateway between Ukraine and the rest of Europe on the Pan-European Corridor III. There is a break of gauge where the railway systems of the two countries meet, as the Ukrainian part of the route was converted to Russian broad gauge during Soviet rule. To speed up though traffic, a track gauge changing facility of the SUW 2000 variable gauge axle system has been installed to allow fitted trains to pass through the break of gauge at walking pace.

When the Bristol and Gloucester Railway was first constructed, the broad gauge track was laid with the standard track inside it, the first example of mixed gauge track in the country, between Mangotsfield and Westerleigh, a distance of about .The title of the first mixed gauge is contested by Williams (on page 37): "The Act for the line between Cheltenham and Gloucester called for the rails to be of the same standard gauge as the B&G.; The C&GWU; was a broad gauge line, so the first ever mixed-gauge section was laid between the two towns," but in fact, this opened much later, on 23 October 1847.

The simplest such group is U(1), which appears in the modern formulation of quantum electrodynamics (QED) via its use of complex numbers. QED is generally regarded as the first, and simplest, physical gauge theory. The set of possible gauge transformations of the entire configuration of a given gauge theory also forms a group, the gauge group of the theory. An element of the gauge group can be parameterized by a smoothly varying function from the points of spacetime to the (finite- dimensional) Lie group, such that the value of the function and its derivatives at each point represents the action of the gauge transformation on the fiber over that point.

The track gauge adopted by the mainline railways in Ireland is . This unusual track gauge is otherwise found only in Australia (where it was introduced by the Irish railway engineer F. W. Sheilds), in the states of Victoria, southern New South Wales (via some extensions of the Victorian rail network) and South Australia, as well as in Brazil. The Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway used this gauge between 1840 and 1855, as did the Canterbury Provincial Railways in New Zealand, until conversion to the gauge in the 1860s. The Launceston and Western Railway in Tasmania also used this gauge from 1871, until conversion to gauge in 1888.

In 1867 the Great Western Railway converted to dual gauge the line from Windsor to Suspension Bridge, where it connected to the US network, allowing an end to transshipment at the previous break-of-gauge. The railroad even ran mixed gauge trains on the line. In 1864 the Grand Trunk Railway had taken control of the standard gauge Montreal and Champlain Railroad which had two lines to the US border; while they installed some short sections of dual gauge track they did not convert the main lines. The GTR trialled 500 wagons with variable gauge wheel- sets but these proved unreliable and were considered potentially dangerous.

In 1882 the Bala and Ffestiniog Railway opened the line from to a temporary terminus at , Frongoch was one of the stations opened with the line. At Festiniog passengers had to transfer to narrow gauge trains if they wished to continue northwards. To do this people travelling from Bala to Blaenau or beyond walked the few yards from the standard gauge train to the narrow gauge train much as they do today between the Conwy Valley Line and the Ffestiniog Railway at . The following year the narrow gauge line was converted to standard gauge, but narrow gauge trains continued to run until 5 September 1883 using a third rail.

In 1882 the Bala and Ffestiniog Railway opened the line from to a temporary terminus at , Arenig was one of the stations opened with the line. At Festiniog passengers had to transfer to narrow gauge trains if they wished to continue northwards. To do this people travelling from Bala to Blaenau or beyond walked the few yards from the standard gauge train to the narrow gauge train much as they do today between the Conwy Valley Line and the Ffestiniog Railway at . The following year the narrow gauge line was converted to standard gauge, but narrow gauge trains continued to run until 5 September 1883 using a third rail.

The Jodhpur–Bikaner line was extended to Bathinda in 1901–02 to connect it with the metre gauge section of the Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway and the meter gauge of North Western Railway Delhi–Fazilka line via Hanumangarh. In 1926, the workshop at Bikaner (Lalgarh) was set up to carry out periodic overhauling of metre gauge coaches and wagons. Sometime around or prior to 1991, the construction work for the conversion from meter gauge to wide broad gauge of the Jodhpur–Bikaner line, along with the link to Phulera, were started, and it was already functioning as broad gauge Jodhpur–Merta City–Bikaner–Bathinda line by 2008.

On 29 May 1854 the Midland Railway laid a third rail along their line to Gloucester to provide mixed gauge so that it could operate standard gauge passenger trains while broad gauge goods trains could still run to collieries north of Bristol. Sidings at South Wales Junction allowed traffic to be transhipped between wagons on the two different gauges. The GWR continued to operate its trains on the broad gauge, but on 3 September 1873 it opened the standard gauge Bristol and North Somerset Railway. This had a junction nearly from the station on the London line and so mixed gauge was extended to that point.

ISO metric pitch gauge, the larger gauge in the center is for measuring the Acme thread form, and the lower gauge is for Whitworth screws. A thread gauge, also known as a screw gauge or pitch gauge, is used to measure the pitch or lead of a screw thread. Thread pitch gauges are used as a reference tool in determining the pitch of a thread that is on a screw or in a tapped hole. This tool is not used as a precision measuring instrument, rather it allows the user to determine the profile of the given thread and quickly categorize the thread by shape and pitch.

This station is well connected to almost all parts of the country except Goa. Also this station ranked 10th cleanest railway station in India in 2016 survey and came among the top 100 booking stations of Indian railway. NJP is halting point for 154 trains and it originates 16 trains daily with 4 rajdhanis and 1 shatabdi express. Siliguri Junction railway station ;Siliguri Junction: Siliguri Junction railway station (station code SGUJ) established in 1949 is another major broad gauge and narrow gauge railway station of Siliguri. Until 2011 it was the only triple gauge (broad gauge, meter gauge and narrow gauge) railway station in India.

The Six Flags & Texas Railroad, located in Six Flags Over Texas, is the only remaining attraction from the park's inaugural season in 1961. A European-themed locomotive built by Crown Metal Products for the Busch Gardens Railway in Busch Gardens Williamsburg. This is a list of narrow-gauge railways in the United States. Narrow-gauge railroads of various sizes existed across the US, especially during the late 1800s, with the most popular gauge being gauge..The Standardization of Track Gauge on North American Railways, 1830-1890 Some of the more famous gauge railroad networks in the US were based in California, Colorado, and Hawaii.

The first service started in 1915 from Pollachi to Podanur Line as a meter gauge section and in 2008 the station was closed for the gauge conversion of the Didugul - Podanur. The old meter gauge track on the stretch was in use for 110 years since the first train chugged in 1898 before it was closed 2008 when work began to convert the meter gauge railway line to broad gauge as part of the Dindugul - Palakkad Section. On 24 March 2017, CRS successfully completed its speed trial and inspection along with Podanur - Pollachi newly laid broad gauge line. The inspection was very satisfactory according to CRS.

In Darby, Pennsylvania, USA, the SEPTA Route 11 line, using Pennsylvania trolley gauge of , crosses CSX Transportation using standard gauge. In South Bay, San Diego at the South Bay Salt Works, as of 2001, survives the only crossing of narrow gauge track with standard gauge track, formerly utilized by the San Diego and Arizona Eastern Railway, in the United States. In Sofia, Bulgaria, there are two diamond crossings between tracks of the Sofia tramway and a standard gauge railway line that connects Zaharna fabrika station with Zemlyane thermal power plant. One crossing is at Aleksandar Stamboliyski boulevard where the railway line crosses narrow gauge tram routes 8 and 10.

The narrow- gauge system developed by Pihl is the only notable rail transport export from Norway; through his international travels he convinced other rural countries to build cheaper narrow-gauge systems, and the system soon became one of the major systems in the world; many British colonies and dominions such as South Africa, Queensland, Canada, Newfoundland and New Zealand opted for the gauge and also Asian countries such as Indonesia, Japan, Philippines and Taiwan. While the majority of authors use the term "Cape gauge" to describe gauge, referring to its use by the Cape Government Railways, some other sources use the term "CAP gauge", an acronym for Carl Abraham Pihl.

In order for the chamber to be in-spec, the bolt must close without resistance on the go gauge, but it must not close completely on the no-go gauge. In addition, there is usually a third gauge called FIELD that is slightly larger than the no-go gauge. Since bolt and chamber lugs eventually stretch with use, the bolt may start to close on the no-go gauge. If the bolt also closes fully on the field gauge, such a gun is considered unsafe due to high risk of shell case rupture if the cartridges length happens to be on the shorter end of the spec.

LHS links southern Poland with broad-gauge railways in Ukraine and other eastern countries Except for Linia Hutnicza Szerokotorowa, and a few very short stretches near border crossings, Poland uses the standard gauge for its railways. Therefore, Linia Hutnicza Szerokotorowa (known by its acronym LHS, English: Broad-gauge steelworks line) in Sławków is the longest broad-gauge railway line in Poland. The line runs on a single track for almost from the Polish-Ukrainian border, crossing it just east of Hrubieszów. It is the westernmost broad-gauge railway line in Europe that is connected to the broad-gauge rail system of the countries of the former Soviet Union.

In the early days of rail transport in the US, railways tended to be built out from coastal cities into the hinterland, and systems did not initially connect. Each builder was free to choose its own gauge, although the availability of British-built locomotives encouraged some railways to be built to standard gauge. As a general rule, southern railways were built to one or another broad gauge, mostly , while northern railroads that were not standard gauge tended to be narrow gauge. Most of the original track in Ohio was built in , and special "compromise cars" were able to run on both this track and standard gauge track.

However, by the late 1870s, the trend was inevitable, and conversion to standard gauge began, some lines first becoming "dual gauged" with the addition of a third running rail. Between 1876 and 1880, most of the remaining six-foot gauge trackage was converted.The Day They Changed the Gauge on the D.L.& W. by Richard Palmer In 1886, the railways in the Southern United States agreed to coordinate changing gauge on all their tracks. After considerable debate and planning, most of the southern rail network was converted from gauge to gauge, nearly the standard of the Pennsylvania Railroad, over two days beginning on 31 May 1886.

On the British Great Western Railway the gauge was supposed to allow high speed, but the company had difficulty with locomotive design in the early years, losing much of the advantage, and rapid advances in permanent way and suspension technology allowed standard-gauge speeds to approach broad-gauge speeds within a decade or two. On the and gauges, the extra width allowed bigger inside cylinders and greater power, a problem solvable by using outside cylinders and higher steam pressure on standard gauge. In the end, the most powerful engines on standard gauge in North America and Scandinavia far exceeded the power of any broad-gauge locomotive.

In 1882 the Bala and Ffestiniog Railway opened the line from to a temporary terminus at , Trawsfynydd was one of the stations opened with the line. At Festiniog passengers had to transfer to narrow gauge trains if they wished to continue northwards. To do this people travelling from Trawsfynydd to Blaenau or beyond walked the few yards from the standard gauge train to the narrow gauge train much as they do today between the Conwy Valley Line and the Ffestiniog Railway at . The following year the narrow gauge line was converted to standard gauge, but narrow gauge trains continued to run until 5 September 1883 using a third rail.

The AL390 came in five extra variants. These include the: Sporting variant, 20 gauge sporting variant, 20 gauge youth edition sporting, and a gold sporting variant.

Only its chair, Professor Broch, voted in favor of standard gauge. The advantage of narrow gauge was that it would cut construction costs by a third.

Gare de Courseulles, with the narrow gauge railway in the foreground.The Chemins de Fer du Calvados was a narrow gauge railway in the département of Calvados.

The Toronto and other locomotives were scrapped after Canadian railways converted from the 5'6" track gauge to the 4'8" American standard gauge starting in the 1870s.

The remainder of the platforms are solely broad gauge. A motorail dock is located at the northern end of the platform, with standard gauge access only.

Gauging stations are located in Bad Kissingen (the Prinzregentenbau Gauge) and Wolfsmünster (Saale Bridge Gauge). The measurements are published by the Schweinfurt Water Authority (Wasserwirtschaftsamt Schweinfurt).

Most railways in Europe use the standard gauge of . Some countries use broad gauge, of which there are three types. Narrow gauges are also in use.

Attempts to fix the gauge problem are by no means complete. For example, the Mount Gambier line is isolated by gauge and of no operational value.

The Chatham line station had eight platforms, five of which were of mixed gauge, shared by broad-gauge trains of the GWR from Windsor via Southall.

In 2010 the Queensland government privatised the narrow gauge freight haulage and all standard gauge components of Queensland National. In 2012 the organisation renamed itself Aurizon.

Kangra Valley Railway is a 164 km long narrow gauge railway line that connects the valley with Pathankot, the nearest railhead on broad gauge railway network.

Local gauge symmetries always come together with bosonic gauge fields, like the photon or gluon field, which induce a force in addition to requiring conservation laws.

Some railway lines are of a narrower gauge, for example the gauge Waldenburg railway between Liestal and Waldenburg or the Wengernalp railway in the Bernese Oberland.

Dual-gauge rail lines are used in Switzerland, Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Japan, North Korea, Spain, Tunisia and Vietnam. mixed-gauge, / track at Didcot Railway Museum, England On the GWR, there was an extended period between political intervention in 1846 that prevented major expansion of its broad gaugeThe Act of Parliament did not prohibit expansion of the existing broad gauge system, but it had the indirect and delayed effect of forcing conformity with the "standard" gauge eventually and the final gauge conversion to standard gauge in 1892. During this period, there were many locations where practicality required mixed gauge operation, and in station areas, the track configuration was extremely complex. This was compounded by the fact that the common rail had to be at the platform side in stations, so in many cases, standard-gauge trains needed to be switched from one side of the track to the other at the approach.

The GWR was built on the broad gauge of while the LSWR gauge was standard gauge (), and the allegiance of any proposed independent railway was made clear by its intended gauge. The gauge was generally specified in the authorising Act of Parliament, and bitter and protracted competition took place to secure authorisation for new lines of the preferred gauge, and to bring about parliamentary rejection of proposals from the rival faction. This rivalry between the GWR and the standard gauge companies became called the gauge wars. In the early days Government held that several competing railways could not be sustained in any particular area of the country, and a commission of experts referred to informally as the "Five Kings" was established by the Board of Trade to determine the preferred development, and therefore the preferred company, in certain districts, and this was formalised in the Railway Regulation Act 1844.

Kalka railway station is the northern terminal of the Delhi-Kalka line of Northern Railway, Indian Rail (Station code KLK) serving as terminal station for broad gauge line (towards Chandigarh) and narrow gauge line (towards Shimla). Direct trains on broad gauge, connect to Delhi, Mumbai, Howrah etc.

The Assam Mail was one of the better known metre gauge trains in the Indian Railway system that was there from the pre-independence days. The train was discontinued in 1986 with the completion of the broad gauge conversion of the meter gauge line to Dibrugarh.

In modern usage, the term "broad gauge" generally refers to track spaced significantly wider than . Broad gauge is the dominant gauge in countries in Indian subcontinent, the former Soviet Union (CIS states, Baltic states, Georgia and Ukraine), Mongolia and Finland, Spain, Portugal, Argentina, Chile and Ireland.

The first gauge theory quantized was quantum electrodynamics (QED). The first methods developed for this involved gauge fixing and then applying canonical quantization. The Gupta–Bleuler method was also developed to handle this problem. Non-abelian gauge theories are now handled by a variety of means.

The German Class 99.73-76 engines were standard locomotives (Einheitslokomotiven) in service with the Deutsche Reichsbahn for Saxony's narrow gauge railways. Together with their follow-on class, the DR Class 99.77-79, they were the most powerful narrow gauge locomotives in Germany for the track gauge.

The snow gauge consists of two parts, a copper catchment container and the funnel shaped gauge itself. The actual gauge is mounted on a pipe outdoors and is approximately 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) high, while the container is 51.5 cm (4 ft 2.25 in) long.

This is used by standard gauge interstate NSW TrainLink XPT services to Sydney. In 2012, a dual gauge line was installed between Acacia Ridge and Bromelton to serve a new freight hub at Bromelton. The long Inland Railway (under construction in 2020) has about of dual gauge.

On2 gauge is part of the hobby of rail transport modeling. The name is based on the common USA model railroad O scale ('oh' scale) of 1:48 and refers to the gauge between the rails ( ) and the fact that it is narrow gauge, thus 'On2'.

Steam locomotive with 600 mm gauge of Ateliers de Construction de la Meuse in Liege (Belgium), 1901 The is a 600 mm gauge tourist railway that runs from the narrow gauge railway museum at La Pobla de Lillet to the cement museum at Clot del Moro.

Time gauge is full at the beginning of a round or when player continues. When the gauge reaches below a certain point (as indicated by purple arrow), the background image changes, with time gauge drains in slower rate, until the image is changed back to normal.

The other is at Vazkresenie boulevard where it crosses tram routes 11 and 22. This second crossing is rather unique, as the tram track there is dual gauge. Route 11 uses narrow gauge while route 22 uses standard gauge. The railway line is rarely used, however.

A generally acceptable route to Siliguri was via Sahibganj Loop to Sakrigali ghat. Across the Ganges by ferry to Manihari Ghat. Then metre gauge via Katihar and Barsoi to Kishanganj and finally narrow gauge to Sliguri. In 1949 Kishanganj-Siliguri section was converted to metre gauge.

Topographic map depicting Liberia's railways. From the north: Nano River gauge Bong gauge Lamco gauge. The history of rail transport in Liberia began shortly after World War II, when the Freeport of Monrovia was completed, with limited rail access. It had been developed by American military forces.

Running from end-to-end through the middle of the museum is a dual-gauge metre gauge and standard gauge railway track. On this track a fireless locomotive operates steam-haul trips outside of the museum, over a bridge and then back into the museum again.

A generally acceptable route to Siliguri was via Sahibganj Loop to Sakrigali ghat. Across the Ganges by ferry to Manihari Ghat. Then metre gauge via Katihar and Barsoi to Kishanganj and finally narrow gauge to Sliguri. In 1949 Kishanganj-Siliguri section was converted to metre gauge.

The Weyl gauge (also known as the Hamiltonian or temporal gauge) is an incomplete gauge obtained by the choice :\varphi=0 It is named after Hermann Weyl. It eliminates the negative- norm ghost, lacks manifest Lorentz invariance, and requires longitudinal photons and a constraint on states.

Presently all the tracks are under Broad Gauge Conversion. Jabalpur Gondia via Nainpur is since converted to BG.Narrow gauge section closes from 1 October in Satputda valley The railway yard has Indian Oil depot for refueling the locomotives. Jabalpur-Nainpur track has been converted to broad gauge.

Schmidt Boelter gauge, model SBG01. Clearly visible are the metal body, black sensor, water cooling pipes, mounting flange, and cable. Dimensions: diameter housing is 25mm. A Gardon gauge or Circular-foil gauge is a heat flux sensor primarily intended for the measurement of high intensity radiation.

The lines grew until there were of streetcar tracks in Cincinnati and Northern Kentucky. The track gauge was (Pennsylvania trolley gauge).Singer (2003), The Schemes, p. 35.

The long Rangia–Murkongselek line is being converted from -wide metre gauge to -wide broad gauge. As of 2013, the work is expected to be completed soon.

In contrast to QED, the gluon field strength tensor is not gauge invariant by itself. Only the product of two contracted over all indices is gauge invariant.

ZIM railcar on the bridge over Pivdennyi Buh on Haivoron narrow-gauge railway Various gauge railways operate in Ukraine as common carrier, industrial railway or children's railways.

The Derbyshire Dales Narrow Gauge Railway () was a short, narrow-gauge railway located at Rowsley South at Peak Rail. It operated ex-industrial diesel locomotives and carriages.

Just like the broad gauge railways, the narrow gauge lines required open and flat wagons for general goods. Over two hundred were constructed between 1898 and 1914.

Dorfan was an American toy company based in Newark, New Jersey from 1924 to 1934. Their production lines specialized in O gauge and Wide gauge toy trains.

Nadiapur railway station became operation in 2008 with the meter gauge line from Lumding to Agartala but later in 2016 entire section converted into broad gauge line.

Ballara includes the remains of a railway station for a long- closed narrow-gauge railway.Kerr, John. (August 2004). From Ballara to Hightville: A Remote 2ft Gauge Solution.

Panisagar railway station became operation in 2008 with the meter gauge line from Lumding to Agartala but later in 2016 entire section converted into broad gauge line.

Mungiakami railway station became operation in 2008 with the meter gauge line from Lumding to Agartala but later in 2016 entire section converted into broad gauge line.

Thorne Memorial Park Miniature Railway is a gauge and gauge miniature railway built in 1998 in Thorne, South Yorkshire, England, operating on two loops within the park.

Churaibari railway station became operation in 2008 with the meter gauge line from Lumding to Agartala but later in 2016 entire section converted into broad gauge line.

Jirania railway station became operation in 2008 with the meter gauge line from Lumding to Agartala but later in 2016 entire section converted into broad gauge line.

Teliamura railway station became operation in 2008 with the meter gauge line from Lumding to Agartala but later in 2016 entire section converted into broad gauge line.

During the following year mixed gauge track was continued beyond Bath in connection with the conversion of the Wilts, Somerset and Weymouth Railway to standard gauge. Mixed gauge was laid through Box Tunnel on 16 May 1875 and so standard gauge trains could run to London, although broad gauge was retained west of Temple Meads and through trains from London to Penzance and other stations in Devon and Cornwall continued to be broad gauge. Goods traffic was transhipped between the two gauges in the B&ER; yard at Pylle Hill. The B&ER; converted the line to Taunton to mixed gauge by 1 June 1875, but the remainder of the line to Exeter was not done until 1 March 1876, three months after the B&ER; had amalgamated with the GWR.

A gauge group is a group of gauge symmetries of the Yang – Mills gauge theory of principal connections on a principal bundle. Given a principal bundle P\to X with a structure Lie group G, a gauge group is defined to be a group of its vertical automorphisms. This group is isomorphic to the group G(X) of global sections of the associated group bundle \widetilde P\to X whose typical fiber is a group G which acts on itself by the adjoint representation. The unit element of G(X) is a constant unit-valued section g(x)=1 of \widetilde P\to X. At the same time, gauge gravitation theory exemplifies field theory on a principal frame bundle whose gauge symmetries are general covariant transformations which are not elements of a gauge group.

Typical Egger-bahn stock for H0e gauge The rabbit warren was invented, or at least given its first UK prominence, by C. J. Freezer, long-term editor of Railway Modeller magazine. Rabbit warrens began their popularity in the mid-1960s, with the new H0e gauge narrow gauge models from Egger-bahn and later Jouef / Playcraft. These modelled the style of 600 mm Decauville or feldbahn types, although their scale gauge was closer to 750 mm gauge. Owing to the limitations of the model bodies and the mechanisms available, some oversizing of the frame spacing and gauge was needed. As these British layouts assumed the larger 00 scale of 4 mm to the foot (1:76.2), rather than H0's 1:87, the oversized locomotive bodies were now closer to scale size for the gauge.

China's railways connect with the standard-gauge network of North Korea in the east, with the Russian-gauge network of Russia, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan in the north, and with the meter-gauge network of Vietnam in the south. India and Pakistan operate entirely on broad gauge networks. Indo- Pakistani wars and conflicts currently restrict rail traffic between the two countries to two passenger lines. There are also links from India to Bangladesh and Nepal, and from Pakistan to Iran, where a new, but little-used, connection to the standard-gauge network is available at Zahedan.

The station had a metre-gauge railway line laid in 1980 to get connected with the town of Bhuj. The line was abandoned later since Gandhidham - Bhuj section got converted to broad gauge and this 101.24 km line became isolated. Recently gauge conversion to broad gauge has been approved by the Government of India in June 2016, so that it can be used for public, military or freight purpose. In 2018 the railway section between Bhuj and Deshalpur village (28 km) was commissioned, remaining under gauge conversion Deshalpur – Naliya section (74 km).

Initially as popular in the United States as in the UK, 1 gauge lost popularity in the U.S. due to World War I, which dramatically decreased foreign imports, allowing the U.S. wide gauge standard to gain traction. After World War I, most surviving U.S. manufacturers switched to wide gauge. In the UK and the rest of the world, 1 gauge also declined, although more slowly, and by the 1940s had practically disappeared. In the 1950s and 1960s 1 gauge experienced a renaissance, first in the UK and then elsewhere.

In the United Kingdom, a scale of 1∶148 is used for commercially produced models. In Japan, a scale of 1∶150 is used for the models of and in gauge trains, while a scale of 1∶160 is used for models of standard gauge Shinkansen (Bullet Train, excluding Mini-shinkansen) models. In the U.S. and Europe, a scale of 1∶160 is used for models of trains, irrespective of the gauge of the real trains from which they are scaled. All of these scales run on the same track gauge (N gauge).

Embankment on the Colac – Beech Forest line A number of studies were made of overseas narrow-gauge railways such as the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway in India and the Ffestiniog railway in Wales. An initial decision to build the lines in gauge was changed to gauge for the Victorian lines. This gauge was being adopted on other lines in the British Empire at this time, such as the Kalka-Shimla Railway and the Sierra Leone Government Railway. The railways were constructed using rail, initially obtained from broad-gauge lines that were being upgraded.

The Kaunia-Dharlla state railway was constructed as a narrow gauge line from Teesta Railway junction to Mogalhat on 1882 by EBR. As a part of linking with the Katihar-Raiganj-Dinajpur-Parbatipur-Rangpur-Kaunia main metre gauge line the Kaunia-Mogalhat-Gitaldaha NG section was converted to metre gauge from 1901-02. The 25 km long Gitaldaha-Golakganj section was built as a part of the main metre gauge line on 1902 via Bamanhat & Sonahat. This metre gauge line was further extended to Amingaon via Fakiragram & Kokrajhar on 1906.

The Iberian gauge () is closely similar, with only difference, and allows compatibility with the rolling stock. For example, in recent years Chile and Argentina have bought second hand Spanish/Portuguese Iberian-gauge rolling stock. 1,668 mm trains can run on 1,676 mm gauge without adaptation, but for better stability in high-speed running a wheelset replacement may be required (for example, Russian-Finnish train Allegro has gauge 1,522 mm, intermediate between Russian 1,520 mm and Finnish 1,524 mm). Backward compatibility—1,676 mm trains on 1,668 mm gauge—is possible, but no examples and data exist.

One of Smith's more notable achievements was the expeditious introduction of a standard gauge pick-a-back consist to bypass a section of narrow gauge railway (Central Australia Railway) that was regularly washed away by floods. This pick-a-back consist transported a complete narrow gauge coal train by means of a narrow gauge track laid on the top of a rake of standard gauge flat cars.Tales from a Railway Odyssey - Volume 1. p104-118 By comparison, the Rollbock system of transporter train required that the wagons be loaded one at a time.

The first railway in Tasmania was a broad gauge line opened between Deloraine and Launceston in 1871 by the Launceston and Western Railway. It quickly went bankrupt and was effectively taken over by the Tasmanian Government in 1872. In 1876 the Tasmanian Main Line Company opened a narrow gauge line from Hobart to Evandale (near Launceston), connecting with an extension of the Launceston and Western line at a break-of-gauge. Further gauge confusion was added in 1885 when the Tasmanian Government built a narrow gauge line west of Deloraine to Devonport.

The Jabalpur - Balaghat section of South East Central Railway runs north to south through the district, along the valley of the Satpura Mountains and Wainganga River valley . The line was formerly narrow gauge () for its entire length, but the section between Balaghat to Gondia was converted to broad gauge in 2005–06, connecting Balaghat to India's national broad gauge network for the first time. Work is underway to convert the Balaghat-Jabalpur section to broad gauge as well. A Broad gauge line runs to west from Balaghat to Katangi.

Attempts have been made to describe gauge theories in terms of extended objects such as Wilson loops and holonomies. The loop representation is a quantum hamiltonian representation of gauge theories in terms of loops. The aim of the loop representation in the context of Yang–Mills theories is to avoid the redundancy introduced by Gauss gauge symmetries allowing to work directly in the space of physical states (Gauss gauge invariant states). The idea is well known in the context of lattice Yang–Mills theory (see lattice gauge theory).

15-inch (381 mm) gauge locomotive Little Giant Tinplate electric locomotive Bassett-Lowke produced trains from 15-inch (381 mm) gauge live steam models to Gauge 2, Gauge 1 and 0 gauge. The first 15-inch steam locomotive, test run on the Eaton Hall Railway in 1905, was Little Giant. Unlike other engines on the line, it was a replica of main-line locos, built for a public miniature railway at Blackpool. It was a quarter-scale 4-4-2 "Atlantic" tender engine, though not an exact copy of any particular prototype.

The two railway links China have with a neighboring country that does not have a break of gauge is with North Korea and Vietnam. China also has links with Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Russia, which all use the gauge, and with Vietnam, where the gauge is still in use. China does not have a direct rail link with Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Pakistan or Tajikistan, but is currently planning links with Laos and India (via Burma). Variable-gauge-axle trains are sometimes used to overcome the break of gauge with neighboring countries.

Zittau railway station () is a railway station in Zittau, Germany. The station is located on the Liberec–Zittau, Zittau–Löbau and Zittau–Hagenwerder standard gauge lines as well as it is one terminus of narrow gauge Zittau–Kurort Oybin/Kurort Jonsdorf railway. Until 1945 narrow gauge Zittau–Hermsdorf railway to today's Bogatynia in Poland and Heřmanice in the Czech Republic also began at Zittau station. The normal gauge parts of the station are operated by DB Station&Service; (platforms) and DB Netz (tracks), narrow gauge parts by Saxon-Upper Lusatian Railway Company.

Many narrow-gauge railways were part of industrial enterprises and served primarily as industrial railways, rather than general carriers. Common uses for these industrial narrow-gauge railways included mining, logging, construction, tunnelling, quarrying, and conveying agricultural products. Extensive narrow-gauge networks were constructed in many parts of the world; 19th-century mountain logging operations often used narrow-gauge railways to transport logs from mill to market. Significant sugarcane railways still operate in Cuba, Fiji, Java, the Philippines, and Queensland, and narrow-gauge railway equipment remains in common use for building tunnels.

Winton was formerly a railway junction but is no longer served by any trains. On 22 February 1871, a railway line from Invercargill was opened to Winton, built to the international standard gauge of 1,435mm. This was the furthest extent of Southland's standard gauge network, and the next section to Caroline was built to New Zealand's national track gauge, narrow gauge railway. This extension opened on 20 October 1875, ending Winton's 4.5 years as a railway terminus, and two months later, the line back to Invercargill was converted to 1,067mm gauge.

The original engineer appointed was Francis Webb Sheilds, an Irishman. He persuaded the New South Wales legislature to pass an Act on 27 July 1852 requiring all railways in the colony to be of gauge. This was the gauge in use in Ireland and is now referred to as broad gauge. After Sheilds resigned because of the difficulties, a Scot named James Wallace was appointed. Wallace persuaded the legislature to repeal the previous act and replace it, on 4 August 1853, with one requiring a gauge of – the current standard gauge of .

Using standard gauge also allows light rail vehicles to be moved around, conveniently using the same tracks as freight railways. Another factor favoring standard gauge is that accessibility laws are making low-floor trams mandatory, and there is generally insufficient space for wheelchairs to move between the wheels in a narrow-gauge layout. Furthermore, standard-gauge rolling stock can be switched between networks either temporarily or permanently and both newly built and used standard-gauge rolling stock tends to be cheaper to buy, as more companies offer such vehicles.

In 1846 the Gauge Commission, established by Parliament, reported. The commission had been charged to consider the future track gauge of railways in Great Britain. The existence of the broad gauge throughout the Great Western Railway system and its allies, and the narrow gauge (as it was then called) on most other lines, resulted in inconvenience at the break-of-gauge: locations where the two systems met. While this was an inconvenience for passenger traffic, it was a serious problem for goods and mineral traffic, which had to be manually transshipped.

On 24 October 1941, a train was attacked at Noyelles and the locomotive was destroyed. In November 1941, one of the metre- gauge trains was attacked between Noyelles and Saint-Valery, with several railway workers wounded. Cayeux saw much increased traffic in galets, temporary -gauge lines being laid on the beach and down the streets of the village. A metre-gauge line was laid along the road from Lanchères to Ault, on the standard gauge line from Woincourt to Onival, with a branch (or separate gauge) line at Hautebut to a quarry near the coast.

On February 20, 1880, track crews of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad began to lay the first rails of the San Juan Extension going south from Alamosa, Colorado, toward Antonito, Colorado, arriving in March of that year. The company chose the narrow gauge of three feet instead of the standard gauge of four feet eight and a half inches. This was because the narrow gauge was cheaper to build, and a narrow gauge railway can accommodate tighter radius curves. This allowed laying track where the standard gauge would not fit.

Much infrastructure was destroyed during the war and as a consequence many station buildings are in the neo-classicist style (see Stalinist architecture) having been rebuilt in the post war years. Soviet planning placed the emphasis on broad gauge track and much freight formerly transported on narrow gauge lines was moved by road, lines were also converted to broad gauge. Starting in 1957, steam locomotives began to be replaced by diesel locomotives. Though the narrow gauge lines were closed the broad gauge sections prospered: in 1945 passenger numbers were 12.2 million, freight volumes 4.3million tonnes.

For double stacking on the Russian gauge tracks, maximum height shall be 6.15m or 6.4m above rails,For standard gauge railways, double stacking maximum height shall be 6.15m. For Indian gauge railways, double stacking maximum height shall be 7.1m. and minimum overhead wiring height shall be 6.5m or 6.75m above rails,Minimum overhead wiring height for double stacking, standard gauge railways shall be 6.5m, and Indian gauge railways shall be 7.45m above rails. respectively. This would apply to Russia and Europe (or North America), rather than to Russia and China (or Iran).

Railways have greater or lesser interoperability depending on conforming to standards of gauge, couplings, brakes, signalling, communications, loading gauge, structure gauge, and operating rules, to mention a few parameters. For passenger rail service, different railway platform height and width clearance standards may also cause interoperability problems. North American freight and intercity passenger railroads are highly interoperable, but systems in Europe, Asia, Africa, Central and South America, and Australia are much less so. The parameter most difficult to overcome (at reasonable cost) is incompatibility of gauge, though variable gauge axle systems are increasingly used.

After conversion work of the Thanjavur–Tiruvarur broad gauge section was opened to traffic in 2006 and Tiruvarur–Nagore section in 2010. The long Viluppuram - Thanjavur was converted to Broad Gauge in 2010. A broad gauge line (conversion from metre gauge) connecting Chengalpattu with Arakkonam was built in 1999–2000. The Thakolam-Arakkonam sector had to be realigned because of its proximity to the Arakkonam Naval Air Station.

"Stylish" combat is defined as performing an unbroken series of varied attacks while avoiding damage, with player performance tracked by an on-screen gauge. The more hits the player makes, the higher the gauge rises. The gauge starts at "Dull"; progresses through "Cool", "Bravo", and "Absolute"; and peaks at "Stylish". Repeatedly using the same moves causes the gauge to stop rising, forcing the player to use every move in their arsenal.

The -wide metre-gauge line from Dibrugarh steamer ghat to Makum was opened to passenger traffic on 16 July 1883. The metre-gauge railway track earlier laid by Assam Bengal Railway from Chittagong to Lumding was extended to Tinsukia on the Dibru–Sadiya line in 1903. The project for the conversion of the Lumding–Dibrugarh section from metre gauge to -wide broad gauge was completed by the end of 1997.

Presently, it is between the Paksey and Bheramara stations on the broad gauge line between Khulna and Parbatipur in Bangladesh. In 1926 the metre-gauge section north of the bridge was converted to broad gauge, and so the entire Calcutta - Siliguri route became broad-gauge. In the pre- independence days, two legendary mail trains used the Sealdah-Parbatipur line. The Darjeeling Mail linked Kolkata, then known as Calcutta, and Siliguri.

The basic fire control group design was first used in the automatic 11–48. Twelve gauge stocks will also interchange on the older 12-gauge-sized 20-gauge receivers, although modification is needed to fit the smaller sized 20-gauge receivers employed since the late 1970s. Several parts of the 870 will interchange with the semi-automatic Remington 1100 and 11–87. The original 870 models were offered with fixed chokes.

The locomotives were virtually identical to thirteen Cape gauge 0-4-0ST locomotives which entered service as dock shunters in Table Bay Harbour between 1881 and 1904. Apart from the gauge difference, the Brunel gauge engines had larger bore cylinders of diameter, compared to the bore of the Cape gauge engines. Both engine types had domeless boilers with a sandbox mounted in the centre of the saddle tank.

750mm narrow-gauge lidded wagon of the Saxon narrow gauge railways The classic lidded wagon for the transport of hygroscopic bulk goods was only procured by railway authorities in relatively small batches in comparison with other types of goods wagon. They were used by on standard, as well as narrow gauge, railways (e.g. the Saxon narrow gauge railways). Their design was based closely on that of contemporary open wagons.

In the Czech Republic, there is 2 km of dual gauge ( and ) track near Jindřichův Hradec. In 1985, its original four rails were converted to three rails. On September 9, 2004, in Jindřichův Hradec at a switch where a dual gauge railway bifurcates, a Junák express from Plzeň to Brno derailed due to a signalling error. The standard gauge train had been switched onto the narrow gauge track.

Noyelles station opened in 1845 when the Chemin de Fer du Nord standard gauge line between Boulogne, Pas-de-Calais and Amiens, Somme opened. Approaching Noyelles, note the four-rail dual gauge track. In 1858, a standard gauge branch to St. Valery Quai was opened. Extension of the line was desired in the 1880s, but it was considered that it would be too expensive to build the line as standard gauge.

Theodor Egger, technician, and Jonathan Egger, salesman, continued.Egger-bahn: History The models first appeared at the 1963 Nurenberg Toy Fair. The scale/gauge combination represented 600–750 mm gauge lines, but could reasonably depict several similar narrow gauge sizes. 009 is a similar concept, used mainly for modelling UK-based prototypes, again on N gauge track, but to the OO scale of 4 mm to 1 ft (1:76.2).

Gauges include a speedometer, tachometer, oil temperature gauge, oil pressure gauge, ammeter, water temperature gauge, fuel gauge, and clock. The windows are electrically operated. A High-fidelity sound system with integrated tape recorder and player is standard equipment, as is an air- conditioning system with separate controls for the rear seat passengers. The doors on the Monica are electrically operated to open and close silently at the touch of a button.

When using an angle gauge the user must count trees that are larger than the width of the angle gauge, as viewed from the center of the plot. The angle gauge is held a set distance from the eye of the surveyor. Most angle gauges have a string or chain that lets the user know the set distance. Each angle gauge is set at a certain basal area factor (BAF).

The Great Western Railway opened Parson Street railway station in 1927. The first section of the Bristol and Exeter Railway's main line opened on 14 June 1841 between Bristol and . Engineered by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the line was originally built as broad-gauge, but had been reconstructed as a mixed gauge line to accommodate local -gauge traffic by 1 June 1875. Broad gauge trains ceased operation on 20 May 1892.

Usilampatti railway station was inaugurated together with the Madurai–Bodinayakkanur 90 km branch line in as metre gauge railway by the Madras Provincial revenue member Norman Marjoribanks. Later in 1942, during the Second World War, the line was closed and the tracks were removed. After India's Independence, between 1953–1954, the track was restored. The Madurai–Bodinayakkanur line was sanctioned for gauge conversion, from metre gauge () to broad gauge ().

Ringas railway station is located is nearest Railway station junction . Earlier all the tracks were metre gauge. Now the track from Rewari, Narnaul and Neem-Ka-Thana in the north to Phulera and Ajmer in the south is broad gauge since 2009. The track from Ringas to Jaipur towards the east and to Sikar towards the west is still metre gauge and is being converted to broad gauge.

For the rest of the second half of the nineteenth century, the intensive construction of railways continued. Lines constructed during that period included Dinaburg–Radviliškis, Mitau (now Jelgava)–Muravyovo (Mažeikiai), and others. From the 1890s, narrow gauge lines () were built to complement the broad gauge lines (). Most of the narrow-gauge railways were later converted to broad gauge, but then dismantled in the second half of the twentieth century.

By June 1886, all major railroads in North America, an estimated , were using approximately the same gauge. To facilitate the change, the inside spikes had been hammered into place at the new gauge in advance of the change. Rolling stock too was altered to fit the new gauge at shops and rendezvous points throughout the South. The final conversion to true standard gauge took place gradually as track was maintained.

The narrow gauge was introduced to Australia in 1865, when the Queensland Railways opened its first railway from Ipswich to Grandchester. The gauge was chosen on the supposition that it would be constructed more cheaply, faster and on tighter curves than the wider gauges. This was the first narrow gauge main line in the world. South Australia first adopted this gauge in 1867 with its line from Port Wakefield to Hoyleton.

For a depth up to 10 m, this depth gauge is quite accurate, because in this range, the pressure doubles from 1 bar to 2 bar, and so it uses half of the scale. This type of gauge is also known as a capillary gauge. At greater depths, it becomes inaccurate. The maximum depth cannot be recorded with this depth gauge, and accuracy is strongly affected by temperature change.

Typical foil strain gauge; the blue region is conductive and resistance is measured from one large blue pad to the other. The gauge is far more sensitive to strain in the vertical direction than in the horizontal direction. The markings outside the active area help to align the gauge during installation. A strain gauge (also spelled strain gage) is a device used to measure strain on an object.

The sample with the dummy gauge is placed in thermal contact with the test specimen, adjacent to the active gauge. The dummy gauge is wired into a Wheatstone bridge on an adjacent arm to the active gauge so that the temperature effects on the active and dummy gauges cancel each other.Shull, Larry C., "Basic Circuits", Hannah, R.L. and Reed, S.E. (Eds.) (1992).Strain Gage Users' Manual, p. 122.

A stack of gauge blocks with external caliper- jaw accessories, all clamped together, acts as a quickly assembled custom-size go or no-go gauge. A gauge block stone is used to remove nicks and burrs to maintain wringability. There are two wringing pads used to prepare a gauge block for wringing. The first is an oil pad, which applies a light layer of oil to the block.

Guinness Brewery Locos nos. 2 & 3, "Hops" & "Malt", built 1876The Guinness Brewery tramways was a system of industrial tramways that operated on and around the site of St. James's Gate Brewery Two different gauges were used; a narrow gauge tramway and a broad gauge line. Neither were for public use. The narrow gauge tramway Talyllyn Museum The narrow gauge tramway operated on and around the site of St. James's Gate Brewery.

Given a topological space M, a topological group G and a principal G-bundle over M, a global section of that principal bundle is a gauge fixing and the process of replacing one section by another is a gauge transformation. If a gauge transformation isn't homotopic to the identity, it is called a large gauge transformation. In theoretical physics, M often is a manifold and G is a Lie group.

The Hampshire Narrow Gauge Railway Trust (HNGRT) operates a demonstration narrow-gauge railway at the brickworks. The Trust was formed in 1961 as the Hampshire Narrow Gauge Railway Society, initially to rescue a W. G. Bagnall steam locomotive from Dorothea Quarry. The society built up a collection of rolling stock and track, and based its operations at Bursledon. In 2006, the society was incorporated into the Hampshire Narrow Gauge Railway Trust.

The Railway Regulation (Gauge) Act was enacted by the United Kingdom Parliament on 18 August 1846.Railway Regulation (Gauge) Act 1846 (PDF) It mandated standard gauges of for Great Britain, and for Ireland. The gauge, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel when engineering the Great Western Railway, was limited to the south west of England and Wales. The law stated that these railways "shall be constructed on the Gauge of Seven Feet".

All passenger service on the metre-gauge network in the Peloponnese (except the Diakofto Kalavrita Railway) was suspended in 2011. There was also a metre-gauge network in Thessaly. This has now been replaced with single track standard-gauge lines from Volos to Larissa and Palaiofarsalos to Kalampaka. However, the old narrow-gauge tracks remain in place between Velestino and Palaiofarsalos via Aerino, so that occasional special excursion trains use them.

Other small narrow-gauge lines include the Rio de Janeiro streetcar (Bonde de Santa Teresa), with approximately 13 km of gauge, and a very short industrial railway near Bertioga built to gauge. A number of industrial (a gauge Portland Cement line near São Paulo, for example) and agricultural (rubber plantations, sugar plantations, logging) railways also existed in Brazil in a number of narrow gauges, but few of those survive today.

The locomotives were virtually identical to three Brunel gauge 0-4-0ST locomotives which entered service as breakwater construction engines in Table Bay Harbour between 1881 and 1893. Apart from the gauge difference, the Brunel gauge engines had larger bore cylinders of diameter, compared to the bore of the Cape gauge engines. Both engine types had domeless boilers with a sandbox mounted in the centre of the saddle tank.

The company also owns two Class Te III locomotives based on the standard gauge lines at Morge where they shunt traffic for the metre gauge lines and mount this into metre gauge carrier bogies "piggy-back" style. These are numbered 147 and 155 and were built by SLM/MFO.

During World War II, the Germans lifted part of the standard gauge line and replaced it with a metre gauge line, worked by two Feldbahn 0-4-0 diesel locomotives. There is also a gauge miniature railway on Alderney, which operates during the summer months.See miniature railway webpage here.

Sometime around or prior to 1991, the construction work for the conversion from meter gauge to wide broad gauge of the Jodhpur–Bikaner line, along with the link to Phulera, were started, and it was already functioning as broad gauge Jodhpur–Merta City–Bikaner–Bathinda line by 2008.

When the gauge is full, characters can utilize an EXE drive, which is the equivalent of a special move. Joint attacks cost more than one section of the gauge. In the remake, the EXE drive gauge is gone, so Special moves cost all SP, which is limited to 1,000.

It was originally developed in early 19th-century England for use in wire manufacture, and it began appearing in a medical setting in the early 20th century. Another common needle gauge system is the French catheter scale. Needle wire gauge was derived from the Stubs Iron Wire Gauge.

Akola Junction (station code:- AK) serves Akola in Akola district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is an important junction station on the Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line. There is a broad gauge line to Secunderabad railway station and the metre gauge Akola-Khandwa line is under gauge conversion.

This station has two island platforms serving 4 narrow gauge () tracks for the Minami Osaka Line and the Yoshino Line in the west, and two island platforms serving 3 standard gauge () tracks for the Kashihara Line and a narrow gauge () track for the Yoshino Line in the east.

Trix and later Liliput made both loco drive and tender drive versions in 'OO' gauge. Although now owned by Bachmann, the models have never been resurrected. Other manufacturers have produced models in other scales, such as Minitrix, Graham Farish, and Dapol (N-gauge) and Bassett-Lowke (O-gauge).

The municipality has four railway stations: , , , and . The latter two are located on the narrow-gauge Zollikofen–Bern line, which terminates in the centre of Zollikofen. Zollikofen and Oberzollikofen are located on the narrow- gauge Solothurn–Worblaufen line, and Zollikofen also has standard-gauge mainline connections to and .

Strandby station in 1975 The station opened in 1924 when the track gauge of Skagensbanen was converted from narrow gauge to standard gauge. As part of the conversion, the right-of-way between Frederikshavn and Rimmen was changed so the railway line passed by Strandby instead of Elling.

This grade was shipped with one extra set of barrels of the same gauge and fore end in its own leather trunk case. \- Grand American Small Gauge- Offered starting in 1982, the firearm was shipped with both a 28 gauge and .410 bore barrel set, with matching fore ends.

Chiappa Triple Crown shotguns are a family of Italian made triple-barrel, break-action shotguns, chambered in 12-gauge, 20-gauge, 28-gauge, and .410-bore. The barrels have a triangular arrangement with one on top and two below. This gives the Triple Crown a single barrel sight picture.

Between Moldova and Romania there is a break-of-gauge (Romania employing standard gauge). The most important crossing (including gauge changing equipment) is Ungheni-Iași, another two are Cantemir-Falciu and Giurgiulești-Galați. International passenger trains run to Bucharest, Kiev, Odessa, Minsk (through coach), Saint Petersburg, and Moscow.

The Madrid–León high-speed rail line (Spanish language: Línea de Alta Velocidad Madrid - León) was inaugurated on 29 September 2015. The line is built to standard gauge and gauge changers are provided at strategic points to allow interchange with older Spanish railways which were built to Iberian gauge.

The Central Northern Railway (in Spanish: Ferrocarril Central Norte, FCCN) was the first (metre gauge) railway built by the Argentine State Railway. Its aim was to extend the existing British-owned Central Argentine (broad gauge) railway from Córdoba to Tucuman and metre gauge was chosen for economic reasons.

This is a list of all narrow-gauge locomotives that have been or are being operated by Indian Railways. IR has decided to convert all routes except the heritage one to the nation-wide standard gauge, under Project Unigauge. So narrow gauge locomotives are becoming rarer and rarer.

By transferring to a broad gauge train in Erzurum, passengers could travel to Kars, the last Turkish city before the Soviet Union. In 1962, the broad gauge line from Erzurum-Kars-Akkaya was made standard gauge by the State Railways. The Eastern Express was extended to Kars in 1962.

In theoretical physics, a gauge anomaly is an example of an anomaly: it is a feature of quantum mechanics—usually a one-loop diagram—that invalidates the gauge symmetry of a quantum field theory; i.e. of a gauge theory. Treiman, Sam, and Roman Jackiw, (2014). Current algebra and anomalies.

AfricaRail is a project to link the railway systems of Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Niger, Benin and Togo. UN These are all gauge. A future stage is proposed to link Mali, Senegal, which are also gauge; Nigeria and Ghana have a different narrow gauge of but are converting to .

During Meter Gauge several years back, Eight Peak Hour Services between Chennai Beach - Pallavaram Railway Station has been operated.Later the services were removed after conversion to Broad Gauge.

Bennett, Paul Pickled Passengers – The Narrow Gauge number 219. Narrow Gauge Railway Society. Later in life he took an interest in aviation, patenting some early designs for parachutes.

This is list of former and actual narrow-gauge railways in India. Almost all of these are under conversion to the nation-wide standard gauge, under Project Unigauge.

The Mayumbe line was a long gauge narrow gauge railway in the north west of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between the port of Boma and Tshela.

As the broad gauge system was no longer in use in South Wales, the L&OR; removed the third rail that had been provided for broad gauge vehicles.

The American Fork Railroad was a long narrow gauge railway with a gauge of from American Fork to Forest City in Utah, which operated from 1872 to 1878.

The Bangalore-Shimoga line was converted to broad gauge starting from late 1990s to early 2000s. Finally, the Shimoga-Talaguppa line was converted to broad gauge in 2007.

This link will be standard-gauge and tie in with normal Croatian Railways operations. The previous narrow-gauge line to Samobor called Samoborček was closed in the 1970s.

The first stage is a connection between the main station of the existing narrow gauge line, with the new station of the standard gauge line now nearing completion.

Underground urban rapid transit systems in former USSR and Finland, like the Moscow Metro, Saint Petersburg Metro, Kyiv Metro and the Helsinki Metro use Russian gauge () or gauge.

No passenger railways have ever been built in Iceland, but the 900 mm gauge Reykjavík Harbour Railway is probably the best known of Iceland's former narrow-gauge lines.

The Mosbach–Mudau engines Nos. 1 to 4 (or Baden C) were six-wheeled, narrow gauge, tank locomotives designed for the metre gauge line from Mosbach to Mudau.

A cartoon depicting the horrors of goods transfer at the break of gauge at Gloucester in 1843Through operation between railway networks with different gauges was originally impossible; goods had to be transshipped and passengers had to change trains. This was obviously a major obstacle to convenient transport, and in Great Britain, led to political intervention. On narrow gauge lines, Rollbocks or transporter wagons are used: standard gauge wagons are carried on narrow gauge lines on these special vehicles, generally with rails of the wider gauge to enable those vehicles to roll on and off at transfer points. On the Transmongolian Railway, Russia and Mongolia use while China uses the standard gauge of 1,435 mm.

In 2004 Dapol were awarded the 'UK Small Business of the Year' award. In 2007 Dapol were awarded the Model Rail (magazine) 'N-gauge Manufacturer of the Year' award. In 2010 Dapol were awarded the Model Rail (magazine) 'N-gauge manufacturer of the year', 'Best N gauge steam loco of the year' (Terrier), 'Best N-gauge Diesel locomotive of the year' (class 67), Best N-gauge Rolling Stock of the year (MK3 coach) making a 'clean sweep' for all the awards for N gauge. In 2010, following the retirement of previous MD George Smith, Dapol welcomed a new managing director, Joel Bright, a director for the previous eight years and uncle of the current owner, Craig Boyle.

Bishkek rail overpass Rail gauge in former Soviet territory differs from the gauge in the rest of the world. Rail tracks in the former Soviet territories are on a broad-gauge track of 1,524 millimeters (60 inches) versus the global standard gauge of 1,435 millimeters used in China, most of Europe, North America, most of Australia, Iran and Turkey. The Russian Empire and the Soviet Union intentionally used a different gauge (ostensibly to block invaders from entering Russia by rail). Consequently, trains on the current rail line from China to Kazakhstan must stop at the border, where cargo is unloaded and then reloaded onto trains on the broad-gauge rail line in Kazakhstan for transit through Central Asia.

Upper Ferntree Gully station opened on 4 December 1889. After December 1900 it became the break-of-gauge station between the broad gauge used through most of Victoria, and the narrow gauge Gembrook line (now the Puffing Billy Railway), one of the five narrow gauge lines of the Victorian Railways. The narrow gauge line was closed in 1954, but the line as far as Belgrave was later rebuilt as a broad gauge electrified railway, which opened on 18 February 1962. On 4 August 1975 the name of the station was altered slightly to Upper Fern Tree Gully,VR History by Andrew Waugh although in more recent times most references have reverted to the original name.

Gautrain tracks in Midrand Although the national railway network in South Africa uses the 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) Cape gauge, Gautrain is built with the more expensive international standard gauge of 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in). According to the Gautrain planning and implementation study, this is done for several reasons, including that broader gauge is safer and more comfortable to passengers. The rolling stock is also easier, quicker and less expensive to obtain than Cape gauge rolling stock, and is also less expensive to maintain, as it is more tolerant of track imperfections than Cape Gauge. The 1435 mm gauge allows for travel at Gautrain's required speed of 160 km/h (99 mph).

Terowie was a break of gauge station with the line continuing north to Peterborough as a narrow gauge line, opening on 11 May 1881. On 12 January 1970, this 22.9-kilometre section was converted to broad gauge, thus making Peterborough the break of gauge point with the narrow gauge Peterborough to Quorn and standard gauge Port Pirie to Broken Hill lines. Regular Australian National passenger services ceased in December 1986, with the line north of Hallett closed on 26 July 1988, followed by the Burra to Hallet section on 14 November 1990.Minutes 30 March 2011 Heritage Advisory Committee, Regional Council of Goyder The line north of Burra was removed in 1992/93.

Bristol Temple Meads, the GWR terminus George Stephenson built the L&MR; to the same gauge as the tramroads in use in the North Eastern colliery railways he had grown up working on: a rail gauge of , and all railways built by him and his assistants adhered to that gauge. When Bristol businessmen wished to build their railway linking their city with London, they chose Isambard Kingdom Brunel as their engineer. Brunel favoured a wider gauge of . He felt that the different railways would not be in close enough proximity to warrant adherence to a uniform British gauge. Thus, the Great Western Railway (GWR) (completed in 1841) was constructed to Brunel's 'broad' gauge.

In 1882 the Bala and Ffestiniog Railway opened the line from to a temporary terminus at , Trawsfynydd was one of the stations opened with the line; the future Tyddyn Bridge Halt would be on this line. At Festiniog passengers had to transfer to narrow gauge trains if they wished to continue northwards. To do this people travelling from Bala to Blaenau or beyond walked the few yards from the standard gauge train to the narrow gauge train much as they do today between the Conwy Valley Line and the Ffestiniog Railway at . The following year the narrow gauge line was converted to standard gauge, but narrow gauge trains continued to run until 5 September 1883 using a third rail.

A narrow gauge line was built from Terowie to Peterborough in 1881, creating a break-of-gauge at Terowie, although the enforced train change created an opportunity for General Douglas MacArthur to deliver his famous line "I shall return" at Terowie station on 20 March 1942. The break-of-gauge was not overcome until the Terowie – Peterborough line was converted to broad () gauge in 1970, to meet new the standard gauge from Port Pirie to Broken Hill, but it was abandoned by 1988. The narrow gauge line was extended to Orroroo also in 1881 and Quorn in 1882, connecting with the new line from Port Augusta. This line has now been abandoned.

Constantan Alloy: Strain Gauge Selection Various constantan alloys and Karma alloys have been designed so that the temperature effects on the resistance of the strain gauge itself largely cancel out the resistance change of the gauge due to the thermal expansion of the object under test. Because different materials have different amounts of thermal expansion, self- temperature compensation (STC) requires selecting a particular alloy matched to the material of the object under test. Strain gauges that are not self- temperature-compensated (such as isoelastic alloy) can be temperature compensated by use of the dummy gauge technique. A dummy gauge (identical to the active strain gauge) is installed on an unstrained sample of the same material as the test specimen.

The 1860s and 70s were a time of expansion for the Great Western Railway. After the Gauge Commission had decided in 1846 against the expansion of the broad gauge, most new routes were laid to standard gauge only. Armstrong's job included maintaining the large stock of broad gauge locomotives, many of which had to be renewed or replaced, and also (from 1868) designing a large number of new standard gauge locomotives for service on the rapidly increasing amount of standard and mixed gauge track. In a wider sense he was in charge of all the company's rolling stock, as well as the work and well-being of some 13,000 employees all over the GWR network.

By the 1870s it began to be obvious that the indefinite continuation of the broad gauge was impossible, and plans were formulated to convert the broad gauge lines to standard gauge (often referred to as narrow gauge for contrast). In 1874 of the former Wilts, Somerset and Weymouth group of lines were converted; this included the former East Somerset line. In a huge operation, the last broad gauge trains ran on the line on 18 June, and on Sunday 21 June narrow gauge rolling stock was in place ready to operate a normal service. The Bristol and Exeter Railway converted its branch line from Yatton to Wells from 15 to 18 November 1875.

North Bengal State Railway opened a metre gauge line to Kaunia in 1879. Two narrow gauge lines were laid by Eastern Bengal Railway from Kaunia to Dharla River. The Kaunia Dharla railway lines were converted to metre gauge in 1901. The Kaunia-Dharla line was extended to Amingaon in 1908.

Mudkhed Junction as in 2010 is the junction of three railway lines. A Broad gauge line goes to Mumbai, a Broad gauge line to be goes to Nagpur, and another broad gauge line goes to Secunderabad. Mudked is located towards east from district headquarters Nanded. from State capital Mumbai towards west.

Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit system uses the standard gauge since the system was first constructed. Its metro lines all use the same standard gauge throughout the network. Its current metro lines using the gauge are the North South Line, East West Line. Circle Line, Downtown Line and North East Line.

The short reign was over in the 1960s when a new broad-gauge line linked Siliguri with Calcutta, and subsequently, all railway lines in the area (excepting Darjeeling Himalayan Railway) were converted to broad gauge. The focus shifted in 1960 to a brand new broad-gauge station at New Jalpaiguri.

Historically, Nadikudi was a metre gauge station. Trains which travelled from Guntur to Macherla used to pass through Nadikudi. Later, Guntur-Macherla section, Tenali-Macherla section was converted from Meter Gauge to Broad Gauge and a new line was laid from Bibinagar near Hyderabad to Nadikudi, thus making Nadikudi a junction.

Kurduwadi Workshop was set up for repair of narrow gauge steam locomotives, coaches and wagons by Barsi Light Railway in 1930. With the reduction in narrow gauge rolling stock, the Workshop has taken up new activities as per requirements. Kurduwadi Workshop now undertakes rehabilitation of 20 broad gauge wagons per month.

In 1880 the St. Joseph Lead Company laid the track a long narrow gauge railroad with a gauge of .Labelled Models, Manuals: Mississippi River and Bonne Terre Railway. It was inaugurated on 18 January 1880 and became known as the St. Joseph & Des Loge Railway.George Woodman Hilton: American Narrow Gauge Railroads.

Agra Fort Railway Station, is located near Agra Fort, in Rawatpara, Agra. It used to be one of the stations in India that had both broad gauge and metre gauge, until the line to Jaipur was converted to broad gauge. Agra Fort Railway Station comes under the North Central Railways.

The standard gauge facilities are situated north of the station building, the narrow gauge facilities south of it. The narrow gauge passenger station is located east of the square with the bus stop, a depot west of it. A map showing the extensive tracks of Zittau railway station as of 2012.

8, nos. 1–6 (1900), 839. In 1903 the National Railroad of Mexico, in which the Mexican Government had a large financial interest, opened a standard gauge line. The turning of the previous narrow gauge railroad into a standard gauge railroad was accomplished with 25,000 tons of rails from Belgium.

John Russell (2003) 00 Gauge RTR Steam Locos, Retrieved 15 December 2010. For details of the earlier releases. Hornby and Graham Farish currently produce the rebuilt version of the class in OO gauge and N gauge respectively. The Hornby model was introduced in the 2000 edition of the Hornby catalogue.

The Fatuha–Islampur light railway connecting Fatuha and Islampur in Bihar was opened in 1922. The railway was built in narrow gauge and total length was .Whetham, Bob 1996 In Search of the Narrow Gauge. Sono Nis Press, Victoria BC.Hughes, Hugh 1994 Indian Locomotives Pt. 3, Narrow Gauge 1863-1940.

"Jianshui Old Train", an excursion train on the meter-gauge line in Jianshui County The 466 km Chinese section of the French built Kunming–Hai Phong Railway, and a few surviving branches. The system also includes a short new meter-gauge connector to the new standard-gauge Hekou North Station.

Switzerland has an extensive network of metre gauge railways, many of which interchange traffic (most prominent is the Rhaetian Railway). They are concentrated in the more heavily mountainous areas. The Jungfrau terminates at the highest station in Europe. Dual gauge (combined metre- and standard gauge trackway) also exists in many areas.

Additionally ten standard gauge internal combustion locomotives from Orenstein & Koppel, Whitcomb, Canadian Locomotive Company and General Electric were used. On the narrow gauge railway, there were twenty- three 2 ft gauge internal-combustion locomotives from Orenstein & Koppel, Robert Hudson, Baguley and Hunslet Engine Company, with the oldest dating from around 1912.

An alternative to the Pirani gauge is the thermocouple gauge, which works on the same principle of detecting thermal conductivity of the gas by a change in temperature. In the thermocouple gauge, the temperature is sensed by a thermocouple rather than by the change in resistance of the heated wire.

Altynkol Railway Station () is located in Khorgas, Panfilov District, Almaty Region, Kazakhstan, the border of China and Kazakhstan, a spur line railway station of Kazakhstan Temir Zholy. The Chinese standard gauge is different from the Kazak broad gauge, which means that a break-of-gauge is required in this station.

The station had an initial passenger service of six trains per day each way between Bristol and . Following the conversion of the line to dual broad and standard gauge in 1854, passenger trains were all standard gauge, which allowed direct services to .Occasional broad gauge goods trains operated until 1882.

Total: 597 km; 597 km 0.610-m gauge (1995) Narrow gauge: Note: belongs to the government- owned Fiji Sugar Corporation The railway is not for passenger or public use.

Due to water withdrawals the three stream gauge stations below Isabella Dam show a dramatically decreasing discharge. At the last gauge, near Bakersfield, the river's average flow is only .

The transport faculty is engaged in research into the development of railway variable gauge axles which help overcome breaks of gauge, such as the SUW 2000 system and INTERGAUGE.

France and Spain have different rail gauges (standard gauge and Iberian gauge, resp.), which requires change of trains. The section between Hendaye and Irun has tracks with both gauges.

Initially the Pune – Miraj line was a meter-gauge track. Later it was converted to broad-gauge in 1971. The present Pune railway station building was built in 1925.

France and Spain have different rail gauges (standard gauge and Iberian gauge, resp.), which requires change of trains. The section between Cerbère and Portbou has tracks with both gauges.

Nine broad gauge tank locomotives plus the frame of a tenth were bought second-hand from the Canterbury Provincial Railways in New Zealand when it converted to narrow gauge.

The surface plate is used in conjunction with accessories such as a square, straight edge, gauge blocks, sine bar, sine plate, dial indicator, parallels, angle plate, height gauge, etc.

St. Kitts Scenic Railway is an long narrow gauge railway line along the coastline of the island of St. Kitts in the eastern Caribbean, with a track gauge of .

This model is available in 12 gauge or 20 gauge. Five types of chokes are available. Typically sold with improved modified and full, internal chokes. extended aftermarket chokes available.

The Bardhaman-Katwa line after conversion from narrow gauge to electrified broad gauge was opened to the public on 12 January 2018. Bhatar railway station is situated at Bhatar.

The Kilauea Sugar Plantation Railway or Kilauea Track Line was the long narrow gauge railway network with a gauge of 2 ft (610 mm) for transporting sugarcane and sugar.

The gauge conversion of this line was completed on 24 March 2006. The Gauge conversion of Gandhidham–Palanpur section was the first long-distance line conversion under SPV section.

Qurna (Luxor region, Egypt) loaded with sugar cane Metre gauge survive in Egypt: in the countryside around Luxor, narrow-gauge railways are used for the transportation of sugar cane.

The Nigerian Railway map. Key: Red = narrow gauge, Blue = standard gauge. The Nigerian Railway map with some future lines. Railways in Nigeria are operated by the Nigerian Railway Corporation.

The successful tenderer was one Paul Badcock who opened the line to traffic on 4 January 1870. Horses were worked in three relays between the stations on the route. The choice of gauge was influenced by the argument that costs varied with the cube of the gauge. As this railway had its own port, it was not expected to link up with any broad gauge railways which avoided of course any break of gauge problems.

Because of the break-of-gauge, Eidanger was used as a site of transshipment between Vestfold Line and the standard gauge lines.Jakobsen (1996): 53 An underpass near the station for the main road between Brevik and Porsgrunn was built in 1933. A dual-gauge system was established between Eidanger and Larvik on 22 June 1940, which remained until 15 February 1941, when only standard gauge was used on the Vestfold Line until Larvik.

The Liverpool and Manchester was quickly followed by other trunk railways, with the Grand Junction Railway and the London and Birmingham Railway forming a huge critical mass of standard gauge. When Bristol promoters planned a line from London, they employed the innovative engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel. He decided on a wider gauge, to give greater stability, and the Great Western Railway adopted a gauge of , later eased to . This became known as broad gauge.

The through route was formally closed after the India–Pakistan War in 1965. The Siliguri–Haldibari, part of the original broad gauge Calcutta–Siliguri track via Hardinge Bridge, got delinked from the trunk route in 1947. As all the other tracks in the area were metre gauge, it was converted from broad gauge to metre gauge in the late forties. When New Jalpaiguri railway station came up, the line was extended to New Jalpiguri.

Technically, QCD is a gauge theory with SU(3) gauge symmetry. Quarks are introduced as spinors in Nf flavors, each in the fundamental representation (triplet, denoted 3) of the color gauge group, SU(3). The gluons are vectors in the adjoint representation (octets, denoted 8) of color SU(3). For a general gauge group, the number of force-carriers (like photons or gluons) is always equal to the dimension of the adjoint representation.

A mortise gauge is a woodworking tool used by a carpenter or joiner to scribe mortise and tenon joints on wood prior to cutting. Mortise gauges are commonly made of hardwood with brass fittings. Like the simpler marking gauge, a mortise gauge has a locking thumb screw slide for adjusting the distance of the scribe from the edge of the wood. It has two protruding pins, often called "spurs",The Mortise Gauge.

The following is a list of tram/streetcar (including heritage trams/heritage streetcars), or light rail systems with their track length, track gauge, electrification system. The vast majority of tram systems use . Generally, standard gauge is the standard for every brand new system (except for the former Soviet Union), also in places where there is another gauge for the heavy rail. Metre gauge is mainly present in some old, continuously operating systems in Central Europe.

14 but featured a longer boiler with a wider, larger grate, mounted above the frames and supported by a trailing truck. This enabled possible gauge conversion without radical re-engineering of the frames and grate. Despite these design features, no N class locomotive ever ran on standard gauge. By the time the standard gauge Albury to Melbourne mainline opened alongside the existing broad gauge line in 1962, steam locomotives were rapidly being withdrawn from service.

To save costs, the starting point of the railway was set to be in Třemešná and, more importantly, the narrow-gauge system (i.e. 760 mm) was used. Construction works of the Osoblaha narrow-gauge railway began in 1898, with the first train departed on the 14 December the same year. The narrow-gauge train departs from the opposite side of the railway station than standard-gauge trains to Krnov- Jindřichov ve Slezsku.

Siliguri Junction (station code:- SGUJ) is one of the three railway stations that serve the city of Siliguri located in Darjeeling district in the Indian state of West Bengal. The other two stations are: Siliguri Town and New Jalpaiguri. It has broad gauge and narrow-gauge tracks. It formerly had the distinction of having three gauges but the metre-gauge line from Aluabari Road to Siliguri Junction was converted later into broad gauge.

Snowtown was linked by direct rail to Adelaide when the line from Bumbunga siding was opened on 2 September 1923. The line was extended north to Redhill later in that year. From then until 1982 the line was known as the Port Pirie line as there was a break of gauge from broad gauge to standard gauge at that terminus. The Adelaide-Port Augusta railway line through Snowtown was converted to standard gauge in 1982.

All railway lines through Latur are broad gauge. They belong to Central Railway Latur railway station was built again when the Barshi railway line was converted from narrow gauge to broad gauge. The railway gauge was converted in September 2007 from Latur to Osmanabad and in October 2008 from Osmanabad to Kurduvadi. Latur is now is connected to Mumbai by a direct train via Kurduvadi (train number 1006 from Latur and 1005 from Mumbai).

USG operates an active narrow gauge railway, the last industrial narrow gauge railway in the United States.US Gypsum Railroad Narrow Gauge Link The gauge line runs north for from the plant at Plaster City (formerly known as Maria) to the gypsum quarry. The line hauls gypsum rock from the quarry to the plant. The line was originally built by the Imperial Gypsum Company Railroad and was owned by the Imperial Valley Gypsum and Oil Corporation.

The FCC and CP&A; shared the same track gauge, and the CP&A; operated both rail lines. At Erie, Pennsylvania, the FCC connected with the Erie and North East Railroad. The Erie Gauge War of late 1853 to early 1854 occurred when the Erie & North East, a broad-gauge railway, changed its gauge to match that of the CP&A.; The resolution to the conflict led to the CP&A; purchasing the FCC outright.

Hathras Junction railway station is one having an oddity. The station is on the wide broad gauge Kanpur-Delhi section. A broad gauge line takes off from this station and goes to Hathras Kuila railway station. At the Kanpur-end of the Hathras Junction railway station, the Mathura-Kasganj {now broad gauge} line cuts across the broad gauge line at right angles and has a separate overhead station named Hathras Road within the same premises.

An important theorem about Yang–Mills gauge theories is Giles' theorem, according to which if one gives the trace of the holonomy of a connection for all possible loops on a manifold one can, in principle, reconstruct all the gauge invariant information of the connection. That is, Wilson loops constitute a basis of gauge invariant functions of the connection. This key result is the basis for the loop representation for gauge theories and gravity.

Dual gauge lines are separated by building two tracks, one of each gauge, side by side. Whether a dual gauge line remains depends on the volume of rail traffic it carries and also its location, for example across a bridge or through a tunnel. Separated lines share infrastructure such as signal boxes and signallers. In Victoria (Australia), on the Melbourne to Geelong line , a single line runs parallel to the double track broad gauge.

The station consists of 3 platforms, two for broad gauge and one for meter gauge. Bahraich to Jarwal Road is a Broad gauge station 55 kilometers (34 miles) from district headquarters and lies on Delhi–Barauni line. Plans for converting the Bahraich – Gonda tracks to broad-gauge have been in talks since October 2018. It is complete as of July 2020, but due to lack of electrification, only diesel locomotives are run in these tracks.

The Toddington Narrow Gauge Railway (TNGR) is a narrow-gauge railway running alongside the Gloucestershire and Warwickshire Railway at . It was built in 1985 when the Dowty Railway Preservation Society needed a new home for its collection of narrow-gauge rolling stock. The rail used on the railway was purchased from the Southend Pier Railway. The railway was originally named the North Gloucestershire Railway, but in 2018 is officially called the Toddington Narrow Gauge Railway.

The track gauge is especially narrow. In the early 20th century many of Japan's local railway lines were built using this gauge, however the vast majority of them were widened in the mid 20th century. Today, there are only four gauge train lines in operation in Japan, of which the Hokusei Line is the longest. This rarity makes the Hokusei Line (as well as the other gauge lines) popular with Japanese and other railway enthusiasts.

Kuwait Entertainment City's narrow gauge railway and original train were built by the US-based company Crown Metal Products in the 1980s with a track gauge of . The railway continues to operate, but now uses a train built by the UK-based company Severn Lamb. The locomotive is one of their 4-4-0 Lincoln models custom-built to fit on gauge track (the Lincoln model is normally built for gauge track).

The Jabalpur Junction is a broad gauge station. It is connected with Katni to the north east, Itarsi to the south west and Nainpur Junction to the South. On 1 October Narrow gauge line stop working as per order of railway ministry hence this rail route is converting as Jabalpur Nagpur broad gauge line. Out of the Jabalpur-Balaghat section, Jabalpur- Nainpur and Balaghat-Samnapur have already been converted to Broad Gauge.

According to Taylor,Taylor, M. Minter, see sources the gauge was but some other sources give . The exact gauge will probably never be known. The Davington Light Railway was built to the gauge that was already in use at the explosives factories. The first locomotive there was a German-built Deutz petrol locomotive, delivered just before the start of World War I. Possibly this was of gauge and the track was built to fit it.

The interchange of rolling stock between these similar track gauges occasionally occurred; for example, the South African Class NG15 2-8-2 locomotives started their career on the gauge. The Otavi Mining and Railway Company in South-West Africa (now Namibia) were transferred to the 2 ft gauge railways in South Africa and currently some surviving locomotives reside in Wales on the gauge Welsh Highland Railway and the gauge Brecon Mountain Railway.

The 1.8 km long Hardinge Bridge across the Padma came up in 1912. Presently, it is between the Paksey and Bheramara stations on the broad gauge line between Darshana and Parbatipur in Bangladesh. In 1926 the metre gauge section north of the bridge was converted to broad gauge, and so the entire Calcutta-Siliguri route became broad gauge. The route thus ran: Sealdah–Ranaghat–Bheramara–Hardinge Bridge–Iswardi–Santahar–Hili–Parabtipur–Nilphamari–Haldibari–Jalpaiguri–Siliguri.

The gauge Disneyland Railroad in California There were a number of large railroad systems in North America; notable examples include the Denver & Rio Grande and Rio Grande Southern in Colorado and the South Pacific Coast and West Side Lumber Co of California. was also a common track gauge in South America, Ireland and on the Isle of Man. was a common gauge in Europe. Swedish three-foot-gauge railways () are unique to that country.

The GWR gradually changed the gauge of branch lines in the area to the narrow gauge. However, there were competitive concerns that the L&SWR; company would apply for running powers over the northern part of the Chard branch to get access to Taunton, so they delayed the gauge conversion of the Chard line: by 1884 it was the only broad gauge line east of Exeter. However it was eventually converted on 19 July 1891.

These spells can only be found in certain locations or obtained from other characters at specific plot intervals. In addition, the protagonist has a power gauge that affects his attack strength—the higher the gauge, the stronger his attack will be. The speed at which it fills is directly affected by the character's will level. The gauge will slowly fill up over time, but once the main character attacks, the gauge is emptied.

EMU car shed at Tambaram railway station The first broad gauge line at Tambaram was laid in 1995–96, which was part of the broad gauge conversion from Egmore. In 2004, platform 2 was converted to broad gauge line. In 2008, platform 1 was built. Subsequently, the conversion of lines at platforms 3, 4 and 5 into broad gauge was taken up but had to be halted due to a shortage of funds.

The through route was formally closed after the India–Pakistan War in 1965. The Siliguri–Haldibari, part of the original broad-gauge Calcutta–Siliguri track via Hardinge Bridge, got delinked from the trunk route in 1947. As all the other tracks in the area were metre gauge, it was converted from broad gauge to metre gauge in the late forties. When New Jalpaiguri railway station came up, the line was extended to New Jalpiguri.

Another factor favoring standard gauge is that low-floor vehicles are becoming popular, and there is generally insufficient space for wheelchairs to move between the wheels in a narrow gauge layout. Standard gauge also enables – at least in theory – a larger choice of manufacturers and thus lower procurement costs for new vehicles. However, other factors such as electrification or loading gauge for which there is more variation may require costly custom built units regardless.

The gauge covariant derivative is a variation of the covariant derivative used in general relativity. If a theory has gauge transformations, it means that some physical properties of certain equations are preserved under those transformations. Likewise, the gauge covariant derivative is the ordinary derivative modified in such a way as to make it behave like a true vector operator, so that equations written using the covariant derivative preserve their physical properties under gauge transformations.

In 1879, a narrow gauge line opened from Beachport (Rivoli Bay North) through Millicent to Mount Gambier. In 1887, the Mount Gambier railway line was constructed to Naracoorte (connecting to the Kingston-Naracoorte railway line) and Wolseley, where it joined the Adelaide-Wolseley line. On 28 November 1917, a broad gauge line opened from Mount Gambier to Heywood near Portland. In the 1950s, the narrow gauge lines were converted to broad gauge.

The Western standard gauge line was completed in 1995, linking Melbourne to Adelaide and replacing the former broad gauge route. The project was funded as part of the Federal Government One Nation project. The line runs along the Newport to Sunshine line, then parallel to the Geelong line to North Shore, onto dual gauge tracks towards Ballarat, then onto its own towards Ararat. From here, the original interstate route was gauge converted.

The locomotives remained in service until 1881, when sufficient numbers of Cape gauge locomotives were in service and it was decided to remove all broad gauge track and rolling stock. The broad gauge track's iron rails were lifted and the track was relaid to Cape gauge as rapidly as possible, using steel rail sections on creosoted wooden sleepers.Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1943). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development.

The French National Railways used to run a considerable number of lines, extensive gauge lines were also built for the sugar-beet industry in the north often using ex-military equipment after the First World War. Decauville was a famous French manufacturer of industrial narrow-gauge railway equipment and equipped one of the most extensive regional narrow-gauge railway, the Chemins de Fer du Calvados. Corsica has a narrow-gauge network through highly mountainous terrain.

Topological excitations are certain features of classical solutions of gauge field theories. Namely, a gauge field theory on a manifold M with a gauge group G may possess classical solutions with a (quantized) topological invariant called topological charge. The term topological excitation especially refers to a situation when the topological charge is an integral of a localized quantity. Examples:F. A. Bais, Topological excitations in gauge theories; An introduction from the physical point of view.

In gauge theory of dislocations, a field \Theta describes a distortion.C. Malyshev, "The dislocation stress functions from the double curl T(3)-gauge equations: Linearity and look beyond", Annals of Physics 286 (2000) 249. At the same time, given a linear frame \vartheta_a, the decomposition \theta=\vartheta^a\otimes\vartheta_a motivates many authors to treat a coframe \vartheta^a as a translation gauge field.M. Blagojević, Gravitation and Gauge Symmetries (IOP Publishing, Bristol, 2002).

Russia uses a different track gauge from the US and Canada Another complicating factor is the different track gauges in use. Mainline rail in the US, Canada, China, and the Koreas uses standard gauge of 1435 millimeters. Russia uses the slightly broader Russian gauge of 1520 mm. To avoid transshipment difficulties, a new line would likely be built to a single gauge, but causing logistical issues wherever it met the rest of the rail network.

At the station's northern end is a small park and a play-area. There was previously also the narrow gauge line of the now-defunct Derbyshire Dales Narrow Gauge Railway.

In 1995, the inbound line was converted to standard gauge as part of the One Nation Adelaide-Melbourne line gauge conversion project. At some stage the eastern platform was demolished.

The line now runs up to Munabao on the India-Pakistan border and has been fully converted to broad gauge. The Mavli-Marwar metre gauge line was opened in 1936.

Palia has been greatly affected by floods from the last few years. The town is connected through a metre-gauge railway. It is currently undergoing construction to broaden the gauge.

New railway track from New Bongaigaon to Guwahati was commissioned in 1984. Saraighat Bridge opened in 1962, initially carried a metre gauge track, which was later replaced by broad gauge.

The municipality has a railway station, . It is located on the standard gauge Sonceboz- Sombeval–Moutier line and the narrow gauge Tavannes–Noirmont line and has regular service to , , and .

The Barbados Tramway Company operated a network of horse-drawn narrow gauge trams in Bridgetown, capital of Barbados, with an unknown gauge of approximately 1,067 mm (3 feet 6 inch).

The railways on the Bolivian side are gauge, while the railways on the Peruvian side are gauge. Cars are transported over water by car float Manco Capac owned by PeruRail.

Even though few exceptions exist, most children's railways built in the Eastern Bloc have a track gauge of at least :de:Pioniereisenbahn and can carry full size narrow gauge rolling stock.

The Altsevo peat narrow gauge railway is located in the work settlement of Pizhma, closed in 2015. The Pizhemskaya narrow gauge railway is located in the work settlement of Pizhma.

Bangladesh Railway Class 3300 is a class of metre-gauge diesel-hydraulic locomotive in Bangladesh, operated by Bangladesh Railway. They are the first metre-gauge diesel-hydraulic locomotives of Bangladesh.

Bangladesh Railway Class 3200 is a class of metre-gauge diesel-hydraulic locomotive in Bangladesh, operated by Bangladesh Railway. They are the first metre-gauge diesel-hydraulic locomotives of Bangladesh.

Bengal and North Western Railway constructed the long wide metre gauge line from Siwan to Kaptanganj in 1907. The Kaptanganj-Thawe section was converted to wide broad gauge in 2011.

The Bavarian Class Gts 2x3/3 was a former narrow gauge, German Army, military railway, steam locomotive that was in service on the narrow gauge line from Eichstätt to Kinding.

The Heljan 00 gauge model of Lion, from the Nº1 end and the roof cooling group D0260 Lion available as a kit and ready-to-run in 00 gauge by Silver Fox Models. There is now a limited edition, of 4,000, 00 gauge model of Lion in its white livery produced by Heljan.

Rajputana State Railway extended the Delhi-Ajmer wide metre gauge line to Ahmeabad in 1881. It was converted to wide broad gauge in 1997. The Rajputana-Malwa Railway built the metre gauge line from Marwar Junction to Pali in 1882. Later, this section was extended to Jodhpur and formed the Jodhpur Railway.

A competitor at the 2000 Summer Olympics trap shooting with an over/under double-barreled shotgun Trap shooting is typically shot with a 12 gauge shotgun. Smaller gauge firearms (e.g. 16, 20, 28 gauge) can be used, but no allowance is given. Trap shooting is shot at either single or double target presentations.

"Break of gauge" occurs when rails of different gauges outside the normal tolerance meet. Passengers and freight must transfer between trains, or rolling stock must be lifted and the bogies refitted for the new gauge. Avoiding break of gauge reduces costs and allows infrastructure such as platforms, bridges and tunnels to be shared.

The Lake McClure gauge, located at the former mining town of Bagby, is probably the most accurate gauge for flows overall. The average annual flow recorded there was from 1923 to 1966. A peak of was reported there on December 23, 1955. For the mouth gauge, the highest flow was only in 1950.

Alipore has at present a narrow gauge train service which operates from Billimora to Wagai. It has a railway station called Chikhli Road Station. Future plans include replacing the narrow gauge with the broad gauge and will extend its routes through Saputara (a well known holiday hill-top resort) to Nasik city.

Salisbury Post Office opened around March 1850. Salisbury railway station was built in 1857, and is where the standard gauge line to Crystal Brook diverges from the broad gauge line to Gawler. Until the 1980s, this line was broad gauge. In 1985 Salisbury station was rebuilt as a major STA bus/rail interchange.

A section of the standard gauge line between Leadville and Climax is still operated as a passenger excursion railroad called the Leadville, Colorado and Southern Railroad. At its peak the Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad had of narrow gauge line, making it the largest narrow gauge railroad in the state of Colorado.

Later they were replaced by more modern designs. As of 2007, they are no longer in use on the narrow gauge railways in Russia, but some narrow gauge railways in Ukraine still use them. Many children's railways use TU2 locomotives too. The Aukštaitijos narrow gauge railway in Lithuania also still operates the TU2.

A diamond crossing between and , broad gauge exists at Ararat in Victoria, Australia. At Porthmadog, in the United Kingdom, there is a flat-crossing between the single track standard gauge Cambrian Line and the narrow-gauge Welsh Highland Railway (, also single track).Glyn Williams, Tourist and Enthusiast Railways, Wales. Retrieved 2008-03-21.

In 1842, the first narrow-gauge steam locomotive outside the UK was built for the -gauge Antwerp- Ghent Railway in Belgium. The first use of steam locomotives on a public, passenger-carrying narrow-gauge railway was in 1865, when the Ffestiniog Railway introduced passenger service after receiving its first locomotives two years earlier.

The narrow gauge line from Marree to Alice Springs was abandoned with the opening of the new standard gauge railway from Tarcoola to Alice Springs in 1980, which forms part of the Adelaide–Darwin railway. The standard gauge line from Stirling North has since been abandoned north of the Leigh Creek Coalfield.

This Australian townsite was gazetted in 1904 and is located on the western end of the Trans-Australian Railway. From 1917, the town was the interchange between the narrow gauge railway from Perth and the standard gauge railway to Port Pirie. This break of gauge was eliminated in 1970. The elevation is 468m.

This caused a break-of-gauge at Rise, causing transshipment of all passengers and freight. This caused a break-of-gauge at Rise, causing transshipment of all passengers and freight.Bjerke & Tovås (1989): 66 In 1936, the Grimstad Line was converted to standard gauge and the turntable replaced with one with a diameter.

Although originally both tunnels were to be fit for standard gauge high-speed rail only, the plans changed mid-construction to be dual gauge with Iberian gauge for cargo use. 25 kV AC electrification will eventually be needed but it is unclear whether this will be the system installed at the opening date.

Princeton University Press. All gauge anomalies must cancel out. Anomalies in gauge symmetries lead to an inconsistency, since a gauge symmetry is required in order to cancel degrees of freedom with a negative norm which are unphysical (such as a photon polarized in the time direction). Indeed, cancellation occurs in the Standard Model.

The Tanzania Standard Gauge Railway is a railway system, under construction, linking the country to the neighboring countries of Rwanda and Uganda, and through these two, to Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The new Standard Gauge Railway (SGR), is intended to replace the old, inefficient metre-gauge railway system.