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"disproof" Definitions
  1. the action of disproving
  2. evidence that disproves

83 Sentences With "disproof"

How to use disproof in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "disproof" and check conjugation/comparative form for "disproof". Mastering all the usages of "disproof" from sentence examples published by news publications.

So good employment performance really does count as a major disproof of their worldview.
An accuser is automatically granted victim status, and the burden of disproof is on the accused.
"The Diaries of Dawn Powell: 1931-1965" offer such spectacular disproof of an entry she made on Feb.
They managed to produce about 2 V. It's mostly a proof of concept or rather a disproof of the assumption that wind vibrations can't be usefully harvested.
We non-overlords live in the disproof of that; necessarily, we have a more complicated experience of progress than those for whom it is mostly a way to justify their profits.
But the insight is right on: A grandiose sense of victimhood, inflamed by epic fantasies and impervious to rational disproof, is one of the best tools there is for victimizing others.
I am not without a rooting interest in all this, I should admit, but the feeling of watching Duncan's airtight and irrefutable disproof of magic was the saddest I've been as a basketball fan.
The problem with eternity is not that it doesn't exist (Hägglund is uninterested in the pin dancing of proof and disproof) but that it is undesirable and incoherent; it kills meaning and collapses value.
Unknown leaf nodes have a proof and disproof number of unity. The proof number of an internal AND node is equal to the sum of its children's proof numbers, since to prove an AND node all the children have to be proved. The disproof number of an AND node is equal to the minimum of its children's disproof numbers. The disproof number of an internal OR node is equal to the sum of its children's disproof numbers, since to disprove an OR node all the children have to be disproved.
Claims that cannot be tested, assertions immune to disproof are veridically worthless.
Disproof of the traditional ideas of spontaneous generation is no longer controversial among biologists.
Because the goal of the tree is to prove a forced win, winning nodes are regarded as proved. Therefore, they have proof number 0 and disproof number ∞. Lost or drawn nodes are regarded as disproved. They have proof number ∞ and disproof number 0\.
For all nodes proof and disproof numbers are stored, and updated during the search. To each node of the partially expanded game tree the proof number and disproof number are associated. A proof number represents the minimum number of leaf nodes which have to be proved in order to prove the node. Analogously, a disproof number represents the minimum number of leaves which have to be disproved in order to disprove the node.
Now a small man can dig for a proof or a disproof, and any sort of man can syllogize for a confirmation or a refutation.
2, p. 427–436. While not a disproof of the Köthe conjecture, this fueled suspicions that the Köthe conjecture may be false in general.Lam, T.Y., A First Course in Noncommutative Rings (2001), p.171.
"Before that we have only groping and empiricism."Bernard (1957), p. 74. Verification and Disproof. Bernard explains what makes a theory good or bad scientifically: :Theories are only hypotheses, verified by more or less numerous facts.
Dismissal is not disproof. New Scientist. Vol. 130. Issue 1768, p. 53. Braude has claimed the medium Daniel Dunglas Home was never caught in fraud, however the psychologist Andrew Neher has written he was detected in fraud by at least four people on different occasions.Neher, Andrew. (2011).
Lai, Y.; Ng, J.; Chen, H. Y.; Han, D. Z.; Xiao, J. J.; Zhang, Z. Q.; Chan, C. T. (2009). "Illusion Optics: The Optical Transformation of an Object into Another Object". Physical Review Letters 102 (25): 253902. . . It is a scientific disproof of the idiom 'Seeing is Believing'.
Ives himself regarded his experiment as a proof of the existence of the ether and hence, as he suggested, a disproof of the theory of relativity. H.E.Ives, G.R.Stilwell, An experimental study of the rate of a moving atomic clock, Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 28, Iss. 7, pp.
In mathematics, the Schoen–Yau conjecture is a disproved conjecture in hyperbolic geometry, named after the mathematicians Richard Schoen and Shing- Tung Yau. It was inspired by a theorem of Erhard Heinz (1952). One method of disproof is the use of Scherk surfaces, as used by Harold Rosenberg and Pascal Collin (2006).
Maya, Sarvasara Upanishad defines as all what is not Atman. Maya has no beginning, but has an end. Maya, declares Sarvasara, is anything that can be studied and subjected to proof and disproof, anything with Guṇas. In the human search for Self-knowledge, Maya is that which obscures, confuses and distracts an individual.
So this would be an example of disproof by begging the question. Finally, Hume provides many possible "unintended consequences" of the argument; for instance, given that objects such as watches are often the result of the labor of groups of individuals, the reasoning employed by the teleological argument would seem to lend support to polytheism.
To encourage research on the conjecture, Beal has personally funded a standing prize of $1 million for its proof or disproof. The funds are held in trust by the American Mathematical Society, and an informational website on is hosted by the University of North Texas. As of August 2019, the Beal Conjecture prize remains unclaimed.
The same pattern of disproportionate citation of a small number of scholars appears in fields as diverse as physics and criminology. The matter is not settled. No research has established that citation counts reflect the real influence or worth of scientific work. So, the apparent disproof of the Ortega hypothesis may be an artifact of inappropriately chosen data.
Colin Brian Haselgrove (26 September 1926 - 27 May 1964) was an English mathematician who is best known for his disproof of the Pólya conjecture in 1958. Haselgrove was educated at Blundell's School and from there won a scholarship to King's College, University of Cambridge. He obtained his Ph.D., which was supervised by Albert Ingham, from Cambridge in 1956.
Casson has worked in both high-dimensional manifold topology and 3- and 4-dimensional topology, using both geometric and algebraic techniques. Among other discoveries, he contributed to the disproof of the manifold Hauptvermutung, introduced the Casson invariant, a modern invariant for 3-manifolds, and Casson handles, used in Michael Freedman's proof of the 4-dimensional Poincaré conjecture.
A scientific wager is a wager whose outcome is settled by scientific method. They typically consist of an offer to pay a certain sum of money on the scientific proof or disproof of some currently-uncertain statement. Some wagers have specific date restrictions for collection, but many are open. Wagers occasionally exert a powerful galvanizing effect on society and the scientific community.
Its proof number is equal to the minimum of its children's proof numbers. The procedure of selecting the most-proving node to expand is the following. We start at the root. Then, at each OR node the child with the lowest proof number is selected as successor, and at each AND node the child with the lowest disproof number is selected as successor.
In 1937, W. Cramer experimentally showed that Fibiger's tumour were not cancerous. The final disproof was shown by Claude R. Hitchcock and E. T. Bell. In 1952, they repeated Fibiger's experiments using advanced microscopy and histology, and conclusively demonstrated that the tumours due to G. Neoplasticum in rats were non-cancerous tumours. And the tumours were primarily due to vitamin A deficiency.
In 2008, Kiriushcheva and Kuzmin published a formal disproof of 4 conventional wisdoms surrounding the ADM formalism, most notably that only in the Dirac Hamiltonian formalism, not in the ADM formalism, can proper diffeomorphism invariance be recovered via the canonical transformations. The difference in canonical structure of the Dirac and ADM Hamiltonian formalisms is an ongoing controversy yet to be concluded in the physics literature.
JapeRichard Bornat, "Proof and Disproof in Formal Logic: An Introduction for Programmers." is a configurable, graphical proof assistant, originally developed by Richard Bornat at Queen Mary, University of London and Bernard Sufrin the University of Oxford. It allows user to define a logic, decide how to view proofs, and much more. It works with variants of the sequent calculus and natural deduction. It is claimedC.
A disproof of Euclidean geometry as a description of physical space. In a 1919 test of the general theory of relativity, stars (marked with short horizontal lines) were photographed during a solar eclipse. The rays of starlight were bent by the Sun's gravity on their way to the earth. This is interpreted as evidence in favor of Einstein's prediction that gravity would cause deviations from Euclidean geometry.
Virgil, Georgics 2.490–492.Smith (1992) [1924], p. xx. According to David Sedley of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "With these admiring words, Virgil neatly encapsulates four dominant themes of the poemuniversal causal explanation, leading to elimination of the threats the world seems to pose, a vindication of free will, and disproof of the soul's survival after death." Lucretius was almost certainly read by the imperial poet Marcus Manilius (fl.
Russell's teapot is an analogy, formulated by the philosopher Bertrand Russell (1872–1970), to illustrate that the philosophic burden of proof lies upon a person making unfalsifiable claims, rather than shifting the burden of disproof to others. Russell specifically applied his analogy in the context of religion.Fritz Allhoff, Scott C. Lowe. The Philosophical Case Against Literal Truth: Russell's Teapot // Christmas - Philosophy for Everyone: Better Than a Lump of Coal.
Born and reared in Lansing, Michigan, Beal is founder and chairman of Beal Bank and Beal Bank USA, as well as other affiliated companies. Beal has an estimated worth of US$9.3 billion as of February 2019. A number theorist, Beal is also known for the Beal conjecture, a mathematical generalization of Fermat's Last Theorem. He has funded a $1 million standing prize for its proof or disproof.
Reinhardt and Rosenblum claimed that the disproof of Whitehead's theory by tidal effects was "unsubstantiated". Chiang and Hamity argued that Reinhardt and Rosenblum's approach "does not provide a unique space-time geometry for a general gravitation system", and they confirmed Will's calculations by a different method. In 1989, a modification of Whitehead's theory was proposed that eliminated the unobserved sidereal tide effects. However, the modified theory did not allow the existence of black holes.
Radha G. Laha (obituary), The Toledo Blade, 18 July 1999. One of his well-known results is his disproof of a long-standing conjecture: that the ratio of two independent, identically distributed random variables is Cauchy distributed if and only if the variables have normal distributions. Laha became known for disproving this conjecture. Laha also proved several generalisations of the classical characterisation of normal sample distribution by the independence of sample mean and sample variance.
The appearance of these mesosome-like structures may be the result of these chemicals damaging the plasma membrane and/or cell wall. The case of the proposal and then disproof of the mesosome hypothesis has been discussed from the viewpoint of the philosophy of science as an example of how a scientific idea can be falsified and the hypothesis then rejected, and analyzed to explore how the scientific community carries out this testing process.
His undergraduate thesis was on Finite dimensional approximation in Seiberg–Witten theory, and his Ph.D. thesis topic was A spectrum valued TQFT from the Seiberg–Witten equations. In early 2013 he released a paper detailing a disproof of the triangulation conjecture for manifolds of dimension 5 and higher. For this paper he received the E. H. Moore Prize from the American Mathematical Society.E. H. Moore Research Article Prize, American Mathematical Society, retrieved 2019-01-14.
Philosopher Karl Popper discussed the scientific standing of economics in the 1940s and 1950s. He argued that mathematical economics suffered from being tautological. In other words, insofar as economics became a mathematical theory, mathematical economics ceased to rely on empirical refutation but rather relied on mathematical proofs and disproof. According to Popper, falsifiable assumptions can be tested by experiment and observation while unfalsifiable assumptions can be explored mathematically for their consequences and for their consistency with other assumptions.
Solipsism is not a falsifiable hypothesis as described by Karl Popper: there does not seem to be an imaginable disproof. One critical test is nevertheless to consider the induction from experience that the externally observable world does not seem, at first approach, to be directly manipulable purely by mental energies alone. One can indirectly manipulate the world through the medium of the physical body, but it seems impossible to do so through pure thought (e.g. via psychokinesis).
Klivans is the author of the book The Mathematics of Chip-Firing (CRC Press, 2018). Her research contributions include a disproof of a 50-year-old conjecture of Richard Stanley that every abstract simplicial complex whose face ring is a Cohen–Macaulay ring can be partitioned into disjoint intervals, each including a facet of the complex. Such a partition generalizes a shelling and (if it always existed) would have been helpful in understanding the -vectors of these complexes.
Finally, when a leaf node is reached, it is expanded and its children are evaluated. The proof and disproof numbers represent lower bounds on the number of nodes to be evaluated to prove (or disprove) certain nodes. By always selecting the most proving (disproving) node to expand, an efficient search is generated. Some variants of proof number search like dfPN, PN2, PDS-PN have been developed to address the quite big memory requirements of the algorithm.
Definition A d-spindle is a d-dimensional polytope P for which there exist a pair of distinct vertices such that every facet of P contains exactly one of these two vertices. The length of the shortest path between these two vertices is called the length of the spindle. The disproof of the Hirsch conjecture relies on the following theorem, referred to as the strong d-step theorem for spindles. Theorem (Santos) Let P be a d-spindle.
The study of entheogens in general - including entheogens of animal origin ( e.g. hallucinogenic fish and toad venom ) - has, however, made considerable progress in the sixty-odd years since Cunnison's report and the idea that some intoxicating principle might reside in giraffe liver no longer seems as far- fetched as it was in Cunnison's day, although conclusive proof ( or disproof ) will have to await detailed analyses of the animal organ in question and the drink prepared therefrom.
Science historian Ronald C. Tobey has commented that: > [Clements] believed that plants and animals could acquire a wide variety and > range of characteristics in their struggle to survive and adapt to their > environment, and that these features were heritable. In the 1920s, he > conducted experiments to transform plant species native to one ecological > zone into a species adapted to another, higher, zone. Clements was quite > convinced of the validity of his experiments, but this experimental > Lamarckism fell to experimental disproof in the 1930s.
Schlußbericht 01 KB8602, Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie. As quoted by Jim T. Enright in the Skeptical Inquirer. Five years after the Munich study was published, Jim T. Enright, a professor of physiology who emphasised correct data analysis procedure, contended that the study's results are merely consistent with statistical fluctuations and not significant. He believed the experiments provided "the most convincing disproof imaginable that dowsers can do what they claim", stating that the data analysis was "special, unconventional and customized".
Since Rosen had recently departed for the Soviet Union, Einstein acted alone in promptly and thoroughly revising their joint paper. This third version was retitled On gravitational waves, and, following Robertson's suggestion of a transformation to cylindrical coordinates, presented what are now called Einstein–Rosen cylindrical waves (these are locally isometric to plane waves). This is the version that eventually appeared. However, Rosen was unhappy with this revision and eventually published his own version, which retained the erroneous "disproof" of the prediction of gravitational radiation.
Marinov attempted to find experimental disproof of the theory of relativity by testing the speed of light in different directions using an arrangement of coupled mirrors and coupled shutters. Marinov reported in 1974 that he had measured an anisotropy of the velocity of light. However, Marinov's claims have not found acceptance within the scientific community, despite his energetic efforts to promote his claims. Marinov planned to develop an updating of the relativistic mechanics and electrodynamics, as described in his self-published book Eppur si Muove.
Ronald Hutton wrote on the decline the "Great Goddess" theory specifically: "The effect upon professional prehistorians was to make most return, quietly and without controversy, to that careful agnosticism as to the nature of ancient religion which most had preserved until the 1940s. There had been no absolute disproof of the veneration of a Great Goddess, only a demonstration that the evidence concerned admitted of alternative explanations."Hutton, Ronald (1997). "The Neolithic Great Goddess: A Study in Modern Tradition" from Antiquity, March 1997. p.
Sharadchandra Shankar Shrikhande (19 October 1917 – 21 April 2020) was an Indian mathematician with notable achievements in combinatorial mathematics. He was notable for his breakthrough work along with R. C. Bose and E. T. Parker in their disproof of the famous conjecture made by Leonhard Euler dated 1782 that there do not exist two mutually orthogonal latin squares of order 4n + 2 for any n.. Scan of full article. Shrikhande's specialty was combinatorics, and statistical designs. Shrikhande graph Shrikhande graph is used in statistical designs.
Grünbaum's conjecture was disproved for sufficiently large k by Johannsen, who showed that the chromatic number of a triangle-free graph is O(Δ/log Δ) where Δ is the maximum vertex degree and the O introduces big O notation.. However, despite this disproof, it remains of interest to find examples and only very few are known. The chromatic polynomial of the Brinkmann graph is x21 \- 42x20 \+ 861x19 \- 11480x18 \+ 111881x17 \- 848708x16 \+ 5207711x15 \- 26500254x14 \+ 113675219x13 \- 415278052x12 \+ 1299042255x11 \- 3483798283x10 \+ 7987607279x9 \- 15547364853x8 \+ 25384350310x7 \- 34133692383x6 \+ 36783818141x5 \- 30480167403x4 \+ 18168142566x3 \- 6896700738x2 \+ 1242405972x .
The real part (red) and imaginary part (blue) of the Riemann zeta function along the critical line Re(s) = 1/2. The first non-trivial zeros can be seen at Im(s) = ±14.135, ±21.022 and ±25.011. The Riemann hypothesis, a famous conjecture, says that all non-trivial zeros of the zeta function lie along the critical line. In mathematics, a conjecture is a conclusion or a proposition which is suspected to be true due to preliminary supporting evidence, but for which no proof or disproof has yet been found.
Kenneth Brooks Reid, Jr. is a graph theorist and the founder faculty (Head 1989) professor at California State University, San Marcos. He specializes in combinatorial mathematics. He is known for his work in tournaments, frequency partitions and aspects of voting theory. He is known (with E. T. Parker) on a disproof of a conjecture on tournaments by Erdős and Moser He received his Ph.D. on a dissertation called "Structure in Finite Graphs" from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1968, his advisor was E. T. Parker.
In law, a question of fact, also known as a point of fact, is a question that must be answered by reference to facts and evidence as well as inferences arising from those facts. Such a question is distinct from a question of law, which must be answered by applying relevant legal principles. The answer to a question of fact (a "finding of fact") usually depends on particular circumstances or factual situations. All questions of fact are capable of proof or disproof by reference to a certain standard of proof.
Thus, according to the conjecture, any elliptic curve over Q would have to be a modular elliptic curve, yet if a solution to Fermat's equation with non-zero a, b, c and n greater than 2 existed, the corresponding curve would not be modular, resulting in a contradiction. If the link identified by Frey could be proven, then in turn, it would mean that a proof or disproof of either Fermat's Last Theorem or the Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture would simultaneously prove or disprove the other.Singh, pp. 194–198; Aczel, pp. 109–114.
In Karl Popper's philosophy of science, belief in a supernatural God is outside the natural domain of scientific investigation because all scientific hypotheses must be falsifiable in the natural world. The non-overlapping magisteria view proposed by Stephen Jay Gould also holds that the existence (or otherwise) of God is irrelevant to and beyond the domain of science. Scientists follow the scientific method, within which theories must be verifiable by physical experiment. The majority of prominent conceptions of God explicitly or effectively posit a being whose existence is not testable either by proof or disproof.
Traditionally a highly mathematical discipline, modern population genetics encompasses theoretical, lab, and field work. Population genetic models are used both for statistical inference from DNA sequence data and for proof/disproof of concept. What sets population genetics apart today from newer, more phenotypic approaches to modelling evolution, such as evolutionary game theory and adaptive dynamics, is its emphasis on genetic phenomena as dominance, epistasis, the degree to which genetic recombination breaks up linkage disequilibrium, and the random phenomena of mutation and genetic drift. This makes it appropriate for comparison to population genomics data.
His ideas are regarded as being too speculative; the consensus is that Watchers are simply a form of weaponry left over from the suicide of biological races, and the Swarmer invasion is a grab for a new world. At Ross 128, a Ganymede-like moon is found with a Watcher in orbit. Initially it is taken as a disproof of Walmsley's idea that Watchers will appear around any depopulated world that had once harboured technologically advanced biological life. The de facto leader Ted, who has always disliked Walmsley, attempts to covertly force Walmsley into hibernation until they return to Earth.
2, p. 554 Bohr remarked: "Even if Einstein sends me a cable that an irrevocable proof of the physical existence of light-quanta has now been found, the message cannot reach me, because it has to be transmitted by electromagnetic waves." For Bohr the lesson to be learned from the disproof of the BKS theory was not that photons do exist, but rather that the applicability of classical space-time pictures in understanding phenomena within the quantum domain is limited. This theme would become particularly important a few years later in developing the notion of complementarity.
Garibaldi's most-cited work is the book "Cohomological invariants in Galois cohomology" written with Alexander Merkurjev and Jean-Pierre Serre, which gives the foundations of the theory of cohomological invariants of algebraic groups. His long work "Cohomological invariants: exceptional groups and Spin groups" built on this theme. He received press coverage for his paper "There is no Theory of Everything inside E8" with Jacques Distler proposing a disproof of Garrett Lisi's "An Exceptionally Simple Theory of Everything". He is also known for his less-technical articles on the lottery which led to TV appearances and policy changes in Florida and Georgia.
Jasmin Christian Blanchette, Lukas Bulwahn, Tobias Nipkow, "Automatic Proof and Disproof in Isabelle/HOL", in: Cesare Tinelli, Viorica Sofronie-Stokkermans (eds.), International Symposium on Frontiers of Combining Systems – FroCoS 2011, Springer, 2011. It also features two model finders (counterexample generators): NitpickJasmin Christian Blanchette, Mathias Fleury, Peter Lammich & Christoph Weidenbach, "A Verified SAT Solver Framework with Learn, Forget, Restart, and Incrementality", Journal of Automated Reasoning 61:333–365 (2018). and Nunchaku.Andrew Reynolds, Jasmin Christian Blanchette, Simon Cruanes, Cesare Tinelli, "Model Finding for Recursive Functions in SMT", in: Nicola Olivetti, Ashish Tiwari (eds.), 8th International Joint Conference on Automated Reasoning, Springer, 2016.
Contrary to the drag effect, this component will act to accelerate both objects away from each other. In order to maintain stable orbits, the effect of gravity must either propagate much faster than the speed of light or must not be a purely central force. This has been suggested by many as a conclusive disproof of any Le Sage type of theory. In contrast, general relativity is consistent with the lack of appreciable aberration identified by Laplace, because even though gravity propagates at the speed of light in general relativity, the expected aberration is almost exactly cancelled by velocity-dependent terms in the interaction.
As is true of all axioms of logic, the law of non- contradiction is alleged to be neither verifiable nor falsifiable, on the grounds that any proof or disproof must use the law itself prior to reaching the conclusion. In other words, in order to verify or falsify the laws of logic one must resort to logic as a weapon, an act which would essentially be self-defeating.S.M. Cohen, Aristotle on the Principle of Non-Contradiction "Aristotle's solution in the Posterior Analytics is to distinguish between episteme (scientific knowledge) and nous (intuitive intellect). First principles, such as PNC, are not objects of scientific knowledge - since they are not demonstrable - but are still known, since they are grasped by nous".
Around 1955, Japanese mathematicians Goro Shimura and Yutaka Taniyama observed a possible link between two apparently completely distinct, branches of mathematics, elliptic curves and modular forms. The resulting modularity theorem (at the time known as the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture) states that every elliptic curve is modular, meaning that it can be associated with a unique modular form. It was initially dismissed as unlikely or highly speculative, and was taken more seriously when number theorist André Weil found evidence supporting it, but no proof; as a result the "astounding" conjecture was often known as the Taniyama–Shimura-Weil conjecture. It became a part of the Langlands program, a list of important conjectures needing proof or disproof.
Ernest Tilden Parker (1926–1991) was a professor emeritus of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He is notable for his breakthrough work along with R. C. Bose and S. S. Shrikhande in their disproof of the famous conjecture made by Leonhard Euler dated 1782 that there do not exist two mutually orthogonal latin squares of order 4n+2 for every n.. Scan of full article. He was at that time employed in the UNIVAC division of Remington Rand, but he subsequently joined the mathematics faculty at The University of Illinois. In 1968, he and a Ph.D. student, K. B. Reid, disproved a conjecture on tournaments by Paul Erdős and Leo Moser.
In connection with these two results and several examples including the Chvátal graph, conjectured that for every k and l there exist k-chromatic k-regular graphs with girth l. The Chvátal graph solves the case k = l = 4 of this conjecture. Grünbaum's conjecture was disproven for sufficiently large k by Johannsen (see ), who showed that the chromatic number of a triangle-free graph is O(Δ/log Δ) where Δ is the maximum vertex degree and the O introduces big O notation. However, despite this disproof, it remains of interest to find examples such as the Chvátal graph of high-girth k-chromatic k-regular graphs for small values of k.
The Tychonian system is mathematically equivalent to the Copernican system, except that the Copernican system predicts a stellar parallax, while the Tychonian system predicts none. Stellar parallax was not measurable until the 19th century, and therefore there was at the time no valid disproof of the Tychonic system on empirical grounds, nor any decisive observational evidence for the Copernican system. Galileo never took Tycho's system seriously, as can be seen in his correspondence, regarding it as an inadequate and physically unsatisfactory compromise. A reason for the absence of Tycho's system (in spite of many references to Tycho and his work in the book) may be sought in Galileo's theory of the tides, which provided the original title and organizing principle of the Dialogue.
Robert Boyle was the first person to hail an experiment as experimentum crucis when he referred to the famous mercury barometer experiment on Puy-de-Dome in 1648. This experiment settled the question: Was there some natural resistance to the creation of an apparently empty space at the top of the tube, or was the height of the mercury determined solely by the weight of the air? In his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, Isaac Newton (1687) presents a disproof of Descartes' vortex theory of the motion of the planets.Isaac Newton (1687), Principia Mathematica Book iii, Proposition 43, General Scholium and Book ii, Section ix, Proposition 53, as referenced by William Stanley Jevons (1874), The Principles of Science: A Treatise on Logic and Scientific Method p. 517.
The disproof of Keller's conjecture, for sufficiently high dimensions, has progressed through a sequence of reductions that transform it from a problem in the geometry of tilings into a problem in group theory, and from there into a problem in graph theory. first reformulated Keller's conjecture in terms of factorizations of abelian groups. He shows that, if there is a counterexample to the conjecture, then it can be assumed to be a periodic tiling of cubes with an integer side length and integer vertex positions; thus, in studying the conjecture, it is sufficient to consider tilings of this special form. In this case, the group of integer translations, modulo the translations that preserve the tiling, forms an abelian group, and certain elements of this group correspond to the positions of the tiles.
He is a fellow of Darwin College, Cambridge, and an Honorary Fellow of King's College, Clare Hall, and Jesus College, Cambridge. Rees is the author of more than 500 research papers, and he has made contributions to the origin of cosmic microwave background radiation, as well as to galaxy clustering and formation. His studies of the distribution of quasars led to final disproof of steady state theory. He was one of the first to propose that enormous black holes power quasars, and that superluminal astronomical observations can be explained as an optical illusion caused by an object moving partly in the direction of the observer. Since the 1990s, Rees has worked on gamma-ray bursts, especially in collaboration with Peter Mészáros, and on how the "cosmic dark ages" ended when the first stars formed.
It is not known whether the Regiam Majestatem was immediately put into effect, or whether it had been intended to be put it into effect at a later date. Whichever the case, it did not matter because Scotland would suffer a Second War of Scottish Independence (1332–1371) when it was invaded by Edward III of England, its king David II was captured by the English, and in the ensuing devastation the Regiam Majestatem became lost, not being rediscovered until the next century. When found, it was hailed as an ancient Scottish relic that had somehow survived the confiscations of Edward I and the depredations and devastation caused by the two invasions. There was little documentation remaining from that tumultuous time to offer either proof or disproof of the origins of the Regiam Majestatem.
Constantine met their wish. Jurists went to Carthage, collected documents, tabulated the statements of witnesses, and laid their report before the bishops assembled at the Council of Arles in 314 A.D. This council, presided over by Marinus, bishop of Arles, and composed of about 200 persons, was the most important ecclesiastical assembly the Christian world had yet seen; and its decisions were of permanent significance to the church. As regarded Caecilianus personally, the validity of his ordination was confirmed, the charge raised against his consecrator, Felix, was proved baseless; and in regard to this wider issues were debated such as the status and meaning of traditor, proof or disproof of and ordination by traditors, when valid or not. Canons on baptism and re-baptism of great importance were passed.
All three proofs can be reduced to the Ontological Proof, which tried to make an objective reality out of a subjective concept. In abandoning any attempt to prove the existence of God, Kant declares the three proofs of rational theology known as the ontological, the cosmological and the physico-theological as quite untenable. However, it is important to realize that while Kant intended to refute various purported proofs of the existence of God, he also intended to demonstrate the impossibility of proving the non-existence of God. Far from advocating for a rejection of religious belief, Kant rather hoped to demonstrate the impossibility of attaining the sort of substantive metaphysical knowledge (either proof or disproof) about God, free will, or the soul that many previous philosophers had pursued.
If a statement P is provable, then it is certainly impossible to prove that there is no proof of P. But even if it can be shown that no disproof of P is possible, we cannot conclude from this absence that there is a proof of P. Thus P is a stronger statement than not-not-P. Similarly, to assert that A or B holds, to an intuitionist, is to claim that either A or B can be proved. In particular, the law of excluded middle, "A or not A", is not accepted as a valid principle. For example, if A is some mathematical statement that an intuitionist has not yet proved or disproved, then that intuitionist will not assert the truth of "A or not A". However, the intuitionist will accept that "A and not A" cannot be true.
The magnitude of the Pioneer effect a_p () is numerically quite close to the product () of the speed of light c and the Hubble constant H_0, hinting at a cosmological connection, but this is now believed to be of no particular significance. In fact the latest Jet Propulsion Laboratory review (2010) undertaken by Turyshev and Toth claims to rule out the cosmological connection by considering rather conventional sources whereas other scientists provided a disproof based on the physical implications of cosmological models themselves. Gravitationally bound objects such as the Solar System, or even the Milky Way, are not supposed to partake of the expansion of the universe--this is known both from conventional theory and by direct measurement. This does not necessarily interfere with paths new physics can take with drag effects from planetary secular accelerations of possible cosmological origin.
She is noted for her work in algebraic geometry particularly as it pertains to variations of Hodge structures and mirror symmetry, and has written several books on Hodge theory. In 2002, Voisin proved that the generalization of the Hodge conjecture for compact Kähler varieties is false.A counterexample to the Hodge conjecture extended to Kähler varieties The Hodge conjecture is one of the seven Clay Mathematics Institute Millennium Prize Problems which were selected in 2000, each having a prize of one million US dollars. Voisin won the European Mathematical Society Prize in 1992 and the Servant Prize awarded by the Academy of Sciences in 1996.Prix Servant décerné par l’Académie des Sciences (1996) She received the Sophie Germain Prize in 2003Claire Voisin awarded the 2003 Sophie Germain Academy of Sciences and the Clay Research Award in 2008 for her disproof of the Kodaira conjecture on deformations of compact Kähler manifolds.
Moore argued that, once arguments based on the naturalistic fallacy had been discarded, questions of intrinsic goodness could be settled only by appeal to what he (following Sidgwick) called "moral intuitions": self-evident propositions which recommend themselves to moral reflection, but which are not susceptible to either direct proof or disproof (Principia, § 45). As a result of his view, he has often been described by later writers as an advocate of ethical intuitionism. Moore, however, wished to distinguish his view from the views usually described as "Intuitionist" when Principia Ethica was written: Moore distinguished his view from the view of deontological intuitionists, who held that "intuitions" could determine questions about what actions are right or required by duty. Moore, as a consequentialist, argued that "duties" and moral rules could be determined by investigating the effects of particular actions or kinds of actions (Principia, § 89), and so were matters for empirical investigation rather than direct objects of intuition (Prncipia, § 90).
Proponents of GraviGUT unification and E8 Theory claim that the Coleman-Mandula theorem is not violated because the assumptions are not met. In E8 Theory, it is observed that the GraviGUT algebra of spin(11,3) acting on one generation of fermions in a real positive-chiral 64-spinor, 64+, can be part of the 248-dimensional real quaternionic e8 Lie algebra, :e8 = spin(12,4) + 128+ The strongest criticism of E8 Theory, stated by Distler, Garibaldi, and others, including Lisi in the original paper, is that given an embedding of gravitational spin(1,3) in the spin(12,4) subalgebra of e8, the 128+ includes not only the 64+ of a generation of fermions, but a 64− “anti-generation” of mirror fermions with non-physical chirality. Since we do not see mirror fermions in nature, Distler and Garibaldi consider this to be a disproof of E8 Theory. Lisi has voiced two responses to this criticism.
Rudgley hypothesises that the presence of the hallucinogenic compound DMT might account for the putative intoxicating properties of umm nyolokh. Cunnison himself, on the other hand, had found it hard fully to believe in the literal truth of the Humr's assertion that their drink was intoxicating: > I can only assume that there is no intoxicating substance in the drink and > that the effect it produces is simply a matter of convention, although it > may be brought about subconsciously. The study of entheogens in general - including entheogens of animal origin ( e.g. hallucinogenic fish and toad venom ) - has, however made considerable progress in the sixty-odd years since Cunnison's report and the idea that some intoxicating principle might reside in giraffe liver no longer seems as far- fetched as it did in Cunnison's day, although conclusive proof ( or disproof ) will have to await detailed analyses of the animal organ in question and the drink prepared from it.
In reality though time and profit do not have to be related in direct proportion across different industries; within a certain industry, the passage of time will allow for value to be added in the production process, in the absence of exploitation, while inefficient firms with inferior production systems may contribute the same value-added to output as superior firms with the same given inputs, but just in a longer period of time. Inefficiency therefore does not result in superior performance for a firm, but the passage of time that is necessary for all production processes to occur nevertheless is that feature of the process that explains value-added, not exploitation of labor. The concept has similarities to the later Keynesian theory developed in the 1930s. A disproof of roundaboutness in economies with compound interest was presented by Paul SamuelsonSamuelson, Paul A.(1966) "A Summing Up" Quarterly Journal of Economics 80:4, pp.568-583.
Possibly Gage was afraid for his own safety if he let the trial collapse. The execution of Wright was not popular and Gage's treachery, compounded by his attack on his late brother Henry's good name, earned even the rebuke of the court. In 1651 came an attempt to win back some public regard with his A duell betvveen a Iesuite and a Dominican : begun at Paris, gallantly fought at Madrid, and victoriously ended at London, upon fryday the 16-day of May, Anno Dom. 1651 / by Thomas Gage, alias the English American, now preacher of the word at Deal in Kent, in several printings, and then his A full survey of Sion and Babylon, and a clear vindication of the parish-churches and parochial-ministers of England [...], or, A Scripture disproof, and syllogistical conviction of M. Charles Nichols, of Kent : delivered in three Sabbath-dayes sermons in the parish church of Deal in Kent, after a publick dispute in the same church with the said Mr. Charles Nichols, upon the 20.
Hajós's theorem is named after Hajós, and concerns factorizations of Abelian groups into Cartesian products of subsets of their elements.. This result in group theory has consequences also in geometry: Hajós used it to prove a conjecture of Hermann Minkowski that, if a Euclidean space of any dimension is tiled by hypercubes whose positions form a lattice, then some pair of hypercubes must meet face-to-face. Hajós used similar group- theoretic methods to attack Keller's conjecture on whether cube tilings (without the lattice constraint) must have pairs of cubes that meet face to face; his work formed an important step in the eventual disproof of this conjecture.. Hajós's conjecture is a conjecture made by Hajós that every graph with chromatic number contains a subdivision of a complete graph . However, it is now known to be false: in 1979, Paul A. Catlin found a counterexample for ,. and Paul Erdős and Siemion Fajtlowicz later observed that it fails badly for random graphs.. The Hajós construction is a general method for constructing graphs with a given chromatic number, also due to Hajós.. As cited by .

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