Thomas Jefferson spoke of the need to "eliminate" or "extirpate" Native Americans.
|
|
Yet however hard they exercise they cannot extirpate the memories of their high-school years.
|
|
The public sector remains bloated; old Greek habits of cronyism and nepotism are too encrusted to extirpate.
|
|
Prime Minister Abdel Fattah al-Sisi contends that Islam needs a revolution form within to extirpate radical sentiment.
|
|
In part, Kotkin argues, he acted on "deep Marxist premises" about the need to extirpate capitalist class relations.
|
|
The conference is the most conspicuous effort yet to extirpate the cancer eating at the world's biggest Christian church.
|
|
Rather than embrace corruption, he waged a relentless campaign to extirpate it from his administration and from government more broadly.
|
|
It was not just the Jews Hitler sought to extirpate, it was just about anyone with an alternate point of view.
|
|
Through continued research efforts, one day we will figure out how to extirpate the cancer while keeping the sensory nerves intact.
|
|
At first, the Roman authorities blamed the pestilence on the Christian religious minority, and they set about trying to extirpate it.
|
|
Fall of Becauserecorded the sadistic Extirpate demo in 1986, multiple songs from which Broadrick and Green would re-record under the Godflesh moniker.
|
|
Extirpate blends the power electronics of Whitehouse with a metallic interpretation of Throbbing Gristle's monotonous rhythms to make for a listening experience that constricts the throat.
|
|
You might, say, be able to engineer A. gambiae to produce only male offspring, release the modified bug into the wild and extirpate the entire species.
|
|
Its future emirate, should it come to it, may be more firmly supported by the local population, and therefore even harder to extirpate, than the barbarous IS caliphate.
|
|
An animal that arrived in a particular location hundreds or thousands of years ago is fine with us, while a more recent immigrant, like garlic mustard, is cause for alarm and extensive campaigns to extirpate the interloper.
|
|
Earlier, in his first address on Thursday, Francis expressed appreciation for the Thai government's efforts "to extirpate this scourge, and for all those private individuals and organizations working to uproot this evil and to provide ways to restore their (victims') dignity".
|
|
Actually, we know that the spoofing trade and other phenomenon are the fraud that US regulatory agency is trying to regulate and to extirpate on stocks, futures and other financial markets for many years; the position from the US Department of Justice means that the regulations will extend to encrypted digital currency market.
|
|
"Both sides of this increasingly polarized divide see the other as trying to extirpate their way of life — and not inaccurately," Schnurer wrote in "War on the Blue States" in U.S. News and World Report earlier this month: Blue America spent the last eight years dictating both economic and cultural changes invalidating virtually every aspect of Red America.
|
|
Supported by Rangers, and some Light Horse, who would I think effectively extirpate or remove that Vermine." In response, also in a postscript, Amherst replied: :"P.S. You will Do well to try to Innoculate the Indians by means of Blankets, as well as to try Every other method that can serve to Extirpate this Execrable Race. I should be very glad your Scheme for Hunting them Down by Dogs could take Effect, but England is at too great a Distance to think of that at present.
|
|
Very few mature trees survived but regeneration is occurring by the hundreds to thousands. However another wildfire before trees are able to reach cone- producing age, which can be quite old for this species, could extirpate the stand.
|
|
Supported by Rangers, > and some Light Horse, who would I think effectively extirpate or remove that > Vermine. Amherst replied on July 16: > P.S. You will Do well to try to Innoculate the Indians by means of Blankets, > as well as to try Every other method that can serve to Extirpate this > Execrable Race. I should be very glad your Scheme for Hunting them Down by > Dogs could take Effect, but England is at too great a Distance to think of > that at present. Historians are at odds as to how much damage was caused in the attempt to spread smallpox at Fort Pitt.
|
|
A third factor was religious antagonism. The rebels consciously identified themselves as Catholics and justified the rising as a defensive measure against the Protestant threat to 'extirpate the Catholic religion'. Rebels in Cavan stated "we rise for our religion. They hang our priests in England".
|
|
Its elevational range is from . The fire ecology of this plant is not known; however, fires in old-growth habitat might negatively affect P. californicum because of smoke, or from excessively opening the canopy. Severe fires that destroy old-growth trees would likely extirpate populations.
|
|
There have been several attempts to extirpate Romani (Gypsies) throughout the history of Europe: In 1545, the Diet of Augsburg declared that "whosoever kills a Gypsy (Romani), will be guilty of no murder".David Crowe (2004): A History of the Gypsies of Eastern Europe and Russia (Palgrave Macmillan) p.
|
|
Due to this, a controversial scheme to extirpate the ruddy duck as a British breeding species started; there have also been culling attempts in other European countries. By early 2014, the cull had reduced the British population to about 20–100, down from a peak of about 5500 in 2000.
|
|
Soon afterwards, Henry of Lausanne was arrested, brought before the bishop of Toulouse, and probably imprisoned for life. In a letter to the people of Toulouse, undoubtedly written at the end of 1146, Bernard calls upon them to extirpate the last remnants of the heresy. He also preached against Catharism.
|
|
Following the recording of a demo called Extirpate in 1986, Fall of Because disbanded and reformed in 1988 as Godflesh. Life Is Easy incorporates many of those early demo tracks, which were recorded when Justin Broadrick was only sixteen. Dimitri Nasrallah of Exclaim! called Fall of Because's output "eerily ahead of its time".
|
|
The Australian reported a concomitant "attack" on Australia's human rights laws as inadequate to prevent "discrimination" and a potential "international embarrassment". Wilcox was quoted as saying that "Parliaments and the common law [are] not doing their jobs". In particular, they did not do enough to extirpate racial and sexual discrimination or to protect homosexuals.
|
|
Heniger (1986):87, 90. He met with Van Goens junior, an ambitious administrator on his way to Batavia. Both men didn't like each other at all. Some time before Van Goens had given orders—afraid for competition anywhere else in the world—to extirpate all the acclimatizating cinnamon trees which were destined for the Amsterdam Municipal Garden.
|
|
In the 1910s locals blamed the cormorants for depleting Lake Shetek's fish population and organized a hunt to extirpate them. Due to the hunt and ongoing human disturbance, the species is only seen on Lake Shetek during migration and no longer breeds there. None of the park's small lakes or marshes support a year-round fish population.
|
|
In 1004, scarcely 25 years after the introduction of Christianity into Kievan Rus, we hear of a priest Adrian teaching the same doctrines as the Bogomils. He was imprisoned by Leontius, Bishop of Kiev. In 1125, the Church in the south of Rus had to combat another heresiarch named Dmitri. The Church in Bulgaria also tried to extirpate Bogomilism.
|
|
Rep. Pete Sessions supported the bill, arguing that it was necessary to prevent "more than 1.5 million customers of the North Texas Municipal Water District" from facing "restricted access to water as a result of the discovery of invasive species in Lake Texoma." According to Sessions, there are existing precautions to remove and extirpate invasive species.
|
|
The immediate purpose of the abolition of capitulations and the cancellation of foreign debt repayments was to reduce the foreign stranglehold on the Ottoman economy; a second purpose — and one to which great political weight was attached – was to extirpate non—Muslims from the economy by transferring assets to Muslim Turks and encouraging their participation with government contracts and subsidies.
|
|
During the Denikin regime, the press regularly urged violence against Jews. For example, a proclamation by one of Denikin's generals incited people to "arm themselves" in order to extirpate "the evil force which lives in the hearts of Jew- communists." In the small town of Fastov alone, Denikin's Volunteer Army murdered over 1,500 Jews, mostly the elderly, women, and children.
|
|
Neil Armstrong prepares to set out for the moon, despite the pleadings of his wife not to go. On arriving there, he discovered Dionysus's transgender herald, who begins to tell him the story of Pentheus and Dionysus. Cadmus meets Tiresias, preparing to go to worship Dionysus. They are stopped by Pentheus, who announces his decision to extirpate Dionysus and his cult.
|
|
Hawaiian coral reefs smothered by the spread of invasive algae were managed with a two-prong approach: divers manually removed invasive algae, with the support of super-sucker barges. Grazing pressure on invasive algae needed to be increased to prevent the regrowth of the algae. Researchers found that native collector urchins were reasonable candidate grazers for algae biocontrol, to extirpate the remaining invasive algae from the reef.
|
|
In 1605, Jones was appointed Lord Chancellor of Ireland, a position he held for the rest of his life. He was staunchly anti-Catholic, and a firm supporter of King James's Plantation of Ulster. In 1611, he sat on a Protestant Council in Dublin "to prevent sectarianism and extirpate Popery." He attended the opening of the Parliament of Ireland in 1613, where he gave an important speech.
|
|
As now circumscribed, the family Desidae is mainly found in South America and Australasia, with some species reaching north to Malaysia. Metaltella simoni has been introduced in a large part of the Southern United States (records exist from California, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Florida) and is considered an invasive species in Florida. It is feared that it could extirpate the native titanoecid species Titanoeca brunnea.
|
|
This decision was reported to the emperor, who ordered the execution of Priscillian and several of his followers. The property of others was confiscated and they were banished. The conduct of Ithacius was severely criticized. St Martin, hearing what had taken place, returned to Trier and compelled the emperor to rescind an order to military tribunes, who were on their way to Iberia to extirpate the heresy.
|
|
Prunus × eminens or Prunus eminens is a species of small cherry tree native to central Europe. It is a naturally occurring hybrid of sour cherry, Prunus cerasus, and dwarf cherry, Prunus fruticosa, occasionally found where their ranges overlap. Like its parents, it is a tetraploid with 32 chromosomes. It is forming a hybrid swarm with, and threatening to extirpate, P.fruticosa in much of its western range through genetic pollution.
|
|
He includes two remarkable dreams, one of which had occurred to Cicero and one to himself. He also asks if Greek history with its various accounts of omens should be also considered a fable. In the second book Cicero provides arguments against auguries, auspices, astrology, lots, dreams, and every species of omens and prodigies. It concludes with a chapter on the evils of superstition, and Cicero's efforts to extirpate it.
|
|
He also quotes an epistle sent to Prester John (Prete Ianne), by the guardian of Mount Syon, Paulo de Chanedo. The letter addresses the king in Ethiopia, and sends in 1480 priests and teachers to instruct him in the true faith, and extirpate heresies, including Franciscan priest.Chapter 34. He claims the Sultan was fearful of allowing such priest to travel south, because they might cause him to be encircled by Christians.
|
|
Shortly after this, the VOC-backed Sultan of Ternate, Mandar Syah, was opposed by his brothers and part of the Ternatan elite. The Dutch commander Arnold de Vlamingh van Outshoorn suppressed an attempt to replace Mandar Syah, and the Ternatans had to agree on a treaty in 1652 where they were stipulated to extirpate clove trees in their dominions.Leonard Andaya (1993) The world of Maluku. Honolulu: Hawai'i University Press, p. 167-8.
|
|
Collection, both legal and illegal, may have an adverse impact on this tree's population due to low population density, and high collection pressure can extirpate this species locally. Bigleaf magnolia is listed as threatened in North Carolina and endangered in Arkansas and Ohio. The Florida Department of Agriculture lists the Ashe magnolia as endangered, due to its small population and restricted range. The Mexican bigleaf magnolia is also endangered, by loss of habitat.
|
|
A session of the Council of Trent, from an engraving. Catholic ecumenical councils include 21 councils over a period of some 1900 years. While definitions changed throughout history, in today's Catholic understanding ecumenical councils are assemblies of patriarchs, cardinals, residing bishops, abbots, male heads of religious orders and other juridical persons, nominated by the pope. The purpose of an ecumenical council is to define doctrine, reaffirm truths of the Faith, and extirpate heresy.
|
|
Innocent launched the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars. Innocent III was a vigorous opponent of religious heresy and undertook campaigns to extirpate it. At the beginning of his pontificate, he focused on the Albigenses (Cathars), a sect that had become widespread in southwestern France, then under the control of local princes such as the Counts of Toulouse. The Cathars rejected the Christian authority and teachings of the Catholic Church, denouncing it as corrupt.
|
|
The high priestly class belonged at the same time to the ruling class. It is what is called Theocracy. That is why when the Incas conquered other peoples, they did not aim to extirpate the diversity of cults (with the exception of those too barbarous or violent), but, with a practical sense, they demanded only the supremacy of the cult of the Sun. Sol or Coricancha thus became the temple of somewhat federal mythology.
|
|
Their campaign, which targeted the people instead of the aristocracy or the landed gentry, became known as the Populist movement. It was based upon the belief that the common people possessed the wisdom and peaceful ability to lead the nation.Transformation of Russia in the Nineteenth Century, excerpted from Glenn E. Curtis (ed.), Russia: A Country Study, Department of the Army, 1998. . While the Narodnik movement was gaining momentum, the government quickly moved to extirpate it.
|
|
Although seemingly unnoticed by Storr and those he influenced, Moran later on in his book retracts his earlier suggestion, also derived from Bracken, that, towards the end of the Second World War, Churchill was succumbing to "the inborn melancholia of the Churchill blood". Also unnoticed by Storr and others is Moran's statement in his final chapter that Churchill had managed before the start of the First World War "to extirpate bouts of depression from his system".
|
|
St Bernard's eloquence and reported miracles made many converts, and Toulouse and Albi were quickly restored to Roman orthodoxy. After inviting Henry to a disputation, which he refused to attend, St Bernard returned to Clairvaux. Soon afterwards Henry of Lausanne was arrested, brought before the bishop of Toulouse, and probably imprisoned for life. In a letter written at the end of 1146, St Bernard calls upon the people of Toulouse to extirpate the last remnants of the heresy.
|
|
Henry of Lausanne's followers became known as Henricians. Both the Henrician and the Petrobrusian sects began to die out in 1145, the year St Bernard of Clairvaux began preaching for a return to Roman orthodoxy in southern France. In a letter to the people of Toulouse, written at the end of 1146, Bernard calls upon them to extirpate the last remnants of the heresy. As late as 1151, however, some Henricians still remained active in Languedoc.
|
|
Mair 2012:43) Since the geyi method originated for exegesis of numbered lists and not translation, Sengyou's criticism of geyi implies that he only vaguely understood it. Tang Dynasty (618-907) Buddhist texts made some repetitive criticisms of geyi. Daoxuan (596-667) mentioned geyi twice in contexts about textual obfuscation, and once (tr. Mair 2012:45) stating that Dao'an "strove to extirpate the geyi of the past and to open up spiritual principles (shenli 神理) for the future".
|
|
Leonard W. Labaree. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1962, pp. 84–107.] discussions, and wrote in his autobiography: > [They] are extremely apt to get drunk, and when so are very quarrelsome & > disorderly...indeed if it be the Design of Providence to extirpate these > Savages in order to make room for Cultivators of the Earth, it seems not > improbable that Rum may be the appointed Means. It has already annihilated > all the Tribes who formerly inhabited the Sea-coast.
|
|
In 1986 they recorded a demo, Extirpate, at Rich Bitch studios in Birmingham, and sold a few copies to friends and other musicians in Birmingham. The band also played several gigs at The Mermaid public house in Birmingham with the likes of Napalm Death, Heresy, Amebix. In 1987 Broadrick left Fall of Because to join Head of David. When Broadrick was sacked from Head of David in 1988, he and Green, who were sharing a flat together at the time, formed Godflesh.
|
|
At length, however, the VOC, which was a Dutch creation to control the commerce of the East Indies, succeeded in pacifying Ternate and Tidore. In its heyday, the VOC pursued an orderly, neat and controlling strategy, helped by a strong and flexible organization. Both Ternate and Tidore agreed to extirpate all clove trees in their realms in the 1650s, ensuring Dutch monopoly on clove cultivation. Because of the colonial policy, Maluku became an economic backwater after the mid-17th century.
|
|
Mahmud of Ghazni, Sultan of the Ghaznavid empire, invaded the Indian subcontinent during the early 11th century. His campaigns across the Gangetic plains are often cited for their iconoclast plundering and destruction of temples. Mahmud's court historian Al-Utbi viewed Mahmud's expeditions as a jihad to propagate Islam and extirpate idolatry. Mahmud may not have personally hated Hindus, but he was after the loot and welcomed the honours and accolades in the Islamic world obtained by desecrating Hindu temples and idols.
|
|
Only fifteen at the time, Broadrick said he "usurped" their band. Fall of Because recorded a demo titled Extirpate in 1986, which contained several tracks that would become Godflesh's songs. Due to these recordings not being widely available until 1999, they were retrospectively recognised as "eerily" ahead of their time by Exclaim!. Later in 1986, Broadrick was invited to play drums for Head of David, leading to his departure from Napalm Death and soon after from Fall of Because in 1987.
|
|
Sultan Mandar Syah (b. c. 1625-d. 3 January 1675) was the 11th Sultan of Ternate who reigned from 1648 to 1675. Like his predecessors he was heavily dependent on the Dutch East India Company (VOC), and was forced to comply to Dutch demands to extirpate spice trees in his domains, ensuring Dutch monopoly of the profitable spice trade. On the other hand, the Ternate-VOC alliance led to a large increase of Ternatan territory in the war with Makassar in 1667.
|
|
Perhaps, as the son of Oswald, he sought to obtain the Bernician kingship for himself. According to the Historia Brittonum, Penda besieged Oswiu at Iudeu; this site has been identified with Stirling, in the north of Oswiu's kingdom.Kirby, page 80.4 Oswiu tried to buy peace: in the Historia Brittonum, it is said that Oswiu offered treasure, which Penda distributed among his British allies. Bede states that the offer was simply rejected by Penda, who "resolved to extirpate all of [Oswiu's] nation, from the highest to the lowest".
|
|
Henry, Archbishop of Dublin, was also requested in August 1214 to hand over the castles of Dorles, Rashue, Loshe, Armolen and Kakaulis which belonged to Theobald Walter in Ireland. Renaud received a royal instruction dated 20 November ordering him to "extirpate" heretics—Cathars—whose heresy was spreading. In 1216, John's successor, Henry III, sent a letter to Renaud demanding he renew the oath of fealty he had taken before John. In it he addressed Renaud as lord of Pérignac and seneschal of Gascony and Poitou.
|
|
Records show clashes between Temple managers and the king's men but in none of these are the Pillamar mentioned. Another contradiction lies in the statement that since the 16th century the kings were mere puppets of the Yogam and Pillamar. During this period the Venad kings won victories over the mighty Vijayanagar Empire and the Thirumala Nayaks, which, it is asserted, could not have been possible under a puppet king. A major disagreement is registered regarding the aim of the Pillamar to extirpate the royal family.
|
|
In 1984 Broadrick joined the group Fall of Because [founded by G. Christian Green and Paul Neville in 1982 initially named O.P.D. (Officially Pronounced Dead)] as a drummer and additional vocalist. The group recorded the Extirpate demo cassette in 1986, which contained a number of songs which were later re-worked as songs for Godflesh (including "Life Is Easy", "Mighty Trust Krusher" and "Merciless"). The group disbanded in 1988. The Life Is Easy compilation album of demo and live recordings was released in 1999.
|
|
After Communion, María had a vision of Christ enthroned and holding a double-edged sword in his mouth. She was told that the sword represents his anger at the clergy, and she was ordered to reveal this to the bishops already indicated to her. Specifically, she was to tell the archbishop of Toledo to eradicate the five sins by which immoral clergymen were daily crucifying God. More so, the archbishop should extirpate the heresies that flourished in Toledo and forbid the saying of Mass in private homes.
|
|
Native fish hatcheries can also have good outcomes for the Southern California Steelhead. By collecting adults and rearing the young in hatcheries, it is possible to safeguard the species from extinction. Anthropogenic degradation and natural events in the Steelheads range can pose serious problems this species. Wildfires that Southern California experiences on a regular basis can completely destroy what little habitat they have left, and can completely extirpate populations from streams, either by the fire itself or mudslides that occur due to burnt areas along streams.
|
|
Before performing as Godflesh, G. C. Green (bass) and Paul Neville (guitar) played together in a band known as Fall of Because. That group, formed in 1982, were less overtly heavy than what they would become as Godflesh, drawing musical and aesthetic influence from bands like the Cure. Future frontman Justin Broadrick (guitar, vocals and programming) joined Fall of Because in 1984 and introduced Green and Neville to Swans, Sonic Youth and Discharge. Inspired by the dissonance of this music, the group recorded a demo called Extirpate (1986).
|
|
The book describes the Judenjagd (German for "Jew hunt") that began in 1942 and focuses on Dąbrowa, a former rural county in southeastern Poland (till 1939; later part of a German-administered Kreishauptmannschaft Tarnów).Poland’s dark hunt, Macleans, 7 Oct 2013Holocaust writer Grabowski faces Polish fury, Jewish Chronicle, 18 Oct. 2013. Grabowski describes an entire system set up by the Germans to extirpate Jews: According to Grabowski, Poles were responsible, directly or indirectly, for the deaths of more than 200,000 Jews during the Holocaust.Jan Grabowski, Hunt for the Jews, 2013, pp. 3, 172.
|
|
David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America, New York: Oxford University Press, 1989, pp. 608–11. During the Irish Rebellion of 1641, the native Irish gentry attempted to extirpate the English and Scottish settlers in revenge for being driven off their ancestral land, resulting in severe violence, massacres and ultimately leading to the deaths of between four and six thousand settlers over the winter of 1641–42.Patrick Macrory, The Siege of Derry, Oxford University Press, 1980, pp. 97–98. Native Irish civilians were massacred in return.
|
|
Some species of molluscs, particularly certain snails and slugs, can be serious crop pests, and when introduced into new environments, can unbalance local ecosystems. One such pest, the giant African snail Achatina fulica, has been introduced to many parts of Asia, as well as to many islands in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean. In the 1990s, this species reached the West Indies. Attempts to control it by introducing the predatory snail Euglandina rosea proved disastrous, as the predator ignored Achatina fulica and went on to extirpate several native snail species, instead.
|
|
A month later in July Colonet Bouquet discussed Pontiac's War in detail with General Amherst via letters, and in postscripts of three letters in more freeform style Amherst also briefly broached the subject of using of smallpox as a weapon. Bouquet brought up blankets as a means without going into specifics, and Amherst supported the idea "to Extirpate this Execreble Race". Bouquet himself probably never had the opportunity to "Send the Small Pox." He was very concerned about smallpox, having never had it. When Bouquet wrote to Ecuyer, he didn’t mention the disease.
|
|
It was founded in 1128 in honour of the Blessed Virgin Mary, by Giselbert of Kasterlee, who not only gave the land, but also himself became a lay brother in the new community. The first monks were sent from St. Michael's Abbey, Antwerp, under Henry, who had come with Saint Norbert, founder of the Premonstratensian Order, to Antwerp to extirpate the Tanchelmite heresies. The charter of its foundation was signed, amongst others, by Bernard of Clairvaux and by Waltman, first abbot of Antwerp. The Bishop of Cambrai granted synodal rights to the abbots.
|
|
Lord Amherst is also known for initiating the practice of giving smallpox blankets to Native Americans in an effort "to Extirpate this Execrable Race" (as quoted from his letter to Colonel Henry Bouquet on July 16, 1763). In 1770, Amherst became the county seat of Hillsborough County, due largely to its location on the county's major east-west road. It continued to prosper through the Revolutionary War and afterwards. In 1790, the southwestern section broke off and became the town of Milford, and in 1803, the northwest section departed to become Mont Vernon.
|
|
Pletka has been described as a prominent neoconservative by Eli Lake, although Howard J. Wiarda described her as not a neoconservative. In a 2008 commentary, Jacob Heilbrunn said that, "Pletka has been closely identified with neocon positions on Iraq and Iran. But now there is tremendous hostility toward her among neocons, who allege that, as a former staffer for Jesse Helms, who embodied more traditional Republican foreign- policy precepts, she is out to extirpate neocon influence at AEI."Jacob Heilbrunn, Flight of the Neocons, National Interest (December 19, 2008).
|
|
"The Conspiracy of Pontiac and the Indian War after the Conquest of Canada, Francis Parkman, 1886 - Vol. II, p. 39 (6th edition) Bouquet agreed, replying to Amherst on 13 July: "I will try to inoculate the Indians by means of blankets that may fall in their hands, taking care however not to get the disease myself." Amherst responded on 16 July: "You will do well to try to inoculate the Indians by means of blankets, as well as to try every other method that can serve to extirpate this execrable race.
|
|
Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century. N.p., University of Chicago Press, 2015. The Fourth Lateran council reduced those penalties, and though Gregory IX (1145–1241) ordered the Dominicans to extirpate homosexuality from the territory that later became the nation of Germany, a century earlier, the kingdom of Jerusalem had spread a legal code ordaining death for 'sodomites.' From the 1250s onwards, a series of similar legal codes in the nation-states of Spain, France, Italy and Germany followed this example.
|
|
In the meanwhile, the VOC policy of forcing the Ternatan elite to extirpate clove trees in the realm to ensure VOC monopoly, met with growing resentment. The ties between the center of the kingdom and its outlying dependencies became strained, which at length affected relations between the Sultan and the VOC. Sibori Amsterdam fell out with the VOC governor Robertus Padtbrugge, not least because of the latter's promotion of Christian missionaries in the staunchly Islamic kingdom. The Sultan reportedly circulated a letter in the Ambon Quarter enjoining the chiefs to massacre the Dutch.
|
|
While his predecessor, Aldgisl, had welcomed Christianity into his realm, Redbad attempted to extirpate the religion and free the Frisians from subjugation to the Merovingian kingdom of the Franks. In 689, however, Redbad was defeated by Pepin of Herstal in the battle of Dorestad and compelled to cede Frisia Citerior (Nearer Frisia, from the Scheldt to the Vlie) to the Franks. Between 690 and 692, Utrecht fell into the hands of Pepin. This gave the Franks control of important trade routes on the Rhine to the North Sea.
|
|
Instead, he suggested that Oryzomys antillarum may have been affected by the massive environmental changes that occurred on the island after the British takeover in 1655. In that period, the bulk of the island came to be used for cultivation, so that the native habitat of Oryzomys was destroyed. Thus, Oryzomys was reduced to competition with introduced rats in man-made habitats, to which the latter are well adapted. Perhaps, Ray wrote, the black rat may not have been able to extirpate Oryzomys, but the brown rat, a later and more assertive invader, brought it to extinction.
|
|
Sultan Saifuddin, also known as Golofino (died 2 October 1687) was the eleventh Sultan of Tidore in Maluku islands. Reigning from 1657 to 1687, he left Tidore's old alliance with the Spanish Empire and made treaties with the Dutch East India Company (VOC), which now became hegemonic in Maluku for the next century. Tidore was forced to extirpate the clove trees in its territory and thus ceased to be a spice Sultanate. In spite of this, Saifuddin and his successors were able to preserve a degree of independence due to the trade in products from the Papuan Islands and New Guinea.
|
|
The Dutch tried to impose a monopoly on the spice trade after 1652 by forcing dependent territories to extirpate clove trees outside the Ambon Quarter. Since Tidore produced large amounts of cloves and was formally a vassal under the King of Spain the monopoly was still imperfect, and a VOC-Tidore war in 1653-1654 was inconclusive. In January 1657, however, Sultan Saidi passed away and his son Kaicili Weda prepared to succeed him. Now the Governor of Ternate, Simon Cos, and the Ternatan Sultan Mandar Syah brought forward Golofino as candidate, assisting his party with munitions and soldiers.
|
|
Note: In the following, the italic text is the quote from the actual document and the regular text is the paraphrase. Whereas the late King James the Second, by the assistance of [many] evil counsellors, judges and ministers employed by him, did endeavour to subvert and extirpate the Protestant religion and the laws and liberties of this kingdom... # By dispensing and suspending laws without the consent of Parliament. By assuming and exercising a power of dispensing with and suspending of laws and the execution of laws without consent of Parliament. # By prosecuting people for protesting the King's reign.
|
|
The king eventually arranged for his loyal vassals to extirpate and root out the chief of Clan Macneil, whose own nephews captured him and placed him in chains. During the Scottish Civil War of the 17th century the chief of Clan Macneil, Neil Og, was appointed as Colonel of the Horse by Charles II of England and fought at the Battle of Worcester in 1651. His grandson was Roderick Dhu the Black who received a Crown charter for all of the lands of Barra to be erected into a free barony. Roderick also led his clan at the Battle of Killiecrankie in 1689.
|
|
The Court approved the decision in Bernhardt for having chosen "to extirpate the mutuality requirement and put it to the torch." Instead, it considered it appropriate that "a party who has had one fair and full opportunity to prove a claim and has failed in that effort, should not be permitted to go to trial on the merits of that claim a second time. Both orderliness and reasonable time saving in judicial administration require that this be so unless some overriding consideration of fairness to a litigant dictates a different result in the circumstances of a particular case."402 U.S. at 324-25.
|
|
The index provides valuable insight into the religious culture of the pagan Saxons (from the Christian point of view) and into the daily practices of Christian missionaries working in that area. Since it is more or less contemporary with the activities of Saint Boniface in modern-day Germany, he has been called a "guiding influence" on its compilation.Filotas 173. According to Alain Dierkens, the Indiculus, which he thinks derives from the "entourage" of Boniface, evidences the ongoing practice of pre-Christian practices, including divination, the use of amulets, magic, and witchcraft, and suggests that the church allowed or transformed certain practices which it had been unable to extirpate.
|
|
The frustration was so great, he wrote to Colonel Henry Bouquet and instructed him not to take any Indian prisoners. He proposed that they should be intentionally exposed to smallpox, hunted down with dogs, and "Every other method that can serve to Extirpate this Execrable Race." Amherst had directed Bouquet to take his troops to relieve Fort Pitt, a march that would take several weeks. At Fort Pitt, the siege didn't let up until August 1, 1763, when most of the Indians broke off their attack in order to intercept the body of almost 500 British troops marching to the fort under Colonel Bouquet.
|
|
At the International Military Tribunal, Der Stürmer publisher Julius Streicher was convicted of crimes against humanity based on his "incitement to murder and extermination" of Jews. The judgment against him cited a January 1943 article he wrote praising Hitler for fulfilling his prophecy to extirpate the Jews. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda has ruled that predicting genocide can, under certain circumstances, be considered incitement to genocide. Historian Paul R. Bartrop compared Hitler's prophecy to the predictions by convicted génocidaire Théoneste Bagosora before the Rwandan genocide that if the Rwandan Patriotic Front continued its war or if the Arusha Accords were enforced, it would lead to the extermination of all Tutsis.
|
|
The bodies of the two martyrs were placed in the church of St. Mark the Evangelist in Alexandria. At the time of St. Cyril, Patriarch of Alexandria (412-444), there existed at Menuthis (Menouthes or Menouthis) near Canopus and present-day Abu Qir, a pagan temple reputed for its oracles and cures which attracted even some simple Christians of the vicinity. St. Cyril thought to extirpate this idolatrous cult by establishing in that town the cultus of Saints Cyrus and John. For this purpose he moved their relics (28 June, 414) and placed them in the church built by his predecessor, Theophilus, in honour of the Four Evangelists.
|
|
Since 1444, Si Jifa had repeatedly sent tribute to Ming asking for a pardon, but to no avail. In March 1449, a combined army of 150,000 soldiers was amassed, and the fourth and final campaign to extirpate the Mong Mao threat was launched under the supervision of Wang Ji. The army quickly marched on Mong Yang, which harbored Si Jifa, and captured their strongholds. However Si Jifa managed to escape yet again, and the campaign ended inconclusively with the ruling Shan elite allowed to remain in Mong Yang so long as they never returned to Mong Mao. Sources disagree as to how Si Jifa met his end.
|
|
Chilean soldiers burning books in 1973 Book burnings in Chile were done by the military junta led by dictator General Augusto Pinochet following 1973 Chilean coup d'état. The military dictatorship burned the books they considered subversive,"The books have been burning", CBC News, June 22, 2011 including leftist literature as well as other books that did not fit the junta's ideology, being part of a campaign to "extirpate the Marxist cancer."Bosmajian, p.141 Following the coup, the military began raids to find potential opponents of the regimes, who were then held and some of them executed at the Estadio Nacional and other places.
|
|
Umayamma Rani The Ettuveetil Pillaimar, aided by the Ettara Yogam, became the supreme power in Travancore to such an extent that the sovereign needed their permission even to construct a palace for himself at his capital. With so much power in their hands they wished to do away with the Royal House. The earlier chroniclers of Travancore history state that their chief intention was to extirpate the Royal House and convert the state into a pseudo-republic under their control, and eventually under a monarchy under one of themselves. With this in mind they plotted and assassinated Maharajah Aditya Varma by poisoning him and set the Palace on fire.
|
|
Frisian sceattas c.710–735 Great fibula of Wijnaldum from the 7th century, found in 1953 In 680, Aldgisl died and was succeeded by his son Radbod, king of the Frisians. While Aldgisl, had welcomed Christianity into his realm, Radbod attempted to extirpate the religion and free the Frisians from subjugation to the Merovingian kingdom of the Franks. In 689, however, Radbod was defeated by Pepin of Herstal in the battle of Dorestad and compelled to cede Frisia Citerior (Nearer Frisia, from the Scheldt to the Vlie) to the Franks. The battle of Dorestad took place around 690 by the capital city of the Frisians close to the Rhine.
|
|
The Treaty of Ghent technically required the United States to cease hostilities and "forthwith to restore to such Tribes or Nations respectively all possessions, rights and privileges which they may have enjoyed, or been entitled to in 1811". However, the United States ignored this article of the treaty and proceeded to expand into this territory regardless. Meanwhile, Britain was unwilling to provoke further war to enforce it. A shocked Henry Goulburn, one of the British negotiators at Ghent, remarked: "Till I came here, I had no idea of the fixed determination which there is in the heart of every American to extirpate the Indians and appropriate their territory".
|
|
The decree effectively sought to impose the Church's control over the process of marriage by laying down as strict conditions as possible for what constituted a marriage.Diarmuid MacCulloch, Reformation: Europe's House Divided 1490–1700, London, 2008, p540 John P. Beal says the Council, "stung by the Protestant reformers' castigation of the Catholic Church's failure to extirpate clandestine marriages", issued the decree "to safeguard against invalid marriages and abuses in clandestine marriages",Mark G. McGowan, Waning of the Green (McGill-Queen's University Press 1999 ), p. 105 which had become "the scourge of Europe".Todd A. Salzmann, Michael G. Lawler, Sexual Ethics (Georgetown University Press 2012 ), p.
|
|
He was born to an aristocratic family in Spoleto; he then studied law in Macerata After practicing law in Rome for a few years, he became a writer and founder in the Accademia degli Arcadi (Academy of the Arcadians), aiming to extirpate the ruling taste and oddities introduced into the poetic language.estirpare il cattivo gusto e le bizzarrie che si erano introdotti nella lingua poetica For the academy, he took the name of Uranius Tegeaeus.Le vite degli Arcadi illustri scritte da diversi autori, Volume 4, by Giovanni Mario Crescimbeni, Publisher Antonio di Rossi, Rome (1727); pages 26-35. Some of his elegies were included in Arcadum Carmina, Rome, 1757.
|
|
While Willis repudiated this use of his work, he even more strongly criticised well-intending, liberal policies that sought to extirpate counter-school cultures: > Besides, even in the worst case of interpretation and action taken on the > book-the "oiling" paradigm-a cynical recognition of actual cultures is > preferable to their attempted destruction as "pathological" cases, or their > chimerical projection into shocking Satanic forms visited upon us from > nowhere. "Solutions" based on such myths are likely to be cruel because > their recipients were never seen as real people.Learning to Labour: How > Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs. p. 215 Willis further advanced concepts of profane, working-class youth culture and symbolic labour in his 1990 book Common Culture.
|
|
Popular belief has it that he supported the American side in the Revolutionary War and resigned his commission rather than fight for the British. Baron Amherst actually remained in the service of the Crown during the war—albeit in Great Britain rather than North America—where he organized the defense against the proposed Franco-Spanish Armada of 1779. Nonetheless, his previous service in the French and Indian War meant he remained popular in New England. Amherst is also infamous for recommending, in a letter to a subordinate, the use of smallpox-covered blankets in warfare against the Native Americans along with any "other method that can serve to Extirpate this Execrable Race".
|
|
Phenyltropanes (PTs) are a family of chemical compounds originally derived from structural modification of cocaine. The main feature differentiating phenyltropanes from cocaine is that they lack the ester functionality at the 3-position terminating in the benzene; and thusly the phenyl is attached direct to the tropane skeleton with no further spacer (therefore the name "phenyl"-tropane) that the cocaine benzoyloxy provided. The original purpose of which was to extirpate the cardiotoxicity inherent in the local anesthetic "numbing" capability of cocaine (since the methylated benzoate ester is essential to cocaine's blockage of sodium channels which cause topical anesthesia) while retaining stimulant function. These compounds present many different avenues of research into therapeutic applications, particularly in addiction treatment.
|
|
Some were pure scholarship, some were collections from classical authors, and others were of general interest. One of this latter class was a treatise on politics (Politicorum Libri Sex, 1589), in which he showed that, though a public teacher in a country which professed toleration, he had not departed from the state maxims of Alva and Philip II. He wrote that a government should recognize only one religion, and extirpate dissent by fire and sword. This avowal exposed him to attacks, but the prudent authorities of Leiden saved him, by prevailing upon him to publish a declaration that his expression Ure, seca ("Burn and carve") was a metaphor for a vigorous treatment.
|
|
His resolve to do away with prostitution was affirmed in a letter of 1269 to the regents, as he set out on the Eighth Crusade, in which he refers to the need to extirpate the evil, root and branch. The punishment for infraction was an 8 sous fine and risking imprisonment in the Châtelet (see below). He designated nine streets in which prostitution would be allowed in Paris, three of them being in the sarcastically named Beaubourg quartier (Beautiful Neighbourhood) (Rue de la Huchette, Rue Froimon, Rue du Renard-Saint-Merri, Rue Taille pain, Rue Brisemiches, Rue Champ-Fleury, Rue Trace-putain, Rue Gratte-cul, and the Rue Tire-Putain) (see below)Jacques Rossiaud. Medieval Prostitution; trans.
|
|
Proponents of the doux commerce theory argued that the spread of trade and commerce will decrease violence, including open warfare. Montesquieu wrote, for example, that "wherever the ways of man are gentle, there is commerce; and wherever there is commerce, there the ways of men are gentle" and "The natural effect of commerce is to lead to peace". Thomas Paine argued that "If commerce were permitted to act to the universal extent it is capable, it would extirpate the system of war". Engaging in trade has been described as "civilizing" people, which has been related to virtues such as being "reasonable and prudent; less given to political and, especially, religious enthusiasm; more reliable, honest, thrifty, and industrious".
|
|
Again and again they rose against the Kalhoras, till in 1726 Miyan Nur Muhammad fixed his residence at Shikarpur and sent his army to extirpate them finally. The army pressed them hard in the Dabli Fort, but through the intercession of some Syeds they abandoned the expedition. The result of all this was that the land of Nahars, that had lately fallen into the hands of the Daudpotas, came back into the owner's possession, and the Daudpotas were scattered in confusion over certain parganahs of Multan, e.g. Pahli, the territory of Imam ud-Din Joyah and Farid Khan Lakhwirah, Nain, Bahawalpur, the territory of Hanas Sammah, Patan of Baba Farid and the country near the settlements of the Afghans possibly northern Baluchistan.
|
|
His reputation in the minds of Irish nationalist historians is that he executed martial law in his province with the greatest severity, hanging large numbers of rebels, often without much proof of guilt. In 1843 Daniel O'Connell quoted him as saying about the harsh policy adopted by the government in Dublin: "The undue promulgation of that severe determination to extirpate the Irish and papacy out of the kingdom, your Lordship rightly apprehends to be too unseasonably published" in a such sense that he approved of the policy of extirpation. O'Connell went on "This St. Leger was himself one of the chief extirpators". The quotation can also be read in another sense, in that St Leger's use of the words "undue", "severe" and "too unseasonably" point to his disapproval of such a policy.
|
|
In terrestrial ecosystems, rodent outbreaks were observed in northern Chile and along the Peruvian coastal desert following the 1972-73 El Niño event. While some nocturnal primates (western tarsiers Tarsius bancanus and slow loris Nycticebus coucang) and the Malayan sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) were locally extirpate or suffered drastic reduction in numbers within these burned forests. Lepidoptera outbreaks were documented in Panamá and Costa Rica. During the 1982–83, 1997–98 and 2015–16 ENSO events, large extensions of tropical forests experienced a prolonged dry period that resulted in widespread fires, and drastic changes in forest structure and tree species composition in Amazonian and Bornean forests. But Their impacts do not restrict only vegetation, since declines in insect populations were observed after extreme drought and terrible fires during El Niño 2015-16.
|
|
This was further fueled by the religious intolerance of Archbishop Ribera who quoted the Old Testament texts ordering the enemies of God to be slain without mercy and setting forth the duties of kings to extirpate them. The edict required: 'The Moriscos to depart, under the pain of death and confiscation, without trial or sentence... to take with them no money, bullion, jewels or bills of exchange.... just what they could carry.' Although initial estimates of the number expelled such as those of Henri Lapeyre reach 300,000 Moriscos (or 4% of the total Spanish population), the extent and severity of the expulsion in much of Spain has been increasingly challenged by modern historians such as Trevor J. Dadson.Trevor J. Dadson: The Assimilation of Spain's Moriscos: Fiction or Reality?.
|
|
Catharism had its roots in the Paulician movement in Armenia and eastern Byzantine Anatolia and the Bogomils of the First Bulgarian Empire. Consequently, the Church began to enjoin secular rulers to extirpate heresy (lest the ruler's Catholic subjects are absolved from their allegiance), and in order to coerce heretics or witnesses "into confessing their errors and accusing others," decided to sanction the use of methods of torture, already utilized by secular governments in other criminal procedures due to the recovery of Roman Law, in the medieval inquisitions. However, Pope Innocent IV, in the Bull Ad extirpanda (15 May 1252), stipulated that the inquisitors were to "stop short of danger to life or limb".Ad extirpanda, quoted at The Roman Theological Forum The modern Church's views regarding torture have changed drastically, largely reverting to the earlier stance.
|
|
1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, Knopf, 2005 There are a number of documented cases where diseases were deliberately spread among Native Americans as a form of biological warfare. The most well-known example occurred in 1763, when Sir Jeffery Amherst, Commander-in-Chief of the Forces of the British Army, wrote praising the use of smallpox-infected blankets to "extirpate" the Indian race. Blankets infected with smallpox were given to Native Americans besieging Fort Pitt. The effectiveness of the attempt is unclear.Crawford, Native Americans of the Pontiac's War, 245–250 In 1634, Fr. Andrew White of the Society of Jesus established a mission in what is now the state of Maryland, and the purpose of the mission, stated through an interpreter to the chief of an Indian tribe there, was "to extend civilization and instruction to his ignorant race, and show them the way to heaven".
|
|
Nobleman in hunting costume with his servant following the scent of a stag, 14th century Even as agriculture and animal husbandry became more prevalent, hunting often remained as a part of human culture where the environment and social conditions allowed. Hunter- gatherer societies persisted, even when increasingly confined to marginal areas. And within agricultural systems, hunting served to kill animals that prey upon domestic and wild animals or to attempt to extirpate animals seen by humans as competition for resources such as water or forage. When hunting moved from a subsistence activity to a social one, two trends emerged: # the development of the role of the specialist hunter, with special training and equipment # the co-option of hunting as a "sport" for those of an upper social class The meaning of the word game in Middle English evolved to include an animal which is hunted.
|
|
The ministers' belief, and that of their partisans, no doubt influenced by political hostility toward James, was that the king had invented the story of a conspiracy by Gowrie to cover his own design to extirpate the Ruthven family. James gave some colour to this belief, which has not been entirely abandoned, by the relentless severity with which he pursued the two younger, and unquestionably innocent, brothers of the earl. A more tangible motive for mutual discontent is to be found in the fact that the king was Gowrie's debtor to the extent of no less than £80,000 representing a sum of £48,063 due to his father while treasurer, with the interest at 10% per annum for the succeeding years.. James was chronically indebted; his two largest existing loans were for £75,000 and £160,000. With this sum the old Earl of Gowrie, when treasurer, was forced to burden himself in order to meet the current expenses of the government.
|
|
The English industrial metal band Godflesh have released eight studio albums and six extended plays along with a number of singles, compilations and remix and live albums. The group formed in 1982 under the name Fall of Because, but they did not release any music (outside of a 1986 demo tape titled Extirpate) until 1988 when Justin Broadrick and G. C. Green changed the project's name to Godflesh and recorded a self-titled debut EP. That EP, released through the independent label Swordfish, was met with underground success and has since been recognised as one of the first industrial metal releases, if not the first. Though the self-titled EP acted as Godflesh's introduction to innovation and experimentation, their next release and first through Earache Records, 1989's Streetcleaner, garnered even more recognition for its musical importance. After the success of Streetcleaner, Godflesh recorded Pure in 1992, which has drawn retrospective recognition as a significant release in the post-metal genre.
|
|
The Lebanese-American scholar George Nasser remarked on this aspect of Wells' book: "In the 1979 imagined by HG Wells, a self- appointed ruling elite composed mainly of Westerners, with one Chinese and one Black African and not a single Arab member, would establish itself in the Arab and Muslim city of Basra and calmly take the decision to completely extinguish and extirpate the Muslim religion.... In the 1979 of real history, Khomeini's Islamic Republic of Iran came into being". Wells' speculations, which may well seem absurd from a more modern point of view, can be much better understood under the impression of the establishment and modernization of the Turkish State under Atatürk in the 1920s and 1930s. There is only a brief reference to the abolition of Buddhism and no reference to any serious problem encountered by the Modern State in eradicating it from East Asia. The most prolonged and formidable religious opposition envisaged by Wells is from the Catholic Church.
|
|
In the midst of the economic decline — following drought and the end of slavery — in the province of Bahia in Northeastern Brazil, the poor of the backlands are attracted by the charismatic figure and simple religious teachings of Antonio Conselheiro, called "The Counselor", who preaches that the end of the world is imminent and that the political chaos that surrounds the collapse of the Empire of Brazil and its replacement by a republic is the work of the devil. Seizing a fazenda in an area blighted by economic decline at Canudos the Counselor's followers build a large town and repeatedly defeat growing military expeditions designed to remove them. As the state's violence against them increases, they too turn increasingly violent, even seizing the modern weapons deployed against them. In an epic final clash, a whole army is sent to extirpate Canudos and instigates a terrible and brutal battle with the poor while politicians of the old order see their world destroyed in the conflagration.
|
|
Mill demonstrated an early insight into the value of the natural world—in particular in Book IV, chapter VI of Principles of Political Economy: "Of the Stationary State" in which Mill recognised wealth beyond the material, and argued that the logical conclusion of unlimited growth was destruction of the environment and a reduced quality of life. He concludes that a stationary state could be preferable to unending economic growth: > I cannot, therefore, regard the stationary states of capital and wealth with > the unaffected aversion so generally manifested towards it by political > economists of the old school. > If the earth must lose that great portion of its pleasantness which it owes > to things that the unlimited increase of wealth and population would > extirpate from it, for the mere purpose of enabling it to support a larger, > but not a better or a happier population, I sincerely hope, for the sake of > posterity, that they will be content to be stationary, long before necessity > compel them to it.
|
|
Cites: letter 407 and between these dates he made many appeals to Ormonde not to desert the Protestants for an Irish alliance, exposing the "apparent practice of the Irish papists to extirpate the Protestant religion, which I am able to demonstrate and convince them of, if it were to any purpose to accuse them of anything".Bagwell, p. 322. Cites: Clarendon State Papers, ii. 168, 170, 173 In June 1644 Inchiquin was going to leave for England, but Ormonde advised him to wait until he had cleared himself from Muskerry's charges about the 'Cappoquin business'.Bagwell, p. 322. Cites: Clarendon Cal. i. 250. During the next few weeks he edged away both from the Confederate Catholics and from Ormonde, and on 25 August 1644 he informed the latter that a parliamentary ship had reached Youghal, that the town had embraced that cause, and that he should have to do the same; and he entreated him to put himself at the head of the Protestant interest.Bagwell, p. 322. Cites: Clarendon Cal. i. 250.; Youghal Council-Book, p. 247.
|
|
The work was dedicated to Queen Mary of Scotland, and, in keeping with his poem commemorating the author of the massacre of St. Bartholomew, was intended to demonstrate the necessity laid upon rulers to extirpate heresy as a phase of rebellion against a divinely constituted authority. The work was so highly esteemed by James Beaton, archbishop of Glasgow, that he recommended Queen Mary to bestow on him the office of counsellor or judge of the parliament of Poitiers, the province of Poitou having by letters patent from Henry III been assigned to her in payment of a dowry. Some misunderstanding regarding the nature of this office seems to have given rise to the statement of Mackenzie and others that Blackwood was professor of civil law at Poitiers. At Poitiers he collected an extensive library, and, encouraged by the success of his previous work, he set himself to the hard and ambitious task of grappling with George Buchanan, whose views he denounced with great bitterness and severity in Apologia pro Regibus, adversus Georgii Buchanani Dialogum de Jure Regni apud Scotos, Pictavis, (1581) and Parisiis, (1588).
|
|
Tonsil guillotine. Tonsillectomies have been practiced for over 2,000 years, with varying popularity over the centuries. The earliest mention of the procedure is in "Hindu medicine" from about 1000 BCE. Roughly a millennium later, the Roman aristocrat Aulus Cornelius Celsus (25 BCE – 50 CE) described a procedure whereby using the finger (or a blunt hook if necessary), the tonsil was separated from the neighboring tissue before being cut out. Galen (121–200 CE) was the first to advocate the use of the surgical instrument known as the snare, a practice that was to become common until Aetius (490 CE) recommended partial removal of the tonsil, writing "Those who extirpate the entire tonsil remove, at the same time, structures that are perfectly healthy, and, in this way, give rise to serious Hæmorrhage". In the 7th century Paulus Aegineta (625–690) described a detailed procedure for tonsillectomy, including dealing with the inevitable post-operative bleeding. 1,200 years pass before the procedure is described again with such precision and detail. The Middle Ages saw tonsillectomy fall into disfavor; Ambroise Pare (1509) wrote it to be "a bad operation" and suggested a procedure that involved gradual strangulation with a ligature.
|
|
Jefferson initially promoted an American policy that encouraged Native Americans to become assimilated, or "civilized". As president, Jefferson made sustained efforts to win the friendship and cooperation of many Native American tribes, repeatedly articulating his desire for a united nation of both whites and Indians, as in a letter to the Seneca spiritual leader, Handsome Lake, dated November 3, 1802: When a delegation from the Upper Towns of the Cherokee Nation lobbied Jefferson for the full and equal citizenship George Washington had promised to Indians living in American territory, his response indicated that he was willing to accommodate citizenship for those Indian nations that sought it. In his Eighth Annual Message to Congress on November 8, 1808, he presented to the nation a vision of white and Indian unity: As some of Jefferson's other writings illustrate, however, he was ambivalent about Indian assimilation, even going so far as to use the words "exterminate" and "extirpate" regarding tribes that resisted American expansion and were willing to fight to defend their lands. Jefferson's intention was to change Indian lifestyles from hunting and gathering to farming, largely through "the decrease of game rendering their subsistence by hunting insufficient".
|
|
The policy offered too little—decennial tribute missions comprising only two ships—as a reward for good behavior and enticement for Japanese authorities to root out their smugglers and pirates. The Hongwu Emperor's message to the Japanese that his army would "capture and exterminate your bandits, head straight for your country, and put your king in bonds" received the Ashikaga shogun's reply that "your great empire may be able to invade Japan but our small state is not short of a strategy to defend ourselves".. Although the sea ban left the Ming army free to extirpate the remaining Yuan loyalists and secure China's borders, it tied up local resources. 74 coastal garrisons were established from Guangzhou in Guangdong to Shandong; under the Yongle Emperor, these outposts were notionally manned by 110,000 subjects.. The loss of income from taxes on trade contributed to chronic funding difficulties throughout the Ming, particularly for Zhejiang and Fujian provinces. By impoverishing and provoking both coastal Chinese and Japanese against the regime, it increased the problem it was purporting to solve.. The initial wave of Japanese pirates had been independently dealt with by Jeong Mong-ju and Imagawa Sadayo, who returned their booty and slaves to Korea;. .
|
|