They are perfect, fully realized objects, requiring no context or elucidation.
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James McBride's welcome elucidation of these points is clear, deeply felt and unmistakable.
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Mr. Cohen will be at the screening to provide anecdotes and elucidation. (quadcinema.com)
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The text here is more a performative device than an elucidation of the artwork.
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Then you veered into the work that became your life's mission: the elucidation of influence.
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It's not about Gregory Peck's goofy psychological problems; it's an elucidation of women's problems — with men.
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In this confusing climate, a cleareyed elucidation of the murky campus rape phenomenon would be enormously welcome.
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If we decide strength is about structure and elucidation, then most of these essays are heavyweight boxers.
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Nevertheless, the "America First" playbook has some rules of engagement for the international community that warrant elucidation.
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But its heart is the wooden shack, which may be Kaphar's most ambitious elucidation of the destructive theme.
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Some of Koks's dishes, such as a raw queen scallop served in its shell, are self-explanatory, but others require elucidation.
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It is memorable and has all the elements of a great story: surprises, elucidation, lasting political insights and a touching ending.
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The first 60 minutes of this debate featured not a single actual elucidation of where the candidates had real policy differences.
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The Spirits Within bludgeons its audience with straight-faced elucidation until an overwhelming numbness sets in and you just don't care anymore.
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And they are of a piece with the monumentality and scope of Mr. Jafa's unfolding elucidation of black American life and art.
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So, in the interest of, uh, elucidation, please enjoy these videos of Trump getting roasted at the 2011 and 2016 White House Correspondents' Dinner.
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In 1979, Dr. Salam and Dr. Weinberg, with Sheldon Glashow, an American physicist, were awarded the Nobel Prize for their elucidation of this interaction.
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There are those who will credit Mr. Tillerson's point of view as a straightforward if graceless elucidation of a foreign policy based on realism.
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Instead, individual members state their opinions ― with an explicit focus on action-oriented suggestions rather than problem elucidation ― which theoretically turns group counsel into individual counsel.
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Genovés concocted elaborate humiliation scenarios for his captive passengers (the film's elucidation of the toilet situation is, in a word, haunting) under the guise of academic curiosity.
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"That AI and—if it were to advance significantly—AGI are of importance to DoD is so self-evident that it needs little elucidation here," reads the report.
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Just as the non-text sections of her images are built up through a layering of materials, the text portions undergo a similar process of elucidation and complication.
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His accounts of the latest thinking about microbiology or information theory are as adroit as his exploration of the links between entropy and time or his elucidation of Bayesian statistics.
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"Cuba has reaffirmed publicly and officially its willingness to cooperate in earnest in the joint search for answers, the elucidation and solution to the alleged facts," the Cuban statement said Sunday.
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She added that Swansea University will soon embark on a major collaboration with a leading British university to take the research to the next level, hastening the structural elucidation and synthesis of Seraticin.
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The closest I got to an elucidation of the menu was when a server said, "Everything is individually portioned and meant to be shared with the table" — a Zen koan for our time.
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Where to watch: Netflix Saathiya presents a central couple whose attraction isn't totally clear, as does Say Anything.... In Saathiya, we follow their entire courtship and a connection that apparently transcends elucidation and demands a hasty marriage.
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Backstage, after the show, the hall was so crammed with well-wishers pushing ever closer that the designer was practically pinned against a wall at one point, guests demanding elucidation and jabbing iPhones toward her face like cattle prods.
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Because of his constant interweaving of narrative and analysis, Metaxas' "Martin Luther" is difficult to assess as a single text, especially because the analysis seems more of an intrusion into the narrative than an elucidation or expansion of it.
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In addition to a library, studios and a large exhibition area — recently host to an excellent elucidation of Thai architecture — the center features a boutique selling hipster sneakers by Truly, minimalist wooden clocks from Pana Objects and other Thai products.
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"Bernie's the perfect example," Tornow said Monday during an animated elucidation about how Americans want to protect their traditions and history like baseball teams that have played for decades — or more than a century in the case of the LumberKings.
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So on what could be the breakout album I'm pretty sure they deserve anyway, the winners are the back-loaded "Talk," with its brooding "stay true to your phone," and "Men Explain Things to Me," which I hope requires no further elucidation.
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Back in 2014, another post entitled "Spicy Food Level: White" with a picture of the same menu received 2,440 upvotes, though that time around, the comments section was more fixated on hacky racist jokes and stereotypes than any kind of linguistic elucidation.
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An aroma so faint, yet so intense, that it abridged the argan oil, the clay walls, the mud, the village, the river, the place, the moment — and, most notably yet, an aroma that did not connect me to a distant memory and instead created an elucidation of something unfamiliar.
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It all fits into the illusion of competence Trump has built for himself, a fake it-is-how-you-make-it philosophy of advancement in which being studious is for stooges, a world in which passionate vocalization, even of gibberish, is far more valuable than knowledgeable elucidation of fact.
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A few weeks later, at a restaurant in Cambridge, Cornel West used the same words when he saw that I had a copy of Barber's book " The Third Reconstruction ," which is partly a memoir of his activism and partly an elucidation of his ideas for the movement that he is attempting to build.
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That said, it is still surely the closest many of us will come to getting a look at the Genji Album, and McCormick's elucidation of the sprawling, dramatic, and beautiful Tale of Genji makes this book an educational experience for those of us without access to a Harvard survey course on the subject.
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The analysis techniques are those of phytochemistry: extraction, isolation, structural elucidation, then quantification.
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The elucidation of this process became the focus of Bruner's next period of work.
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There is no plaque and no further elucidation, and the Boston Stone has no official status.
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Such elucidation would only be plausible if we understood the explicans more clearly than the explicandum.
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Together with curator and editor Isabelle Meiffert, he's distributing an in-depth elucidation of Hentschläger's phenomenological works.
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Isolation and structure elucidation of tannins. G. Nonaka, Pure & Appl. Chem.,Vol. 61, No. 3, pp. 357–360, 1989.
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Medicinal Chemistry: Research in medicinal chemistry involves design, synthesis, structure elucidation, and analysis of synthetic compounds possessing biological (potential drug) activity. Specific research programs include: Synthetic chemistry directed toward neurodegenerative and oncologic diseases, computational approaches to drug design, chemical toxicology and biological mechanisms, synthetic development of enzyme inhibitors and low molecular weight catalysts, natural product structure elucidation. Pharmacognosy: Research in pharmacognosy involves the isolation, structure elucidation and bioassay of plant and other natural product compounds having potential applications as treatments or preventives. Specific research programs include: chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive properties of natural products, structure elucidation of bioactive natural products and their mechanism of action, development of methods for the analysis of botanical dietary supplements, use of traditional medicines by indigenous groups.
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Instead of a mere elucidation of the length and breadth of Christian doctrine, Aquinas explains specific core articles of Christian belief.
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The topic itself might be programmed, or it might not.Pressey S.L. 1964. Auto elucidation without programming. NSPI Journal 3, 12-13.
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Dunaimycins, a new complex of spiroketal 24-membered macrolides with immunosuppressive activity. II. Isolation and elucidation of structures. J. Antibiot. 1991; 44:1318–1330.
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Peter Charles Molan (20 October 1943 – 16 September 2015) was a New Zealand biochemist, noted for his elucidation of the medicinal properties of mānuka honey.
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And reprinted in, e.g., The Midrash: Midrash Rabbah with an Annotated, Interpretive Elucidation and Additional Insights. Edited by Chaim Malinowitz, volume 2, Toldos, page 191.
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Elucidation of the nature of the Van der Waals forces between molecules has remained a scientific effort from Van der Waals's days to the present.
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Electrochemical, metallurgy, nuclear reaction in condensed matter, elucidation of the peculiar behavior of hydrogen in the metal, hydrogen penetration in metals, hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen production, hydrogen separation and purification, power conversion of hydrogen, elucidation of hydrogen behavior, development of unique methods using hydrogen isotopes, studying the behavior of hydrogen on metal. Mizuno has also written Numerous books representing the interaction between hydrogen and the metals.
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In the Varrentrapp reaction certain unsaturated fatty acids are cleaved in molten alkali, a reaction which was, at one point of time, relevant to structure elucidation.
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Reprinted in, e.g., The Midrash: Midrash Rabbah with an Annotated, Interpretive Elucidation and Additional Insights. Edited by Chaim Malinowitz, volume 3, page 21. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2011. .
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Genesis Rabbah 58:4. Reprinted in, e.g., The Midrash: Midrash Rabbah with an Annotated, Interpretive Elucidation and Additional Insights. Edited by Chaim Malinowitz, volume 2, page 3.
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Although other techniques exists, such as ramachandran plotting and mass spectrometry, these alone generally do not lead to the full elucidation of protein structure or folding mechanisms.
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Clardy's early research focused on the structure elucidation of natural products primarily by X-ray crystallography. Early on at Iowa State University Clardy established important collaborations with Bill Fenical, John Faulkner and Paul Scheuer,The American Society of Pharmacognosy Newsletter. 1-3 (2004) which led to the structure elucidation of numerous marine natural products such as the anticancer agent bryostatin,Pettit, G. R. et al. Isolation and structure of bryostatin 1.
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June M. Lindsey (née Broomhead) (born June 7, 1922) is a British-Canadian physicist. Whilst working on X-ray crystallography at the University of Cambridge, Lindsey was influential in the elucidation of the structure DNA. She solved the structures of the purines, adenine and guanine. Her depiction of intramolecular hydrogen bonds in adenine crystals was central to Watson and Crick's elucidation of the double helical structure of DNA.
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Genesis Rabbah 67:2. Reprinted in, e.g., The Midrash: Midrash Rabbah with an Annotated, Interpretive Elucidation and Additional Insights. Edited by Chaim Malinowitz, volume 2, pages 411–2.
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Genesis Rabbah 60:12. Reprinted in, e.g., The Midrash: Midrash Rabbah with an Annotated, Interpretive Elucidation and Additional Insights. Edited by Chaim Malinowitz, volume 2, pages 25–261.
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Computer-assisted structure elucidation (or CASE) is the technique of using software to generate all possible molecular structures that are consistent with a particular set of spectroscopic data.
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The synthesis and structure elucidation of cocaine was reported by Richard Willstätter in 1898. Willstätter's synthesis derived cocaine from tropinone. Robert Robinson and Edward Leete also made significant contributions.
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The oldest extant commentary on this work is a Sanskrit commentary (Dipika or 'Elucidation') by Sri Vidyaranya. This work has been repeatedly translated and commented upon in other languages.
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An Examination Into and an Elucidation of the Great Principle of the Mediation and Atonement of Our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ (Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret News) p. 160.
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See also Genesis Rabbah 60:14. Reprinted in, e.g., The Midrash: Midrash Rabbah with an Annotated, Interpretive Elucidation and Additional Insights. Edited by Chaim Malinowitz, volume 2, pages 271–2.
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His other work in this field includes elucidation of the mechanism of action of corticotropin (ACTH) in regulating steroid hormone synthesis in the adrenal cortex, regulation of adrenal steroidogenic capacity in disease states, and the cloning and elucidation of the structure of ACTH receptor. In this field, Israel organized the first International Symposium in Molecular Steroidogenesis in Jerusalem in 1991 which served as the cornerstone for a continuing series of international symposia for scientists who specialize in this field.
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Liesch JM, Hensens OD, Springer JP, Chang RS, Lotti VJ. Asperlicin, a novel non-peptidal cholecystokinin antagonist from Aspergillus alliaceus. Structure elucidation. Journal of Antibiotics (Tokyo). 1985 Dec;38(12):1638-41.
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The Rabbis said that Abraham's servant did not disclose Bethuel's fate to Isaac.See Genesis Rabbah 60:15. Reprinted in, e.g., The Midrash: Midrash Rabbah with an Annotated, Interpretive Elucidation and Additional Insights.
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Botanical authors do not necessarily agree on the circumscription of this species.Baker, M. A. (2007). Further elucidation of the taxonomic relationships and geographic distribution of Escobaria sneedii var. sneedii, E. sneedii var.
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Techniques commonly used in the field of phytochemistry are extraction, isolation, and structural elucidation (MS,1D and 2D NMR) of natural products, as well as various chromatography techniques (MPLC, HPLC, and LC-MS).
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Montoro, P., et al. “Studies on the constituents of Cyclanthera pedata fruits: isolation and structure elucidation of new flavonoid glycosides and their antioxidant activity.” J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001; 49(11): 5156-60.
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Elucidation of the structure of Fe2(CO)9 proved to be challenging because its low solubility inhibits growth of crystals. The Mößbauer spectrum reveals one quadrupole doublet, consistent with the D3h-symmetric structure.
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Propionigenium modestum is a gram-negative, strictly anaerobic organism. It is rod-shaped and around 0.5-0.6 x 0.5-2.0μm in size. It is important in the elucidation of mechanism of ATP synthase.
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Steinbeck received his PhD from the University of Bonn in 1995 for work on LUCY, a software program for structural elucidation from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) correlation experiments. In 2003 he received his habilitation.
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Other research areas include cancer (melanoma and hepatocellular carcinoma), lysosomal storage diseases, such as Gaucher's disease, and bacterial infection. He has developed novel approaches to the elucidation of enzyme- catalyzed reactions in organic chemistry.
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The core tenets of are ritualism (orthopraxy) and anti-asceticism. The central aim of the school is elucidation of the nature of dharma, understood as a set ritual obligations and prerogatives to be performed properly.
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Anales de la Universidad de Chile 93: 144, as Lapiedra chilensisPierfelice Ravenna. 1974. Plant life, Stanford 30: 31 native to northern and central Chile.Ravenna, P. (2003). Elucidation and systematics of the Chilean Genera of Amaryllidaceae.
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Though the maxims of Avvaiyar are short, yet some of them, on account of their extreme brevity and enigmatic expression are like Sutras requiring elaborate elucidation which was done with great force and clarity by Kavirayar.
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Pavine is an alkaloid found in a variety of plants in four families, Papaveraceae, Berberidaceae, Lauraceae, and Ranunculaceae. The elucidation of its chemical structure was reported in 1955. The N-methyl derivative of pavine is argemonine.
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Rabbi Judah said that Keturah was another name for Hagar.Genesis Rabbah 61:4. Reprinted in, e.g., The Midrash: Midrash Rabbah with an Annotated, Interpretive Elucidation and Additional Insights. Edited by Chaim Malinowitz, volume 2, page 312.
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However, this overarching, archetypal function would have to wait until the 20th century for its discovery and elucidation by Dr. Wilhelm Reich (Super-imposition or Überlagerung) and Rudolf Steiner's Metamorphosis, the exponents of the underlying Kraftwesen.
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2 Kings 23:25) in his method [of elucidation]. I have also collected all of the legal matters (Heb. halachot) that I found that belonged to him in his commentaries, themselves.”The Mishnah, with Maimonides' Commentary (ed.
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Thus, interpreting Rav Huna taught that when Rebekah first saw Isaac, she saw his hand stretched out in prayer.Genesis Rabbah 60:15. Reprinted in, e.g., The Midrash: Midrash Rabbah with an Annotated, Interpretive Elucidation and Additional Insights.
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Structure elucidation of the fumonisins, mycotoxins from Fusarium moniliforme. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1988:743-745.Bezuidenhout, S. C., W. C. A. Gelderblom, C. P. Gorst-Allman, R. M. Horak, W. F. O. Marasas; G. Spiteller, and R. Vleggaar. 1988. Structure elucidation of the fumonisins, mycotoxins from Fusarium moniliforme. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1988:743-745. The most abundantly produced member of the family is fumonisin B1. They are thought to be synthesized by condensation of the amino acid alanine into an acetate-derived precursor.Sweeney, M. J., and A. D. W. Dobson. 1999.
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Krasnow scientists are using functional magnetic resonance imaging of the human brain to study human interactions within the context of free-markets. These studies allow, for the first time, the elucidation of a biological basis for economic decisions.
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Robert Edward Corbett (13 June 1923 – 3 February 2018) was a New Zealand organic chemist. He is noted for his contribution to natural product chemistry through the isolation and structural elucidation of compounds from New Zealand native plants.
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Sheldrick deals with molecular structure elucidation by X-ray diffraction. He is the lead developer of the SHELX program suite, which is freely available online. In 2011, a graphical user interface for SHELX refinements called ShelXle was released.
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Perry A. Frey (born 1935) is professor emeritus of biochemistry at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1998. Research in his laboratory centered on the elucidation of enzymatic reaction mechanisms.
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Sometimes Elucidation (Penjelasan) accompanied some legislations in a Supplement of the State Gazette. The Government of Indonesia also produces State Reports (Berita Negara, lit. "State News") to publish government and public notices as well as ministerial regulations and decrees.
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It is postulated that autoantibodies are formed against aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. The synthethases may be involved in recruiting antigen-presenting and inflammatory cells to the site of muscle or lung injury. The specific molecular pathway of the process awaits elucidation.
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Cheng developed preclinical mouse models of metastatic follicular thyroid cancer and anaplastic thyroid cancer. She focuses on the elucidation of altered signaling pathways to understand the molecular genetics underlying thyroid carcinogenesis. She identified molecular targets for potential treatment of thyroid cancer.
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Eisenberg's current research focuses on the structural biology of amyloidogenic proteins, while his computational efforts largely center on the development of bioinformatic/proteomic methodologies for elucidation and analysis of protein interaction networks. His research group hosts the Database of Interacting Proteins.
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And reprinted in The Midrash: Midrash Rabbah with an Annotated, Interpretive Elucidation and Additional Insights. Edited by Chaim Malinowitz, volume 2, page 11. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2010. . Rabbi Haggai said in Rabbi Isaac's name that all of the Matriarchs were prophets.
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The Elucidation is an anonymous Old French poem of the early 13th century, which was written to serve as a prologue to Chrétien's Perceval. The poem counts 484 lines and cites one Master Blihis as a source for its contents.
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Comprising an Elucidation of … the Writings of … Böhme, and … Freher; with a Notice of the Mystical Divinity … of all ages of the world. … For Private Circulation. … Five hundred copies, 1854. The work is a disorderly collection of biographical and bibliographical information.
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In environmental and biological studies, the triple quadrupole is useful for quantitative studies that involved identifying whether or not specific substances are present in a sample. One of the more common uses of a triple quadrupole mass analyzer is for structural elucidation, which provides information about fragmentation patterns. However, a mass spectrum only provides information about fragmentation, which isn’t enough information to fully deduce the structure of a molecule or compound. So for the purpose of structural elucidation, it is paired with data obtained from other analytical methods, like nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy (IR), for a more accurate analysis.
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Jortner has undertaken research on a broad range of areas in both physical and theoretical chemistry, involving dynamical phenomena in chemical systems. His research focuses on the relations between structure, spectroscopy, dynamics and function in microscopic and macroscopic systems. He made some central contributions to the elucidation of the mechanisms of energy acquisition, storage and disposal in large molecules, clusters, condensed phase and biophysical systems, as explored from the microscopic point of view. He is known for the recognition and elucidation of the intramolecular nature of radiationless dissipation of energy in molecules of large and medium size.
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Rubicordifolin is a natural product that is produced by Rubia cordifolia, a plant of the family Rubiaceae.Lumb, J.P., Trauner, D. (2005) Biomimetic Synthesis and Structure Elucidation of Rubicordifolin, a Cytotoxic Natural Product from Rubia cordifolia. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 2870-2871.
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This work constituted the first demonstration of sex hormone activity in any fungus. The elucidation of the hormonal control of sexual interaction in the Mucorales extends over 60 years and involved mycologists and biochemists from Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, UK and the USA.
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Predeterminism is the belief that the past, present, and future have been already decided. The concept of the future has been explored extensively in cultural production, including art movements and genres devoted entirely to its elucidation, such as the 20th-century movement futurism.
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The Royal Society awarded the Buchanan Medal to Greenwood in 1927, and elected him a Fellow in 1928. The election certificate stated > Engaged in medical research. Has applied the statistical method to the > elucidation of many problems of physiology, pathology, hygiene and > epidemiology.
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The gene is associated with multiple red blood cell phenotypes in African Americans – though the exact function or effect of the gene was not entirely clear. Review of GeneCards’ current database on the FAM234A gene provided no additional elucidation on the function of the gene.
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Diagnosis of the condition is best suited to endoscopy; the lesion can be seen extending into the nasal passages on endoscopic examination and can be demonstrated on radiographs. Further elucidation can be obtained with MRI or CT in cases which are more widespread or invasive.
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Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics and semiotics that studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning. It refers to the description and classification of pragmatic impairments, their elucidation in terms of various pragmatic, linguistics, cognitive and neurological theories, and their assessment and treatment.
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The other structural features listed above can be determined solely by the NMR spectroscopic methods. The limitation of the NMR structural studies of carbohydrates is that structure elucidation can hardly be automatized and require a human expert to derive a structure from NMR spectra.
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Michael Krausz, Interpretation and Transformation: Explorations in Art and the Self. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2007, chap. 5. Does interpretation aim for the elucidation of its objects, the edification of its interpreters, or both?Michael Krausz, Limits of Rightness, Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2000, chap.
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Paul Watzlawick theory had great impact on the creation of the four sides model by Friedemann Schulz von Thun. Michel Weber argues for a cross-elucidation and reinforcement between the worldviews of Alfred North Whitehead and Watzlawick in his paper "The Art of Epochal Change".
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A third step was the structure elucidation of organic substances: although the elemental composition of pure organic substances (irrespective of whether they were of natural or synthetic origin) could be determined fairly accurately, the molecular structure was still a problem. The urge to do structural elucidation resulted from a dispute between Friedrich Wöhler and Justus von Liebig, who both studied a silver salt of the same composition but had different properties. Wöhler studied silver cyanate, a harmless substance, while von Liebig investigated silver fulminate, a salt with explosive properties. The elemental analysis shows that both salts contain equal quantities of silver, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen.
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While the mechanism of action of betaenone B has yet to be elucidated, betaenone C has been shown to inhibit RNA and protein synthesis. Most of the major work on betaenone B, including the initial structure elucidation of betaenone A, B and C as well as the partial elucidation mechanism of biosynthesis, was presented in three short papers published between 1983–88. The compounds were found to inhibit a variety of protein kinases signifying a possible role in cancer treatment. Molecular structures of betaenone A, B and C. The structure of betaenone B was determined via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), CD and optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) measurements.
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The Elucidation is an anonymous Old French poem of the early 13th century, which was written to serve as a prologue to Chrétien de Troyes' Perceval, le Conte du Graal.Lacy, "Introduction." The poem counts 484 lines and cites one Master Blihis as a source for its contents.
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Pinchas Kehati (; 1910 – December 21, 1976) was a Polish-Israeli rabbi, teacher, and author. He is best known as the author of Mishnayot Mevoarot (, "Explained Mishnayot", popularly known as "the Kehati Mishnayot") which is a commentary and elucidation on the entire Mishnah written in Modern Hebrew.
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J. Econ. Entomol. 101: 759–768.Lapointe, Stephen L.; Stelinski, Lukasz L.; Evens, Terence J.; Niedz, Randall P.; Hall, David G.; Mafra-Neto, Agenor. 2009. Sensory Imbalance as Mechanism of Orientation Disruption in the Leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella: Elucidation by Multivariate Geometric Designs and Response Surface Models.
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Marshall Hall FRS (18 February 1790 – 11 August 1857) was an English physician, physiologist and early neurologist. His name is attached to the theory of reflex arc mediated by the spinal cord, to a method of resuscitation of drowned people, and to the elucidation of function of capillary vessels.
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Many plant viruses, for example, tobacco mosaic virus, have been used as model systems to provide a basic understanding of how viruses express genes and replicate. Others permitted the elucidation of the processes underlying RNA silencing, now recognised as a core epigenetic mechanism underpinning numerous areas of biology.
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'Tafsir ( ) refers to exegesis, usually of the Quran. An author of a tafsir is a ''''' (; plural: ). A Quranic tafsir attempts to provide elucidation, explanation, interpretation, context or commentary for clear understanding and conviction of God's will. Principally, a tafsir deals with the issues of linguistics, jurisprudence, and theology.
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Overall, the main unresolved issue on the mechanical properties of filled rubbers is the elucidation of the exact mechanism of their mechanical reinforcement and of the so-called Payne effect; and owing to a lack of suitable theoretical and experimental approaches, both of them are still poorly understood.
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Research which the ICR claims to have conducted includes: ;Whale research programs : Biological research including the collection of samples from the Antarctic Ocean and the northwestern Pacific Ocean under special permit from the Government of Japan (JARPA and JARPA II programs). Samples are used for studies related to estimation of biological parameters, resource abundance, elucidation of stock structure, and the role of whales in the marine ecosystem, and elucidation of the effect of environmental changes on cetaceans. ;Sighting surveys : Conducted in the southern hemisphere and the north Pacific to elucidate trends in abundance, density, distribution, and behavior of whales. These surveys include the IWC Southern Ocean Whale and Ecosystem Research (SOWER) Program.
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His observations played a major role in the elucidation of the multi-etiological factors in the gestation of the disease; the delineation of which, is of the essence in precluding the misclassification of the induction and latent phases of the disease or infectious agents. Another key elucidation based on his work is that infected people are not needed to maintain the natural transmission cycle of the leishmania protozoan parasite; viz., the natural transmission cycle is sustainable by means of animal reservoir hosts along with sandflies. These findings helped pave the way for a more effective characterization of the incubation process of the disease through a more erudite complex multifarious modern epidemiological and parasitological approaches.
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In Lambeth Palace Library there are sixteen volumes of Wharton's manuscripts. Describing him as "this wonderful man", William Stubbs says that Wharton did for the elucidation of English Church history "more than any one before or since". A life of Wharton is included in George D'Oyly's Life of William Sancroft (1821).
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Chemical investigation of Stephania rotunda Lour. growing in Vietnam in 2005 led to the isolation and structural elucidation of three new alkaloids, 5-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-one, thaicanine 4-O-beta- D-glucoside, as well as (−)-thaicanine N-oxide (4-hydroxycorynoxidine), along with 23 known alkaloids.
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Harold Wolff’s first major contribution was the elucidation of the mechanism of migraine and other headaches of vascular origin. He was the first neurologist that supported the hypothesis that the aura arises from a vasoconstriction and the headache from a vasodilatation.J.N. Blau, "H.G. Wolff: the man and his migraine", p.
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As discussed above, Cln3 was originally identified as a regulator of budding yeast cell size. The elucidation of the mechanisms by which it regulates Start has revealed a means for it to link cell size to cell cycle progression, but questions remain as to how it actually senses cell size.
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Her primary research interests focus on the role of host genetics in cancer, autoimmunity and infectious disease pathogenesis. Her group studies the influence of immunogenetic variation on risk of human disease, outcome to therapeutic treatment, and vaccination. These studies include elucidation of the functional basis for the genetic associations identified.
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Reprinted in, e.g., The Midrash: Midrash Rabbah with an Annotated, Interpretive Elucidation and Additional Insights. Edited by Chaim Malinowitz, volume 2, pages 192–3. Eliezer and Rebecca (18th Century painting by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo) The Pirke De- Rabbi Eliezer taught that God saw that everything miraculously came together for Abraham's servant.
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Rabbi Joshua the son of Rabbi Nehemiah in the name of Rabbi Haninah ben Isaac said that the decree with regard to Rebekah that Laban and Bethuel acknowledged came from Mount Moriah.Genesis Rabbah 60:10. Reprinted in, e.g., The Midrash: Midrash Rabbah with an Annotated, Interpretive Elucidation and Additional Insights.
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Quantitative proteomics is used to determine the relative or absolute amount of proteins in a sample. Several quantitative proteomics methods are based on tandem mass spectrometry. MS/MS has become a benchmark procedure for the structural elucidation of complex biomolecules. One method commonly used for quantitative proteomics is isobaric tag labeling.
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He thought it important to follow learning by questions "to enhance the clarity and stability of cognitive structure by correcting misapprehensions, and deferring the instruction of new matter until there had been such clarification and elucidation".Pressey S.L. 1951. Teaching machines (and learning theory) crisis. J. Applied Psychology 47, 1-6.
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Elizabeth Simpson OBE FRS FMedSci is a British biologist. She is Emeritus Professor of Transplantation Biology, Imperial College London. Simpson is particularly known for her elucidation of the nature of male-associated minor transplantation antigens, and their roles in the generation of immunological tolerance, graft versus host disease, and transplant rejection.
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M. R. D. Foot, SOE, pp.9, 297 He wrote with Paul Muratoff (Pavel Muratov) two volumes on the Russian campaign for Penguin Books. John Erickson wrote that they (particularly the second volume) are examples of skilful exploitation of contemporary sources, and even today retain considerable value, including the elucidation of terrain factors.
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Burt Kushner is an American pediatric ophthalmologist specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of strabismus. Kushner's contributions include demonstration of improved visual fields of patients following strabismus surgery, elucidation of torsional contribution to patients with diplopia, corticosteroid treatment of periocular capillary hemangioma, and novel hypotheses on the mechanism of "overacting" extraocular muscles.
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The general uniformity of the conceptions of Tagaro in Melanesia, contrasted with the varied character of Tangaroa in Polynesia, adds considerable difficulty to the problem. The final elucidation of the puzzle must wait, however, for the materials at present available are not sufficiently complete to enable us to draw any certain conclusions.
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François Cuzin is a professor at the University of Nice, Sophia-Antipolis. In 1988 he won the Richard Lounsbery Award for "his original contributions in the elucidation of the mechanisms involved in malignant cell transformation, in particular, demonstration of the necessary contribution of two oncogenes."Richard Lounsbery Award. National Academy of Sciences.
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Gorer is credited with the co-discovery of histocompatibility antigens and the elucidation of their genetic regulation. Together with George Snell, he helped discover the murine histocompatibility 2 locus, or H-2, which is analogous to the human leukocyte antigen. Gorer also identified antigen II and determined its role in transplant tissue rejection.
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J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 55(1):43-55. which he and his group first described. His overall focus could be described as the elucidation of the role of glucocorticoids in the regulation of gene expression and cellular metabolism. This research led to research on post-transcriptional events such as mRNA processing.
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Brady and Gorga view Chapters 20 and 21 as providing belated elucidation of the "mumbo-jumbo" of aggregate demand presented earlier in the book, particularly in Chapter 3."Integrating the Formal, Technical, Mathematical Foundations of Keynes's D-Z Model..." by Michael Brady and Carmine Gorga (2009). "Mumbo-jumbo" is Dennis Robertson's expression.
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His early interest centered on the interaction between the figures of Major John MacBride, W. B. Yeats, and Maud Gonne. After discovering the MacBride Papers in the National Library of Ireland, he has made them available through his books in elucidation on MacBride from the criticism by W. B. Yeats and his admirers.
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Piet Gros (born July 31, 1962 in Dokkum) is a Dutch chemist and professor biomacromolecular crystallography at Utrecht University. In 2010 he received the NWO Spinoza Prize for the elucidation of the three-dimensional structure of the C3 protein, which plays a central role in the complement system and contributes to innate immunity.
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However, some argue that the Constitution should require consideration of collateral consequences. Most states do not accord much legal effect to the collateral consequences of criminal convictions. For example, in New York the consideration of collateral consequences is merely discretionary, while the elucidation of direct consequences is required. For instance, in People v.
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The Dutch Commission-General subsequently issued an "Elucidation" to the agreement, interpreting it as a "program of principles" to bring the status of the Dutch kingdom into line with the political facts in the Dutch East Indies. On 10 December 1946, the Dutch government announced its own interpretation of the agreement in a statement from Foreign Minister Jan Jonkman. As a result of pressure from the Dutch Catholic Party, which wanted to conduct missionary activities in the West Papua, Jonkman stated that the region would not after all be handed over to the United States of Indonesia, a statement at odds with article 3 of the Linggadjati Agreement. On 19 December, the Dutch parliament ratified the agreement on the basis of the Commission General's Elucidation.
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As computing power has grown exponentially this approach to research, often referred to as in silico (as opposed to in vitro and in vivio), has amassed more attention especially in the area of bioinformatics. More specifically, within bioinformatics, is the study of proteins or proteomics, which is the elucidation of their unknown structures and folding patterns. The general approach in the elucidation of protein structure has been to first purify a protein, crystallize it and then send X-rays through such a purified protein crystal to observe how these x-rays diffract into specific pattern—a process referred to as X-ray crystallography. However, many proteins, especially those embedded in cellular membranes, are nearly impossible to crystallize due to their hydrophobic nature.
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His elegant elucidation of the role of Buller's drop in basidiospore discharge is regarded as a classic. The mechanism was demonstrated to be a surface-tension catapult, originally suggested in 1922 by A.H.R.Buller, and by C.T.Ingold in 1939. John Webster authored over 250 scientific publications during his career, which were summarised in 2005 by D.L.Hawksworth.
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Archibald Vivian Hill (26 September 1886 – 3 June 1977), known as A. V. Hill, was a British physiologist, one of the founders of the diverse disciplines of biophysics and operations research. He shared the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his elucidation of the production of heat and mechanical work in muscles.
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The citation was for "using phase-sensitive experiments in the elucidation of the orbital symmetry of the pairing function in high-Tc superconductors". Kirtley, Tsuei, and co-workers used scanning SQUID imaging of the half-integer flux quantum effect in tricrystal samples to demonstrate that cuprate high temperature superconductors have predominantly d-wave pairing symmetry.
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John Cumming Walters states: "In the sonnets we may read the poet's intents, hopes, and fears regarding his fate, and we learn of his all consuming desire for immortality...Bodily death he does not fear: oblivion he dreads."Walters, John Cuming. The Mystery of Shakespeare's Sonnets: An Attempted Elucidation. New York: Haskell House, 1972. Print.
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2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether (2-AGE, Noladin ether) is a putative endocannabinoid discovered by Lumír Hanuš and colleagues at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. It is an ether formed from the alcohol analog of arachidonic acid and glycerol. Its isolation from porcine brain and its structural elucidation and synthesis were described in 2001.
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Somerset Maugham saw in Ned Beaumont "a curious, intriguing character whom any novelist would have been proud to conceive" And Raymond Chandler found "an effect of movement, intrigue, cross-purposes, and the gradual elucidation of character, which is all the detective story has any right to be about anyway. All the rest is spillikins in the parlor".
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When these genes are not activated, as occurs with Cyclosporin or FK506 administration, transplant rejection is prevented. The elucidation of the Ca2+ - Calcineurin-NFAT signaling pathway and the discovery that it is the target of Cyclosporin and FK506 was covered in the New York Times.Kolata, G. Scientists decipher mysterious process of signaling in cells. New York Times.
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The Sapirstein Edition Rashi. ArtScroll publishes books on a variety of Jewish subjects. The best known is probably an annotated Hebrew-English siddur ("prayerbook") (The ArtScroll Siddur). Its Torah translation and commentary, a series of translations and commentaries on books of the Tanach (Hebrew Bible), and an English translation and elucidation of the Babylonian Talmud have enjoyed great success.
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Some other notable work include the synthesis of fulvalene, the discoveries of the Doering-LaFlamme allene synthesis and the Parikh-Doering oxidation, prediction of the existence of bullvalene as a fluxional molecule, and elucidation of the mechanism of the Baeyer–Villiger oxidation.Klärner, F.-G. (2011), William von Eggers Doering (1917–2011). Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 50: 2885–2886.
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They discovered the regulatory effects of ATP on glucose consumption during alcohol fermentation. They also shed light on the role of one compound as a glycolysis intermediate: fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. The elucidation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate was accomplished by measuring CO2 levels when yeast juice was incubated with glucose. CO2 production increased rapidly then slowed down.
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In 1866 Paul published Die absolute Harmonik der Griechen. He edited Hauptmann's Lehre von der Harmonik (1868), and wrote Geschichte des Klaviers (1869) and Handlexikon der Tonkunst (1871–72). In 1872, he produced his magnum opus, his translation and elucidation of the five-volume work De institutione musica by Boethius. His Lehrbuch der Harmonik came out in 1880.
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His major achievements included, describing the lymphatic system, providing the most detailed elucidation of the musculo-skeletal system to date and introducing clinical medicine into the curriculum. He is known for the Monro–Kellie doctrine on intracranial pressure, a hypothesis developed by Monro and his former pupil George Kellie, who worked as a surgeon in the port of Leith.
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In 2004 Dr. Lubensky received Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize for seminal contributions to the theory of condensed matter systems including the prediction and elucidation of the properties of new, partially ordered phases of complex materials. Lubensky also was named to the Patricia M. Williams Term Chair at the University of Pennsylvania from 1995 to 1998.
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An edition was published in the early 20th century in Città di Castello. The statue of Muratori in Modena. At the same time Muratori edited a collection of seventy-five essays on different historical themes, entitled Antiquitates italicæ medii ævi (6 vols. fols., Milan, 1738–42), as an elucidation and supplement to his work on the sources.
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This gave it (they argued) a status similar to God, constituting a form of bi-theism or shirk. Remi Brague argues that while a created Quran may be interpreted "in the juridical sense of the word", an uncreated Quran can only be applied – the application being susceptible only "to grammatical explication (tasfir) and mystical elucidation (ta'wil)" — not interpreted.
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The Hippo signaling pathway coordinately regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis by inactivating Yorkie, the Drosophila Homolog of YAP. Cell 122, 421-434. and its mammalian homologue YAPDong, J., Feldmann, G., Huang, J., Wu, S., Zhang, N., Comerford, S.A., Gayyed, M.F., Anders, R.A., Maitra, A., and Pan, D. (2007). Elucidation of a universal size-control mechanism in Drosophila and mammals.
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His research combines conceptual analysis with both technical and interdisciplinary components. His contribution to the elucidation of the interactions between foreign investment and environmental law has been very influential in both academic and policy circles. His current work focuses on the governance of sustainability transitions, and it combines expertise in law and policy with economic and environmental modelling.
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Norbornene undergoes an acid-catalyzed hydration reaction to form norborneol. This reaction was of great interest in the elucidation of the non-classical carbonion controversy. Norbornene is used in the Catellani reaction and in norbornene-mediated meta-C−H activation. Certain substituted norbornenes undergo unusual substitution reactions owing to the generation of the 2-norbornyl cation.
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Xuhua Mo, Qinglian Lib and Jianhua Ju. Naturally occurring tetramic acid products: isolation, structure elucidation and biological activity. RSC Adv., 2014, 4, 50566-50593 Members of this structural family have shown a wide range of biological activities like in antiparasitic, antifungal and anti-HIV evaluations, and furthermore, have shown potential usefulness because of their potent antibacterial properties.
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Negative chemical ionization (NCI), charge-exchange chemical ionization and atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI) are some of the common variations of this technique. CI has several important applications in identification, structure elucidation and quantitation of organic compounds. Beside the applications in analytical chemistry, the usefulness in chemical ionization extends toward biochemical, biological and medicinal fields as well.
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Georges Claude even proposed to have three or four converters with liquefaction steps in series, thereby omitting the need for a recycle. Nowadays, most plants resemble the original Haber process ( and ), albeit with improved single-pass conversion and lower energy consumption due to process and catalyst optimization. A major contributor to the elucidation of this mechanism was Gerhard Ertl.
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The first major contribution of Woodward's career in the early 1940s was a series of papers describing the application of ultraviolet spectroscopy in the elucidation of the structure of natural products. Woodward collected together a large amount of empirical data, and then devised a series of rules later called the Woodward's rules, which could be applied to finding out the structures of new natural substances, as well as non-natural synthesized molecules. The expedient use of newly developed instrumental techniques was a characteristic Woodward exemplified throughout his career, and it marked a radical change from the extremely tedious and long chemical methods of structural elucidation that had been used until then. In 1944, with his post doctoral researcher, William von Eggers Doering, Woodward reported the synthesis of the alkaloid quinine, used to treat malaria.
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Ohya studied multiple topics for more than thirty years, relating to quantum entropy, quantum information, chaos dynamics and life science. His main accomplishments are as follows: #Elucidation of Mathematical Bases of Quantum Channels, #Formulation of Quantum Mutual Information (Entropy), #Information Dynamics, #Analysis of Quantum Teleportation, #Quantum Algorithm, #Proposal of Adaptive Dynamics, #Applications to the life sciences. They are explained in this book .
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Other critics thought Eliot's exploration of Christian themes was a positive development in his poetry, including Gordon Symes, who recognised it as "an evaluation of old age, an elucidation of its special grace, and an appreciation of its special function in the progress of the soul".Symes, Gordon. "T. S. Eliot and Old Age", in Fortnightly 169(3) (March 1951): 186–93.
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From his having devoted much of his attention to the elucidation of Homer's epics through punctuation, Stephanus also calls him "the new Homer", ὁ νέος Ὅμηρος. He wrote also on the punctuation of Callimachus; and a work On punctuation in general (περὶ καθόλου στιγμῆς). He is copiously quoted in the Venetus A scholia on the Homeric Iliad. (Fabricius Bibl. Graec. i.
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Ginkgolide B, specifically, is a diterpenoid trilactone with six five-membered rings. It contains a spiro[4,4]-nonane carbocyclic ring, a tetrahydrofuran ring, and a very specific tert-butyl group at one of the rings (Figure 1). The class of ginkgolides was first isolated from the tree Ginkgo biloba in 1932. Structural elucidation was accomplished in 1967 by Maruyama et al.
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There are many studies dealing with elucidation of PAR2 function in different cells and tissues. In case of human airway and lung parenchym PAR2 is responsible for increased fibroblasts proliferation and elevation of IL‐6, IL‐8, PGE2 and Ca2+ levels. In mice it participates on vasodilatation. Together with PAR1 its deregulation is also involved in processes of cancer cells migration and differentiation.
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Introduction to Christianity () is a 1968 book written by Joseph Ratzinger (Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI). Considered one of his most important and widely read books, it presents a "narrative Christology" that demonstrates the place for faith is in the Church. The book offers a "remarkable elucidation of the Apostle's Creed" and gives an "excellent, modern interpretation of the foundations of Christianity".
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Kyrpides's current research focuses on microbiome research, with an emphasis on microbiome data science. This includes the understanding of structure and function of various microorganisms and microbial communities and the elucidation of the evolutionary dynamics shaping the microbial genomes. To accomplish that, his group is developing novel methods for enabling large-scale comparative analysis and mining and visualizing big data.
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The lack of explanation, follow-up and elucidation did not constitute fair dealing. The navy had breached its common-law duty to treat Murray fairly, thus rendering his resignation a constructive dismissal.Paras 55, 59. Had the navy adequately and fairly explained the post to the appellant, and the backup it offered, his position would not, Cameron found, have been intolerable.
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Prelog's main interest was focused on alkaloids. He found an ideal topic in the elucidation of the structure of solanine; he continued his work on Cinchona alkaloids and started to investigate strychnine. He showed that Robert Robinson's formula for strychnine was not correct. Although the formula he proposed was also not the right one, the discovery increased his international prestige.
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The remainder of this section describes in a little more detail the kind of uncertainties addressed by info-gap theory. Although many published works are mentioned below, no attempt is made here to present insights from these papers. The emphasis is not upon elucidation of the concepts of info-gap theory, but upon the context where it is used and the goals.
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The NOE is particularly important in the assignment of NMR resonances, and the elucidation and confirmation of the structures or configurations of organic and biological molecules. The two-dimensional NOE experiment (NOESY) is an important tool to identify stereochemistry of proteins and other biomolecules in solution, whereas in solid form crystal x-ray diffraction must be used to identify the stereochemistry.
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Work on the ancient languages of the Near East progressed rapidly. In the mid-19th century, Henry Rawlinson and others deciphered the Behistun Inscription, which records the same text in Old Persian, Elamite, and Akkadian, using a variation of cuneiform for each language. The elucidation of cuneiform led to the decipherment of Sumerian. Hittite was deciphered in 1915 by Bedřich Hrozný.
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Personal Recollections - Google books in 1937. Its structure is unusual in that it contains a cysteine-tryptophan linkage to form a bicyclic heptapeptide. This linkage had not been characterized before and makes the structure elucidation of phalloidin significantly more difficult. They determined the presence of the sulfur atom using UV spectroscopy and found that this ring structure had a slightly shifted wavelength.
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First observation of the impurity-induced conversion of a > nanotube FET into a nanotube diode, and elucidation of the mechanism. > Demonstration of 20nm channel nanotube FETs and quantum dots. Discovery of > 1-dimensional quantized phonon subbands in nanotubes. First production of > nanotube-epoxy composite materials for thermal management (patent pending). > Fabrication of “nanogap” electrical contacts for molecular electronic > circuits (patent awarded).
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Cold-EI mass spectra are characterized by an abundant molecular ion while the usual fragmentation pattern is retained, thus making cold-EI mass spectra compatible with library search identification techniques. The enhanced molecular ions increase the identification probabilities of both known and unknown compounds, amplify isomer mass spectral effects and enable the use of isotope abundance analysis for the elucidation of elemental formulas.
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Lepper is primarily responsible for the elucidation of the overjustification effect, alongside Richard Nisbett. With frequent collaborator Lee Ross, and Robert Vallone, he authored the first study to identify the hostile media effect. With Ross and Charles Lord he also authored an important study on attitude change and what is now called disconfirmation bias. With Lord he later theorized attitude representation theory.
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The technique is noninvasive and easy to apply. Blood flow velocity measurements are robust against movement artifacts. Since its introduction the technique has contributed substantially to the elucidation of the hemispheric organization of cognitive, motor, and sensory functions in adults and children. fTCD has been used to study cerebral lateralization of major brain functions such as language, face processing, color processing, and intelligence.
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The most remarkable phenotype observed in Tyk2-deficient macrophages was lack of nitric oxide production upon stimulation with LPS. Further elucidation of molecular mechanisms of LPS signaling, showed that Tyk2 and IFN-β deficiency leads resistance to LPS-induced endotoxin shock, whereas STAT1-deficient mice are susceptible. Development of a Tyk2 inhibitor appears to be a rational approach in the drug discovery.
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The three dimensional structure of mEH has been elucidated from Aspergillus niger. Although no 3D modeling has been solved for the mammalian mEH enzyme (EPHX1), the overall homology between fungal and mammalian mEH is relatively high. This high homology has allowed for the elucidation overall general structure and subsequent catalytic mechanism of EPHX1 in humans by comparisons to existing structures of fungal mEH.
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1336) wrote two influential works of esoteric exegesis on the Quran. He reconciled notions of God's manifestation through and in the physical world with the sentiments of Sunni Islam. Comprehensive Sufi commentaries appear in the 18th century such as the work of Ismail Hakki Bursevi (d. 1725). His work ruh al-Bayan ('the Spirit of Elucidation') is a voluminous exegesis.
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Abae on the other hand was 8 km away, exactly the distance to Bogdanou. Paliochori is left as a loose end. With the elucidation of this view in mind, the DAI supported a geophysical survey, 2014-2017, by the Christian- Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel. They found a grid representing a settlement but chronological probing revealed that different features were from different periods.
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Regine Kahmann was able to show that this process is stimulated by the bacterial host's FIS protein in addition to the actual recombinase. The elucidation of the stimulation mechanism is internationally considered a scientific masterpiece.” A major research focus in her lab is the investigation of the infection mechanism of a parasitic fungus, corn smut (Ustilago maydis), which causes tumors on maize plants.
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A limited number of treatment options exist, including regular application of Capsaicin cream and prolonged relief may be provided by botulinum toxin treatment. Chromogenic pigments produced by bacteria (Corynebacterium in particular) are implicated in this condition but their exact role still requires careful microbiological elucidation. Chromhidrosis of the eccrine glands is rare, it occurs mainly after the ingestion of certain dyes or drugs.
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Barbier (in collaboration with Tiemann and his PhD supervisor Marcellin Berthelot) had a . great interest in determining the structures of fragrance compounds. Due to the lack of structural elucidation tools available at the time, most of this work was done using a combination of elemental analysis and qualitative analysis. Structures elucidated by Barbier include myrcenol, citral, linalool (also known as licareol), and puleone.
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Sir Aaron Klug (11 August 1926 – 20 November 2018) was a Lithuanian-born, South African-educated, British biophysicist, and winner of the 1982 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes. this book is all about the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge.Aaron Klug archive collection - Churchill Archives Centre finding aid.
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Albert de la Chapelle, MD, Ph.D (born 11 February 1933 in Helsinki, Finland) is a Finnish human geneticist, long-time head of Finland's first Department of Medical Genetics at the University of Helsinki, and presently professor of Human Cancer Genetics at Ohio State University. He is best known for his role in the elucidation of the genetics of hereditary colorectal cancer and Lynch syndrome.
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It takes the form of a record of rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, philosophy, customs, and history. The Talmud has two components: the Mishnah (c. 200 AD), the first written compendium of Judaism's oral Law; and the Gemara (c. 500 AD), an elucidation of the Mishnah and related Tannaitic writings that often ventures onto other subjects and expounds broadly on the Tanakh.
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Treatment modalities fall into three categories: pharmacological, surgical, and management. As SNHL is a physiologic degradation and considered permanent, there are as of this time, no approved or recommended treatments. There have been significant advances in identification of human deafness genes and elucidation of their cellular mechanisms as well as their physiological function in mice. Nevertheless, pharmacological treatment options are very limited and clinically unproven.
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Notable is his contribution to the elucidation of the physiological processes in the brain associated with hypoxia. In 1981, the publication Current Contents called Krnjevic one of the 1,000 most cited contemporary scientists and named three of his papers "citation classics." He has been a chief editor of the Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, has published over 200 scientific articles and about 100 book chapters.
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Not only did the boron hydrides exhibit challenging properties, their structures were also unusual. Elucidation of the structures and the associated bonding models dramatically expanded the scope of inorganic chemistry. Boron hydrides such as diborane later developed into a range of reagents for organic synthesis as well as a source of diverse ligands and building blocks for researchers. With Henri Moissan, Stock discovered silicon boride.
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Pharmacognosy provides the tools to detect, isolate and identify bioactive natural products that could be developed for medicinal use. When an "active principle" is isolated from a traditional medicine or other biological material, this is known as a "hit". Subsequent scientific and legal work is then performed to validate the hit (eg. elucidation of mechanism of action, confirmation that there is no intellectual property conflict).
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Raman's music blends the Carnatic style steeped in tradition along with modern techniques on the flute. Raman has been appreciated by connoisseurs for his melodic rendition, purity of notes, unique elucidation of ragas with tonal purity and perfect pitch alignment. Raman has performed at major venues all around the world. He has received several awards, such as Best Flautist twice by the prestigious Madras Music Academy, India.
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Finn Wold (February 3, 1928 – April 14, 1997) was a Norwegian-American biochemist known for the elucidation of structure-function relationships of proteins. Wold was a pioneer in the use of reagents to measure and decipher the structures of proteins. He reported one of the first examples of a transition state analogue, and was at the forefront of the design and use of affinity labels.
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Merx devoted much of his later research to the elucidation of the Sinaitic Palimpsest discovered in 1892 by Mrs. Agnes Smith Lewis, the results (Die Evangelien des Markus und Lukas nach der Syrischen im Sinaikloster gefundenen Palimpsesthandschrift) being embodied in Die vier kanonischen Evangelien nach dem ältesten bekannten Texte (4 volumes, 1897–1905). His last work was an edition of the books of Moses and Joshua.
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Elrington Ball called him a model of "what is distinguished in professional, and admirable in private life". Geoghegan calls him "one of the finest judges of the period and a model of integrity". The Dictionary of National Biography describes him as a "sound, able, and upright judge, skilled in the digestion and elucidation of evidence, courteous in his bearing and in criminal cases lenient".Norgate p.
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In 1976, fermentation broths obtained from the soil bacterium Streptomyces cattleya were found to be active in a screen for inhibitors of peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Initial attempts to isolate the active compound proved difficult due to its chemical instability. After many attempts and extensive purification, the material was finally isolated in >90% purity, allowing for the structural elucidation of thienamycin in 1979 (Figure 1). Figure 1.
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Walker was elected an EMBO Member in 1984. He shared his Nobel Prize with the American chemist Paul D. Boyer for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate. They also shared the prize with Danish chemist Jens C. Skou for research unrelated to theirs (Discovery of the Na+/K+-ATPase). Sir John was knighted in 1999 for services to molecular biology.
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William Thomas Astbury FRS (also Bill Astbury; 25 February 1898, Longton – 4 June 1961, Leeds) was an English physicist and molecular biologist who made pioneering X-ray diffraction studies of biological molecules. His work on keratin provided the foundation for Linus Pauling's discovery of the alpha helix. He also studied the structure for DNA in 1937 and made the first step in the elucidation of its structure.
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2-Pyridone is not naturally occurring, but a derivative has been isolated as a cofactor in certain hydrogenases.Shima, S.; Lyon, E. J.; Sordel-Klippert, M.; Kauss, M.; Kahnt, J.; Thauer, R. K.; Steinbach, K.; Xie, X.; Verdier, L. and Griesinger, C., "Structure elucidation: The cofactor of the iron-sulfur cluster free hydrogenase Hmd: structure of the light-inactivation product", Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2004, 43, 2547-2551.
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In its natural environment, N. crassa lives mainly in tropical and sub-tropical regions. It can be found growing on dead plant matter after fires. Neurospora is actively used in research around the world. It is important in the elucidation of molecular events involved in circadian rhythms, epigenetics and gene silencing, cell polarity, cell fusion, development, as well as many aspects of cell biology and biochemistry.
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And reprinted in, e.g., The Midrash: Midrash Rabbah with an Annotated, Interpretive Elucidation and Additional Insights. Edited by Chaim Malinowitz, volume 2, Chayei Sarah, pages 151–16. And similarly, the Rabbis read the words "And I came this day to the well" in to imply that Eliezer had set out that day from Abraham's household and arrived on the same day in Aram-Naharaim.
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In 2011 he was also founding director at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion. Schlögl is a catalyst researcher who has made crucial contributions to the elucidation of the structural dynamics and functionality of heterogeneous catalysts based on inorganic solids. The focus of his work is on the investigation of polycrystalline copper, molybdenum and vanadium oxides for selective oxidation. Schlögl received numerous awards and distinctions.
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Retrieved 8 July 2019. it is an elucidation of his Traditionalist world view. The first part of the book deals with the concepts of the Traditional world; its knowledge of the bridge between the earthly and the transcendent worlds. The second part deals with the modern world, contrasting its characteristics with those of traditional societies: from politics and institutions to views on life and death.
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After decades of devoted researches, now the elucidation of the etiology and diagnostic methods of DLHA have been learned and developed. Discovering the D-L antibody has empowered DLHA to be differentiated from other hemoglobinuria that something else other than D-L is responsible for. As of now, it's concluded that the existence of the Donath-Landsteiner antibody is clearly pathognomonic for the DLHA.
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The Phillips catalyst is prepared by impregnating high surface area silica gel with chromium trioxide or related chromium compounds. The solid precatalyst is then calcined in air to give the active catalyst. Only a fraction of the chromium is catalytically active, a fact that interferes with elucidation of the catalytic mechanism. The active catalyst is often depicted as a chromate ester bound to the silica surface.
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Royal Society. 16 October 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2010. The Royal Society added its 2010 Hughes Medal "for his revolutionary discovery of graphene and elucidation of its remarkable properties"."The Hughes Medal (1902)". Royal Society. Retrieved 19 October 2010. He was awarded honorary doctorates from Delft University of Technology,"TU Delft honorary doctorate Geim wins Nobel Prize for graphene research". Delft University of Technology.
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Teller's Super group became part of Fermi's F Division when he joined the Los Alamos Laboratory in September 1944. It included Stanislaw Ulam, Jane Roberg, Geoffrey Chew, Harold and Mary Argo, and Maria Goeppert-Mayer. Teller made valuable contributions to bomb research, especially in the elucidation of the implosion mechanism. He was the first to propose the solid pit design that was eventually successful.
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Tandem Mass Spectrometry can also be useful, especially for large molecules like glycolipids, proteins, polysaccharides or peptides. Completed characterization for publication purposes may require Infrared (IR), Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis), specific rotation and melting point data. Obtaining a crystal structure via X-ray crystallography can greatly accelerate and simplify structure elucidation however, obtaining crystals can be quite difficult. There are many different bioassays available for testing.
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' The dominant technologies of one age become the games and > pastimes of a later age. In the 20th century, the number of 'past times' > that are simultaneously available is so vast as to create cultural anarchy. > When all the cultures of the world are simultaneously present, the work of > the artist in the elucidation of form takes on new scope and new urgency. > Most men are pushed into the artist's role.
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The phrase "Midrash halakha" was first employed by Nachman Krochmal,In his "Moreh Nebuke ha-Zeman," p. 163 the Talmudic expression being "Midrash Torah" = "investigation of the Torah".Kiddushin 49b These interpretations were often regarded as corresponding to the real meaning of the Scriptural texts; thus it was held that a correct elucidation of the Torah carried with it the proof of the halakha and the reason for its existence.
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Dasa was born in Kapileswarpur Sasana (one of the 16 traditional Sasana villages in Puri) on Radhastami in 1491, in an established Brahmin family of Kaushiki Gotra. His mother was Padmabati Debi and his father was Bhagabana Dasa. His father was a speaker of the Bhagavatam in Utkala. Pleased with Bhagbana Dasa's elucidation of the Bhagavatam, King Purushottama Deva, the then reigning king of Utkala, gave him the title “Purana Panda”.
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A split-SNAP-tag version suitable for protein complementation assay and protein- protein interaction studies was later developed. Apart from fluorescence microscopy, SNAP-tag and CLIP-tag have proven useful in the elucidation of numerous biological processes, including the identification of multiprotein complexes using various approaches such as FRET, cross-linking, proximity ligation assay. Other application include the measurement of protein half- lives in vivo, and small molecule-protein interactions.
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Prior to the publication of P. trichocarpa genome the only available plant genomes were those of thale cress and rice, both of which are herbaceous. P. trihocarpa is the first woody plant genome to be sequenced. Considering the economic importance of wood and wood products, the availability of a tree genome was necessary. The sequence also allows evolutionary comparisons and the elucidation of basic molecular differences between herbaceous and woody plants.
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Deric Bolton (1908-1993) was a Scottish research chemist and poet born in Paisley. He was an exponent of the exploration and elucidation of science through verse. His poetry collections include Glasgow Central Station (1972) and a volume of selected poems, August Morning on Tweed (Galliard, 1991). He lived most of his life in Edinburgh and was vice-chair of the Scottish Association for the Speaking of Verse.
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Written with Cleanth Brooks in 1957, Literary Criticism: A Short History is intended as “a history of ideas about verbal art and about its elucidation and criticism” (Wimsatt and Brooks ix). The authors attempt to contribute to the “intelligibility in the history of literary argument” as well as “contributes to a distinct point of view,” which, they argue, is a necessary part of any historical literary studies (vii).
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Later he worked on elucidating the structures of aromatic Erythrina alkaloids with Derek Barton, Oskar Jeger and Robert Burns Woodward. At mid-century, the instrumental revolution necessitated a new approach to structural elucidation. Purely chemical methods had become outdated and had lost some of their intellectual appeal. Recognizing the growing importance of microbial metabolites, Prelog started working on these compounds, which possess unusual structures and interesting biological properties.
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Bretislav Victor Heinrich from the Simon Fraser University, was awarded the status of Fellow in the American Physical Society, after they were nominated by their Forum on International Physics in 1995, for the elucidation of loss of ferromagnetic resonance in metals; for the contribution to the invention of ferromagnetic antiresonance; for adapting molecular beam epitaxy to studies of exchange interactions and anisotropies in the highest quality ultrathin magnetic films.
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Nammalvar, who lived in the 9th century, wrote Tiruvaimoli. It comprises 1,101 stanzas and is held in great esteem for its elucidation of the Upanishads. This corpus was collected by Nathamuni, around 950 CE and formed the classical and vernacular basis for Sri Vaishnavism. These Hymns Naalayira Divya Prabhandham is respected at par with Vedas by Sri Vaishnavites in sanctity and holiness and hence referred to as 'Dravida Vedam' (திராவிட வேதம்).
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The Theosophical Society was officially formed in New York City, United States, on 17 November 1875 by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, Colonel Henry Steel Olcott, William Quan Judge, and others. The society's initial objective was the "study and elucidation of Occultism, the Cabala etc."See photographic reproduction of the "Notes of meeting proposing the formation of the Theosophical Society, New York City, 8 September 1875" on this page. File:St-1ata.jpg. Wikimedia Commons.
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Fredrickson returned to the NIH, resuming work on lipid diseases and writing for the National Library of Medicine. He participated in the genetic elucidation of Tangier disease, which he had himself described in the 1960s. He was personal physician to Hassan II of Morocco, and had a close personal friendship with the king until the latter's death in 1999. He was found dead, face-down, in his swimming pool in 2002.
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In the following years he worked on his magnum opus: Verklaring der Unie van Utrecht (Elucidation of the Union of Utrecht) which became a standard work on the constitutional law of the Dutch RepublicAs often with the young Paulus, the work was not without controversy, as some accused him of plagiarism as he had not always attributed his quotations from the unpublished work of Grand Pensionary Simon van Slingelandt appropriately; cf.
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Schematic diagram of the combined ECD FTICRMS and IRMPD experimental setup Electron-capture dissociation (ECD) is a method of fragmenting gas-phase ions for structure elucidation of peptides and proteins in tandem mass spectrometry. It is one of the most widely used techniques for activation and dissociation of mass selected precursor ion in MS/MS. It involves the direct introduction of low-energy electrons to trapped gas-phase ions.
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The ENCODE (Encyclopedia of DNA elements) project is an in-depth analysis of the human genome whose goal is to identify all the functional elements of genomic DNA, in both coding and noncoding regions. Important results include evidence from genomic tiling arrays that most nucleotides are transcribed as coding transcripts, noncoding RNAs, or random transcripts, the discovery of additional transcriptional regulatory sites, further elucidation of chromatin-modifying mechanisms.
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Raoul A. Robinson (September 25, 1928 in Saint Helier, Jersey - 25 July 2014) was a Canadian/British plant scientist with more than forty years of wide- ranging global experience in crop improvement for both commercial and subsistence agriculture. He is best known for his application of system theory to crop pathosystems and the elucidation of the concepts of horizontal and vertical resistance and their implication on breeding for durable resistance.
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Since 2001, Bar-Hayim has been working along with Machon HaYerushalmi to publish a new and elucidated edition of the Jerusalem Talmud. In 2006, Bar-Hayim founded the Shilo Institute for the research, elucidation, and dissemination of the Torah of Israel. Bar-Hayim established the Beth HaWa'ad rabbinical court to focus on actualizing the Torah of Israel and serve as an address for Gentiles, particularly the growing Noahide community.
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Following is more direct elucidation: A necessary cause is a causal condition required for an event to occur. A sufficient cause is a causal condition complete to produce an event. Necessary is not always sufficient, however, since other casual factors—that is, other component causes—might be required to produce the event. Conversely, a sufficient cause is not always a necessary cause, since differing sufficient causes might likewise produce the event.
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I envision Kimhi hunched over his > work, and wonder if his soul knows that even still we are learning from him, > that his elucidation remains as relevant to the study of biblical text as it > was to his contemporaries. The books of the Valmadonna – the books of our > people – bring history alive [and] keep our history alive even when the > communities that produce them are long dead.Cohen, Debra Nussbaum.
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Mary Fenner Dallman (born April 11, 1935) is an American neuroendocrinologist. She is now professor emerita at University of California, San Francisco, where she was the first tenure-track female faculty member in the Department of Physiology and worked for 38 years before retiring in 2007. She is known for her elucidation of along the hypothalamic, pituitary, adrenal axis, and the discovery that comfort foods dampen the stress response.
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Although not much is known about the mechanism by which choline kinase reacts, the recent advancement in the elucidation of the structure of the enzyme has provided scientists with much more insight than they had previously. Since the structure of CK is very similar to that of the eukaryotic protein kinase family, the location of ATP and choline binding pockets have been proposed. These are shown in the figures below.
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Most, if not all, were introduced and elucidated by one of David Hobbs or Alain de Cadenet. For a few episodes, Alain de Cadenet provided narration in addition to introduction and elucidation. In at least one case, Death and Games, Le Mans 1963, this was because the film had been produced in German. In other cases, the film coverage of the topic was probably extracted from several archival sources.
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Pauling's work on crystal structure contributed significantly to the prediction and elucidation of the structures of complex minerals and compounds. His discovery of the alpha helix and beta sheet is a fundamental foundation for the study of protein structure. Francis Crick acknowledged Pauling as the "father of molecular biology". His discovery of sickle cell anemia as a "molecular disease" opened the way toward examining genetically acquired mutations at a molecular level.
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John G. Azzopardi (2 January, 1929, Malta 2 January, 2013, London) was a prominent pathologist, recognized for his contributions to diagnostic surgical pathology, particularly in breast pathology. His name is also eponymously connected with his elucidation of the Azzopardi phenomenon. He started his medical training at the Royal University of Malta in 1942 “at the tender age of 13”. After he qualified as MD in 1949, he moved to England.
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For the isolation of biologically active compounds from organisms, several different steps need to be completed. The different steps required to obtain a biologically active compound are: Extraction, chromatographic purification, dereplication, structure elucidation and bioassay testing. The steps do not have to follow that particular order and many steps may be completed simultaneously. In the first step, the sample may be triturated and extracted with a suitable solvent or macerated.
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GSMFC (2005), FFWCC [2008] In science, one of the most famous members of the Cypriniformes is the zebrafish (Danio rerio). The zebrafish is one of the most important vertebrate model organisms in biological and biochemical sciences, being used in many kinds of experiments. During early development, the zebrafish has a nearly transparent body, so it is ideal for studying developmental biology. It is also used for the elucidation of biochemical signaling pathways.
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Hartmut later worked on the crystallisation of membrane proteins - essential for their structure elucidation by X-ray crystallography. He received the Nobel Prize jointly with Johann Deisenhofer and Robert Huber in 1988. Together with Michel and Huber, Deisenhofer determined the three- dimensional structure of a protein complex found in certain photosynthetic bacteria. This membrane protein complex, called a photosynthetic reaction center, was known to play a crucial role in initiating a simple type of photosynthesis.
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The original version of Miracles contained a different version of chapter 3 entitled "The Self-Contradiction of the Naturalist". In it, Lewis made the same argument but referred to atomic motions in the brain as "irrational". In a Socratic Club debate, G. E. M. Anscombe criticized this, prompting Lewis to revise the chapter. The revised chapter presents a more detailed elucidation of the argument and distinguishes between "non-rational" and "irrational" processes.
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Had he not already received the Heavenly agreement to the wisdom of disseminating Chassidic teachings? Since Chabad thought presented Hasidic thought with a new degree of elucidation in intellectual form, this caused a new, more severe Heavenly accusation to emerge. This went beyond the justified spiritual revival and healing of mainstream Hasidism. Here, in Hasidic thought, Schneur Zalman was seeking to fulfill the Messianic impulse to disseminate Hasidic philosophy as a preparation for Mashiach.
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In 1945, Corbett was appointed as a lecturer in chemistry at Otago. After returning from Cambridge in 1950, Corbett rose to become a professor in 1966, and the Mellor Professor of Chemistry in 1972. When he retired in 1983, he was accorded the title of professor emeritus. Corbett's research at Otago was primarily concerned with the study and structural elucidation of essential oils isolated from New Zealand native plants by steam distillation.
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The Kullmann lab has contributed to the discovery and elucidation of silent synapses, glutamate spillover, tonic inhibition, long-term potentiation in interneurons, neurological channelopathies and Synaptopathies, gene therapy for epilepsy, and mechanisms of neural oscillations. Kullman serves as the editor-in-chief of the scientific journal Brain and on the editorial board of the journal Neuron. Before working at UCL, he did postdoctoral research with Roger Nicoll at the University of California, San Francisco.
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This process allows for the study of fragments that are useful in structural elucidation by tandem mass spectrometry. For example, the Q1 may be set to 'filter' for a drug ion of known mass, which is fragmented in q2. The third quadrupole (Q3) can then be set to scan the entire m/z range, giving information on the intensities of the fragments. Thus, the structure of the original ion can be deduced.
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Comprehensive Sufi commentaries appear in the 18th century such as the work of Ismail Hakki Bursevi (d. 1725). His work ruh al-Bayan ("The Spirit of Elucidation") is a voluminous exegesis. Written in Arabic, it combines the author's own ideas with those of his predecessors (notably, Ibn Arabi and Ghazali). Shia Islam is a branch of Islam in which one finds some of the most esoteric interpretations on the nature of the Quran.
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At CERN, the Irs proton collider and the Super Proton Synchrotron started operation in this decade, and Stephen Hawking developed his theories of black holes and the boundary-condition of the universe. The biological sciences, spurred by social concerns about the environment and life, gained tremendous detail. The elucidation of molecular biology, bacteriology, virology and genetics achieved their modern forms in this decade. Discrete quantum interactions within living systems became amenable to analysis and manipulation.
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Many armorial allusions require research for elucidation because of changes in language and dialect that have occurred over the past millennium. Canting arms – some in the form of rebuses – are quite common in German civic heraldry. They have also been increasingly used in the 20th century among the British royal family. When the visual representation is not straightforward but as complex as a rebus, this is sometimes called a rebus coat of arms.
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Temporal representation of prediction, forecasting and nowcasting.Taken from Yeates, 2004, p.145. The activity of prediction attempts to project the circumstances of the present into the future. According to David Sarewitz and Roger Pielke (1999, p123), scientific prediction takes two forms: # "The elucidation of invariant — and therefore predictive — principles of nature"; and # "[Using] suites of observational data and sophisticated numerical models in an effort to foretell the behavior or evolution of complex phenomena".
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16, 2019, МКД.мк. active in the Ottoman ruled Macedonia and Adrianople regions at the turn of the 20th century.Keith Brown, The Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation, Princeton University Press, 2018, , p. 174; Bernard Lory, The Bulgarian-Macedonian Divergence, An Attempted Elucidation, INALCO, Paris in Developing Cultural Identity in the Balkans: Convergence Vs. Divergence with Raymond Detrez and Pieter Plas as ed., Peter Lang, 2005, , pp. 165-193.
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This topic does require further elucidation. The history of the voluntary movements is closely linked with the national liberation struggle for the restoration of independent statehood.” In the last few years of his life, Gasparyan would work with Ruben Sahakyan, his co-author. They first developed Hovhannes Ter-Martirosyan’s (also known as A-Do) unpublished pieces for the final release and then worked on the unpublished memoirs of Yeghishe Buranyan from Van.
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The Theosophical Movement 1875–1950, Cunningham Press, Los Angeles 1951. The society's initial objective was the "study and elucidation of Occultism, the Cabala etc."See photographic reproduction of the notes to the meeting proposing the formation of the Theosophical Society, New York City, 8 September, in the image from Wikimedia Commons. After a few years Olcott and Blavatsky moved to India and established the International Headquarters at Adyar, in Madras (now Chennai).
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In 2010, Marraffini joined the faculty of The Rockefeller University to continue studying CRISPR-Cas immunity. In 2012, he initiated a collaboration with Dr. Feng Zhang of the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard that culminated in the development of the revolutionary CRISPR-Cas9 technologies to edit the genomes of bacteria and human cells. Currently, research in the Marraffini Lab focuses on the elucidation of the mechanisms of CRISPR-Cas immunity in bacteria.
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He did this by facing each of the four directions for a period of time, and then turning to face the intermediate directions as well as above and below. This period also sees the elucidation of the practice of contemplation (anuprekṣā) by Kundakunda's Vārassa-aṇuvekkhā or “Twelve Contemplations” (c. 1st century BCE to 1st century CE). These twelve forms of reflection (bhāvanā) aid in the stopping of the influx of karmas that extend transmigration.
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The Cornforths' collaboration with Robinson continued and flourished. In 1951, they completed, simultaneously with Robert Burns Woodward, the first total synthesis of the non-aromatic steroids. At the NIMR, Cornforth collaborated with numerous biological scientists, including George Popják, with whom he shared an interest in cholesterol. Together, they received the Davy Medal in 1968 in recognition of their distinguished joint work on the elucidation of the biosynthetic pathway to polyisoprenoids and steroids.
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And reprinted in, e.g., The Midrash: Midrash Rabbah with an Annotated, Interpretive Elucidation and Additional Insights. Edited by Chaim Malinowitz, volume 2, Chayei Sarah, page 151. Reading the report of that Abraham's servant had "all the goods of his master's in his hand," Rabbi Helbo explained that this was a deed of gift (made by Abraham of all his wealth to Isaac, so that a bride would be more eager to marry him).
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From the beginning of the process, STED has allowed fluorescence microscopy to perform tasks that had been only possible using electron microscopy. As an example, STED was used for the elucidation of protein structure analysis at a sub-organelle level. The common proof of this level of study is the observation of cytoskeletal filaments. In addition, neurofilaments, actin, and tubulin are often used to compare the resolving power of STED and confocal microscopes.
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He was responsible for managing all spectroscopy, structure drawing and IUPAC nomenclature, products. While in that role the analytical data management software was expanded to include support for mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, chromatography and other forms of analytical sciences. His research interests at that time include the development of algorithms for NMR prediction ( and) and, specifically, development of software approaches to Computer Assisted structure Elucidation, so-called CASE systems.
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Berova's citation reads "in recognition of her outstanding achievements in the field of chiroptical spectroscopy and the elucidation of a wide range of important chemical and biological problems related to molecular and supramolecular chirality". She has delivered short courses on chrioptical spectroscopies included Optical Rotatory Dispersion, Circular Dichroism and Raman Optical Activity. She was elected an honorary member of the Italian Chemical Society at the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa in 2012.
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With the elucidation of the epidemiology and life cycles of filarial parasites, preventive measures in the form of drug treatment of human cases as well as measures against the mosquito vectors can be implemented. Dr. Cabrera also worked on the control of ascariasis. With the model he proposed, hazards produced by these soil-transmitted helminths can be reduced. Cabrera earned his degree in Medicine at the University of the Philippines in 1945.
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In 1980, Schulten became a professor of theoretical physics at the Technical University of Munich. In 1988, Hartmut Michel, Johann Deisenhofer, and Robert Huber won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for determining the three- dimensional structure of the photosynthetic reaction center. Their elucidation of the reaction center's structure made it feasible for Klaus Schulten to develop simulations models of photosynthesis. Schulten later worked with Michel and Deisenhofer on models of LH2 in photosynthesis.
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Vern L. Schramm (born November 9, 1941) is a Professor & Ruth Merns Chair in Biochemistry at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University. Schramm was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2007. His laboratory's research focuses on the elucidation of enzymatic mechanisms and transition state structure. This information is then used for the logical design of transition-state inhibitors which have the potential to be new biologically active agents.
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Significant discoveries relating to nitrogen assimilation and metabolism, including ammonification, nitrification and nitrogen fixation (the uptake of atmospheric nitrogen by symbiotic soil microorganisms) had to wait for advances in chemistry and bacteriology in the late 19th century and this was followed in the early 20th century by the elucidation of protein and amino-acid synthesis and their role in plant metabolism. With this knowledge it was then possible to outline the global nitrogen cycle.
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They identified outbred populations of Siberian hamsters that lacked functional Mel1b but maintained circadian and reproductive responses to melatonin; these data indicate that Mel1b is not necessary for the circadian and reproductive actions of melatonin, which instead depend on Mel1a. Elucidation of the molecular nature of the melatonin receptors has facilitated definition of their ligand-binding characteristics and aided the development of melatonin analogs that are now used to treat sleep disorders and depression.
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Among his most important work was the elucidation of Old French by means of the many glosses in the medieval writings of Rashi and other French Jews. His scattered papers on Romance and Jewish philology were collected by James Darmesteter as Arsène Darmesteter, reliques scientifiques (2 vols., 1890). His valuable Cours de grammaire historique de la langue française was edited after his death by E. Muret and L. Sudre (1891-1895; English edition, 1902).
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Llull's first elucidation of the Art was in Art Abreujada d'Atrobar Veritat (The Abbreviated Art of Finding Truth), in 1290. After spending some time teaching in France and being disappointed by the poor reception of his Art among students, Llull decided to revise it. It is this revised version that he became known for. It is most clearly presented in his Ars Generalis Ultima or Ars Magna ("The Ultimate General Art" or "The Great Art", published in 1305).
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This range of wavelengths not only includes FR, but also UV-A and UV-B. The Emerson Effect established that the rate of photosynthesis in red and green algae was higher when exposed to R and FR than the sum of the two individually. This research laid the ground work for the elucidation of the dual photosystems in plants. Photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) work synergistically; through photochemical processes PSII transports electrons to PSI.
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In the first series, various aspects of human anatomy were explored, with von Hagens dissecting cadavers to illustrate certain points. In the later series particular diseases were highlighted and explained, again with dissections of cadavers, allowing direct observation of the symptoms in humans. During these programmes, Lee provided the background information about, and elucidation regarding, von Hagens' ongoing dissections. In essence, he was used to 'cut away' whilst the less telegenic parts of the dissection proceeded.
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The bulk of his research over his years at the University of Tennessee concerned the elucidation of the physiologic mechanism that initiates fever and its associated reactions to infectious pathogens. In 1996 he co-edited with M.J. Fregly the American Physiological Society's Handbook of Physiology, Sec. 4, Environmental Physiology, vols. 1 & 2, and in 1998 he co-authored and edited the textbook, Physiology and Pathophysiology of Temperature Regulation, noted as containing "all essential aspects of human thermoregulation".
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Following the resignation of Wolfgang Niersbach in November 2015, Koch was, along with first Vice President Reinhard Rauball, statutory acting DFB president. In connection with possible bribes before the 2006 FIFA World Cup, on 9 November 2015, Koch demanded a public announcement about the operations from Franz Beckenbauer and explained that it was absolutely necessary "that he is intensively introduced in the elucidation of the processes." Koch remained president along with Rauball until April 15, 2016.
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Illustrating her research, she also edited and contributed to the book, Sensory Marketing: Research on the Sensuality of Products, in 2009. She also runs an international sensory marketing research laboratory. In 2013, she published a book, Customer Sense: How the 5 Senses Influence Buying Behavior, which Kirkus Reviews calls "A sophisticated, easy-handed elucidation of the practice of marketing to our senses". Some important concepts introduced by Professor Krishna's work are perceived consumption, guiltless gluttony, and Smellizing.
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Lewis in 1986 His Nobel Prize–winning studies with Drosophila, (including the discovery1\. Lewis E. A gene complex controlling segmentation in Drosophila. Nature. 1978;277(5688):565–570. doi:10.1038/276565a0. of the Drosophila Bithorax complex of homeotic genes, and elucidation of its function), founded the field of evolutionary developmental biology and laid the groundwork for our current understanding of the universal, evolutionarily conserved strategies controlling animal development. He is credited with development of the complementation test.
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In the field of legal interpretation, Joshua was of considerable importance, his decisions being generally declared valid even when disputed by his contemporaries Rabbi Johanan and Resh Lakish. He was lenient, especially in cases where cleanliness and the preservation of health were involved.Babylonian Talmud Shabbat 121b; Jerusalem Talmud Yoma 44d Joshua devoted himself to the elucidation of the Mishnah. And his own legal interpretations resemble in their form and brevity the writings of the Tannaim in the Mishnah.
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The four domains of rabbit muscle phosphoglucomutase, drawn from . Green = Domain I, Blue = Domain II, Red = Domain III, Yellow = Domain IV. Pink residue = Serine 116. While rabbit muscle phosphoglucomutase has served as the prototype for much of the elucidation of this enzyme's structure, newer bacterium- derived crystal structures exhibit many of the same defining characteristics. Each phosphoglucomutase monomer can be divided into four sequence domains, I-IV, based on the enzyme’s default spatial configuration (see image at right).
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H.G. Wells, First and Last Things, II, §10. Wells does say, however, that "[Beauty] is light, I fall back upon that image, it is all things that light can be, beacon, elucidation, pleasure, comfort and consolation, promise, warning, the vision of reality." He rejects personal immortality. He criticises the Christianity he was raised in because he does not believe in the existence of "a divine-human friend and mediator" (though he admits the "splendid imaginative appeal" of the idea).
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Crick had been working on the genetic code at Cambridge and Watson had worked on RNA for some years.Wilkins, p. 243. Watson has suggested that ideally Wilkins and Franklin would have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Aaron Klug, Franklin's colleague and principal beneficiary in her will, was the sole winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982, "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes".
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An elucidation of the rationale for the DEA's claim was not presented, no references were cited, and the claim was eventually removed from the DEA's website. A version of the document (updated in 2013), now in PDF form, exists on the DEA Office of Diversion Control's website.HU-210 [(6aR,10aR)-9-(hydroxymethyl)-6,6-dimethyl-3-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c] chromen-1-ol)] [Purported Ingredient of “Spice”] (PDF). DEA Office of Diversion Control. Web.
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Lukanina was born in Russia and lived in rural Novgorod Oblast, a setting that influenced her later writing. She originally studied to be a teacher, but then began studies in chemistry with the goal of becoming a physician. Not much else is known about her early life. In collaboration with Aleksandr Borodin, a Russian composer and chemist, she discovered that albumen could be oxidized to produce urea and corrected Heinrich Limpricht's incorrect elucidation of succinyl chloride's reaction with benzoin.
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On his retirement in 1870 from active life he was knighted at Windsor. As a student, Smirke had a predilection for the investigation and elucidation of charters, and for the history of mining in Cornwall. He was a member of the Royal Archæological Institute from its foundation, and took an active part at its annual meetings. From November 1861 to November 1863, and from that date in 1865 to November 1867, he presided over the Royal Institution of Cornwall.
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He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1950 and was knighted in 1963. He served as President of the Chemical Society (1964–1966), President of the Royal Institute of Chemistry (1970–1971) and the first President of the Royal Society of Chemistry (1980–1982). He won the Royal Society Davy Medal in 1966 "in recognition of his distinguished contributions to synthetic organic chemistry and to the elucidation of the structures of natural products".
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Widely known methods of structural investigation, such as mass-spectrometry and X-ray analysis are only limitedly applicable to carbohydrates. Such structural studies, such as sequence determination or identification of new monosaccharides, benefit the most from the NMR spectroscopy. Absolute configuration and polymerization degree are not always determinable using NMR only, so the process of structural elucidation may require additional methods. Although monomeric composition can be solved by NMR, chromatographic and mass- spectroscopic methods provide this information sometimes easier.
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The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics: The Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics in Historical Perspective. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1974. Another result was the elucidation of the insufficiency of the Sommerfeld formula for determining the position of lines in X-ray spectra; this discrepancy was eliminated after the discovery of the electron spin. In 1925 and 1926, Leningrad physicist Orest Khvolson nominated the de Broglie brothers for the Nobel Prize for their work in the field of X-rays.
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The Emde degradation (also called Emde-reaction or Emde-reduction) is a method for the reduction of a quaternary ammonium cation to a tertiary amine with sodium amalgam Emde-degradation This organic reaction was first described in 1909 by the German chemist Hermann Emde and was for a long time of great importance in structure elucidation of many alkaloids, for example that of ephedrine. Alternative reducing agents exist for this reaction; for instance, lithium aluminium hydride.
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By age 15 or 16 W.D. Jones was known to the local police. He hung around the Barrows' service station on Eagle Ford Road, "entertained" older men,any elucidation of what this is supposed to actually signify, perhaps from the source indicated here? As it is, the quotation marks highlight the statement in rather an odd and unencyclopaedic way. and collected license plates for LC's brothers to use on cars they stole;Phillips p. 338, fn.91.
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This led to a number of further advances, one of the most significant being the elucidation of the pathophysiology underlying the disease myasthenia gravis. A small commercial fishery in southern California supplies Pacific electric rays for research purposes; as of 2005 this fishery may have employed as few as two fishers. Otherwise, this ray has no economic value. It is caught incidentally by commercial trawl and gillnet fisheries, and on hook-and-line by sport anglers.
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Alfred Möller was also a biologist, who researched fungi, and made a classic elucidation of the underground gardens of leaf-cutter ants. Müller and his wife had seven daughters and a son, who died early. His wife and several of the daughters also pre-deceased him; these losses affected him more than all the practical difficulties of life in Brazil. His rewards during life from the Brazilian state were minor; but his reputation now stands high.
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At the end of the process, LECA was already a complex organism with the presence of protein families involved in cellular compartmentalization. Elucidation of this problem from paleontological record is hindered due to taphonomic loss of biomarkers and the small likelihood that cells without walls or other coverings fossilize. This taphonomic barrier blurs our view of the FECA-LECA transition. The recognition of early eukaryotes lies on general eukaryotic features: larger size, morphological complexity and multicellularity.
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The history of liaison psychiatry is partly a history of psychiatry and medicine. Galen was highly influential for over 1500 years in medicine particularly advocating the use of experimentation to advance knowledge. The polymath physician Avicenna produced many insights into medicine but only became influential in Western medicine when William Harvey's elucidation of the circulatory system forced a re-evaluation of Galen's work. The French philosopher René Descartes began the dualistic debate on the division between mind and body.
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One of the most interesting developments in biomedical science during the past few decades has been elucidation of mechanisms mediating innate immunity. One set of innate immune mechanisms is humoral, such as complement activation. Another set comprises pattern recognition receptors such as toll-like receptors, which induce the production of interferons and other cytokines increasing resistance of cells such as monocytes to infections. Cytokines produced during innate immune responses are among the activators of adaptive immune responses.
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Components of garlic and cruciferous vegetables are known to possess HDAC inhibitors that modify the acetylation of histone proteins and may contain a protection against cancer. These same compounds have also been implicated in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and colon cancer, as they may modify the histones normally implicated in these diseases. Elucidation of disease pathways is another future direction for nutriepigenomic studies. For example, choline- deficient diets and alcohol metabolism during pregnancy may have very similar metabolic pathways.
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Following this adaptor insight, Brenner proposed the concept of a messenger RNA, based on correctly interpreting the work of Elliot "Ken" Volkin and Larry Astrachan. Then, with Francis Crick, Leslie Barnett and Richard J. Watts-Tobin, Brenner genetically demonstrated the triplet nature of the code of protein translation through the Crick, Brenner, Barnett, Watts-Tobin et al. experiment of 1961, which discovered frameshift mutations. This insight provided early elucidation of the nature of the genetic code.
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Accessed April 4, 2014. The work is arranged in a similar fashion as Likutei Torah/Torah Or, a fundamental work on Chabad philosophy authored by Rabbi Dovber's father, Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, the founder of the Chabad movement. Both works are arranged according to the weekly Torah portion. The treatises in Toras Chaim are noted for their length and complexity, as well as their elucidation of concepts discussed in Likutei Torah/Torah Or.Schneerson, Menachem Mendel.
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In 1965, Horn and Born contributed to the creation of a scale model of the 40 buildings rendered on the plan. The model was displayed at the international exhibit Karl der Grosse held at Aachen. Their two decades of collaboration culminated in a work of 1,056 pages with an estimated 1,200 illustrations. The Plan of St. Gall was praised by French historian Emmanuel LeRoy Ladurie for its "prodigious scholarship," and for its wide-ranging elucidation of Carolingian daily life.
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Kitchener, ON: Pandora, 2006; E. S. Gerhard, translator and editor, A Vindication of Caspar Schwenckfeld von Ossig: An Elucidation of his doctrine and the vicissitudes of his followers from the German of Christopher Schultz (1769). Allentown, PA: Edward Schlechter, 1942. The Church also recognizes the wisdom of church fathers, particularly those from the Eastern church as well as Augustine. Schwenckfeld emphasized the inner work of the Holy Spirit, conversion, which he called the rebirth, and the new man.
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By sequence analyses of the large oxidoreductase type of enzyme families, he noted that the FAD-binding site is a classical Rossmann fold, but the NADPH binding site has a different consensus sequence that could be responsible for NAD vs. NADP coenzyme specificity. The importance of the motifs he identified was confirmed by re-engineering of coenzyme specificities of different enzymes. Elucidation of the crystal structure of adrenodoxin reductase further verified Israel's identification of the coenzyme binding sites.
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Several tobacco plants have been used as model organisms in genetics. Tobacco BY-2 cells, derived from N. tabacum cultivar 'Bright Yellow-2', are among the most important research tools in plant cytology. Tobacco has played a pioneering role in callus culture research and the elucidation of the mechanism by which kinetin works, laying the groundwork for modern agricultural biotechnology. The first genetically modified plant was produced in 1982, using Agrobacterium tumefaciens to create an antibiotic-resistant tobacco plant.
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Membrane proteins and amyloid fibrils, the latter related to Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, are two examples of applications where solid-state NMR spectroscopy complements solution-state NMR spectroscopy and beam diffraction methods (e.g. X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy). Solid-state NMR structure elucidation of proteins has traditionally been based on secondary chemical shifts and spatial contacts between heteronuclei. Currently, paramagnetic contact shifts and specific proton-proton distances are also used for higher resolution and longer-range distance restraints.
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The lectures also focused on translation and elucidation of Semitic texts. The Old Testament was central to his syllabus, allowing familiarization with scientific Bible-study. Also integrated into the syllabus were the Hebrew apocrypha and pseudepigrapha, the Mishnah, the Talmud, the Quran, the Arabic poets, the Babylonian Gilgamish epic and the Book of the Dead. He also lectured on Semitic history, divided into treatments of Babylonia, Assyria, Persia, India, Armenia, Syria, Arabia, Ethiopia, Egypt, and the Spanish Caliphate.
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Consequently, many of the taxa are not monophyletic. Cladistic analyses, especially those based on molecular data, provide a firmer basis for classification than intuition, and the certainty (or uncertainty) of conclusions can be quantified by measures of statistical support. While our understanding of orchid phylogeny has greatly improved in recent years, the elucidation of orchid relationships is still ongoing. When Dressler published his classification in 1993, the relationships of orchids to other monocots was still unknown.
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Although there may not be a precise elucidation of Pancratistatin biological synthesis, there have been speculations on biosynthesis of Narciclasine and Lycoricidine that are very similar to Pancratistatin in terms of structure. The biosynthesis is accomplished via synthesis from O-methylnorbelladine 4 by para-para phenol coupling to obtain vittatine 5 as an intermediate. Subsequent elimination of two carbon atoms and hydroxylations of compound 5 (vittatine) then leads to narciclasine.Fuganti, C; Staunton, J; Battersby, AR. The biosynthesis of narciclasine.
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The elucidation that the gene defect in BS involves the CARD15/NOD2 gene has stimulated many investigators, to define how this gene operates as part of the innate immune system, that responds to bacterial polysaccharides, such as muramyl dipeptide, to induce signaling pathways that induce cytokine responses, and protect the organism. In BS the genetic defect seems to lead to over expression, and poor control of the inflammatory response leading to widespread granulomatous, inflammation and tissue damage.
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On December 15, 2015, a full partial agreement on victims was announced. Taken as a whole, the agreement creates a Comprehensive System of Truth, Justice, Reparation and Non-Repetition (Sistema Integral de Verdad, Justicia, Reparación y no Repetición). The system would seek to satisfy the rights of all victims of the armed conflict, including victims of the guerrillas, the State and paramilitarism. Access to judicial benefits under the Comprehensive System would be conditioned to contributing to the elucidation of the truth and reparations.
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He was first attested during the Ur III period, sometimes under the Sumerian name Maḫdianna, inscribed dmaḫ-di-an-na, the “Lofty one of heaven.” This suggests an astral character and explains his pairing with “Ištar (of) the star” (Ninsi’anna). Unfortunately, due to a break in the god- list An = Anum, further elucidation is unavailable and even the god’s gender is uncertain. Lambert suggested that he was her spouse and seal impressions from Larsa during the Isin-Larsa period seem to confirm this.
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John William Daly (June 8, 1933 – March 5, 2008) was an American biochemist who performed research for nearly 50 years at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. A primary focus of his research included the discovery, structure elucidation, synthesis, and pharmacology of alkaloids and other biologically active natural products. He was the world's leading authority in amphibian alkaloids and an expert in many areas of natural products. Daly was a prolific writer, producing around 700 papers, including books and chapters.
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Nishida, the school's founder, is most known for his groundbreaking work An Inquiry into the Good and later for his elucidation of the "logic of basho" (Japanese: 場所; usually translated as "place," or the Greek τόπος topos). This brought him fame outside Japan and contributed largely to the attention later paid to philosophers from the Kyoto School. Nishida's work is notable for a few reasons. Chief among them is how much they are related to the German tradition of philosophy since Schopenhauer.
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Solomon Molko preached, without declaring the date of the advent, in both Italy and Turkey, and as a result was burned at the stake in Mantua in 1533. R. Höschel of Cracow (d. 1663) delighted in the elucidation of difficult passages in the midrash known as the "Midrash Peli'ah" ('wonderful, obscure midrash'). H. Ersohn's biography of Höschel, in his "Chanukkat ha-Torah" (Pietrkov, 1900), gives a collection of 227 "sayings" gathered from 227 books by various writers, mostly Höschel's pupils.
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The theme of his dissertation was "Homeland" as a catch-all for political identity in South Tyrol. Further elucidation comes from the Italian title used when it was published as a book, "Understanding the other" ("Capire l’altro"). He received his habilitation (higher academic qualification) from Innsbruck for a dissertation entitled "Learning and Power: Paradigms of Education and Training in Schools, Culture and Politics" ("Lernen und Macht. Paradigmata der Bildung in Schule, Kultur, Politik") and he received his corresponding teaching certificate.
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Callistratus, Alexandrian grammarian, flourished at the beginning of the 2nd century BC. He was one of the pupils of Aristophanes of Byzantium, who were distinctively called Aristophanei. Callistratus chiefly devoted himself to the elucidation of the Greek poets; a few fragments of his commentaries have been preserved in the various collections of scholia and in Athenaeus. He was also the author of a miscellaneous work called Summikta (), used by the later lexicographers, and of a treatise on courtesans (Athenaeus iii.125b, xiii.591d).
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He was awarded the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics in 2002, "for the discovery and elucidation of the atomic structure and helical character of multi-wall and single-wall carbon nanotubes, which have had an enormous impact on the rapidly growing condensed matter and materials science field of nanoscale science and electronics." He is a foreign associate of National Academy of Sciences, foreign member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. He is also a Member of the Japan Academy.
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RNase V1 played a particularly important role in the elucidation of the distinctive stem-loop structure of transfer RNA. It has also been extensively used to study the highly structured RNA genomes of retroviruses, such as hepatitis C, dengue virus, and HIV.. Together with S1 nuclease, which specifically cleaves single- stranded RNA, it can be used to profile the secondary structure propensities of messenger RNA molecules, a procedure that can be applied to whole transcriptomes when paired with deep sequencing.
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The broad interest of Berntson's program is in the elucidation of the functional organization of brain mechanisms underlying behavioral and affective processes, with a special emphasis on social neuroscience. The program is guided conceptually by a recognition of the importance of multiple levels of analyzes in a meaningful understanding of complex neurobehavioral relations, and the strategic approach is collaborative and multidisciplinary in nature.Cacioppo, J.T., & Berntson, G.G. (1992). Social psychological contributions to the decade of the brain: doctrine of multilevel analysis.
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Gábor Forgács (born 1948) is a Hungarian theoretical physicist turned bioengineer turned innovator and entrepreneur. He was awarded the status of Fellow in the American Physical Society, after they were nominated by their Division of Biological Physics in 2008, for his original contributions to the elucidation of physical mechanisms in early morphogenesis, intracellular signaling, establishment of the technology of organ printing, as well as for his synergistic and educational activity to bridge the gap between the physical and life sciences.
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45 For Chantepie, it is the task of phenomenology to prepare historical data for philosophical analysis through "a collection, a grouping, an arrangement, and a classifying of the principal groups of religious conceptions".43 This sense of phenomenology as a grouping of manifestations is similar to the conception of phenomenology articulated by Robison and the British; however, insofar as Chantepie conceives of phenomenology as a preparation for the philosophical elucidation of essences, his phenomenology is not completely opposed to that of Hegel.
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András Perczel's main field of research is organic and bioorganic chemistry, structure elucidation of biomolecules, peptides and proteinsby CD-, NMR spectroscopy and molecular modelling. His major researches include synthesis of peptides, foldamers and proteins by solid state synthesis and biotechnological methods. He has achieved his most important results by use of spectroscopy: he has studied bioactive peptides with CD, NMR spectroscopy and molecular modelling. He is the author or co- author of about 200 scientific publications with more than 3000 independent references.
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The chemical synthesis of large peptides is still limited by problems of low solvation during solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) or limited solubility of fully protected peptide fragments: even chemoselective ligation methods are hampered by self- association of unprotected peptide blocks. The elucidation of the relationship between preferred conformation of a growing peptide chain and its physicochemical properties reveals that β-sheet (beta-sheet) formation is often paralleled by significant decrease in solvation and solubility.Mutter, M., Vuilleumier, S., Angew. Chem., (1989) 101, p.
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Target proteins control the action and the kinetic behavior of drugs within the organism. The elucidation of structure, conformational signaling and catalytic properties of particular target proteins facilitates a rational design of drugs and biotechnological processes. Known as biologicals, target proteins can also be drugs by themselves when their modification and formulation is emphasized within the pharmaceutical sciences. Finally, target protein - inducer interactions can be exploited for biomolecular transcription regulating systems in order to control for example gene therapeutic approaches.
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Pyrethroids were introduced by a team of Rothamsted Research scientists in the 1960s and 1970s following the elucidation of the structures of pyrethrin I and II by Hermann Staudinger and Leopold Ružička in the 1920s. The pyrethroids represented a major advancement in the chemistry that would synthesize the analog of the natural version found in pyrethrum. Its insecticidal activity has relatively low mammalian toxicity and an unusually fast biodegradation. Their development coincided with the identification of problems with DDT use.
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However, not all such sponges contain 3-AP compounds. Variation in content of 3-APs has been detected even within a single sponge species collected from different geographical area. Although 3-APs look structurally quite simple, the structure elucidation by NMR spectroscopy is complicated by the fact that most of the methylene groups in the alkyl chains show the same chemical shift. Therefore, the 3-APs are an ideal test case for a combined approach of NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.
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In 2003 he was awarded the March of Dimes Prize in Developmental Biology. He received the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research in 2004 for his work in the field. In 2010, Chambon was awarded the Gairdner Foundation International Award "for the elucidation of fundamental mechanisms of transcription in animal cells and to the discovery of the nuclear receptor superfamily".Pierre Chambon, M.D. - The Gairdner Foundation In 2018 he received the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize for a second time.
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The Kirkwood–Buff (KB) solution theory, due to John G. Kirkwood and Frank P. Buff, links macroscopic (bulk) properties to microscopic (molecular) details. Using statistical mechanics, the KB theory derives thermodynamic quantities from pair correlation functions between all molecules in a multi-component solution. The KB theory proves to be a valuable tool for validation of molecular simulations, as well as for the molecular-resolution elucidation of the mechanisms underlying various physical processes. For example, it has numerous applications in biologically relevant systems.
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La Villemarqué was born in Quimperlé, Finistère on 6 July 1815. He was descended from an old Breton family, which counted among its members a Hersart who had followed Saint Louis to the Crusades, and another who was a companion in arms of Du Guesclin. La Villemarqué devoted himself to the elucidation of the monuments of Breton literature. Introduced in 1851 by Jakob Grimm as correspondent to the Academy of Berlin, he became in 1858 a member of the Academy of Inscriptions.
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Arda Alden Green (May 7, 1899 – January 22, 1958) was an American biochemist who co-discovered the neurotransmitter serotonin and discovered the reaction responsible for firefly bioluminescence. She is also known for contributing to Gerty Cori and Carl Cori's elucidation of the Cori Cycle and showing how pH affects hemoglobin's ability to bind and transport oxygen. She received the Garvan-Olin Medal from the American Chemical Society for her work."Arda Alden Green, Protein Chemist," Science 128(3323)(September 5, 1958): 519-521.
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John H. Exton, Crucible of Science: The Story of the Cori Laboratory (Oxford University Press 2013): 41-43. Green isolated pure phosphorylase, a key enzyme in the Cori Cycle pathway that breaks down the sugar storage molecule glycogen, playing a critical role in the elucidation of glycogen metabolism. At Washington University she also purified other important metabolic enzymes including aldolase, which breaks down fructose. In 1945, she was appointed to the faculty at the Cleveland Clinic, working with Irvine Page.
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The Plant Pathways Elucidation Project, or P2EP, is a $1.9 million program that engaging college students from across North Carolina in education and research. Operating from June 2013 to December 2019, the program was supported by a consortium of academic and industry organizations, including the Plants for Human Health Institute. The program teamed university scientists, industry leaders and college students to explore plant health benefits, prepare student scientists to pursue careers in STEM fields (Science, Technology, Engineering and Math), and create a research knowledge base.
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These two trials, separated by most of the book, may also be part of a deeper exploration by Blixen into one of her pet notions: the “Unity” of contrasts. Perhaps her greatest elucidation of this idea comes in Shadows on the Grass, which she wrote thirty years after leaving Kenya: Her life in Africa offered her no shortage of such contrasting dualities: town and country, dry season and rainy season, Muslim and Christian. Her most constant theme is the contrast of African and European.
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The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily, and contains an intracellular death domain. This receptor can be activated by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TNFSF10/TRAIL/APO-2L), and transduces apoptosis signal. Mice have a homologous gene, tnfrsf10b, that has been essential in the elucidation of the function of this gene in humans. Studies with FADD-deficient mice suggested that FADD, a death domain containing adaptor protein, is required for the apoptosis mediated by this protein.
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Ever since Tarkhanov's findings demonstrated sexual arousal in frogs to result from the state of seminal vesicles, the attempted elucidation of their role in other animals' sexual behaviour has been the object of experimental effort. No generalisation has yet appeared, however. The study performed by Beach & Wilson (University of California, Berkeley) in 1964 discovered that these glands do not participate in the regulation of sexual arousal of male rats in the similar manner. Whether the regularity observed in frogs is applicable to humans remains unknown.
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Isotope peaks within a spectrum can help in structure elucidation. Compounds containing halogens (especially chlorine and bromine) can produce very distinct isotope peaks. The mass spectrum of methylbromide has two prominent peaks of equal intensity at m/z 94 (M) and 96 (M+2) and then two more at 79 and 81 belonging to the bromine fragment. Even when compounds only contain elements with less intense isotope peaks (carbon or oxygen), the distribution of these peaks can be used to assign the spectrum to the correct compound.
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This can allow for the elucidation of neural microcircuitry to an extent that was previously unobtainable. This has significant implications for the real world. If we can better understand what parts of the brain are intimately connected, we can predict the effect of localized brain injury. For example, if a patient has a stroke in the amygdala, primarily responsible for emotion, the patient might also have trouble learning to perform certain tasks because the amygdala is highly interconnected with the orbitofrontal cortex, responsible for reward learning.
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He was instructor in Mathematics at the University of Texas from 1926 to 1927. At Caltech, he held position of Teaching Fellow (1927-1930), Research Fellow (1930-1935), Senior Fellow in Research (1935-1938), and Assistant Professor (since 1938). As a professor, he taught X-ray crystallography. One of the first results of the collaboration with Pauling, soon after is hiring in 1927, was the elucidation of the structure of the titanium mineral brookite, that led Pauling to develop his theory of coordination bonding.
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Therefore, it is important to use the phytochemical methods to screen and analyze bioactive components, not only for the quality control of crude drugs, but also for the elucidation of their therapeutic mechanisms. Modern pharmacological studies indicate that binding to receptors or ion channels on cell membranes is the first step of some drug actions. A new method in phytochemistry called biochromatography has been developed. This method combines human red cell membrane extraction and high performance liquid chromatography to screen potential active components in Chinese medicine.
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It is probable, however, that he derived his knowledge of Babylonian teaching from his father, who had traveled in Babylonia. Jose's chief work in the field of the Halakhah was the expounding of the Mishnah and the halakhot of the Amoraim, though some halakhot are credited to him. In aggadah he excelled in the transmission and elucidation of the sayings of his predecessors, especially those of Hiyya, Joshua ben Levi, Yohanan and Simeon ben Lakish. His chief halakic opponents were Mana II and Jose ben Zebida.
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Elucidation of intestinal lymphatic absorption mechanism from solid lipid nanoparticles using Caco-2 cell line as in vitro model was developed. Several researchers have shown the enhancement of oral bioavailibility of poorly water soluble drugs when encapsulated in solid lipid nanoparticle. This enhanced bioavailibility is achieved via lymphatic delivery. To elucidate the absorption mechanism, from solid lipid nanoparticle, human excised Caco-2 cell monolayer could be alternative tissue for development of an in-vitro model to be used as a screening tool before animal studies are undertaken.
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Schröder, C. Heinemann, H. Schwarz, J. N. Harvey, S. Dua, S. J. Blanksby, and John, H. Bowie, "Ethylenedione: An Intrinsically Short-Lived Molecule", Chem. Eur. J., 4, 2550-2557 (1998). making triplet ethylenedione a transient, yet spectroscopically long-lived molecule. On the other hand, the monoanion of ethylenedione, OCCO−, as well as the dianion , called acetylenediolate, are both stable.J. R. Thomas, B. J. DeLeeuw, P. O’Leary, H. F. Schaefer III, B. J. Duke, B. O’Leary "The ethylenedione anion: Elucidation of the intricate potential energy hypersurface", J. Chem.
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Since their original discovery and the elucidation of their structure, these interaction modules have proven ubiquitous in the biological world and may be found in 3% of the genes of the human genome. In addition, zinc fingers have become extremely useful in various therapeutic and research capacities. Engineering zinc fingers to have an affinity for a specific sequence is an area of active research, and zinc finger nucleases and zinc finger transcription factors are two of the most important applications of this to be realized to date.
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Biosynthesis of N-methyl-pyrrolinium cation Biosynthesis of cocaine Robinson biosynthesis of tropane Reduction of tropinone The first synthesis and elucidation of the cocaine molecule was by Richard Willstätter in 1898. Willstätter's synthesis derived cocaine from tropinone. Since then, Robert Robinson and Edward Leete have made significant contributions to the mechanism of the synthesis. (-NO3) The additional carbon atoms required for the synthesis of cocaine are derived from acetyl-CoA, by addition of two acetyl-CoA units to the N-methyl-Δ1-pyrrolinium cation.
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Reprinted in, e.g., The Midrash: Midrash Rabbah with an Annotated, Interpretive Elucidation and Additional Insights. Edited by Chaim Malinowitz, volume 2, pages 41–2. Satan Inflicting Plagues on Job (watercolor by William Blake from his 1826 Illustrations of the Book of Job) The Gemara expanded on the conversation between God and Satan in to teach that Abraham's patience in receiving the Promised Land even in the face of the need to buy land to bury his wife in showed faith comparable to that of Job.
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There are significant opportunities to better understand the causes and consequences of sarcopenia and help guide clinical care. This includes elucidation of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of sarcopenia, further refinement of reference populations by ethnic groups, validation of diagnostic criteria and clinical tools, as well as tracking of incidence of hospitalization admissions, morbidity, and mortality. Identification and research on potential therapeutic approaches and timing of interventions is also needed. New pharmaceutical therapies in clinical development include myostatin and the selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs).
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A Midrash taught that in the words of "And, behold, there came up out of the river seven cows," God hinted to Pharaoh what his dream symbolized, for plenty does not come to Egypt other than from the Nile River, and likewise famine does not come to Egypt other than from the Nile River.Genesis Rabbah 89:4. Reprinted in, e.g., The Midrash: Midrash Rabbah with an Annotated, Interpretive Elucidation and Additional Insights. Edited by Chaim Malinowitz, volume 4, Mikeitz, page 32. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2011. .
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The factors influencing the formation and location of the ZLI are widely studied but still disputed. Differences between different animal models further complicate elucidation of the genetic pathways, specifically between chicks/ mammalian models and zebrafish. Wnt (the family wingless) genes are crucial for the development of the ZLI both directly and indirectly in all animal systems. Along with the role of Wnt genes in patterning the anteroposterior axis through gradient polarization, Wnt8b is expressed within the ZLI itself and may help guide dorsal movement of Shh expression.
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At the end of February 2012, the Saxon State Commissioner for the Stasi files, Lutz Rathenow, made in the Tagesspiegel Klarsfeld contacts with the Ministry of State Security of the GDR on the subject. Klarsfeld had indeed supplied no reports and had also not been a player, but did receive material from the GDR secret. They have also wanted. According to Rathenow, it "needs a reflection of how far served the Stasi legwork of Nazi Crimes elucidation and where it has harmed." would require.
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A mass spectrometer used for high throughput protein analysis. Protein mass spectrometry refers to the application of mass spectrometry to the study of proteins. Mass spectrometry is an important method for the accurate mass determination and characterization of proteins, and a variety of methods and instrumentations have been developed for its many uses. Its applications include the identification of proteins and their post-translational modifications, the elucidation of protein complexes, their subunits and functional interactions, as well as the global measurement of proteins in proteomics.
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The Báb's teachings have three broad stages, each with a dominant thematic focus. His earliest teachings are primarily defined by his interpretation of the Quran and hadith. This interpretive mode continues throughout all three stages of his teachings, but a shift takes place where his emphasis moves to philosophical elucidation, and finally to legislative pronouncements. In the second philosophical stage, the Báb gives an explanation of the metaphysics of being and creation, and in the third legislative stage his mystical and historical principles unite.
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Out of the many terms used previously in the time of my Father, Offspring of the Gods, by the teacher Bodhisattva (Śāntarakṣita), Jñānendra, Zḥang-blon Nyen- nya-bzang, Blon Khri-bzher Sang-shi, together with the translators Jñānadevakoṣa, lTse Khyi-'brug and the Brahman Ānanda and others, in the translation of a religious language which had not been promulgated in Tibet, there are some that failed to accord with religious criteria or with grammatical usage. Thus those that were unacceptable in their unrevised state, were revised. The linguistic terms which required elucidation were accumulated and then depending on their usage in basic Mahāyāna and Hīnayāna texts, also upon their usage by the great masters of former times such as Nāgārjuna and Vasubandhu and the meaning that was to be extracted in accordance with grammatical usage, those that were difficult to understand were separated into their parts and then prescribed as a rule with the clear meaning given. Simple terms that did not require elucidation and that might be suitable translated according to their ordinary meaning (literally; just as they sounded) were prescribed as terms with these fixed meanings.
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His research is unique in that he uses both written and oral sources and combines approaches, which lie at the intersection of history, religious studies, and anthropology. His knowledge of Persian and Chaghatai has positioned him well for critically assessing the study of social history in Islamic Central Asia. His publications in English, Uzbek, and Russian address a spectrum of themes: Islam in early modern Central Asia; elucidation of legal documents from qazi courts; studies of contemporary shrines and their keepers; a social history of women and family in Central Asia.
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The most popular of the releases was the Deluxe Edition, or 2001 Varèse Sarabande Edition, released as a double CD in 2001. Joseph L. Mankiewicz, the film's director, made the unusual gesture, for him, of contributing extensive liner notes for the 1963 Original Soundtrack Album. These notes provide a valuable elucidation of many points in Mankiewicz's conception of Cleopatra that are unrealized in the version of the film that was released. Ironically, it was Mankiewicz's son Christopher who recommended North after his enthusiasm for his great score for Spartacus (1960).
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The loyalty of an Etsako man firstly is to his home/homestead, Village, Clan, and ethnic group. Also strong affinity between the Etsako people and their neighbors can be deduced in some customary rites, borrowed words, and even migration pattern. A good example is the "Ajinebode" myth of the Idah Igala who believe that the early founder or ruler of Idah was "Ajinebode". This coincidence is worthy of further Historical elucidation since the mighty River Niger divides Idah in present-day Kogi State and Agenebode in Edo State.
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Ferulic acid decarboxylase (Fdc1) from A. niger co-expressed in E.coli with UbiX from E.coli (AnFdc1UbiX) once purified had clear spectral differences to singly expressed AnFdc1, and was capable of in vitro decarboxylation of a range of aromatic carboxylic acids. The atomic resolution of the crystal structure of AnFdc1UbiX, allowed elucidation of the structure of the modified FMN cofactor classified as prFMN (Figure 2). The crystal structure revealed an isopentenyl-adduct to the N5-C6 of FMN, with the modifications branched nature and the position of the covalent linkages with flavin suggesting prenylation. Figure 2.
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When molecular modeling software became more readily available in the 1990s, the use of Dreiding Stereomodels declined and production stopped, and the models were apparently discontinued around 2005. However, especially for the purposes of spectroscopic structure elucidation using NMR and MS, the availability of "hands-on" accurate molecular models continues to be very valuable. E.g., in natural products chemistry, where structures are often elucidated ab initio, Dreiding Stereomodels can be extremely useful as they allow the rapid assembly of alternative and closely related structures with high geometric precision (e.g., for NOE or 2D NMR interpretations).
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Sumanene is a bowl-shaped molecule with a bowl depth of 118 picometers.Structural Elucidation of Sumanene and Generation of Its Benzylic Anions Hidehiro Sakurai, Taro Daiko, Hiroyuki Sakane, Toru Amaya, and Toshikazu Hirao J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127 (33), 11580 -11581, 2005 The 6 hub carbon atoms are pyramidalized by 9° and the molecule displays considerable bond alternation (138.1 to 143.1 pm). Sumanene also experiences bowl-to-bowl inversion with an inversion barrier of 19.6 kcal/mol (82 kJ/mol) at 140 °C which is much higher than that found for its corannulene cousin.
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He earned his Ph.D. in chemistry from University of California at Berkeley in 1945, working with renowned physical chemist G.N. Lewis. He was a Distinguished University Research Professor at FSU. He was an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences (in 1971)Kasha NAS Membership and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (in 1963), as well as the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science. The research in his molecular spectroscopy laboratory maintained a strong tradition of the discovery and elucidation of excitation mechanisms, with particular application to photochemical and biophysical problems.
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Dr. Chagas Filho's main scientific contribution was centered on the study of the eletroplaques of the "poraquê" or electric eel (Electrophorus electricus), actually a fresh water electric fish native to the Amazon. With his group, he made important and original advances in the elucidation of its anatomy and electrophysiology, cytochemistry, as well as its nervous control. He discovered the brain command structures which control electrical discharges. He discovered also that the electroplaques has two kinds of excitability, one which is direct, and another which is reflex via the nervous pathways.
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There is general agreement that the three leading exponents of analytical Marxism were the philosopher G. A. Cohen, the social scientist Jon Elster, and the economist John Roemer. Cohen's book, Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence (1978), is generally regarded as having started the analytical Marxist approach. In that book, Cohen attempted to apply the tools of logical and linguistic analysis to the elucidation and defence of Marx's materialist conception of history. Other prominent analytical Marxists include the sociologist Erik Olin Wright and the political scientist Adam Przeworski.
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The thirteen rules were compiled by Rabbi Ishmael b. Elisha for the elucidation of the Torah and for making halakic deductions from it. They are, strictly speaking, mere amplifications of the seven Rules of Hillel, and are collected in the Baraita of R. Ishmael, forming the introduction to the Sifra and reading as follows: # Kal wa-ḥomer: Identical with the first rule of Hillel (a minore ad maius - an argument that denotes an inference from smaller to bigger and vice versa). # Gezerah shawah: Identical with the second rule of Hillel.
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Numerous commentaries on Ghalib's ghazal compilations have been written by Urdu scholars. The first such elucidation or Sharh was written by Ali Haider Nazm Tabatabai of Hyderabad during the rule of the last Nizam of Hyderabad. Before Ghalib, the ghazal was primarily an expression of anguished love; but Ghalib expressed philosophy, the travails and mysteries of life and wrote ghazals on many other subjects, vastly expanding the scope of the ghazal. In keeping with the conventions of the classical ghazal, in most of Ghalib's verses, the identity and the gender of the beloved is indeterminate.
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Janda's independent career started working on catalytic antibodies. In 1993, his group was the first to describe how a catalytic antibody can reroute a chemically disfavored reaction to give an endo Diels-Alder cyclization product rather than the uncatalyzed exo product. A second research infusion in this area attributable to Janda was the elucidation of the concept of reactive immunization. A second area of research Janda's group has pioneered is the field of "immunopharmacotherapy" a term coined by Janda's laboratory to describe the use of the immune system to target drug addiction and obesity.
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The Small Molecule Pathway Database (SMPDB) is a comprehensive, high-quality, freely accessible, online database containing more than 600 small molecule (i.e. metabolic) pathways found in humans. SMPDB is designed specifically to support pathway elucidation and pathway discovery in metabolomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and systems biology. It is able to do so, in part, by providing colorful, detailed, fully searchable, hyperlinked diagrams of five types of small molecule pathways: 1) general human metabolic pathways; 2) human metabolic disease pathways; 3) human metabolite signaling pathways; 4) drug-action pathways and 5) drug metabolism pathways.
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The practical application of D'Andrea's research includes genetic diseases in humans. His primary focus is the molecular pathogenesis of human chromosome instability syndromes: Fanconi anemia (FA), ataxia-telangiectasia (AT), and Bloom syndrome (BS). Most notably, Fanconi anemia is an autosomal-recessive cancer susceptibility disorder characterized by developmental defects and increased cellular sensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents. Dr. D'Andrea's laboratory contributed significantly to the elucidation of a new DNA repair pathway, the FA/BRCA pathway, and demonstrated that one of the FA genes (FANCD1) is identical to the breast cancer gene, BRCA2.
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A chapter of another work, Risālat al-īḍāḥ wa'l-bayān ("Treatise of elucidation and explanation") which interprets the story of the Fall of Adam as an allegory for the rebellon and fall of a "cosmic intellect". It was edited by Bernard Lewis in "An Ismaili interpretation of the fall of Adam", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies Vol. 9 (1938), pp. 691–704, and analysed by Daniel De Smet in "L’arbre de la connaissance du bien et du mal. Transformation d’un thème biblique dans l’ismaélisme ṭayyibite", in Studies in Arabic and Islam.
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One goal of current research is elucidation of the basic environmental functions of the ecosystem in reservoirs, which are important for water quality management and water supply. Much of the early work of hydrobiologists concentrated on the biological processes utilised in sewage treatment and water purification especially slow sand filters. Other historically important work sought to provide biotic indices for classifying waters according to the biotic communities that they supported. This work continues to this day in Europe in the development of classification tools for assessing water bodies for the EU water framework directive.
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Arthur Heffter was a German chemist/pharmacologist/physician who first isolated pure Mescaline from the peyote cactus in the late 1890s. He also proved that mescaline was the alkaloid in the cactus that is responsible for its psychoactive properties. This was the first psychedelic compound to be isolated and identified from its natural source, making Dr. Heffter the first scientist to study a pure psychedelic drug. Heffter's elucidation of the mescaline structure allowed it to be prepared by laboratory synthesis in 1919 by Ernst Späth, thus making it available to the wider scientific community.
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Pirenperone (, , ; developmental code names R-47456, R-50656) is a serotonin receptor antagonist described as an antipsychotic and tranquilizer which was never marketed. It is a relatively selective antagonist of the serotonin 5-HT2 receptors and has been used in scientific research to study the serotonin system. In the 1980s, the drug was found to block the effects of the lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in animals, and along with ketanserin, led to the elucidation of the 5-HT2A receptor as the biological mediator of the effects of serotonergic psychedelics.
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The use of these principles led to an increasing understanding of protein structure and other biological processes. For instance, the important breakthrough that allowed the elucidation of the double helical structure of DNA occurred when it was realized that there are two separate strands of nucleotides connected through hydrogen bonds. The use of non-covalent bonds is essential to replication because they allow the strands to be separated and used to template new double stranded DNA. Concomitantly, chemists began to recognize and study synthetic structures based on non-covalent interactions, such as micelles and microemulsions.
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142857 = 1/7. These six points together with the point numbered 9 are said to represent the main stages of any complete process, and can be related to the notes of a musical octave, 9 being equivalent to "Do" and 1 to "Re" etc. The points numbered 3 and 6 are said to represent "shock points" which affect the way a process develops. The internal lines between the points; that is, the three-point figure and the six-point figure, are said to show certain non-obvious connections, although here very little elucidation is offered.
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The reaction conditions are harsh: medium molten potassium hydroxide at temperatures in the range of 250 to 300 °C. The reaction has been of some importance in structure elucidation of certain fatty acids, but has little practical synthetic value.Organic reactions in strong alkalis-I : Fission of ethylenic acids (the Varrentrapp reaction) Tetrahedron, Volume 8, Issues 3–4, 1960, Pages 221–238 R. G. Ackman, Patrick Linstead, B. J. Wakefield and B. C. L. Weedon The original 1840 Varrentrapp reaction concerned the conversion of oleate to palmitate and acetate.
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Aro also served on the Editorial Board of Journal of the Royal Society Interface (2012–2015). Aro directed the Academy of Finland's Center of Excellence in Integrated Photosynthesis and Metabolism Research for the period 2008–2013. In 2014, she became director of the Finnish Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology of Primary Producers, which was selected by the Australian Research Council (ARC) to partner with other Plant Energy Biology research centers for the period 2014–2019. Her contributions to the project include the elucidation of photodamage and photoinhibition mechanisms.
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Shams ad-Din ibn Muhammad () (reigned 1472–1487) was a Somali Sultan of the Sultanate of Adal and a son of Muhammad ibn Badlay.In recounting the genealogy of the Walashma dynasty, Sihab ad-Din Ahmad states in his Futuh al-Habasa that Muhammad ibn Badley had two sons, one of whom might be the Habib he mentions soon after; the text is confusing here and the translation (Futuh al-Habasa: The conquest of Ethiopia, translated by Paul Lester Stenhouse with annotations by Richard Pankhurst [Hollywood: Tsehai, 2003], p. 7) does not offer any elucidation.
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Since Michel Chasles cited this book of Pappus in his history of geometric methods,Michel Chasles (1837) Aperçu historique sur l'origine et le développement des méthodes en géométrie, especially page 302; see also pages 12, 78, and 518. it has become the object of considerable attention. The preface of Book VII explains the terms analysis and synthesis and the distinction between theorem and problem. Pappus then enumerates works of Euclid, Apollonius, Aristaeus and Eratosthenes, thirty-three books in all, the substance of which he intends to give, with the lemmas necessary for their elucidation.
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His main current research areas include: (i) bacterial cell-volume regulation: elucidation of the homeostatic mechanisms that control the physicochemistry of the cell; (ii) building of synthetic cells: construction of functional out-of-equilibrium systems for metabolic energy conservation and development of cell volume regulatory networks. What tasks should a living cell minimally perform and how this can be accomplished with a minimal set of components? and (iii) the molecular mechanisms of membrane transport proteins: understanding the dynamics, energetics and mechanisms of solute transporters in the plasma membrane.
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Aebi is recognized as a pioneer in integrative structural biology as well as mechano- and nanobiology. His work focused on the elucidation of the structure, function and assembly of the cyto- and nucleoskeleton and the nuclear pore complex (NPC), as well as the amyloid fibrils that are a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. He studied the architecture of diverse supramolecular assemblies using a combination of light, electron and atomic force microscopy, X-ray crystallography, and protein engineering. Among others, Aebi determined the 3-dimensional structure of the NPC by cryo-electron tomography.
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The Ernest Guenther Award in the Chemistry of Natural Products is an American Chemical Society (ACS) award in the field of the chemistry of natural products. The purpose of the award is to recognize and encourage outstanding achievements in the analysis, structure elucidation, and chemical synthesis of natural products, with special consideration given to the independence of thought and originality. The award is granted regardless of race, gender, age, religion, ethnicity, nationality, sexual orientation, gender expression, gender identity, presence of disabilities, and educational background. The award consists of $6,000, a medallion and a certificate.
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Prof, Babalola's research has been focused on ethics of human research, pharmacogenetics, clinical trials, drug interaction PK/PD, and non- communicable disease (Sickle Cell Disease and Cancer). She developed a novel High-performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of quinine in biometrics. This novel method quinine analysis led to the elucidation of the pharmacokinetics of quinine in Africans and formed the basis of dose optimization in malaria patents. Her feasibility studies on drug interactions and metabolism suggest a decrease in bioavailability and bacterial activity of certain antibiotics when combined with some anti-malaria drugs.
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Much of the early work on the chemistry of the firefly luminescence was done in the lab of William D. McElroy at Johns Hopkins University. The luciferin was first isolated and purified in 1949, though it would be several years until a procedure was developed to crystallize the compound in high yield. This, along with the synthesis and structure elucidation, was accomplished by Dr. Emil H. White at the Johns Hopkins University, Department of Chemistry. The procedure was an acid-base extraction, given the carboxylic acid group on the luciferin.
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The elucidation of the chemical structure is critical to avoid the re-discovery of a chemical agent that is already known for its structure and chemical activity. Mass spectrometry is a method in which individual compounds are identified based on their mass/charge ratio, after ionization. Chemical compounds exist in nature as mixtures, so the combination of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is often used to separate the individual chemicals. Databases of mass spectras for known compounds are available and can be used to assign a structure to an unknown mass spectrum.
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In 1965 at Stanford University, nobel laureate Joshua Lederberg, computer scientist Edward Feigenbaum, and Djerassi devised the computer program DENDRAL (dendritic algorithm) for the elucidation of the molecular structure of unknown organic compounds taken from known groups of such compounds, such as the alkaloids and the steroids. This was a prototype for expert systems and one of the first uses of artificial intelligence in biomedical research. Djerassi was a member of the Board of Sponsors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and was chairman of the Pharmanex Scientific Advisory Board.
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Charlton's research investigates the Higgs mechanism and electroweak symmetry breaking. He is regarded as a leader in the experimental elucidation of electroweak symmetry-breaking, culminating in the observation and first characterisation of a Higgs boson, at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). His research has been funded by the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC). From 1989 to 2001, Charlton worked on the OPAL experiment of the Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP) at CERN, on data analysis, components of the trigger and data acquisition systems, and the identification of muons.
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Pharmacology, a biomedical science, deals with the research, discovery, and characterization of chemicals which show biological effects and the elucidation of cellular and organismal function in relation to these chemicals. In contrast, pharmacy, a health services profession, is concerned with the application of the principles learned from pharmacology in its clinical settings; whether it be in a dispensing or clinical care role. In either field, the primary contrast between the two is their distinctions between direct-patient care, pharmacy practice, and the science-oriented research field, driven by pharmacology.
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His cell biological elucidation of the mechanisms involved in the pre-mature aging disease Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome have revealed novel mechanisms of human aging. He is an NIH Distinguished Investigator at the National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States and the Director of the NCI Center for Cancer Research at the NIH. He was the Editor-in-Chief of The Journal of Cell Biology (2009-2015) and is the editor of Current Opinion in Cell Biology. He serves on the editorial boards of Science, Cell and PLOS Biology.
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Tegelaar, EW, et al. (1989) Scope and limitations of several pyrolysis methods in the structural elucidation of a macromolecular plant constituent in the leaf cuticle of Agave americana L., Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 15, 29-54 The cuticular membrane is impregnated with cuticular waxesJetter, R, Kunst, L & Samuels, AL (2006) Composition of plant cuticular waxes. In: Riederer, M & Müller, C (2006) Biology of the Plant Cuticle. Blackwell Publishing, 145-181 and covered with epicuticular waxes, which are mixtures of hydrophobic aliphatic compounds, hydrocarbons with chain lengths typically in the range C16 to C36.
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The DSMZ has, at present, about 30,000 cultures, including 19,000 different cultures of microorganisms, 41 plant cell cultures, 1400 plant viruses, 800 human and animal cell lines, and 6700 patent deposits and safe deposits. Only biological material of biosafety levels 1 and 2 is housed. The scientific services are offered to support fundamental research and processes of industrial production or ecological development, but also for the elucidation and solution of biological material. The DSMZ is recognized as an International Deposit Authority (IDA) for the deposit of biological material under the Budapest Treaty.
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Trans-synaptic enzyme induction had never previously been detected: it transpired that it was a general phenomenon. At Basel, his attention turned to nerve growth factor and other neurotrophins. His laboratory made a series of groundbreaking contributions to the field, including the cloning of brain derived neurotrophic factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor. Almost all his subsequent research focused on this class of proteins, the elucidation of their physiological functions, and the factors that influenced their expression and release - including other growth factors, the presynaptic release of neurotransmitters, glucocorticosteroids, and stress.
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The teachings of the Báb can be grouped into three broad stages which each have a dominant thematic focus. His earliest teachings are primarily defined by his interpretation of the Qurʼan and other Islamic traditions. While this interpretive mode continues throughout all three stages of his teachings, a shift takes place where his emphasis moves to legislative pronouncements and to philosophical elucidation. In the philosophical stage, the Báb gives an explanation of the metaphysics of being and creation, and in the legislative stage his mystical and historical principles are explicitly united.
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Larry A. Nagahara, of the National Cancer Institute, was awarded the status of Fellow in the American Physical Society, after he was nominated by their Topical Group on Instrument and Measurement Science in 2008, for his pioneering work in developing scanning probe microscopy and other nanotechnology platforms for the analysis, manipulation and measurements at the nanoscale and of molecular components and for the elucidation of the fundamental physical principles underlying these systems. Since 2016, Nagahara has served as the Associate Dean of Research at Johns Hopkins University's G.W.C. Whiting School of Engineering.
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In his early years Göttling devoted himself to German literature, and published two works on the Nibelungen: Über des Geschichtliche im Nibelungenliede (1814) and Nibelungen und Gibelinen (1817). The greater part of his life, however, was devoted to the study of classical literature, especially the elucidation of Greek authors. The contents of his Gesammelte Abhandlungen aus dem klassischen Altertum (“Collected treatises on classical antiquity,” 2 vols., 1851–1863) and Opuscula Academica (“Brief academic works,” published in 1869 after his death) sufficiently indicate the varied nature of his studies.
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Donald F. Steiner is known for his discoveries on proinsulin, the precursor of insulin which is a hormone that helps the body control the use of sugar. He found that insulin is synthesized from a larger precursor protein in the beta cells of the pancreas and this led the way to elucidation of how the islet cells function, and how peptide hormones are synthesized and metabolized. He and his colleagues discovered some of the enzymes that convert proinsulin into insulin, and also devised methods for measuring insulin and its precursors in human serum.
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Mechanisms of transport: (L) channel, (M) ionophore/carrier, and (R) detergent Passive transport of ions across a membrane can take place by three main mechanisms: by ferrying, through defects in a disrupted membrane, or through a defined trajectory; these corresponds to ionophore, detergent, and ion channel transporters. While synthetic ion channel research attempts to prepare compounds that show conductance via a defined path, the elucidation of mechanism is difficult and seldom unambiguous. The two main methods of characterization both have their drawbacks, and as a consequence, often function is defined but mechanism presumed.
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He wrote of the alkaloid's "colourless transparent prisms" and said that "Its solutions have an alkaline reaction, a bitter taste, promote the flow of saliva and leave a peculiar numbness, followed by a sense of cold when applied to the tongue." Niemann named the alkaloid "cocaine" from "coca" (from Quechua "kuka") + suffix "ine". Because of its use as a local anesthetic, a suffix "-caine" was later extracted and used to form names of synthetic local anesthetics. The first synthesis and elucidation of the structure of the cocaine molecule was by Richard Willstätter in 1898.
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David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel (who won the Nobel prize in Physiology for their elucidation of receptive field properties of cells in primary visual cortex) first performed the technique in felines.Hubel, David (1988) Eye, Brain, and Vision. p. 191-216. Kittens, although less-closely related evolutionarily to humans even than rodents, have a remarkably similar visual system to humans. They found that ocular dominance columns (the orderly clustering of V1 neurons representing visual input from one or both eyes) were dramatically disrupted when one eye was sewn shut for 2 months.
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It is possible that it was related to the Society of Friends, as he published An apology for the innocency and justice of the Quakers cause. And a short elucidation of their principles in 1674. From 1687 to 1690, a period of religious and political tension in the reign of James II of England, Salmon is said to have left England and travelled in New England and the Caribbean. After his return, he wrote books on baptism and transubstantiation which are listed in A Descriptive Catalogue of Friends' Books.
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This characterization has always been problematic but was the best that could be done given the knowledge of the time and the tools available for identification. A recent molecular study using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis suggests that the three subspecies are polyphyletic, so the elucidation of the strains of T. brucei infective to humans requires a more complex explanation. Procyclins are proteins developed in the surface coating of trypanosomes whilst in their tsetse fly vector. Other forms of human trypanosomiasis also exist but are not transmitted by tsetse.
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This enables the cancer cell to sustain undifferentiated gene expression programs that affect the control of key cellular processes. Furthermore, it explains why lung cancer and other solid tumors are completely refractory to treatments based on these compounds that are effective therapies for some types of leukemia. The role of BRG1 in sensitivity or resistance to anti-cancer drugs had been recently highlighted by the elucidation of the mechanisms of action of darinaparsin, an arsenic-based anti-cancer drugs. Darinaparsin has been shown to induce phosphorylation of BRG1, which leads to its exclusion from chromatin.
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ThermoQuest AvantGarde MS with quadrupole detector and FAB/EI source. The first example of the practical application of this FAB was the elucidation of the amino acid sequence of the oligopeptide efrapeptin D. This contained a variety of very unusual amino acid residues.Bullough,D.A., Jackson C.G.,Henderson, P.J.F., Cottee, F.H.,Beechey,R.B. and Linnett, P.E. Biochemistry International (1981) 4, 543-549 The sequence was shown to be: N-acetyl-L-pip-AIB-L-pip-AIB-AIB-L-leu-beta-ala-gly-AIB-AIB-L-pip-AIB-gly-L- leu-L-iva-AIB-X.
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The Báb's teachings can be grouped into three broad stages which each have a dominant thematic focus. His earliest teachings are primarily defined by his interpretation of the Quran and other Islamic traditions. While this interpretive mode continues throughout all three stages of his teachings, a shift takes place where his emphasis moves to the philosophical elucidation and finally to legislative pronouncements. In the second philosophical stage, the Báb gives an explanation of the metaphysics of being and creation, and in the third legislative stage his mystical and historical principles are explicitly united.
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Prior to the strict criteria for the diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse, as described above, the incidence of mitral valve prolapse in the general population varied greatly. Some studies estimated the incidence of mitral valve prolapse at 5 to 15 percent or even higher. One 1985 study suggested MVP in up to 35% of healthy teenagers. Recent elucidation of mitral valve anatomy and the development of three-dimensional echocardiography have resulted in improved diagnostic criteria, and the true prevalence of MVP based on these criteria is estimated at 2-3%.
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Studies on RNA interference gleaned a Nobel Prize for Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 2006, and another Nobel was awarded for studies on the transcription of RNA to Roger Kornberg in the same year. The discovery of gene regulatory RNAs has led to attempts to develop drugs made of RNA, such as siRNA, to silence genes. Adding to the Nobel prizes awarded for research on RNA in 2009 it was awarded for the elucidation of the atomic structure of the ribosome to Venki Ramakrishnan, Tom Steitz, and Ada Yonath.
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The Alanine-World-Hypothesis assumes that known life biochemistry originated within the frame of the old RNA world ("GC code"). The RNA world hypothesis, if true, has important implications for the definition of life. For most of the time that followed Watson and Crick's elucidation of DNA structure in 1953, life was largely defined in terms of DNA and proteins: DNA and proteins seemed the dominant macromolecules in the living cell, with RNA only aiding in creating proteins from the DNA blueprint. The RNA world hypothesis places RNA at center-stage when life originated.
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Reaction scheme of the olefin metathesis - changing groups are colored Olefin metathesis is an organic reaction that entails the redistribution of fragments of alkenes (olefins) by the scission and regeneration of carbon-carbon double bonds. Because of the relative simplicity of olefin metathesis, it often creates fewer undesired by-products and hazardous wastes than alternative organic reactions. For their elucidation of the reaction mechanism and their discovery of a variety of highly active catalysts, Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs, and Richard R. Schrock were collectively awarded the 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
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Aaron Klug was recognized with the 1982 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on structural elucidation using electron microscopy, in particular for protein-nucleic acid MAs including the tobacco mosaic virus (a structure containing a 6400 base ssRNA molecule and >2000 coat protein molecules). The crystallization and structure solution for the ribosome, MW ~ 2.5 MDa, an example of part of the protein synthetic 'machinery' of living cells, was object of the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded to Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz, and Ada E. Yonath.
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With her research, Anne Ephrussi has contributed to the elucidation of the crucial role that spatial and temporal control of mRNA localization and translation play in oocyte development and cell polarity. Dr. Ephrussi established that oskar RNA is accumulated at and thereby defines the posterior pole of the Drosophila oocyte. Aberrant localization and translation leads to germ cell formation defects and mispatterning during development. Proper localization of oskar mRNA is ensured by concerted actions of the exon junction complex and oskar's 3’ UTR followed by a microtubule-based movement.
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Raphael Mechoulam (; born 5 November 1930) is an Israeli organic chemist and professor of Medicinal Chemistry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel. Mechoulam is best known for his work (together with Y. Gaoni, C. Trips, and S. Benezra) in the isolation, structure elucidation and total synthesis of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the main active principle of cannabis and for the isolation and the identification of the endogenous cannabinoids anandamide from the brain and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) from peripheral organs together with his students, postdocs and collaborators.
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Rajesh Sudhir Gokhale (born 1967) is an Indian chemical biologist who was the director of Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology. Gokhale is known for his studies on the metabolic diversity of pathogens. He is credited with the discovery of a family of Long-chain Fatty acyl-AMP ligases (FAAL) and his studies assisted in the elucidation of biochemical crosstalk between fatty acid synthases and polyketide synthases in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. He holds US and Indian patents for his invention of Method to Modulate Pigmentation Process in the Melanocytes of Skin.
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Albert Bernhard Frank (January 17, 1839 in Dresden – September 27, 1900 in Berlin) was a German botanist, plant pathologist, and mycologist. He is credited with coining the term mycorrhiza in his 1885 paper "Ueber die auf Wurzelsymbiose beruhende Ernährung gewisser Bäume durch unterirdische Pilze". Frank was commissioned to develop practical methods for truffle cultivation by the King of Prussia (Wilhelm I). Although this project was not successful, it led to his elucidation of the nature and development of mycorrhizae. The history and impacts of Frank's work on mycorrhizae were reviewed by Trappe.
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In 1947–49, Kryvelev worked in the Philosophy Institute of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. He attained the degrees of Doctor of Philosophy and Professor. In the academic career, Kryvelev declared his adherence to the Marxist–Leninist worldview, being convinced that "the objective elucidation of historico-religious problems leads to the revealing of those aspects of religion which characterise it as the opium of the people, as a reactionary ideology acting against the interests of mankind". Along with Soviet Armenian philosopher Suren Kaltakhchyan, Kryvelev published antireligious articles in Komsomolskaya Pravda.
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Neem (Azadirachta indica) It is reported that his involvement with the structural elucidation of alkaloids at Roger Adams' laboratory strengthened Govindachari's conviction to continue his researches along the same lines. Back in India, he continued working on alkaloids, terpenoids and oxygen heterocycles and worked on isoquinolines, phenathridines, benzophenanthridines, pridophenanthridines, dibenzoquinolizines, terpenes, flavones and furocoumarins. Tylophorine from Tylophora, tiliacorine from Tiliacora, Echitamine from Alstonia, Ropsine from Kopsia, Gentianine from Gentiana, karpaine from Carica and ancistroclaline from Ancistrocladus are some of the compounds structurally elucidated by him. He also worked on Azadirachta indica for isolating its constituents.
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One of the famous Dohas (couplet) written by Bihārī is: Though Bihari 'Satasai' is only known work of Bihari, an estimation in which the work is held may be measured by the number of commentators who have devoted themselves to its elucidation, of whom Dr G. A. Grierson mentions seventeen. The collection has also twice been translated into Sanskrit. The best-known commentary is that of Lallu Lal, entitled the Lala-chandrika. The author was employed by Dr. John Gilchrist in the College of Fort William, where he finished his commentary in 1818.
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Albrecht Kossel is considered one of the great scientists of biochemistry and genetics. By isolating and defining nucleic acid and the nucleobases, he provided the necessary precursors that led to the double-helix model of DNA, devised by James D. Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. " … his elucidation of the chemical nature of some building blocks that make up nucleic acids and chromatine has secured immortality for this exeedingly modest and almost shy man." The Albrecht Kossel Institute for Neuroregeneration at the University of Rostock is named in his honor.
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Al-Bayan Fi Tafsir al-Quran (The Elucidation of the Exegesis of The Qur'an and sometimes entitled The Prolegomena to the Quran) is a tafsir by the Shiite scholar Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei. The book consists of Quranic sciences topics such as Miracle, Distortion (Tahrif) and also commentary of the opening verse (Al-Fatiha). The book is a compilation of the authors lectures at the theology school of Najaf. The book is inspired by Kalami subjects of the author's teacher Allameh Balaghi specially those mentioned in his book “Aalaelrahman”.
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The Essence remains an open and wide system capable of > expanding, deepening, complementing or adjusting parallel to the continuous > development of science and cosmology. The author and founder of the essence > is the French-Armenian architect, theatrical figure, writer, but mainly an > ethnographer and essentialist Alexander Varbedian. He is also the author of > numerous works (18 volumes and several original monographs), including the > «ESSENCE» (« Theory of everything», Yerevan, 1995). Other series of > extraordinary discoveries, as well as the elucidation of the mysterious > Göbekli Tepe site, were written on the basis of Essence.
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Charles James Matthew Stirling FRS, CChem, FRSC (born 1930) is an Emeritus Professor of Chemistry, at the University of Sheffield, in England. Stirling was born on 8 December 1930 to Brigadier Alexander Dickson Stirling and his wife Millicent Stirling He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry in 1967, and a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1986; and gave the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures in 1992. The Royal Society describe him as having "made important contributions to physical organic chemistry through his elucidation of organic reaction mechanisms".
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But it was the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 which fixed his attention principally on military history. He ceaselessly assisted with business and personal help and friendship the officers and men of the 20th Massachusetts regiment, in which his brother, Henry Ropes, was killed in action at Gettysburg, and after the war he devoted himself to the collection and elucidation of all obtainable evidence as to its incidents and events. In 1865, he co-founded the Boston-based law firm Ropes & Gray with John Chipman Gray.
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His research contributions include elucidation of the mechanism of genetic missense suppression in bacteria, the development of techniques to make genomic libraries using recombinant DNA, techniques for using yeast for DNA cloning, characterization of centromere DNA, and construction of the first artificial chromosomes. Many of his later research contributions were carried out in collaboration with his wife, Professor Louise B. Clarke. He was elected to membership in the United States National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1986. Carbon was among the founding scientific advisors of the Amgen Corporation.
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Kate Page Kirby is an American physicist. As of February 2015, Kirby became the chief executive officer of the American Physical Society (APS) and sits on the board of directors of the American Institute of Physics. Kate Kirby was elected a fellow of the American Physical Society (APS) in 1989 for her "innovative application of methods of quantum chemistry to the quantitative elucidation of a diverse range of molecular phenomena." She was made a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in 1996 for her contributions to physics.
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This continues until the fraction only contains one compound. Dereplication is ideally performed as early as possible to determine if the active compound has been previously reported in order to prevent "rediscovering" a compound. This can be performed using Liquid Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) data or Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) data obtained in the biological assay-guided process and than comparing the information to that found in databases of previously reported compounds. Structure elucidation is performed by using NMR data obtained of the compound and High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HR-MS) Data.
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This is the first elucidation of the mechanism of protein folding through a sugar-based code. Bergeron, Thomas, Helenius and Parodi demonstrated that when these proteins are synthesized in cells, the sugars that become attached to the proteins define a code to enable calnexin to guide protein folding. Correct folding is essential to form a functional protein and if newly synthesized proteins are misfolded then disease results. Calnexin through additional proteins that together makeup the calnexin cycle will not only guide folding but will also sense if folding is incorrect.
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Kindline (Yiddish: קינדליין) is a New York-based Yiddish language weekly magazine founded in late 2014 by current Editor-in-Chief Mendel Paneth, with the first edition appearing on 16 December 2014. Originally aimed at children and young adults, Kindline is now read by all ages and distributed worldwide weekly. Distribution scope is chiefly in areas where Yiddish readers reside, which include the United States, Canada, the UK, Belgium, Switzerland, Austria, and Israel. Articles and features include an elucidation of the Weekly Torah portion, world history, Jewish history, wildlife, travel, comics, crafts, puzzles, parables, and stories.
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In 1854 he became a teacher at a Berlin public school, but this did not interrupt his biblical studies. In 1866 he received three years leave of absence to collect fresh materials, and in 1869 succeeded German orientalist and theologian Heinrich Ewald as professor of oriental languages at the University of Göttingen. Like Ewald, Lagarde was an active worker in a variety of subjects and languages; but his chief aim, the elucidation of the Bible, was almost always kept in view. Lagarde was easily the most renowned Septuagint scholar of the nineteenth century, and he devoted himself ardently to Oriental studies.
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Cell-free protein synthesis has been used for over 60 years, and notably, the first elucidation of a codon was done by Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich J. Matthaei in 1961 at the National Institutes of Health. They used a cell-free system to translate a poly-uracil RNA sequence (or UUUUU... in biochemical terms) and discovered that the polypeptide they had synthesized consisted of only the amino acid phenylalanine. They thereby deduced from this poly-phenylalanine that the codon UUU specified the amino- acid phenylalanine. Extending this work, Nirenberg and his coworkers were able to determine the nucleotide makeup of each codon.
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In 1939 Fieser was involved in a competitive race for the structure elucidation of Vitamin K and he was able to report its synthesis in the end of that year. According to a recent in memoriam Fieser was a contender for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1941 and 1942 (when no prizes were actually awarded). However the 1943 award was shared between Henrik Dam for the discovery of vitamin K and Edward A. Doisy for the discovery of its chemical nature. During World War II Fieser was partly responsible for a military experiment that went disastrously awry.
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However, structural information on the eukaryotic initiation factors and their interactions with the ribosome is limited and largely derived from homology models or low-resolution analyses. Elucidation of the interactions between the eukaryotic ribosome and initiation factors at an atomic level is essential for a mechanistic understanding of the regulatory processes, but represents a significant technical challenge, because of the inherent dynamics and flexibility of the initiation complexes. The first structure of the mammalian pre initiation complex was done by cryo-electron microscopy. Other structures of initiation complexes followed soon, driven by cryo-EM technical improvements.
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An absolute value can be described as philosophically absolute and independent of individual and cultural views, as well as independent of whether it is known or apprehended or not. Ludwig Wittgenstein was pessimistic towards the idea that an elucidation would ever happen regarding the absolute values of actions or objects; "we can speak as much as we want about "life" and "its meaning," and believe that what we say is important. But these are no more than expressions and can never be facts, resulting from a tendency of the mind and not the heart or the will".
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Equol (4',7-isoflavandiol) is an isoflavandiolThe structures of 7,4’-dihydroxy-isoflavan and its precursors is shown in Structural Elucidation of Hydroxylated Metabolites of the Isoflavan Equol by GC/MS and HPLC/MS by Corinna E. Rüfer, Hansruedi Glatt, and Sabine E. Kulling in Drug Metabolism and Disposition (2005, electronic publication). estrogen metabolized from daidzein, a type of isoflavone found in soybeans and other plant sources, by bacterial flora in the intestines. While endogenous estrogenic hormones such as estradiol are steroids, equol is a nonsteroidal estrogen. However, only about 30–50% of people have intestinal bacteria that make equol.
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Selenium and sulfur are chalcogens that share many chemical properties so the substitution of methionine with selenomethionine may have only a limited effect on protein structure and function. However, the incorporation of selenomethionine into tissue proteins and keratin in the cattle, birds and fish causes alkali disease. Alkali disease is characterized by emaciation, loss of hair, deformation and shedding of hooves, loss of vitality, and erosion of the joints of long bones. Incorporation of selenomethionine into proteins in place of methionine aids the structure elucidation of proteins by X-ray crystallography using single- or multi-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD or MAD).
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Britto returned to Venezuela in 1959, after Marcos Pérez Jiménez's toppling, and began studies at the Universidad Central de Venezuela and was licensed as a historian and obtained his doctorate in anthropology. Britto's doctoral thesis was the renowned and influential work La estructura económica de Venezuela colonial (The Economic Structure of Colonial Venezuela), which he wrote in 1963 and published in 1978. Key points of his works included the elucidation of slavery, the study of Venezuelan "Federal War" general Ezequiel Zamora, and a critical and probing analysis of the socioeconomic underpinnings of both colonialism and neocolonialism..
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Next, biochemical studies revealed that Cdc34 is an E2 enzyme that physically interacts with an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex containing Skp1, Cdc4, and several other proteins. Skp1’s known binding partners—specifically Skp2, Cyclin F, and Cdc4—were found to share an approximately 40 residue motif that was coined the F-box motif. The F-box hypothesis that followed these discoveries proposed that F-box proteins recruit substrates targeted for degradation, and that Skp1 links the F-box protein to the core ubiquitination complex. Subsequent genetic studies in Caenorhabditis elegans later contributed to the elucidation of other SCF complex components.
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The next year Demain became Professor of Industrial Microbiology in Scrimshaw's department at MIT and set up a fermentation microbiology laboratory there. Demain stayed at MIT for the next 32 years. In 1970, Demain went to Prague to present the closing Plenary Session address at the first Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms Symposium. He spoke on the “marriage of genetics and industrial microbiology.” At MIT, Demain and his team pioneered research on the elucidation and regulation of the biosynthetic pathways leading to penicillins and cephalosporins. Demain's MIT research led to “a breakthrough discovery of a key enzyme in cephalosporin biosynthesis –deacetoxycephalosporin C synthetase ('expandase').
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Cerastoderma glaucum, the lagoon cockle, is a species of saltwater clam, a marine bivalve mollusc in the family Cardiidae, the cockles. This species is found along the coasts of Europe and North Africa, including the Mediterranean and Black Seas and the Caspian Sea, and the low-salinity Baltic Sea. It is a euryhaline species living in salinities 4-100 ‰.Russell PJ, Petersen GH (1973) The use of ecological data in the elucidation of some shallow water European Cardium species. Malacologia 14:223–232Nikula R, Väinölä R (2003) Phylogeography of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bivalvia: Cardiidae) across Europe: A major break in the Eastern Mediterranean.
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Free-radical polymerization, where radicals are the chain carriers in the propagation of the process, accounted for 40 billion of the 110 billion pounds of polymers produced in the United States in 2001. Captodative olefins have a specific advantage of being responsive to solvent effects without the effect of destabilizing the radical. They have also shown to undergo their radical transformation spontaneously which allows them to be useful in polymerization mechanism elucidation and better understood through NMR Studies. Furthermore, captodative ethanes are initiators with unique properties giving higher molecular weight distribution and forming block copolymers through the known radical mechanisms.
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Electron ionization mass spectrum of the steroid alcohol brassicasterolMass spectral interpretation is the method employed to identify the chemical formula, characteristic fragment patterns and possible fragment ions from the mass spectra. Mass spectra is a plot of relative abundance against mass-to- charge ratio. It is commonly used for the identification of organic compounds from electron ionization mass spectrometry.Spectrometric identification of organic compounds Silverstein, Bassler, Morrill 4th Ed.Organic spectroscopy William Kemp 2nd Ed. Organic chemists obtain mass spectra of chemical compounds as part of structure elucidation and the analysis is part of many organic chemistry curricula.
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Perovskite crystals Raychaudhuri's work have mainly been in the disciplines of material science and condensed matter physics, particularly on the physics of transition metal oxides such as perovskite oxides. Glassy state and High Tc superconductor physics and colossal magnetoresistance have been some of his other interests and his research has helped in the elucidation of the interplay of disorder and interaction. Towards the later part of his career, he worked on nanofabrications using nanolithography techniques. He is also credited with the development of an indigenous low temperature scanning tunneling microscope and a host of other experiment equipment.
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When Malebranche revised his 1699 paper for inclusion as the Sixteenth Elucidation of the 1712 edition of The Search After Truth, he inserted a number of references to "Newton's excellent work". In addition, Malebranche wrote on the laws of motion, a topic he discussed extensively with Leibniz. He also wrote on mathematics and, although he made no major mathematical discoveries of his own, he was instrumental in introducing and disseminating the contributions of Descartes and Leibniz in France. Malebranche introduced l'Hôpital to Johann Bernoulli, with the ultimate result being the publication of the first textbook in infinitesimal calculus.
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Rao's researchers, in the beginning, was focused on synthetic dyes and advanced studies on plant and insect pigments. His elucidation of the structure of the lac dye as a composition of four different constituents, A, B, C and D variants of the Laccaic acid was one of his early achievements. Working further on the biogenetic origin of the product, he explored other insect pigments such as Kermesic acid, Erythrolaccin, Ceroalbolinic acid which led to the revision of the established concepts of their origin. His researches led to the isolation of 100 new compounds from plants and insects.
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Denise Manahan-Vaughan is an Irish neuroscientist and neurophysiologist. She is head of the Department of Neurophysiology, Dean of Studies and Director of the International Graduate School of Neuroscience and co-founder of the Research Department of Neuroscience (founded in 2008) of the Ruhr University Bochum. Her research focuses on elucidation of the cellular and synaptic mechanisms underlying the acquisition and long-term maintenance of associative memories. She uses a multidisciplinary approach to study how spatial experiences, sensory input, neuromodulation, or brain disease impacts on, and provide insight into, the function of the hippocampus in enabling long-term memory.
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Transporters are important sites for agents that treat psychiatric disorders. Drugs that reduce the binding of serotonin to transporters (serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SRIs) are used to treat mental disorders. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine and the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) clomipramine are examples of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs). Following the elucidation of structures of the homologous bacterial transporter, LeuT, co-crystallized with tricyclic antidepressants in the vestibule leading from the extracellular space to the central substrate site it was inferred that this binding site did also represent the binding site relevant for antidepressant binding in SERT.
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Balbus was awarded a Chaire d'excellence in 2004 by the French Ministry of Higher Education. In 2013, he shared the Shaw Prize in Astronomy with Hawley for their work on the MRI. Considered one of the highest honours in astronomy, the prize included a US$1 million cash award. According to the Shaw selection committee the "discovery and elucidation of the magnetorotational instability (MRI)" solved the previously "elusive" problem of accretion, a widespread phenomenon in astrophysics and "provides what to this day remains the only viable mechanism for the outward transfer of angular momentum in accretion disks".
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Tilman Schirmer investigates the mechanism of action of bacterial proteins based on their spatial structures, which are determined using X-ray crystallography. This has provided insights into light harvesting in photosynthetic antenna complexes, the allosteric regulation of phosphofructokinase and the translocation of small molecules through the porins of the outer membrane. As of 2013, Tilman Schirmer’s research group at the Biozentrum in Basel is studying the mechanisms of signal transduction of the messenger substrate cyclic di-GMP and the structure-function relationships of bacterial effector proteins with AMP-transferase activity. The goal is the elucidation of fundamental biological interrelationships on the molecular level.
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Rabbi Schneuri greatly expanded on the elucidation of Chabad philosophy, so that his followers could understand and internalise its spirituality. The path of Chabad demanded and valued inner depth and refinement over external emotional fervour. In the devotion of Chabad, the service of prayer became the central time for self transformation, through the unique Chabad approach of profound intellectual meditation (Hisbonenus) on Chasidic philosophy during prayer. While businessmen could fulfil their weekday prayer obligations in the regular way, in the early generations of Chabad, it was expected that the Sabbath could offer individuals time to extend their prayers in mystical rapture.
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She participated in elucidation of structure and function of glycans from human glycophorin A and glycophorin C. She obtained and characterized several monoclonal antibodies recognizng M and N blood group antigens, as well as other fragments of glycophorin A. These studies were important in characterization of antigenic properties of human glycophorins. She became Head of Laboratory of Tissue Immunochemistry (later Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Immunochemistry) at the Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy in 1973. In 1980 she became full Professor. In the years 1992-2000 she was deputy director of the Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy.
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Lysozyme was the second protein structure and the first enzyme structure to be solved via X-ray diffraction methods, and the first enzyme to be fully sequenced that contains all twenty common amino acids. As a result of Phillips' elucidation of the structure of lysozyme, it was also the first enzyme to have a detailed, specific mechanism suggested for its method of catalytic action. This work led Phillips to provide an explanation for how enzymes speed up a chemical reaction in terms of its physical structures. The original mechanism proposed by Phillips was more recently revised.
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The prize is a joint undertaking of the German and Polish border twin cities aimed at advancing mutual, regional and European peace, understanding and cooperation among people of different nationalities, cultures and viewpoints. Particularly appreciated by the jury was Tokarczuk's creation of literary bridges connecting people, generations and cultures, especially residents of the border territories of Poland, Germany and the Czech Republic, who have had often different existential and historical experiences. Also stressed was Tokarczuk's "rediscovery" and elucidation of the complex multinational and multicultural past of the Lower Silesia region, an area of great political conflicts.
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Wilson’s research involves the development of viral-based gene therapies for genetic diseases. A major research focus is the generation of novel vectors for improved transduction efficiencies and regulated expression, as well as the elucidation of host immune responses to viral vectors. His work emphasizes the creation of vectors for in vivo gene therapy concentrating on adeno-associated viruses. This work began with the discovery in his laboratory of a new family of primate AAVs; over 120 new AAV capsids were rescued as latent genomes from primate tissues and studied for their biology and potential as vectors.
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This model defines metaphor as "saying X and really meaning Y"; hence, the claim "X is a metaphor" entails proving that it refers to Y and not to X. One of his criticisms of Ibn Ezra was that Ibn Ezra simply cited his forty biblical examples without elucidation, even though many of them are not readily referenced. The fact that these two philosophers differed so greatly is not much of a surprise since their agendas also differed. Ibn Ezra was predominantly interested in the poetic aspect of metaphor whereas Maimonides had a pure philosophical intent in his definition.
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In the period of "Pure Science, Sheer Drama", Horizon won an unprecedented series of the world's top awards, including a BAFTA, an Emmy for Best Documentary, a Royal Television Society Award and a Grierson Trust Award. Other Emmy winning programmes are: "Chernobyl's Sarcophagus" (1991), "Assault on the Male" (1993) and "The Fall of the World Trade Centre" (2003). In 1988, Horizon won a BAFTA for Best Drama, "Life Story" (about the elucidation of the structure of DNA), another in 1996 for Best Documentary, "Fermat's Last Theorem" (which also won a Prix Italia) and another in 2001 for Best Factual Series or Strand.
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Marcus Valerius Probus, also known as M. Valerius Probus Berytius or Probus the Berytian (c. 20/30 – 105 AD), was a Roman grammarian and critic, who flourished during Nero's reign. He was a student rather than a teacher, and devoted himself to the criticism and elucidation of the texts of classical authors (especially the most important Roman poets) by means of marginal notes or by signs, after the manner of the Alexandrine grammarians. In this way he treated Horace, Lucretius, Terence and Persius, the biography of the last- named being probably taken from Probus's introduction to his edition of the poet.
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Historically, Wilkinson's catalyst has been a paradigm in catalytic studies leading to several advances in the field such as the implementation of some of the first heteronuclear magnetic resonance studies for its structural elucidation in solution (31P), parahydrogen-induced polarization spectroscopy to determine the nature of transient reactive species, or one of the first detailed kinetic investigation by Halpern to elucidate the mechanism. Furthermore, the catalytic and organometallic studies on Wilkinson's catalyst also played a significant role on the subsequent development of cationic Rh- and Ru-based asymmetric hydrogenation transfer catalysts which set the foundations for modern asymmetric catalysis.
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The tomato bushy stunt virus, which is the type species of the tombusvirus family, is a long-standing model system for the study of plant viruses. The open reading frame encoding p19 was originally discovered in the late 1980s when the virus's genome was sequenced; it was subsequently demonstrated that the predicted protein was indeed expressed from the gene, although its role in promoting virulence and infectivity was initially underappreciated. Following the elucidation of its role as a suppressor of RNA silencing, p19 has also been used as a tool in molecular biology research on RNA silencing, RNA interference, and related processes.
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The term "qadi" was in use from the time of Muhammad and remained the term used for judges throughout Islamic history and the period of the caliphates. While the muftis and fuqaha played the role in elucidation of the principles of jurisprudence and the laws, the qadi remained the key person ensuring the establishment of justice on the basis of these very laws and rules. Thus, the qadi was chosen from amongst those who had mastered the sciences of jurisprudence and law. In constructing their legal doctrine, these legal scholars took as their point of departure the precedents already established by the qadis.
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The Dutch Catechism was intended by the Bishops of the Netherlands “to make the message of Jesus Christ sound as new as it is.”A New Catechism, Authorized Edition of the Dutch Catechism with Supplement, Crossroad, New York,1988 Foreword, V It also intended to carry an ecumenical message; its foreword states "Denominational differences, which shall not be blurred or ignored in this book, need not to be barriers. We hope that they may lead to discussions, where the human existence we share will receive further elucidation."A New Catechism, Foreword, VI The catechism has five parts and one supplement.
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The first taccalonolide was isolated in 1963 from the tubers of Tacca leontopetaloides when researchers were exploring the "bitter principle" of the plant.Scheuer, P.J., Swanholm, C.E., Madamba, L.A., Hudgins, W.R. The constituents of Tacca leontopetaloides. Lloydia, 26 (3) (1963), pp. 133–140. Named taccalin, the bitter, light yellow powder and its hypothesized properties would help build the infrastructure for the elucidation of the structure of taccaolonolides 24 years later. The structures of taccalonolides A and B were elucidated in 1987 as a complex pentacyclic steroidal-like structure with the molecular formula of C36H46O14 and taccolonolide E was isolated in 1991.
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Raphael D. Levine is known for his contributions in the modern theory of chemically reactive collisions and unimolecular reactions. He has played a major role in the application of the principles of quantum mechanics to the description of physical change in a reaction from a microscopic point of view, introducing many new concepts and terms which became standard to this area. His major works include the quantum theory of absolute rates, the first quantal treatment of molecular photodissociation, elucidation of the role of resonances in reactive molecular collisions, the theory of collision- induced dissociation, and the foundations of dynamical stereochemistry.
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Hollingsworth is known for her contributions to the field of semiconductor core/shell quantum dots (QDs). Hollingsworth’s breakthrough discovery of “giant” QDs eliminated for the first time the problematic photophysical phenomenon of “blinking” (interruptions in light emission that represent a significant drawback for standard QDs). Her work is exemplary of multidisciplinary materials research, spanning materials chemistry and physics and involving the design and elucidation of nanocrystals intentionally engineered for new functionality and the development of novel synthetic methods for their preparation. She was awarded an APS Fellowship in 2018 for the discovery and development of non-blinking 'giant' QDs.
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The "four labyrinths" against whom the work is directed are four of the major masters of early scholastic thought: Abelard, Gilbert de la Porrée, Peter Lombard, and Peter of Poitiers. It is a bitter attack on the dialectical method in theology, and condemns the use of logic in the elucidation of the mysteries of faith. Walter is indignant at the thought of treating the mysteries of the Trinity and the Incarnation "with scholastic levity". Discarding the best traditions of the School of St-Victor, he pours abuse on the philosophers, the theologians, and even the grammarians.
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With Edward Purcell, Berg received the Max Delbrück Prize in Biological Physics from the American Physical Society in 1984 for work on the physical limits of bacterial chemoreception.1984 Max Delbruck Prize in Biological Physics Recipient: Howard Berg He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1985 and a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1990 ("for the elucidation of complex biological phenomena, particularly chemotaxis and bacterial locomotion, through simple but penetrating physical theories and brilliant experiments") Berg is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Philosophical Society.
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During a 1919 conference at the League of Nations, a motion was proposed to encourage international cooperation with the Holy See. The motion, encouraged by delegations in Belgium and Switzerland, was adopted by a majority of participants, although it met resistance from the United Kingdom and Italy. Reports indicated that the Holy See regretted its exclusion and wished to be admitted in the League of Nations. In 1923 however, the Holy See took a different position and stated that its only competency was in matters of elucidation of questions of principle in morality and public international law.
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Likewise, in scientific modeling, simplifying assumptions permit illustration or elucidation of concepts thought relevant within the sphere of inquiry. There is ongoing debate in the philosophy of science concerning ceteris paribus statements. On the logical empiricist view, fundamental physics tends to state universal laws, whereas other sciences, such as biology, and social sciences such as economics and psychology, tend to state laws that hold true in normal conditions but have exceptions: ceteris paribus laws' (cp laws).Alexander Reutlinger, Gerhard Schurz & Andreas Hüttemann, "Ceteris paribus laws", in Edward N Zalta, ed, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Spring 2014 edn.
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During his time at Merck he has continued to explore the limits of detection for low level samples by heteronuclear 2D NMR using newly developed 1.7 mm Micro CryoProbe™ technology. He has developed, in collaboration with ACD/Labs, and Bruker, unsymmetrical indirect covariance NMR spectroscopy, exploring the calculation of hyphenated heteronuclear 2D correlation spectra. He has also continued collaborative investigations in the area of Computer-Assisted Structure Elucidation (CASE) with ACD/Labs. He has also explored the use of unsymmetrical indirect covariance NMR processing methods to define 13C-15N and 13C-13C heteronuclear connectivity networks.
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It was in the 19th century that the terms Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, and Confucianism first emerged. In the ancient and medieval world, the etymological Latin roots of both science (scientia) and religion (religio) were understood as inner qualities of the individual or virtues, never as doctrines, practices, or actual sources of knowledge. In general the scientific method gains knowledge by testing hypotheses to develop theories through elucidation of facts or evaluation by experiments and thus only answers cosmological questions about the universe that can be observed and measured. It develops theories of the world which best fit physically observed evidence.
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Following the expression of neural plate border specifiers is a collection of genes including Slug/Snail, FoxD3, Sox10, Sox9, AP-2 and c-Myc. This suite of genes, designated here as neural crest specifiers, are activated in emergent neural crest cells. At least in Xenopus, every neural crest specifier is necessary and/or sufficient for the expression of all other specifiers, demonstrating the existence of extensive cross-regulation. Moreover, this model organism was instrumental in the elucidation of the role of the Hedghehog signaling pathway in the specification of the neural crest, with the transcription factor Gli2 playing a key role.
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In fact, the Jain doctrine of anekantavada emerges to be a social attempt at equality and respect to all diverse views and ideologies through the philosophical elucidation of the truth or reality. The idea of reality gets enrichment in Jainism as it proposes that the reality cannot be the one and ultimate, it can have multi- dimensional form. So, what is reality for one individual may not be the reality for others. Anekantavad brings forth a synthesis, a happy blend and proposes that reality has many forms as seen by various individuals and all must respect the reality perceived by one-another.
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In 2010, Gros received the NWO Spinoza Prize for the elucidation of the three-dimensional structure of the C3 protein. This protein is part of the oldest part of the immune system that is present in the human body, the complement system. Using structural biology techniques such as protein crystallography, the research group of Gros studies structures and chemical interactions that are at the basis of immunological processes such as the complement system. He is the recipient of the 2018 Gregori Aminoff Prize, an international prize awarded since 1979 by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in the field of crystallography.
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Alvin David Coox, (pronounced "cooks"; March 8, 1924, Rochester, New York – November 4, 1999, San Diego, California) was an American military historian and author known for his award-winning book, Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia. Coox studied at New York University with a bachelor's degree in accounting and achieved his doctorate in history at Harvard University. He taught at Harvard University in the 1940s and at Johns Hopkins University, before working as an analyst for the elucidation of 15 years Air Force after they went to Japan. From 1964 to 1995, he taught at San Diego State University.
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In 1936 he discovered paramagnetic relaxation; however, he missed the discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance (otherwise known as nuclear spin resonance), as described by Joan Henri Van der Waals. With Hendrik Casimir he devised a two-fluid model to explain superconductivity with thermodynamics and Maxwell's equations. Casimir described their collaboration in one of his books.Hendrik Casimir over Gorter The "Gorter-model" for a second-order phase transition is from this period of his career, as well as the elucidation of the Senftleben effect (change of viscosity and thermal conductivity of paramagnetic gas in a magnetic field).
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Arabs and Astronomy, written by Paul Lunde and Zayn Bilkadi Saudi Aramco World, January February 1986 Astronomy was a respected and approved science among the Islamic clergy of the Ottoman Empire, yet the same could not be said with regard to astrology, a field which is considered to be divination and thus against sharia. In order to prevent its further use for astrological purposes, they successfully sought the observatory's destruction. This happened just as the king of Denmark built an observatory for Tycho Brahe that would pave the way for Kepler's elucidation of the orbits of planets.
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Maurice Bowra said in 1939 of Syme's The Roman Revolution: "His work is extraordinarily persuasive and interesting... the best book on Roman history that has appeared for many years". Syme's conclusion of inevitability is less strongly supported than his elucidation of the takeover process, since at each point we see that Augustus is exercising his free choice, albeit for what he sees as the good of his country. In The Last Generation of the Roman Republic (1974), Erich S. Gruen offered an opposing point of view, arguing that the traditional view of the Republic's decay is not actually supported by the objective evidence.
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Besra's research on tuberculosis has made many ground-breaking discoveries in our understanding of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall assembly. The cell wall of M. tuberculosis is very distinctive, differing from other bacteria in containing an exceptional amount of unique lipids and sugars. In unravelling and characterising the proteins involved in cell wall biosynthesis, he aims to find good drug targets, which can then be further exploited using specialised assays, screens and structural biology, to identify new molecules for hit-to-lead programmes for tuberculosis. Besra has been at the forefront in the discovery of M. tuberculosis T-cell lipid antigens and the elucidation of the CD1 antigen presentation pathway.
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Late Precambrian rocks are widespread on Anglesey, Llŷn and Arfon with other, more restricted occurrences in north Pembrokeshire, Radnorshire and Carmarthenshire. The often intensive metamorphism which these originally volcanic and sedimentary rocks have been subjected to and their generally faulted relationship to neighbouring rocks has meant that geologists’ understanding of them has been limited. The majority lie on or close to the margins of terranes, blocks of the Earth's crust which have had differing geological histories before assuming their present configuration. However, in recent years there has been a progressive elucidation of the way in which Wales’ many terranes came together during the late Precambrian and the Palaeozoic era.
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Leder is one of the most accomplished scientists of the modern molecular genetics era, having made seminal contributions in each decade from the 1960s through the 1990s. He is perhaps best known for his early work with Marshall Nirenberg in the elucidation of the genetic code and the Nirenberg and Leder experiment. Since that landmark experiment, he has made several groundbreaking contributions in the fields of molecular genetics, immunology and the genetic basis of cancer. His group was the first to define the base sequence of a complete mammalian gene (the gene for betaglobin) which enabled him to determine its organization in detail, including its associated control signals.
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Between 1992 and 2007, Kelemu worked at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Colombia, first as a Senior Scientist, and later Leader of Crop and Agroecosystem Health Management. Her research focused on elucidation of molecular determinants of host-pathogen interactions, development of novel plant disease control strategies including genetic engineering, biopesticides, pathogen population genetics and dynamics, endophytic microbes and their role in plant development. In August 2007, Kelemu decided to return to Africa, determined to contribute her experience in applying cutting-edge science to developmental issues, towards resolving the continent's problem. She accepted a position as the Director of the Biosciences eastern and central Africa (BecA) Hub.
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The treaty met with opposition by several Dutch towns and Denmark. The Dutch opposition against the treaty was led by Van Beuningen, who refused to ratify it and looked forward to confront Sweden on the Danish side, while De Witt stood by the treaty and his strategy to aid Denmark and be conciliatory with Sweden at the same time. De Witt proposed 'elucidation' of the treaty rather than abandoning it, and the States-General accepted. Charles X Gustav of Sweden In 1657, Frederick III of Denmark declared war on Sweden, but his invasion was repelled by Charles X Gustav who subsequently took all of Denmark except for the capital city Copenhagen.
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He argues that the closer we get to the Biblical vision of history, " I cannot discover the slightest hint of a "philosophy of history". By this he means that a truly theological view of history is not movement to an immanent end, but a transcendent eschatological hope in the consummation of the world. It is not a "philosophy" or attempt to systematize the movement of history. This point is clear in the epilogue of Meaning in History where he says, " The attempt at elucidation of the dependence of the philosophy of history on the eschatological history of fulfillment and salvation does not solve the problem of historical thinking.
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The MRI was first noticed in a non- astrophysical context by Evgeny Velikhov in 1959 when considering the stability of Couette flow of an ideal hydromagnetic fluid. His result was later generalized by S. Chandrasekhar in 1960. This mechanism was proposed by Acheson & Hide (1973) to perhaps play a role in the context of the Earth's geodynamo problem. Although there was some follow-up work in later decades (Fricke, 1969; Acheson and Hide 1972; Acheson and Gibbons 1978), the generality and power of the instability were not fully appreciated until 1991, when Balbus & Hawley gave a relatively simple elucidation and physical explanation of this important process.
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Baháʼí literature, like the literature of many religions, covers a variety of topics and forms, including scripture and inspiration, interpretation, history and biography, introduction and study materials, and apologia. Sometimes considerable overlap between these forms can be observed in a particular text. The "canonical texts" are the writings of the Báb, Baháʼu'lláh, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, Shoghi Effendi and the Universal House of Justice, and the authenticated talks of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. The writings of the Báb and Baháʼu'lláh are regarded as divine revelation, the writings and talks of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and the writings of Shoghi Effendi as authoritative interpretation, and those of the Universal House of Justice as authoritative legislation and elucidation.
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Sahni is reported to have studied the universe, more specifically its large- scale structure, the early inflationary phase and cosmological constant. His achievements include the establishment of a cosmic no-hair theorem related to inflation, analysis of the universe structure using self-developed statistical methods, discovery of novel models of dark energy and dark matter, design of unified models of Inflation and dark energy and the elucidation of Big Bang theory using Braneworld physics. His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles and the online article repository of the Indian Academy of Sciences has listed 68 of them. Sahni is a member of the International Astronomical Union.
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When an individual decides to employ vertical thinking in solving a problem, the objective is to create a solution the demonstrates the "depth of knowledge" whereas the use of lateral thinking creates a solution where the "breadth of knowledge" is exhibited. The depth of knowledge in an elucidation predominantly reflects how well the individual can construct a logical justification for their solution with regards to detail. In contrast, breadth of knowledge would express how well the individual can come up with a variety of solutions for the same problem. Disregarding aspects of logic and creativity of solutions, the disparity in objectives can be seen as a case of "quality against quantity".
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After his doctorate, Attygalle was awarded a Fellowship by the Humboldt Foundation to conduct research at Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) under late Prof, Hans Jürgen Bestmann, a pioneer in the field of insect pheromone synthesis. Four years at FAU, provided the impetus for Attygalle to become an expert in high-resolution mass spectrometry and micro-chemical techniques for structure elucidation of natural compounds at nanogram level. At FAU, Attygalle championed in the area of lepidopteran sex pheromone identification. Attygalle was a visiting professor at University of Houston, Texas and he has served as the Director of Mass Spectrometry facility at Cornell University.
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Another important result of their collaboration was the partial elucidation of the molecular structure of certain compounds discovered by Liebig in the 1830s, including melon, melem, cyameluric acid, and hydromelonic acid. They realized that those compounds had a common core with formula , consisting of three fused triazine rings, now known as the heptazine core. Among many other projects, Sturdivant helped Pauling to develop a device to measure the concentration of oxygen in gases. The patent for the device was assigned to the two and to Reuben Wood, and was donated to the on condition that the authors receive a fraction of any revenue coming from it.
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Although the Elucidation was conceived as a prologue to Chrétien de Troyes' unfinished romance Perceval, le Conte du Graal, it is in many ways a significant departure from it, even to the extent of offering contradictory material. Albert Wilder Thompson, who edited the poem in 1931, suggests that the poem can be broken up into five sections. The first part (lines 1–28) is an introduction in which the reader is told that a degree of reticence about the secrets of the Grail must be kept, a note of warning which is here ascribed to one Master Blihis. It also hints at the role of "seven guards" later in the poem.
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In February 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick of the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge University had started to build a molecular model of the B form of DNA using data similar to that available to both teams at King's. Much of their data was derived directly from research done at King's by Wilkins and Franklin. Franklin's research was completed by February 1953, ahead of her move to Birkbeck, and her data was critical.Crick's 31 December 1961 letter to Jacque Monod cited above. Model building had been applied successfully in the elucidation of the structure of the alpha helix by Linus Pauling in 1951,Maddox, p. 147.
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The Husserlian elucidation of lifeworld provided a starting point for the phenomenological sociology of Alfred Schütz, who tried to synthesize Husserl's phenomenology of consciousness, meaning, and the life-world with Max Weber's sociology and its focus on subjectively meaningful action. Jürgen Habermas has further developed the concept of the lifeworld in his social theory. For Habermas, the lifeworld is more or less the "background" environment of competences, practices, and attitudes representable in terms of one's cognitive horizon. Compared to Husserl with his focus on consciousness, however, Habermas, whose social theory is grounded in communication, focuses on the lifeworld as consisting of socially and culturally sedimented linguistic meanings.
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These disparate observations could be due to differences in sensitivity of the various cell lines used in each study to PAMAM; although cytotoxicity for PAMAM varies among cell lines, they remain less toxic than other dendrimer families overall. More recently, a series of studies by Mukherjee et al. have shed some light on the mechanism of PAMAM cytotoxicity, providing evidence that the dendrimers break free of their encapsulating membrane (endosome) after being absorbed by the cell, causing harm to the cell's mitochondria and eventually leading to cell death. Further elucidation of the mechanism of PAMAM cytotoxicity would help resolve the dispute as to precisely how toxic the dendrimers are.
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Hawley was the 1993 recipient of the Helen B. Warner Prize for Astronomy of the American Astronomical Society. In 2013, he and former colleague Steven Balbus shared the Shaw Prize in Astronomy for their work on the magnetorotational instability (MRI). Considered one of the highest honors in astronomy, the prize included a US$1 million cash award. According to the Shaw selection committee the "discovery and elucidation of the magnetorotational instability (MRI)" solved the previously "elusive" problem of accretion, a widespread phenomenon in astrophysics and "provides what to this day remains the only viable mechanism for the outward transfer of angular momentum in accretion disks".
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Chakravarti's research work has involved the elucidation of the genetics and molecular basis of human disease, primarily complex diseases, and includes both experimental and quantitative (statistical and computational) approaches. This work has, over the past 20 years, focused also on the development and application of numerous genetic and genome–wide tools to questions of human disease etiology. Chakravarti served since 2000 as director of the McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine at Johns Hopkins University, and since 2007 as director of the Center for Complex Disease Genomics. He became director of the Center For Human Genetics & Genomics at New York University on 2 April 2, 2018.
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Anglican and Methodist sacramental theology reflects its dual roots in the Catholic tradition and the Protestant Reformation. The Catholic heritage is perhaps most strongly asserted in the importance Anglicanism and Methodism places on the sacraments as a means of grace and sanctification, while the Reformed tradition has contributed a marked insistence on "lively faith" and "worthy reception". Anglican and Roman Catholic theologians participating in an Anglican/Roman Catholic Joint Preparatory Commission declared that they had "reached substantial agreement on the doctrine of the Eucharist".See Windsor Statement on Eucharistic Doctrine from the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Consultation and Elucidation of the ARCIC Windsor Statement.
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"Eschew obfuscation", also stated as "eschew obfuscation, espouse elucidation", is a humorous fumblerule used by English teachers and professors when lecturing about proper writing techniques. Literally, the phrase means "avoid being unclear" or "avoid being unclear, support being clear", but the use of relatively uncommon words causes confusion in much of the audience (those lacking the vocabulary), making the statement an example of irony, and more precisely a heterological phrase. The phrase has appeared in print at least as early as 1959, when it was used as a section heading in a NASA document.United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA Technical Memorandum (1959), p. 171.
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Geometric cryptography is an area of cryptology where messages and ciphertexts are represented by geometric quantities such as angles or intervals and where computations are performed by ruler and compass constructions. The difficulty or impossibility of solving certain geometric problems like trisection of an angle using ruler and compass only is the basis for the various protocols in geometric cryptography. This field of study was suggested by Mike Burmester, Ronald L. Rivest and Adi Shamir in 1996. Though the cryptographic methods based on geometry have practically no real life applications, they are of use as pedagogic tools for the elucidation of other more complex cryptographic protocols.
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The dipolar interaction yields the most direct information with respect to structure as it makes it possible to measure the distances between the spins. The sensitivity of this interaction is however lacking and even though dipolar-based NMR crystallography makes the elucidation of structures possible, other methods are necessary to obtain high resolution structures. For these reasons much work was done to include the use other NMR observables such as chemical shift anisotropy, J-coupling and the quadrupolar interaction. These anisotropic interactions are highly sensitive to the 3D local environment making it possible to refine the structures of powdered samples to structures rivaling the quality of single crystal X-ray diffraction.
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For the next two years he worked at the High Voltage Engineering Corporation in Burlington, Massachusetts on Van de Graaff particle accelerators for research and medical applications. In 1959 he returned to Turkey to do his military service, also holding a lectureship at the new Middle East Technical University in Ankara. In 1960 he returned to MIT as an assistant professor, becoming professor there in 1968, Quentin Berg Professor in 1982 and Quentin Berg Professor Emeritus in 2001. His experimental and theoretical material science research contributed significantly to the elucidation of the physical processes of plastic deformation and fracture of metals, alloys, ceramics, glass, polymers and composite materials.
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Hardwick's research training in Physiology and Pathology led to numerous publications including an early conclusion that the histological appearance of Wilms' tumours affected clinical outcome—at that time a new observation—and in 1971 to an elucidation of the pathogenesis of Methionine toxicity. His work in the area of pædiatric pathology includes a study of metabolic diseases of childhood. His research into methods for screening inborn errors of metabolism has led to the investigation and reporting, with co-workers, of numerous cases. In the field of pathophysiology his research focused on the effect of vasomotion or lack of vasomotion on tissue pathology and viability in normal tissues and in tumours.
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Carbon-13 (C13) nuclear magnetic resonance (most commonly known as carbon-13 NMR or 13C NMR or sometimes simply referred to as carbon NMR) is the application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to carbon. It is analogous to proton NMR ( NMR) and allows the identification of carbon atoms in an organic molecule just as proton NMR identifies hydrogen atoms. As such 13C NMR is an important tool in chemical structure elucidation in organic chemistry. 13C NMR detects only the isotope of carbon, whose natural abundance is only 1.1%, because the main carbon isotope, , is not detectable by NMR since its nucleus has zero spin.
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Evidence is accumulating to support the use of oral devices in the treatment of OSA, and studies demonstrating their efficacy have been underpinned by increasing recognition of the importance of upper airway anatomy in the pathophysiology of OSA. Oral devices have been shown to have beneficial effects relating to several areas. These include the polysomnographic indexes of OSA, subjective and objective measures of sleepiness, blood pressure, aspects of neuropsychological functioning, and quality of life. Elucidation of the mechanism of action of oral devices has provided insight into the factors that predict treatment response and may improve the selection of patients for this treatment modality.
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The equation aids in the elucidation of protein folding as well as the conformations of other rigid aliphatic molecules. The equilibrium between conformational isomers can be observed using a variety of spectroscopic techniques. In cyclohexane derivatives, the two chair conformers interconvert with rapidly at room temperature, with cyclohexane itself undergoing the ring- flip at a rates of approximately 105 ring-flips/sec, with an overall energy barrier of 10 kcal/mol (42 kJ/mol), which precludes their separation at ambient temperatures. However, at low temperatures below the coalescence point one can directly monitor the equilibrium by NMR spectroscopy and by dynamic, temperature dependent NMR spectroscopy the barrier interconversion.
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As he was not an expert in either chemistry or computer programming, he collaborated with Stanford chemist Carl Djerassi to help him with chemistry, and Edward Feigenbaum with programming, to automate the process of determining chemical structures from raw mass spectrometry data. Feigenbaum was an expert in programming languages and heuristics, and helped Lederberg design a system that replicated the way Djerassi solved structure elucidation problems. They devised a system called Dendritic Algorithm (Dendral) that was able to generate possible chemical structures corresponding to the mass spectrometry data as an output. Dendral then was still very inaccurate in assessing spectra of ketones, alcohols, and isomers of chemical compounds.
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Genetic studies indicate that tic disorders cover a spectrum that is not recognized by the clear-cut distinctions in the current diagnostic framework. Studies have suggested since 2008 that Tourette's is not a unitary condition with a distinct mechanism as described in the existing classification systems; the studies suggest instead that subtypes should be recognized to distinguish "pure TS" from TS that is accompanied by attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) or other disorders. Elucidation of these subtypes awaits fuller understanding of the genetic and other causes of tic disorders (similar to the subtypes established for other conditions, for example, in distinguishing type 1 and type 2 diabetes).
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Where an R.O.C. citizen is located in a foreign nation and enjoys immunity from the jurisdiction of such foreign nation, and when he/she cannot be sued in a court in accordance with the provisions of the two preceding paragraphs, then the place where the central government is located shall be deemed to be the place of domicile of such citizen. The fundamental goal of civil trials is to solve disputes over private rights so as to protect these rights. Civil litigation is based on the adversary system. A presiding judge directs the proceedings and exercises the right of elucidation to allow the parties concerned to make proper and sufficient debates.
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S. Guralnik, C.R. Hagen (2014), "Where Have All the Goldstone Bosons Gone?" In 2010, Guralnik was awarded the American Physical Society's J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics for the "elucidation of the properties of spontaneous symmetry breaking in four- dimensional relativistic gauge theory and of the mechanism for the consistent generation of vector boson masses". Guralnik received his BS degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1958 and his PhD degree from Harvard University in 1964. He went to Imperial College London as a postdoctoral fellow supported by the National Science Foundation and then became a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Rochester.
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Sukh Dev is known to have been involved in researches on terpenoids and have contributed to the structural elucidation of a number of them. It was during these investigations, he discovered new skeletal types in Sesqui- and diterpenoids. Based on his researches, he proposed two rules; the Absolute Stereochemistry Biogenetic Rule and that exotic biological materials tend to produce exotic secondary metabolites. He focused a part of hsi research on lac, turpentine, Cedrus deodara (Devadaaru) and Indian medicinal plants such as Guggulu Commiphora wightii, the last of which has resulted in the development of Guggulsterone, a steroid claimed to have cholesterol-lowering and nutrient properties.
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Scheme. 3 Oligonucleotide coupling by phosphodiester method; Tr = -CPh3 In the 1950s, Har Gobind Khorana and co-workers developed a phosphodiester method where 3’-O-acetylnucleoside-5’-O-phosphate 2 (Scheme 3) was activated with N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or 4-toluenesulfonyl chloride (Ts-Cl). The activated species were reacted with a 5’-O-protected nucleoside 1 to give a protected dinucleoside monophosphate 3. Upon the removal of 3’-O-acetyl group using base-catalyzed hydrolysis, further chain elongation was carried out. Following this methodology, sets of tri- and tetradeoxyribonucleotides were synthesized and were enzymatically converted to longer oligonucleotides, which allowed elucidation of the genetic code.
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Studies have suggested that while OTX2 positively restricts the ZLI anteriorly (Shh cannot be expressed where OTX2 is not), 'IRX1 negatively restricts the ZLI posteriorly. Other genes crucial for differentiation in the brain, including Fgf genes responsible for patterning of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB), have been implicated in positioning of the ZLI. Studies on the role of Shh signaling in the ZLI were difficult to study for many years, because mutants lacking expression have many developmental deficits including lack of a diencephalon. Explant and lineage-labeling experiments previously described aided in elucidation of the role of Shh and other genes in differentiation of these tissues.
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The aza-Cope/Mannich reaction is often the most efficient way to synthesize pyrrolidine rings, and thus has a number of applications in natural product total syntheses. Because of its diastereoselectivity this reaction has added to the catalog of asymmetric synthesis tools, as seen in the many examples of asymmetric alkaloids synthesized using the reaction. As we have seen in the first aza-Cope/Mannich reaction and in the elucidation of the reaction's stereochemistry, the aza-Cope/Mannich reaction can be used to form pyrrolidine rings and pyrrolizidine rings. It can be used to create many additional ring structures useful in synthesis, such as indolizidine cycles and indole rings.
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Conversely, the other school of thoughtSee Moshe Tendler's elucidation of Rabbi Moshe Feinstein's responsa (which include many Orthodox rabbis and Israel's Chief Rabbinate) the determination of death is based on brain function irrespective of a beating heart. Therefore, according to their view, removing vitals organs from a brain dead patient for the sake of saving a life, is in fact permissible, and even encouraged. As a result of these two orthodox schools of thought, Orthodox Jewish ethics remains divided over key death-related policies. Tactically, opponents to the brain death criterion have requested waivers from state law, as a matter of religious freedom, so as to continue relying on traditional indicators.
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Devotion to Guru occupies an important place throughout the commentary. Many of its chapters begin with an invocation to his Guru Nivruttinath, who is eulogized by Dnyaneshwar as the person who helped him "cross the ocean of existence". The discussion on virtue and vices continues in his elucidation of the 16th chapter of Bhagavad Gita, where virtues and vices are called divine heritages and demonic heritages respectively. Divine heritage comprises fearlessness, which comes from a belief in unity of all objects; charity; sacrifice, which comes from performing one's duties and compassion in addition to virtues already enumerated; while demonic heritage consists of six vices— ignorance, anger, arrogance, hypocrisy, harshness and pride.
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The supposition that Massinger was a Roman Catholic rests upon three of his plays, The Virgin Martyr (licensed 1620), The Renegado (licensed 1624) and The Maid of Honour (c. 1621). The Virgin Martyr, in which Dekker probably had a large share, is really a miracle play, dealing with the martyrdom of Dorothea in the time of Diocletian, and the supernatural element is freely used. Caution must be used in interpreting this play as an elucidation of Massinger's views; it is not entirely his work. In The Renegado, however, the action is dominated by the beneficent influence of a Jesuit priest, Francisco, and the doctrine of baptismal regeneration is enforced.
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The data is suggestive of direct impairment at a key residue involved in binding or catalysis rather than an inter-domain residue influencing conformational stability. Additionally, a key arginine residue at site 237 has been shown to interact both with malate and NADP+ substrates, forming key favorable electrostatic interactions to the negatively charged carboxylic-acid and phosphate group respectively. Elucidation of whether the residue plays a role in substrate binding or substrate positioning for catalysis has yet to be determined. Lysine residue 255 has been implicated as a catalytic base for the enzymes reactivity; however, further studies are still required to conclusively establish its biochemical role.
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Philip Connors has attempted to further Leopold's elucidation with respect to matters of the environment through literature. In many of his books, most notably Fire Season, Connors alludes to thinking like a mountain when he urges the reader to think about more than just the costs and benefits an action has on their person. He believes that everyone who witnesses the environment should have the goal of achieving what Leopold spoke of when he describes living in harmony with nature. Connors said, Another author, Leslie Thiele refers to thinking like a mountain in multiple chapters in his book Indra's Net and the Midas Touch.
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Second Genome is a venture capital funded, life sciences research company based in South San Francisco. The company's focus is on the development and exploitation of a research platform which facilitates the identification and elucidation of relationships between human physiology and the human microbiota, and it has a long term goal of becoming a drug development company. The name "second genome" comes from the notion that humans have, effectively, two genomes: the native human genome, and the more diverse set of genomes carried by the human microbiota. The company's first foray into drug development was a small molecule treatment for ulcerative colitis (SGM-1019).
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The rules of "Kelal u-perat" and "perat u-kelal" ("General and particular, particular and general") is a limitation of the general by the particular and vice versa. According to Rabbi Ishmael, this principle has eight special applications, and thus includes eight separate rules in his scheme (Nos. 4-11). This method of limitation is one of the main points of difference between Ishmael and Akiva. According to the former, who follows his teacher Rabbi Nehunya ben HaKanah, the particular is only an elucidation of the preceding general expression, so that the latter includes only what is contained in the particular (כלל ופרט אין בכלל אלא מה שבפרט).
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This trial wound up the controversy about the rival merits of breech-loaders and muzzle-loaders, but before the final decision, two other trials were held, one at the old Hornsey Wood Tavern in July 1859, and the third at the Lillie Arms, Brompton, in 1866. In 1875, the value of the choke-bore system received further elucidation in another trial at the All England Croquet Club grounds at Wimbledon, of which Walsh was an active promoter. The trial extended over six weeks, with the entire proceedings being carried out under the editor's personal supervision. Again, in 1878, he endeavoured to make clear the respective merits of Schultze and black powder.
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Some of the notable contributions of Seshadri are on the academic administration front. As the head of the Chemistry department at Andhra University, he was instrumental in the establishment of several laboratories, two new departments and a research school. He founded another research school at Delhi University which soon became a centre of excellence in chemical research, under the name Centre for Advanced Study for the Chemistry of Natural Products where he served as the head from 1949 to 1975. He is credited with pioneering research on plant chemistry, primarily in oxygen heterocyclics, and contributed to the isolation and structural elucidation of flavanoid pigments.
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This discovery assisted other scientists in the elucidation of similar glycolipid storage diseases such as Gaucher's disease and Tay–Sachs disease and in their prenatal diagnosis. His proposals on the biosynthesis and degradation of cerebroside-3-sulfate, a lipid found in high concentrations in patients afflicted with Metachromatic leukodystrophy were known to have helped in the later-day therapeutic protocols. Bachhawat and his colleagues were credited with the discovery of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid which led to the understanding of the occurrence of N-acetylneuraminic acid at cell-surfaces. His studies explained the role of glycosaminoglycans in neuronal development and the property of glycolipids as biological receptors.
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Peroxynitrate chemical ionization mass spectrometer at the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration CI mass spectrometry is a useful tool in structure elucidation of organic compounds. This is possible with CI, because formation of [M+1]+ eliminates a stable molecule, which can be used to guess the functional groups present. Besides that, CI facilitates the ability to detect the molecular ion peak, due to less extensive fragmentation. Chemical ionization can also be used to identify and quantify an analyte present in a sample, by coupling chromatographic separation techniques to CI such as gas chromatography (GC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE).
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While Durkheim's work deals with a number of subjects, including suicide, the family, social structures, and social institutions, a large part of his work deals with the sociology of knowledge. While publishing short articles on the subject earlier in his career,For example, the essay De quelques formes primitives de classification (1902), written with Marcel Mauss. Durkheim's definitive statement concerning the sociology of knowledge comes in his 1912 magnum opus, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. This book has as its goal not only the elucidation of the social origins and function of religion, but also the social origins and impact of society on language and logical thought.
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Now, most believe they are ancient, and may have robust evolutionary connections to the first organisms on Earth. Organisms similar to those archaea that exist in extreme environments may have developed on other planets, some of which harbor conditions conducive to extremophile life. Notably, Woese's elucidation of the tree of life shows the overwhelming diversity of microbial lineages: single-celled organisms represent the vast majority of the biosphere's genetic, metabolic, and ecologic niche diversity. As microbes are crucial for many biogeochemical cycles and to the continued function of the biosphere, Woese's efforts to clarify the evolution and diversity of microbes provided an invaluable service to ecologists and conservationists.
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O.W. Sacks, "Scotoma: Forgetting and Neglect in Science," in Hidden Histories of Science, Ed. R.B. Silver (New York: New York Review of Books, 1996), 141-187. Goldberg's work on frontal lobe functions includes the discovery of the "reticulo-frontal disconnection" syndrome, functional lateralization and gender differences in the prefrontal cortex. His work on memory includes the description of relatively pure retrograde amnesia without anterograde amnesia, which in turn has led to the elucidation of the role of brain stem arousal mechanisms in memory. In clinical practice, Goldberg was among the early proponents of "cognitive fitness," purporting to harness the effects of lifelong neuroplasticity to delay and even reverse the effects of cognitive aging.
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Insignia of the Belfast Naturalists' Field Club The Belfast Naturalists' Field Club is a club of naturalists based in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Founded in 1863, the club was an important part of the education system for Victorian naturalists and worked largely through first-hand field studies.P.W. Jackson (1992) The Irish Naturalist: 33 years of natural history in Ireland 1892-1924. Irish Naturalists' Journal 24(3): 95-101 It has been credited with playing an important role in the elucidation of glacial and post-glacial sea levels, climates and fossil beaches and issuing the first of the regional handbooks for meetings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science as far back as 1874.
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Murray Epstein was the first to characterize splanchnic vasodilation and kidney vasoconstriction as the key alterations in hemodynamics in patients with the syndrome. The functional nature of the kidney impairment in HRS was crystallized by studies demonstrating that kidneys transplanted from patients with hepatorenal syndrome returned to function in the new host, leading to the hypothesis that hepatorenal syndrome was a systemic condition and not a kidney disease. The first systematic attempt to define hepatorenal syndrome was made in 1994 by the International Ascites Club, a group of liver specialists. The more recent history of HRS has involved elucidation of the various vasoactive mediators that cause the splanchnic and kidney blood flow abnormalities of the condition.
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A.S. Abalufia and G.R. Evans, Auctores Britannici Medii Aevi(1986), pp. 194–97 Many of them afterwards attained high positions in the Church; one possible student, Anselm of Badagio, became pope under the title of Alexander II; another, Anselm of Bec succeeded Lanfranc as the Archbishop of Canterbury. The favourite subjects of his lectures were the trivium of grammar, logic and rhetoric and the application of these principles to theological elucidation. In one of Lanfranc's most important works, The Commentary on the Epistles of St. Paul; he, 'expounded Paul the Apostle; and, wherever opportunity offered, he stated the premises, whether principal or secondary, and the conclusions of Paul's arguments in accordance with the rules of Logic'.
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Avinash Anant Deshpande (born 23 January 1958) is an Indian astrophysicist and a professor of physics at Raman Research Institute. Known for his research on astrophysics, Deshpande is known to have contributed towards the studies of the pulsar magnetospheric emission regions and in the elucidation of unphysically ultradense neutral hydrogen irregularities in the interstellar space. Born on 23 January 1958, Deshpande graduated in electrical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur in 1980 and started his career by joining Raman Research Institute. He did his doctoral research at RRI which earned him his PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai in 1988 and subsequently, did his post doctoral work at University of Tasmania during 1990–92.
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However, there also exists an "omnipresent, eternal mind" that Berkeley believed to consist of God and the Spirit, both omniscient and all-perceiving. According to Berkeley, God is the entity who controls everything, yet Berkeley also argued that "abstract object[s] do not exist in space or time". In other words, as Warnock argues, Berkeley "had recognized that he could not square with his own talk of spirits, of our minds and of God; for these are perceivers and not among objects of perception. Thus he says, rather weakly and without elucidation, that in addition to our ideas we also have notions—we know what it means to speak of spirits and their operations."G.
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Analytical Marxism is an approach to Marxist theory that was prominent amongst English-speaking philosophers and social scientists during the 1980s. It was mainly associated with the September Group of academics, so called because of their biennial September meetings to discuss common interests. Described by G. A. Cohen as "non-bullshit Marxism", the group was characterized, in the words of David Miller, by "clear and rigorous thinking about questions that are usually blanketed by ideological fog." Members of this school seek to apply the techniques of analytic philosophy, along with tools of modern social science such as rational choice theory, to the elucidation of the theories of Karl Marx and his successors.
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Sarban's career in art began when the director and "father" of the Afghan National Theatre, Ustad Abdul Rashid Latifi overheard him hum a song in a hamaam (communal baths customary in Kabul at the time). Ustad Latifi, however, did not conceive of Sarban as a singer since singing, at that time in Afghanistan, was a profession chosen very early in life and required years of work and training. Instead, Latifi asked Sarban to join his theatre as an actor, mainly due to his elegant & erudite elucidation and accent in Dari. Sarban accepted the offer to work as an actor because, according to him, he had no prospects of employment and of feeding his young family.
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The medal has on occasion been awarded to multiple people at a time; in 1938 it was won by John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton "for their discovery that nuclei could be disintegrated by artificially produced bombarding particles", in 1981 by Peter Higgs and Tom Kibble "for their international contributions about the spontaneous breaking of fundamental symmetries in elementary-particle theory", in 1982 by Drummond Matthews and Frederick Vine "for their elucidation of the magnetic properties of the ocean floors which subsequently led to the plate tectonic hypothesis" and in 1988 by Archibald Howie and M. J. Whelan "for their contributions to the theory of electron diffraction and microscopy, and its application to the study of lattice defects in crystals".
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Radical SAM enzymes have a conserved cysteine motif, an iron-sulfur cluster within the cysteine motif, as well as S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) as a cofactor. A general radical SAM mechanism involves reducing the iron-sulfur cluster within the enzyme and transferring an electron to the cofactor (SAM), which cleaves a part of the structure and forms a 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical. This 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical will then remove a hydrogen atom from the substrate, forming 5'-deoxyadenosine, and producing a radical on the substrate which will rearrange to form a product. Given that the full mechanism of SPL function is not fully characterized, future studies will likely focus on elucidation of this process.
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His relationship with Nöldeke lasted to the end of his life as he kept up a pretty regular correspondence with him covering about half a century. He said in his introduction to the third volume of Al-Mufaddaliyat, in 1924: "I desire to express my deep gratitude to Professor Theodor Nöldeke, who from the first had contributed much towards the elucidation of the Arabic text and most kindly answered a large number of questions which I addressed to him with regard to various difficulties". Educated in Lausanne and Strassburg, Bevan had already laid the foundations of his immense Semitic learning when in 1884 he came from Nöldeke to William Wright. Their influence appears in all his work.
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The majority of the instruction was given by visiting specialists (from Air Ministry, MI-6, MI-9, Central Interpretation Unit Medmenham and Station "X" at Bletchley Park.) The unit was soon awarded a badge (crest) as a proof of the high official regard for the value of the school. The badge consisted of a Sphinx, denoting wisdom, backed by a sun in splendour, depicting elucidation, with the motto Praemonitus Praemunitus which translates as "Forewarned is Forearmed". In 1943, the Unit was transferred for administrative purposes to No. 28 Group RAF under RAF Technical Training Command. Additional courses were added for Security, Air Intelligence for RAF Bomber Command, a Far East Course and Air Intelligence for Senior Officers.
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In an introductory note to Eisenberg's interview with Vladimir de Pachmann, the editor of The Musician wrote, "Jacob Eisenberg, author of Weight and Relaxation Method for the Piano and Etudes for the Development of the Principles of Weight and Relaxation in Piano Playing, is a recognized authority on Weight and Relaxation in Piano Playing. His books have a widespread circulation throughout the world and have aroused most favorable comment. While the real truth concerning Vladimir de Pachmann's much discussed 'Methode', has already appeared in The Musician, Mr. Eisenberg's further elucidation of the subject will be of interest to teachers and students." Eisenberg interviewed Vladimir Horowitz on his first trip to the United States in January 1928.
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Butenandt was later awarded the Nobel Prize in 1939 for the isolation of estrone and his work on sex hormones in general. The molecular formula of estrone was known by 1931, and its chemical structure had been determined by Butenandt by 1932. Following the elucidation of its structure, estrone was additionally referred to as ketohydroxyestrin or oxohydroxyestrin, and the name estrone, on the basis of its C17 ketone group, was formally established in 1932 at the first meeting of the International Conference on the Standardization of Sex Hormones in London. A partial synthesis of estrone from ergosterol was accomplished by Russell Earl Marker in 1936, and was the first chemical synthesis of estrone.
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The palimpsest was identified in the library at Saint Catherine's Monastery in February 1892 by Agnes Smith Lewis and her sister Margaret Dunlop Gibson, who returned with a team of scholars in 1893 that included J. Rendel Harris, F. C. Burkitt, and R. L. Bensly to photograph and transcribe the work in its entirety.A. S. Lewis and her sister M. D. Gibson and the discovery of the Sinaitic Palimpsest. It is still kept by the Monastery of Saint Catherine (Sinai, Syr. 30). The German theologian Adalbert Merx devoted much of his later research to the elucidation of the Sinaitic Palimpsest, the results being embodied in Die vier kanonischen Evangelien nach dem ältesten bekannten Texte (1897-1905).
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The Pali commentaries distinguish between karuā and mettā in the following complementary manner: Karuna is the desire to remove harm and suffering (ahita-dukkha-apanaya-kāmatā) from others; while mettā is the desire to bring about the well-being and happiness (hita-sukha-upanaya-kāmatā) of others.Sn-A 128 (cited by Rhys Davids & Stede, 1921–25, op. cit.); see also, BDEA & BuddhaNet (n.d.). Similarly, the post-canonical Visuddhimagga, chapter IX, vv. 105-109, provides further elucidation, such as with a metaphor describing mettā as a mother's wish for her (healthy) child to grow up and karuṇā as a mother's wish for her sick child to get well (Buddhaghosa & Nanamoli, 1975/99, pp. 313-4).
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Crucial to his thinking is the idea that non-verbal representation is not a quasi-linguistic form of communication. It relies on the de facto socially efficacious substitutability of one thing for another thing even in cases where relevant properties are not shared. He argues that this perceptually mediated substitutive felicity must have been available to pre-linguistic organisms or language itself could not possibly have evolved. Brook’s elucidation of the concept of art, as what he at first called ‘experimental modelling of actual and possible worlds,’ is first comprehensively spelled out in his paper ‘A new theory of art’.[4]‘A new theory of art.’ British Journal of Aesthetics 20 (1980): 305-321.
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This intuition of the a priori understanding is a modern elucidation of the postmodern expression "always already":The philosophy of Schopenhauer A. Schopenhauer – 1928 – The Modern library time and space always and already determine the possibilities of experience. Additionally, Schopenhauer distinguishes from this something he calls a "spurious a priori": cultural perspectives (ideologies) one is born into that determine one's relationship to experience, in addition to the forms of space and time.Parerga and Paralipomena II 15 He considers these false because it is possible to investigate and uncover their grounds, leading to a reorientation that regards the phenomena of experience as source material of new knowledge, rather than one's always already prejudices about phenomena.
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Kaiser's laboratory succeeded in the identification and molecular elucidation of the roles of a series of molecular messengers in the swarm and propagation behavior of Myxococcus.A. Dale Kaiser, National Academy of Sciences Kaiser received in 1970 the U. S. Steel Foundation Award in Molecular Biology, in 1980 the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research, in 1981 the Waterford Biomedical Science Award, in 1997 the Abbott Lifetime Achievement Award of the American Society for Microbiology and in 1991 the Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal. In 1970 he was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1993 Kaiser was the president of the Genetics Society of America.
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According to the traditional model of knowledge, some proposition p is knowledge if and only if: #some agent X believes p, #p is true, #X is justified in believing in p Since the time of Descartes, who sought to establish the criteria by which true beliefs could be acquired, and to determine those beliefs we are in fact justified in believing, the primary epistemological project has been the elucidation of the justificatory condition in this conception of knowledge (i.e. justified true belief). Naturalized epistemology had its beginnings in the twentieth century with W. V. Quine. Quine's proposal, which is commonly called "Replacement Naturalism," is to excise every trace of normativity from the epistemological body.
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Brout was awarded the 2010 J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics (with Guralnik, Hagen, Kibble, Higgs, and Englert) by The American Physical Society "For elucidation of the properties of spontaneous symmetry breaking in four- dimensional relativistic gauge theory and of the mechanism for the consistent generation of vector boson masses."American Physical Society - J. J. Sakurai Prize Winners Retrieved October 2, 2009. In 2004, Robert Brout, François Englert, and Peter Higgs were awarded the Wolf Prize in Physics "for pioneering work that has led to the insight of mass generation, whenever a local gauge symmetry is realized asymmetrically in the world of sub-atomic particles".The Wolf Prize in Physics in 2004 Retrieved August 6, 2007.
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Diatomic elements played an important role in the elucidation of the concepts of element, atom, and molecule in the 19th century, because some of the most common elements, such as hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, occur as diatomic molecules. John Dalton's original atomic hypothesis assumed that all elements were monatomic and that the atoms in compounds would normally have the simplest atomic ratios with respect to one another. For example, Dalton assumed water's formula to be HO, giving the atomic weight of oxygen as eight times that of hydrogen, instead of the modern value of about 16. As a consequence, confusion existed regarding atomic weights and molecular formulas for about half a century.
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Jack Throck Watson (May 2, 1939 – September 3, 2016) was a professor of biochemistry and chemistry at the Michigan State University (MSU), where he was also Director of the MSU Mass Spectrometry Facility.Obituary Jack Throck Watson, May 2, 1939–September 3, 2016 While at MIT, Watson developed a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry interface, known as the Watson–Biemann separator, that removes helium from the gas chromatograph column effluent, thereby allowing analysis of less volatile and more polar compounds. Watson later worked on methods for the structure elucidation of peptides and proteins using fast atom bombardment and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. After retirement in 2006, he continued to work on his introductory mass spectrometry textbook.
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In mathematics, the Selberg class is an axiomatic definition of a class of L-functions. The members of the class are Dirichlet series which obey four axioms that seem to capture the essential properties satisfied by most functions that are commonly called L-functions or zeta functions. Although the exact nature of the class is conjectural, the hope is that the definition of the class will lead to a classification of its contents and an elucidation of its properties, including insight into their relationship to automorphic forms and the Riemann hypothesis. The class was defined by Atle Selberg in , who preferred not to use the word "axiom" that later authors have employed.
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The developmental fate of every single somatic cell (959 in the adult hermaphrodite; 1031 in the adult male) has been mapped. These patterns of cell lineage are largely invariant between individuals, whereas in mammals, cell development is more dependent on cellular cues from the embryo. As mentioned previously, the first cell divisions of early embryogenesis in C. elegans are among the best understood examples of asymmetric cell divisions, and the worm is a very popular model system for studying developmental biology. Programmed cell death (apoptosis) eliminates many additional cells (131 in the hermaphrodite, most of which would otherwise become neurons); this "apoptotic predictability" has contributed to the elucidation of some apoptotic genes.
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Freud wrote several important essays on literature, which he used to explore the psyche of authors and characters, to explain narrative mysteries, and to develop new concepts in psychoanalysis (for instance, Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva and his influential readings of the Oedipus myth and Shakespeare's Hamlet in The Interpretation of Dreams). The criticism has been made, however, that in his and his early followers' studies 'what calls for elucidation are not the artistic and literary works themselves, but rather the psychopathology and biography of the artist, writer or fictional characters'.Waugh, p. 200 Thus 'many psychoanalysts among Freud's earliest adherents did not resist the temptation to psychoanalyze poets and painters (sometimes to Freud's chagrin').
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Ohloff returned to Industry in 1962, joining Firmenich in Geneva to head the process-research group. He was named the firm's research director and member of the board of directors in 1968, which he remained until his retirement in 1989. Ohloff's scientific work, which is documented in 228 publications and 111 patents,Wolfgang Giersch, Rerald Uhde, Ferdinand Näf: Günther Ohloff – Chemist & Pioneer in the Art of Perfumery, Chimia 58 (2004) 65−66 centered around ths structure elucidation and reactivity of terpenes, the industrial syntheses of odorants, and structure–odor correlations. He was the leading expert of empirical odor rules that predict the olfactory properties of new compounds, such as the "triaxial rule of ambergris sensation".
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Elucidation of the structure of Fe3(CO)12 proved to be challenging because the CO ligands are disordered in the crystals. Early evidence for its distinctive C2v structure came from Mössbauer spectroscopic measurements that revealed two quadrupole doublets with similar isomer shifts but different (1.13 and 0.13 mm s−1) quadrupolar coupling constants. Fe3(CO)12 consists of a triangle of iron atoms surrounded by 12 CO ligands. Ten of the CO ligands are terminal and two span an Fe---Fe edge, resulting in C2v point group symmetry. By contrast, Ru3(CO)12 and Os3(CO)12 adopt D3h-symmetric structures, wherein all 12 CO ligands are terminally bound to the metals.
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Solomon Halbert Snyder (born December 26, 1938) is an American neuroscientist who has made wide-ranging contributions to neuropharmacology and neurochemistry. He studied at Georgetown University, and has conducted the majority of his research at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Many advances in molecular neuroscience have stemmed from Snyder's identification of receptors for neurotransmitters and drugs, and elucidation of the actions of psychotropic agents. He received the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research in 1978 for his research on the opioid receptor, and is one of the most highly cited researchers in the biological and biomedical sciences, with the highest h-index in those fields for the years 1983–2002, and then from 2007–2019.
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Linus Pauling with an inset of his Nobel Prize in 1955 In the late 1920s, Pauling began publishing papers on the nature of the chemical bond. Between 1937 and 1938, he took a position as George Fischer Baker Non-Resident Lecturer in Chemistry at Cornell University. While at Cornell, he delivered a series of nineteen lectures and completed the bulk of his famous textbook The Nature of the Chemical Bond. It is based primarily on his work in this area that he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954 "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances".
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Because of its small size and well-defined structure, the WW domain became a favorite subject of protein folding studies. Among these studies, the work of Rama Ranganathan and David E. Shaw are notable. Ranganathan’s team has shown that a simple statistical energy function, which identifies co-evolution between amino acid residues within the WW domain, is necessary and sufficient to specify sequence that folds into native structure. Using such an algorithm, he and his team synthesized libraries of artificial WW domains that functioned in a very similar manner to their natural counterparts, recognizing class-specific proline-rich ligand peptides, The Shaw laboratory developed a specialized machine that allowed elucidation of the atomic level behavior of the WW domain on a biologically relevant time scale.
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Greek and Roman sources were used for the making of the map, specifically including Greek notions that the earth existed as a flat disk. The document lacks the evocative drawings seen in many other medieval maps that were primarily used to fill blank map space (drawings mostly of animals.) Lastly, Leardo features Jerusalem as the city center (Wright, AGS, 1928). Ultimately, Wright indicates that the blurring of the fields of history and geography has much significance, as each subject relies on the other for accuracy (Wright, Henry Holt, 1928.) After retiring as director from the American Geographical Society, Wright continued his quest for historic elucidation by writing on the history of the Society and its connection to the development of geography (Light 1950).
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Wetting of different fluids: A shows a fluid with very little wetting, while C shows a fluid with more wetting. A has a large contact angle, and C has a small contact angle Pandit has been focusing his work on the problems related to phase transitions, statistical mechanics and non-linear dynamics, Kuramoto- Sivashinsky equation and Complex-Ginzburg-Landau equations. His contributions reportedly include theoretical elucidation of multilayer-adsorption and wetting phenomena on attractive substrates and the scaling properties of quasiperiodic Schroedinger operators. He is known to have developed a a theory of hysteresis loops in model spin systems and a cardiac arrhythmias model and his studies have assisted in a wider understanding of low-amplitude defibrillation schemes and cardiac arrhythmias.
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Together with the many students and postdocs in his laboratory, Stainier helped pioneer the use of the zebrafish model to study a wide range of questions pertaining to vertebrate organ development and function, and has published extensively. His forward genetic analyses of heart development revealed the unexpected role of several signaling pathways including sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling and the discovery of the long-elusive sphingosine 1-phosphate transporter. Additional genetic screens led to the elucidation of transcriptional networks regulating endoderm formation and endothelial cell specification as well as extracellular signals regulating liver induction. He pushed the frontiers of in vivo microscopy to reveal new insights into cardiac valve formation and cardiac trabeculation, and used cellular approaches to gain a detailed understanding of these processes.
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Leibel's initial research was focused on adrenergic receptor-mediated effects on lipolysis, and on the control of fatty acid re-esterification in human adipose tissue. Being among the first investigators to describe anatomic site-related differences in alpha 2 and beta 1 adrenoceptor activity in human adipose tissue, Leibel was also one of the first scientists to assess the role of alpha 2 and beta 1 adrenoceptor in determining the sexual dimorphism in human adipose tissue distribution. In addition to cloning the mouse mahoganoid mutation that modifies the obesity of Yellow mice, Leibel also developed a microassay system for quantifying the re-esterification pathway in human adipose tissue. This invention has led to elucidation of the control mechanisms involved with circulating free fatty acids in humans.
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Michael W. Young and Jeffrey C. Hall, were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in recognition of their cloning of circadian rhythm genes, and the elucidation of the biochemical mechanisms by which the circadian rhythm protein products regulated behavior. Benzer was at the forefront of the study of neurodegeneration in fruit flies, modeling human diseases and attempting to suppress them. He also contributed to the field of aging biology, looking for mutants with altered longevity and trying to dissect the mechanisms by which an organism can escape the inevitable functional downfall and its associated diseases. In 1998, Benzer and his colleagues Yi-Jyun Lin and Laurent Seroude published findings of a long-life mutant in Drosophila, then named Methuselah.
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Although his influence as a logician and linguist in grammar and rhetoric was considerable, his reputation rests on his works in psychology. At one with the German physiologist and comparative anatomist Johannes Peter Müller in the conviction psychologus nemo nisi physiologus (one is not a psychologist who is not also a physiologist), he was the first in Great Britain during the 19th century to apply physiology in a thoroughgoing fashion to the elucidation of mental states. In discussing the will, he favoured physiological over metaphysical explanations, pointing to reflexes as evidence that a form of will, independent of consciousness, inheres in a person's limbs. He sought to chart physiological correlates of mental states but refused to make any materialistic assumptions.
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Grimm died in Berlin at the age of 78, working until the very end of his life. He describes his own work at the end of his autobiography: > Nearly all my labours have been devoted, either directly or indirectly, to > the investigation of our earlier language, poetry and laws. These studies > may have appeared to many, and may still appear, useless; to me they have > always seemed a noble and earnest task, definitely and inseparably connected > with our common fatherland, and calculated to foster the love of it. My > principle has always been in these investigations to under-value nothing, > but to utilize the small for the illustration of the great, the popular > tradition for the elucidation of the written monuments.
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Les Ames fortes (1950), filmed by Raoul Ruiz in 2001, is another of the masterpieces of this period. As dark as Un Roi sans divertissement, it examines the depths a person can sink to in greed, grasping self-interest and the exploitation of others. Also as in Un Roi sans divertissement, the story is again told purely in the words of the protagonists, without the intervention of a narrator or comment from the author, thus forcing readers to reach their own conclusions. Les Grands chemins (1951), considerably less dark, deals with the nature of the road, gambling, the lie, and friendship, again in a first-person narration entirely in the voice of the protagonist and devoid of explanation or elucidation from the author.
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NTP analogs that are known to inhibit DnaG as well as other polymerase enzymes Inhibitors of DNA primases are valuable compounds for the elucidation of biochemical pathways and key interactions, but they are also of interest as lead compounds to design drugs against bacterial diseases. Most of the compounds known to inhibit primases are nucleotide analogs such as AraATP (see Vidarabine) and 2-fluoro-AraATP. These compounds will often be used as substrates by the primase, but once incorporated synthesis or elongation can no longer occur. For example, E. coli DnaG will use 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphates (ddNTPs) as substrates, which act as chain terminators due to the lack of a 3' hydroxyl to form a phosphodiester bond with the next nucleotide.
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The medal has been awarded to multiple individuals in the same year: in 1882, for example, it was awarded to Dmitri Mendeleev and Julius Lothar Meyer "for their discovery of the periodic relations of the atomic weights"; in 1883 to Marcellin Berthelot and Julius Thomsen "for their researches in thermo-chemistry"; in 1893 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff and Joseph Achille Le Bel "In recognition of their introduction of the theory of asymmetric carbon, and its use in explaining the constitution of optically active carbon compounds"; in 1903 to Pierre Curie and Marie Curie "for their researches on radium" and in 1968 to John Cornforth and "in recognition of their distinguished joint work on the elucidation of the biosynthetic pathway to polyisoprenoids and steroids".
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Sagnotti's main contribution to physics is perhaps the analysis of the 2-loop divergences in Einstein's theory of General Relativity. Moreover, he was the first to propose, in 1987, that the type I string theory can be obtained as an orientifold of type IIB string theory, with 32 half-D9-branes added in the vacuum to cancel various anomalies and offered the elucidation of the key properties of orientifold constructions and of Conformal Field Theory on non-orientable surfaces. He also discovered the 10D "0B' string", including both open and closed strings, non supersymmetric but free of tachyons. He has worked extensively on higher spins, arriving at a geometric formulation of their free field equations in terms of higher-spin curvatures.
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Fermentation of ginsenoside Rb(1) with A. strictum yields three new compounds — 12β-hydroxydammar-3-one-20 (S)-O-β-D- glucopyranoside, 12β, 25-dihydroxydammar-(E)-20(22)-ene-3-O-β-D -glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D -glucopyranoside, and 12β, 20 (R), 25-trihydroxydammar-3-O-β-D -glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D -glucopyranoside — as well as five known compounds — ginsenoside Rd, gypenoside XVII, ginsenoside Rg, ginsenoside F, and compound K. Many of these compounds are metabolites of ginsenoside Rb(1) in mammals, suggesting that fermentation of ginsenoside Rb(1) in A. strictum may be similar to mammalian metabolism and may be a useful agent for generating specific metabolites or related ginsenoside analogs, which can be later isolated for structural elucidation and use in pharmaceutical research.
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A late medieval text in Middle Irish named Cóir Anmann (known in English as the "Fitness of Names" or the "Elucidation of Names") gives an etymology for the term Munster. It claims that the name partly derives from Eochaidh Mumu, one of the early Heberian High Kings of Ireland who ruled the area. This High King held the royal nickname mó-mó meaning "greater-greater", because he was supposed to be more powerful and greater in stature than any other Irishman of his time (the Annals of the Four Masters claims he reigned from 1449–1428 BC). The Cóir Anmann claims that the word mó (greater) with ána (prosperity) combined to form Mumu, because the kingdom was more prosperous than any other in Ireland.
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A depiction by Cosmas Damian Asam (1718-20) omits the figure of Christ Numerous texts were used in support and elucidation of the motif. The key scriptural passage was Isaiah, 63, where verse 3, taken as spoken by Christ, says "I have trodden the winepress alone", and wine-stained clothes are mentioned. This passage was closely echoed in Apocalypse 19, where verse 15 reads: "He treads the winepress of the fury of the wrath of God Almighty", and the clothes are also soaked, this time with blood.Schiller, 228 Another passage was Apocalypse 14:19–20: > And the angel thrust in his sickle into the earth, and gathered the vine of > the earth, and cast it into the great winepress of the wrath of God.
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Another area of his research was the Chandrasekhar limit and the critical mass of boson systems, and he collaborated with Andre Martin to propose a proof for the relativistic collapse of Mcr critical mass. Dhar- Grover-Roy super-Zeno algorithm, for use in suppressing the transitions of a quantum mechanical system, Roy-Braunstein's quantum metrology, a precision measurement protocol, and his elucidation of Pomeranchuk's theorem and its violations are some of his other major contributions. His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles and ResearchGate, an online repository of scientific articles, has listed 105 of them. Besides, he has published a book, Advances in High Energy Physics, along with Virendra Singh, and his work has drawn citations from other scientists.
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PAX6 is essential is the formation of the retina, lens and cornea due to its role in early cell determination when forming precursors of these structures such as the optic vesicle and overlying surface ectoderm. PAX10 mutations also hinder nasal cavity development due to the similar precursor structures that in small eye mice do not express PAX10 mRNA. Mice lacking any functional pax6 begin to be phenotypically differentiable from normal mouse embryos at about day 9 to 10 of gestation. The full elucidation of the precise mechanisms and molecular components by which the PAX6 gene influences eye, nasal and central nervous system development are still researched however, the study of PAX6 has brought more understanding to the development and genetic complexities of these mammalian body systems.
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The primary aim of knowledge engineering is to attain a productive interaction between the available knowledge base and problem solving techniques. This is possible through development of a procedure in which large amounts of task-specific information is encoded into heuristic programs. Thus, the first essential component of knowledge engineering is a large “knowledge base.” Dendral has specific knowledge about the mass spectrometry technique, a large amount of information that forms the basis of chemistry and graph theory, and information that might be helpful in finding the solution of a particular chemical structure elucidation problem. This “knowledge base” is used both to search for possible chemical structures that match the input data, and to learn new “general rules” that help prune searches.
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In 2008, Bakker published Neuropath, a near future SF psychothriller which thematically continued Bakker's elucidation of human cognitive biases and their implications regarding human meaning, purpose, and morality, whatever form they may take. While the narrative events of the book make for a compelling thought experiment, Bakker included as an Author Afterward a short essay regarding the blending of factual and fictive premises therein and the eventual advent of the narrative's villain in our own world. The essay marks Bakker first formal mention of his Blind Brain Hypothesis, beyond its use in the narrative proper. Narrative aside, in the Author Afterword Bakker sources two real world examples concerning illusory consciousness, the inner human experience of temporality and the imperceptible limits of field of vision.
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Nektarios Tavernarakis has contributed to the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of necrotic cell death and neurodegeneration, the interplay between cellular metabolism and ageing, the mechanisms of sensory transduction and integration by the nervous system. He has also contributed towards the development of novel genetic tools for biomedical research, including an RNA interference (RNAi) method that allows efficient knockdown of neuronal genes. His PhD Thesis research focused on the expression and function of key stress response transcriptional activators in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and provided original insights on the regulation of these activators by nutrient limitation, and the role of DNA in determining interactions between transcription factors and co-factors. His laboratory at IMBB was the first to commence Caenorhabditis elegans research in Greece.
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The aim is to remove, lessen or point out linguistic obstacles to reading and understanding the text. If a text is historical, or is produced within a culture assumed to be of limited familiarity to a reader, a broader range of issues may require elucidation. These include, but are by no means limited to, biographical data pertaining to the author, historical events, customs and laws, technical terminology and facts of daily life, religious beliefs and philosophical perspectives, literary allusions, geographical settings, and cross-references to related passages in the same work, other works by the author, or sources used by the author.Patrick Cheney, "'Jog on, jog on': European Career Paths," in European Literary Careers: The Author from Antiquity to the Renaissance (University of Toronto Press, 2002), p.
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These tasks included the elucidation of the Confucian classics and Chinese history to the emperor; the education of the scions of high-ranking notables and the younger members of the kesig; the collection, collation, and compilation of books; and the appraisal and classifications of the paintings and calligraphic works in the imperial collection. Of the 113 officials successively serving in the academy, there were many distinguished Chinese literati, and the best Mongolian and Muslim scholars of Chinese learning of the time. Concentrating so many talents in one governmental organ to perform various literary, artistic, and educational activities was unprecedented not only in the Yuan dynasty but also in Chinese history. The academy was responsible for compiling and publishing a number of books.
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After she completed her PhD in 1964 she moved to the US Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), to join the laboratory of Hans-Lukas Teuber. In 1977, when Teuber passed away, Corkin became director of the human neuropsychology laboratory and, in 1981, was promoted directly from the position of Principal Research Scientist to Associate Professor with tenure. From that point forward, Corkin directed the Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, making seminal contributions to many different domains of cognitive neuroscience. These contributions included further delineation of memory systems required for different forms of nondeclarative learning, elucidation of memory deficits that arise in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and contributions toward theoretical debates regarding the role of the medial temporal lobe in the retrieval of remote memories.
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His work spans the entire spectrum from animal physiology and molecular biology, through observational, epidemiology studies, to physiology and pharmacokinetic interventional proof-of-concept clinical trials on new therapeutic agents important in the treatment of obesity, diabetes and other metabolic diseases in humans. Dr. Christos Mantzoros is known for his groundbreaking work on leptin (see Leptin below) and adiponectin and the relationship between IGF-1 and cancer (see Epidemiology of Cancer below). Recent major contributions of his research group include the elucidation of the physiological role and potential diagnostic and therapeutic utility of several adipokines and myokines, leptin, adiponectin, in human physiology and pathophysiology. Leptin has been approved by the Food and Drugs Administration for lipodystrophy and severe insulin resistance accompanied by hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia.
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McDevitt is most well known for his discovery of immune response genes and the first definitive physical map of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Specifically, his work focused on how the histocompatibility molecules regulate the immune response and their role in the development and function of the immune system. McDevitt has won awards "for his landmark discovery and identification of genes that control immune responsiveness, and his subsequent elucidation of mechanisms of antigen recognition and induction of the immune response." National Academy of Sciences News Release His research focuses on identifying and understanding how certain cells and specific sequence polymorphisms in a class II MHC molecule initiate diabetes and how T cells can prevent and suppress the transfer of diabetes.
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" Slant Magazine gave the film four stars out of four, writing "Kurosawa's movies have a genuinely unnerving effect on the viewer because they deal with the kind of loneliness that exists in an overcrowded world. [...] Pulse is his strongest elucidation of this theme, treating the world wide web as a literal snare forging sinewy connections between strangers where the ultimate destination is chaos." The Guardian called it "an incredibly creepy horror film" that, in the same way as Ring, "finds chills in the most dingy and mundane of locales; skillful deployment of grisly little moments and disturbing, cryptic imagery produce the requisite mood of dread and gloom." Film Threat wrote, "What's worse than a horror film that frightens you sleepless is one that disturbs you to depression.
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Obligations of Polish workers in Germany, warning them of the death penalty for any sexual relations between Germans and Poles Nazi ideology advocated excluding women from political involvement and confining them to the spheres of "Kinder, Küche, Kirche" (Children, Kitchen, Church).For more elucidation about this conception and its oversimplification, see: Renate Bridenthal and Claudia Koonz, "Beyond Kinder, Küche, Kirche: Weimar Women in Politics and Work" in Renate Bridenthal, et al. (eds), When Biology Became Destiny in Weimar and Nazi Germany (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1984), pp. 33–65. Many women enthusiastically supported the regime, but formed their own internal hierarchies.Claudia Koonz, Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, the Family and Nazi Politics (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988), pp. 53–59.
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In 1945, he founded the Iranology Society and, very soon afterwards, the School of Iranology. Pourdavoud’s many and varied contributions fall into the following categories: :- translation of Avesta, :- investigations into ancient Persian languages, especially the Avestan language, :- interpretation of the contents of Avesta, including elucidation of signs and symbols, as well as terms and expressions used herein, :- studies concerning peoples, animals, plants, and :- research into the history of Iran, giving especial attention to the weapons used by ancient Persians and the methods with which these were used. Pourdavoud was well- versed in Arabic, English, French, German, and Turkish, in addition to his mother tongue and ancient Persian languages. Pourdavoud was awarded Germany's highest academic honour by the German President Theodor Heuss in 1955.
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Volker Haucke and his group study endocytosis and exocytosis, the uptake of substances into and their release from cells via membrane-bound vesicles, especially in nerve cells. A further focus of his research is the elucidation of the mechanisms of intracellular membrane traffic in the endosomal and lysosomal system and its control by specific membrane lipids, so-called phosphoinositides. A specific focus of his research is the development of tools that target these processes and the development of high-resolution light microscopy techniques, with which these processes can be visualized directly in cells. His most important discoveries include the dissection of the mechanisms that control the recycling of neurotransmitter-containing synaptic vesicles and the development of the first selective inhibitors of clathrin- based cellular uptake processes.
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Early work centered on the discovery and elucidation of cortical gain fields, a general rule of multiplicative computation used by many areas of the cortex.Andersen RA, Mountcastle VB (1983) The influence of the angle of gaze upon the excitability of the light-sensitive neurons of the posterior parietal cortex. J Neurosci 3:532–548Andersen RA, Essick GK, Siegel RM (1985) The encoding of spatial location by posterior parietal neurons. Science 230:456–458 Andersen and Zipser of UCSD developed one of the first neural network models of cortical function, which generated a mathematical basis for testing hypotheses based on laboratory findings.Zipser D, Andersen RA (1988) A back-propagation programmed network that simulates response properties of a subset of posterior parietal neurons.
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He is a member of the Governing Council of the College of Medicine and from 2010-2016 is Vice President and President of the Phytochemical Society of Europe. His research interests are on the isolation and structure elucidation of bioactive natural products from plants and 'legal-high' drugs of abuse. He is founding Editor-in-Chief of the journal Phytochemistry Letters,Phytochemistry Letters and currently serves on the Editorial Advisory Board of the book series Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products (“Zechmeister”; Springer Verlag, Vienna) and is a member of the Editorial Boards of the journals Natural Product Reports, Planta Medica, Phytochemistry Reviews, Phytochemical Analysis, Phytotherapy Research,Phytotherapy Research Editorial Board Fitoterapia, Pharmaceutica Scientia and Chinese Journal of Natural Medicine.
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James watson#cite note- Africans-45James watson#cite note-Suspension-46 In January 2019, CSHL severed all ties with Watson—and revoked his honorary titles—after he unequivocally restated these views in an American Masters television profile. Since 1994 biochemist and cancer biologist Bruce Stillman has led the Laboratory as director, and since 2003 as president. Stillman, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a Fellow of the Royal Society, also continues to run a basic research lab, devoted to the study of DNA replication and chromosome maintenance. Stillman is credited with the 1991 discovery and elucidation of the mechanism of the Origin Recognition Complex (ORC), a highly conserved protein complex that recognizes and binds to specific DNA sequences, marking starting points for replication of the entire genome.
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Sharkey studies the biochemistry and biophysics that underlie plant-atmosphere interactions especially photosynthesis and isoprene emission from plants. Significant accomplishments related to photosynthesis include the measurement of carbon dioxide concentration inside leaves, measurement of the biophysical resistance to carbon dioxide diffusion within leaves, elucidation of the biochemical feedback chain that explains how limitations in starch and sucrose synthesis reduce the efficiency of photosynthesis and demonstration that maltose is the primary metabolite exported from chloroplasts at night. Significant accomplishments related to isoprene biosynthesis and emissions from plants include the first genomic sequence of an isoprene synthase, cloning isoprene synthases from ten different plant species, analysis of the evolution of isoprene synthases and enzymes needed to make the precursor to isoprene. Heat stress was shown to be ameliorated by cyclic electron flow in photosynthesis.
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When Charles Parkhurst returned to the United States from the front, he found a job at the Albright Art gallery in Buffalo, now known as the Albright-Knox Art Gallery, as the assistant curator to Andrew Carnduff Ritchie who had served in Parkhurst’s infantry division. In 1949, he returned to Oberlin as the college’s chair of the Fine Arts Department and the director of the Allen Memorial Art Museum, where he succeeded Clarence Ward. In an interview, Parkhurst explained that at the Allen Memorial Art Museum, "we were collecting for elucidation and delight." At Oberlin, Parkhurst founded the Intermuseum Conservation Laboratory in 1952, which was originally located on the campus but has since moved to Cleveland. This institution was the nation’s first regional, non-profit art conservation center.
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Furthermore, Feduccia has suggested that this rapid adaptive radiation of modern birds, compressed into such a short period of geologic time, might obscure interordinal relationships and make elucidation of the phylogeny of modern birds particularly difficult, barring the isolation of conserved characters or mosaic fossils demonstrating transitional character states bridging extant orders. This reiterates an early theme from his research in the 1970s, in which Feduccia had repeatedly emphasized the importance of homoplasy in evolution, and its ability to confound the interpretation of phylogeny. This has also been a theme in his study of flightlessness in birds, a phenomenon the pervasiveness of which has been stressed in his work, and the mechanisms by which flight is lost, including heterochrony and differential development. Feduccia has argued against the monophyly of the Ratitae,Feduccia, A. (1985).
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In physics, he is remembered partly for his founding contribution to combinatorial physics, based on his elucidation of "combinatorial hierarchy", a mathematical structure of bit-strings generated by an algorithm based on discrimination (exclusive-or between bits). He published some of his ideas in fundamental physics (based on a logical "level below physics") in the book The Theory of Indistinguishables (1981).The Theory of Indistinguishables: A Search for Explanatory Principles below the level of Physics, Springer (1981) It identifies a logic based on adding to equality and inequality a third fundamental relationship which is neither one: indistinguishability-in- principle. For example, even with infinite knowledge, the three dimensions of a completely empty space are totally indistinguishable from one another, but they are still three, not one (contradicting Leibniz's Identity of Indiscernibles).
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Dawson has served as Associate Editor or Editorial Board Member for seven scientific journals: Clinical Psychological Science, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Development and Psychopathology, Psychophysiology, Autism Research, Autism Research and Treatment, and the Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Dawson's research has focused on early detection and intervention, brain dysfunction (using electrophysiology and functional magnetic resonance imaging), and genetic studies. Her key scientific discoveries include demonstrating that maternal depression can influence early brain activity and stress responses of infants and children, the detection of autism symptoms in infants, empirical validation of autistic regression, and elucidation of the nature of early brain dysfunction in autism. Dawson pioneered the use of home videotapes to study early symptoms of autism and the use of electrophysiological techniques to study brain function in very young children with autism.
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Anderson transition-multifractal Jayannavar's research interests have been in the interdisciplinary areas of condensed matter physics, with special focus on Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics, Stochastic processes, Non-equilibrium statistical mechanics, Classical and Quantum problems in random media and physics of mesoscopic systems. High temperature superconductors, thermal ratchets and molecular motors, heat pumps at nanoscales, Anderson localization, delay times, random lasers, giant diffusion; fluctuation theorems are some of the areas he has worked on and he is reported to have made significant contributions in the elucidation of a number theoretical problems. His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles and the online article repository of the Indian Academy of Sciences has listed 168 of them. He is also a former member of the editorial boards of science journals viz.
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In the Tenth Elucidation, for instance, Malebranche introduced his theory of "intelligible extension", a single, archetypal idea of extension into which the ideas of all particular kinds of bodies could be jointly resolved. In others, Malebranche placed a greater emphasis than he had previously done on his occasionalist account of causation, and particularly on his contention that God acted for the most part through "general volitions" and only rarely, as in the case of miracles, through "particular volitions". Malebranche expanded on this last point in 1680 when he published Treatise on Nature and Grace. Here, he made it explicit that the generality of the laws whereby God regulated His behaviour extended not only to His activity in the natural world but also applied to His gift of grace to human beings.
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He considered his most important contribution in this regard to be his elucidation of the dating of the early 19th century collection of studies of Canary Islands flora by Webb and Berthelot (1836–1850). Another important work from this period was on Ventenat's Jardin de la Malmaison (1803–1804), also published in the new Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History. In a number of instances his contributions to others' work went unacknowledged, particularly when he was younger, even though his introductions (often with the title "Revised and enlarged by W. T. Stearn") could be as lengthy as the texts they preceded. His contributions to botanical bibliography and in particular the correct interpretation of historical texts from Linnaeus to Arber are considered of central importance to the field of taxonomy.
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By the end of the 17th century the concept of Old Frankish, the ancestor language of Dutch, German, and the Frankish words in Old French had been firmly established. After the death of Junius, a contemporary of Van Vliet, Johann Georg Graevius said of him in 1694 that he collected fragments of vetere Francica, "Old Frankish," ad illustrandam linguam patriam, "for the elucidation of the mother tongue." The concept of the Dutch vetere Francica, a language spoken by the Franks mentioned in Gregory of Tours and of the Carolingian Dynasty, which at one end of its spectrum became Old Dutch, and at the other, Old High German, threw a shadow into neighboring England, even though the word "Franconian", covering the same material, was already firmly in use there. The shadow remains.
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Losada defines myth thus: This syncretic, expansive concept of myth allows the critic to embark on innovative analysis and synthesis of mythical narratives and their diverse processes. Myth criticism –a term coined by Gilbert Durand– is the study of myth; Losada's main contribution to literary theory is related to the updating of these studies into what he calls "cultural myth criticism". While still keeping an eye on the historical development of the field, this "new myth criticism" must develop an epistemology that enables the comprehension and elucidation of a global and imaginary reality, with an aim to better understand contemporary culture. This discipline develops out of the main hermeneutic principles embraced by J.M. Losada: # It is only possible to undertake real myth criticism by leaving behind ideological prejudice.
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Ceperley not only applied Feynman's exact mapping of superfluid 4He onto classical ring polymers but also created the algorithms to make path integration a precise calculational tool to compare theory with experiment. This method has enabled the elucidation of superfluid in terms of winding numbers and to reveal the deep relation between superfluidity and Bose-Einstein condensation. He derived the exact expression for tunnelling splittings in complex systems and, by computing the exchange in quantum crystals, resolved the origin of magnetism in solid 3He. He introduced the restricted path integral method to treat Fermi statistics in finite-temperature many-body quantum systems and applied this method to the normal 3He liquid and to hydrogen under extreme conditions thus predicting the principal Hugoniot of compressed deuterium in agreement with shock wave experiments.
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The term may have other meanings: The Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception is a renowned lay Marian apostolate in the Philippines known for administering the Grand Marian Procession parade on the Feast of the Immaculate Conception. The Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament is an example of an Anglo-Catholic confraternity established in the Church of England which has spread to many places within the Anglican Communion of churches.Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament Members of The Augustana Confraternity, which is in the Lutheran tradition, "devote themselves to the teachings of Holy Scripture and to the elucidation of those teachings in the Confessional writings of the Lutheran Church, particularly the Small Catechism." Confraternities in Nigeria began as a term for fraternities in the American college sense, university-based social organisations.
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Leslie Barnett (born 12 October 1920 as Margaret Leslie Collard – died 10 February 2002)E-mails from Penny Ann Barnett, daughter, to Martin Packer 8 October 2009 and 1 December 2009. was a British biologist who worked with Francis Crick, Sydney Brenner, and Richard J. Watts-Tobin to genetically demonstrate the triplet nature of the code of protein translation through the Crick, Brenner, Barnett, Watts-Tobin et al. experiment of 1961, which discovered frameshift mutations; this insight provided early elucidation of the nature of the genetic code. In her professional life, Barnett was a microbiologist who joined the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, where she worked as an assistant mainly with Crick and later Brenner, with whom she remained for many years until he left and she retired.
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R. K. Harrison in his Introduction to the Old Testament wrote approvingly of [Wiseman's] approach which "had the distinct advantage of relating the ancient Mesopotamian sources underlying Genesis to an authentic Mesopotamian life- situation, unlike the attempts of the Graf–Wellhausen school, and showed that the methods of writing and compilation employed in Genesis were in essential harmony with the processes current among the scribes of ancient Babylonia.". See also Harrison's elucidation of the use of colophons in Genesis, and their archaeological background, on pp. 543–552. Harrison noted that these examples had been discounted by scholars who follow Wellhausen and the Documentary hypothesis, since the central basis of the Documentary hypothesis is that the Pentateuch is mostly a work composed by unknown editors and authors who lived much later than the time of Moses.
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Thus, there is no standard set of tests for the quality control of TEMPs. The EMA has released a set of regulatory guidelines on the topics to be considered by companies involved in the development and marketing of medicines for use in the European Union.Guideline On Human Cell-Based Medicinal Products, Committee For Medicinal Product For Human Use (CHMP), London, 21 May 2008Reflection Paper On Stem Cell-Based Medicinal Products, Committee For Advanced Therapies (CAT), 14 January 2011Reflection Paper On Clinical Aspects Related To Tissue Engineered Products, Committee For Advanced Therapies (CAT), 19 March 2012 These guidelines have to be followed in order for the marketing authorization of a product to be issued. Fictitious examples of risk analysis for further elucidation of the process are provided in the EMA guidelines.
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As director of research at the Wellcome Research Laboratories he presided over the discovery and development of lamotrigine (an anti-epileptic compound), atovaquone (an anti-malarial) and zomig (for treatment of migraine headaches), and initiated the work that resulted in the development of lapatinib for the treatment of breast cancer. He was also responsible for the identification of nitric oxide as a biological mediator and the elucidation of the metabolic pathway leading to its synthesis. A great deal of the early work on the biological significance of nitric oxide in the cardiovascular system came from his laboratory, as well as some fundamental information about the role of nitric oxide in the peripheral and central nervous systems and in cancer. His later work has focused on the areas of mitochondrial biology and cell metabolism.
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It was not until after the elucidation of the laws of physics and more particularly, the development of the computer, allowing for the automated solution of a great many equations that model the weather, in the latter half of the 20th century that significant breakthroughs in weather forecasting were achieved. An important domain of weather forecasting is marine weather forecasting as it relates to maritime and coastal safety, in which weather effects also include atmospheric interactions with large bodies of water. Meteorological phenomena are observable weather events that are explained by the science of meteorology. Meteorological phenomena are described and quantified by the variables of Earth's atmosphere: temperature, air pressure, water vapour, mass flow, and the variations and interactions of those variables, and how they change over time.
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Also suggestive is that among his earliest published pseudonymous and anonymous works may have been a series entitled The Arcane Teachings (first published prior to 1909 and the second edition in 1909), which bears many superficial similarities to The Kybalion. While the latter explores seven "Hermetic Principles", The Arcane Teachings examines seven "Arcane Laws"; The Kybalion claims to be an elucidation of an ancient, unpublished Hermetic text of the same name, and The Arcane Teachings claims to reveal the wisdom of an ancient, unpublished scroll of occult aphorisms. Both books describe three "Great Planes" of reality which are further subdivided into seven lesser planes. Both also describe three of the lesser planes as "astral black keys" analogous to the black keys on a piano, and inhabited by elemental spirits.
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Several new phenomena under confined conditions can be studied by variation of the internal ligands with hydrophilic and/or hydrophobic character, based on a variety of reactive substrates inside (for the interdisciplinary character of the whole compound class see Ref.Molecular growth from a Mo176 to a Mo248 cluster, A. Müller, S. Q. N. Shah, H. Bögge, M. Schmidtmann, Nature, 1999, 397, 48.). These single molecules are quite large; this can be shown by taking the length of an oxygen molecule with two atoms (length 0.12 nm) as a unit, then considering Mo368 which is 50 times larger. All the mentioned nanomaterials belong to a class commonly termed polyoxometalates and some special ones to the molybdenum blue family; the elucidation by Müller of the chemical nature of molybdenum blue was a real tour de force.
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American students of elocution drew selections from what were popularly deemed "Speakers." By the end of the century, several Speaker texts circulated throughout the United States, including McGuffey's New Juvenile Speaker, the Manual of Elocution and Reading, the Star Speaker, and the popular Delsarte Speaker. Some of these texts even included pictorial depictions of body movements and gestures to augment written descriptions. The era of the elocution movement, defined by the likes of Sheridan and Walker, evolved in the early and mid-1800s into what is called the scientific movement of elocution, defined in the early period by James Rush's The Philosophy of the Human Voice (1827) and Richard Whately's Elements of Rhetoric (1828), and in the later period by Alexander Melville Bell's A New Elucidation of Principles of Elocution (1849) and Visible Speech (1867).
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These opportunities she exploited to the utmost, making herself for many years a vital part of that society, whose charms she learned to understand, to love, and to reproduce with rare fidelity in a long series of affectionate studies. At the same time, not being to the manner born, but drawing the streams of her life from distant and alien sources, she was able to maintain a certain detachment and objectivity in point of view that lent especial value to her appreciations and characterizations. She was also careful to lay a solid foundation of accurate knowledge beneath her most imaginative constructions, not hesitating to dedicate months of preliminary study to the ascertainment of some historical circumstance or the elucidation of some obscure tradition or custom connected with the plot of her story.
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Since the mid 1990s Conant, together with Cora Diamond has advanced a “resolute reading” of Wittgenstein's early work which seeks to expose neglected underlying continuities between the philosopher's early and later approaches to philosophy, especially between his early Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus and his later Philosophical Investigations. This resolute reading is meant to show that even in the Tractatus, the purpose of philosophy is the clarification of philosophical problems, aimed at the elucidation of the sentences of the language through which we express ourselves rather than at propounding philosophical theses.Conant, James and Diamond, Cora "On reading the Tractatus Resolutely", in The Lasting Significance of Wittgenstein's Philosophy, edited by Max Kölbel and Bernhard Weiss, Routledge, 2004. This reading subjects the traditional interpretations of Wittgenstein, particularly that of Peter Hacker and Gordon Baker, to severe criticism.
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The Talmud has two components; the Mishnah (, 200), a written compendium of Rabbinic Judaism's Oral Torah; and the Gemara (, 500), an elucidation of the Mishnah and related Tannaitic writings that often ventures onto other subjects and expounds broadly on the Hebrew Bible. The term "Talmud" may refer to either the Gemara alone, or the Mishnah and Gemara together. The entire Talmud consists of 63 tractates, and in the standard print, called the Vilna Shas, it is 2,711 double-sided folios. It is written in Mishnaic Hebrew and Jewish Babylonian Aramaic and contains the teachings and opinions of thousands of rabbis (dating from before the Common Era through to the fifth century) on a variety of subjects, including halakha, Jewish ethics, philosophy, customs, history, and folklore, and many other topics.
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Robey focuses on four main areas in skeletal cell biology: 1) determination of the characteristics and the biological properties of post- natal bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), a subset of which are multipotent skeletal stem cells (SSCs), able to recreate cartilage, bone, cells that support blood formation and fat cells in the marrow; 2) elucidation of the role of enzymatic matrix remodeling in the maintenance of SSC function; 3) characterization of the role that BMSCs/SSCs play in skeletal diseases; and, 4) development of techniques for cartilage and bone regeneration in human patients with skeletal defects. In addition to using BMSCs for tissue engineering, Dr. Robey and her group also explore the potential of pluripotent stem cells to differentiate into cartilage and bone as another source of cells for skeletal regeneration.
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Microbiota both on human skin and in the gut can convert Trp to several metabolites, some of which with an affinity for the AHR. In the first report on the structure elucidation of the Trp photo-oxidation product FICZ indole-3-acetaldehyde (I3A) was suggested to be a precursor of FICZ In addition to the light or H2O2-induced formation of FICZ, a number of other enzymatic pathways have been identified to convert Trp to FICZ via the precursor indole-3-acetaldehyde (I3A). The oxidation product of I3A is indole-3 acetic acid, the most common natural plant hormone auxin Auxin. Decarboxylation of Trp catalyzed by the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) yields tryptamine, while decarboxylation of 5-hydroxy- Trp, by the same enzyme also (called DOPA decarboxylase) gives serotonin.
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She is known for her elucidation of function along the hypothalamic, pituitary, adrenal axis, and the discovery that comfort foods dampen the stress response. Her lab explored the role of glucocorticoid feedback on the HPA axis, showing that there is a very fast (seconds-minutes) inhibitory effect, and that sufficiently intense stimuli to the stress-response system use central networks that appear to bypass central glucocorticoid inhibition of subsequent system activity. The lab also provided evidence that efferent adrenal nerves regulate both compensatory adrenal growth after unilateral adrenalectomy, and the diurnal rhythm in adrenocortical sensitivity to ACTH secretion. The finding that body weight, fat content, and activity in the HPA axis are tightly correlated, initiated subsequent studies that ultimately showed that only voluntary intake of lard inhibits adrenocortical responses to subsequent stressors.
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In the fall of 1989 he joined the senior physics faculty at the University of Toronto. He has been a Principal Investigator for Photonics Research Ontario and is a fellow of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research. Professor John is the winner of the 2001 King Faisal International Prize in Science, which he shared with C. N. Yang. He is also the first ever winner of Canada’s Platinum Medal for Science and Medicine in 2002. Dr. John is the winner of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) LEOS International Quantum Electronics Award in 2007 for “the invention and development of light-trapping crystals and elucidation of their properties and applications.” He is the 2008 winner of the IEEE Pioneer Award in Nanotechnology and the 2013 IEEE David Sarnoff Award.
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However, in the first half of the twentieth century, the Catholic Propaganda Society upheld both Article XXVIII and the doctrine of transubstantiation, stating that the 39 Articles specifically condemn a pre- Council of Trent "interpretation which was included by some under the term Transubstantiation" in which "the bread and wine were only left as a delusion of the senses after consecration"; it stated that "this Council propounded its definition after the Articles were written, and so cannot be referred to by them". Theological dialogue with the Roman Catholic Church has produced common documents that speak of "substantial agreement" about the doctrine of the Eucharist: the ARCIC Windsor Statement of 1971, and its 1979 Elucidation. Remaining arguments can be found in the Church of England's pastoral letter: The Eucharist: Sacrament of Unity.
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Schreiber started his research work in organic synthesis, focusing on concepts such as the use of [2 + 2] photocycloadditions to establish stereochemistry in complex molecules, the fragmentation of hydroperoxides to produce macrolides, ancillary stereocontrol, group selectivity and two-directional synthesis. Notable accomplishments include the total syntheses of complex natural products such as talaromycin B, asteltoxin, avenaciolide, gloeosporone, hikizimicin, mycoticin A, epoxydictymene and the immunosuppressant FK-506. Following his work on the FK506-binding protein FKBP12 in 1988, Schreiber reported that the small molecules FK506 and cyclosporin inhibit the activity of the phosphatase calcineurin by forming the ternary complexes FKBP12-FK506-calcineurin and cyclophilin-ciclosporin-calcineurin. This work, together with work by Gerald Crabtree at Stanford University concerning the NFAT proteins, led to the elucidation of the calcium-calcineurin-NFAT signaling pathway.
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Sharon C. Glotzer is an American scientist and "digital alchemist," the Anthony C. Lembke Department Chair of Chemical Engineering, the John Werner Cahn Distinguished University Professor of Engineering and the Stuart W. Churchill Collegiate Professor of Chemical Engineering at the University of Michigan, where she is also Professor of Materials Science & Engineering, Professor of Physics, Professor of Macromolecular Science & Engineering, and Professor of Applied Physics. She is recognized for her contributions to the fields of soft matter and computational science, most notably on problems in assembly science and engineering, nanoscience, and the glass transition, for which the elucidation of the nature of dynamical heterogeneity in glassy liquids is of particular significance. She is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
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Bimal Kumar Bachhawat (1925–1996) was an Indian neurochemist and glycobiologist, known for his discovery of HMG-CoA lyase, an intermediate in the mevalonate and ketogenesis pathway, and for the elucidation of the molecular cause of Metachromatic leukodystrophy, a hereditary disease of the brain His studies on sugar-bearing liposomes led to its use as a carrier for in situ delivery of drugs and hormones to diseased organs and he pioneered the therapy of systemic fungal infections using liposomal formulations. He was a recipient of several awards including the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award, the highest Indian honor in science and technology and an elected fellow of three major Indian science academies. The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan, in 1990, for his contributions to science.
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Complicating issues further, both the FARC and the government have historically refused to admit responsibility for crimes they have committed, with the guerrilla considering itself a victim of State oppression and the Colombian government considering itself to be the leader and defender of a democratic society. In June 2014, the two delegations in Havana announced a set of ten principles which would guide their discussions on the victims issue. These principles were: recognition of victims, recognition of responsibility, satisfaction of victims' rights, victims' participation, elucidation of the truth, reparations for victims, guarantees of protection and security, guarantees of non- repetition, reconciliation and a rights-based approach. The various components of the full agreement on victims were gradually announced to the general public throughout 2015, with the cornerstone agreement on the "special jurisdiction for peace" being announced on September 23, 2015.
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His scientific accomplishments included (in 1851) collaborating with Theodor Bilharz on the first description of the blood-fluke Schistosoma haematobium, (in 1853) the elucidation of the life cycle of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus, (in 1854) the suggestion that the cercariae of the fluke Fasciola hepatica were the infective stage which passed from the invertebrate to the vertebrate host, and (in 1856) the discovery of parthenogenesis in insects. He also published work on medusae, other cestodes and trematodes, and strepsipterans... His collection of worm specimens was purchased for the Helminth Collection of the Natural History Museum in London in 1851. His fish collection (1804-1855), specializing in freshwater fishes of Bavaria, was deposited at the Zoological Cabinet of the Bavarian State in 1863, and though most were lost in WWII, some specimens remain at the Zoologische Staatssammlung in Munich.
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Von Scheven described Zygaena lonicerae (as Sphinx Lonicerae) in 1777 in "Beyträge zur Naturgeschichte der Insekten. Erstes Stück" in Der Naturforscher volume 10 pages 88–101 Tab. II. In that same paper, he described three additional moths that are not currently considered valid taxa: Sphinx caffra (a junior homonym to Sphinx caffra Linnaeus, 1764), Sphinx scabiosae (synonymous to Zygaena purpuralis per Naumann & Tremewan, 1984) and Sphinx schaefferi (Zygaena ephialtes, also per Naumann & Tremewan, 1984) He also described Crabro scutellatus (as Sphex scutellatus) in 1781. Some of his work on bagworm moths, particularly his observations on the reproductive methods of "Bombyx vestita" (now Paidia rica), was cited in volumes I and IV of William Kirby and William Spence's An Introduction to Entomology, and described by Kirby as an "excellent elucidation of the history of this tribe, whose mode of generation is so singular".
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The various theories which follow this track as described include that gender differentation is motivated as a social manifestation of ancestrally inherited differences concerning "mate preferences, reproductive strategies, parental investment in offspring, and the aggressive nature of males." In their analysis of these theories, these differences are discussed exclusively in the context of the males strategic advantage in mating multiple partners, as well as the capacity of males for coercive force in obtaining a mate. This context is an unusual one, and no elucidation is provided as to how or why this particular lens of understanding proto-civilization social dynamics of evolving humans was selected. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA of humans back to the most recent common ancestor implies that the rate of reproductive success among females was significantly higher than males, in a journal published by the Journal of Theoretical Biology.
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Among his important contributions was the elucidation of climate record contained in the Loess Plateau sediments of China, and the recognition of the role of volcanism in explaining the cold temperatures of the Little Ice Age Porter was honored for his work with numerous awards, including two awards from the Chinese Academy of Science, and the Kirk Bryan Award from the Geological Society of America. He was awarded in 2004 the Distinguished Career Award from the American Quaternary Association () and in 2011 the International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA) Distinguished Career Medal. Porter served as president of both the American Quaternary Association (1992-1994) and the International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA) (1995-1999), and was an elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Geological Society of America and the Arctic Institute of North America.
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The isolation of a natural product refers, depending on context, either to the isolation of sufficient quantities of pure chemical matter for chemical structure elucidation, derivitzation/degradation chemistry, biological testing, and other research needs (generally milligrams to grams, but historically, often more), or to the isolation of "analytical quantities" of the substance of interest, where the focus is on identification and quantitation of the substance (e.g. in biological tissue or fluid), and where the quantity isolated depends on the analytical method applied (but is generally always sub-microgram in scale). The ease with which the active agent can be isolated and purified depends on the structure, stability, and quantity of the natural product. The methods of isolation applied toward achieving these two distinct scales of product are likewise distinct, but generally involve extraction, precipitation, adsorptions, chromatography, and sometimes crystallizations.
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Stumpf wrote his diary out of personal interest so as to have a reminder of his war memories. When in the beginning of the 1920s an intense debate about the stab-in-the-back myth began, Stumpf realized that his diary could contribute to the elucidation of the role of naval officers, and he handed it to Joseph Joos of the Centre Party (Germany), who recognized the value of the records and ensured they were read before the enquiry commission of the German Weimar Republic parliament (Reichstag). Book edition of the publisher J.H.W. Dietz Nachfolger, Berlin (Germany) 1927. In 1927 the USPD-MP Wilhelm Dittmann published an abbreviated version under the title: "Warum die Flotte zerbrach – Kriegstagebuch eines christlichen Arbeiters (Why the fleet broke up - war diary of a Christian worker)"Stumpf, R., Warum die Flotte zerbrach – Kriegstagebuch eines christlichen Arbeiters, Hrsg.
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In chemistry, reaction progress kinetic analysis (RPKA) is a subset of a broad range of kinetic techniques utilized to determine the rate laws of chemical reactions and to aid in elucidation of reaction mechanisms. While the concepts guiding reaction progress kinetic analysis are not new, the process was formalized by Professor Donna Blackmond (currently at Scripps Research Institute) in the late 1990s and has since seen increasingly widespread use. Unlike more common pseudo-first-order analysis, in which an overwhelming excess of one or more reagents is used relative to a species of interest, RPKA probes reactions at synthetically relevant conditions (i.e. with concentrations and reagent ratios resembling those used in the reaction when not exploring the rate law.) Generally, this analysis involves a system in which the concentrations of multiple reactants are changing measurably over the course of the reaction.
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She has been acknowledged for her magnificent elucidation of the renowned songs such as "Como Una Sombra", "Mueva Las Maracas", "Hombre de Hierro", and "Musica Latina". In which these songs follow the genre styles of rhumba, Latin jazz, bolero son, salsa romantica, and Descarga. Music producer Oscar-nominated and Grammy award winner Ray Santos arranged and collaborated, as well From Fania All-Stars Héctor Bomberito-Zarzuela trumpet player contribute on several of the song of this album Vicky Shell Salsa con Pimienta! During the many years of singing Latin contemporary rhythms Vicky Shell have come with her full salsa production enabler the title "The Pioneer Lady of The Salsa Dominicana", because of her full broad spectrum in the development of salsa movement as a female during the time when other Latin rhythms were dominating the music industry in the Dominican Republic.
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David Wixon Pratt is an American physicist, Professor of Chemistry at the University of Pittsburgh. He was awarded an A.B. in Chemistry by Princeton University in 1959 and, after serving as a fleet officer in the U.S. Navy from 1959 to 1962, gained a Ph.D. in 1967 from the University of California at Berkeley on magnetic resonance. He then did postdoc research at the University of California at Santa Barbara on optical spectroscopy before moving in 1968 to become Professor of Chemistry at the University of Pittsburgh. He was awarded the status of Fellow in the American Physical Society, after he was nominated by the Division of Chemical Physics in 1990, for "significant contributions to molecular spectroscopy, particularly the elucidation of intramolecular relaxation in intermediate molecules, and the development of laser-induced phosphorescence spectroscopy and ultrahigh-resolution spectroscopy in supersonic jets".
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Nakkiranar's commentary also created a basic template which all subsequent commentaries on Tamil texts followed. Each verse of the original text is followed by a commentary on that verse, which explains its content, and presents examples chosen from extant literature and where necessary quotes previous authors in support of the commentator's claims. Nakkiranar, for example, frequently quotes rules from the Tolkappiyam, Akattiyam and other works on grammar and poetics to support his literary theories, and illustrates these theories by quoting from the Pāṇṭikkōvai, Cilappatikaram and poetry of the Sangam age, weaving all these into his prose commentary in a manner that highlights his points. In addition, the comments on the initial verses, and on the final one, present additional material dealing with general themes, which goes beyond a simple elucidation of the verses on which they comment.
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He discovered and cloned seven (PC1, PC2, PC4, PC5, PC7, SKI-1 and PCSK9) of the nine known enzymes belonging to the convertase family. During this period, he also greatly contributed to demonstrating that the proteolysis by the proprotein convertases is a wide mechanism that also concerns “non- neuropeptide” proteins such as growth factors, α-integrins, receptors, enzymes, membrane-bound transcription factors, and bacterial and viral proteins. In 2003, he discovered PCSK9 and showed that point mutations in the PCSK9 gene cause dominant familial hypercholesterolemia, likely because of a gain of function related to the ability of PCSK9 to enhance the degradation of cell surface receptors, such as the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). He has since worked on the elucidation of the functions and mechanisms of action of PCSK9 both in cells and in vivo, and is developing specific PCSK9 inhibitors.
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Mavis Agbandje-McKenna is a Medical Biophysicist, Structural Virologist and a Professor of Structural Biology as well as the Director of the Center for Structural Biology at the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida. Agbandje-McKenna has dedicated her career to solving parvovirus structures using X-ray crystallography and cryogenic electron microscopy and has done much of the initial work to elucidate the basic structure and function of adeno-associated viruses (AAVs). Her viral characterization and elucidation of antibody binding sites on AAV capsids has led to the development of viral capsid development and gene therapy approaches that evade immune detection and can be used to treat human diseases such as muscular dystrophies. Agbandje- McKenna was recognized with the 2020 American Society of Gene and Cell Therapy Outstanding Achievement Award for her contributions to the field.
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Following experimental elucidation of SMAC structure, small-molecule SMAC mimetics have been developed to mimic the tetrapeptide AVPI in the IAP binding domain of SMAC, which is responsible for binding the BIR3 domains in IAPs like XIAP, cIAP1, and cIAP2 to induce apoptosis, and sometimes, necroptosis. Several of the numerous SMAC mimetics designed within the last decade or so are now undergoing clinical trials, including SM-406 by Bai and colleagues and two mimetics by Genentech. These mimetics are also designed to target tumor cells directly through interacting with inflammatory proteins, such as IL-1β, which are commonly produced by solid tumor lesions. Notably, preclinical studies indicate that the use of SMAC mimetics in conjunction with chemotherapy, death receptor ligands and agonists, as well as small molecule targeted drugs enhance the sensitivity of tumor cells to these treatments.
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Braunwald E; Fauci AS; Kasper DL; Hauser SL; Longo DL; Jameson JL, eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 15th ed. McGraw-Hill Companies, 2001 ;Preface xxxi. Over the subsequent 30 years, his division became one of the leading centers of training, research and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases in the United States. His research during this period included the description and elucidation of a new hereditary disorder of leucine metabolism called isovaleric acidemia, the definition of enzymatic defects in absorptive disorders, delineations of biochemical mechanism of nutrient absorption,PlotkinGR; Isselbacher KJ (Nov 12, 1964) Secondary Disaccharide Deficiency in Adult Celiac Disease New England Journal of Medicine 271 1033-1037 malabsorption,Isselbacher KJ (Jan- Feb 1965) Metabolism and Transport of Lipid by Intestinal Mucosa Federation Proceedings 24 16-22 and protein synthesis, derangements of metabolism and immunologic aspects of hepatic gastrointestinal diseases.
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From two small DNA fragments representing less than 1% of the viral genome, she cloned the entire KSHV 165 kbase genome and fully sequenced the virus genome within two years after its initial discovery. This led to blood tests to detect infection for this virus, discovery of viral proteins likely to cause cancer and elucidation of the role of immune evasion in carcinogenesis caused by virus infection. Dr. Chang is now the American Cancer Society Professor in the Department of Pathology at the University of Pittsburgh. She has received a number of awards for her work, including the Meyenburg Foundation Award for Cancer Research, the Robert Koch Prize, The Sloan-Kettering Paul Marks Prize for Cancer Research, the New York City Mayor's Award for Excellence in Science & Technology, the General Motors Charles S. Mott Prize in Cancer Research, the Carnegie Science Award and an American Cancer Society Research Professorship.
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The Durham-based Surtees Society, founded in 1834 and modelled in part on the Scottish Bannatyne and Maitland Clubs,Levine 1986, p. 41. was the first English society to adopt a specifically regional remit, in its case the elucidation of the history of the area constituting the ancient kingdom of Northumbria. Its establishment was deeply rooted in local pride: in an early prospectus, James Raine (its principal founder and first secretary) drew attention to just a few unpublished manuscripts of Durham interest, "which, in these times, few individuals would incur the risk of printing at their own cost; but which nevertheless, afford even singly, how much more collectively, the most valuable materials to those who are anxious to study rightly the History of our forefathers under its different characters". The Chetham Society, founded in 1843, concerned itself in much the same way with the counties of Lancashire and Cheshire.
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A 1949 paper by the noted applied mathematician J. L. Synge created a brief revival, but Synge's paper was in turn forgotten. A quarter century later a 1975 paper by E. A. Novikov and a 1979 paper by H. Aref on chaotic advection finally brought this important earlier work to light. The subsequent elucidation of chaos in the four-vortex problem, and in the advection of a passive particle by three vortices, made Gröbli's work part of "modern science". Another example of this kind is the so-called "localized induction approximation" (LIA) for three-dimensional vortex filament motion, which gained favor in the mid-1960s through the work of Arms, Hama, Betchov and others, but turns out to date from the early years of the 20th century in the work of Da Rios, a gifted student of the noted Italian mathematician T. Levi- Civita.
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Steroid isolation, depending on context, is the isolation of chemical matter required for chemical structure elucidation, derivitzation or degradation chemistry, biological testing, and other research needs (generally milligrams to grams, but often more or the isolation of "analytical quantities" of the substance of interest (where the focus is on identifying and quantifying the substance (for example, in biological tissue or fluid). The amount isolated depends on the analytical method, but is generally less than one microgram. The methods of isolation to achieve the two scales of product are distinct, but include extraction, precipitation, adsorption, chromatography, and crystallization. In both cases, the isolated substance is purified to chemical homogeneity; combined separation and analytical methods, such as LC-MS, are chosen to be "orthogonal"—achieving their separations based on distinct modes of interaction between substance and isolating matrix—to detect a single species in the pure sample.
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Another major accomplishment was the discovery of the Origin Recognition Complex (ORC), a key protein made up of six subunits that binds to cellular origins of DNA replication and coordinates the entire process of initiating a complete cycle of DNA replication throughout the entire cell genome. Soon after the discovery of ORC, Stillman's group identified other initiation proteins that together form the pre-replication complex (pre-RC), which makes chromosomes competent for the subsequent initiation of DNA replication during the S phase of the cell cycle. His group's recent studies have revealed the intricate details of the mechanism of the initiation of DNA replication and illuminated how this process is regulated throughout the cell cycle, including the mechanisms that prevent DNA replication from occurring more than once during each cell cycle. These studies include elucidation of the structure of ORC and its associated pre-RC proteins.
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The Cantos can appear on first reading to be chaotic or structureless because it lacks plot or a definite ending. R. P. Blackmur, an early critic, wrote, > The Cantos are not complex, they are complicated; they are not arrayed by > logic or driven by pursuing emotion, they are connected because they follow > one another, are set side by side, and because an anecdote, an allusion or a > sentence begun in one Canto may be continued in another and may never be > completed at all; and as for a theme to be realized, they seem to have only, > like Mauberley, the general sense of continuity — not unity — which may > arise in the mind when read seriatim. The Cantos are what Mr Pound himself > called them in a passage now excised from the canon, a rag-bag.Blackmur, > Richard P. The Double Agent: Essays in Craft and Elucidation.
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The dominant theme is the plasticity of the nervous system under normal and pathological conditions. We study the effects of stroke and neurodegenerative diseases, epileptogenesis and the consequences of re-innervation, as well as emotional disturbances in humans. The research at the Department of Cell Biology is chiefly directed towards elucidating signalling cascades and regulatory mechanisms of gene expression involved in tumour transformation and the immune response, including the participation of membrane lipids in signal transfer by immunoreceptors, as well as the genetic regulation of cytoskeletal reorganisation. The Department of Biochemistry concentrates its research efforts on describing the molecular mechanisms of lipid-induced insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, the regulation of calcium-mediated signal pathways, kinesine functioning, the role of mitochondria in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and the development of pathologies, as well as the elucidation of the structure and function of intracellular ion channels.
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By the end of the 17th century the concept of Old Frankish, the ancestor language of Dutch, German, and the Frankish words in Old French had been firmly established. After the death of Junius, a contemporary of Van Vliet, Johann Georg Graevius said of him in 1694 that he collected fragments of vetere Francica, "Old Frankish," ad illustrandam linguam patriam, "for the elucidation of the mother tongue." The concept of the Dutch vetere Francica, a language spoken by the Franks mentioned in Gregory of Tours and of the Carolingian Dynasty, which at one end of its spectrum became Old Dutch, and at the other, Old High German, threw a shadow into neighboring England, even though the word "Franconian", covering the same material, was already firmly in use there. The term "Old Frankish" in English is vague and analogous, referring either to language or to other aspects of culture.
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The work by his group led to the development of the concept and elucidation of the properties of ballistic, snake, and diffusive photons based on the time of flight of photons within the media. He introduced the terms ballistic and snake photons, and identified these photons as carriers of information for direct shadowgram imaging. Comprehending of the characteristics of these photons led to the development of various gating techniques for sorting out image-bearing photons for direct two-dimensional imaging of inhomogeneities in turbid media in general, and biomedical samples in particular. In addition to his technical contributions, Alfano has encouraged the growth of the field by organizing topical meetings and conferences for OSA and SPIE, and later co- chairing many optical imaging conferences with Britton Chance, whereby he introduced young scientists and engineers to biomedical optics, and attracted other researchers to the field.
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Some modern studies have concluded that the Alexandra cannot be the work of the third-century BC author; in one scholar's summary of this view, the poem was:Peter Marshall Fraser, "Lycophron," in Who's Who in the Classical World, ed. Simon Hornblower and Tony Spawforth, Oxford University Press, 2000. > written in the immediate aftermath of the victory of Flamininus at Battle of > Cynoscephalae over Philip V of Macedon in 197/6 BC. The author, whose true > name and place of origin are probably concealed beneath the impenetrably > enigmatic biographical tradition concerning "Lycophron," probably used the > name, and some of the literary substance, of Lycophron, not in emulation, > but as an ironic reminiscence of the earlier writer, who had combined the > practice of tragedy and the elucidation of comedy. Only on this assumption > of a deliberate pseudepigraphon can the full irony of his work be > appreciated.
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Official editions contained three engravings on pages that folded out, interspersed with the text. The first illustrated a stove; the other two, suggested table layouts for the first course and for the second course. Raffald explains in her Directions for a GRAND TABLE that: The book, intended for "a burgeoning middle class that required explanation and elucidation", provided an accurate description of how to serve an elegant meal à la française, complete with two fold-out engravings of the layout of a table with 25 "prettily-shaped" and symmetrically-arranged serving-dishes "laid in generous profusion on the table", each annotated with the name of the appropriate recipe. It is not clear whether the term "cover" for the layout of such a "Grand meal" is an acknowledgement of the French couvert, as it may simply mean, with Hannah Glasse, "a large table to cover".
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The history of nanotechnology traces the development of the concepts and experimental work falling under the broad category of nanotechnology. Although nanotechnology is a relatively recent development in scientific research, the development of its central concepts happened over a longer period of time. The emergence of nanotechnology in the 1980s was caused by the convergence of experimental advances such as the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 and the discovery of fullerenes in 1985, with the elucidation and popularization of a conceptual framework for the goals of nanotechnology beginning with the 1986 publication of the book Engines of Creation. The field was subject to growing public awareness and controversy in the early 2000s, with prominent debates about both its potential implications as well as the feasibility of the applications envisioned by advocates of molecular nanotechnology, and with governments moving to promote and fund research into nanotechnology.
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Here he was inspired by the chemist Joseph Black. He qualified as MD in 1793, and then entered the army as assistant surgeon. Attaching himself to the artillery, he became chemist to the board of ordnance (1803). He still continued, however, to practice for a time as a physician, and during the years 1807–1811 he resided at Blackheath and joined the newly founded Geological Society of London. He assisted ordnance chemist Cruickshank who taught at the Royal Military Academy and when Cruickshank was declared insane in 1804 took over his teaching position. He also taught cadets at Addiscombe from 1814 and made use of his textbook A Geological Classification of Rocks (1811). In 1811 he communicated his first papers to the Geological Society of London. They were devoted to an elucidation of the geological structure of Guernsey, of the Channel Islands, and of Heligoland.
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Sadhan Basu FNA, FASc, FRSC (2 January 1922 – 5 October 1992) was an Indian physical chemist, academic and the Palit Professor of Chemistry at the University of Calcutta from 1964 to 1985. He was known for his elucidation of the Quantum Mechanical Model of Robert S. Mulliken and his article, Degree of Polymerization and Chain Transfer in Methyl Methacrylate, co-authored by Jyotirindra Nath Sen and Santi R. Palit was the first published Indian article on polymer chemistry. He was an elected fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, Chemical Society of France, Indian Chemical Society, Indian National Science Academy and the Indian Academy of Sciences. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1962, for his contributions to chemical sciences.
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Puddephatt has conducted pioneering research on synthesis, reactivity and elucidation of mechanisms in the organometallic chemistry of the noble metals, particularly related to the role of organometallic compounds in catalysis and in materials science. He has elucidated the mechanisms of reactions which are fundamental in many homogenous catalytic processes, most notably in studies of oxidative addition and reductive elimination with alkylplatinum and alkyl–gold complexes and of skeletal rearrangements of metallacyclobutane complexes, often called the Puddephatt rearrangement. Remarkable coordinatively unsaturated platinum clusters and platinum–rhenium clusters have been synthesised and shown to be excellent mimics of the surface reactivity, related to heterogeneous catalysis by supported platinum and bimetallic platinum–rhenium catalysts. New, commercially useful organometallic precursors for chemical vapour deposition (CVD) of thin films of metals such as palladium, platinum, silver and gold have been discovered and the fundamental mechanisms of those CVD processes elucidated.
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The canonical texts are the writings of the Báb, Baháʼu'lláh, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, Shoghi Effendi and the Universal House of Justice, and the authenticated talks of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. The writings of the Báb and Baháʼu'lláh are considered as divine revelation, the writings and talks of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and the writings of Shoghi Effendi as authoritative interpretation, and those of the Universal House of Justice as authoritative legislation and elucidation. Some measure of divine guidance is assumed for all of these texts. Some of Baháʼu'lláh's most important writings include the Kitáb-i-Aqdas, literally the Most Holy Book, which defines many laws and practices for individuals and society, the Kitáb-i-Íqán, literally the Book of Certitude, which became the foundation of much of Baháʼí belief, the Gems of Divine Mysteries, which includes further doctrinal foundations, and the Seven Valleys and the Four Valleys which are mystical treatises.
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It sees the addition of "and the Son" in the context of the Latin ' (who proceeds from the Father) as an elucidation of the faith expressed by the Church Fathers, since the verb ' signifies "the communication of the consubstantial divinity from the Father to the Son and from the Father, through and with the Son, to the Holy Spirit". Most Oriental Orthodox churches have not added the Filoque to their creeds but the Armenian Apostolic Church has added elucidations to the Nicene Creed. Another change made to the text of the Nicene Creed by both the Latins and the Greeks is to use the singular "I believe" in place of the plural "we believe", while all the Churches of Oriental Orthodoxy, not only the Armenian, but also the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria,St Basil Liturgy, pp. 13–15 the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, the Malankara Orthodox Church, and the Syriac Orthodox Church, have on the contrary preserved the "we believe" of the original text.
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The Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences (abbreviated as EPS or simply Encyclopaedia; , EPW, translated as Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences in Basic Outline) by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (first published in 1817, second edition 1827, third edition 1830), is a work that presents an abbreviated version of Hegel's systematic philosophy in its entirety, and is the only form in which Hegel ever published his entire mature philosophical system. The fact that the account is exhaustive, that the grounding structures of reality are ideal, and that the system is closed makes the Encyclopedia a statement par excellence of absolute idealism. Intended as a pedagogical aid for attendees of his lectures, Hegel revised and extended the Encyclopedia over more than a decade, but stressed its role as a "textbook" in need of elucidation through oral commentary. The 1830 text is widely available in various English translationsSee for example , with copious additions (Zusätze) added posthumously by Hegel's students, deriving from their lecture notes.
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One of these, in elucidation of the metric, gives the first lines of three hundred and fifty different poems, all no doubt well known at the time of writing, but of which only about three have come down entire to our own time. If there were seven species of filès there were sixteen grades of bards, each with a different name, and each had its own peculiar metres (of which the Irish had over 300) allotted to him. During the wars with the Norsemen the bards suffered fearfully, and it must have been at this time, that is during the 9th and 10th centuries, that the finely drawn distinction between poets and bards seems to have come to an end. So highly esteemed was the poetic art in Ireland that Keating in his history tells us that at one time no less than a third of the patrician families of Ireland followed that profession.
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The main purpose of Crick's book is to describe some of his experiences before and during the "classical period" of molecular biology from the 1953 discovery of the DNA double helix to the 1966 elucidation of the genetic code. There is a prologue outlining Crick's upbringing, education, and war work on magnetic and acoustic mines, and following World War II his decision on what branch of science to study, using the "gossip test". (Your interests are revealed by your gossip.) There is also an epilogue that outlines Crick's work after 1966, his move to the Salk Institute with his career transition to neuroscience concentrating on visual consciousness in primates, and some of his conclusions regarding research in theoretical biology, especially with regard to the brain sciences. Crick comments on various aspects of the DNA double helix discovery and gives a qualified endorsement to the 1987 television movie Life Story with Jeff Goldblum as Jim Watson and Tim Pigott-Smith as Francis Crick.
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The subject of study in biochemistry is the chemical processes in living organisms, and its history involves the discovery and understanding of the complex components of life and the elucidation of pathways of biochemical processes. Much of biochemistry deals with the structures and functions of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules; their metabolic pathways and flow of chemical energy through metabolism; how biological molecules give rise to the processes that occur within living cells; it also focuses on the biochemical processes involved in the control of information flow through biochemical signalling, and how they relate to the functioning of whole organisms. Over the last 40 years the field has had success in explaining living processes such that now almost all areas of the life sciences from botany to medicine are engaged in biochemical research. Among the vast number of different biomolecules, many are complex and large molecules (called polymers), which are composed of similar repeating subunits (called monomers).
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In Islam, Prophetic medicine (, ') is the advice given by the prophet Muhammad with regards to sickness, treatment and hygiene as found in the hadith, and the writings undertaken primarily by non-physician scholars to collect and explicate these traditions.Muzaffar Iqbal, Science and Islam (Westport, CT: Greenwood press,2007),59 It is distinct from Islamic medicine, which is a broader category encompassing a variety of medical practices rooted in Greek natural philosophy. Prophetic medical traditions exhort humans simply not to stop at following Muhammad's teachings, but encourage them to search for cures as well. The literature of prophetic medicine thus occupies a symbolic role in the elucidation of Islamic identity as constituted by a particular set of relationships to science, medicine, technology and nature. There has historically been a tension in the understanding of the medical narratives: are they of the same nature as Muhammad’s religious pronouncements, or are they time-sensitive, culturally situated, and thus not representative of a set of eternal medical truths.
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Much of this work and its consequences are described in his Nobel lecture and Bishop's and in numerous histories of cancer research. Other significant components of Varmus's scientific work over the past four and a half decades include descriptions of the mechanisms by which retroviral DNA is synthesized and integrated into chromosomes; discovery of the Wnt-1 proto- oncogene with Roel Nusse; elucidation of aspects of the replication cycle of hepatitis B virus (with Donald Ganem); discovery of ribosomal frameshifting to make retroviral proteins (with Tyler Jacks); isolation of a cellular receptor for avian retroviruses (with John Young and Paul Bates); characterization of mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in human lung cancers, including a common mutation that confers drug resistance (with William Pao); and generation of numerous mouse models of human cancer. Notably, Varmus continued to conduct or direct laboratory work throughout his service in leadership positions at the NIH, MSKCC, and NCI.
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Before moving to Tokyo in 1920, she worked briefly for a newspaper in Kumamoto City and undertook the Shikoku pilgrimage in 1918, her newspaper dispatches from which were collected after her death as Musume junreiki (1979). Takamure's articles and the fact that she undertook the pilgrimage as an unmarried woman alone made her something of a celebrity in Japan at the time, and her notoriety only grew after she left her household and husband in Tokyo in the company of another man in 1925. A public scandal ensued despite her speedy reconciliation with Hashimoto, to which Takamure angrily responded in the poem Ie de no shi ("Poem on leaving home"), which was published in her book Tokyo wa netsubyō ni kakatteiru at the end of the year. In 1926 Takamure met and became friends with the pioneering Japanese feminist Hiratsuka Raichō, herself the famous editor of the defunct feminist journal Bluestocking, and published the first systematic elucidation of her views in Ren'ai sōsei.
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Molecular cloning has led directly to the elucidation of the complete DNA sequence of the genomes of a very large number of species and to an exploration of genetic diversity within individual species, work that has been done mostly by determining the DNA sequence of large numbers of randomly cloned fragments of the genome, and assembling the overlapping sequences. At the level of individual genes, molecular clones are used to generate probes that are used for examining how genes are expressed, and how that expression is related to other processes in biology, including the metabolic environment, extracellular signals, development, learning, senescence and cell death. Cloned genes can also provide tools to examine the biological function and importance of individual genes, by allowing investigators to inactivate the genes, or make more subtle mutations using regional mutagenesis or site-directed mutagenesis. Genes cloned into expression vectors for functional cloning provide a means to screen for genes on the basis of the expressed protein's function.
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5α-Reductase inhibitors like finasteride and dutasteride inhibit 5α-reductase type II and/or other isoforms and are able to decrease circulating DHT levels by 65 to 98% depending on the 5α-reductase inhibitor in question. As such, similarly to the case of 5α-reductase type II deficiency, they provide useful insights in the elucidation of the biological functions of DHT. 5α-Reductase inhibitors were developed and are used primarily for the treatment of BPH. The drugs are able to significantly reduce the size of the prostate gland and to alleviate symptoms of the condition. Long-term treatment with 5α-reductase inhibitors is also able to significantly reduce the overall risk of prostate cancer, although a simultaneous small increase in the risk of certain high-grade tumors has been observed. In addition to prostate diseases, 5α-reductase inhibitors have subsequently been developed and introduced for the treatment of pattern hair loss in men.
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A strong advocate of the combination of research and teaching, he has won a number of teaching awards, including the James Flack Norris Award of the American Chemical Society (1987), the E. Leroy Hall Award of the College of Arts and Sciences of Northwestern University (1991), the National Catalyst Award of the Chemical Manufacturers Association (1993), and the Northwestern University Alumni Award (1994). From 1999 to 2002 he was Charles Deering McCormick Professor of Teaching Excellence at Northwestern.Northwestern University 1999 Recipients of the McCormick and Alumnae Teaching Professorships His major scientific contributions include the creation of the first silyl cation (the silicon analogue of the carbocation), elucidation of the mechanism of beta-silyl stabilization of carbocations, discovery of inductive enhancement of solvolytic participation, creation of new methods of conformational analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (the R value), understanding the conformations of cyclic molecules containing heteroatoms, and development of chemical methods to examine archaeological materials.
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Mood wavers for "Soy Un Loco Sincero", a melody with which Camilo, on the precarious edge of 40, appears to need to be homologated with the music of the most youthful. Another tune that merits a mindful ear is "Cuando Digo Que No", a song in the typical style of the artist, however all around deciphered and with a decent instrumental execution behind an elucidation that helps us to remember the huge Camilo of his first years of solo vocation. It is likewise important to cite that "Mientras Mi Alma Sienta", Free and libertine adaptation of the proverb of the extravagant writer Albinoni and a standout amongst other known bits of established music ever. Camilo tries to put letter and voice to a prominently instrumental piece, acquiring an epic pen and an absence of thought with the great one of Wear Tomaso Albinoni, that nothing terrible had done to him nor, we assume, to his predecessors.
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Principles of molecular evolution have also been discovered, and others elucidated and tested using experimentation involving amplification, variation and selection of rapidly proliferating and genetically varying molecular species outside cells. Since the pioneering work of Sol Spiegelmann in 1967 [ref], involving RNA that replicates itself with the aid of an enzyme extracted from the Qß virus [ref], several groups (such as Kramers [ref] and Biebricher/Luce/Eigen [ref]) studied mini and micro variants of this RNA in the 1970s and 1980s that replicate on the timescale of seconds to a minute, allowing hundreds of generations with large population sizes (e.g. 10^14 sequences) to be followed in a single day of experimentation. The chemical kinetic elucidation of the detailed mechanism of replication [ref, ref] meant that this type of system was the first molecular evolution system that could be fully characterised on the basis of physical chemical kinetics, later allowing the first models of the genotype to phenotype map based on sequence dependent RNA folding and refolding to be produced [ref, ref].
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Poolman has made seminal contributions to the understanding of the dynamics and permeability of biological membranes and to the field of vectorial biochemistry, that is, the role of electrochemical gradients in the fuelling and regulation of membrane transport. He demonstrated that the exchange of different sugars can be more advantageous for a cell than sugar-proton symport, and showed that cells exploit the coupling of substrate import to product exchange to conserve metabolic energy. He is an expert in the field of ATP-binding cassette transporters, one of the largest known protein families, by combining functional and structural studies. Highlights include: discovery of export of hydrophobic compounds from the inner leaflet of the lipid bilayer; elucidation of sensing and gating mechanism of ABC importers involved in cell volume regulation; single-molecule fluorescence studies to elucidate the mechanism of solute capture and translocation; structural basis for peptide selection by receptors involved in nitrogen uptake; structural basis for vitamin recognition and transport by a new class of ABC importers; and the energy coupling stoichiometry of ABC importers.
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Other prominent personalities in the Yeshiva are Rabbi Elisha Aviner, head of the advanced study section which prepares students for the Israeli Rabbinate's ordination exams, Rabbi Eliahu Lifshitz who specializes in the analytical works of Aharonim, and Rabbi Tzvi Shimshoni, who undertook a special study of the laws concerning interest in contemporary society. The Yeshiva is known for its emphasis on the Rambam, which is very much in line with the late rosh yeshiva's personal studies; he was the author of a comprehensive commentary and elucidation of the Rambam's major work the Mishne Torah, called Yad Peshuta. The yeshiva has a wide range of students; due to its wide range of rabbis from within the Religious Zionist community, and its wide curriculum in Jewish studies: Tanakh and philosophy as well as Gemara. Rabbi Sabato is a noted Israeli novelist, whose book Te'um Kavvanot ("Adjusting Sights"), an autobiographical account of the Yom Kippur War written in lyrical Hebrew that recalls the style of S. Y. Agnon, won the Sapir Prize for modern Hebrew literature.
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In: Cell Mol Biology 46: 331-346 The genes of these isoforms can be upregulated differentially by metal exposure and non-metallic stressors, thus constituting an impressive example for the adaptive diversification of a gene family towards accomplishing trace element- specific physiological tasks.Egg M., Höckner M., Chabicovsky M., Brandstätter A., Schuler D., Dallinger R. (2009) Structural and bioinformatic analysis of the Roman snail Cd-Metallothionein gene uncovers molecular adaptation towards plasticity in coping with multifarious environmental stress. In: Mol Ecol 18: 2426-2443Palacios O., Pagani A., Pérez-Rafael S., Egg M., Höckner M., Brandstätter A., Capdevila M., Atrian S., Dallinger R. (2011) Shaping mechanisms of metal specificity in a family of metazoan metallothioneins: evolutionary differentiation of mollusc metallothioneins. In: BMC Biology 9: 1-20 Dallinger was also involved in the elucidation of the three-dimensional structure of a metallothionein with three Cadmium-binding domains from the intertidal periwinkle, Littorina littorea. Dallinger’s publications are characterized by a comparative and interdisciplinary approach with an integrative perspective, by addressing issues across different layers of biological organization.
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His most seminal research accomplishments include the direct visualization in living cells of the recruitment of factors involved in gene expression to active genes; the development of a biochemical fractionation approach to purify a sub-nuclear domain (nuclear speckles) and characterize its protein constituents; the development of a live cell imaging system to visualize a stably integrated genetic locus and follow in real-time its mRNA and protein products; the elucidation of a rapid-response mechanism of regulating gene expression through RNA nuclear retention; identification of a mechanism by which a single genetic locus can produce a long nuclear retained non-coding RNA and a small cytoplasmic tRNA-like transcript, the identification and characterization of a long nuclear retained non-coding RNA that is involved in organizing a sub- nuclear organelle (paraspeckles), and determining that knockout or knockdown of the lncRNA Malat1 results in the differentiation of mammary tumors and a significant reduction in metastasis. In addition, Spector has co-edited numerous microscopy techniques manuals (i.e. Basic Methods in Microscopy, Live Cell Imaging: A Laboratory Manual), and a treatise of The Nucleus, that are used in laboratories throughout the world.
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Rea is known for his work on vacuolar proton (H+) pumps, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, and the enzyme phytochelatin (PC) synthase. His early work on plant vacuolar H+-pumping ATPases resulted in the first definitive determination of the subunit composition of one of these enzymes and contributed to the concept of a new category of ATPases, so-called ‘V-type ATPases’ (Manolson et al 1985). These studies, in turn, opened the way for biochemical and molecular investigations of these enzymes from many different sources, leading to recognition that the plant enzyme is just one example of a category of primary H+ pumps common to both plant and animal cells. Other contributions made by Rea in this specific area included elucidation of the gross topography of the V-ATPase, demonstrating that its organization is analogous to that of the F-type ATPases of ‘energy coupling’ membranes (Rea et al 1987a; Rea et al 1987b), and purification of the enzyme in its entirety to establish that the holoenzyme is a 12-15 subunit, complex comprising a peripheral, nucleotide-binding V1 sector and an intrinsic, H+-conductive V0 sector (Parry et al 1989).
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Charles William Shoppee FAA FRS (1904-1994) was a British-born organic chemist who performed major research into steroids. He was Professor of Chemistry at the University of Wales (1946-1956) and Professor of Organic Chemistry at the University of Sydney (1956-1969). Mander, Lewis N., 'Charles William Shoppee 1904-1994', 5 November 2003, Historical Records of Australian Science, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 509-528. Professor Charles William Shoppee - Elected (FAA) 1958, Australian Academy of Science Shoppee, Charles William, (FAA, FRS) (1904-1994), trove.nla.gov.au The short citation on his election as Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science (in 1958) reads: [Shoppee] "is distinguished for his contributions to organic chemistry, with special reference to the investigation of problems of reaction mechanism, the establishment of the structures of the adreno-cortical hormones, and the elucidation of stereochemical relationships in the steroid field." Born on 24 February 1904 at Crouch End, (London, UK), to Joseph William and Emma Elizabeth Shoppee (née Hawkswell of York), he was educated at the Stationers' Company's School and Imperial College (Royal College of Science). Early positions were at the University of Leeds (1924-1938), Basel (1938-1945) and the University of London (1945-1948).
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In this way, things share in being empty and lacking an essential character, but also are distinct insofar as they have a unique and particular function in web of dependent causes. As Fazang says, “each part is identical (in making the whole and in allowing each part to be what it is), and they are identical because they are different”. The dialogue itself is structured into six characteristics, or six various ways to understand the relation between part and whole and between part and part. David Elstein depicts these in a summarized fashion. # Wholeness – the identity of part and whole # Particularity – the distinction between the parts and whole # Identity – the mutual identity between each part, by virtue of the fact that they together form a whole # Difference – the distinct functions of each part that allow them to form a whole # Integration – how the distinct parts unite as conditions for the whole # Disintegration – the fact that each part maintains its particularity while constituting the whole As Elstein emphasizes, this isn’t an attempt to explain how parts fit into a whole but rather the elucidation of six different mereological perspectives which are available for viewing at any time.
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The first was the elucidation of the mechanism by which thrombin acts as a protease to catalyse the formation of the major component of blood clots, the insoluble protein fibrin, from its soluble precursor fibrinogen by Laszlo Lorand, a young PhD student who had fled his native Hungary to join Astbury. Lorand's work was a major discovery in our understanding of the process by which blood clots form. The second development was a series of new X-ray photographs of B-form DNA taken in 1951 by Astbury's research assistant Elwyn Beighton which the historian of science, Professor Robert Olby has since said was 'clearly the famous B-pattern found by Rosalind Franklin and R. Gosling'. Olby was referring to an X-ray image of B-form DNA that was taken a year later by Rosalind Franklin and her PhD student Raymond Gosling at King's College a year later which came to be known as 'Photo 51' Despite its modest name this image was to play an important role in the story of DNA and a plaque on the wall outside King's College, London hails it as 'one of the most important photographs in the world'.
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Google Scholar citations of "An alpha- beta T cell receptor structure at 2.5 microns and its orientation in the TCRMHC complex" At Stanford University, the Garcia Laboratory reported the structure of the pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) in 2007, which revealed how pre-BCRs oligomerize to signal in the absence of antigen.Structural Insight into Pre-B Cell Receptor Function, Science (2007) Garcia's group has also authored several additional landmark articles exploring various aspects of TCR-pMHC interactions, including the first structure of a γδ TCR-pMHC complex,Structure of a γδ T Cell Receptor in Complex with the Nonclassical MHC T22, Science (2005) the molecular basis for dual recognition of "self" and "foreign" MHCs by TCRs, insights into the germline basis of TCR/MHC interactions, the extent of cross-reactivity in the TCR repertoire,Lightsources.org Stanford researchers discover immune system's rules of engagement and elucidation of the structural trigger for TCR signaling. In Garcia's most recent work, his lab developed a peptide-MHC library technology that has enabled the discovery of antigens for orphan T cell receptors, such as those resident in tumors.
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Abū Bakr, ‘Abd al-Qāhir ibn ‘Abd ar-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad al-Jurjānī (10091078 or 1081 AD [400 – 471 or 474 A.H.]); surnamed "Al-Nuhwī" (the grammarian), he was a renowned Persian grammarian of the Arabic language, literary theorist of the Muslim Shafi'i sect, and a follower of al-Ash'ari. He wrote several celebrated works on grammar and rhetoric, among these are Mi,ut Ạmil and Al- Jumal - introductions to Arabic syntax - and a commentary titled Al-Mughnī in three volumes. Al-Jurjānī is said to have never left his native town of Gorgan, Iran, yet his reputation in the twin sciences of ilm al balaghah (eloquence and rhetorical art) and ilm al bayan (a branch of Arabic rhetoric dealing with metaphorical language), reached many Arabic scholars who travelled to see him. His two books on these subjects, Asrār al-Balāghah (Secrets of Rhetoric), and Dalāʾīl al-ʿIjāz fi-l-Qurʾān (Arguments of the Miraculous Inimitability of the Quran) show influences of al-Jurjānī's predecessors, the grammarian Sibawayh, the critic Abi Helal al-'Askari al Balaghi, and the linguist and literary theorist Abu Ali al-Farisi, the author of al-Idah (Elucidation).
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Among the rants which construct the film (regarding art, ignorance, consumerism, militarism) is a desperate call for psychogeographic action: Moments later, Debord elaborates on the important goals of unitary urbanism in contemporary society: Quoting Karl Marx, Debord says: While a reading of the texts included in the journal Internationale Situationniste may lead to an understanding of psychogeography as dictated by Guy Debord, a more comprehensive elucidation of the term would come from research into those who have put its techniques into a more developed practise. While Debord's influence in bringing Chtchglov's text to an international audience is undoubted, his skill with the 'praxis' of unitary urbanism has been placed into question by almost all of the subsequent protagonists of the Formulary's directives. Debord was indeed a notorious drunk (see his Panegyrique, Gallimard 1995) and this altered state of consciousness must be considered along with assertions he made regarding his attempts at psychogeographical activities such as dérive and constructed situation. The researches undertaken by WNLA, AAA and the London Psychogeographical Association during the 1990s support the contention of Asger Jorn and the Scandinavian Situationniste (Drakagygett 1962 - 1998) that the psychogeographical is a concept only known through practise of its techniques.
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The martyred Sheikh realized problems and incidences in the constitutional age through deep and precise understanding of the Islamic doctrines and their adjustment with his time and age. This triggered his confrontation with intellectual movements, colonialism and autocracy. The present article, based on historical evidence, intends to analyze the cases by which Sheikh opposed to the laws of the first parliament (laws of intellectuals) such as constitutionalism, transition from the constitutional movement to legitimate constitutionalism, the Constitution, theory of main oversight of Majlis, elucidation of concepts in the Constitution and amendment to the press law.The Constitution of Constitutional System Scaled by Ideas of Sheikh Fadlullah Nouri, writers: Dr. Alireza Naeij - Shaid Beheshti University Tehran, Dr. Morteza Eshrafi - Maaref Islamy University Qom, Dr.Ebrahim Maasoumi, International Scientific Centre - Qomنویسندگان alireza naeij, ؛ سیدابراهیم معصومی2؛ مرتضی اشرافی3 1دانشجوی دکتری روابط بین الملل، دانشگاه شهیدبهشتی، تهران، ایران 2دانشجوی دکتری انقلاب اسلامی دانشگاه معارف اسلامی و پژوهشگر مرکز مطالعات راهبردی مجمع جهانی اهل بیت )ع(، قم، ایران 3استادیار، پژوهشگاه بین المللی المصطفی (ص)، قم، ایران Along with other clerics such as Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani, Sheikh Fazlollah contributed to the uprising which led to the issuance of the constitutionalism decree. He had initially sympathized with the Constitutional Movement’s opposition to tyranny and demand for rule of law.
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Ronald Mark Evans (born April 17, 1949 in Los Angeles) is an American Biologist, Professor and Head of the Salk’s Gene Expression Laboratory, and the March of Dimes Chair in Molecular and Developmental Biology at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator. Dr. Ronald M. Evans is known for his original discoveries of nuclear hormone receptors (NR), a special class of transcriptional factor, and the elucidation of their universal mechanism of action, a process that governs how lipophilic hormones and drugs regulate virtually every developmental and metabolic pathway in animals and humans. Nowadays, NRs are among the most widely investigated group of pharmaceutical targets in the world, already yielding benefits in drug discovery for cancer, muscular dystrophies, osteoporosis, type II diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. His current research focuses on the function of nuclear hormone signaling and their function in metabolism and cancer. He received his Bachelor of Science and PhD degrees from UCLA, followed by a postdoctoral training at Rockefeller University with James E. Darnell He became a faculty member at the Salk Institute in 1978 and Adjunct Professor in Biology, Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience at UCSD (1985, 1989, 1995).
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