Stamens number eight to twelve, are opposite the sepals and petals, and have introrse, dorsifixed anthers that dehisce by longitudinal slits.
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The flat seeds have silky hairs that allow the seeds to float on air currents when the pod-like follicles dehisce (split open).
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When the fruits were ready to dehisce, the seeds were counted, weighed and planted to test for germinability as described in the previous experiment.
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The capsules dehisce (split open), laterally (similar to Iris korolkowii). Inside the capsules, are brown, ovoid, globose or pyriform seeds. which have a circular aril.
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The vaginal cuff is the uppermost region of the vagina that has been sutured closed. A rare complication, it can dehisce and allow the evisceration of the small bowel into the vagina.
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The flower has two stamens with slender filaments and cohering anthers. The ovary is cylindrical with often with stipe and an entirely capitate stigma. Fruit capsules are straight, orthocarpic, bivalved, and dehisce loculicidally.
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Furthermore, on the rare occasion that oca plants do produce fruit, their loculicidal capsules dehisce spontaneously, making it difficult to harvest seed. Oca flowers are pollinated by insects (e.g., genera Apis, Megachile, and Bombus).
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Capsules will form during the months March through to April and will dehisce seeds in autumn. These seeds are wind dispersed. The seeds can also be dispersed by birds and lizards. The flowers are pollinated by a single native bee Lasioglossum sordidum.
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The oval inner petals are 0.8 centimeters long. The flowers have numerous stamen in several rows. The stamen have short filaments, and the tissue connecting the lobes of the anthers is thickened and terminates abruptly at its apex. The anthers dehisce longitudinally.
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Leaves are green, narrow, distinctly alternate and slightly revolute or with recurved margins. Leaves can be hairless or have non-glandular hairs. Up to 15 mm in length. Tetratheca fruit have locules that dehisce as the fruit desiccates, releasing 1 to 5 seeds.
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The sporangia are upright on short stalks. In face view, they are flattened, usually kidney-shaped (reniform). They open (dehisce) along the top forming two equally sized valves. Sporangia are grouped into a compact spike in which they are either helically arranged or form distinct rows (e.g.
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The inner petals are half the length of the outer petals. The margins of the inner petals are connected toward the top, but free at their bases which form a broad claw. Its flowers have 3-4 rows of stamen that essentially lack filaments. Its anthers dehisce longitudinally.
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There are two long and two short stamens on slender filaments, inserted below the middle, or at the base of the corolla tube, alternating with the lobes of the tube. A fifth stamen is either sterile or lacking completely. The anthers dehisce via longitudinal slits. The pistil is one-celled.
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Inflorescences are pedunculate umbels borne in axillae. Flowers each have a gamosepalous but toothed calyx and a corolla of petals each divided into a claw and limb of equal or near-equal length. Each fruit consists of two to five one-seeded segments, each of which dehisce into two valves upon maturity.
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The white, pea-like flower is up to a centimeter long and is often marked with a dark pinkish streak near the base. The fruit is a hairy legume pod up to long. The pods turn black with age and dehisce explosively to release their four to six seeds away from the parent plant.
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The anthers are cream with green-black edging and the pollen is greenish coloured. After the iris has flowered, in August, it produces an elliptical seed capsule, which is about 3 cm long. The capsules dehisce (split open), below the apex. Inside the capsules, are wrinkled, light brown, or brown, pyriform (pear-shaped) seeds.
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There may be an advantage to using one method of closure over another. The vaginal cuff has a tendency to partially or completely dehisce or open up. A further complication that can accompany the dehiscence of the vaginal cuff is evisceration or the movement of intestines into the vagina. Some or all of the vaginal cuff can reopen.
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The flowers form in broad, terminal panicles and are produced biannually, once in late spring and once in September. The fruit is a thick-skinned, woody capsule roughly in length that has five carpels. When mature, carpels dehisce (break apart) to eject black, up to long seeds. Green capsules are distinctively orange scented, while leaves smell like lemons.
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Developing seeds are borne on axile or parietal placentae, with at least two ovules per placenta. Hypericum fruits are dissimilar to most of Hypericaceae, being capsular and dehisce from the apex. The capsule can be dry or remain fleshy when mature. The capsules have elongate or punctate glands on their surface that create various shapes and patterns.
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It has numerous stamen with anthers that dehisce longitudinally and connective tissue extends above the anther lobes to form a thick flat top. Its ovaries are covered in coarse hairs. Its styles are attached to the side of the stigma forming a ventral suture. Its large, convex, elliptical stigmas with prominent papillae are characteristic for the species.
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It has 0.8 – 1 cm long and 0.2 cm wide anthers, that are orange or pale violet. It has white or off-white pollen. After the iris has flowered, in September, it produces a thin ellipsoid seed capsule, that are long, with an acute apex. They dehisce (split open) below the apex of the capsule, with 3 lateral slits.
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Floral morphology, such as its wide spreading anthers, suggest adaptation to pollination by birds. Seeds capsules develop between January and April each year, and dehisce to reveal up to ten glossy, purple-black seeds that are partly covered by an orange fleshy aril. Seeds are primarily dispersed by birds, with reports including kereru, whitehead, hihi, and kaka.
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It has small triangular crests. It has 2–2.3 cm long stamens, 6 cm long ovary, blue filaments, lavender anthers and white pollen. After the iris has flowered, it produces an globose seed capsule, that is long, and 1.5–1.8 cm wide. They have short beak, taper to a pointed apex and dehisce (split open) laterally.
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From mid-December, flower buds begin to appear on the plant at about a 0.1 cm length, by late December this has increased to 0.2 cm. By mid-January the buds have elongated to a length of 0.4 cm. Flowering occurs around the end of January as the first florets open and the anthers dehisce. These flowers commonly appear in clusters.
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Both ripe and unripe fruits are borne quite loosely on their stems and can spontaneously detach if the tree is shaken. Ripe capsules dehisce or are cracked open by birds. Birds also seek out the fruit to feed on the aril, which, though small, is rich in lipids (about half its dry weight).University of Florida: Florida Forest Trees: Gumbo-limbo (Bursera simaruba) .
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Its flowers have numerous stamen with anthers that dehisce longitudinally. The connective tissue between the lobes of the anthers extends upward and outward to form a fleshy head. Its fruit have multiple hairless carpels with, wedge-shaped styles, 1-2 ovules each, and outwardly glandular tips that are recurved and have a ventral suture. Its oval, hairless fruit are up to 3 centimeters long.
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The Andreaeaceae prefer rocky habitats ranging from tropical to arctic climates, on which they form tufted colonies, typically with reddish to blackish shoots. The capsules lack the peristome mechanism and dehisce longitudinally to release the spores, resulting in a paper-lantern appearance. It was named by Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart in honour of his friend J.G.R. Andreae.Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Volume 10, p.
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Kosteletzkya (pronounced Kost-el-lets-kee-uh) ) is a genus of the plant family Malvaceae that includes the seashore mallow (K. virginica). It includes about 30 species found worldwide. Although similar in appearance to Hibiscus, Kosteletzkya typically bears more flattened capsules that dehisce loculicidally. The genus was separated from Hibiscus in 1835 by Carl Borivoj Presl, who named it after Vincenz Franz Kosteletzky (1801–1887).
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The superior ovary has 5 chambers with a style under 2 mm and a disk-like stigma. The short nectary is disk-like as well with 10 lobes. The fruit of A. virgata are capsules which dehisce lengthwise through the ovary wall near the center of each of the 5 chambers. This dehiscence allows the many fusiform seeds from each chamber to be dispersed.
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The male also possesses three pairs of cement glands, found behind the testes, which pour their secretions through a duct into the vasa deferentia. These unite and end in a penis which opens posteriorly. In the female, the ovaries are found, like the testes, as rounded bodies along the ligament. From the ovaries, masses of ova dehisce into the body cavity, floating in its fluids for fertilization by male's sperm.
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The styles are filiform (threadlike) or clavate (clubshaped), thickened at their tip, being globose to rostellate (beaked). The stigmas are head-like, narrowed or often beaked. The flowers have a superior ovary with one cell, which has three placentae, containing many ovules. After flowering, fruit capsules are produced that are thick walled, with few to many seeds per carpel, and dehisce (split open) by way of three valves.
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All species of Zosterophyllum have a compact spike of sporangia, arranged helically with some degree of regularity. The sporangia are bivalved as in this plant, but they have short stalks which turn upwards, so that the sporangia are vertically aligned and hence split (dehisce) along a horizontal line. No other genera within the zosterophylls has the features of the French specimens, so that Edwards assigned them to a new genus, Danziella, named after Danzé-Corsin.
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The female flower, or ear, is an inflorescence that develops from axillary bud apices several nodes below the stem apex. The male flower, or tassel, develops from the stem apex. Anthers on the tassel dehisce and release pollen, which is dispersed by the wind (anemophilous). Ears consist of a corncob, or rachis, with rows of sessile spikelets bearing kernels, or caryopses, and tightly enveloped by several layers of ear leaves commonly called husks.
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The upper side ranges in tone from light green to a dark browny-green or grey-green with a hairy silvery-white underside Clusters of flowers begin to bloom in January; These are usually pale white in colour with a yellow/green centre. At this point it releases its pollen from small anthers that dehisce. The dry seeds are covered with hairs. This trait is significant in distinguishing it from other species.
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Chipilín leaves are a common leafy vegetable in the local cuisines of southern Mexico, including Chiapas, Oaxaca, and Tabasco, and Central America, especially El Salvador and Guatemala. The leaves are high in iron, calcium, magnesium, and beta carotene. They can be boiled and served green, dried and used as an herb, or added to tamale doughs for color and flavor. When the pods of the plant dry, they dehisce (split open), spreading the seeds over a wide area.
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The female moth actively pollinates the flowers and then oviposits into one or more carpels of the female flower. The caterpillars consume one of the two seeds in the carpel, and then pupate inside the hollow space within the carpels. Adult moths emerge from the pupae and remain within the fruits for about 20 days, and finally emerge from the fruits when the fruits dehisce, in mid-March to early April, around the same time as the maturation of new flowers.Luo, S.-X.
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The pods contain many seeds small flattened seeds that are winged at both ends. It is similar to Cercidiphyllum japonicum, but can be distinguished by a combination of the following characteristics: C. magnificum is a smaller tree that typically has only a single main trunk (vs. large, canopy-forming, with multiple trunks); the leaves are more deeply crenated; the follicles have partially dehisce, with slightly recurved tips (vs. follicles fully dehiscing and strongly recurving tips); grows at a higher elevation, rarely co-occurring with C. japonicum.
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Andreae rothii gametophytes can be gonioautoicous-- meaning the antheridia are bud-like in the axil of an archegonial branch--or cladautoicous--meaning the antheridia and archegonia are found on different branches of the same plant. Like all of the Andreaeaceae, sporangia are elevated on a pseudopodium, a structure resembling a seta but composed of gametophyte tissue rather than sporophyte tissue. The sporangia will dehisce longitudinally, forming slits through which spores are dispersed. This pattern of dehiscence gives the genus its common name: "Lantern mosses".
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As characterized by the Andreaeopsida, Andreaea rupestris have small sporophytes which lack both an operculum and a seta. Instead of a seta, they have a pseudopodium derived from gametophytic tissue attached to the sporangium, extending from the perichaetium attached by a structure called the foot. Once fully mature, the sporangium will open along 4 vertical lines of dehiscence to release the spores inside. The sporangium is hygroscopic as it will dehisce in dry conditions to release spores from the gaps, and will close back up in moist conditions.
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The group was described as a subdivision of the division Tracheophyta by Harlan Parker Banks in 1968 under the name Rhyniophytina. The original definition was: "plants with naked (lacking emergences), dichotomizing axes bearing sporangia that are terminal, usually fusiform and may dehisce longitudinally; they are diminutive plants and, in so far as is known, have a small terete xylem strand with a central protoxylem." With this definition, they are polysporangiophytes, since their sporophytes consisted of branched stems bearing sporangia (spore-forming organs). They lacked leaves or true roots but did have simple vascular tissue.
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Crotalaria longirostrata is considered a noxious weed in the United States since it is avoided as a source of consumption by many animals and since its seeds shatter and spread over a wide range. Australian species of the genus Crotalaria have the capacity to be cultivated into potential grain crops that are adapted to dry environments, nutrient poor soils, and low-input agricultural systems. Australian Crotalaria species also show many suitable traits of harvestability, including an upright growth habit, a low tendency to dehisce and shatter, the bearing of its fruits and flowers at the ends of branches, and large to moderate seeds.
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Calochortus) and may be united into a tube. Nectar is produced in perigonal nectaries at the base of the tepals. ; Androecium : Six stamens in two trimerous whorls, with free filaments, usually epiphyllous (fused to tepals) and diplostemonous (outer whorl of stamens opposite outer tepals and the inner whorl opposite inner tepals), although Scoliopus has three stamens opposite the outer tepals. The attachment of the anthers to the filaments may be either peltate (to the surface) or pseudo-basifixed (surrounding the filament tip, but not adnate, that is not fused) and dehisce longitudinally and are extrorse (dehiscing away from center).
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The fruit, a berry, is enclosed by a prickly calyx. The seeds are released when the berries dry and dehisce (split apart) while still attached to the plant. This species represents one of the latter scientific interests of famed biologist Charles Darwin, who just over a week prior to his death had ordered seeds from a colleague in America, so as to investigate their heteranthery, a topic he was interested in. Solanum rostratum is the ancestral host plant of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, but this pest adopted the potato, Solanum tuberosum as a new (and more succulent) host, a fact first reported in eastern Nebraska in 1859.
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The plants might not grow or break dormancy if they do not receive high light levels and moderate humidity throughout the year. They must not be watered at all during the months of December through April, or they will not flower, and watering during that period can cause them to lose their roots and decline. During dormancy, the pseudo-bulbs will dehisce, with the oldest ones being totally consumed, and the succulent leaves appearing to remain turgid and firm on the most recent pseudobulbs. When the plants start to show evidence of a flower spike from the terminal end of the most recent pseudobulbs, then the plants can be watered.
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A 1995 study of seed expulsion in Acanthaceae used high speed video pictures to show that retinacula propel seeds away from the parent plant when the fruits dehisce, thereby helping the plant gain maximum seed dispersal range. A species well known to temperate gardeners is bear's breeches (Acanthus mollis), a herbaceous perennial plant with big leaves and flower spikes up to 2 m tall. Tropical genera familiar to gardeners include Thunbergia and Justicia. Avicennia, a genus of mangrove trees, usually placed in Verbenaceae or in its own family, Avicenniaceae, is included in Acanthaceae by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group on the basis of molecular phylogenetic studies that show it to be associated with this family.
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They are perennials, growing from a bulb or rhizome (or both). Plants have relatively long leaves, both at the base of the plant and along the flowering stems; many have off- white flowers, tending towards green or purple. The tribe has some distinctive features within the family Melanthiaceae, including nectaries on the tepals (whose number and position is a useful identifying character for some genera); the unusual way in which the anthers open (dehisce) to release pollen; and the possession of a particular class of alkaloids (veratrum alkaloids). Because of these alkaloids, all members of the tribe are at least unpalatable to livestock, and some are seriously toxic to both animals and humans.
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If the plants continue to dehisce past April with no evidence of flowers, then they should be watered anyway and may bloom the following year, as some plants flower irregularly when younger or they may have not received enough light throughout the year to flower. They require very high light levels and a cool rest during the winter, with abundant water and feeding during active growth, but they must be allowed to dry completely between waterings. These plants require good air movement around their roots and do not thrive in excessive temperatures. High temperatures or low humidity will cause them to enter a period of dormancy in cultivation and cease to grow.
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The inner tepals are much shorter (half to two thirds as long), oblong, spathulate or oblanceolate, somewhat unguiculate (claw like) and tapered to the base and erect. These tepals also bear green markings at the base, apex, or both, that when at the apex, are bridge-shaped over the small sinus (notch) at the tip of each tepal, which are emarginate. Occasionally the markings are either green-yellow, yellow, or absent, and the shape and size varies by species. ; Androecium : The six stamens are inserted at the base of the perianth, and are very short (shorter than the inner perianth segments), the anthers basifixed (attached at their base) with filaments much shorter than the anthers and dehisce (open) by terminal pores or short slits.
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