They're often provocative, with depictions of explicit sex and, in 2015's "River of Fundament," persistent consideration of fecal matter.
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Just, for god's sake, whichever curator steals this idea and mounts the blockbuster river show, do not include Matthew Barney's River of Fundament.
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Therefore, the fundament of Penn's constitution for Pennsylvania, his Charter of Privileges, was religious liberty — the freedom to believe and practice one's faith without disturbance.
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"The current acquisition is the first step ... and provides a fundament for further expansion through organic and in-organic activities," Petrogas NEO's owners said in a statement.
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It's smaller in scale than the cinematic work for which he's most known, such as the five-part Cremaster Cycle or the six-hour River of Fundament, but no less ambitious.
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The sliced eyeball in Un Chien Andalou, the copious shit in River of Fundament, the corporeal mutilation of the entire torture-porn genre: it's all an amuse-bouche for the final course that is Kuso.
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Dismantling public schools is among the main goals of education restructurers even though comparative analyses from other developed countries show that solid public education is the fundament on which strong and healthy societies are built.
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This is the critical point about Lowell as a writer: he had been straitjacketed, he had been physically violent, he had been shaken to his fundament with regret, he had been wounded deeply by wounding others.
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In his book, The Power of Cute (2019, Princeton University Press), author Simon May identifies cuteness as a profound and powerful aesthetic for our postmodern times, but one that has roots in the fundament of human culture.
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The show also includes a few larger-scale sculptures cast from fallen trees, which have much in common with the explosive bronze splashes made at the time of "River of Fundament" and seen at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles.
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The remains form some part of the fundament of the existing island-park, bordered by Fox Creek on one side and Connor Creek on the other, which form a canal system that makes it an offbeat destination for lovers of light watercraft.
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To make the latest iteration of "Faules Fundament" ("Rotten Foundation"), a distressingly timely piece he originated in 1998 but that has never before been shown in the United States, Urs Fischer drove his truck to the Bronx to buy about a ton of fresh produce.
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This new work may therefore have less in common with "Cremaster" and "River of Fundament" than with the most primordial Barney works: his decades-long "Drawing Restraint" series, in which the artist draws on walls while dragging weights or while tethered by bungee cords.
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The wildly innovative sculptor and filmmaker, Yale class of 1989, heads back to the halls of ivy to present his first major project since the six-hour excremental eruption of "River of Fundament" — and shows Barney in a lighter, nimbler mode than he has displayed in years.
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Mr. Barney has filmed in Idaho before: The Busby Berkeley revue of "Cremaster 1" (1995) takes place on a blue Boise football field, while "River of Fundament" (2014), his six-hour noble failure of excrement-slicked reincarnation, features a poetic coda of salmon spawning in an Idaho river.
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" According to The Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, written in 1811 by Francis Grose: "To feague a horse; to put ginger up a horse's fundament, and formerly, as it is said, a live eel, to make him lively and carry his tail well; [...] feague is used, figuratively, for encouraging or spiriting one up.
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If his sculptures are to hold any water, then the cast brass shaduf in 2014's River of Fundament (the artist's five-and-a-half-hour epic opera inspired by Norman Mailer's Ancient Evenings), must contain at least as much magnetism as the film's footage of actor Paul Giamatti (in the part of pharaoh Phah-Nem-Hotep) shitting in it.
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The Dutch should counter Islamic fundamentalism by promoting and defending their own fundament, Dutch culture, especially modernism and the Enlightenment values.Oudenampsen (2018), p.
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He is also known for Drawing Restraint 9 (2005) and River of Fundament (2014), as well as his past relationship with Icelandic musician Björk.
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September 1920, p. 514 # (1920d) "Es kommt auf das Fundament an" (It depends on the fundamentals), Die Aktion, Vol. 10, No. 43/44, 30. October 1920, p.
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Jan M. Keppel Hesselink.(2016). "Autacoids: A New Fundament for Pain Medicine of the 21th Century". 7\. a b c d e McKinley, Michael P., et al. Anatomy & Physiology: an Integrative Approach.
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F. Kauffmann: Das Fundament. Munksgaard, Kopenhagen, 1978. This was later extended by the Danish microbiologist Fritz Kauffmann, the Kauffman–White classification. White became a fellow of the Royal Society on 20 March 1941.
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This provided for a compact building above the archaeological garden, but the draft was to be revised in consultation with the planning office of the city of Frankfurt.Matthias Alexander: Stadthaus auf Fundament der Königshalle. In: faz.
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Rune Gade, "Et solidt fundament", in Dansk Fotografi Historie, ed. Mette Sandbye (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 2004), p. 402 et seq. . One of the most precise characterizations of Bak Jensen is an article by Poul Erik Tøjner titled "Metaphysical realism".
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In 1722, Jonathan Swift wrote a pamphlet entitled, The Benefit of Farting Explain'd: or, The fundament-All Cause of the Distempers Incident to the Fair- Sex.... Recent research indicates that flatulence-producing oligosaccharides may have health benefits for human beings as well as for beans.
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In 2006, the Ensemble Modern premiered his piece Fascia at the Schauspielhaus Frankfurt. Bepler collaborated again with Matthew Barney on the six-hour film 'River of Fundament, was created over 7 years (2006 to 2014), and premiered at the Bavarian State Opera, and at the Brooklyn Academy of Music.Adrian Searle: Jonathan Bepler: 'The music comes from within the film', Interview with The Guardian (London) on River of Fundament, June 18, 2014 He has taught as professor and artist in residence at such places as the Munich Academy of Fine Arts, Karlsruhe University of Arts and Design, and the University of Arts and Design Offenbach.
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A reconstruction drawing by Jac Ahrenberg in 1882. In 1917 a hydro-electric plant was built at Ämmäkoski. The first wooden bridge on top of the ruins was built in 1845. By 1937 the castle-island became a fundament for a new road- bridge made of concrete.
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Carol Vogel (February 28, 2013), Matthew Barney Heads to the Morgan Library New York Times. In 2015, Barney exhibited "Matthew Barney: River of Fundament" at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, his largest filmic project since the Cremaster Cycle and first major museum solo exhibition in Los Angeles.
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The country's exports also include machinery but are highly diversified. The most successful exports are furniture, foods,PAP, 9 May 2013 Polska żywność - fundament polskiego eksportu - 2012 kolejnym rokiem rekordowego eksportu żywności. Ministerstwo Skarbu Państwa (Internet Archive). motor boats, light planes, hardwood products, casual clothing, shoes and cosmetics.
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Udinese Calcio had its most successful season for seven years, in which it reached the Champions League thanks to a stable fundament in the team, with several players attractive for bigger clubs. Following the season, coach Luciano Spalletti left to take over Roma, while playmaker David Pizarro was sold to Inter.
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It's a dual purpose breed with a very good milk and beef performance. The females grow up to their full size within three years and reach a weight of 550 – 600 kg. They have a correct fundament and hard claws. The Tyrol Greys have a good forage instinct and feed conversion.
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Creatures with scales and shells make up the class > of creeping and hiding things and are subject to yin. The sun is the ruler > of yang. Therefore, in spring and summer animals shed their fur; at the > summer solstice, stags' antlers drop off. The moon is the fundament of yin.
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Balances Mechanics deals with interrelations, the validity of which – contrary to most economics postulates – does not depend on assumptions about human behaviour.Adolf Wagner: Strukturwandel, Arbeitslosigkeit und Veprteilung. Marburg 2003, p. 491. Balances Mechanics allows to put these frequently necessary assumptions of economic theories and postulates onto a logic fundament of overall economics thinking (Size Mechanics).
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Ancient Evenings has been compared to the work of the poet James Merrill and the novelist Thomas Pynchon, as well as to Mailer's novel Harlot's Ghost (1991). Some have suggested that its opening passage is its strongest part. Ancient Evenings served as an inspiration for the artist Matthew Barney's operatic film River of Fundament (2014).
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At the beginning of the 1890s he again joined the Brandes fraction without giving up his national motives. His many changing sides has often been regarded as opportunism but were probably caused by his eternal enthusiasm and longing for a positive fundament of his art. In 1882 Drachmann published his fine translation, or paraphrase, of Byron's Don Juan.
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In both forms, there is no division between the actors and the audience and play-acting is employed as an instructive process. Thauberger sees the explorations of the relations between work, art and play as the fundament of this project, and her experience of working with children as mutual empowerment process that invokes imagination, wonder and empathy.
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Beginning in 1909 the old foundations were underpinned. Works stopped in 1916 due to World War I. Between 1924 and 1928 the fundaments were completely reinforced by a new fundament made of concrete. Concrete and steel were used to anchor the towers and main vault. The cloister in Mainz Cathedral A new floor, made of red marble, was constructed in this period.
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The third and final programme priority is environment and risk prevention. The Alpine space is known all over the world for its rich landscapes, cultural heritage and biodiversity. The natural environment and the natural heritage as a fundament for the living conditions and the economy therefore have to be protected. Integrated approaches to plan, manage and develop these resources can contribute to this.
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Jizang (549-623), founder of the Three Treatise School, repeats the same criticism four times (tr. Mair 2012:45), "Categorized concepts were pedantic and went against the fundament; the Six [Prajñā] Schools were biased and off the mark". A final Song Dynasty (960-1279) example shows how geyi became forgotten and misunderstood. The Buddhist lexicon written by Daocheng 道誠 (fl.
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Svātantrya (from the Sanskrit sva meaning self and tantram meaning dependenceSiva Sutras – Jaideva Singh, p. 9 – 'self-dependency', or 'free will') is the Kashmiri Shaivite concept of divine sovereignty. Svātantrya is described as an energy that emanates from the Supreme (Paramaśiva),Siva Sutras – Jaideva Singh, p. 10 a wave of motion inside consciousness (spanda) that acts as the fundament of the world,Siva Sutras – Jaideva Singh, p.
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Together with private charity donors like the Johanna Quandt's private excellence initiative (BMW) or the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, as well as financing by the State of Berlin, the new direct federal investments will become the third financial fundament for research at the Charité. In addition, it is part of the Berlin University Alliance, receiving funding from the German Universities Excellence Initiative in 2019.
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Butler follows Foucault by saying that there is no "true" gender behind gender identity that constitutes its biological and objective fundament. However, Butler is critical of Foucault. She argues Foucault "naively" presents bodies and pleasures as a ground for resistance against power, without extending his historization of sexuality to gendered subjects/bodies. Foucault has received criticism from other feminists, such as Susan Bordo and Kate Soper.
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See the manuscript GR-Ams Dossier 133 of the Archive Gregorios the Protopsaltes (Psachos Collection). Listen to Petros' Mathema for St Euphemia composed according to the sticheron in echos tritos (P. Tzanakos). Its method was usually taught by John Koukouzeles' «Mega Ison».According to Chrysanthos (1832, XLIIIf) Petros Peloponnesios did the exegesis of John Koukouzeles' mathema which was the fundament of the kalophonic method to sing the stichera.
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Robert Christgau of the Village Voice gave a B+ grade and wrote "Focusing soulful horns, high-tension harmonies, and rhythms and textures from many lands onto a first side that cooks throughout. Only one element is lacking. Still, unsympathetic as I am to lyrics about conquering the universe on wings of thought, they make me shake my fundament anyway." Alex Henderson of AllMusic described the album as a "diverse jewel".
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Barsinghausen is the site of an old double monastery (“Kloster Barsinghausen”) that was established during the High Middle Ages. At that time, fertile loess soil and a number of influent streams to river Südaue constituted a central fundament for farming and numerous windmills in Calenberg Land. Barsinghausen became a coal mining town between 1871 and 1957. After World War II, other sectors of industry began to dominate Barsinghausen's economy.
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In Athens, Aphrodite, who had an earlier, pre-Olympic existence, was called Aphrodite Urania the "eldest of the Fates" according to Pausanias (x.24.4). Some Greek mythographers went so far as to claim that the Moirai were the daughters of Zeus—paired with Themis ("fundament"), as Hesiod had it in one passage.Hesiod, Theogony, 904. In the older myths they are daughters of primeval beings like Nyx ("night") in Theogony, or Ananke ("necessity") in Orphic cosmogony.
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According to Baudet this becomes visible in the society in the dominant preference for open borders within Europe, modern art, multiculturalism. The book forms, together with Baudets other book Aanval op de natiestaat, the fundament for his political program of his political party Forum voor Democratie. Reviews about the book have appeared in De Groene Amsterdammer, Joop (VARA), Vlaams Belang, Trouw, Vrij Nederland, Nederlandse Publieke Omroep Kunststof, Propria Cures, De Dagelijkse Standaard.
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The Fellowship of Fundamental Bible Churches (FFBC) is a fellowship of independent, autonomous, fundament churches established in 1939. It is considered only a fellowship of like-minded churches, rather than a denomination. Local congregations in the fellowship have no financial obligations to the fellowship, and the fellowship exercises no control over them. It is only expected that the churches believe and teach theology that is consistent with the Fundamentals of the Faith.
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River of Fundament is a 2014 operatic experimental film written and directed by American artist and filmmaker Matthew Barney, and co-directed by longtime collaborator Jonathan Bepler. It was produced by Barney and the Laurenz Foundation and is loosely based on the 1983 novel Ancient Evenings by Norman Mailer. The film features Barney, Dave Bald Eagle, Milford Graves, Ellen Burstyn, Maggie Gyllenhaal, Paul Giamatti, Shara Nova, Joan La Barbara and Aimee Mullins.
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Eminent Physician, 1721, p. 20 Once the swelling rose to a head and was red in appearance and not deep in the flesh, it was broken with the use of a feather from a young pigeon's tail. The feather's fundament was held to the swelling and would draw out the venom. However, if the swelling dropped and became black in appearance, the physician had to be cautious when drawing the cold from the swelling.
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Since the fall of the communist government, Poland has pursued a policy of liberalising the economy. It is an example of the transition from a centrally planned to a primarily market-based economy. The country is the 25th largest exporter of goods and services in the world and its most successful exports include machinery, furniture, food products, clothing, shoes and cosmetics.PAP, 9 May 2013 Polska żywność – fundament polskiego eksportu – 2012 kolejnym rokiem rekordowego eksportu żywności.
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According to the allegations, witches would give the kiss of shame at the beginning of the sabbat, after the Devil had read the names of his followers. They would approach him by crawling or walking backwards, turn, bow and kiss his posterior. It was believed that this kiss was required for a new witch to be initiated, and the kiss was followed by feasting. Sometimes witches kissed not only the Devil's fundament, but lower-ranking demons' as well.
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As the Northern Hemisphere warms, a temperature gradient is established between the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The warmer temperatures in the Northern parts of the tropics foster an environment more conducive to the development of moisture. The additional moisture is met with a low-level atmosphere that is cooler because the warm air has risen to the higher levels of the atmosphere. This scenario leads to increased precipitation and is a fundament behind the idea that the rain belt is moving north.
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During the 18th and 19th centuries, the fortress was rebuilt again, particularly around the near and far caves. The new project was created by Otto von Freiman and carried out by Lieutenant Colonel Burman. The new walls were in length, three and half brick thick and high with a brick fundament deep. During that time, the Old Cave Fortress constructed in the 18th century was the base for the administrative and military institutions of the Russian Empire in the city.
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As Parsons explained in the memo, the basic goal of the conference was to establish a conceptual fundament for a theory of living systems. The first conference was held on January 7, 1972. Among the participants beside Parsons and Lidz were Ernst Mayr, Seymour Kety, Gerald Holton, A. Hunter Dupree, and William K. Wimsatt. A second Daedalus Conference on Living Systems was held on March 1–2, 1974 and included Edward O. Wilson, who was about to publish his famous work on sociobiology.
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The most significant were Albert von Siggingen and his son Rudolf, who had their base in the "Siggingertal" (the former name of Deggenhausertal) in the 12th Century. Their castle was built near the village and its moat, fundament and the weir system are still visible. It is unknown when the castle was destroyed. By 1288 Untersiggingen and Obersiggingen in the municipality of Deggenhausen had been separated, both having passed to the Counts of Montfort and later the Counts of Werdenberg-Heiligenberg.
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Gyllenhaal, who also plays a musician, said she initially turned down the role because she did not understand it. However, she changed her mind after the story "stuck with her". The film premiered at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival to favorable opinions; Slant Magazine's critic opined that Gyllenhaal has "passive and palpable screen presence". Also that year, she played Hathfertiti in Matthew Barney and Jonathan Bepler's River of Fundament, loosely based on the 1983 novel Ancient Evenings by Norman Mailer.
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30 Degrees in February () is a Swedish drama series produced for television, airing originally on the SVT network and distributed internationally on Netflix. The series was created by Anders Weidemann and produced by Håkan Hammarén at Fundament Film. The first season debuted on February 6, 2012 and the second season premiered on February 1, 2016 and was produced by Anagram in co-production with SVT and Film i Vast. The series depicts the lives of various Swedish citizens who move to Thailand.
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There is also a new link between generation and distribution of electricity, namely the "trade section", including traders, brokers and private investors. The reason for the need of a liberalisation was the power stations and networks were too expensive to build and it took a lot of time (decades) to amortize the investments. Due to this high risk, there were only a few private entrepreneurs, who were willingly to invest in the electricity industry. On the whole technological innovation was the fundament of the liberalization act.
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A most Excellent and Compendious Method of curing Woundes in the Head and in other Partes of the Body with other Precepts of the same Arte, practised and written by that famous man Franciscus Arceus … whereunto is added the exact Cure of the Caruncle … with a Treatise of the Fistulæ in the Fundament and other places of the Body; translated out of Johannes Ardern; and also the Description of the Emplaister called Dia Chalciteos, with his Use and Vertues. … Lond., by Th. East. There are other elements.
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The third album's cover displays the Westwall, which, according to Alexander von Meilenwald, is not supposed to be interpreted politically but "is the dark side of the Western German landscape and supposed to support the musical scenario. 'Virus West' is a pathogen coming from the west—that's us." According to Meilenwald, most people "may have realised by now that the political content in black metal contradicts the original idea and has a weak ideological fundament". He called politics a "mixture of lies, hunger for power and megalomania".
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Magnette continued talks with the ten parties and consulted the civil society, more specifically the unions and employers' organisations, poverty organisations and organisations committed to climate transition.Informateur Magnette (PS) schrijft nota over 6 prioriteiten: "Kan fundament zijn om volgende regering op te bouwen", VRT Nieuws, 18 November 2019. On 25 November 2019 Magnette reported back to King Phiippe. His assignment was extended again, now until 9 December.Paul Magnette (PS) blijft informateur en doet oproep aan partijvoorzitters: "Wij werken voor álle Belgen", VRT Nieuws, 25 November 2019.
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In 1794 he accepted a call to the University of Kiel, where he taught till his death in 1823, although his independent activity had come to an end. In later life he was powerfully influenced by J. G. Fichte, and subsequently by F. H. Jacobi and Christoph Gottfried Bardili. However, his historical importance belongs entirely to his earlier activity. The development of the Kantian standpoint contained in the New Theory of Human Understanding (1789), and in the Fundament des philosophischen Wissens (1791), was called by its author Elementarphilosophie.
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The organisers very quickly secured and illuminated the area and arranged pathways for ambulances to come in and pick up the injured. Despite harsh criticism, it later turned out the organisers were not directly guilty of the event. They had hired a construction company that built the fundament of materials not suitable for outdoor use, unlike what had been agreed on. Pioneers of the Federal Armed Forces of Austria (the Bundesheer) constructed a replacement bridge out of aluminium and steel that very night, so that it could be used on the remaining, third day.
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A minor triad consists of a minor third followed by a major third and is built on scale degrees 2, 4 and 6 (or 3, 5 and 7, for the mediant, and 6, 1 and 4, for the submediant). Only on scale degree 7 the triad consists of two minor thirds and is therefore defined as a diminished triad. Chordal syntax touches mainly four basic aspects. The first is, that the lowest note in each triad functions as a fundament of the chord and therefore as the structural most important pitch.
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When you evaluate the performance you have to allow for the middle body weight and the tough feeding and husbandry conditions in mountain regions. The Tyrolean Grey cattle is a dual purpose breed for milk and beef and possesses an excellent mast ability and beef quality. Breeding purpose is the advancement of milk and beef quantity and quality. Furthermore it is the purpose to conserve the typical functional attributes of the breed: middle body height, robust constitution, correct fundament, hard claws, hardiness, mountain pasture competence, good fertility, easy calving, udder quality and good milkability.
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This was due to a fear that a potential enemy could put a cannon at the top of the church tower, and then open fire on the nearby fortress Landskrona Citadel. In 1933 the foundations of the church were revealed and a large Christian cross of wood was put at the location of the old altar. It has since been used for outdoor services during the summer. The former church building was located in stadsparken, "the Town Park" and is locally known as Gamla kyrkans grund, "Fundament of the Old Church".
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The fundamental idea behind queer theory is that there is no natural fundament that lies behind identities such as gay, lesbian, heterosexual, etc. Instead these identities are considered cultural constructions that have been constructed through normative discourses and relations of power. Feminists have with the help of Foucault's ideas studied different ways that women form their bodies: through plastic surgery, diet, eating disorders, etc. Foucault's historization of sex has also affected feminist theorists such as Judith Butler, who used Foucault's theories about the relation between subject, power and sex to question gendered subjects.
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C.G.J. Petersen studied natural history at the University of Copenhagen under professor Japetus Steenstrup. He participated in expeditions 1883-1886 and sampled the benthic fauna in Danish waters systematically. In 1889, he co-founded Dansk biologisk Station, which was a mobile laboratory in a former naval transport vessel that was put in a new location every spring and anchored for the summer. His research was primarily directed towards understanding the ecology – not the least feeding ecology – and distribution of fish species and to provide the fundament for an evidence-based fisheries policy.
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On July 16, 2009, Thompson announced that he had been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, a problem he described as "a pain in the fundament", which slowed him down but did not affect his drawing hand. He took a hiatus from the strip. During the hiatus several other cartoonists stepped in to draw the Cul de Sac characters. The guest artists were Michael Jantze (The Norm), Corey Pandolph (The Elderberries), Lincoln Peirce (Big Nate), Stephan Pastis (Pearls Before Swine), Ruben Bolling (Tom the Dancing Bug) and children's author Mo Willems.
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The title combines the common Chinese words shì 世 "generation; epoch; hereditary; world" and běn 本 "root; stem; origin; fundament; wooden tablet". The personal name of Emperor Taizong of Tang (r. 627-650) was Shimin 世民, and owing to the strict naming taboo against writing an emperor's name, the Shiben 世本 title was changed to Xiben 系本 or Daiben 代本 (with the shi near- synonyms of xi 系 "system; series; family" and dai 代 "substitute; generation; dynasty"). Although this Chinese title is usually transliterated Shiben, Shih- pen, etc.
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MicroQuips is a micro-leasing NGO founded in Accra, Ghana, in 2009.The organization finances equipment for women who run micro-businesses in the Greater Accra West Municipality of the Greater Accra region, with the intent of creating a sustainable economic fundament for themselves and their family, and empowering women and local micro-businesses, consequently actively contributing to development of the community. MicroQuips directly purchases needed equipments – hence the name “MicroQuips” – and leases them to the beneficiary. Whilst the beneficiary is in the process of repaying in installment, the equipment is still owned by MicroQuips.
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Thomas Holm (born 1978) is a Danish singer-songwriter. Holm was born and raised in Kjellerup and was a graduate student in Political Science at the University of Copenhagen when he began his musical career. He debuted with the single "Nitten" (The Short Straw) in 2009 and was also involved in the single "Skrøbeligt fundament (Fragile Foundation)" in support of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. On the album "En hyldest til Sebastian (A Tribute to Sebastian)", he sings a reinterpretation of "80'ernes Boheme (80s Bohemian)", which was first published in 1983.
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Ramón Nocedal Already as a student Olazábal engaged in public activity taking part in Carlist-sponsored Catholic initiatives,e.g. protests against krausism-flavored heterodoxy in educationEl Siglo Futuro 11.12.84 available here or against promotion of figures like Giordano Bruno;El Siglo Futuro 21.03.85 available here instead, he advocated Catholic orthodoxy as fundament of public education in Spain. In 1888 both Olazábal Ramery brothers, Juan and Javier,he was head of public works department in Gipuzkoa, civil engineer specialising in road construction, and head of Integrism in Toledo; died in 1926, see El Siglo Futuro 21.12.
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It is built on a fundament (foundation) anchored in the river Limmat and faces the Limmatquai (pedestrian area) at a pedestrian bridge, or the Rathausbrücke. The 17th century building replaces an earlier Rathaus (city council chambers) built in 1397, which in turn replaced a 13th-century court house (Richthus). Rathaus is also the name of a quarter within the Altstadt district. It is an integral part of the medieval town on the right side of the Limmat, separated by the Hirschengraben from the Hochschulen quarter uphill to the east, and delimited by the Bellevue and Central squares to the south and north, respectively.
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Kosuth's thematization of semantic congruities and incongruities can be seen as a reflection of the problems which the relations between concept and presentation pose. Kosuth uses the related questions, "how meanings of signs are constituted" and "how signs refer to extra-lingual phenomena" as a fundament to discuss the relation between concept and presentation. Kosuth tries to identify or equate these philosophical problems with the theory of art. Kosuth changes the art practice from hand-made originals to notations with substitutable realizations, and tries to exemplify the relevance of this change for the theory of art.
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Joan La Barbara has also done work acting and composing for television, film, and dance. She composed and performed the music for the Sesame Street animated segment Signing Alphabet, for electronics and voice, and has composed a variety of chamber, orchestral, and choral works. She also appears in Matthew Barney’s 2014 film River of Fundament. La Barbara is currently on the music composition artist faculty at New York University Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, Department of Music and Performing Arts Professions, and on the faculty of Mannes/The New School/College of Performing Arts.
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Especially in her colorful animated films we can feel the presence of the dreams, subconscious and imagination. In some of her design works – especially in the case of posters and logos appears the influence of the emblematic power of folk art what is mixed with the more rigorous geometrical approach. She likes using the different forms of symmetry too and she plays very often with the rhythm of positive and negative forms. The world of Dora Keresztes is rather unusual in the digital field of the contemporary design life, but she says that the fundament of the future is in the past.
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313 Owing to Wundt's Völkerpsychologie, Rădulescu-Motru dedicated much of his work to assessing and defining nationalism in Romanian social context. Concentrating his analysis on the impact of modernization and Westernization, he argued for a need to adapt forms to the Romanian ethnicity (which he defined through heredity),Caraiani and represented as the true social fundament (the "community of spirit").Rădulescu-Motru, in Stahl He supported the existence of human races and differences among them, as well as eugenics, even after the defeat of Nazi Germany led to the abandonment of such theories in the mainstream scientific world.
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This post-modern understanding of peace(s) was based on the philosophy of Jean Francois Lyotard. It served as a fundament for the more recent concept of trans- rational peace(s) and elicitive conflict transformation. In 2008, Dietrich enlarged his approach of the many peaces to the so-called five families of peace interpretations: the energetic, moral, modern, post-modern and trans- rational approach.Wolfgang Dietrich: Interpretations of Peace in History and Culture; Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2012 Trans-rationality unites the rational and mechanistic understanding of modern peace in a relational and culture-based manner with spiritual narratives and energetic interpretations.
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Ancient Evenings was an inspiration for the writer William S. Burroughs's novel The Western Lands (1987) and for the artist Matthew Barney's operatic film River of Fundament. In an interview, Barney stated that when he read Ancient Evenings, following Mailer's encouragement, he found that it had "something in it structurally that appealed to me very much", and despite disliking aspects such as its emphasis on Egyptian mythology and sexuality, felt challenged to develop it into a film. Ancient Evenings has been praised by commentators such as the novelist Anthony Burgess and the critic Harold Bloom. Burgess considered the book one of the best English novels since 1939.
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From 1838 to 1850, Schneider was an executive member of the Bernese government. In this role, he directed 1847, together with Ulrich Ochsenbein and Jakob Stämpfli the memorable session of the government in Bern, which decided the Sonderbund war, which was to become the fundament of the foundation of the modern Federal State of Switzerland. In 1848, Schneider became a member of the Swiss National Council, to which he belonged to the year 1862. He belonged to the radical wing of the Liberals As at the elections in 1850 in change of majority occurred in the Canton of Bern, Schneider resigned from the government.
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It was up to the Christians to find the way back to their fundament, which was the Mosaic law. But it was up to the Jews to face the present situation, in which Jewish communities were abandoned by a wealthy and privileged minority, so that poverty was increasing rapidly – especially in the town ghettos. In his philosophy Moses Mendelssohn reacted to the change from medieval conditions among the communities, when an elite between rich and rabbinic families was ruling the community. New privileges were granted by the Prussian state to rich members of the community, so that they finally left the community by conversion.
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This is more so as the existence of a not trivial positive effect would affect very deeply the fundament of theoretical physics as it is presently accepted. :You have shown convincingly that the observed effect is outside the range of accidental deviations and must, therefore, have a systematic cause. You made it quite probable that this systematic cause has nothing to do with "ether-wind," but has to do with differences of temperature of the air traversed by the two light bundles which produced the bands of interference. Such an effect is indeed practically inevitable if the walls of the laboratory room have a not negligible difference in temperature.
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At the start of the year, Melkert and the VVD leader Hans Dijkstal appeared to be the frontrunners in the race to become Prime Minister. The situation changed with the arrival of the controversial politician Pim Fortuyn. Fortuyn was a critic of Islam and had questioned whether its culture was compatible with Western society even before the September 11 attacks.Tegen de islamisering van onze cultuur: Nederlandse identiteit als fundament, A.W. Bruna, 1997, He was elected the leader of Liveable Netherlands in November 2001, but he was expelled from the party after making controversial comments in an interview with De Volkskrant on 9 February 2002.
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It's an institute that comes to addict to Brazilian Vegetarian Society in its efforts to abolish the animal slavery. Furthermore, it will help everybody that doesn't have legal support and philosophy's fundament in the elaboration of a process to defend the animal's interests. The importance of this institute, the first in Brazil, is pragmatic and, probably, we will still hear to talk about it so much. It's important to say that it has between his creators some of the biggest thinkers and exponents of this power in Brazil as Sônia Teresinha Felipe, Laerte Levai, Marly Winckler, Irvênia Prada, Edna Cardozo Dias, Luciano Rocha Santana and others.
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In England there had been several Acts of Uniformity; in continental Europe the Latin phrase "cuius regio, eius religio" had been coined in the 16th century and applied as a fundament for the Peace of Augsburg (1555). It was pushed to the extreme by absolutist regimes, particularly by the French kings Louis XIV and his successors. It was under their rule that Catholicism became the sole compulsory allowed religion in France and that the huguenots had to massively leave the country. Persecution meant that the state was committed to secure religious uniformity by coercive measures, as eminently obvious in a statement of Roger L'Estrange: "That which you call persecution, I translate Uniformity".
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Erikson attributes paper and pen Role-Playing games, specifically AD&D; and GURPS, as being the biggest influence in his writing career, and even calls it the fundament the Malazan Empire, from his Malazan Book of the Fallen series, is based on. Stephen R. Donaldson's, The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant and Glenn Cook's The Black Company, both ushering post-Tolkien style of writing, are among some of the works that have influenced his storytelling. He also credits the works of Robert E. Howard, Edgar Rice Burroughs, Homer, Arthur C. Clarke, Roger Zelazny, John Gardner, Gustav Hasford, Mark Helprin and Robin Hobb as some of the influences he used in the Malazan works.
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Following the 1975 Directive, European Union policy and legislation adapted to the principles of the waste hierarchy. A fundament to the waste hierarchy concept is known as 'Lansink's Ladder', named after the Member of the Dutch Parliament who proposed it in 1979 to be incorporated into Dutch policy in 1993. In 1989, it was formalized into a hierarchy of management options in the European Commission's Community Strategy for Waste Management and this waste strategy was further endorsed in the Commission's review in 1996. In the first legislative proposals of 2006 the European Commission suggested a 3-step hierarchy composed of 1- Prevention and Reuse, 2- Recycling and Recovery (with incineration) and 3- Disposal.
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While the more visible reliefs on the outside had to praise fighting, the statues of dying warriors in the interior denounced war and gave an indication of his pacifist religious beliefs (he is said to have been a Mennonite). Travelling through Italy in 1696, he studied the work of masters like Michelangelo Buonarroti and Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Schlüter also worked as an architect and built many state buildings in Berlin in his role as "Hofbaumeister" (Court Architect), which he lost when one tower showed signs of a weak fundament. He also served as director of the Prussian Academy of Arts from 1702 to 1704, after which he began concentrating on sculpting again, as "Hofbildhauer" (Court Sculptor).
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Linda Woodbridge, reviewing Michael Best's edition of The English Housewife, describes it as a splendid modern text. She describes the maladies for which Markham proposed remedies as "some picturesque, some desperate", as they included "stinking breath which cometh from the stomach", "pimpled or red-saucy face", "griefs in the stomach", "desperate yellow jaundice", "pissing in bed", "falling of the fundament", and "privy parts burned". The remedies make use of "curatives as homely as parsley, as exotic as dried stag's pizzle. She notes that in the two parts of Countrey Contentments, Markham expected the country gentlemen to lead a purely recreational life, the country gentlewoman to have "one long round of unremitting hard work.
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President Christofias paid a three–day official visit to Egypt, reassured the Egyptian government officials who participated in the Forum, as well as the business people of Egypt that their country can rely on Cyprus, especially as regards the EU – Egypt relations. The Cypriot President referred to the three bilateral agreements signed Tuesday in Cairo, as well as the "very important agreements" signed last year on research for oil and gas in the region, expressing certainty that the "two governments create a very stable fundament for you, the business people, to further promote your cooperation as friends, as business people". He furthermore described Cyprus as a country favorable for investments, just as Egypt is favorable for Cypriot investments as well.
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Rădulescu-Motru, in Dumitrescu Instead, Rădulescu- Motru expanded on Titu Maiorescu's criticism of "forms without fundament" (in reference to the discrepancy between the Westernized facade and the underdeveloped economic and social setting), viewing the class of low-ranking boyars, increasingly attracted to Liberal currents during the 19th century, as the main agents of incoherent change – this attracted him the criticism of the Poporanist Garabet Ibrăileanu, who argued that Junimea was an exclusivist school of criticism that "has never said [of foreign models] what, how much, and when should be imported".Ibrăileanu, Primul junimist... In this context, Ibrăileanu emphasized the gestures of boyars before and during the Organic Regulation government, as indicative of a skeptical nationalist mood (rather than of a cosmopolitan ideology).Ibrăileanu, Evoluţia spiritului critic...
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She has done many collaborative shows at galleries throughout the world including Bonn Women's Museum; Chasse Kazerne Fundament Foundation in Breda The Netherlands; the Chicago Cultural Center; grunt gallery in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Heyang Art Museum in Datong, China; Mo Space in Zhenzhou, China; Queensland Art Gallery, Taipei Fine Arts Museum, and numerous locations in her hometown of Shanghai. Her second solo show was entitled Diary and was held in Sydney. Her work has been featured in many publications Art and Asia Pacific Journal (1994, 1995, and 1997), Contemporary Chinese Art Criticism Series: A Study on Women's Art in China (1999), The State of Chinese Avant-Grade Art: A Compilation of Interviews on Chinese Avant-Garde Art (2002), China Avant-Garde Art 1979–2004 (2006), as well as a significant number of exhibition catalogs.
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The wall is 2 meter thick with a fundament of crushed stones, while the superstructure was made of adobe leveled by wooden beams. The town construction was done at a single stage while preserving the principles of orthogonal design (the so-called “Hippodamus system”). The two gates were located to the North-West and South-West and represented a starting point of the main streets which crossed each other under right angle at the square (the “Agora” Greek άγορά). Another street was used to pass through the inner side, along the whole fortress wall. The town was equipped with a water and sewerage system while several wells satisfied the citizens’ needs for fresh water. The Agora took central place and, according to Sevtopolis’ sign, Dionysius's sanctuary was situated there.
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The theoretical basis for education development the humanistic education paradigm, the holistic education concept was chosen. The education system was based on European culture values – personal worth, natural equality of people, freedom of consciousness, tolerance, democratic relations within society. The education was titled as the basic factor of the society development, the fundament of all social reforms, thus a task was formulated to overtake the general development of the society and be its leader. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) experts in year 1999 assessed the Lithuanian education and admitted that in Lithuania does exist a solid conceptual basis for reforms (“There is a strong conceptual foundation for reforms”) and Lithuania presents the best example of the major document – the General Concept of Education in Lithuania of 1992 – its creation and development.
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Chludov Psalter, 9th century (RUS-Mim Ms. D.129, fol. 135) River of Babylon as illustration of Ps. 137:1–3 Two concepts must be understood to appreciate fully the function of music in Byzantine worship and they were related to a new form of urban monasticism, which even formed the representative cathedral rites of the imperial ages, which had to baptise many catechumens. The first, which retained currency in Greek theological and mystical speculation until the dissolution of the empire, was the belief in the angelic transmission of sacred chant: the assumption that the early Church united men in the prayer of the angelic choirs. It was partly based on the Hebrew fundament of Christian worship, but in the particular reception of St. Basil of Caesarea's divine liturgy.
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Taylor v Attorney General [2015] NZHC 1706 at [3]. The Attorney-General in his 2010 report on the law, mandated by section 7 of the Bill of Rights Act requiring that any inconsistencies with a Bill of Rights right be brought to the attention of Parliament, had concluded, "the blanket disenfranchisement of prisoners appears to be inconsistent with s 12 of the Bill of Rights Act and that it cannot be justified under s 5 of that Act".Taylor v Attorney-General [2015] NZHC 1706 at [27]. Prior to the review proceeding to a substantive hearing the Attorney-General had tried unsuccessfully to have the challenge struck out on the grounds courts had no jurisdiction over this matter and that any relief given "would breach the fundament principle of comity applying to the relationship between the judiciary and Parliament".
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Nawawi's Forty (sc. “Forty Hadith”, in Arabic: al-arbaʿīn al-nawawiyyah) is a compilation of forty hadiths by Imam al-Nawawi, most of which are from Sahih Muslim and Sahih al-Bukhari. This collection of hadith has been particularly valued over the centuries because it is a distillation, by one of the most eminent and revered authorities in Islamic jurisprudence, of the foundations of Islamic sacred law or Sharīʿah. In putting together this collection, it was the author’s explicit aim that “each hadith is a great fundament (qāʿida ʿaẓīma) of the religion, described by the religious scholars as being ‘the axis of Islam’ or ‘the half of Islam’ or ‘the third of it’ or the like, and to make it a rule that these forty hadith be classified as sound (ṣaḥīḥ).”An- Nawawi’s Forty Hadith, Cambridge, Islamic Texts Society, 1997, p. 22.
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In 2002, she starred in Matthew Barney's art film Cremaster 3 as six different characters, including a cheetah woman. Other film and TV credits include roles in Oliver Stone's World Trade Center, Five Little Pigs with David Suchet and Aidan Gillen, Naked in a Fishbowl, Quid Pro Quo with Vera Farmiga and Nick Stahl, and Marvelous with Amy Ryan, Michael Shannon, Ewen Bremner and Martha Plimpton. In the River of Fundament, she continues her collaboration with Matthew Barney by starring as Isis in performances both live and filmed since 2007, released in early 2014. She has roles in Young Ones with Nicholas Hoult, Elle Fanning and Michael Shannon, The Being Experience with Terrence Howard, Famke Janssen and Alan Cumming, Rob the Mob with Nina Arianda, Samira Wiley, Michael Pitt and Andy Garcia, and Desiree Akhavan's debut feature Appropriate Behavior.
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The current Dutch Bachelor-Master system was introduced with the Bologna Process of 1999. He ended his speech held on the occasion of the festive opening in 1964 by Queen Juliana and Prince Bernard by using the words William of Orange spoke in 1574 on the occasion of the opening of the first Dutch University in Leiden: “That this University College may grow into a lasting fundament and support of freedom,In (old) Dutch: `tot een vast stuensel ende onderhoudt der vryheit´. `William of Orange to the Provincial States of Holland and Zeeland, d.d. 28 December 1574 (Willem van Oranje aan de Staten van Holland en Zeeland, d.d. 28 December 1574)´, in: P.C. Molhuysen, Sources on the history of Leiden University I (Bronnen tot de geschiedenis der Leidsche universiteit I) (Den Haag 1913), Appendix 1 is our sincerest wish”. Prof.
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For example, interoception is the fundament of the modern view on allostasis and allostatic load. The regulatory model of allostasis claims that the brain's primary role as an organ is the predictive regulation of internal sensations. Predictive regulation refers to the brain's ability to anticipate needs and prepare to fulfill them before they arise. Therefore, in this model, the brain is responsible for efficient regulation of its internal milieu. Interoception is sometimes generally referred to as “the perception of internal body states” although there are many interoceptive processes in the body which are not perceived. Importantly, interoception is made possible through a process of “integrating the information coming from inside the body into the central nervous system.” This definition deviates from Sherrington's original proposition, but exemplifies the dynamic and widening breadth of interoception as a concept in modern literature.
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Anarchists, especially social anarchists, believe that the classless, stateless society should be established by the direct action of the masses, culminating in social revolution and refusing any intermediate stage such as the dictatorship of the proletariat on the basis that such a dictatorship will become a self- perpetuating fundament. However, libertarian Marxists argue that Marx used the phrase to mean that the worker control at the point of production and not a party would still be a state until society is reorganized according to socialist principles. For Bakunin, the fundamental contradiction is that for the Marxists "anarchism or freedom is the aim, while the state and dictatorship is the means, and so, in order to free the masses, they have first to be enslaved". Bakunin also wrote of meeting Marx in 1844 as such: Bakunin found Marx's economic analysis very useful and began the job of translating Das Kapital into Russian.
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There are still centuries of civilization and preparation > before us, when man will finally understand that privileges of a certain > religion are neither based on law nor on the religion's own fundament, so > that it will be a real benefit to abolish simply any civil divergence in > favour of one religion. However under the rule of this Wise the nation got > so accustomed to tolerance and compatibility in respect to other religions, > that at least force, bann and the right to exclude are no longer popular > terms. In consequence the second part on religious power had to criticize the present conditions of that religion which he always had to defend during his life. For these critics he needed the idea that state and religion should be divided, but kept in harmony, as well as the utopic postulation of a just state which should be the political target of a religious community.
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Worden wrote the album imagining a tribe of people gathered around a fire, who were making music together, telling stories and hearing stories from shaman, and it explores themes of self-acceptance, sensuality, and community. She was also reading Daniel Levitin's book The World in Six Songs, and drew inspiration from Jared Diamond's book on human evolution, The Third Chimpanzee, and Matthew Barney and Jonathan Bepler's operatic and experimental film, River of Fundament, which Worden recorded for, while she was writing This Is My Hand. The album draws comparison to the music of St. Vincent, These New Puritans, and the Sufjan Steven's album Age of Adz. The final song "Apparition" contains lyrics from French poet Stéphane Mallarmé's poem "Apparition," with Worden describing the adapted story as being about a child, who is visited and enraptured by a ghost with a hat made of light.
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River of Fundament takes the form of a three-act opera and is loosely based on Norman Mailer’s novel Ancient Evenings. In collaboration with composer Jonathan Bepler, Barney combines traditional modes of narrative cinema with filmed elements of performance, sculpture, and opera, reconstructing Mailer’s hypersexual story of Egyptian gods and the seven stages of reincarnation, alongside the rise and fall of the American car industry. Barney replaced the human body with the body of the 1967 Chrysler Imperial that was the central motif from his earlier film Cremaster 3.Matthew Barney: Ancient Evenings: Libretto, March 20 - May 9, 2009 Gladstone Gallery, Brussels. The film’s central scene is an abstraction of Mailer’s wake, set in a replica of the late author’s apartment in Brooklyn Heights and featuring Maggie Gyllenhaal, Paul Giamatti, Elaine Stritch, Ellen Burstyn, Peter Donald Badalamenti II, Joan La Barbara, and jazz percussionist Milford Graves.
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That technical faculty saw many changes in its history but it is the base of current "Tashkent State Technical University". In 1923 it was re-set as the new faculty called "Engineering-melioration faculty". After 6 years, in 1929 in base of this faculty, there was created new institute called "Central Asian cotton-irrigation institute". After 4 years, in 1933 this institute became the fundament for new and unique technical university in Central Asia. From the year of 1949 it was renamed to "Central Asian Poly Technical Institute". From the year 1961 it was called as the "Tashkent Poly Technical institute". In 1973 it was named after one of the greatest scientists of Uzbekistan Abu Rayhan Beruni, and was called as the "Tashkent Poly Technical Institute named Abu Rayhan Beruni". After the Independence of Uzbekistan, by the edict President of Republic Uzbekistan Islam Karimov, university was renamed to its current name and it became one of the leading educational centers of Uzbekistan.
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The 31 articles of the first part, entitled Declaraciones, Derechos y Garantías, established the fundament of the political regime; it's in this section in which the difference with the 1826 constitution is most visible. It formally introduced the division of powers of the republican system, the political representation and federalism; it set the establishment of a federal capital; the authority of each province to dictate its own constitution and their autonomy in internal issues except in cases of insurrection or foreign attack; the political, judicial and customs unity of the country; and the fundamental rights of the citizens. Following the dispositions of the Assembly of 1813 who decreed the Law of Wombs, the constitution abolished slavery and the nobility titles, setting the juridical equality. The protection of the law extended to all the inhabitants of the country, not only to the citizens, in order to foment immigration; article 20th expressed it implicitly, and the 25th declared the official promotion of immigration.
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While Oenopides's innovations as an astronomer mainly concern practical issues, as a geometer he seems to have been rather a theorist and methodologist, who set himself the task to make geometry comply with higher standards of theoretical purity. Thus he introduced the distinction between 'theorems' and 'problems': though both are involved with the solution of an exercise, a theorem is meant to be a theoretical building block to be used as the fundament of further theory, while a problem is only an isolated exercise without further follow-up or importance. Oenopides apparently also was the author of the rule that geometrical constructions should use no other means than compass and straightedge. In this context his name adheres to two specific elementary constructions of plane geometry: first, to draw from a given point a straight line perpendicular to a given straight line; and second, on a given straight line and at a given point on it, to construct a rectilineal angle equal to a given rectilineal angle.
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Some commentators have claimed that Edward's escape was actually successful, and that someone else was later murdered in his place. Historical sources record that Edward was murdered there on 21 September 1327. Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles (1587 edition), drawing on earlier sources, describes Edward's murder in detail: > they [the murderers] came suddenlie one night into the chamber where he laie > in bed fast asléepe, and with heauie featherbeds or a table (as some > [sources] write) being cast vpon him, they kept him down and withall put > into his fundament [i.e., his anus] an horne, and through the same they > thrust vp into his bodie an hot spit, or (as other [sources] haue) through > the pipe of a trumpet a plumbers instrument of iron made verie hot, the > which passing vp into his intrailes, and being rolled to and fro, burnt the > same, but so as no appearance of any wound or hurt outwardlie might be once > perceiued.
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Parsons' fight against communism was a natural extension of his fight against fascism in the 1930s and the 1940s. For Parsons, communism and fascism were two aspects of the same problem; his article "A Tentative Outline of American Values", published posthumously in 1989,Talcott Parsons, "A Tentative Outline of American Values" in Roland Robertson and Bryan S. Turner (eds.) Talcott Parsons: Theorist of Modernity.London: Sage Publication, 1991. "A Tentative Outline of the American Value System" was written in 1959 or 1960 and can be seen as a kind of prelude of Parsons' long-term interest in writing a major work about American society and was an attempt to facilitate the theoretical fundament of the concept of the "societal community," which represented the I-factor (the integrative function) of the social system and the extreme importance in the fact that Parsons regarded it as the epicenter (or the logical "starting-point") of the general process of differentiation in and of society.
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While both anarchists and Marxists share the same final goal, the creation of a free, egalitarian society without social classes and government, they strongly disagree on how to achieve this goal. Anarchists, especially social anarchists, believe that the classless, stateless society should be established by the direct action of the masses, culminating in social revolution and refusing any intermediate stage such as the dictatorship of the proletariat on the basis that such a dictatorship will become a self-perpetuating fundament. However, libertarian Marxists argue that Marx used the phrase to mean that the worker control at the point of production and not a party would still be a state until society is reorganized according to socialist principles. For Bakunin, the fundamental contradiction is that for the Marxists "anarchism or freedom is the aim, while the state and dictatorship is the means, and so, in order to free the masses, they have first to be enslaved".
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His later answer was mainly a reception of Bauer's argument. Marx's and Bauer's polemic style was probably influenced by Heinrich Heine's Damascus letters (Lutetia Teil 1, 1840) in which Heine was calling James Mayer de Rothschild a "revolutionary" and in which he used phrases such as: > For French Jews as well for all the other French gold is the God of the day > and industry the dominating religion! Whereas Hegel's idea of a humanistic secularization of religious values was deeply rooted in the idealistic emancipation debates around Mendelssohn in which a liberal and tolerant state has to be created on the fundament of a modern (religious) education, the only force of modernization according to Marx was capitalism, the erosion of traditional values, after they had turned into material values. The difference between the ancien régime and Rothschild, chosen as a representative of a successful minority of the Jewish population, was that they had nothing to lose, especially not in Prussia where this minority finally tended to convert to Christianity.
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Bakunin claimed that Marxists "maintain that only a dictatorship—their dictatorship, of course—can create the will of the people, while our answer to this is: No dictatorship can have any other aim but that of self-perpetuation, and it can beget only slavery in the people tolerating it; freedom can be created only by freedom, that is, by a universal rebellion on the part of the people and free organization of the toiling masses from the bottom up". Bakunin further stated that "we are convinced that liberty without socialism is privilege and injustice; and that socialism without liberty is slavery and brutality". While both anarchists and Marxists share the same final goal, the creation of a free, egalitarian society without social classes and government, they strongly disagree on how to achieve this goal. Anarchists believe that the classless, stateless society should be established by the direct action of the masses, culminating in social revolution and refuse any intermediate stage such as the dictatorship of the proletariat on the basis that such a dictatorship will become a self-perpetuating fundament.
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The motive of Nathan who replied with the ring parable, was taken from Boccaccio's "Decamerone" and Lessing intended to create his drama as a monument of tolerance and enlightenment dedicated to Moses Mendelssohn. Lessing was an open-minded and modern type of freemason and he himself had a public theological dispute (Fragmentenstreit) about the historical truth of the New Testament with the orthodox Lutheran Hauptpastor Johann Melchior Goeze in Hamburg during the 70s. Finally he was banned 1778 by the Herzog of Brunswick. Lessing's new way to ask about the fundament of a certain religion and to regard its efforts on religious tolerance was intended as a reflection of the current political practice. In 1782, after the declaration of the so-called "Toleranzpatent" in the Habsburg Monarchy under Joseph II and the realization of the «lettres patentes» in the French Monarchy under Louis XVI, religion and especially the Jewish emancipation became a favorite subject of private debates in Alsace-Lorraine and these debates were often followed by publications of Christian clerics and Abbés.. Mendelssohn's Jerusalem or on Religious Power and Judaism may be regarded as his contribution to the debate.
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