1000 Sentences With "de jure" | Random Sentence Generator

It has turned de facto racism into de jure racism.

And now it's time for the nixometer reading de jure.

The vote today is his de jure assumption of the role.

The first was that ending de jure discrimination meant ending discrimination.

The president has de jure access to any information the government has.

Back in my father's day with de jure segregation, now it's de facto.

In 1896, the Supreme Court upheld de jure racial segregation in Plessy v. Ferguson.

"What is happening is -- de facto and de jure -- a violation of international law," he said.

Environmental fears have led to some bans, de facto or de jure, in France and Germany.

That's the de-facto change, but the de-jure change is that the primaries became binding.

This history lays out the inconvenient fact that blacks achieved against the odds under de jure segregation.

The target will then be the irrevocable, de jure multilateralization of ICANN and the internet it manages.

The ruling only applied, they said, to states that had a history of "de jure" intentional segregation.

Sanctuary cities are American cities that allow illegal immigrants legal or de jure protections from deportation or prosecution.

Biden in response relied on a 21s-vintage policy distinction between de jure and de facto school segregation.

By contrast, a Taiwan that remains de jure Chinese bolsters Beijing's claim to leadership of all Han Chinese.

The fundamentalist constitution has enshrined de jure discrimination against women: top leadership positions are explicitly reserved for males only.

These laws worked in tandem to support a system of de jure (legal) discrimination and de facto (in practice) discrimination.

That's so investors can control the company's valuation, which they do by deciding de jure what a company is worth.

" Taylor seems to agree, insisting in a 2016 speech that "de jure central bank independence is insufficient for generating good monetary policy.

So why does Somaliland remain unrecognised and without de jure independence, despite its relative success as an autonomous and self-governing state?

But both legally and culturally, we have always recognized varying forms of segregation — de jure, by law, and de facto, by fact.

The language around de jure segregation is similar to Albers's description of the wrong way to perceive color, as if color is static.

Though they didn't experience segregation de jure, they did, like African-American students in the Jim Crow South, endure racism, overcrowding, and collapsing facilities.

The DPP's resounding defeat on Saturday should at least serve to restrain its revisionist inclination, especially its ideologues' quest for Taiwan's de jure independence.

In New York, San Francisco, or Chicago, revelers can celebrate knowing that they enjoy de jure, if not de facto, equality under the law.

For the next 66 years, the law more or less stood until Congress repealed it, making de facto what had long been de jure.

"Northern Ireland would de jure be in the U.K.'s customs territory but de facto in the European Union's," an E.U. diplomat told the Guardian .

That means that unlike the British aristocracy, Italian titles aren't officially recognized and don't come with special de jure privileges like land or political seats.

Real, de jure sovereignty for Taiwan can probably come only if a thuggish China, today persecuting rights activists, evolves into a more liberal state. Impossible?

In his preface, Rothstein writes that America has a constitutional obligation to remedy de jure segregation in housing, and that its story must be told.

In the early decades of the last century, during the depths of Jim Crow, with its lynchings and de jure segregation, the Harlem Renaissance was born.

The days of slavery and de jure segregation have mercifully passed, but black Americans remain poorer, less healthy and more likely to be killed by police than whites.

Instead, integration of de jure segregated schools required successive rounds of court orders, actions by the federal executive branch, and at times the actual cooperation of state governments.

In a statement to CNN, Biden campaign spokesman Andrew Bates reiterated that the former vice president always supported voluntary busing and federally mandated busing to end "de jure" segregation.

" His campaign released a statement after his debate exchange with Harris, which said: "Joe Biden has always supported voluntary busing and federally mandating busing to end de jure segregation.

Today, he cites the Gurney vote in defending his record on school desegregation, insisting that he backs busing to eliminate intentional "de jure" segregation, but not "de facto" segregation.

But maybe the most problematic puppy in the Downton cast of characters is Lady Mary, the Frigidaire who serves as the show's de jure heroine and its de facto antiheroine.

It's an impeachment de facto if not de jure: Alabama has age restrictions for its supreme court justices, and Moore, 69, is too old to run for his seat again.

The North Korean Constitution defines "the final victory of the revolution," a not-so-subtle reference to the North's emergence as the sole de facto and de jure Korean state.

Going back to the late 19th century, he uncovers a policy of de jure segregation in virtually every presidential administration, including those we normally describe as liberal on domestic issues.

And so Warren and his Supreme Court went on to make landmark, history-changing decisions until he voluntarily retired in 1969, long after de jure segregation no longer was permissible.

It was the beginning of a federal distinction between de facto and de jure segregation, and signaled a shift in the court's willingness to be involved with desegregating state school systems.

However, in 2000 DPP candidate Chen Shui-bian became president of Taiwan and he began to push for revisionist policies that sought to move the island toward greater de jure independence.

President Trump should send a message to Kim Jong-un that the U.S. supports a peaceful de jure conclusion to the Korean War in the confines of a denuclearized Korean Peninsula.

Though I asked several writers and locals about graffiti's de jure legal status in Thailand, no one could confirm an answer, as it's handled differently on a case-by-case basis.

"Frankly, I have been amused by the chatter suggesting that smoothing — or more accurately the failure to smooth — has now become some folks' boogeyman de jure," Roberts said in an email.

Taiwan's dynamic status quo, in other words, constitutes a state of de facto independence and a desire to enjoy at least some of the dignity and benefits of normal de jure independence.

Rothstein sees this incident, and dozens like it, as an insidious form of de jure segregation — the failure of racially biased police and public officials to protect African-Americans from unlawful intimidation.

Board of Education of Topeka ruling, which ended de jure segregation in America, Kathryn Fuller found herself in a high school classroom in Bushwick, Brooklyn teaching Latino students literature with limited resources.

Even though de jure legal racism has been attacked successfully, what is now described as "systemic racism" hasn't, or it's metastasized in ways you might expect to replace formal legal forms of racism.

They include treason, obstruction of justice, attempted obstruction of justice, accessory after the fact to hacking and other elastic statutes capable of being stretched to fit the conduct of any villain de jure.

The report, by Paul Chiy of De Jure Chambers, is the first concrete evidence that WWF's leadership in Switzerland had been warned about atrocities by anti-poaching rangers before abuses were uncovered in March.

The Space Homestead Act would not give a private corporation de jure property rights in its area of operation, but the effect, if one words the legislation cleverly enough, would be about the same.

That would mean a de facto or de jure annexation of the West Bank in its entirety, and would, at least in theory, force a debate over making Palestinians citizens in a new, binational state.

Boston was notoriously forced by the federal government to end de jure segregation — segregation enforced by law — in 219, 21948 years after Thurgood Marshall and the LDF fought and won the five cases of Brown v.

I've often written that is the precise reason why, if you're looking for de jure bigotry, you'll find it in immigration laws, because courts are reluctant to tell Congress who they can let into the country.

It's this reality that left many of the Palestinians who spoke with BuzzFeed News sure that while Trump may be changing the de jure status of the city, the de facto life on the ground won't change.

One of the enduring costs of racial segregation — either de jure or de facto — is how knowledge itself has been segmented, pieces of the puzzle sealed away within subpopulations, so that privilege and pain might never meet.

In the latter part of the 20th century, building on strides made by feminism and the civil and LGBTQ rights movements, marriage edged closer to true parity for its participants — de jure, if not de facto, parity.

But the entire concept of de facto school segregation has its roots in patterns of residential segregation — especially in the North, where de jure segregation essentially never existed and racial exclusion always operated primarily through the housing channel.

In the absence of even those meager restraints, it's very possible that the Israeli government will move forward with the annexation of key areas of the West Bank, making de jure what has until now been de facto.

While it has become virtually de jure to ascribe the economic upheaval that working families and communities have endured in recent decades to globalization, it remains a mere enabler of the relentless pursuit of shareholder value by executives.

An optimist 22020 or 50 years ago might have hoped that de facto segregation would simply fade away over a generation or two, as the formal policies that undergirded de jure segregation were no longer there to support it.

"Outside the South, federal courts and the federal government wrestled with what constituted a de jure segregation violation, so it took longer to litigate some of these cases," Erica Frankenberg, a professor of education at Pennsylvania State University, said.

And both de jure annexation or the continuation of the creeping de facto one will produce the same outcome: the final collapse of the two-state solution and a country that is either democratic or Jewish, but not both.

The key to the challenge will be whether or not the travel ban is one based on a de facto religion-based ban and a de jure nationality ban: groups challenging the ban say it is; Trump says it is not.

In essence, Castro, too, was fraught with the same vicissitudes and maddening inconsistencies with respect to race that has plagued most major Western Hemisphere leaders of European descent ever since the slave trade waned and rigid de jure segregation took root.

The meaning of this was that much of the United States, most notably the entire South, had a longstanding policy of de jure school segregation into the 21964th century — it was formally illegal for an African American student to attend a white school.

After centuries of slavery, another hundred years of de jure segregation (followed by de facto segregation that still exists), and decades of systemic discrimination, redlining, unequal economic opportunity, and unequal treatment in the 'justice' system, African American civil rights groups are pushing back.

The definition of a "hipster" is an entirely different conversation and one that has been explored to death, but before "millennial" replaced it as the de jure blanket insult, hipster haters typically pointed to this haircut—MY haircut—as proof positive of one's hipsterdom.

In the North, the lines between de jure and de facto segregation have long been muddied, because while laws requiring segregation were not common, as my article points out, segregation still often resulted from the intentional and discriminatory policies and actions of public officials.

Trump's question and my in-laws' casual assertion were both curated for presentation in lily-white settings, detached by racial privilege and a lifetime of segregation both de facto and de jure from any need to grapple up close with the experiences of black and brown bodies.

Many African-Americans are optimistic that the May 235 ruling will go even further in erasing what is left of the old racial divisions by forcing Cleveland High, the west side's all-white school during the days of de jure segregation, to consolidate with East Side High.

Marshall, using a legal strategy I consider to be sublime in its brilliance, argued that the rule of law must be used to protect the public, especially children, from the damaging psychological effects of de jure segregation and the violently warped policies and characters it validates.

While pledging to work tirelessly to achieve the "final victory of the juche revolution" (a longstanding code name for the North emerging as the sole de jure Korea), Kim also stated he would be open to sending a delegation to next month's Winter Olympiad in South Korea.

MB: Among the milestones I would like to see: Achieving nationwide nondiscrimination protections for LGBTQ people in jobs; housing; public accommodations; federal funding, both in the Courts and in the U.S. Congress; and an end to de jure discrimination against LGBTQ people, including ending the transgender military ban.

Its distinct status for Northern Ireland is likely to leave the province de facto (if not de jure) in the European customs union while the rest of the United Kingdom, where 97 percent of people live, drifts off to become Singapore-on-the-Thames with uncertain access to its huge nearby European market.

Then litigation began to turn toward de facto segregation and, crucially, to the North, based on a 21970 Supreme Court precedent from North Carolina that ruled that Charlotte's formerly de jure segregated school system had to achieve actual racial mixing in its schools, even if that meant assigning students on a non-geographical basis.

This ignited a bonfire of racial tensions back home in the USA, where segregation and de jure racism in the Southern states in particular – not to mention the tensions of the North-South divide and the economic and social legacies of slavery – made Johnson's world-beating status a suppurating sore point for a significant number of white Americans.

At the time, Biden's choice to oppose busing revolved around the fallacious assumption that one could oppose de jure racial segregation which the Supreme Court ruled illegal and unconstitutional but could do nothing about de facto racial segregation, which occurred because of things like residential and economic segregation, that could not be controlled by policy or politics.

It is unfortunate that public discussion of the order has tended to say, in blanket terms, that a religious preference is wrong, even as we already exercise both de facto and de jure religious preferences in Myanmar, Iran, Iraq, and numerous other countries, and state department officials said in 2015 that they already were prioritizing Christians and other minorities.

But Professor Orfield, who has done extensive research on the Wilmington school district in his role as co-director of the Civil Rights Project at the University of California, Los Angeles, says the de jure-de facto distinction is a canard, because courts did not have authority to order busing unless they found proof of intentional segregation.

De jure and de facto segregation — racially restrictive housing covenants that prohibited blacks from buying in certain areas throughout the 0003th century — and racially biased redlining from the 2000s beyond the passage of the Fair Housing Act of 217 — which deemed majority-black neighborhoods too risky for mortgage lenders — isolated blacks in areas that realized lower levels of investment than their white counterparts.

So in terms of just how the EEA works, and my understanding of the EEA de facto if not de jure EU laws are adopted by the EEA countries and written into the EEA annex and have force of law policed by the ECJ, that scenario, I think for a financial sector this large, this complicated, would be as governor says, quite uncomfortable.

But folding in the face of Kim's carrot-and-stick strategy and rewarding him with more blandishments only increases the probability of the following: North Korea coming to be accepted as a nuclear state, the sole de facto and, in time, the sole de jure sovereign state in the Korean peninsula and the advent of a happier world, in which the world learns to stop fretting about the bomb and Kim stops worrying about the specter of being absorbed by the richer South.

Thomas Cobham, de jure 5th Baron Cobham (died 26 April 1471) of Sterborough Castle, and from 1460 de jure 5th Baron Cobham, de jure according to modern doctrine, Lord Cobham, but never so styled by contemporaries was an English nobleman.

His son John became, de jure, the 15th Earl of Ormond.

De jure independence followed during the second half of the 19th century.

A number of de facto and de jure exceptions apply to expedited removal.

The French settlements in India were de-jure transferred on 16 August 1962.

Francis Courtenay, de jure 4th Earl of Devon, ( – 3 June 1638) of Powderham, Devon, was an English Member of Parliament. In 1831 he was recognised retrospectively as having been de jure 4th Earl of Devon, having succeeded his father in 1630.

In Singapore, English is a de facto language, but Chinese, Malay and Tamil are the de jure languages. Russian was the de facto official language of the central government and, to a large extent, republican governments of the former Soviet Union, but was not declared de jure state language until 1990. A short-lived law, effected April 24, 1990, installed Russian as the sole de jure official language of the Union.

Suzerainty is a practical, de facto situation, rather than a legal, de jure one.

The leader is a de jure chief justice of the affairs of the jianghu.

Thomas Brugge, de jure 5th Baron Chandos (1427 - 30 January 1493), was an English peer.

Misiones Orientales was de jure recognized as Brazilian, following the outcome of the Cisplatine War.

In autocracies, both de jure and de facto political powers are concentrated in one person or a small elite that will promote institutions for keeping the de jure political power as concentrated as the de facto political power, thereby maintaining autocratic regimes with extractive institutions.

De jure independence, however, was attained in 1878, following the decisions of the Congress of Berlin.

In 1982 he would amend the Kenyan constitution to create a de jure one-party state.

The conservatives became the de facto and de jure representatives of the Junker class in government.

In a hypothetical situation, a king or emperor could be the de jure head of state. However, if they are unfit to lead the country, the prime minister or chancellor would assumedly become the practical, or de facto leader, with the king remaining the de jure leader.

He was the eldest son of Sir Hugh Hastings, younger son of the first Baron. His successor should have been his great-nephew, the aforementioned Hugh Hastings, de jure 7th Baron Hastings. The next holder should have been his younger brother, the aforementioned Edward Hastings, de jure 8th Baron Hastings. On the death of the latter's great-great-great- grandson, the de jure 15th Baron, the peerage technically fell into abeyance between the Baron's sisters Anne and Elizabeth.

Thomas Berkeley, de jure 5th Baron Berkeley, (1472 – 22 January 1532) was a British soldier and aristocrat. He was born to Sir Maurice Berkeley, de jure 3rd Baron Berkeley, and Isabel Meade, in England. He was the younger brother to Maurice Berkeley, de jure 4th Baron Berkeley, and had a younger brother, James, and younger sister, Anne. On 9 September 1513 he fought in the Battle of Flodden and was knighted by the Earl of Surrey, Thomas Howard.

Cevizli is a quarter (mahalle) of Trikomo in Northern Cyprus. De jure, Trikomo is part of Cyprus.

His son, the fourth baronet and de jure seventh earl, also represented this constituency in the House of Commons. His son, the fifth baronet and de jure eighth earl, briefly represented Aberdeen in Parliament. His son, the sixth baronet and de jure ninth earl, obtained a reversal of the attainder in 1855The Relief of Sir James Carnegie from the effect of the attainder of James, fifth Earl of Southesk Act 1855 (18 & 19 Vict.) c.17. and became the ninth earl of Southesk.

Ersin Paşa is a quarter (mahalle) of Rizokarpaso in Northern Cyprus. De jure, Rizokarpaso is part of Cyprus.

Polat Paşa is a quarter (mahalle) of Rizokarpaso in Northern Cyprus. De jure, Rizokarpaso is part of Cyprus.

Sancar Paşa is a quarter (mahalle) of Rizokarpaso in Northern Cyprus. De jure, Rizokarpaso is part of Cyprus.

Although diplomatic relations were re-established, Lithuania still did not agree to the loss of Vilnius de jure.

He was succeeded by his grandson Sir William Courtenay, 2nd Baronet (1675–1735) de jure 6th Earl of Devon.

No issue. #Robert Tailboys, 3rd Baron Tailboys of Kyme, de Jure Lord Kyme, born c. 1528, died June 1542.

This law is also an example of de jure imputation of political opinion by the government due to association.

Edward Nevill, de facto 15th (de jure 3rd) Baron Bergavenny (c. 1705 – 9 October 1724) was an English peer.

As AEI's chairman, Felix Pole became the de jure Lord of the Manor upon their purchase of Aldermaston Court.

In the era of de jure segregation, Alabama Street was the dividing line between the black and white areas.

His younger son George Makgill, the de jure seventh Viscount, fought in the Jacobite army of Bonnie Prince Charles, was attainted but later pardoned. His great-grandson John Makgill, the de jure tenth Viscount, resumed the claim to the Baronetcy, Lordship and Viscountcy. Shortly after his death in 1906 the matter was resolved in his favour in regard to the Baronetcy, but the Lordship and Viscountcy still remained dormant. Consequently, his son George Makgill, the de jure eleventh Viscount, became the eleventh Baronet, of Makgill.

The population on January 1, 2012, was de facto 869. On January 1, 2008, the de jure population was 880.Armenian census summary for Tavush Marz The population at the 2001 census was de facto 883, of which 429 male and 454 female; de jure 956 of which 478 male and 478 female.

Following the Ostpolitik the West German view was that East Germany was a de facto government within a single German nation and a de jure state organisation of parts of Germany outside the Federal Republic. The Federal Republic continued to maintain that it could not within its own structures recognize the GDR de jure as a sovereign state under international law; but it fully acknowledged that, within the structures of international law, the GDR was an independent sovereign state. By distinction, West Germany then viewed itself as being within its own boundaries, not only the de facto and de jure government, but also the sole de jure legitimate representative of a dormant "Germany as whole". The two Germanies each relinquished any claim to represent the other internationally; which they acknowledged as necessarily implying a mutual recognition of each other as both capable of representing their own populations de jure in participating in international bodies and agreements, such as the United Nations and the Helsinki Final Act.

George Neville, or Nevill, 4th and de jure 2nd Baron Bergavenny (c.1440 – 20 September 1492) was an English nobleman.

The suzerain states – the Principality of Serbia, Wallachia and Moldavia – moved towards de jure independence during the 1860s and 1870s.

Nakhichevanik (, Nakhijevanik; ) is a village in the Askeran province of Artsakh and de jure of the Khojali Rayon of Azerbaijan.

Through the House of Lords ruling, Buckingham's father was recognised posthumously as de jure 9th Lord Kinloss, his maternal grandmother Lady Anna Brydges as de jure 8th Lady Kinloss, and his great-grandfather James Brydges, 3rd Duke of Chandos as de jure 7th Lord Kinloss. Though the lordship was the most minor of Buckingham's many titles, it was the only one that could be inherited by his daughters, and he established his right to it at a time when the likelihood emerged that he would leave no male heir.

It is possible to have multiple simultaneous conflicting (de jure) legalities, possibly none of which is in force (de facto). After seizing power in 1526, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi made his brother, Umar Din, the lawful (de jure) Sultan of Adal. Ahmad, however, was in practice (de facto) the actual Sultan, and his brother was a figurehead. Between 1805 and 1914, the ruling dynasty of Egypt ruled as de jure viceroys of the Ottoman Empire, but acted as de facto independent rulers who maintained a polite fiction of Ottoman suzerainty.

On 2 February 1920, Estonia and Soviet Russia signed the Tartu Peace Treaty which made Estonia a de jure independent state.

Alxaslı, Arvakan (, also, Alkhasly) is a village in the Lachin Rayon of The Nagorno Karabakh Republic, de jure part of Azerbaijan.

Motorways and primary routes in the borough which are maintained by Highways England (trunk roads de jure) include the M6, M56 and the A556. Other primary routes which are maintained by the council (principal roads de jure) include the A6, A34, A49, A50, A51, A54, A56, A500, A523, A525, A530, A534, A536, A537, A538, A555, A556, A5020 and A5033.

He later became Constable of Berkeley Castle on 15 May 1514, and Sheriff of Gloucestershire, November 1522 – November 1523. By writ, he was succeeded to the title of de jure 5th Baron Berkeley on 12 September 1523 after his brother Maurice's death, and his eldest son Thomas followed as the de jure 6th Baron Berkeley, again by writ.

Two of the 50 U.S. states, Hawaii and Texas, were once de jure sovereign states with diplomatic recognition from the international community.

Steroh () is a coastal town in southern Socotra, (De jure) Yemen or (De facto) United Arab Emirates. It is located at around .

Administration of Ernesto Zedillo National Symbols of Mexico . Retrieved Mar. 15, 2006. The de jure or official language of Mexico is Spanish.

The youngest daughter, Mary Charlotte Munro, married The Hon. Michel-Eustache-Gaspard-Alain Chartier de Lotbinière, de jure 2nd Marquis de Lotbinière.

Sir George Makgill, 9th Baronet of Kemback and Fingask, de jure 9th Viscount of Oxfuird FRSE (1812-1878) was a Scottish peer.

Thus the de facto transfer of power took place on 1 November 1954 followed by de jure transfer on 16 August 1962.

This is a ranking of languages by the number of sovereign countries in which they are de jure or de facto official.

In the Westminster system of government, executive authority is often split between a de jure executive authority of a head of state and a de facto executive authority of a prime minister and cabinet who implement executive powers in the name of the de jure executive authority. In the United Kingdom, the Sovereign is the de jure executive authority, even though executive decisions are made by the indirectly elected Prime Minister and her Cabinet on the Sovereign's behalf, hence the term Her Majesty's Government. The de facto boundaries of a country are defined by the area that its government is actually able to enforce its laws in, and to defend against encroachments by other countries that may also claim the same territory de jure. The Durand Line is an example of a de facto boundary.

Sos () is a village de jure in the Khojavend Rayon of Azerbaijan, de facto in the Martuni Province of the Republic of Artsakh.

The first Bourbon King of Spain was Philip V of Spain, who is also responsible for the de jure unification of the country.

In 1831 he was recognised by a retrospective decision of the House of Lords as having been de jure 3rd Earl of Devon.

John Hylton, de jure 18th Baron Hylton (bapt. 27 April 1699 - 25 September 1746) was an English politician. Hylton was the second son of John Hylton (himself the second son of Henry Hylton, de jure 16th Baron Hylton) and his wife, Dorothy née Musgrave (the eldest daughter of Sir Richard Musgrave). On the death of his elder brother, Richard, the de jure 17th baron in 1722, Hylton inherited the "barony". As no Barons Hylton had been called to Parliament since the second baron in the 14th century, Hylton wasn't a peer and went by the simple name of John Hilton, Esq.

However, from about 1882, the rulers had only de jure rule over Egypt, as it had by then become a British puppet state. Thus, Egypt was by Ottoman law de jure a province of the Ottoman Empire, but de facto was part of the British Empire. In U.S. law, particularly after Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the difference between de facto segregation (segregation that existed because of the voluntary associations and neighborhoods) and de jure segregation (segregation that existed because of local laws that mandated the segregation) became important distinctions for court-mandated remedial purposes.

Henry Hylton, de jure 12th Baron Hylton (1586 - 30 March 1641) was an English nobleman. Hylton was the eldest son of Thomas Hylton (himself the son of William Hylton, de jure 11th Baron Hylton) and his wife, Anne née Bowes (daughter of Sir George Bowes of Streatlam Castle). In 1600, Hylton inherited the right to the barony of Hylton from his grandfather.

Kosovo wishes in Caucasus. By Simon Saradzhyan located in Eurasia whose de jure sovereignty is only recognized by Russia, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Nauru and the disputed states of South Ossetia and Transnistria. The rest of the world's states consider Abkhazia to be de jure part of Georgia. Abkhazia is located in the western Caucasus, on the eastern coast of the Black Sea.

Proponents, however, are quick to note that the HP-12C continues to be both the de jure and de facto standard of high finance.

A distinction was often drawn between de jure and de facto recognition of the states' status as either Soviet Socialist Republics or independent entities.

Chartar (; or ) is a town in the Martuni Province of the de facto Republic of Artsakh, de jure in the Khojavend Rayon of Azerbaijan.

Maçkalaşen () is a village in the Martuni Province of the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh, de jure part of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

Quzumkənd (, Kert) is a village in the Martuni Province of the de facto Republic of Artsakh, de jure part of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

De jure, it still belongs to Pripyat, which didn't lose its status of "city of regional significance", but is de facto part of Ivankiv Raion.

Sattar, Abdul. "Konstruksi Fiqh Bukhari dalam Kitab al-Jami’al-Shahih." De Jure: Jurnal Hukum dan Syar'iah 3.1 (2011).Masrur, Ali, and Imam Zainuddin Az-Zubaidi.

The old Supreme Council, however, still remained an influential factor as its existence and functions, though de jure limited to judicial matters, caused much confusion.

Plymouth is still the de jure capital city of Montserrat, making it the only ghost town that serves as the capital of a political territory.

De jure, Transnistria is internationally recognized as part of Moldova, but de facto, the authorities in Chişinău do not exercise any control over that territory.

However, this left Egypt more or less unchecked, although it appears that Assyrian rule, at least at the de jure level, continued until 639 BC.

Zavadykh (also, Tsovategh ) is a village in the Martuni Province of the de facto Republic of Artsakh, de jure part of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

Xərxan (, also Kherkhan) is a village in the Martuni Province of the de facto Republic of Artsakh, de jure part of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

Sir Thomas Hilton (by 1500 – 1559) was an English politician. He was the eldest son of Sir William Hilton, de jure 9th Lord Hilton. He was knighted in 1523 and succeeded his father as de jure 10th Lord Hilton by 1537. He was appointed High Sheriff of Durham for 1532–33 and 1533–34 and High Sheriff of Northumberland for 1543–44 and 1549–50.

He never assumed the title. His son, the de jure eleventh Lord, was a colonel in the army and was killed at the Battle of Ramillies in 1706. On his death the right to the lordship passed to his cousin Henry Borthwick, the de jure twelfth Lord. He was the grandson of Alexander Borthwick, younger son of the aforementioned William Borthwick, 4th of Soltray and Johnstonburn.

Therefore, on the death of the 1st Marquis, only the de jure barony title was passed on to his younger brother Maurice, that is to say he was Baron Berkeley by right, if not actually in possession of the baronial property. The 4th, 5th and 6th barons were also de jure only, with Henry (d. 1613) becoming de facto 7th Baron in 1553.Debrett's Peerage 1968, p.

Gülablı (, also spelled Gyulably and Gyulaply) or Vazgenashen () is a village in the province of Martuni in the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh and a de jure part of the Agdam Rayon of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Its population as of 2005 stood at 226.De Facto and De Jure Population by Administrative Territorial Distribution and Sex, Results of 2005 census of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic.

De jure belli ac pacis, title page from the first edition of 1625. De jure belli ac pacis, title page from the second edition of 1631. De iure belli ac pacis (English: On the Law of War and Peace) is a 1625 book in Latin, written by Hugo Grotius and published in Paris, on the legal status of war.Hugonis Grotii, De Jure Belli ac Pacis, libri tres, In quibus ius naturae & Gentium: item iuris publici preciptae expilicantur, Pariisis: Apud Nicalaum Buon, M DC XXV, cum privilegio regis via Gallica (the French National Library) It is now regarded as a foundational work in international law.

Dictionary of National Biography, Lupton, Donald (d. 1676), miscellaneous writer, by Gordon Goodwin. Published 1893. His first work was De jure belli belgici adversus Philippum (1596).

The Islamic Ottoman Empire era of rule in the Bosnia and Herzegovina provinces lasted from 1463/1482 to 1878 de facto, and until 1908 de jure.

The Republic of Serbian Krajina was not recognized de jure by any other country or international organization. Nevertheless, it gained support from Serbia's allies, like Russia.

Temur Mzhavia was the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the de jure Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia, he left the position in 2009.

Joan Willoughby, de jure suo jure 7th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby (c.1425 - d. before 13 February 1462) was an English baroness in her own right.

However, in 1979 it gave de jure recognition of Indonesian occupation of the country, and began negotiations with Indonesia in relation to closing the Timor Gap.

Lev is a village de facto in Shahumyan province of Artshakh, and de jure in Kalbajar Rayon of Azerbaijan. Today is controlling by Artsakh Defence Army.

Zərdanaşen (, also Zardanashen) is a village in the Martuni Province of the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh, de jure part of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

After the conflict, the Chinese appear to have retained de facto control over the island. The agreement recognized China's de jure as well as de facto control.

By declaratory action the Tiefwerder Meadows, an East German enclave within West Berlin's Spandau, de jure forming part of the Seeburg municipality, became officially part of Spandau.

Note that the rank of Fältmarskalk (Field Marshal) was a de jure rank before the reform of 1972, even though it has not been used since 1824.

Arab Iraq and the Kurdistan Region have de jure full sovereignty over internal matters for their respective regions. The agreement was upheld in the country's 2005 constitution.

The programme was de jure terminated in 2003 and de facto terminated in 2010. Although the sanctions were effective, there were revelations of corruption involving the funds.

From one point of view of the Serbian government the district de jure still exist, despite the fact that Serbian government accepted civil UN administration over Kosovo.

De facto segregation continues today in areas such as residential segregation and school segregation because of both contemporary behavior and the historical legacy of de jure segregation.

In the same work, Hale criticizes the reduction of natural law to self- preservation as "the only Cardinall Law" (the view normally associated with Thomas Hobbes), cites John Selden's De jure naturali et gentium juxta disciplinam Ebraeorum repeatedly, and appears to share conceptual continuities with both Hugo Grotius's De jure belli ac pacis and Francisco Suárez's Tractatus de legibus ac deo legislatore.Matthew Hale, Of the Law of Nature. CLP Academic. 2015.

A treaty of cession was signed by the two countries on 28 May 1956.Traité de Cession, 1956 The de jure transfer was delayed until the end of the Algerian War. The treaty was ratified by the French parliament in May 1962. On 16 August 1962 (De Jure Day) India and France exchanged the instruments of ratification under which France ceded to India full sovereignty over the territories it held.

James left the lands and title of Craigie to his cousin, George Makgill of Kemback. George Makgill of Kemback, the son of John Makgill of Kemback and Eliza Dalgleish, was born on 23 December 1812 and died 21 September 1878. He succeeded to the title of 9th Viscount of Oxfuird on 3 May 1817, de jure. He succeeded to the title of 9th Baronet Makgill on 3 May 1817, de jure.

Once Germans entered a settlement they would disarm the rebels. However, some local institutions (police, various committees) de facto established by the rebels were later legalized de jure.

Constitutional reform provided a new Instrument of Government which de jure established the parliamentary system and created a cabinet government with constitutional powers not derived from the Crown.

If neither of them qualifies, and if the first question established Durham as the third oldest de jure university, then Durham is the third oldest university in England.

The province achieved de-jure independence under the Eritrean People's Liberation Front in 1991 and was officially abolished by Ethiopia in 1993, becoming the independent state of Eritrea.

Elizabeth Willoughby, 3rd Baroness Willoughby de Broke, de jure 11th Baroness Latimer (c.1512 – c. 15 November 1562) was an English noblewoman and wife of Sir Fulke Greville.

Zəylik (, also, Dzaglik, Zagdig, and Zaglik) is a village de jure in the Tartar Rayon of Azerbaijan, de facto in the Martakert Province of the Nagorno- Karabakh Republic.

Dağyürd (also, Saroushen, Saruşen, and Sarushen) is a village in the Martuni Province of the de facto Republic of Artsakh, de jure part of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

Kəndxurd (also, Haghorti, Hoghorti, and Kendkhurd) is a village in the Martuni Province of the de facto Republic of Artsakh, de jure part of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

Hatsi ( also, Gatsi, Gatsy, and Hats’i) is a village in the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh, though it is de jure in the Khojavend Rayon of Azerbaijan.

Heşan (also, Aşan and Ashan) is a village in the Martuni Province of the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh, de jure part of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

Taqaverd (also, Tagavard, Tagavart, and Taghavard - ) is a village de jure in the Khojavend Rayon of Azerbaijan, de facto in the Martuni Province of the Republic of Artsakh.

Justice Breyer questioned the utility "of looking simply to whether earlier school segregation was de jure or de facto in order to draw firm lines separating the constitutionally permissible from the constitutionally forbidden use of 'race- conscious' criteria." Justice Breyer noted, "No one here disputes that Louisville's segregation was de jure" and cites a 1956 memo where the Seattle School Board admitted its schools were de jure segregated as well. All of the dissenting Justices acknowledged that "the Constitution does not impose a duty to desegregate upon districts" if they have not practiced racial discrimination. However, the dissenters argued that the Constitution permits such desegregation even though it does not require it.

Ağoğlan is a village in the de jure Lachin Rayon of Azerbaijan, or de facto Kashatagh Region of Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. The Tzitzernavank Monastery is located in the village.

Nor Ghazanchi ( or , also Sırxavənd, Sarkhavend, Srkhanvend, Srkhavend, Syrkhavend) is a village in Martakert Province, Artsakh. It is, de jure, part of Agdam Rayon in the Republic of Azerbaijan.

Arpadüzü () (also, Kolkhizashen, Kolkhozashen, Kolxozaşen, and Mashadishen) is a village in the Martuni Province of the de facto Republic of Artsakh, de jure part of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

Because the scope of the treaty power cannot regulate "purely domestic affairs," Thomas argued that the US could not join a treaty banning domestic chemical weapons.Bond, 134 S. Ct. at 2103 (Thomas, J. concurring). Seeking the founders' original understanding, Thomas began by reviewing international law publications from the 1600s.Bond, 134 S. Ct. at 2104 (citing H. Grotius, De Jure Belli Ac Pacis (1646), 2 S. Pufendorf, De Jure Naturae et Gentium 1331 (1688)).

The Executive Council's primary function is to issue Orders in Council, which operate under the authority of the "Governor-General-in-Council". The authority for its existence is provided by the Letters Patent 1983. The Executive Council has de jure executive power. This power is used to legally enact the decisions of Cabinet (the de facto body of executive power), which under conventions of the Westminster system has no de jure authority.

In 1998 in addition to de jure Banovci became de facto part of Nijemci Municipality and Vukovar-Syrmia County. Banovci is settlement within the Areas of Special State Concern belonging to the first among the three groups. In 1998 in addition to de jure Banovci became de facto part of Nijemci Municipality and Vukovar-Syrmia County. Banovci is settlement within the Areas of Special State Concern belonging to the first among the three groups.

Finally on November 3, 1918, the Austro-Hungarian high command asked armistice in the name of an Empire which (de facto and de jure) no longer existed during the negotiations.

Drinking fountains in the United States were often subject to racial segregation, until all legally enforced public segregation (segregation de jure) was abolished by the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

William Nevill, de facto 16th (de jure 1st) Baron Bergavenny, (before 1701 – 1744) was an English peer who held office in the British Royal Household and built a country mansion.

Malıbəyli (also, Malibeyli and Malybeyli) or Ajapnyak () is a village located de facto in Shushi Province of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and de jure in the Shusha Rayon of Azerbaijan.

Miruşen () (also, Mirikend, Mirikənd, Mirishen, Mirushen, and Myurishen) is a village in the Martuni Province of the de facto Republic of Artsakh, de jure part of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

In early 2016, he worked a senior coach performed functions of de facto senior team head coach for FC Karpaty Lviv along with Oleh Luzhny who was head coach de jure.

The Conference of London decided to take actions, at least on Turkish national movement, and decided to shift from "de facto" occupation of the Constantinople to "de jure" occupation of Constantinople.

Abkhazia is ruled by the partially recognised de facto independent Republic of Abkhazia, even though the de jure majority internationally recognized Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia claims to be its legitimate government.

Manuscripts of the tractates of theology About the Single God (Tractatus de Deo Uno), A Theologic Tractate about the Law and Justice (Tractatus theologicus de jure et justitia) are also survived.

Abkhazia is ruled by the partially recognised de facto independent Republic of Abkhazia, even though the de jure majority internationally recognized Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia claims to be its legitimate government.

After the monarchy was overthrown, Iraq was ruled by the de jure secular Baathist Party, while de facto a minority Sunni absolute rule that discriminated against and persecuted the Shia majority.

Küləbird (also, Güləbird, Gyuleberd, and Gyulebird) / Tsakhkaberd ( — castle of flowers) is a village de facto in the Kashatagh Province of Republic of Artsakh, de-jure in the Lachin Rayon of Azerbaijan.

Arms of Knyvett: Argent, a bend sable a bordure engrailed of the last He died without male progeny and was thus succeeded by his daughter Jane Bourchier, wife of Sir Edmund Knyvett and de jure 3rd Baroness Berners, although she never assumed the title. Her grandson Thomas Knyvett, the de jure 4th Baron, received a writ of summons in this title but died before obtaining the King's confirmation. His great-great-grandson Sir Thomas Knyvett, the de jure 7th Baron Berners, sat as a Member of Parliament for Dunwich and Eyre. On his death in 1693 the peerage fell into abeyance between his two sisters, Elizabeth Knyvett, wife of Sir Thomas Glemham, and Katherine Knyvett, wife firstly of John Harris and secondly of Richard Bokenham.

William, the Second Viscount Courtenay, by Gilbert Stuart Powderham Castle, the Courtenay family seat William Courtenay, 8th Earl de jure of Devon (30 October 1742 – 14 October 1788) was the eldest son of William Courtenay 7th de jure Earl of Devon, and Lady Frances Finch. He succeeded to the title of 4th Baronet Courtenay, 2nd Viscount Courtenay of Powderham Castle and 8th Earl of Devon (Created c.1553) on 16 May 1762 upon the death of his father.

Most sovereign states are both de jure and de facto (i.e., they exist both in law and in reality). However, states which are only de jure states are sometimes recognised as being the legitimate government of a territory over which they have no actual control. For example, during the Second World War, governments-in-exile of a number of states continued to enjoy diplomatic relations with the Allies, notwithstanding that their countries were under occupation by Axis powers.

Dr. Sir Stuart Threipland, de jure 3rd Baronet, of Fingask The Threipland Baronetcy, of Fingask in the County of Perth, was a title in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia. It was created on 10 November 1687 for Patrick Threipland. The second Baronet was attainted in 1715 with the baronetcy forfeited. The de jure third Baronet was physician to Bonnie Prince Charlie during the Jacobite rising of 1745 and President of the Royal Medical Society from 1766 to 1770.

The Soviet Union extended de facto recognition on 23 March 1935, but explicitly noted that this did not mean de jure recognition.Turns, David. "Stimson Doctrine of Non-Recognition: Its Historical Genesis and Influence on Contemporary International Law, The." Chinese J. Int'l L. 2 (2003): 123. However, upon signing the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact on 13 April 1941, the Soviet Union recognized Manchukuo de jure in exchange for Japan recognizing the integrity of the neighboring Mongolian People's Republic.

United States (1964), which helped bring an end to the Jim Crow laws. Racial segregation follows two forms. De jure segregation mandated the separation of races by law, and was the form imposed by slave codes before the Civil War and by Black Codes and Jim Crow laws following the war. De jure segregation was outlawed by the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968.

Under Watzenrode's successors changing suffraganship from Riga to Gniezno did not materialise. The diocese de jure remained a suffragan of Riga until its dissolution in 1566. Thereafter Ermland was an exempt diocese.

The sending of presents and the promise to show future favors were in ancient times a cordial way of giving de jure recognition to another power.Edgar V. Saks. Aestii. p. 52–53.

This distinction between the subdivisions of legal presumption, the relative (juris simpliciter) and the absolute (juris et de jure) was not continued into the 1983 Code of Canon Law and was dropped.

Thus, the joint meetings of the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles may be said to be the de facto, if not the de jure, Council of the Church.

From one point of view of the Serbian government the district de jure still exist, despite the fact that Serbian government accepted civil UN administration over Kosovo. Kosovo declared independence in 2008.

Zardaxaç (also, Զարդախաչ, Dzardakhach’, Zardakhach’, or Zardakhan) is a village de facto located in the Martakert Region of the Republic of Artsakh and de jure village in the Kalbajar Rayon of Azerbaijan.

This local electoral calendar for the year 2010 lists the subnational elections held in 2010 in the de jure and de facto sovereign states. By- elections and sub-national referendums are also included.

Additionally Transnistria is a breakaway republic within the internationally recognised borders of Moldova. Although not recognized by any state or international organisation and de jure part of Moldova, it is de facto independent.

International Headquarters, OTO: IHQ News, May 17, 2014 entry. Retrieved August 08, 2017 On October 14, 2014 these five National Grand Masters elected Hymenaeus Beta as "de jure" Outer Head of the Order.

Several countries, including Australia, Japan, Mexico, the United Kingdom and the United States, have a de facto national language but no official, de jure national language. Some countries have a de facto national language in addition to an official language. In Lebanon and Morocco the official language is Arabic, but an additional de facto language is also French. In New Zealand, Maori and New Zealand Sign Language are de jure official languages, while English is a de facto official language.

14 May 1947 77th Plenary Meeting Document A/2/PV.77 Shortly after this speech, the Soviet media temporarily stopped publishing anti-Zionist material. It followed this policy and gave support to the UN plan to partition the British Mandate of Palestine, which led to the founding of the State of Israel. On May 17, 1948, three days after Israel declared independence, the Soviet Union legally recognized it de jure, becoming the first country to grant de jure recognition to the Jewish state.

The first one died leaving his wife childless, and therefore never became King of Portugal. Maria II's second husband was her consort until the birth of their first child, Pedro V of Portugal. Upon birth of the heir, Ferdinand ceased to be consort and instead became de jure uxoris King of Portugal, as Fernando II. Maria I's husband, Pedro III, was titled de jure uxoris King automatically after his wife's accession, since the couple already had an heir José, Prince of Brazil.

Karki (also Kərki, Kiarki, Kyarki) or Tigranashen is a village that is de jure an exclave of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan, but is de facto under control of Armenia. The village is near the border with Armenia, located on the bank of the Arpachay River near the Yerevan-Jermuk highway, which is away from the district center. The area of the village itself is . Karki is de jure within the administrative territory of the Sadarak Rayon of Nakhchivan.

The former land border on Sakhalin (Russia in orange, Japan in red) The existing de facto (and, from the Russian point of view, also de jure) Russian-Japanese border follows several sea the straits: the La Pérouse Strait, the Nemuro Strait, and Izmeny Strait (Notsuke Strait) and the Sovietsky Strait, which separate Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands from the Japanese island of Hokkaido. In Japan's view, the de jure border passes through the La Perouse Strait and the Vries Strait .

The first critical question for Durham is whether it gained de jure University status via the 1832 act of parliament (or the subsequent 1834 act of chapter) or, despite the various legal recognitions of its status in the intervening years, not until the 1837 royal charter. If it gained university status in 1832 or 1834, then Durham is the third oldest de jure university in England. Alternatively, if London was not truly established as a university in 1836 (see discussion below), then Durham is the third oldest de jure university in England regardless of which date is taken for its foundation. The second critical question is whether either University College London or King's College London should be considered de facto universities prior to this, despite the objections given in their discussions.

It occupies an area of about 50 hectares and is located in the province of Askeran in the Republic of Artsakh, de jure Agdam in Azerbaijan, approximately four kilometers south of the Khachenaget River.

Beginning by the 1970s, many Kılbasan residents moved to West Europe (especially Netherlands) to work as industrial workers (Gastarbeider). So the de jure population of the town is more than the figure cited above.

Prior to November 2014, two Class B airports did not have a Mode C veil (at least de jure): William P. Hobby Airport in Houston and Marine Corps Air Station Miramar in San Diego.

Abkhazia–Turkey relations refers to the relations between Abkhazia and Turkey. Although Turkey has not recognized Abkhazia's independence and regards it as de jure part of Georgia, the two governments reportedly have secret ties.

From 1986 until his death in 1995, Murray held the de jure office of President of American Atheists. It was a title without power, however, as his mother retained authoritative control behind-the-scenes.

Egypt and Sudan remained as Ottoman provinces de jure until 1914, when the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers of World War I. Great Britain officially annexed these two provinces and Cyprus in response.

In 2006, Vittorio Emanuele's third cousin, Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta (b. 1943), declared himself head of the Savoy dynasty and thus Sovereign de jure. For this reason, the grand magistry is now contested.

Noragyukh (, also , Noragiough, Noraguğ, Noragyugh, Noragyukh, Norgyukh, Novyy Nyuragyukh, Nyuragyukh, and Nyurgyukh) is a village de jure in the Khojali Rayon of Azerbaijan, de facto in the Askeran rayon of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic.

Ciraquz () is a village in the region of Nagorno-Karabakh. It is de facto part of the Hadrut Province of the Republic of Artsakh, and de jure part of the Khojavend Rayon of Azerbaijan.

All de jure monarchs of Navarre from 1328 onwards were descended from Louis through his daughter, Joan, including Jeanne d'Albret, the mother of Henry IV of France, and therefore the entire royal House of Bourbon.

There are several restrictions governing, for example, the use of "sequencing" (genetic engineering), "syntactic devices" (computers), or other "praxis" (technology). Due to the restrictions, avout can only work on an entirely theoretical basis de jure.

Artsakhbank is an Armenian bank with headquarters in Yerevan. As of January 1, 2011, the bank had 6 branches in Yerevan and 11 branches in the unrecognized Republic of Artsakh (de jure part of Azerbaijan).

In de jure, the highway passes through South & North Hamgyong Province, which are de facto controlled by North Korea. By this highway, it throughs Hwasong concentration camp. This fact can be proved via Google Maps.

It was a division of the County of Pallars, which had been de facto, and possible de jure, independent since the late ninth century. It roughly corresponded with the modern Catalan comarca of Pallars Jussà.

However, some sources claim that the baronetcy became extinct or dormant on the death of the second Baronet in 1644. The Courtenay Baronetcy was created in the Baronetage of England in February 1644 for William VI Courtenay (1628–1702) de jure 5th Earl of Devon, of Powderham, Devon, son and heir of Francis Courtenay (1576–1638), de jure 4th Earl of Devon. Francis was the brother of the first Baronet of the 1621 creation. For more information on this creation, see the Earl of Devon.

The United States Department of Justice filed a suit in 1968 charging de jure segregation in Indianapolis. IPS responded with a desegregation plan which addressed only one of the three underlying charges. In 1971, U.S. District Judge S. Hugh Dillin found the IPS Board of School Commissioners to be guilty of de jure segregation.Scott D Seay, “The Shortridge Incident: Christian Theological Seminary as an agent of Reconciliation” CTS journal, Encounter, Spring 2007 Many large and small protests and causes occurred at Shortridge during the late 1960s.

However, on his death in 1772 the peerage became dormant again. The claim now passed to the late Lord's kinsman and male heir Patrick Borthwick, the de jure fifteenth Lord. He was the great- grandson of Alexander Borthwick, 1st of Reidhall and Sauchnell, younger son of William Borthwick, 3rd of Soltray and Johnstonburne, grandson of William Borthwick, 1st of Soltray, cited above. His son Archibald, the de jure sixteenth Lord, petitioned the House of Lords for the right to claim the title in 1808 but was unsuccessful.

August 6, the Left was formed, a de facto coalition of Razem, SLD and Wiosna, de jure carrying the SLD name. On August 8, 2019 PSL allied with Kukiz'15 in an alliance named "Polish Coalition".

This electoral calendar for the year 2001 lists the national/federal direct elections to be held in 2001 in the de jure and de facto sovereign states. By- elections are excluded, though national referendums are included.

This electoral calendar for the year 2003 lists the national/federal direct elections to be held in 2003 in the de jure and de facto sovereign states. By- elections are excluded, though national referendums are included.

1 p.346 His eldest son was hanged for murder in 1686. His last direct male descendant, also named William Aston, was the de jure 6th Lord Aston of Forfar.Cokayne Complete Peerage Reprinted Gloucester 2000 Vol.

The club, playing in Santa Clara at the Sandino Stadium, and representing the city and the whole province; is de jure based in the village of Zulueta and plays some matches at the Camilo Cienfuegos Stadium.

Taiwan Solidarity Union - seeks creation of a "Republic of Taiwan" Democratic Progressive Party - seeks international recognition of the current de jure independence of "Republic of China, Taiwan" as stipulated in articles of the 1933 Montevideo Convention.

Ellerker, who is described by Dr. Oliver as "one of the ablest professors of theology that the English province ever produced" was the author of Tractatus Theologicus de Jure et Justitiâ (1767) and Tractatus de Incarnatione.

Currently, although the position of president holds de jure importance, its de facto powers are largely ceremonial. The Constitution allows the president to act only upon the advice of the prime minister and his/her Cabinet.

In 1129, Henriques declared himself Prince of Portugal and in 1139 as King of Portugal. León finally recognized Portugal's independence in 1143 in the Treaty of Zamora. In 1179, the Holy See declared him King, de jure.

This national electoral calendar for the year 2002 lists the national/federal direct elections to be held in 2002 in the de jure and de facto sovereign states. By-elections are excluded, though national referendums are included.

This national electoral calendar for the year 1999 lists the national/federal direct elections to be held in 1999 in the de jure and de facto sovereign states. By-elections are excluded, though national referendums are included.

Margaret Beauchamp (c. 1410 – before 3 June 1482) was the oldest daughter of Sir John Beauchamp, de jure 3rd Baron Beauchamp of Bletsoe, and his second wife, Edith Stourton. She was the maternal grandmother of Henry VII.

Margaret Magennis, Viscountess Iveagh (1673–1744), née Burke and also known as Margaret Butler, was the mother of John Butler, the de jure 15th Earl of Ormond. She is remembered by the song A Lament for Kilcash.

In law and government, de jure ( ; , "by law") describes practices that are legally recognised, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality. In contrast, ("in fact") describes situations that exist in reality, even if not legally recognised.

Kara Mahmud Pasha ( Buşatlı Kara Mahmud Paşa, , 1749–22 September 1796) was a hereditary Ottoman Albanian governor (mutasarrıf) of the Pashalik of Scutari and de jure ruler of Albania, belonging to the Ottoman Albanian Bushati family (Buşatlı).

Source: New rayons: maps and structure and with maps Note: de facto Crimea continue to use the old administrative division. Raions located in the temporarily occupied territories of Donbass (see below in grey) exist only de jure.

Qaradağlı (also known as, Gharadaghly, Karadagly, or Varanda) () is a village in Nagorno-Karabakh (de jure Azerbaijan; de facto Artsakh). The village was the location of Garadaghly massacre which saw the deaths of 20-90 Azerbaijani civilians.

During the period of Cold War détente, relations between Australia and the Soviet Union were seen as stronger during the Whitlam government. On 3 July 1974, then Prime Minister Gough Whitlam, as Acting Foreign Minister, took the decision to grant de jure recognition of the incorporation of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania into the USSR. The Australian ambassador to Moscow visited Tallinn, Estonia, on 28–30 July 1974, effectively according de jure recognition. Soviet authorities subsequently leaked this information on 3 August 1974, confirmed by a spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs a day later.

He died, aged 69, in Leuven. His writings were published mostly posthumously based on lecture notes. They include the Commentatorium de iure novissimo libro sex (1620), which presented the content of the Novellae together with the corresponding Dutch and French customary law, and two writings on international law, De jure feudorum commentarii (1624) and De jure pacis (1620). Gudelinus was among the first jurists who complemented the study of Roman law with that of contemporary national law, and who addressed international law as a distinct field of study.

His first marriage, at the age of 13, was to the 9 year old heiress, Anne Cobham (daughter of Sir Thomas, de jure 5th Baron Cobham of Sterborough and Lady Anne Stafford) who had been "affianced" to the recently deceased Edward Blount, 2nd Baron Mountjoy: she brought him ownership of Sterborough Castle.William Henry Ireland, England's topographer, or A new and complete history of the county of Kent, 1830, p.612 Anne Cobham succeeded to the title of 6th Baroness Cobham de jure in 1471.Cokayne, and others, The Complete Peerage, volume II, page 422.

Due to the Cyprus dispute, TRNC is recognized only by the EU candidate state Turkey. All other countries recognise the Republic of Cyprus, an EU member state, as the only legitimate government for the whole island. However the Republic of Cyprus de facto controls only the south of the island while the TRNC government controls the north.Turkey and the problem of the recognition of Cyprus, European Parliament 2005 Due to this dispute, northern Cyprus is de jure part of the EU by virtue of de jure being part of the Republic of Cyprus.

The claim to the lordship of 1690 was vested in his granddaughter, Anne Anstruther-Paterson (de jure 4th Lady Polwarth), daughter of Lady Anne Hume- Campbell, eldest daughter of the third Earl. However, she died before any decision on her claim to the peerage had been reached. On her death the claim to the title passed to her aunt Diana Scott (de jure 5th Lady Polwarth), youngest daughter of the third Earl, and then to her son Hugh Hepburne-Scott. In 1835, Hugh's claim to the peerage was allowed by the House of Lords.

Apart from the castle and chapel, the other buildings were probably all of timber. In 1559, the gatehouse featured in another household inventory as the "Tower", when floors and galleries were inserted to subdivide the great hall. The eccentric Henry Hylton, de jure 12th Baron Hylton left the castle to the City of London Corporation on his death in 1641, to be used for charitable purposes for ninety-nine years. It was returned to the family after the Restoration, to Henry's nephew, John Hylton, de jure 15th Baron Hylton.

Julius Nepos ( AD 430480) was de jure and de facto Roman emperor of the West from 474 to 475 and then only de jure until his death in 480. Born to a distinguished family, he succeeded his uncle, Marcellinus, as military governor of the province of Dalmatia in 468. With support of the Eastern Empire, Nepos overthrew his predecessor Glycerius without a fight and proclaimed himself western emperor in June 474. Orestes, the Magister Militum, turned his forces on Nepos in August 475, forcing him to flee by ship to Dalmatia.

He cited as authorities Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, Seneca, Epictetus, and the Apostle Paul.Hale, Of the Law of Nature, 41, 52, 64, 150–51. He was critical of Hobbes's reduction of natural law to self-preservation and Hobbes's account of the state of nature,Hale, Of the Law of Nature, 43, 86, 94. but drew positively on Hugo Grotius's De jure belli ac pacis, Francisco Suárez's Tractatus de legibus ac deo legislatore, and John Selden's De jure naturali et gentium juxta disciplinam Ebraeorum.Hale, Of the Law of Nature, 7–8, 17, 49, 63, 111–19, 192.

T. Ryle Dwyer characterised this as recognising the Second Dáil as the de jure authority, Comhairle na dTeachtai as the "de jure de facto" authority, and the Free State Oireachtas as the "de facto de facto" authority. In 1925 an [anti-Treaty] IRA convention withdrew its allegiance from the republican government to its own Army Council. Second Dáil TDs had taken an oath of fidelity to the Irish Republic, and Sinn Féin regarded those who implicitly or explicitly endorsed the Treaty or Free State constitution as having violated this oath and thereby vacated their seats.

Title page of the 1631 second edition of De jure belli ac pacis De jure belli ac pacis (On the Law of War and Peace) is a 1625 book in Latin, written by Hugo Grotius (1583–1645) and published in Paris, on the legal status of war. It is now regarded as a foundational work in international law.USYD.edu.au Grotius was a philosopher, theologian, playwright, and poet. He is known for coming up with the idea of having an international law, and is still acknowledged today by the American Society of International Law.

The Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011 gave the Welsh language official status in Wales, making it the only language that is de jure official in any part of the United Kingdom, with English being de facto official. The Welsh language, along with English, is also a de jure official language of the Senedd. The Welsh government plan to have one million Welsh language speakers by 2050. There has been an increase in children going to Welsh-medium schools since 1980 and a decrease in those going to Welsh bilingual and dual-medium schools.

He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Dumfriesshire from 1830 until 1847 and again from 1857 to 1865. He lived at Raehills, Lockerbie, and Hook House, Dumfriesshire. He was de jure 7th Earl of Annandale and Hartfell.

Joan Welles, de jure suo jure 9th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby (d. before 23 January 1475), inherited the baronies of Welles and Willoughby at the death of her brother, Robert Welles, 8th Baron Willoughby de Eresby, in 1470.

Sayyaf, who was allied with the de jure Kabul government of Burhanuddin Rabbani, did not deny the abductions of Hazara civilians, but merely accused the Hezb-i Wahdat militia of being an agent of the theocratic Iranian government.

His only daughter and heir married Ralph Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford, thus de jure the barony devolved with the earldom of Stafford until 1521 when Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham was attainted of his noble titles.

Alexander Lindsay Alexander Lindsay, 6th Earl of Balcarres and de jure 23rd Earl of Crawford (18 January 175227 March 1825) was the son of James Lindsay, 5th Earl of Balcarres. He was a general in the British Army.

It had been divided between his father and his uncle Thomas at the death of Richard Butler of Kilcash in 1701. Unknowingly, Walter Butler also inherited his cousin's title and became de jure the 16th Earl of Ormond.

In 1648 the Treaty of Westphalia confirmed the incorporation of the Bohemian Kingdom into the Habsburg imperial system, which established its seat in Vienna. The Bohemian Kingdom de facto lost its independence (de jure only under Maria Theresa).

The following opposition parties exist de jure and/or de facto. On January 20, 2011 the cabinet of the interim government recognized all previously banned parties, with the exception of Hizb ut-Tahrir and a few other parties.

This list includes the official (de jure) world champion football clubs recognized by FIFA. The official competitions that grant this title are the extinct Intercontinental Cup (1960–2004) and, in 2000 and since 2005, the FIFA Club World Cup.

Furthermore, despite the Indonesian constitution providing universal rights current labour law de jure grant civil servants rights to freedom of association or collective bargaining, but in practice the legislature not to grant civil servants rights to form trade unions.

Sir James Carnegie of Kinnaird and of Pitarrow, 5th Baronet DL (1799 – 30 January 1849) was a Scottish politician and de jure 8th Earl of Southesk, 8th Baron Carnegie of Kinnaird and 8th Baron Carnegie, of Kinnaird and Leuchars.

William Sinclair (1410-1484), 1st Earl of Caithness (1455-1476), last Earl (Jarl) of Orkney (1434-1470 [de facto], -1472 [de Jure]), Baron of Roslin, was a Norwegian and Scottish nobleman and the builder of Rosslyn Chapel, in Midlothian.

Vank (, lit. "monastery"; ) is a village in Martakert Province in the Republic of Artsakh. While it is de facto part of Artsakh, it is de jure part of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Its population in 2005 stood at 1,284.

Courtenay was the second but eldest surviving son of Sir William Courtenay (1553–1630), de jure 3rd Earl of Devon of Powderham Castle, Devon, by his first wife Elizabeth, daughter of Henry Manners, 2nd Earl of Rutland (1526–1563).

This electoral calendar 2009 lists the national/federal direct elections held in 2009 in the de jure and de facto sovereign states and their dependent territories. Referendums are included, although they are not elections. By- elections are not included.

William Courtenay, 1st Viscount Courtenay (11 February 1709 – 16 May 1762), also de jure 7th Earl of Devon, was a British peer. He was the son of William Courtenay, 6th Earl of Devon and 2nd Baronet Courtenay, and Lady Anne Bertie.

At present there is no official de jure flag of Karnataka, a state in India. A flag was proposed for the state in 2018, but was subsequently withdrawn and the unofficial Kannada flag remains in popular use in the state.

This electoral calendar 2008 lists the national/federal direct elections held in 2008 in the de jure and de facto sovereign states and their dependent territories. Referendums are included, even though they are not elections. By- elections are not included.

The village is de jure a village, but de facto is a well urbanized place.Mynai is a regular village near Uzhhorod (photo) (Минай - обычное село под Ужгородом (ФОТО)). UA- Reporter. 28 October 2015 It is separated from Uzhhorod by Mozhaiskoho Street.

Mongol warrior on horseback, preparing a mounted archery shot. The Diocese of Cumania was de jure a part of the Kingdom of Hungary, and King Andrew II adopted the title of "king of Cumania" in 1233.Spinei 2005, p. 432.

After World War II, Gërmova was taken back by the Yugoslav government, which continued to hold it as Serbia and Montenegro and later Serbia until February 17,2008, de facto and beyond de jure, given the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence.

The practice of what is usually called polygamy, enjoys de facto and de jure legality in Kenya. It is to be understood as polygyny, however. It states in the Kenyan constitution that a man can marry more than one wife.

In these circumstances, the de facto power was considered more important than the de jure authority. After this decision the throne was declared vacant. Childeric III was deposed and confined to a monastery. He was the last of the Merovingians.

Dinamo-Yantar ('), formerly Dinamo (Moscow Oblast) or Dinamo (Moscow region) was a Russian women's volleyball club de jure based in Kaliningrad (de facto in Moscow), who played in the Super League, the top Russian league from 2003–04 until 2010–11.

Arms of Stapleton: Argent, a lion rampant sable Sir Miles Stapleton, KG (c. 1408 - 1 October 1466) was Lord of the Manor of Ingham, Norfolk and de jure Baron Ingham of Ingham, Norfolk, and Lord of the Manor of Bedale, Yorkshire.

A de facto state but not a de jure one; TRNC has been recognised only by itself and by Turkey. Airlines wishing to fly to the TRNC must first land in Turkey and hgen take off again to Northern Cyprus.

1.6 Giorgio Crispo de Syra (de Sira), de Jure Signore di Syra, (1540 -), Official of the Order of St John in Malta 1550, married (1) (c. 1550) to Norella de Fantino, married Malta (2) (c. 1585) to Leonora N, with issue.

Ferdinand of Bulgaria proclaiming independence in Tarnovo, 1908 The de jure independence of Bulgaria (, Nezavisimost na Balgaria) from the Ottoman Empire was proclaimed on in the old capital of Tarnovo by Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria, who afterwards took the title "Tsar".

This case, challenging de jure segregated education in the South, was taken to the United States Supreme Court. It ruled in 1954 that the legal segregation of black and white children in public schools was unconstitutional, leading to integration of schools.

The Italian protectorate over Albania was established by the Kingdom of Italy during World War I in an effort to secure a de jure independent Albania under Italian control. It existed from June 23, 1917 until the summer of 1920.

While the 15th Lord de jure, he was the 17th Lord Lovat de facto, but for the attainder of his Jacobite ancestor who was executed in 1747. He was also 4th Baron Lovat in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

Kolatag (, ) is a village located de jure in the Kalbajar Rayon of Azerbaijan Republic, but controlled by the unrecognised Republic of Artsakh within its Martakert Province. Above the village is the 13th century Armenian monastery of Metsaranits, also known as Hakobavank.

Andreas (1883), p. 326. Around this time, the antislavery legislature often met in Lawrence, which functioned as the de facto capital of Kansas Territory from 1858 until 1861 (although Lecompton was still the de jure seat of the governing body).

Ballıca (or ) (also, Balludzha, Ballydzha, Baloudga, Baludzha, and Boludzha) is a village de jure in the Khojali Rayon of Azerbaijan, de facto in the Askeran rayon of the Republic of Artsakh. The village is home to the Artsakh Brandy Company.

When Daniel arap Moi became president of Kenya in 1978, many prominent politicians and academics accused him of corruption, nepotism and embezzlement of public funds. After the failed coup d'état of 1982, Moi seized the opportunity to make Kenya a de jure one party state. The country had been a de facto one party state since 1969. This move was met by opposition and university campuses, especially the University of Nairobi, became hotbeds of political activities advocating for the repeal of section 2A of the constitution which had made Kenya a de jure single party state.

A consequence of the split was that Zaki al-Arsuzi took Aflaq's place as the official father of ba'athist thought in the Damascus-based Ba'ath Party, while the Baghdad-based Ba'ath Party still considered Aflaq the de jure father of Ba'athist thought.

The loss of temporal power over the Papal States (de facto in 1870 with the "Roman Question" and de jure in 1929 with the Lateran Treaty) also eliminated the structural conditions which had figured prominently in the family politics of earlier Popes.

Portuguese Guinea declared independence in 1973 and was granted de jure independence in 1974. A budding independence movement — originally led by Amílcar Cabral, assassinated in 1973 — passed on to his half-brother Luís Cabral and culminated in independence for the archipelago in 1975.

The choice of a de facto standard tends to be stable in situations in which all parties can realize mutual gains, but only by making mutually consistent decisions. In contrast, an enforced "de jure standard" is a solution to the prisoner's problem.

The patricians did not constitute a legally defined class as such, although its constituent groups, the civil servants and the burghers held various legal privileges, with the clergy de jure forming one of the two privileged estates of the realm until 1814.

The Berlaymont building in Brussels, the headquarters of the European Commission The Brussels effect is the process of unilateral regulatory globalisation caused by the European Union de facto (but not necessarily de jure) externalising its laws outside its borders through market mechanisms.

Toul Cathedral The Diocese of Toul was a Roman Catholic diocese seated at Toul in present-day France. It existed from 365 until 1824. From 1048 until 1552 (de jure until 1648), it was also a state of the Holy Roman Empire.

At the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in 1921, the Party made the de facto reality de jure by outlawing opposition parties and formalising single-Party rule.Paul LeBlanc. Lenin and the Revolutionary Party. Humanities Press International, 1990. p.306.

The hand over was the first time in the history of Indonesia that the formation of a party CEC was handed to the government. The formation by the Ministry of Home Affairs marked a de jure intervention of PDI by the government.

Neville differenced by a rose, the symbol of a 7th son. These arms are borne today by his descendants the Neville Marquesses of Abergavenny Edward Neville, de facto 3rd (de jure 1st) Baron Bergavenny (died 18 October 1476) was an English nobleman.

However, since that position is hereditary a person cannot be elected to become the monarch. In turn, the Speaker nominally outranks the Prime Minister of Sweden, who since the 1974-75 reforms is the country's de jure and de facto chief executive.

Zübeyir Aydar (born 1961, Siirt) is a Kurdish politician, lawyer and president of the Kongra-Gel (People's Congress of Kurdistan), which is the parliament of the Koma Civakên Kurdistan (KCK), making him the de jure political leader of the outlawed Kurdistan Workers' Party.

Unlike most prime ministers in parliamentary republics, the prime minister is both de jure and de facto chief executive. This is because the Basic Laws of Israel explicitly vest executive power in the government, of which the prime minister is the leader.

In 1711, Weigen authored De Jure Hominis in Creaturas. It has been described as "the first work ever to deal with the topic of animal rights as a general theme."Ingesman, Per. (2016). Religion as an Agent of Change: Crusades – Reformation – Pietism.

In its pivotal 1954 decision, the Warren Court unanimously (9-0) overturned the 1896 Plessy decision. The Supreme Court found that legally mandated (de jure) public school segregation was unconstitutional. The decision had far-reaching social ramifications. James T. Patterson, Brown v.

Shusha FK () was an Azerbaijani football club based in Baku. It represented the city of Shusha, which is controlled by Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (de facto independent, but recognized only by 3 non-UN member states) but de jure is a part of Azerbaijan.

The publication of De jure belli ac pacis (On the Laws of War and Peace) by Hugo Grotius in 1625 had marked the emergence of international law as an 'autonomous legal science'.O'Brien, John (2001). International Law, p. 9–11Boczek, Boleslaw Adam (2005).

Mincivan (), or Mijnavan () is a town in the Kashatagh Region of the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh. However, it is a de jure part of the Republic of Azerbaijan, with the status of an administrative division of the surrounding Zangilan Rayon.

Demographics of Bermuda, Data of FAO, year 2005 ; Number of inhabitants in thousands. According to the 2016 census the de jure population was 63,779, compared to 64,319 in 2010 and 62,098 in 2000. The estimated mid-year population of is (medium fertility scenario of ).

Sir Henry Wentworth of Nettlestead, Suffolk, KB (born c. 1448 – died between 17 August 1499 and 27 February 1501), de jure 4th Baron le Despencer, was the grandfather of Henry VIII's third wife, Jane Seymour, and the great- grandfather of Jane's son, Edward VI.

Coat of arms Louis I of Bar (between 1370 and 1375 – 23 June 1430) was a French bishop of the 15th century and the de jure Duke of Bar from 1415 to 1430, ruling from the 1420s alongside his grand-nephew René of Anjou.

Following the May 1991 victory of EPLF forces against the communist Derg regime during the Eritrean War of Independence, Eritrea (formerly known as "Medri Bahri") gained de facto independence from Ethiopia. Following the United Nations observed 1993 Eritrean independence referendum, Eritrea gained de jure independence.

Over de Nederlandse Opstand 1555-1580, Balans, p. 9 King Philip was initially successful in suppressing the rebellion. In 1572, however, the rebels captured Brielle and the rebellion resurged. The northern provinces became independent, first in 1581 de facto, and in 1648 de jure.

"Black Public Libraries in the South in the Era of De Jure Segregation." Libraries & The Cultural Record, 41(3), 338. The men of the 761st trained for almost two years, conscious of the fact that white units were being sent overseas after much less training.

The District of Brussels (; , ) was a short-lived de jure administrative polity created by Nazi Germany in 1944. Theoretically, it encompassed the present-day Brussels Capital Region but because the region had been liberated by the Allies in September 1944, it never existed de facto.

Similarly, decoloniality in the form of challenges to this Eurocentric stratification manifested previous to de jure decolonization. Gandhi in India, Fanon in Algeria, Mandela in South Africa, and the early 20th-century Zapatistas in Mexico are all examples of decolonial projects that existed before decolonization.

Lithuania – United Kingdom relations are foreign relations between the United Kingdom and Lithuania. The UK never recognised de jure the Soviet annexation of 1940. The UK recognised the restoration of Lithuanian independence on 27 August 1991. Both countries re-established diplomatic relations in October 1991.

As Lieutenant Governor of California, Garamendi was the de jure President of the State Senate, regent of the University California, Trustee of the California State University System, member of the California State Lands Commission, Chairman of the California Commission for Economic Development, and acting governor.

Ali Bey, b.1817, reign 1882–1902. The Bey of Tunis was the traditional, authoritarian ruler. Under the Protectorate the Bey's rule continued de jure, yet de facto control of the country passed to the French Resident General and his ministers, appointed in Paris.

Following the Ottoman declaration of war on the Allies in November 1914, Britain formally annexed Cyprus, which it had occupied since 1878. Egypt (along with the Sudan) also finally ceased to be de jure Ottoman territory at the same time, being elevated to a Sultanate.

All the winning teams were regarded by worldwide mass media and football's community de facto as "world champions" until 2017 when FIFA officially (de jure) recognised all of them as official club world champions with the same title to the FIFA Club World Cup winners.

Henry Nevill, de facto 9th (de jure 2nd) Baron Bergavenny (c. 1570 – c. December 1641) was an English iron founder, soldier and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1601 and 1622 when he inherited the Baron Bergavenny peerage.

A milestone occurred in 1927 when the southern branch was officially renamed the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), although UCLA would have to wait until 1951 to achieve de jure coequal status with UC Berkeley and 1957 to achieve true de facto equality.

After the Mendez v. Westminster ISD case ended de jure segregation of Mexican-descent children in California, Garcia filed a similar suit in Texas, aided by R. C. Eckhardt of Austin and A. L. Wirin of the American Civil Liberties Union of Southern California.

This was due, at least in part, to the fact that the United States, having rejected the Treaty of Versailles, was therefore still "de jure" at war with Germany. This situation remained unresolved until the summer of 1921 when a separate peace treaty was signed.

This has been viewed as an attempt to postpone ratification. Abkhazia is a de facto independent break-away republic within the internationally recognized borders of Georgia. In 2002 and 2006 referendums were held in which Abkhazians voted by large margins for de jure independence.

Elisabeth, Countess of Neuchâtel or Isabelle de Neuchâtel (died 25 December 1395) was ruling countess de jure of the County of Neuchâtel from 1373 until 1395. She was the daughter of Louis I of Neuchâtel and Jeanne de Montfaucon and married Rodolphe IV de Nidau.

As such, Lecompton remained the de jure territorial capital until the victorious free-state leaders officially chose Topeka as capital when Kansas became a state on January 29, 1861. The American Civil War began on April 12, 1861. Planned Lecompton, Kansas state capitol. Hand colored.

Məmməddərə ( Mariamadzor, Mamedadzor and Mamedazur) is a village in the Khojavend Rayon of Azerbaijan (de jure) and the Hadrut Province of the Republic of Artsakh (de facto). During the Nagorno-Karabakh War, the village was occupied by the Armenian Army on October 2 1992.

For example, is recognition as a state by the UN a decisive feature of statehood, given that such recognition, for the most part, correlates well with entities recognised as states by customary international law? If this "implict fitth" principle is accepted, then the Republic of China may have ceased to be a state post-1971 as a matter of international law ("de jure"), yet continued to otherwise function as the state that it previously was recognised as ("de facto"). From the 1990s onwards, media wire services sometimes describe Taiwan as having de facto independence, whereas the Republic of China has always considered itself as a continuously functioning de jure state.

After the Nazis came to power, they abolished the concept of a federal republic and all the states and re-organized Germany into Gaue, with appointed leadership. The states were re-established within the reduced German borders after World War II; however, from 1952 only Bavaria (successor (but not de jure) to the Kingdom of Bavaria) still called itself a Free State and that made Freistaat a synonym for Bavaria. After the reunification, the reestablished Saxony (successor (but not de jure) to the Kingdom of Saxony) used the name again in 1992 and Thuringia began to use it for the first time in 1993.

Arnd Krüger: Sport und Politik, Vom Turnvater Jahn zum Staatsamateur. Hannover: Fackelträger 1975. . Over time, especially after the election of a social- liberal coalition led by Willy Brandt in 1969, the exclusive mandate was softened, as it severely limited the Federal Republic's domestic and international autonomy. Starting in 1973, under the Ostpolitik policy, the Federal Republic took the line that the Democratic Republic was a de facto government within a single German nation, in respect of which the Federal Republic was the sole representative de jure, but limited to its own territorial extent; hence relinquishing any claim to be de jure the government of Germany as a whole.

Thomas Wentworth, 1st Baron Wentworth Thomas Wentworth, 1st Baron Wentworth and de jure 6th Baron le Despencer, PC (15013 March 1551) was an English peer and courtier during the Tudor dynasty. The Wentworths were originally from Yorkshire but a branch of the family had settled in Nettlestead, Suffolk in the mid-fifteenth century, where Wentworth was born. He was the eldest son of Sir Richard Wentworth, de jure 5th Baron le Despencer of the 1387 creation, and was a nephew of Margery Wentworth, the mother of Jane Seymour. His mother was Anne Tyrrell, the daughter of Sir James Tyrrell, the supposed murderer of the Princes in the Tower.

In the south, Ecuador had de jure claims to a small piece of land beside the Pacific Ocean known as Tumbes which lay between the Zarumilla and Tumbes rivers. In Ecuador's southern Andes Mountain region where the Marañon cuts across, Ecuador had de jure claims to an area it called Jaén de Bracamoros. These areas were included as part of the territory of Gran Colombia by Bolivar on December 17, 1819, during the Congress of Angostura when the Republic of Gran Colombia was created. Tumbes declared itself independent from Spain on January 17, 1821, and Jaen de Bracamoros on June 17, 1821, without any outside help from revolutionary armies.

She was a daughter of Fadrique Enríquez and Mariana Fernández de Córdoba, 4th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte, and succeeded her mother in 1431. Born in Torrelobatón, she was a great-great granddaughter of Alfonso XI of Castile. Coat of Arms Although John ceased to be de jure uxoris monarch of Navarre on his wife's death, he never ceded power to his son, Charles, Prince of Viana, and daughter, de jure Blanche II of Navarre, a decision which Juana supported. Such breaking of the law of succession led to a confrontation with the Crown of Aragon and a conflict between farmers and nobles, the outbreak of Navarrese Civil War.

Charles Jelavich, Barbara Jelavich. The establishment of the Balkan national states, 1804-1920, 2000, p. 167. The Republic of Tamrash and the region of Kardzhali were reincorporated in the Ottoman Empire. The province was nominally under Ottoman suzerainty until Bulgaria became de jure independent in 1908.

Scholar Ofra Bengio claims that a consequence of the split was that Arsuzi took Aflaq's place as the official father of Baathist thought in the pro-Syrian Baath movement while in the pro-Iraqi Baath movement Aflaq was still considered the de jure father of Baathist thought.

But this figure character is de jure alone. Because as a de facto , the existing forests is not covering it anymore. Happens a lot of damage due to encroachment and illegal logging. So far, over 206,000 ha of forest in Sumatra has experienced changes in function.

Chicago became a "de jure" sanctuary city in 2012 when Rahm Emanuel and the City Council passed the Welcoming City Ordinance.Chicago code Welcoming City Ordinance Chapter 2-173 , chicagocode.org (January 25, 2017).Welcoming City Ordinance Chapter 2-173 Welcoming City Ordinance , City of Chicago (January 25, 2017).

On 29 December 1624, he was created Baron Burghersh "in the County of Sussex", and Earl of Westmorland (1008th on the roll). On his mother's death on 28 June 1626 he succeeded her as 4th Baron le Despenser, and as de jure 8th and 6th Baron Bergavenny.

The constitution also transferred control over state-owned companies to the Serbian government (at the time, most of the companies were state-owned and de jure they still are). In July 1990, the Kosovo Assembly attempted to declare independence.Noel Malcolm, A Short History of Kosovo, p.346.

Jiang married Wang Yeping in 1949, also a native of Yangzhou. She is de jure cousin of Jiang (Jiang's adoptive mother is Wang's aunt). She graduated from Shanghai International Studies University. They had two sons together, Jiang Mianheng born in 1951 and Jiang Miankang born in 1956.

From 1472 to 1967, the bishop of Coimbra held the comital title of Count of Arganil, being thus called "bishop-count" (). The comital title is still held de jure, but since Portugal is a republic and nobility privileges are abolished, its use declined during the 20th century.

Myanmar (also known as Burma) de jure operates as a unitary assembly- independent republic under its constitution of 2008. This is following the military having given up some, but not all, power following the dismantlement of the Burmese military dictatorship which ruled from 1962 to 2011.

As of late December 2019, the newly proclaimed religion law which de-jure transfers the ownership of church buildings and estates from the Serbian Orthodox Church in Montenegro to the Montenegrin state, sparked a series of massive protests followed with road blockages, which continued to 2020.

410 (D.C. Mass., June 21, 1974) In short, while Boston was not experiencing "de jure" segregation (segregation as a result of the law), it was experiencing "de facto" segregation (segregation as a result of action). Judge W. Arthur Garrity Jr. was randomly assigned to the case.

The castle passed to Edward Burgh through his c. 1476 marriage to Anne Cobham, daughter of Sir Thomas, de jure 5th Baron Cobham of Sterborough.William Henry Ireland, England's topographer, or A new and complete history of the county of Kent, 1830, p.612 The medieval castle, c.

The references in the Constitution are capable of multiple interpretations, as are the law of 1950 and the Presidential Decree no. 251 of 4 August 1990. As a result, most of the internal organisation and powers of the council are regulated de facto rather than de jure.

This treaty established the boundaries between Norway, Denmark, and Sweden that still exist today. Absolutism was introduced in 1660-1661 and the elective monarchy was de jure transformed into an hereditary monarchy. Male primogeniture succession was laid down in law in the Royal Decree of 1665.

Qian, 675. The word nèigé itself also became to refer modern cabinet in Chinese. The Grand Secretariat system was adopted by the Lê dynasty and Nguyễn dynasty of Vietnam. It was also adopted by the Qing dynasty, however, it was only the de jure highest institution during Qing dynasty.

While some parts of the Qing Code and other late Qing statutes were adopted for "temporary application" by the Beiyang Government of the Republic of China, as a general legal position the Qing Code ceased to have effect de jure due to the dissolution of the Qing state.

The exclusion was already an established fact in the great powers' Constantinople Conference, which had been held one year before without any Bulgarian participation. The most notable result of the conference was the official (de jure) recognition of actual (de facto) newly independent states of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro.

Maj.-Gen. Sir Henry Lindsay Bethune, 1st Baronet, de jure 9th Earl of Lindsay (born Lindsay; 12 April 1787 – 19 February 1851) was a Scottish military officer. He was a member of a British diplomatic and military mission led by John Malcolm to the Persian Empire in 1810.

The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, led by a chairman, was the de jure leader office of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic between 1938 and 1990. It was elected by the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

On 1981, he succeeded Prince Pedro Henrique as the claimant to the Brazilian throne in the Vassouras branch. According to Brazilian legitimist claims, he is de jure Emperor of Brazil ("Luiz I of Brazil").NÉMETH-TORRES, Geovani (2008) (in Portuguese). A odisséia monarquista no Plebiscito Nacional de 1993.

The Rhodesian Bush War from 1964-1979, a fifteen-year guerrilla war, catalysed the shift in power from British colonial rule to de jure sovereignty in 1980.Kalley, Jacqueline Audrey (1999). Southern African Political History: A chronological of key political events from independence to mid-1997. pp 711-713. .

From 1965, changes in the 'Rules for National Schools' allowed for the integration of religious education into the curriculum. Today, following many years of immigration, a majority of national schools cater for more than one religion. Today national schools are both de jure and de facto multi-denominational.

Ahanta resisted the British take-over, with the result that the British Royal Navy bombed Butre in 1873 to achieve a political submission. In 1874 Britain declared the entire Gold Coast - including Ahanta - a Crown Colony, de jure and de facto ending all former diplomatic and legal obligations.

Isabella of Hainault (5 April 1170 – 15 March 1190) (Also spelled: Ysabella de Hainault, Ysabelle de Hainaut or Ysabeau de Hainaut) was a Queen of France as the first wife of King Philip II. She was also formally a ruling countess of Artois de jure between 1180 and 1190.

A/RES/194 (III)).; Votes: United Nations Dag Hammarskjold Library all of which had already recognised Israel as a de jure state. Israel was not a member of the United Nations at the time, and objected to many of the resolution's articles. The Palestinians were not directly consulted.

At the end of August 1945, U.S. President Harry Truman issues a statement requesting the British government to admit 100,000 Jewish refugees in Europe into Palestine. On 14 May 1948, the United States de facto recognized the provisional Jewish government contemporaneously declared (de jure recognition on 31 January 1949).

His paternal grandparents were Sir James Carnegie, 5th Baronet (de jure 8th Earl of Southesk) and the former Charlotte Lysons (a daughter of the Reverend Daniel Lysons). He was educated at Harrow and St Andrews University, and would later receive an honorary degree from the university in October 1902.

Elliott (1952), one of five cases combined into Brown v. Board of Education (1954). The Clarks' work contributed to the ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court in which it determined that de jure racial segregation in public education was unconstitutional. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the Brown v.

Radovan Ničić (; born 1971) was the first President of the Assembly of the Community and Municipalities of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija since 28 June 2008.World Statesman He was also the de jure Mayor of Pristina (seat in Gračanica), elected during the 2008 Kosovan local elections.

Vankasar Church (), is a 7th-century Armenian church located in the Martakert Region of Republic of Artsakh., de jure in the Agdam District of Azerbaijan. It is built of cream colored stone, and it sits on a peak that allows it to be visible from several miles away.

In response, he permanently postponed the session and ruled by decree until a new constitution could be drawn up and adopted. Thus, Päts' takeover of the government was a coup de facto but also de jure, since the entire process was illegal under the constitution in effect in 1934.

The Danish–Algerian War was a conflict lasting from 1769 to 1772 between Denmark-Norway and Deylik of Algiers which was De jure province of the Ottoman Empire, but it was de facto mostly independent. It is also known as the Algerian Expedition, or "The War Against Algeria".

He died at Powderham between 23 and 24 November 1535. His heir was his grandson Sir William Courtenay (1527–1557) of Powderham, de jure Earl of Devon (recognised retrospectively in 1831 by the House of Lords), son of his eldest son George Courtenay who had predeceased him in 1533.

The province was composed of 2 geographical divisions: the Occidental Negros (the de jure and de facto seat of the government) and Oriental Negros. All three towns which were designated as capitals, including those during its military district status prior to being a province, are part of Occidental Negros.

However, the papal legate Ubaldo Lanfranchi, Archbishop of Pisa, gave his approval. Opponents claimed he had been bribed. The marriage, on 24 November 1190, was conducted by Philip of Dreux, Bishop of Beauvais — son of Conrad's cousin Robert I of Dreux. Conrad was now de jure King of Jerusalem.

In practice, Israel does not accept that the Fourth Geneva Convention applies de jure, but has stated that on humanitarian issues it will govern itself de facto by its provisions, without specifying which these are.Gerson, Allan. Israel, the West Bank, and International law, Routledge, 28 September 1978, , p. 82.

After the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, Hungary and Austria could not make a legal agreement on the rights of the Order. The base of the argument was whether Maria Theresa founded the Order de jure as the sovereign of Hungary, or the sovereign of Austria, or as Holy Roman Empress. In 1938, when Austria as a de jure successor state of Austria-Hungary ceased to exist by becoming part of Germany, Horthy issued an addendum to be attached on 4 November 1938 to the statutes of the Order which declared that as long as the Regent was the head of the Kingdom of Hungary, he also held the powers and duties of the Grand Master.

In a number of parliamentary or semi-presidential countries, some presidents are non-partisan, or receive cross-party support. Nonpartisan systems may be de jure, meaning political parties are either outlawed entirely or legally prevented from participating in elections at certain levels of government, or de facto if no such laws exist and yet there are no political parties. On the national level, de facto nonpartisan systems mostly represent very small populations, such as in Niue, Tuvalu, and Palau. Several Persian Gulf states are de jure nonpartisan, including Oman and Kuwait; the legislatures in these governments typically have advisory capacity only, as they may comment on laws proposed by the executive branch but are unable to create laws themselves.

In Australia's political system, the Federal Executive Council is a body established by Section 62 of the Australian Constitution to advise the Governor-General,50px Text may be copied from this source, which is available under a Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence. and comprises, at least notionally, all current and former Commonwealth Ministers and Assistant Ministers. As the Governor-General is bound by convention to follow the advice of the Executive Council on almost all occasions, the Executive Council has de jure executive power. This power is used to legally enact the decisions of the Cabinet (the de facto body of executive power), which under conventions of the Westminster system has no de jure authority.

Kalbajar-Lachin is de jure one of nine economic Regions of Azerbaijan, but de facto all the territory lies in the territory controlled by the Republic of Artsakh. It was created by the 1991 Azerbaijani Law on Abolishment of Nagorno- Karabakh Autonomous Oblast. It is intersected by the proposed Lachin corridor.

44, In 1468, Stephen campaigned in Transylvania, found Aron and had him executed.Iorga, p. 99 Stephen and Corvinus would later negotiate a peace treaty, with Stephen accepting Corvinus as his de jure liege lord. In 1475, Corvinus sent 6,800 soldiers that assisted Stephen in his victory at the Battle of Vaslui.

The new constitution removes the de jure Ba'ath Party monopoly over the political life of Syria. The text also prohibits the formation of political parties on an ethnic, religious, regional or tribal basis. However, any planned political party must get the government's permission and approval before it is to be formed.

As of December 2019 Montenegrin parliament proclaimed a controversial religion law which de-jure transfers the ownership of church buildings and estates from the Serbian Orthodox Church in Montenegro to the Montenegrin state. In February 2020 Đukanović called the citizens protesting against the newly proclaimed religion law "a lunatic movement".

The Agdam Mosque (, also transliterated as Aghdam Mosque) is a mosque in the ghost town of Agdam, de jure part of Azerbaijan, but de facto controlled by the Republic of Artsakh. It was one of the few buildings of the town that was not destroyed during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.

Kanchi changed hands in rapid succession among Telugu Chodas, Kakateeyas, Kadava Kopperunjinga and The Pandyas. The change of rule often meant only the de jure change of the overlords. He remained as the local chieftain of Kanchi. His reign was coeval with Rajendra III, Jatavarman Sundara Pandya, Kopperunjinga and Kakateeya Ganapathi.

A Karabakh carpet of Malibayli sub-group, Malibayli village of Shusha, 1813) The Karabakh carpet is one of the varieties of carpets of Transcaucasia, made in Karabakh (de jure Azerbaijan, de facto Artsakh). Karabakh carpet making was added to UNESCO's Representative Masterpiece of Intangible Heritage as part of Azerbaijani Carpets.

The Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Retrieved on 2010-05-06. since he was not de facto or de jure Commander of the 2nd Šekovići Detachment of the Special Police and since he did not have the effective control over the perpetrators of the crimes.Prosecutor's Office of Bosnia and Herzegovina v.

The treaty potentially conflicted with the Reinsurance Treaty of 1887, between Germany and Russia. In the secret protocol to the Reinsurance Treaty, Bismarck lent support to Russia's expansion efforts. Thus the Mediterranean Agreement, while not a de jure contradiction of the Reinsurance Treaty was at least contrary to its spirit.

Occasional skirmishes occurred, however, until the late 1919. The establishment of the current official Russian-Georgian border along the Psou was perhaps the main outcome of the Sochi conflict. The new border was de jure recognized by the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (May 1920) and the Allies (January 1921).

The United States has also stated that Jerusalem was part of Mandate Palestine, and in a de jure sense, has not since become part of any other sovereignty.Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963: Near East, 1962-1963, V. XVIII. DC: GPO, 2000, 152. Memorandum of conversation, February 7, 1963.

1843), in 1814 and 1831, which totaled 897 acres. The family also held strong links with the local parish church of St. Peters and St. Paul's, where many members of the baronetcy and their respective families are still buried. In 1717, Edward Nightingale, de jure 5th Bt (b.1658 d.

Emperor Go-Toba and the aristocracy remained the de jure rulers. In 1192, Yoritomo was awarded the title of Sei-i Taishōgun by Emperor Go-Toba. The political system that Yoritomo developed with a succession of shōguns as the head became known as a shogunate. This brought a period of peace.

Its respective royal dynasties, the Kings of Tir Connaill and the Kings of Tír Eógain. Its last de jure native rulers fled abroad in the episode known as the Flight of the Earls but, as with all the major Irish kingships, the line of descent continues into the present day.

In July 1949, the Nationalist Government introduced the silver yuan, which was initially worth 500 million gold yuan. It circulated for a few months on the mainland before the end of the civil war. This silver yuan remained the de jure official currency of the Republic government in Taiwan until 2000.

No children. # Robert Tailboys, 3rd Baron Tailboys of Kyme, de jure Lord Kyme, born c. 1523, died 1541. From a second marriage to Edward Clinton, 1st Earl of Lincoln: # Lady Bridget Clinton (born c. 1536). She married Robert Dymoke, of Scrivelsby, Lincolnshire, some time around 1556 and had ten children.

Citizens of British protectorates and mandated territories usually received honorary awards. Notable exceptions were rulers of the Indian princely states, who were de jure British protected persons and not British subjects, but who received substantive knighthoods. Annulment and restoration. In certain circumstances, an honorary award may be annulled (i.e. revoked).

Other parts of ethno-cultural Tibet (eastern Kham and Amdo) had been under de jure administration of the Chinese dynastic government since the mid-18th century;Grunfeld, A. Tom, The Making of Modern Tibet, M.E. Sharpe, p245. today they are distributed among the provinces of Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan.

Amaras Monastery () is an Armenian monastery in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh, near the village of Sos in the Martuni Province of the Artsakh Republic, de jure in the Khojavend District of Azerbaijan.Khatcherian, Hrair. Artsakh: A Photographic Journey. Eastern Prelacy of the Armenian Apostolic Church of America, 1997, p. 6.

His grandnephew, the de jure earl, died in 1540, and was succeeded by John's son, James FitzGerald, 14th Earl of Desmond. Alfred Webb tells us of this earl that he, "being supported by a large faction, was de facto [12th] Earl. This Sir John died about Christmas 1536."Webb, Alfred.

Henry Verney, 18th Baron Willoughby de Broke, Master of the Warwickshire Foxhounds from 1876 Spy published in Vanity Fair in 1896. Colonel Henry Verney, 18th Baron Willoughby de Broke and de jure 26th Baron Latimer (14 May 1844 – 19 December 1902) of Compton Verney in Warwickshire, was a British peer.

Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 275. Later in 927, Li Siyuan created Ma the greater title of King of Chu, making Ma de jure the sovereign of his own domain. Ma thereafter structured his own government after the imperial government, and he made Xu and Yao Yanzhang his chancellors.Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 276.

Dolanlar () is a village in the Hadrut Province of the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh, de jure in the Khojavend Rayon of Azerbaijan. During the Nagorno-Karabakh War, the village was captured by the Republic of Artsakh with the support of the Armenian Army volunteers on October 2nd, 1992.

Baron Wentworth is a title in the Peerage of England. It was created in 1529 for Thomas Wentworth, who was also de jure sixth Baron le Despencer of the 1387 creation. The title was created by writ, which means that it can descend via female lines (according to the male-preference cognatic primogeniture).

The African-American middle class consists of Black Americans who have middle- class status within the American class structure. It is a societal level within the African-American community that primarily began to develop in the early 1960s, when the ongoing Civil Rights Movement led to the outlawing of de jure racial segregation.

He would serve for 44 years until his retirement in 1929. Fairfax County Schools, like most school systems in the south, schools practiced de jure segregation. There were local elementary schools for black students but not high schools. Although Fairfax was a densely populated area, there were proportionately few black high school students.

61-73, page 70, The term jurist describes an ethicist whose judgment on law becomes part of a legal code, or otherwise has force of law. This may be due to formal (de jure) state sanction. Some jurists have less formal (de facto) backing by an ethical community, e.g. a religious community.

Kachaghakaberd (, ) is a mountain-top fortress in the Martakert Province of the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh, or Tartar Rayon of de jure Azerbaijan Khachaghakaberd fortress between Kolatag and Patara The Janapar Trail runs very near to the Fortress. A short side trail will take you to the top of the Fortress.

The concept of a constituent state is also used in political processes and negotiations regarding the status of various breakaway states. It is often proposed as a compromise solution or an alternative to formal recognition of a secessionist state that has unilaterally declared independence, and whose de jure sovereignty remains in dispute.

Embassy of Iran in Minsk Belarus–Iran relations are foreign relations between Belarus and Iran. The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic recognized de facto the Islamic Republic of Iran in February 1979 and both countries established de jure diplomatic relations in 1992. Belarus has an embassy in Tehran. Iran has an embassy in Minsk.

In 1792 Hopetoun succeeded de jure as fifth Earl of Annandale and Hartfell on the death of his great-uncle, although he never successfully claimed the title. He also inherited the Johnstone family estates and assumed this surname in addition to that of Hope. He died in Hopetoun House on 29 May 1816.

Map of the Morocco-Western Sahara border The Morocco–Western Sahara border is 444 km (276 m) in length and runs from Atlantic Ocean in the west, to the tripoint with Algeria in the east. The border has existed purely in a de jure sense since Morocco's annexation of Western Sahara in 1975.

De facto corporation and corporation by estoppel are both terms that are used by courts in most common law jurisdictions to describe circumstances in which a business organization that has failed to become a de jure corporation (a corporation by law) will nonetheless be treated as a corporation, thereby shielding shareholders from liability.

In 1924 in exile, Kirill proclaimed himself Emperor de jure, Vladimir's line thereby claimed headship of the Imperial House. Vladimir was the paternal grandfather and namesake of the future pretender claimant Grand Duke Vladimir of Russia, born 1917. Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich's great granddaughter, Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna, is the current claimant.

Porvorim is situated on the right bank (north bank) of the Mandovi River,as de jure capital of Goa,Panaji is located on the opposite bank. Porvorim is considered an upmarket residential hub as it lies on the Mumbai–Goa highway NH66.Goa's largest shopping mall - Mall De Goa - is situated here.

The movement resulted in the removal of codified, de jure racial segregation and discrimination from American life and law, and heavily influenced other groups and movements in struggles for civil rights and social equality within American society, including the Free Speech Movement, the disabled, the women's movement, Native Americans, and migrant workers.

Al-Khums or Khoms () is a city, port and the de jure capital of the Murqub District on the Mediterranean coast of LibyaStaff (1972) "Al Khums" Merriam- Webster's Geographical Dictionary (3rd ed.) Merriam, Springfield, Mass., p. 33, with an estimated population of around 202,000. The population at the 1984 census was 38,174.

The empire had its head in the Chhatrapati as de jure, but the de facto governance was in the hands of the Peshwas after Chhatrapati Shahu I's reign. After his death and with the death of Peshwa Madhavrao I, various chiefs played the role of the de facto rulers in their own regions.

The Secretary of the Communist Part is the supreme leader of the town. But He or she is only the cadre of the Communist Part, not the administrative official. The head de jure of town government is governor of the town. All the directors of the village must be elected by local villagers.

The Deputy to the Prime Minister of Norway was an office in the second cabinet of Kåre Willoch and the first cabinet of Kjell Magne Bondevik. 1905–1985, 1986–1997, 2000-2005 and from 2013 the Minister of Foreign Affairs has acted as the Prime Minister's de facto but not de jure deputy.

The earldom returned to the descendants of Thomas Gifford, starting with Prince Vincenzo Giuseppe Filippo Graziliano Giacopo Gasparo Baldassaro Melchior Domenico Giustiniani, 6th Prince Giustiniani and de jure 6th Earl of Newburgh. His younger brother was His Eminence Prince Giacomo Giustiniani, President of the Congregation of the Reverend Basilica of Saint Peter.

Arms of Verney: Gules, three crosses recerclée voided throughout or a chief vair ermine and ermines Greville Verney, 7th Baron Willoughby de Broke and de jure 15th Baron Latimer (1586 – 12 May 1642) of Compton Verney in Warwickshire, England, served twice as a Member of Parliament for Warwick, in 1614 and 1621.

The new state was created on 2 June 2014. K. Chandrashekhar Rao was elected as the first Chief Minister of Telangana. Hyderabad would also remain the de jure capital of Andhra Pradesh for a period of ten years. The Hyderabad Metro Rail began operations in 2017, five years after its groundbreaking in 2012.

In late December 2019, a wave of protests started against the newly adopted controversial religion law ("Law on Freedom of Religion or Belief and the Legal Status of Religious Communities") which de-jure transfers the ownership of church buildings and estates from the Serbian Orthodox Church in Montenegro to the Montenegrin state.

In its beginning the Declaration establishes several historical facts and on the basis of these facts concludes that the Republic of Latvia was still de jure a sovereign country. It observes that the Republic of Latvia proclaimed independence on 18 November 1918 which was internationally recognized in 1920, and that Latvia was admitted to membership in the League of Nations in 1921. The first country to recognize the independence of Latvia de jure was Soviet Russia on 11 August 1920, when the Soviet-Latvian Peace treaty was signed (it is generally considered that the independence of Latvia de jure was internationally recognized on 26 January 1921, when it was recognized by the Allies of World War I). The declaration notes that in April 1920 the Latvian nation followed the principle of self-determination by electing a Constitutional Assembly of Latvia, which adopted the Constitution of Latvia on 15 February 1922, in general, equal and direct elections, based on proportional representation. On 23 August 1939, the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, which included a secret protocol dividing Eastern Europe into spheres of influence.

The territory was occupied by Nazi Germany in 1941 and administered as a part of Reichskommissariat Ostland until it was liberated by the Soviet Union in 1944 during World War II. Most countries did not recognize the incorporation of Estonia de jure and only recognized its Soviet government de facto or not at all. A number of countries continued to recognize Estonian diplomats and consuls who still functioned in the name of their former government.Diplomats Without a Country: Baltic Diplomacy, International Law, and the Cold War by James T. McHugh, James S. Pacy, Page 2. This policy of non-recognition gave rise to the principle of legal continuity, which held that de jure, Estonia remained an independent state under occupation throughout the period 1940–91.

A de facto standard is a custom or convention that has achieved a dominant position by public acceptance or market forces (for example, by early entrance to the market). is a Latin phrase that means in fact (literally by or from fact) in the sense of "in practice but not necessarily ordained by law" or "in practice or actuality, but not officially established", as opposed to de jure. The term de facto standard is used in contrast with obligatory standards (also known as "de jure standards"); or to express the dominant voluntary standard, when there is more than one standard available for the same use. In social sciences, a voluntary standard that is also a de facto standard is a typical solution to a coordination problem.

These late presentations are considered de facto but not de jure awards. In 1986, the Association of Knight's Cross Recipients (AKCR) acknowledged 7,321 presentations made to the members of the three military branches of the Wehrmacht—the Heer (Army), Kriegsmarine (Navy) and Luftwaffe (Air Force)—as well as the Waffen-SS, the Reichsarbeitsdienst (RAD—Reich Labour Service) and the Volkssturm (German national militia). There were also 43 recipients in the military forces of allies of the Third Reich for a total of 7,364 recipients.Fellgiebel 2000, pp. 113–460, 483, 485–487, 492, 494, 498–499, 501, 503, 509. Analysis of the German Federal Archives revealed evidence for 7,161 officially—de facto and de jure—bestowed recipients, including one additional presentation previously unidentified by the AKCR.

Sir Thomas Knyvett, ca. 1565 Arms of Knyvett: Argent, a bend sable a bordure engrailed of the last Thomas Knyvett (or Knyvet), de jure 4th Baron Berners (1539–1616), was High Sheriff of Norfolk from 1579. Thomas Knyvett was the first son of John Knyvett (1510–1561) and Agnes, daughter of Sir John Harcourt of Stanton Harcourt, Oxfordshire. A native of Ashwellthorpe in Norfolk, Knyvett married Muriel Parry, daughter of Sir Thomas Parry, Comptroller of the Household to Queen Elizabeth I. He inherited the Ashwellthorpe estates from his paternal grandmother, Jane Knyvett (née Bourchier), de jure 3rd Baroness Berners (daughter and heiress of John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners), on her death in 1561/2, along with rights to the title Baron Berners.

Law enforcement in Abkhazia is now de jure the responsibility of the International PoliceAbkhazia: Ways Forward, Europe Report N°179 , 18 January 2007 and the United Nations as the international organizations such as United Nations (32 Security Council Resolutions), EC, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), NATO, World Trade Organization, Council of the European Union, Commonwealth of Independent States, and most sovereign states do not recognize Abkhazia as an independent state. As a result, Abkhazia is de facto independent but remains a de jure part of Georgia, with internal security somewhat precarious. It has its own law enforcement organizations such as militia (police) that is subject to the Ministry of the Internal Affairs of the de facto government.

Location of de jure Fujian Province inside de jure territory of ROC Fujian or Fukien Province (; Hokkien POJ: Hok-kiàn; Fuzhou BUC: Hók-gióng; Pu-Xian Min BUC: Ho̤h-ge̤̍ng; also romanized as Fuchien) is a nominal province of the Republic of China without administrative function. It includes three small archipelagos off the coast of the Fujian Province of the People's Republic of China, namely the Matsu Islands, which make up Lienchiang County, and the Wuqiu Islands and Kinmen Islands, which make up Kinmen County. The seat of the provincial government is Jincheng Township of Kinmen County. The current Fujian Province under ROC control was once part of a larger Fujian Province, which consisted of a mainland portion and some islands.

Matthew O'Conor Don (; 1773-1844) of Ballinagare, County Roscommon, Ireland was an Irish historian, the O'Conor Don and de jure King of Connacht. O'Conor Don was the grandson of Charles O'Conor Don (1710-1791) the famed Irish antiquarian of the 18th century. His brother the Rev. Charles O'Conor (1767-1828) was likewise a historian.

The Bolsheviks could not prevent the independence of the Baltic states, but the West had to be persuaded to accept it. By 1921 Lithuania, and by 1922 Estonia and Latvia, all obtained de jure international recognition.Hiden & Salmon (1994). p. 59. All three states joined the League of Nations in 1921.Hiden & Salmon (1994). p. 61.

He also became Count of Eu (c. 1191), by marriage (de jure uxoris) to Alix d'Eu. Since the region of Poitou was contested between kings of France and England, local nobility was often changing sides. Up to 1201, Raoul was loyal to kings of England, but than changed his allegiance to king of France.

In 146 BC, the Third Punic War ends, Carthage is put under fire by the Roman general Scipio Aemilianus. The ancient Carthaginian territories become the Roman province of Africa, and Vaga fall finally in hands the Numidian Kingdom, since it was before a de jure Numidian territory and now it's officially under the Numidian rule.

Higounet, Bordeaux, p. 125: bone memorie Guillelmus Burdegalensium comes de jure suo concessit. According to documents from Sainte-Croix, William's father was Raymond and his mother was Entregodis (Andregoto), probably the daughter of that name of Duke García II Sánchez of Gascony. The name Raymond may indicate a family connection to the Counts of Toulouse.

Prior to Hong Kong's handover, the colony's governor was the de jure chancellor of the university. That role was assumed by the city's chief executive following the handover. For a list of pre- and post-handover university chancellors, refer to the articles for the Governor of Hong Kong and the Chief Executive of Hong Kong.

In the era of de jure racial segregation in the United States, authorities in Texas classified people of Asian origins as "White". This allowed people of Asian ancestry to get superior educational opportunities.Chen and Harwell, p. 4. The Chinese were the only ethnic group with a significant settlement pattern in Houston until the 1970s.

However, they were not supported by Cambodian. Siamese army had to withdraw from Cambodia in 1834. Ang Em was appointed the governor of Battambang in 1834 by Siamese. Siamese army occupied northwest provinces (Battambang, Siem Reap, Pursat and Kampong Svai), northwest provinces were rulered de jure by two Cambodian princes, Ang Em and Ang Duong.

Nevertheless, the complaint is not acted upon. The evidence that Bidache had become an asylum benefiting those who wanted to escape the kingdoms of France and Navarre indicates the practical implications of Bidache sovereignty.Jaurgain and Ritter, Volume 1, p.496 The de jure end of sovereignty came during the upheaval of the French Revolution.

They have a more active role in the business of court. They have become de jure the working President of the Court. Senior Governor is Dame Anne Pringle , who was appointed in August 2016 and is an alumna of the University. The previous Senior Governor was Professor Ewan Brown, who was appointed in June 2007.

The town of Ivittuut is abandoned, and the only settlement of the municipality is the permanent naval base Kangilinnguit (Grønnedal). The municipality existed de jure and was about to be absorbed by Narsaq when the 2009 municipal reform took place. Kangilinnguit is the Danish naval headquarters of Greenland, originally established to protect Ivittuut's cryolite mine.

The following is a list of Viceroys of Peru. The viceroys of Peru ruled the Viceroyalty of Peru from 1544 to 1826 in the name of the King of Spain. The territories under de jure rule by the viceroys included in the 16th and 17th century almost all of South America except eastern Brazil.

Many politicians and public figures think that Canada would move forward in the recognition of its own diversity by declaring itself a de jure multinational state. With regards to Quebec, this view would be more in line with the "nation within the nation" of former Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson in the pre-Trudeau era.

Kramatorsk ( ; ) is a city of oblast significance located at the northern portion of Donetsk Oblast, in eastern Ukraine. Since October 11, 2014 Kramatorsk has been the provisional seat of Donetsk Oblast, following the events surrounding the War in Donbass. Similar status, for Luhansk oblast, has Sievierodonetsk. Their previous cities are still de jure administrative centres.

The Prime Minister of the Republic of South Ossetia, officially known as the Chairman of the Government () is the de facto head of government of the partially recognized Republic of South Ossetia that is de jure part of Georgia. This is a list of the de facto prime ministers of the Republic of South Ossetia.

Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education, 175 U.S. 528 (1899), ("Richmond") was a class action suit decided by the Supreme Court of the United States.. It is a landmark case, in that it sanctioned de jure segregation of races in American schools. The decision was overruled by Brown v. Board of Education (1954)..

Nevertheless, five years after Levski's hanging, the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 secured the liberation of Bulgaria from Ottoman rule in the wake of the April Uprising of 1876. The Treaty of San Stefano of 3 March 1878 established the Bulgarian state as an autonomous Principality of Bulgaria under de jure Ottoman suzerainty.

The President of the Republic of South Ossetia is the de facto head of state of the partially recognized Republic of South Ossetia that is de jure part of Georgia. This is a list of the de facto presidents of the Republic of South Ossetia and the holders of the precursor to the office.

The special Courthouse Commission legislation led to the misconception that the county was dual seated, but Alexandria remained the sole de jure county seat.The Kentucky Enquirer: "Judge: Alexandria the only county seat". 12 May 2009. It was not until November 24, 2010, that a court ruling granted Newport equal status as a county seat.

From 1901 up to that year Pasig City served as the de jure capital of the province of Rizal. But in 1975, it became part of Metro Manila and the capital and the seat of government remained in Pasig until 2009 when the Provincial Capitol was transferred to Antipolo with the new buildings as mentioned.

Swedish Prime Minister Stefan Löfven voted out by parliament. The Local, 25 September 2018 Unlike most prime ministers in parliamentary systems, the Prime Minister is both de jure and de facto chief executive. This is because the Instrument of Government explicitly vest executive power in the government, of which the Prime Minister is the leader.

This section deals primarily with modern theoretical arguments regarding Texas' de jure status under certain interpretations of international law, a focal point of modern assertions regarding alternate viewpoints on Texas' established legal status as a state of the United States of America. These arguments are illustrated in legal actions brought by proponents of these viewpoints.

An open secret is a concept or idea that is "officially" (de jure) secret or restricted in knowledge, but in practice (de facto) may be widely known; or it refers to something that is widely known to be true but which none of the people most intimately concerned are willing to categorically acknowledge in public.

Due to the legal and military tensions, the Hungarian parliament did not make that favor for Franz Joseph. This event gave to the revolt an excuse of legality. Actually, from this time until the collapse of the revolution, Lajos Kossuth (as elected regent- president) became the de facto and de jure ruler of Hungary.

The intention of Soviet policy was to promote Communism in recently lost Bessarabia and surroundings, and eventually to regain the former province from Romania. (Soviet authorities declared the "temporarily occupied city of Chişinău" as de jure capital of the ASSR.) The area was 8,100 km² and included 11 raions by the left bank of Dniester.

A national sport is considered to be an intrinsic part of the culture of a nation. Some sports are de facto (not established by law) national sports, as Sumo is in Japan and Gaelic games are in the Ireland, while others are de jure (established by law) national sports, as taekwondo is in South Korea.

Robert Stewart (1687–1746) of Gortnaglush, Co. Tyrone; Minister of Carland and "a man of considerable property".A Convenient Country House (2006) by Hazel McCay Robert Stewart was a grandson of Colonel Robert Stewart, of Irry and a first cousin of Andrew Stewart of Stuart Hall, Stewartstown, County Tyrone, de jure 7th Baron Castle Stewart.

After having been occupied by the French for a number of years towards the end of the 18th century, the Palatine lands on the Rhine’s left bank were incorporated de jure into the French Republic under the Treaty of Campo Formio (Mairie de Dackenheim, Canton de Durkheim, Arrondissement de Speier, Département de Mont Tonnerre).

In some areas, the post–World War II racial desegregation of the public schools catalyzed white flight. In 1954, the US Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education (1954) ordered the de jure termination of the "separate, but equal" legal racism established with the Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) case in the 19th century.

After having southern Finland under control around 1250, Sweden became interested in the situation in the north. Eventually, some Sami people paid taxes to all three states. Birkarls were just one element in the colonial system profiting off of the Sami area. It seems that birkarls' privileges were more de facto, than de jure.

Both movements always enjoyed support of the population, and although officially dissolved, the Scout movements were given tacit permission to maintain activities until the present era and the later resurgence of Scouting in Spain after 1977. Authorities showed ample general tolerance with the movement in spite of the de jure illegality of their situation.

As of 2009, Ysyk-Ata District included 1 town, and 58 villages in 18 rural communities (').List of Rural Communities of Kyrgyzstan Its de facto population, according to the Population and Housing Census of 2009, was 131,503, and de jure population 132,759. Some 21,762 people live in urban areas, and 109,741 in rural ones.

Until the beginning of the 20th century, only the towns/cities were regarded as urban areas. The built-up area and the municipal entity were normally almost congruent. Urbanization and industrialization created, however, many new settlements without formal city status. New suburbs grew up just outside city limits, being de facto urban but de jure rural.

English (New Zealand English) is the dominant language spoken by New Zealanders, and a de facto official language of New Zealand. According to the 2013 New Zealand census, 96.1% of New Zealanders spoke English. The country's de jure official languages are Māori (Te Reo) and New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL). Other languages are also used by ethnic communities.

He was survived by his widow Dame Eleanor. ;Parents of Lord Hoo and Hastings Sir Thomas Hoo, son of Sir William and Dame Alice, was born around 1370, and married first, c. 1395, Eleanor de Felton (born c. 1361). She was the widow of Sir Robert de Ufford, de jure Lord Clavering (died c. 1393)),D.

Males in Brazil are required to serve 12 months of military service upon their 18th birthday. While de jure all males are required to serve, numerous exceptions mean military service is de facto limited mostly to volunteers, with an average of between 5 and 10% of those reporting for duty actually being inducted.Bernardes, Júlio. Military Service in Brazil declining.

Branimir () was a ruler of Croatia who reigned as duke () from 879 to 892. His country received papal recognition as a state from Pope John VIII on 7 June 879. During his reign, Croatia retained its sovereignty from both Frankish and Byzantine rule and became de jure independent.Hrvatski leksikon (1996–1997) Stjepan Antoljak, Pregled hrvatske povijesti, Split 1993.

By the time of the execution, some in the list had died or had been transferred; some had been released. Boris Borovich, who had been de jure vindicated but had been kept imprisoned for unknown reasons, was nevertheless executed. Many of those executed were foreign citizens, among them Fritz Noether, whose liberation even Albert Einstein had demanded.

The Acting Witan of Mercia is a radical political organisation based in the greater Midlands of England. It believes that the United Kingdom is in illegal occupation of the ancient English region of Mercia, as a result of the Norman Conquest and the perceived Norman Yoke, and the Acting Witan claims to be its de jure and acting government.

It is such a common practice that normal weddings are often accompanied with a mock bride abduction. Although abduction is de jure illegal, abductors are rarely prosecuted. Turkmen marriages feature numerous unique customs and rituals. Turkmen wedding dresses are often richly decorated and covered in silver-colored pendants which are believed to drive away evil spirits.

Many Puerto Rican women have made important contributions to the educational system in the United States. Some contributed in the field of education, another was responsible in ending de jure segregation in the United States. Yet, another educator made the ultimate sacrifice and gave her life for her students. One of the migrants was Dr. Antonia Pantoja.

The Haradinaj Cabinet de jure formed the government of Kosovo from 9 September 2017 upon the defeat of Isa Mustafa and the LA Coalition in the 2017 elections to 3 February 2020 following its defeat in the 2019 parliamentary election. The cabinet was made up of members of the PANA Coalition and some members of the opposition.

It also expanded the circle of "witting" persons in Congress, which made covert operations to which Congress was opposed much more likely to be exposed by leaks. Thus, the passage of the amendment created both de facto and de jure Congressional veto power on covert operations, through the ability to leak and the power of the purse, respectively.

Early versions of Slash were written by Rob Malda, founder of Slashdot, in the spring of 1998. After Andover.net bought Slashdot in June 1999, In 2014, users of Slashdot forked the website and created SoylentNews. With Slashdot having long since moved to a different platform, the SoylentNews developers are the de jure maintainers of modern Slash.

Two other Canons were de jure Patronatus, and were appointed by the persons holding the right of patronage. The remaining ten, called Locatelli, were elected by the Council and Senate of the city, from the members of the nobility. On the cathedral staff there were also six mansionarii, elected likewise by the Council and Senate.Ughelli, II, p.

The school was PAASCU accredited in 1975 and 1978. The secondary department used to be exclusively for girls until school year 1997-1998, when it started to accept male enrollees. St. Mary's College is the de jure Generalate of all RVM schools in Luzon, and de facto Generalate of all RVM-controlled schools in the Philippines.

Accessed February 15, 2008. is the de facto county seat of Columbia County, although Appling still holds the de jure designation. The Columbia County Government Center, the Government Complex Addition, and the Columbia County Courthouse Annex are all located in Evans. In 2020, Evans, Georgia was named the nation’s top place to live by Money Magazine .

By modern law, the events of 1487 would not normally constitute a creation, for the elder Sir Thomas never sat as a peer; nevertheless, in 1916, the revived peerage was given precedence as of 1487. Sources vary, therefore, in calling the younger Sir Thomas 1st or 3rd Baron Burgh; this article calls him 1st, de jure 3rd.

It once transformed into a state-owned company on July 1, 1977 and subsequently re-privatized on April 12, 1995. Although CSC is a de jure non- governmental company at present, the Government of the Republic of China (Taiwan) still owns a large portion of its stocks, thus the chairman of the company is appointed by the government.

The Juan Crow era refers to "the matrix of laws, social customs, economic institutions and symbolic systems enabling the physical and psychic isolation needed to control and exploit undocumented immigrants." In the 1940s, California public schools were racially segregated. Mexican and Mexican American students attended separate "Mexican schools". This de jure segregation was deemed unconstitutional by the Mendez v.

In 1783 his father died in Kilkenny Castle. John inherits Kilkenny and the lands, notably those that his father had inherited from John Butler of Kilcash, the de jure 15th Earl of Ormond, in 1766. In 1784 is father-in-law, the Earl of Wandesford died. His titles became extinct, but John inherits the land and the coal mines.

Sajap Kiri consisted of the Socialist Party, Pesindo, PKI and the Labour Party of Indonesia. Towards late 1946, the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) was enlarged. The Socialist Party was given 35 out of 514 seats. In May 1947 the Dutch government issued an ultimatum to the Indonesian government, demanding Dutch de jure sovereignty over Indonesia until 1949.

The case is noteworthy for clarifying that the ones responsible of such events include "not only military commanders, but also civilians holding positions of authority..." and "not only persons in de jure positions but also those in such position de facto..." It is also the first conviction of an accused person for the charges of rape by the ICTY.

The Principality of Yaroslavl (under No. 10) in the 13th century The Principality of Yaroslavl was an eastern Slavic principality with the capital in Yaroslavl city, which existed in 1218–1463 (de jure 1471), till the mid 14th century as a apanage principality in the Grand Duchy of Vladimir-Suzdal, then separated as the Grand Principality.

John James Hope-Johnstone, 8th Earl of Annandale and Hartfell (5 October 1842 – 26 December 1912) was a Scottish Conservative Party politician. At the 1874 general election Johnstone was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Dumfriesshire. He did not stand again at the 1880 general election. He was de jure 8th Earl of Annandale and Hartfell.

Mauritius was a British Crown Colony off the Southeast coast of Africa. Formerly part of the French colonial empire, British rule in Mauritius was established de facto with the Invasion of Isle de France in November 1810, and de jure by the subsequent Treaty of Paris. British rule ended on 12 March 1968, when Mauritius became independent.

The continuous Order was also approved by the Papacy, but due to British fear of Russian taking presence in the Mediterranean and because many knights were Orthodox the Order became de facto the traditional Order but de jure not recognised similar or at par with the formation of the 19th-century Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM).

Hindus constitute 0.7% of the total population of the United States. They are also the most affluent religious group. Hindus in the US enjoy both de jure and de facto legal equality. However, a series of threats and attacks were committed against people of Indian origin by a street gang called the "Dotbusters" in New Jersey in 1987.

Henry Nevill, 6th and de jure 4th Baron Abergavenny KB (between 1527 and 153510 February 1587) was an English peer. He was the son of Sir George Nevill, 5th Baron Bergavenny, and Mary Stafford (daughter of Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham). He succeeded to the barony upon the death of his father, George Nevill, 5th Baron Bergavenny.

John Nevill, de facto 10th (de jure 3rd) Baron Bergavenny (c. 1614 – 23 October 1662) was an English peer. The son of Henry Nevill, 9th Baron Bergavenny and his second wife Catherine Vaux, he succeeded to the Barony upon the death of his father. He married Elizabeth Chamberlaine, daughter of John Chamberlaine of Shirburn Castle, Oxfordshire.

Sylvia Mendez (born June 7, 1936) is an American civil rights activist of Mexican-Puerto Rican heritage. At age eight, she played an instrumental role in the Mendez v. Westminster case, the landmark desegregation case of 1946. The case successfully ended de jure segregation in California and paved the way for integration and the American civil rights movement.

230 Murray writes that they belonged "to the Bishop of the Isles de jure although to MacNeil de facto". Many of the islands are extremely small. Only the largest island Vatersay, which is now linked by causeway to Barra, remains inhabited. Berneray (also known as Barra Head), Pabbay, Sandray and Mingulay have been inhabited in the past.

The Shushi tank memorial Shushi Province () is a province of the Republic of Artsakh. While the province is de facto part of Artsakh, the Republic has limited international recognition and the territory of the province is, de jure, part of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The province has 7 communities of which 1 is considered urban and 6 are rural.

It is not defined by adherence to any particular see. It is the position of the Orthodox Church that it has never accepted the pope as de jure leader of the entire church. Referring to Ignatius of Antioch, Carlton says: The church is in the image of the Trinity and reflects the reality of the incarnation.

The Serbian Revival refers to a period in the history of the Serbs between the 18th century and the de jure establishment of the Principality of Serbia (1878). It began in Habsburg territory, in Sremski Karlovci. The "Serbian renaissance" is said to have begun in 17th-century Banat. The Serbian Revival began earlier than the Bulgarian National Revival.

Walter William Strickland, de jure 9th Baronet (26 May 1851 – 9 August 1938) was an English translator and radical. He became known as the "Anarchist Baronet" because he wandered around the world for much of his life espousing radical causes. After receiving Czechoslovakian citizenship in 1923, he renounced his British citizenship and later moved to Java.

After Prince Edward recovered from typhoid, the Queen decided to give a public thanksgiving service and appear on the balcony of Buckingham Palace. This was the start of her return to public life. In 1878, Britain was a plenipotentiary at the Treaty of Berlin, which gave de jure recognition to the independent states of Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.

The Statute made the Dominions de jure independent nations. The Statute took effect immediately over Canada, South Africa and the Irish Free State. However, Australia, New Zealand and Newfoundland had to ratify the Statute through legislation before it would apply to them. Canada also requested certain exemptions from the Statute in regard to the Canadian Constitution.

Many states recognize through their judicial systems cohabitation agreements and common law partner agreements concluded between two partners in a relationship. These are de facto domestic partnerships that protect both parties and allow for shared property and court recognition of their relationships. Additionally sometimes adult adoption by gay couples creates a de jure domestic partnership in all 50 states.

Bowyer Bell, J. for details- page 152-154. sought to present the actions of the IRA as those of a legitimate, de jure government. Within this context, with the Army Council acting as government, with the right to use force and levy war against an occupying power, the IRA declared war on Britain in January 1939.

In July 2020 the High Court ruled that Guaido was interim president, but the Court of Appeal ruled in October 2020 that the British Foreign Secretary's statement on recognition was ambiguous, clarified the legal importance of the distinction between de jure president and de facto president, and returned the case to the High Court for reconsideration.

Kurtoed Province (Dzongkha: ཀུར་སྟོད་; Wylie: kur-stod; "Upper Kur") was one of the nine historical Provinces of Bhutan. Kurtoed Province occupied lands in northeastern Bhutan. It was administered together with Kurmaed Province. Although it had its own de jure governor, actual power was wielded through the 19th century by the Penlop of Trongsa, who effectively ruled eastern Bhutan.

Many states recognize through their judicial systems cohabitation agreements and common law partner agreements concluded between two partners in a relationship. These are de facto domestic partnerships that protect both parties and allow for shared property and court recognition of their relationships. Sometimes adult adoption by gay couples creates a de jure domestic partnership in all 50 states.

Həkəri FK (), also known as FK Hakari, was an Azerbaijani football club based in Baku and home games played in Sumqayit, even though it represents the city of Qubadlı, which is controlled by Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (de facto independent, but recognized only by 3 non-UN member states) but de jure is a part of Azerbaijan.

In 2001 Nukhaev first proposed the controversial idea (among both his allies and enemies) of splitting Chechnya into a northern Russian half and a southern de facto, but not de jure Ichkerian half. That same year Nukhaev founded the inter-teip movement Nokhchi-Latta-Islam, and politician Aleksandr Dugin was also working with him during this time.

Gjon Kastrioti who held control of the territory of the diocese of Arbanum claimed that the abbacy should pass into his territory. The dispute was solved with mediation by the Papacy, which transferred it to the Diocese of Lezhë which had been formed in the 15th century and was de jure part of the Dukagjini lands.

Gays in Sri Lanka are de jure discriminated against by the Section 377A that criminalizes homosexual sex, but this law is mostly unenforced and it is widely held that it is currently illegal for homosexuals to be harassed by the police. The internet is the primary tool of communication for gays, with yahoo.com, gaydar.com, and gay.

Kashatagh Province ( Kashat'aghi shrjan) is a province of the Republic of Artsakh. While the province is de facto part of Artsakh, the Republic has limited international recognition and the territory of the province is, de jure, part of the Republic of Azerbaijan. It is the largest province by area (3,376.60 km2). The population as of 2013 was 9,656.

Than Tun 1964: 137 Myinsaing's rulers—Athinkhaya, Yazathingyan and Thihathu—raced to regain northern Burma but got no further than Tagaung. Various Shan states, nominal Mongol vassals, now dominated the entire northwestern-to-southeastern arc surrounding the Irrawaddy valley. In 1313, Thihathu, the last surviving brother, founded Pinya as the de jure successor state of Pagan.Hmannan Vol.

Nevertheless, Lithuania continued to claim Vilnius as its de jure capital. In May 1938 a new constitution was adopted, which echoed the previous constitution's statement that Vilnius was the permanent capital of Lithuania and that Kaunas was merely a temporary capital. Poland continued to suppress Lithuanian organisations in Vilnius. A thaw in Polish–Lithuanian relations began in spring 1939.

In May 1986, the reorganized Supreme Court declared the Aquino government as "not merely a de facto government but in fact and law a de jure government", whose legitimacy had been affirmed by the community of nations. This Supreme Court decision significantly affirmed the status of Aquino as the new, legitimate and rightful leader of the Philippines.

Kusapat (also, Kisapat, Kasapet, Kousapat) is a village in Martakert Province in the Republic of Artsakh. While it is de factot part of Artsakh, it is de jure part of the Tartar Rayon in the Republic of Azerbaijan. The population is about 237 people, mostly Armenians,1 Population census of Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and several Greeks.

Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books. The Norwegian Meteorological Institute annexed the middle part of the island for Norway in 1922 and the whole island in 1926 when Hallvard Devold was head of the weather observations base on the island. On 27 February 1930, the island was made de jure a part of the Kingdom of Norway.

There has since been calls by Bosnian Serb politicians for the secession of Republika Srpska, and possible unification with Serbia. After the Kosovo War (1998–99), Kosovo became a UN protectorate, still de jure part of Serbia. The Albanian-majority Kosovo assembly unilaterally declared the independence of Kosovo in 2008, and its status since is disputed.

The position was created on 9 September 1948 under the name Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly. The Chairman was the head of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly, which was given the power to ratify or annul treaties with foreign countries, appoint or recall ambassadors to foreign countries and receive letters of credentials or recall of foreign diplomatic representatives by the 1948 Constitution. This made the Chairman of the SPA Standing Committee the de jure head of state of North Korea. Nominally, he held the second-highest state post after the Premier, Kim Il-sung The 1972 Constitution created the post of President of North Korea, an executive post whose holder became both de jure and de facto head of state.

Section 214 Insolvency Act 1986 has very wide scope, since it applies not only to de jure directors (that is directors who were formally appointed and their appointment was registered with Companies House. It can apply to de facto directors (that is people who assumed the role of director of a company without being appointed), or shadow directors (that is people in accordance with whose direction the de jure directors were accustomed to act. Initially, there was uncertainty among banks and insolvency and restructuring professionals who assisted and advised companies facing insolvency that they may be caught by the wrongful trading provisions. This has not proved to be the case (as of July 2006), and professionals are unlikely to be covered by these provisions except in exceptional circumstances.

In opposition to Jansenism, a group of theological doctors from the Sorbonne extracted eight propositions from Augustinus. These propositions concerned the relation between nature and grace. They accused Jansen of having misinterpreted Augustine, conflating Jansenists with Lutherans - in the frame of a highly conflictual context, which had led to the French Wars of Religion, officially ended with the 1598 Edict of Nantes. On 31 May 1653, Innocent X promulgated the apostolic constitution Cum occasione, which condemned five propositions found in Augustinus as heretical. In 1654, Arnauld replied to Cum occasione by making a distinction between de jure and de facto: de jure, the heretical propositions could be condemned, and he accepted this sentence; but de facto, they could not be found in Jansen's treaty. The Sorbonne then attempted to exclude Arnauld from being a theologian.

Protest sign at a housing project in Detroit, 1942 Ghettos in the United States are typically urban neighborhoods perceived as being high in crime and poverty. The origins of these areas are specific to the United States and its laws, which created ghettos through both legislation and private efforts to segregate America for political, economic, social, and ideological reasons: de jure and de facto segregation. De facto segregation continues today in ways such as residential segregation and school segregation because of contemporary behavior and the historical legacy of de jure segregation. American ghettos therefore, are communities and neighborhoods where government has not only concentrated a minority group, but established barriers to its exit. “Inner city” is often used to avoid the word ghetto, but typically denotes the same idea.

However, not all white-black interactions in the 1950s were negative; several black alumni reported initially positive experiences during the integration process. In 1957, three members of the Little Rock Nine transferred to Beaumont to complete some of their high school coursework., 205. Despite de jure integration by 1955, Beaumont experienced re-segregation during the 1970s to become an all-black high school.

In the former Spanish province of Western Sahara, Spanish is de facto official (however, in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, one of the claimants to the territory, it is de jure co-official).Rapport de la Présidente de la délégation ad hoc Sahara Occidental, Mme Catherine Lalumière, Vice-Présidente du Parlement européen Most Arabic speakers speak Spanish as second language.

It is the home of ex MI6 agent Richard Tomlinson. Prince Luis of Orleans-Braganza was born in Mandelieu on June 6, 1938. He is the present head of the Vassouras Branch of the Brazilian Imperial House and de jure Emperor of Brazil (Luis I of Brazil). He is also considered a royal prince of the deposed monarchies of France and Portugal.

' (, "domain") is a Japanese historical term for the estate of a daimyo in the Edo period (1603–1868) and early Meiji period (1868–1912).Nussbaum, Louis- Frédéric. (2005). "Han" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 283. or (daimyo domain) served as a system of de facto administrative divisions of Japan alongside the de jure provinces until they were abolished in the 1870s.

The end of slavery and, with it, the legal prohibition of slave education did not mean that education for former slaves or their descendants became widely available. Racial segregation in schools, de jure and then de facto, and inadequate funding of schools for African Americans, if they existed at all, continued into the later twentieth century and continues in many areas.

Thus, decisions made by the Party's top leaders de facto had the force of law. The democratic centralist principle extended to elections in the Soviet Union. All Communist countries were—either de jure or de facto—one-party states. In most cases, the voters were presented with a single list of unopposed candidates, which usually won 90 percent or more of the vote.

The eldest son born after the 1797 Lambeth marriage of the fifth Earl, Thomas Moreton FitzHardinge Berkeley, became on the Earl's death in 1810 de jure 6th Earl of Berkeley — however, he refused to claim his right to the earldom. In 1831 William Berkeley was raised to the peerage as Baron Segrave, of Berkeley Castle in the County of Gloucester.

151, The Kola Peninsula was to be de jure a part of Finland, but the nickel deposits of the region were to be exploited jointly with Germany.Rautiainen (2007), p. 128 Jalmari Jaakkola estimated in Die Ostfrage Finnlands that some 200,000 Russian had to be expelled from the region, leaving the peninsula with a population of c. 20,000 Finns, Samis and Karelians.

At the 2000 Camp David Summit, U.S. President Bill Clinton proposed the division of the Old City, according to which the Armenian Quarter would be put under de jure Israeli sovereignty along with the Jewish Quarter, while the Palestinians would be granted a "certain degree of sovereignty" over the Christian and Muslim Quarters. Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak conditionally embraced the proposal.

His mother was the eldest daughter of John Erskine, 19th and de jure 2nd Earl of Mar (the only son of another John Erskine and Annabella Murray)Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Online (ODNB), "John Erskine, eighteenth or second earl of Mar," by Julian Goodare. and, his second wife, Marie Stewart (the daughter of Esmé Stewart, 1st Duke of Lennox).

Cognitive scientist Steven Pinker noted in The Better Angels of Our Nature that despite the de jure abolitions of slavery by Islamic countries in the 20th century, the majority of the countries where human trafficking still occurs are Muslim-majority, while political scientists Valerie M. Hudson and Bradley Thayer have noted that Islam is the only major religious tradition that still allows polygyny.

Under the public international law system, de jure states are sovereign within their own territorial boundaries. A few states such as the Netherlands have adopted a monist approach, i.e. they accept international and municipal laws as part of a single system. Thus, whether a supranational court or tribunal has criminal jurisdiction over its territory or citizens, will be determined by international law.

Edmund Drummond (17 January 1814 - 10 January 1895) was a British civil servant in India. He was the third son of James Drummond, 6th Viscount Strathallan (de jure 8th Viscount) and the brother of William Drummond, 7th Viscount Strathallan. He was educated at Magdalene College, Cambridge. He studied law at the Middle Temple and was called to the bar in 1848.

Tribute was to be divided so that two-fifths each went to Tenochtitlan and Texcoco, and one-fifth went to Tlacopan. Each of the three kings of the alliance in turn assumed the title "huetlatoani" ("Elder Speaker", often translated as "Emperor"). In this role, each temporarily held a de jure position above the rulers of other city-states ("tlatoani").Evans 2008, p.

However, Goryeo's tributary relations with them were nominal. Goryeo had no political, economic, or military obligations to China. According to Peter Yun: "While Goryeo may have admired and adopted many of China's culture and institutions, there is little evidence that it accepted the notion of Chinese political superiority as the natural order of things." Goryeo monarchs possessed full de jure sovereignty.

D.C. 1967). The Court's ruling went beyond reasserting precedent decisions on the unconstitutionality of de jure segregation in declaring de facto segregation unconstitutional, largely through adopting a strict standard of judicial review that requires "overriding justification" from those adopting and implementing the policies for them to be permissible.Donald L. Horowitz, The Courts and Social Policy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1977), 111.

In South Africa, although de jure apartheid formally began in 1948, de facto racist policies and practices discriminating against black South Africans, Coloureds, and Indians dated back decades before.Gish, Steven (2000). Alfred B. Xuma: African, American, South African. New York University Press. p. 8.Hoiberg, Dale; Ramchandani, Indu (2000). Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1–5. Popular Prakashan. p. 142.Allen, John (2005).

Because most states have codified their arrest laws, there are many variations. For example, in Pennsylvania, the courts have been clear that a non-law enforcement officer cannot make an arrest for a "summary offense". In North Carolina, there is no de jure "citizens' arrest". Although it is essentially the same, North Carolina law refers to it as a "detention".

If the prime minister has a strong position within his party, and the government is made up solely of representatives of that party, he can enjoy considerable authority. In all crucial national questions, however, the final word rests with Riigikogu as the legislative power. Unlike his counterparts in other parliamentary republics, the Prime Minister is both de jure and de facto chief executive.

Ashaghi Govhar Agha Mosque () is a mosque in Shushi in the de facto Republic of Artsakh, and in the de jure Karabakh region of Azerbaijan. The designation ashaghi ("lower") refers to the location of the mosque in the lower section of Shusha town, distinguishing it from the Yukhari Govhar Agha Mosque, the similarly named mosque located in the upper section of the town.

Mayor is elected to serve as the de jure head of the municipal corporation. He is the head of the house (Meerut Town Hall) and belong to the party which is in majority. The office of the Mayor has ceremonial role associated with being the First Citizen of the city. In every five years an election is held to elect corporators to power.

Hindus in the US enjoy both de jure and de facto legal equality. However, a series of attacks were made on people Indian origin by a street gang called the "Dotbusters" in New Jersey in 1987, the dot signifying the Bindi dot sticker worn on the forehead by Indian women."In Jersey City, Indians Protest Violence". The New York Times.

One reason was probably that John of Cleves continued to support Eric of Hoya.Kohl (1999), 179. John of Hoya, who had previously left the town, returned to Münster. Supported by the lower levels of the town of Münster, John of Hoya transferred the diocesan regency in 1453 de jure to his brother Eric, so that the latter could prove himself as regent.

In the Treaty of Moscow signed on 7 May 1920, Soviet Russia recognized Georgia's independence and concluded a non- aggression pact. The treaty established the existing borders between the two nations de jure and also obliged Georgia to surrender all third-party elements considered hostile by Moscow. In a secret supplement, Georgia promised to legalize the local Bolshevik party.Beichman, A. (1991).

It was on 16 August 1962 that, in adherence to the time tested template of the voice of the people being the voice of God, the French Government conceded the merger of Puducherry and other French establishments through De Jure Transfer. This was a direct sequel to the verdict registered at a referendum for merger of Puducherry with the Indian Union.

The description "State" implied that the country was not a republic but instead a federation of tribal kingdoms. Following the proclamation of the State of Uganda on 9 October 1963, the Kabaka (King) of Uganda, Edward Mutesa II, became the first President of Uganda. Uganda did not become a republic de jure until 1966 with Obote's conflict with President Edward Mutesa II.

Martakert Province () is a province of the Republic of Artsakh. While the province is de facto part of Artsakh, the Republic has limited international recognition and the territory of the province is, de jure, part of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The population is mainly Armenian. Martakert Province has 43 communities of which 1 is considered urban and 42 are rural.

Due to the legal and military tensions, the Hungarian parliament did not make that favor for Franz Joseph. This event gave to the revolt an excuse of legality. Actually, from this time until the collapse of the revolution, Lajos Kossuth (as elected regent- president) became the de facto and de jure ruler of Hungary. From this time he had increased amounts of power.

Benyoucef Benkhedda (; February 23, 1920 – February 4, 2003) was an Algerian politician. He headed the third GPRA exile government of the National Liberation Front (FLN), acting as a leader during the Algerian War (1954–62). At the end of the war, he was briefly the de jure leader of the country, however he was quickly sidelined by more conservative figures.

The church was besieged, and mother and daughter were forced to surrender and accept the King's will.Marriage Strategies and Inheritance Systems in Europe Her mother, Beata Kościelecka, for many years tried to cancel the marriage with Łukasz Górka. In the meantime, Prince Siemion Olelkovycz Slutski died. When he died, Elizaveta started to participate in social affairs with her husband de jure.

The New Brunswick Legislature is the legislature of the province of New Brunswick, Canada. Today, the legislature is made of two elements: the Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick,. and the unicameral assembly called the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick. The legislature has existed de jure since New Brunswick separated from Nova Scotia in 1784, but was not first convened until 1786.

To reconcile reality with constitutional claims, Kaunas was designated as a temporary or provisional capital until Vilnius would be "liberated from Polish occupation". In March 1938, Lithuania accepted a Polish ultimatum, demanding diplomatic relations. Despite normalised relations, the new Lithuanian Constitution, in May 1938, still claimed Vilnius as the de jure capital of Lithuania, and Kaunas remained as the temporary capital.

Many of the barangay municipalities were, to a varying extent, under the de jure jurisprudence of one of several neighboring empires, among them the Malay Srivijaya, Javanese Majapahit, Po-ni, Malacca, Indian Chola, Champa, Burma and Khmer empires. Tondo also developed trading links with Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Indochina, China, Japan, India and Arabia. A thalassocracy had emerged based on international trade.

The foreign minister, who had earlier served as ambassador to Spain, found himself taking refuge in the Spanish Embassy in Rome, under the protection of the Francisco Franco government. Guariglia had by now ceased to serve as Foreign Minister de facto, but remained in this post de jure until dismissed on a long-distance basis by the fugitive Badoglio on 11 February 1944.

The US Supreme Court, however, overruled the Wisconsin Supreme Court in Ableman v. Booth (1859). After the American Civil War, the Jeffersonians, who favored decentralized democracy and states' rights, permanently lost favor, and the Principles of '98 were largely forgotten. The US Supreme Court has remained both de facto and de jure the final arbiter of constitutionality in the United States.

"President Serzh Sargsyan speaks after the military exercises. President.am (13 November 2010). Retrieved on 21 June 2014. In this regard, Sargsyan has also assured that in the case of military aggression from Azerbaijan "Armenia will have no other choice but to recognize the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic de jure and to employ all its capabilities to ensure the security of the people of Artsakh.

The Law of Succession made it obligatory to hold a referendum to change the fundamental laws. :5. The Law of Succession to the Headship of the State of 1947: Regulated the Succession; the monarchy of Spain was de jure restored. Franco would remain head of state for life. Created the Council of the Realm and the Council of the Regency.

Askeran fortress (, also called Mayraberd in Armenian), is a fortress in the town of Askeran in Azerbaijan (de jure), in the Armenian-controlled Republic of Artsakh (de facto). It is on the banks of the Qarqar River and was built by the Karabakh khanate ruler Panah Ali KhanAzerbaijan Soviet Encyclopedia (1980), vol. 4, p. 233.John Noble, Michael Kohn, Danielle Systermans.

On 30 March 1990, the Estonian Supreme Council adopted the resolution on the state status of Estonia. The resolution announced that the independence of Estonia de jure had never been suspended, because of the illegal occupation since 1940. A further resolution of the restoration of the Republic of Estonia was adopted on 20 August 1991.Ziemele (2005). pp. 27–28.

York Memorial Collegiate Institute (York Memorial CI, YMCI, York Memorial, or Memo) is a public secondary school that is part of the Toronto District School Board in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and is de jure located at 2690 Eglinton Avenue West, at the corner of Eglinton Ave. W. and Trethewey Drive. The school is often referred to as "Memo" by its students.

This form of segregation is often referred to as de jure segregation. The schools that allowed African American students to attend often lacked financial support, thus providing inadequate educational skills for their students. Freedmen's schools existed but they focused on maintaining African Americans in servitude, not enriching academic prosperity. The United States then experienced legal separation in schools between Whites and Blacks.

Maurice Berkeley, de jure 3rd Baron Berkeley (1435 – September 1506), of Thornbury He did not live at Berkeley Castle, having been disinherited by his brother in Gloucestershire, Maurice the Lawyer,Epithet coined by John Smith of Nibley (d.1641), steward of the Berkeley estates, the biographer of the family and author of "Lives of the Berkeleys" was an English nobleman.

It is difficult to estimate the number of people who actually practice group marriage in modern societies, as such a form of marriage is not officially recognized or permitted in any jurisdiction in the U.S., and de jure illegal in many. It is also not always visible when people sharing a residence consider themselves privately to be a group marriage.

Lazarević had de jure and de facto control over the units subordinated to him, including regular Army units, and from the beginning of April 1999. Lazarević was significantly involved in the planning and execution of joint VJ and MUP operations from March to June 1999 in Kosovo that led to the systematic ethnic cleansing of the Albanian population (see Operation Horseshoe).

Appling retains its status as de jure county seat, but all governmental functions are carried out in Evans. Historic sites in Appling include the Courthouse and Jail, the Marshall Monument, and various places associated with Kiokee Baptist Church. Other sites in the county include Stevens Creek Dam and Canal Locks, the birthplace of the comedian Oliver Hardy in Harlem, and various cemeteries.

The final phase of decolonization may concern handing over responsibility for foreign relations and security, and soliciting de jure recognition for the new sovereignty. However, even following the recognition of statehood, a degree of continuity can be maintained through bilateral treaties between now equal governments involving practicalities such as military training, mutual protection pacts, or even a garrison and/or military bases.

In the Netherlands, the mayor (in ) is the leader of the municipal executives ('College van Burgemeester en Wethouders'). In the Netherlands, burgermeesters are de facto appointed by the national cabinet, de jure by the monarch. They preside both the municipal executive and the legislative ('gemeenteraad'). The title is sometimes translated as burgomaster, to emphasize the appointed, rather than elected, nature of the office.

Mexico is the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world. Although the overwhelming majority of Mexicans today speak Spanish, there is no de jure official language at the federal level. The government recognizes 62 indigenous Amerindian languages as national languages. Some Spanish vocabulary in Mexico has roots in the country's indigenous languages, which are spoken by approximately 6% of the population.

The occupation was not recognized, and Malta was de jure part of the Kingdom of Sicily from 1798 to 1814. After the Maltese rebellion against the French, Malta was under British protection until it became a British crown colony in 1813. This was officially recognized by the Treaty of Paris of 1814, which marked the end of Malta's 700-year relationship with Sicily.

Lieutenant-General Charles Butler, 1st Earl of Arran (of the second creation), de jure 3rd Duke of Ormonde (1671–1758) was an Irish peer. His uncle Richard was the 1st Earl of Arran of the first creation. The titles were re-created for Charles in 1693. He was the younger son of Thomas Butler 6th Earl of Ossory and Emilia von Nassau.

A Venetian ship took Baldwin and Marie to Euboea, from there proceeding to Athens, Apulia and then back to France. In the following years they survived by selling their de facto and de jure rights to various secondary titles and lands. On 26 March 1263, their rights to Namur were bought by Guy of Dampierre.Kerrebrouck, Patrick van, Les Capétiens (2000), p. 462.

According to the new divisions, the Autonomous Republic of Crimea only consists of ten districts (raions). The new administrative divisions in Crimea only exist de-jure, since Ukraine does not control Crimea and can not implement their creation. Under both the Russian (post-April 2014) and the Ukrainian (pre-April 2014) administrative systems, the territory of Crimea excludes the City of Sevastopol.

Brill, 1993. p. 623 Originally a black slave, probably from Nubia, he was made vizier of Egypt, becoming its de facto ruler from 946. After the death of his master, Muhammad bin Tughj, Kafur succeeded the latter to become the de jure ruler of the Ikshidid domains, Egypt and southern Syria (including Damascus), until his death in 968.Abū al-Misk Kāfūr.

Though the 1893 and 1894 treaties had been undertaken because, as stipulated by the Berlin Conference, Uganda happened to fall within the British sphere of influence, Britain lacked the sanctity of traditional rulers and their peoples. It was important that an agreement, as opposed to a treaty, be undertaken so that British rule would become de jure as opposed to being de facto.

The same year however, the RM of Wood Buffalo counted a population of 64,444 in its municipal census, which included a shadow population of 2,301 living in hotel/motel and campground accommodations. The discrepancy in the results was attributed to differences in census methodologies where Statistics Canada used a de jure method while the municipality used a de facto method.

25 Zeno was asked to make Odoacer a patrician, and administrator of Italy in Zeno's name. Zeno pointed out that the Senate should rightfully have first requested that Julius Nepos take the throne once more, but he nonetheless agreed to their requests as a fait accompli. Odoacer, already the de facto ruler of Italy, now ostensibly ruled de jure in Zeno's name.

The de jure position of the Catholic Church in the Netherlands improved when the Batavian Republic declared the separation of Church and State in 1796. The different denominations would have equal rights. Some of the Catholic church buildings, which the Protestants seized in the 16th century, were returned. The Catholic community began to organise itself again; newspapers, magazines and schools were created.

Bounnhang Vorachith (; born 15 August 1937) is a Laotian politician who has been General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (de facto leader) and President of Laos (de jure head of state) since 2016. Previously he served as Deputy Prime Minister from 1996 to 2001, as Prime Minister from 2001 to 2006, and as Vice President of Laos from 2006 to 2016.

Pre-conflict governance structures with traditional or administrative authority, such as the control held by Afghan warlords, historically weaken the delivery of public service and good governance in local regions with a De Jure-De Facto Gap. Alternatively, well-meaning international attempts to enable good governance can be manipulated by governing regimes to potentially prompt further disorder toward neighbors and citizens.

The Administrative Staff College of India main building, formerly known as Bella Vista This is a list of notable business schools in Hyderabad, India. Hyderabad is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Telangana and de jure capital of Andhra Pradesh. A business school is a university-level institution that confers degrees in business administration or management.

The election was de jure won by Stanisław, with 12,000 votes. Augustus received 3,000, however he had the support of Poland's influential, wealthiest and most corrupt magnates, such as Michael Servacy Wiśniowiecki. The Franco-Spanish coalition declared war on Austria and Saxony on 10 October. The Italian states of Savoy-Sardinia and Parma also joined the struggle against Austrian rule in northern Italy.

Vivian, p.825, "took the name of his house". Worthy (1896) suggested this family, Latinized to de Wigornia ("from Worcester"), was descended from a certain William de Wigornia, a younger son of Robert de Beaumont, Count of Meulan (c.1142-1204) and de jure Earl of Worcester, by his marriage with Maud FitzRoy, daughter of Reginald de Dunstanville, 1st Earl of Cornwall.

It has a number of de jure powers which are outlined in the constitution, including appellate and constitutional jurisdiction, and suo moto power to try human rights matters. Through several periods of military rule and constitutional suspensions, the court has also established itself as a de facto check on military power. The Supreme Court Judges are supervised by the Supreme Judicial Council.

Qarakənd (, Berdashen) (also Kara Kana, and Karakend) is a village de facto in the Martuni Province of the Republic of Artsakh and de jure Khojavend Rayon of Azerbaijan. Berdashen means "village of the fortress" in Armenian. Qarakənd means "black village" in the Caucasian Turkic. The area has been controlled by the breakaway Republic of Artsakh since the Nagorno-Karabakh War.

William Willoughby was the son of Sir Christopher Willoughby of Parham, Suffolk, and Elizabeth Tailboys, daughter of Sir George Tailboys, de jure 9th Baron Kyme. His father, Sir Christopher Willoughby, was a younger brother of William Willoughby, 11th Baron Willoughby de Eresby, who died without male issue in 1526, leaving a daughter, Katherine. The 11th Baron had settled lands on his brother, Sir Christopher, at his marriage with Elizabeth Tailboys, but had died before the lands had been transferred, resulting in a dispute which was ultimately settled by an Act of Parliament which divided the lands between Sir Christopher and his niece, Katherine, who had married Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk.. William Willoughby's father was the second son of Sir Christopher Willoughby (c.1453 – 1498/9) of Parham, de jure 10th Baron Willoughby, by Margaret Jenney (d.

He wrote several more books on various issues in international law, notably De jure belli libri tres (Three Books on the Law of War), which provided comprehensive commentary on the laws of war and treaties, Hugo Grotius' De jure belli ac pacis, is considered one of the foundational texts of international law. (Pictured is the title page from the second edition of 1631).Spain, whose global empire spurred a golden age of economic and intellectual development in the 16th and 17th centuries, produced major contributors to international law. Francisco de Vitoria (1486–1546), who was concerned with the treatment of the indigenous peoples by Spain, invoked the law of nations as a basis for their innate dignity and rights, articulating an early version of sovereign equality between peoples. Francisco Suárez (1548–1617) emphasized that international law was founded upon the law of nature.

In other countries, the meaning of honors can refer either to a specific type of academic degree or to the level of distinction with which an undergraduate degree was earned. Honours degrees are usually four-year programs (sometimes also three-year programs, e.g., in England). A student who holds a de jure Honors degree is eligible for direct entry either to a Doctorate (Ph.

In social sciences, a voluntary standard (when characterized also as de facto standard) is a typical solution to a coordination problem. The choice of a voluntary standard tends to be stable in situations in which all parties can realize mutual gains, but only by making mutually consistent decisions. In contrast, an obligation standard (enforced by law as "de jure standard") is a solution to the prisoner's problem.

Monumenta Henricina, vol. IV, p.211 After Menezes death in 1437, the title was passed on to his nephew Lançarote da Cunha (the young son of Carlos II Pessanha's other daughter, Brites Pereira), but the office was de facto exercised by Brites's husband, Rui de Mello da Cunha. Being pre-deceased by his son, Rui de Mello was appointed admiral de jure in 1453.

There are 39 currencies currently in official use in the Americas. All de jure present currencies in the Americas are listed here, including currencies from countries which are not sovereign states or dependencies. A commonly used currency in the Americas is the United States dollar. It is the world's largest reserve currency, the resulting economic value of which benefits the U.S. at over $100 billion annually.

His struggle continued in the new Republic. Together with Haji Agus Salim (Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs), Rasyidi (Secretary General of the Ministry of Religious Affairs), Mohammad Natsir and St. Pamuncak, AR Baswedan departed to Arab countries as Indonesia's first diplomatic delegation. The delegation gained historical success. Egypt was becoming one of the first countries to give de facto and de jure recognition to the Republic.

Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis was from the generation of great Ottoman seamen in the 16th century like Barbarossa, Aruj, Kemal Reis, Piri Reis, Turgut Reis, Murat Reis, Piyale Pasha and many others. He played a key role in the conquests of Egypt (1517) and Rhodes (1522). Egypt de facto remained an Ottoman province until 1882, de jure until 1914. Rhodes remained as an Ottoman island until 1912.

The law does not mention or recognize airsoft guns in detail, but sets restrictions on public carry of firearm replicas. While the current firearm law would classify airsoft guns as airguns, it also sets restrictions for airguns to not exceed 4.5mm diameter pellets (.177 caliber,) making 6mm BB's de jure illegal. Despite laws being unclear, the sport is practiced widely without any actual issues so far.

While again on travels through France and Italy, Carnegie met Charlotte Lysons, second daughter of Reverend Daniel Lysons. They married at the house of the British Ambassador to Italy in Naples on 14 November 1825, and had two daughters and three sons. Carnegie died intestate at Kinnaird Castle, Brechin. His oldest son James succeeded to the baronetcy and was later confirmed in his de jure titles.

In this way, the de facto Unification of Bulgaria which had taken place on , was de jure recognized. As compensation, the Ottoman Empire received the area around Kardzhali, as well as the Republic of Tamrash, for a total area of 1,640 km². With this treaty, the territory of the unified Bulgaria became 94,345 km².Magarditsch A. Hatschikjan: Tradition und Neuorientierung in der bulgarischen Außenpolitik 1944 - 1948.

Then, by Div.III.1, the Nomenclature Section makes a decision on which names (including types, spellings) are accepted into the Code. At this stage the de facto decision is made to modify the Code. # The Plenary Session of that same International Botanical Congress receives the "resolution moved by the Nomenclature Section of that Congress" and makes a de jure decision to modify the Code.

In 1849, the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that segregated schools were allowed under the Constitution of Massachusetts (Roberts v. City of Boston). Segregation began in its de jure form in the Southern United States with the passage of Jim Crow laws in the late 19th century. It was influenced by discrimination in the Northern United States, as well as the history of slavery in the southern states.

Cambridge ( ) is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, and part of the Boston metropolitan area as a major suburb of Boston. , it was the fifth most populous city in the state, behind Boston, Worcester, Springfield, and Lowell. According to the 2010 Census, the city's population was 105,162. It is one of two de jure county seats of Middlesex County, although the county's government was abolished in 1997.

Israel–Ukraine relations are foreign relations between Israel and Ukraine. Both countries recognized each other de facto on 11 May 1949 as the Ukrainian SSR and established de jure diplomatic relations on December 26, 1991 as an independent state.From the history of the Ukrainian Embassy Israel has an embassy in Kyiv. Ukraine has an embassy in Tel Aviv and a consulate-general in Haifa.

Although the nuncios de jure retained their titles, their role was either terminated or de facto taken up by Cesare Orsenigo, the nuncio to Germany. Thus, Pius XIi maintained only eight wartime nunciatures to European nations, in: France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Spain, and Switzerland.Morley, 1980, p. 14. These were supplemented by apostolic delegates in Albania, Bulgaria, Great Britain, Turkey, and the United States.

However, Khedivate Egypt fell under British control in 1882 following the Anglo- Egyptian War. After the end of World War I and following the Egyptian revolution of 1919, the Kingdom of Egypt was established. While a de jure independent state, the United Kingdom retained control over foreign affairs, defense, and other matters. British occupation lasted until 1954, with the Anglo-Egyptian agreement of 1954.

It is now held on the morning of a convenient date immediately following New Year's Day, and has since evolved from a generally social custom into a diplomatic function.Ibid. The iconic highlight of the ceremony is the toast between the President and the Papal Nuncio who, despite the country having no de jure religion, retains his position as Dean of the Diplomatic Corps due to Hispanic custom.

Even though the President was the de jure supreme commander of the military, it nonetheless was a subordinate of the CMC Chairman. From 1975 to 1982, the head of the military was the Chairman of the Communist Party of China. This gave constitutional power to leader of the Communist Party of China. From 1982 onwards, the Commander-in-Chief was the Chairman of the Central Military Commission.

Tallinn was selected as the host of the sailing events which led to controversy since many governments had not de jure recognized ESSR as part of the USSR. During the preparations to the Olympics, sports buildings were built in Tallinn, along with other general infrastructure and broadcasting facilities. This wave of investment included Tallinn Airport, Hotell Olümpia, Tallinn TV Tower, Pirita Yachting Centre and Linnahall.

De jure nonpartisan national governments sometimes resemble one-party states, but governments of the latter type explicitly recognize a single political party that all officials are required to be a member of. Unless there are legal restrictions on political parties, factions within nonpartisan governments may evolve into political parties. The United States of America initially did not have enfranchised political parties, but these evolved soon after independence.

In Finkelman's opinion, the book exemplifies a "new racism", which "(1) denies the history of racial oppression in America; (2) rejects biological racism in favor of an attack on black culture; and (3) supports formal, de jure equality in order to attack civil rights laws that prohibit private discrimination and in order to undermine any public policies that might monitor equality and give it substantive meaning".

Able men all over Lower Burma fled military service to become monks, debt slaves, private retainers, or refugees in nearby kingdoms. As more cultivators fled, rice prices in Lower Burma reached unheard of levels.Harvey 1925: 180Lieberman 2003: 156 The empire's precipitous collapse ensued. Siam seized the entire Tenasserim coast in 1595, and the rest of the vassals had broken away—de jure or de facto—by 1597.

The Colorados had held the presidency without interruption since 1947 (from 1947 to 1962 as the de jure sole legal party, and from 1962 to 1989 as the de facto sole legal party). Additionally, when Lugo took office on 15 August, it marked the first time since Paraguay gained independence in 1813 that an incumbent government peacefully transferred power to an elected member of the opposition.

Coat of arms of Brandenburg from 1945–52. During the of provinces by Nazi Germany during the 1930s, the Province of Brandenburg and the Free State of Prussia lost all practical relevancy. The region was administered as the "Mark Brandenburg". The state of Prussia was de jure abolished in 1947 after the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II; the was replaced with the Brandenburg.

There, Remov was respected by his faithfulness as an ascetic, a confessor and a labourer. Despite wider clerical dismissal, Remov organised secret monastic communities, under the de jure jurisdiction of Deputy Patriarch Locum Tenens Metropolitan Sergius Stragorodsky. It was here that Remov began to voice the criticism of the church and its political course. In 1928, he was arrested and charged with "harbouring a spy".

Mongolian People's Republic is the period of Mongolian history which existed between 1924 and 1992 as a unitary sovereign socialist state in East Asia. It was ruled by the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party and maintained close links with the Soviet Union throughout its history. During this period, women in Mongolia obtained de jure equal rights. They had universal participation in all levels of education.

Hatay State (, , Dawlat Khaṭāy), also known informally as the Republic of Hatay, was a transitional political entity that existed from September 7, 1938, to June 29, 1939, in the territory of the Sanjak of Alexandretta of the French Mandate of Syria. The state was transformed de jure into the Hatay Province of Turkey on July 7, 1939, de facto joining the country on July 23, 1939.

India became independent from Britain in 1947. In June 1948 the French Government held a plebiscite which found that 97% of Chandannagar's residents wished to become part of India. In May 1950, the French allowed the Indian government to assume de facto control over Chandannagar, officially ceding the city to India on 2 February 1951. De jure transfer took place on 9 June 1952.

Giacomo Giustiniani (1769–1843) was an Italian papal diplomat and Cardinal. Considered papabile in the Papal Conclave (1830–31), his election was vetoed by Ferdinand VII of Spain.Sede Vacante 1829, 1830 He was the younger brother of Vincenzo Giustiniani, 6th Prince Giustiniani, de jure 6th Earl of Newburgh. His career in the priesthood was interrupted by the Napoleonic Wars, and he was ordained in 1816.

Under the settlement, the Syrian provinces were ceded to Egypt, and Ibrahim Pasha was made the governor- general of the region. The treaty left Muhammad Ali a nominal vassal of the Sultan. Six years later, when Muhammad Ali moved to declare de jure independence, the Sultan declared him a traitor and sent an army to confront Ibrahim Pasha, launching the Second Egyptian–Ottoman War.

They seized Sozopolis, Messembria, Anchialus, and Emona, causing heavy casualties and unsuccessfully laying siege to Varna. The Bulgarians eventually granted passage to John V, but the lost towns were handed over to the Byzantines. To the north-west, the Hungarians attacked and occupied Vidin in 1365. Ivan Alexander reconquered his province four years later, allied with his de jure vassals Vladislav I of Wallachia and Dobrotitsa.

English is the predominant language and a de facto official language of New Zealand. Almost the entire population speak it either as native speakers or proficiently as a second language. The New Zealand English dialect is most similar to Australian English in pronunciation, with some key differences. The Māori language of the indigenous Māori people was made the first de jure official language in 1987.

Vayots Dzor (, ), or Begatezur is a province of Armenia. It lies at the southeastern end of the country, bordering the Nakhichevan exclave of Azerbaijan to the west and the Shahumyan Province of the Artsakh Republic (de jure Kalbajar District of Azerbaijan) to the east. It covers an area of . With a population of only 53,230 (2002 census), it is the most sparsely populated province in the country.

This was successfully confirmed by Henry Scrymgeour, de jure 10th Earl of Dundee, in 1902. In 1952, the Lord Lyon advised that the Earl of Lauderdale's right was to bear the saltire as the Bearer of the National Flag of Scotland, whereas the Earl of Dundee bears the lion rampant as the Hereditary Royal Standard Bearer for Scotland he has administered at all recent coronations.

Secretary of State Marshall sent a State Department official to the United Nations to prevent the entire United States delegation from resigning. De jure recognition came on 31 January 1949. Following UN mediation by American Ralph Bunche, the 1949 Armistice Agreements ended the 1948 Arab Israeli War. Related to enforcement of the armistice, the United States signed the Tripartite Declaration of 1950 with Britain and France.

Earl's grandson, James Ogilvy (d. 1731), took part in the Jacobite rising of 1715 and was attainted; consequently, on his father's death in 1717, he was not allowed to succeed to the Earldom, although he was pardoned in 1725. When he died, his brother John (d. 1761) became Earl de jure, and John's son David (1725–1803) joined the standard of Prince Charles Edward Stuart in 1745.

Karaikal (/kʌdɛkʌl/, French: Karikal /kaʁikal/) is a town of the Indian Union Territory of Puducherry, with a population of 222,589 and an area of 30 km2. Karaikal became a French Colony in 1674 and held control, with occasional interruption from the British and Dutch, until 1954 (de jure in 1956), when it was incorporated into the Republic of India, along with Chandernagore, Mahé, Yanaon, and Pondichéry.

Thereafter, the matter was generally left alone. However, according to the decision by the Committee for privileges the rightful descent of the titles was to have been as follows. On the death of the fourth Viscount the claim passed to his kinsman John Makgill, the de jure fifth Viscount. He was the grandson of Reverend John Makgill, third son of the aforementioned Sir James Makgill (d. 1661).

The House of Lords decision meant that there were three co-heirs to the barony. The decision was in favour of Sir Jacob Astley, 6th Baronet, who was summoned to the House of Lords the same year as Lord Hastings. He was a descendant of the aforementioned Elizabeth, sister of the de jure 15th Baron. Lord Hastings had previously represented West Norfolk in the House of Commons.

Treaty of cession was signed by the two countries in May 1956 was ratified by the French parliament in May 1962. On 16 August 1962 India and France exchanged the instruments of ratification under which France ceded to India full sovereignty over the territories it held. Every year on 16 August, the De jure Transfer Day (Vidhitāntaraṇa Dinamu in Telugu language) is celebrated throughout Puducherry Union Territory.

Today, the area of the former NKAO is under de facto control of the wider Republic of Artsakh. However, the republic is not recognized by any country. Azerbaijan considers the former oblast to be a de jure part of that state. Azerbaijan dissolved the oblast as an entity of Azerbaijan on November 26, 1991 by the Law on Abolishment of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast.

Communications in the Republic of Artsakh refers to telephone, satellite and other communication services and regulations in the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh, that is internationally recognized as de jure part of Azerbaijan. The leading Telecommunications operator of the Nagorno Karabakh is Karabakh Telecom, and the telecommunications sector was developed with Karabakh Telecom investing millions of dollars in mobile telephony, spearheaded by a Lebanese company.

On his death a legal dispute arose as to the succession, settled in favour of Captain John Twisden, son of the disinherited William. His son John Francis was reinstated as de jure seventh Baronet. The baronetcy was briefly in abeyance following the death in 1907 of the tenth Baronet without issue. The title was revived in 1909 for his uncle John Francis the eleventh Baronet.

Egypt and Sudan remained as Ottoman provinces de jure until 1914, when the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers of World War I. Great Britain officially annexed these two provinces and Cyprus in response. Other Ottoman provinces in North Africa were lost between 1830 and 1912, starting with Algeria (occupied by France in 1830), Tunisia (occupied by France in 1881) and Libya (occupied by Italy in 1912).

During this same period, Florida, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and Utah retained their old "blood fraction" statutes de jure, but amended these fractions (one-sixteenth, one-thirty-second) to be equivalent to one-drop de facto.Pauli Murray, ed. States' Laws on Race and Color (Athens, 1997), 428, 173, 443, 37, 237, 330, 463, 22, 39, 358, 77, 150, 164, 207, 254, 263, 459.

In the wake of these events, southern Iberia became de jure and de facto independent from the Abbasid Caliphate. Although this was not accepted outside al-Andalus and those North African territories with which it was affiliated, Abd al- Rahman, and especially his successors, considered that they were the legitimate continuation of the Umayyad caliphate, i.e. that their rule was more legitimate than that of the Abbasids.

This can be seen in the election of Mayor Albert Cobo. Cobo, a staunch opponent of integrated housing, dismantled the Mayor's Interracial Committee, a large advocate group for housing equality, and took additional measures to disband organizations and government policies that would be beneficial to integrated housing. Cobo's regime demonstrated how de facto discrimination could influence de jure discrimination, and contribute to overall racism in housing.

Tielemans' parents belonged to the mercantile middle class in Brussels. He finished secondary school in Brussels then studied law at the university of Liege. For his doctorate in 1823 he produced a thesis entitled De jure et natura legitimae secundum jus civile et hodiernum (Luik, Collardin, 1823). He joined the bar in Brussels and was also active as a journalist, especially for the Journal de Gand.

Jonas Staugaitis. Jonas Staugaitis (; May 20, 1868, Omentiškiai, Suwałki Governorate – January 18, 1952, Kaunas) was the acting President of Lithuania during the December 1926 coup d'état. He was formally elected for a few hours as the Speaker of the Seimas; as the highest-ranked official, he also became the de jure President of Lithuania. He renounced the office after the coup d'état was complete.

Unfortunately, he died with no heir apparent and the rights to the baronetcy were later established by Sir. Edward Nightingale (1760–1804), who became the 10th Baronet in 1797. alt= Captain Gamaliel Nightingale (1731–1791), de jure 9th Bt was another notable figure in the Nightingale family. In 1759, he commanded during the Battle of Quiberon Bay and was a member of the Honourable East India Company.

The right to the title, however, passed to the late Lord's kinsman and male heir William Borthwick, the de jure tenth Lord. He was the son of William Borthwick, 5th of Soltray (Soutra) and Johnstonburn, elder son of William Borthwick, 4th of Soltray and Johnstonburn, great- grandson of William Borthwick, 1st of Soltray, son of the Hon. Alexander Borthwick, third son of the second Lord Borthwick.

In many cases enclosures were largely an exchange and consolidation of land, and exchange not otherwise possible under the legal system. It did also involve the extinguishing of common rights. Without extinguishment, one man in an entire village could unilaterally impose the common field system, even if everyone else did not desire to continue the practice. De jure rights were not in accord with de facto practice.

Margery (Margaret) le Despenser, de jure suo jure 3rd Baroness le Despenser (1387 creation), was the daughter and heiress of Philip le Despenser, 2nd Baron le Despenser. She was born about 1397 in Nettlestead, Suffolk, England, and married John de Ros, 7th Baron de Ros. He died without heirs, and she married secondly Roger Wentworth of Nettlestead, Esq. (d.1452), son of John Wentworth of North Elmsall.

Despite these definitions, the Portugal-Spain border remains an unresolved territorial dispute between the two countries. Portugal does not recognise the border between Caia and Ribeira de Cuncos River deltas, since the beginning of the 1801 occupation of Olivenza by Spain. This territory, though under de facto Spanish occupation, remains a de jure part of Portugal, consequently no border is henceforth recognised in this area.

Narathihapate's death was promptly followed by the breakup of the kingdom. Nearly 250 years of Pagan's rule over the Irrawaddy basin and its periphery was over. In Lower Burma, the Hanthawaddy Kingdom of the Mons emerged in 1287.Per scholarship (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 148, footnote 8): Thursday, Full moon of Tabodwe 648 ME = 30 January 1287 In the west, Arakan was now de jure independent.

The modern South Korean government considers this Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea the de jure representation of the Korean people throughout the period of Japanese rule. The Japanese occupation of Korea after annexation was largely uncontested militarily by the smaller, poorly armed, and poorly trained Korean army. Many rebels, former soldiers, and other volunteers left the Korean Peninsula for Manchuria and Primorsky Krai in Russia.

Thus for a brief period Bangaru Thirumala seemed to take the crown as a de jure ruler, while the administrative control was carried out by the Arcot army. Bangaru was also repeatedly warned of attempts by Anwar-ud-din and his aides on plans to usurp the Throne. But very little is known afterwards as some sources point out that he was poisoned by Anwar-ud-din.

The citizens were until 1782 de jure serfs of St Gall. During the second St Gall rule this meant, that the people had to pay local taxes instead of a corvée of three days per year, as corvée labour wasn't very efficient. Other forms of socage were still in use. In official documents the term Leibeigener (serf) was more and more replaced by Burger (citizen).

Wackenfels wrote courtly poems and his manuscripts contain many philological and historical studies (examples:- "Dissertatio de nummo Ptolomaei" - which he also illustrated, presently held at the Öesterreichische Nationalbiliothek in Vienna, various philosophical treatises and "De cruce et fruce veterum" - known only from correspondence). Vota aulica super illustrissima ducum Saxoniae controversia de jure praecedentiae in dignitate et successione . Frankfurt / M. 1619 (together with Johann Müller Hegen).

Tensas Parish was de jure desegregated until the fall of 1970. Although the state officially desegregated, the schools are largely de facto segregated, as many white parents have sent their children to private academies founded at that time. The majority of white students attend the private Tensas Academy in St. Joseph. Nearly all African-American pupils attend the public schools, where few whites are registered.

Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. . Although the British effectively ruled Malaya, de jure the Malays were coerced under fictitious agreements to accept the British administration through a residence system. British High Commissioner Sir Hugh Clifford, demonstrated the British ideology which rationalised colonialism in MalayaKratoska, Paul H., ed. Honorable Intentions: Talk on the British Empire in Southeast Asia Delivered at the Royal Colonial Institute, 1874-1928.

Demetrius (Dimitri; ) ( 1413 – 1453) was the second son of King Alexander I of Georgia by his first wife Dulandukht Orbeliani. He was co-king with his father from 1433 to 1442 and with his brother Vakhtang IV from 1442 to 1446. On Vakhtang's death, Demetrius became a de jure king of Georgia but his accession to the throne was precluded by his younger brother George VIII.

Mary, daughter of Daniel Elfrith. 6\. His daughter, Mary Bell b. before 1561, d. 14 September 1585,Hunstanton Parish Registers - Norfolk Record Office married on 6 August 1582 Sir Nicholas le Strange of Norfolk;Outwell Parish Registers the son of Hamon le Strange (c.1530–1580) and Elizabeth Hastings; daughter of Sir Hugh Hastings of Elsing, de jure 14th Lord Hastings (d. 1540). 7\.

In 2005, there was questioning about the status of former Presidents of the Republic. According to the constitution of the Fifth Republic, former presidents are de jure members of the Constitutional Council, which poses a problem of possible partiality. Some members of Parliament and commentators suggested that it should be replaced by a life membership in the Senate. This proposal was, however, not enacted.

Baron Vavasour is an abeyant title in the Peerage of England. It was created in 1299 by writ of summons for William le Vavasour, who fought alongside Edward I at the Battle of Falkirk. The third baron was never called to Parliament, nor were any of his successors and the title became abeyant on the death of the de jure 25th baron in 1826.

Probably the most famous case in the history of LDF was Brown v. Board of Education, the landmark case in 1954 in which the United States Supreme Court explicitly outlawed de jure racial segregation of public education facilities. During the civil rights protests of the 1960s, LDF represented "the legal arm of the civil rights movement" and provided counsel for Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., among others.

Dunch was born at Down Ampney in Gloucestershire, the son of Edmund Dunch (1602–1678) and his wife Bridget Hungerford, daughter of Anthony Hungerford of Down Ampney (nephew of Anthony Hungerford of Black Bourton in Oxfordshire). In 1678, he inherited the title of de jure Baron Burnell of East Wittenham from his father, although he never used it as it had been created during the Commonwealth.

"Black Public Libraries in the South in the Era of De Jure Segregation." Libraries & The Cultural Record, 41(3), 338. Prior to the 20th century, most libraries established for African Americans were school-library combinations. Many public libraries for both European-American and African-American patrons in this period were founded as the result of middle-class activism aided by matching grants from the Carnegie Foundation.

Although often described by Western sources as a "no-man's land", it was de jure wholly East German territory, and escapees could be arrested or shot.Rottman (2008), pp. 25–26. Westerners were prohibited from entering the area and thus could not go to the aid of escapees. The actual line between West and East Germany was located on the far side of the outer strip.

Revolutionary authorities claimed that Cagots were no different from other citizens, and de jure discrimination generally came to an end. Still, local prejudice from the populace persisted, though the practice began to decline. During the Revolution, Cagots had stormed record offices and burned birth certificates in an attempt to conceal their heritage. These measures did not prove effective, as the local populace still remembered.

As of 2009, the American-based non-governmental organisation, Freedom House, ranks Artsakh above both Armenia and Azerbaijan in terms of political and civil rights.freedomhouse.org: Map of Freedom in the World, Freedom House, 2009freedomhouse.org: Map of Freedom in the World, Freedom House, 2009freedomhouse.org: Map of Freedom in the World, Freedom House, 2009 The republic is de facto independent and de jure a part of Azerbaijan.

In 2002 the municipalities were drastically reformed. Before then all aldermen remained member of the municipal council. The municipal council had all the competences in a municipality and it delegated competences to the council of aldermen and mayor. The council of aldermen and mayor de facto functioned as the executive council of the municipality, but de jure they were little more than a powerful committee.

Commemorative coin celebrating Latvia's 90th Anniversary The 90th Anniversary of the Latvian Republic was celebrated in 2008. Proclaimed on November 18, 1918, the Latvian republic asserted independence from Imperial Russia. International de jure recognition was obtained on January 26, 1921. In addition to the various domestic and international events organised to celebrate the anniversary, a commemorative stamp and coin were issued to mark the occasion.

The event took place on 30 October 1944 de jure via Mikhail Kalinin. Tuva was initially an autonomous oblast of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) and starting from 10 October 1961 as the Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Tuva ASSR). Salchak Toka remained up to his death in 1973 the General Secretary of the Tuvan department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

Yamoussoukro (; , locally ) is the de jure capital of Côte d'Ivoire and an autonomous district. As of the 2014 census, Yamassoukro is the fifth most populous city in Côte d'Ivoire with a population of 355,573 inhabitants. Located north-west of Abidjan, Yamoussoukro covers among rolling hills and plains. Yamassoukro became the legal capital of the Côte d'Ivoire in 1983, although the former capital Abidjan retains several political functions.

Little Island Ferry The original Fitzgerald castle was probably a tower-house or fortified house and was described as a square building with battlements erected in the 16th century, with a pointed doorway and a window flanked by a stone head. The branch of the Fitzgerald family that owned Waterford Castle were the descendants of Patrick Fitzgerald, son of the de jure 6th Earl of Kildare.

Portrait of Guillemette de Sarrebruck by Jean Clouet, 1537 Guillemette de Sarrebruck (circa 1490–1571) was a French court official. She served as Governess of the Children of France, and Première dame d'honneur to the queen of France, Mary Stuart, from 1559 until 1560. She had the title comtesse de Braine de jure after 1525, when she inherited the County of Braine from her childless brother.

His father was a landlord, Ivan Petrovich Kostomarov, and he belonged to Russian nobility. His distant family roots were in the Grand Duchy of Moscow from the reign of Boris Godunov. His mother Tatiana Petrovna Melnikova was an ethnic Ukrainian and one of his father's serfs; that is why Nikolay Kostomarov de jure was a "serf" of his father. Kostomarov was a specialist of East Slavic folklore.

Monastery of St. Mark of Koriša (, ) was a Serbian Orthodox monastery, built in 1467, located in Koriša, Prizren, Kosovo. The entire complex was declared a Protected Monument of Culture in 1959, and it is de jure protected by Republic of Serbia. It was a single-nave church, built on a rectangular foundation. It was severely damaged after the end of the Kosovo War in 1999.

Despite his de facto, if not de jure, independence, Nyaungyan was more concerned about Prome than Pegu. He rushed to consolidate his base before the next dry season. He and his army marched to towns around the Ava region, receiving the allegiance of local governors. Rival governors at Yamethin and Pagan (Bagan) initially resisted but eventually submitted to the rising power on and on , respectively.

Margaret Greville, 6th Baroness Willoughby de Broke and de jure 14th Baroness Latimer (c. 1561 - 26 March, 1631) was a peeress in the peerage of England. Margaret Greville was born circa 1561, the youngest daughter of Sir Fulke Greville, Sheriff of Warwick and 4th Baron Willoughby de Broke (1536–1606) and Lady Ann Neville. She married on 29 October 1582 at Alcester Sir Richard Verney (d. 1630).

In 1943, Tito proclaimed the creation of the Democratic Federative Yugoslavia (Demokratska federativna Jugoslavija). The Allies gradually recognized Tito's forces as the stronger opposition to the German occupation. They began to send most of their aid to Tito's Partisans, rather than to the Royalist Četniks. On 16 June 1944, the Tito–Šubašić agreement was signed, merging the de facto and the de jure governments of Yugoslavia.

At Napoleon's instigation, Prussia recaptured British Hanover and Bremen-Verden in early 1806. On August 6 of the same year, the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved as a result of Napoleon's victories over Austria. The title of Kurfürst (Prince- elector) of Brandenburg became meaningless, and was dropped. Nonetheless, Frederick William III was now de jure as well as de facto sovereign of all of the Hohenzollern domains.

Arms of Verney: Gules, three crosses recerclée or a chief vair ermine and ermines, adopted in 1853 by the 17th Baron in lieu of his paternal arms of Barnard Robert John Verney, 17th Baron Willoughby de Broke and de jure 25th Baron Latimer (7 October 1809 – 5 June 1862) (born Barnard) of Compton Verney in Warwickshire, was a peer in the peerage of England.

The executive board of the memorial also organizes efforts to collect oral memories from survivors. In some cases, relatives seeking information about their missing kin may contact the Memorial's executive board. Although the Memorial is de jure a historic site of the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, in practice it is maintained by the staff of Oak Ridge Cemetery and the Memorial's independent governing board.

Vakhtang was a son of Prince Bagrat, the founder of the House of Mukhrani and a younger son of Constantine II, the last de jure king of a unified Georgia. He was, therefore, first cousin to King Luarsab I of Kartli and first cousin once removed to Luarsab's son and successor, Simon I. Among his siblings were a sister, Dedisimedi, and brothers, Ashotan and Archil.

Golan Heights profile 25 March 2019 BBC The de jure tripoint lies on the Hasbani River, a tributary of the river Jordan, at , just north-east of the Israeli town of Ma'ayan Baruch. The de facto tripoints lie on the tripoint(s) with the United Nations UNDOF Zone. The situation is further complicated by the dispute over the Shebaa farms area on the Golan-Lebanon border.

In late 1940, German-Finnish co- operation began; it took a form that was unique when compared to relations with the Axis. Finland signed the Anti-Comintern Pact, which made Finland an ally with Germany in the war against the Soviet Union. But, unlike all other Axis states, Finland never signed the Tripartite Pact and so Finland never was de jure an Axis nation.

The Soviet Union was the first nation to fully recognize Israel de jure on 17 May 1948,Ian J. Bickerton (2009) The Arab-Israeli Conflict: A History Reaktion Books, p. 79 followed by Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Ireland, and South Africa. The United States extended official recognition after the first Israeli election, as Truman had promised on 31 January 1949.Press Release, 31 January 1949.

Benjamin Netanyahu and Vladimir Putin at the 2018 Moscow Victory Day Parade The Soviet Union voted in favor of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine in 1947, which paved the way for the creation of the State of Israel. On 17 May 1948, on the third day of Israel's independence, the Soviet Union granted de jure recognition to the State of Israel, becoming only the second country to recognise Israel (preceded only by the United States' de facto recognition) and the first country to grant Israel de jure recognition. The Soviet Union and the other communist states of Eastern Europe (with the exception of Romania) cut diplomatic ties with Israel during the Six-Day War. Relations were restored in 19 October 1991, a few months before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, despite the fact that hostile Arab countries such as Syria also maintain close ties with Russia.

Deducing from the theory of Jean Bodin (1530–1596), a French jurist and political philosopher, it could be said that ancient Filipino royalties, who never relinquished their sovereign rights by voluntary means (according to opinions of some historians), of whom the sovereign powers over their territories (de facto sovereignty) passed on to the Spanish jura regalia through some disputed means, retain their "fons honorum" as part of their de jure sovereignty. Therefore, as long as the blood is alive in the veins of these royal houses, de jure sovereignty is alive as well—which means they can still bestow titles of nobility. However, the practical implications of this claim is unclear, e.g., in the case of usurpation of titles by other members of the bloodline.“There are not a few judgments, civil and criminal, albeit some very recent, all of which to accept traditional principles re-enunciated not long since.

Tallinn was selected as host of the sailing events of the 1980 Olympics which led to controversy since Western countries had not de jure recognized ESSR as part of USSR. During preparations to the Olympics, sports buildings were built in Tallinn, along with other general infrastructure and broadcasting facilities. This wave of investment included Tallinn TV Tower, Pirita Yachting Centre, Linnahall, hotel "Olümpia" and the new Main Post Office building.

Nordic Journal of International Law 69.3, 289–316. and never formally recognized the annexation of Estonia de jure. "whereas the Soviet annexias of the three Baltic States still has not been formally recognized by most European States and the USA, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and the Vatican still adhere to the concept of the Baltic States". The Russian government and officials maintain that the Soviet annexation of Estonia was legitimate.

The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have spread in April 2020 to the Republic of Artsakh (a de-facto independent republic on territory de-jure part of Azerbaijan). The first infected person was from the village of Mirik in the province of Kashatagh who contracted the virus from Armenia. To date, Artsakh has reported to have performed 14,245 tests, of which 421 were positive (confirmed COVID-19 cases).

Toleration continued but there was an interventionist papist response from Jacques de Vitry, Bishop of Acre. Outside communion with Rome the Armenians, Copts, Jacobites, Nestorians and Maronites had greater autonomy and retained their own bishops. The Franks' had discriminatory laws against Jews and Muslims that prevented assimilation. They were banned from living in Jerusalem and sexual relations between Muslims and Christians were punished (at leat de jure) by mutilation.

The Employees' Corps of the Republic of Indonesia (, KORPRI), also known as the Indonesian Civil Servants Corps, is the de jure sole union representing the Indonesian Civil Service and employees of Indonesian state-owned enterprises as well as those of local government-owned enterprises, however it is de facto the sole union representing the Civil Service only. All civil servants are required to sign a union shop with KORPRI.

In 2005, the Town of Winthrop voted to change its governance from a representative town meeting adopted in 1920 to a council-manager form of government. Under Massachusetts law, as of 2006 when the new Town Charter took effect, Winthrop became de jure a city. However, it is one of thirteen cities in Massachusetts that chose to remain known as a 'town.'. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

The presidential palace and parliament remained surrounded by protesters and thousands of people surrounded the state TV building, keeping anyone from entering or leaving. The army issued a communiqué supporting Mubarak's attempt to remain de jure president. Hossam Badrawi, the new secretary of the NDP, resigned from unhappiness with Mubarak's refusal to leave."Latest Updates on Day 18 of Egypt Protests" by Robert Mackey – The New York Times.'.

Ochamchira District is a district of the partially recognised Abkhazia. Its capital is Ochamchire, the town by the same name. The district is smaller than the Ochamchire district in the de jure subdivision of Georgia, as some of its former territory is now part of Tkvarcheli District, formed by de facto Abkhaz authorities in 1995. The population of the Ochamchira district is 24,629 according to the 2003 census.

Since then, the whole Federal District, whose delegaciones had by then almost formed a single urban area, began to be considered de facto a synonym of Mexico City.Statute of Government of the Federal District The lack of a de jure stipulation left a legal vacuum that led to a number of sterile discussions about whether one concept had engulfed the other or if the latter had ceased to exist altogether.

Board of Education Supreme Court decision in 1954. That decision overturned Plessy and declared that state laws which established separate public schools for black and white students denied black children equal educational opportunities and were inherently unequal. As a result, de jure (legalized) racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, thereby paving the way for desegregation and the Civil Rights Movement.

Reformation Wall in Geneva; from left to right: William Farel, John Calvin, Theodore Beza, and John Knox Prior to the Protestant Reformation the city was de jure and de facto Roman Catholic. Reaction to the new movement varied across Switzerland. John Calvin went to Geneva in 1536 after William Farel encouraged him to do so. In Geneva, the Catholic bishop had been obliged to seek exile in 1532.

The census enumerated the population of the four original provinces (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario). Manitoba and British Columbia, which had also joined Confederation, were surveyed separately. For the first time, questions on religion and birthplace were asked in the census. The 1871 Census was the first to use the de jure method of enumeration rather than the de facto method used in Europe both then and now.

That doctrine was nullified by the constitutional reform of 1994. Article 36 states: In 1526, after seizing power Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi made his brother, Umar Din, the de jure Sultan of the Adal Sultanate. Ahmad, however, was in all practice the de facto Sultan. Some other notable true de facto leaders have been Deng Xiaoping of the People's Republic of China and General Manuel Noriega of Panama.

This opened new paths for the country's future just as others closed. In 1986, Portugal entered the European Economic Community and left the European Free Trade Association which had been founded by Portugal and its partners in 1960. The country joined the euro in 1999. The Portuguese Empire ended de facto in 1999 when Macau was returned to China, and de jure in 2002 when East Timor became independent.

The legislature of Libya is the unicameral House of Representatives which meets in Tobruk. The former legislature was the General National Congress, which had 200 seats. The General National Congress (2014), a largely unrecognised rival parliament based in the de jure capital of Tripoli, claims to be a legal continuation of the GNC. On 7 July 2012, Libyans voted in parliamentary elections, the first free elections in almost 40 years.

The politics of the Lao People's Democratic Republic (commonly known as Laos) takes place in the framework of a one-party socialist republic. The only legal political party is the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP). The de jure head of state is President Bounnhang Vorachith, who also is LPRP general secretary making him the de facto leader of Laos. The head of government is Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith.

Borilă was born to ethnic Bulgarian parents in the Southern Dobrujan city of Silistra,Tismăneanu, p.293 which was at the time part of the Bulgarian Principality (de jure under the Ottoman Empire) and, between 1913 and 1940, part of the Kingdom of Romania. He joined the newly outlawed Romanian Communist Party (PCR) in 1924, and became known under his adoptive name, at some point in the 1930s.Tismăneanu, Stalinism..., p.

Worthy (1896) suggested this family, Latinized to de Wigornia ("from Worcester"), was descended from a certain William de Wigornia, a younger sons of Robert de Beaumont, Count of Meulan (c.1142-1204) and de jure Earl of Worcester, by his marriage with Maud FitzRoy, daughter of Reginald de Dunstanville, 1st Earl of Cornwall. The manor of South Tawton was anciently a possession of the Beaumont family.Worthy; Risdon, p.

The treaty was a major milestone in Lithuania's struggle for international recognition and recognised Lithuania's eastern borders. Interwar Lithuania officially maintained that its de jure borders were those delineated by the treaty although a large territory, the Vilnius Region, was really controlled by Poland. Ratification documents were exchanged in Moscow on October 14, 1920. The treaty was registered in the League of Nations Treaty Series on March 8, 1921.

Itsik Moshe () was born on December 31, in 1959 and is currently President of the Israel-Georgia Chamber of Business and the founder and Chairman of Israeli House, the organization concentrated on Israeli Hasbara in the former USSR. Formerly he was the representative of the Jewish Agency in 5 USSR countries and today continues de facto representation of Israel, after he achieved significant successes while being de jure representative.

In this period, the global financial system was mainly tied to the gold standard. The United Kingdom first formally adopted this standard in 1821. Soon to follow were Canada in 1853, Newfoundland in 1865, the United States and Germany (de jure) in 1873. New technologies, such as the telegraph, the transatlantic cable, the radiotelephone, the steamship and railway allowed goods and information to move around the world at an unprecedented degree.

The hymn was created somewhere between the 10th and 13th centuries. However, it was not the de jure national anthem. The second oldest is the Dutch national anthem "Het Wilhelmus",Translates from Dutch as "The William" which was written between 1568 and 1572, but not then given any official status. The first anthem to be officially proclaimed as such was "God Save The Queen", adopted by Great Britain in 1745.

35, 59, 65, 69 and 71. The principality maintained de jure sovereignty until 1790 when by royal edict the territory of the principality was declared to be a part of France by Louis XVI. In 1793 the principality was occupied by troops loyal to the First French Republic and the last reigning prince, Antoine VII, was ousted. The royal and noble Gramont dynasty survives to the present day.

He had assumed by Royal licence the surname of Bosville in 1832 and had in 1847 inherited his father's Bosville estates in Yorkshire by Act of Parliament. His grandson, the de jure fourteenth Baronet, was recognised in the Baronetcy according to the aforementioned 1910 decision by the Court of Session. the baronetcy is held by the latter's great-grandson, the seventeenth Baronet. The family seat is Thorpe Hall, near Rudston, Yorskhire.

Ever since the Taliban regime was removed in late 2001, women's rights have gradually improved under the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and women are once again de jure equal to men under the 2004 constitution, which was largely based on that from 1964. However, their rights are still complicated by a reactionary view on women by certain classes of school, particularly ruralites, which continue to cause international concern.

The franc (ISO 4217: MCF) was the official currency of the Principality of Monaco until 1995 (de facto, 1996 de jure), when it changed to the French franc. The franc was subdivided into 100 centimes or 10 décimes. The Monégasque franc circulated alongside the French franc with the same value. Like the French franc, the Monégasque franc was revalued in 1960 at a rate of 100 old francs = 1 new franc.

In 1244 John FitzAlan inherited the castle from his father; John also became the de jure Earl of Arundel. The Welsh border situation was still unsettled, and security grew significantly worse in the next few years, as the Welsh prince Llywelyn up Gruffudd conducted numerous raids into English territories.Emery, p. 474. John's son, another John Fitzalan inherited the castle, marrying Isabella, one of the neighbouring and powerful Mortimer family.

The 40 drinking establishments and thriving red light district of Slabtown offended the mores of evangelicals and they believed this contributed to problems for families in the railroad town. As mayor, Norcross served also as both de jure Chief of Police and Superintendent of Atlanta's Streets. He intended to use public shaming to persuade the Rowdies to move a mile south-west to "Snake Nation".The Historic Oakland Cemetery: Speaking Stones.

While numerous proposals and agreement papers were generated between the two powers, Russia continued the de facto annexation of territory through fortification and garrison, if not de jure; while employing stalling tactics in its negotiations. In the end, with over two years of intensive bilateral negotiations having gotten nowhere in clarifying each country's rights, prerogatives, and interests in inner Manchuria, Japan declared war on Russia in February 1904.

1257), grandson of William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, and secondly John Giffard (d.1299) of Elston in Wiltshire, who held the barony jure uxoris.Sanders, p.36 Maud de Clifford's daughter and sole heiress, by her 1st husband William Longespée, was Margaret Longespée (d.1306/10), de jure Countess of Salisbury, who regained possession of the barony following the death of her step-father John Giffard in 1299.

Born in Chhatimgram village, Bogra District, Her father's name was Atmaram Choudhury. Bhabani was married off to Raja Ramkanta Roy, the then zamindar of Rajshahi. After his death, Bhabani became the de jure zamindar, and started being referred to as Rani, or queen. A woman as a zamindar was extremely rare in those days, but Rani Bhabani managed the vast Rajshahi zamindari most efficiently and effectively for over four decades.

As applied in Korematsu v. United States, which upheld the race-based exclusion order and internment during World War II of Japanese Americans who had resided on the West Coast of the United States, strict scrutiny was limited to instances of de jure discrimination, where a racial classification is written into the language of a statute. The Supreme Court's decision in Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.

In 2001, another rebranding of the top-division led to the Segunda Divisão becoming once again the 3rd tier of Portuguese handball. Moreover, due to the League-Federation dispute, the competition took an even lower standard between 2002 and 2007. During that period, the Segunda Divisão was de facto the 4th tier of the league system, although considered de jure the 3rd tier by the Portuguese Handball Federation.

He supported sovietization and suppression of the Lithuanian culture and the Catholic Church. He advocated to prohibit Lithuanian deportees from returning to Lithuania. At the same time, he was a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (1946–1962) as well as of the Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR (1947–1983) and was its chairman from 1955 to 1963 – de jure equivalent to the speaker.

Lady Jane Wharton (1706–1761), considered de jure 7th Baroness Wharton, was the daughter of Thomas Wharton, 1st Marquess of Wharton by his second wife Lucy Loftus, and sister of Philip Wharton, 1st Duke of Wharton. Lady Jane married first John Holt (d.1728), a nephew of Sir John Holt. She married secondly in 1733 Robert Coke, of the family of Sir Edward Coke, and Vice- Chamberlain to Queen Caroline.

81 BC until 42 BC, when it was de jure merged into Roman Italy as indicated in Caesar's unpublished acts (Acta Caesaris). Cisalpine means "on the hither side of the Alps" (from the perspective of the Romans), as opposed to Transalpine Gaul ("on the far side of the Alps"). Gallia Cisalpina was further subdivided into Gallia Cispadana and Gallia Transpadana, i.e. its portions south and north of the Po River, respectively.

After the revolution, newly freed slaves were violently opposed to remaining on plantations, but Dessalines, like Louverture, used military might to keep them there, thinking that plantation labor was the only way to make the economy function. Most ex-slaves viewed Dessalines' rule as more of the same oppression they had known during de jure slavery. Dessalines was killed by a mob of his own officers in 1806.

', officially the ' (), is a and capital of the province of , . According to the , it has a population of people. It is the de jure capital of the province of Cavite, located south of Metro Manila, when President Ferdinand Marcos decreed the transfer of the seat of the provincial government from Trece Martires on June 11, 1977. However, most offices of the provincial government are still located in Trece Martires.

It then became the subject of a bitter-fought lawsuit, nominally over the right to the Hastings arms but including the right to the family honours. The barony was claimed by Hugh Hastings (1377–1396) (later deemed the de jure 7th Baron Hastings; see below). He was the eldest son of Sir Hugh Hastings, grandson of Sir Hugh Hastings (c. 1307–1347), son of the second Baron by his second wife.

Canada granted de facto recognition to Israel in December 1948, and full de jure recognition on May 11, 1949, after the Jewish state was admitted into the United Nations (UN). A week later, Avraham Harman was appointed Israel's first Consul General to Canada. In September 1953, the Canadian Embassy opened in Tel Aviv and Michael Comay became Israeli Ambassador to Canada. A Canadian ambassador to Israel was appointed in 1958.

Sir Richard died in 1633 and was buried on 25 January at Wolborough. He was survived by his wife Lucy Brandon who lived until 1652. His lands including Forde, were inherited by his granddaughter Margaret Waller (born 1633), the only surviving child of his daughter Jane Reynell, who married Sir William Courtenay, 1st Baronet (1628–1702) de jure 5th Earl of Devon of Powderham and had 19 children.

Following a British ultimatum to vacate the Sinai, Israeli forces pulled back. War between Israel and the United Kingdom was thus avoided."Iaf V Raf ". Spyflight.co.uk. Retrieved 26 June 2010. The United Kingdom recognized Israel de facto on 13 May 1949,Abraham Mayer Heller, Israel's odyssey: a survey of Israel's renaissance, achievements, and problems, Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, 1959, p.83 and de jure on 28 April 1950.

In 1321, the County of Württemberg purchased title over Bad Boll and came to possess it de jure, but it was de facto still controlled by a local priory. That changed with the conversion of the then Duchy of Württemberg to Lutheranism and the seizure of church property. Since 1321, Bad Boll has been placed under the jurisdiction of Göppingen. The hot springs around Bad Boll were discovered in 1595.

AB Radiotjänst was one of 23 founding broadcasting organizations of the European Broadcasting Union in 1950. Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå lost its monopoly on newscasts de jure in 1947 and de facto in 1956, but otherwise the same model would be applied to television. It was decided to start test transmissions of television in June 1954. The first transmissions were made on 29 October 1954 from the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm.

The violent death and public reaction dramatically moved the conservative Republicans, led by Senator Everett McKinley Dirksen, whose support was the margin of victory for the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The act immediately ended de jure (legal) segregation and the era of Jim Crow.Peter J. Ling, "What a difference a death makes: JFK, LBJ, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964." The Sixties 8#2 (2015): 121–137.

In 1967, he consolidated his power by becoming president of the State Council, making him de jure head of state. His political apparatus sent many thousands of political opponents to prison or psychiatric hospitals. Ceaușescu with Deng Xiaoping and Leonid Brezhnev in 1965. Initially, Ceaușescu became a popular figure, both in Romania and in the West, because of his independent foreign policy, which challenged the authority of the Soviet Union.

The Supreme Court majority interpreted Brown v. Board of Education as restricting only de jure segregation and referred to Milliken v. Bradley and other precedents as applying only to intra-district desegregation. The Supreme Court argued that the lower courts had exceeded their authority in ordering measures such as across-the-board state-funded salary increases to fund continued quality education programs, which could not be sustained by local government.

He was born in County Galway and inherited Maigh Cuilinn (Moycullen) Castle and estate. Ó Flaithbheartaigh was the last de jure Lord of Iar Connacht, and the last recognised Chief of the Clan O'Flaherty. He lost the greater part of his ancestral estates to Cromwellian confiscations in the 1650s. The remainder was stolen through deception, by his son's Anglo-Irish father-in-law, Richard Nimble Dick Martin of Ross.

Lachin ( , literally "hawk") or Berdzor (), formerly Abdallyar, Datschin) is a town de facto controlled by the so-called Republic of Artsakh, a region internationally recognized de jure as part of Azerbaijan. The area has been governed by Artsakh, which has renamed the town Berdzor, since the 1992 Nagorno-Karabakh War, and acts as the capital of Kashatagh Region.Holding, Nicholas (2006). Armenia with Nagorno Karabagh, 2nd: The Bradt Travel Guide.

Between the First and Second World Wars Lithuania's capital was in the city of Kaunas and the United Kingdom maintained a diplomatic representation there. The UK never recognised de jure the Soviet annexation of Lithuania in 1940. The UK recognised Lithuania's restored independence on 27 August 1991. The British Embassy opened in Vilnius in October 1991 and moved to its current location on Antakalnio Street in April 1994.

The territory which had been under Georgia's control prior to the Russo–Georgian War of 2008, was organized into four municipalities, which retain their de jure status. South Ossetia's secessionist government divides the entity's territory into four districts (raion). The laws of Georgia include a notion that the final subdivision and system of local self- government should be established after the restoration of the state's sovereignty in the occupied territories.

By April the delegation put forward its requests for international help for the Kuban as an independent state to be defended from Bolshevism and announced its break from Denikin and refusal to further cooperate in the White Movement. None of this satisfied the Triple Entente. The Kuban People's Republic was, however, de jure recognized by the Ukrainian People's Republic, Azerbaijan Democratic RepublicAs stated by Khoyski, Official Azerbaijan Archives, folio.895, list.

When he died in 1910 the peerage once again became dormant. The claim passed to his distant relative William Henry Borthwick, the de jure twenty-first Lord. He was a descendant of John Borthwick, 1st of Crookston, younger son of the first Lord. His grandson John Henry Stuart Borthwick had his claim to the title admitted by the Lord Lyon in 1986, and he became the twenty-third Lord Borthwick.

The 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education decision was the beginning of the process of desegregation and the elimination of de jure discrimination. However, it was hard to determine the challenges that the process would present and the obstacles that would continue to exist.While the concept of "separate but equal" had been overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court, it was clear that the racial divide had not yet been gapped.

Currently, most of this area is under the control of the de facto Artsakh Republic, which has economic, political, and military support from Armenia but is internationally recognized as the de jure part of Azerbaijan. The final status of the region is still a subject of negotiations and conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan. This article encompasses the history of the region from the ancient to the modern period.

Archrivals have played 26 games at the Turkish First Tier, 27 games at the Second Tier and 6 games at the Third Tier. At the 2005–06 season, Adanaspor withdrew from the competition due to financial reasons, thus 4 derby wins of Adana Demir at the Third Tier are 3-0 by de jure. The latest derby was played on 4 October 2020 and ended with a goalless draw.

So when British Gen. Gough requested on 8 August Estonians for the military assistance to Yudenich, Estonians in return asked both Yudenich and the Allies to recognise their state first. Gough's deputy, Brigadier Gen. Frank Marsh required Yudenich to immediately issue a statute that would establish the Government of the North-West Russian Region encompassing Petrograd, Pskov and Novgorod Governorates that would officially guarantee de jure recognition of Estonia.

The Dutch side asked for a response in 14 days. The Indonesian side viewed this as an ultimatum - capitulate to the Dutch or face military action as it would mean de jure Dutch sovereignty over Indonesia. Sjahrir agreed to an interim government, but with the Republic comprising half the membership and East Indonesia and Borneo the other half, with no Dutch participation. He also rejected a combined police force.

New Prime Minister Amir Sjariffuddin accepted the de jure Dutch authority, but refused to agree to the joint police force. The Dutch then also demanded an end to Republican hostilities, and the food blockade of Dutch-controlled areas by midnight on 16 July. The Republicans agreed to a ceasefire if the Dutch would also be bound by it. The Indonesian side also suggested arbitration under Article 17 of the agreement.

Chief Justice Rehnquist delivered the majority opinion. He declared that the school voucher program was not in violation of the Establishment Clause. He also deemed that government support for religion was constitutional if it did not occur de jure but de facto and also failed to specify or to encourage religious schools. Cleveland's program was declared to be religiously neutral and to be giving parents the benefit of true private choice.

The Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick () is the deliberative assembly of the New Brunswick Legislature, in the province of New Brunswick, Canada. The assembly's seat is located in Fredericton. It was established in Saint John de jure when the colony was created in 1784 but came into session only in 1786, following the first elections in late 1785. The legislative assembly was originally the lower house in a bicameral legislature.

The resignation was never formally accepted by King Christian X of Denmark so the cabinet existed de jure, until a new one was formed following the liberation on 5 May 1945. Scavenius was politically isolated after 1945, but the parliamentary commission on misconduct during the Occupation did not find reason to impeach him for the High Court of the Realm for maladministration of office in its report in 1955.

When the United States Supreme Court declared de jure segregation illegal and unconstitutional, the library system experienced one of its greatest changes. As a result of this ruling, the "Library for the Colored Citizens of Savannah" was brought under the auspices of the Chatham-Effingham-Liberty Regional Library System (1963). This move made the library system a truly "free public library" serving all the citizens of Chatham, Effingham, and Liberty counties.

In 1943, Tito proclaimed the creation of the Democratic Federative Yugoslavia (Demokratska federativna Jugoslavija). The Allies gradually recognized Tito's forces as the stronger opposition forces to the German occupation. They began to send most of their aid to Tito's Partisans, rather than to the Royalist Četniks. On 16 June 1944, the Tito–Šubašić agreement was signed which merged the de facto and the de jure government of Yugoslavia.

In 1665, Gronovius succeeded Antonius Thysius the Younger as the 6th Librarian of Leiden University (see also Raffaello Fabretti). Gronovius edited and annotated Statius, Plautus, Livy, Tacitus, Aulus Gellius and Seneca's tragedies. In addition, he was the author of Commentarius de sestertiis (1643) and of an edition of Hugo Grotius's De jure belli et pacis (1660), amongst numerous other works. His Observationes contain a number of brilliant emendations.

Kaware family home In 1967, during the Six-Day War Israel occupied Khan Yunis again. Khan Yunis was the site of Israeli helicopter attacks in August 2001 and October 2002 that left several civilians killed, hundreds wounded and civilian buildings within the vicinity destroyed. It is known as a stronghold of the Palestinian Hamas. It is currently a status A territory in the de jure state of Palestine.

The phrase, therefore, can be dated to no earlier than the foundation of the Republic. This signature continued in use under the Roman Empire. The emperors were considered the de jure representatives of the people even though the senātūs consulta, or decrees of the Senate, were made at the de facto pleasure of the emperor. Populus Rōmānus in Roman literature is a phrase meaning the government of the People.

The border will remain closed for people. Suriname's border with Brazil has been established by the Treaty of Limits and mainly consists of impenetrable rainforest, and can be accessed through maroon and indigenous areas some of which are de jure autonomous like the Ndyuka. The discovery of gold has led to illegal border crossings and the establishment of villages in the border area. The international drugs trade also exploits the backdoor.

Within the EU, mandatory military service exists, at least in peacetime, only in Austria, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, and Greece (In all countries but Cyprus, alternative service is available). Within the EFTA countries, only Switzerland requires it (alternative service is available); Iceland and Liechtenstein have no armed forces; in Norway, military service is de jure mandatory, but the enforcement is limited, so some sources claim it is de facto voluntary.

Kyrgyzstan is one of three former Soviet republics in Central Asia to have Russian as an official language, Kazakhstan (de jure) and Uzbekistan (de facto) being the others. The Kyrgyz language was adopted as the official language in 1991. After pressure from the Russian and other minorities in the country, the republic adopted Russian as an official language as well in 1997, to become an officially bilingual country.

The Rex Sacrorum was the de jure highest religious official for the Republic. His sole task was to make the annual sacrifice to Jupiter, a privilege that had been previously reserved for the king. The Pontifex Maximus, however, was the de facto highest religious official and held most of the king's religious authority. He had the power to appoint all vestal virgins, flamens, pontiffs, and even the Rex Sacrorum himself.

During these travels he met some of the most important personalities of the time, including Herbert Kitchener, Franz Conrad von Hotzendorf, several Arab sheikhs who would become the monarchs of the Arab countries and also a young lieutenant, Mustafa Kemal, who would eventually become the president of Turkey. According to Vlora's memoirs, members of his family were de facto (not de jure) sanjakbeys of Sanjak of Avlona in period 1481—1828.

Walter Butler (1703–1783), also known as Walter Butler of Kilcash, and Walter Butler of Garryricken, was the de jure 16th Earl of Ormond and 9th Earl of Ossory. He did not assume these titles as he thought them forfeit as a result of the attainder of the 2nd Duke of Ormonde. In the peerage of Ireland, the titles were successfully claimed in 1791 by his son John, the 17th Earl.

Gazetted Officers are executive/managerial level ranked public servants in India. Authority for a gazetted officer to issue an official stamp comes from the President of India or the Governors of States. To that effect, they are de jure representatives and delegates of the Indian State and the President. If a person's name is published in the Gazette of India or any State Government Gazette, he/she is called Gazetted.

A carved door with Arabic calligraphy in Zanzibar More than 100 languages are spoken in Tanzania, making it the most linguistically diverse country in East Africa. Among the languages spoken are all four of Africa's language families: Bantu, Cushitic, Nilotic, and Khoisan. There are no de jure official languages in Tanzania. Swahili is used in parliamentary debate, in the lower courts, and as a medium of instruction in primary school.

The border between the municipalities of Lisbon and Oeiras; shared also by the civil parishes of Santa Maria de Belém (Lisbon) and Algés (Oeiras) Administratively, Portugal is de jure unitary and decentralized state. Nonetheless, operationally, it is highly centralized system with administrative divisions organized into three tiers.Carlos Nuno Silva (2002), p.5 The State is organized under the principles of subsidiarity, local government autonomy, and democratic decentralization of the public service.

The Taliban initially enjoyed goodwill from Afghans weary of the warlords' corruption, brutality, and incessant fighting.Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world / editor in chief, Richard C. Martin, Macmillan Reference USA : Thomson/Gale, c2004 This popularity was not universal, particularly among non-Pashtuns. In 2001, the Taliban, de jure, controlled 85% of Afghanistan. De facto the areas under its direct control were mainly Afghanistan's major cities and highways.

He married Eleanor Hylton, daughter and heir of Sir Richard Hylton, 5th Baronet, and Anne, sister and co-heiress of John Hylton, de jure 18th Baron Hylton. Jolliffe died in February 1802, aged 56, after falling through a trapdoor into a cellar at his home. His wife died the same year. Their grandson William George Hylton Jolliffe became a prominent Conservative politician and was created Baron Hylton in 1866.

The two first male censuses was conducted during the 1660s and 1701. Later statistical censuses were held in 1769, 1815, 1835, 1845, and 1855. Norway's first nominative, complete census was taken in 1801, when Norway still was ruled by the Oldenburg dynasty of Denmark-Norway. The scope of the census followed the de jure principle, so military persons should be included as well as foreigners if they were residents.

In 1809, the sanjakbey of the Avlona was Ibrahim Pasha. According to Eqrem Vlora members of his family were de facto (not de jure) sanjakbeys of Sanjak of Avlona in period 1481—1828. In 1834 Mahmood Hamdi pasha was appointed to govern the Sanjak of Delvina, Yanina and Avlona. Ismail Qemali, first Prime Minister of Albania, was elected a member of Ottoman parliament in December 1908 for the Sanjak of Berat.

Federalism in Malaysia dates back to the establishment of the Federated Malay States in Peninsular Malaysia, then known as Malaya. Federalism in Malaysia took a more concrete form with the establishment of the Federation of Malaya. The merger of Malaya with Singapore, North Borneo (now Sabah) and Sarawak further complicated the situation. As of 2008, although Malaysia is a de jure federation, many perceive it as a de facto unitary state.

The initialism LGBT is used to refer collectively to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people and members of the specific group and to the community (subculture) that surrounds them. This can include rights advocates, artists, authors, etc. In spite of considerable de jure legal protection for the LGBT community in Colombia (see LGBT rights in Colombia), LGBT individuals are often subject to controversy regarding acceptance (transgender individuals, in particular).

The country's capital city is Baku. The de facto independent Republic of Artsakh is a break away state that is in the south west which is de jure part of Azerbaijan. Air transportation in Azerbaijan is regulated by the Ministry of Transportation of Azerbaijan Republic. A$40 million project to lengthen the main runway at Ganja Airport has been completed, allowing the first international direct connections to the city.

The World Passport is a 45-page document sold by the World Service Authority, a non-profit organization,Romingerlegal.com , 99-1334 - U.S. v. THOMAS - 07/07/2000 citing Article 13, Section 2, of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. World Passports have allegedly been accepted sporadically by some 174 countries, but no immigration authority has a de facto or de jure policy of acceptance with regards to the document.

Ubaldo I Visconti (died 1230) was the de jure overlord of the Giudicato of Cagliari from 1217. He was a member of the Visconti family of Pisa, controlling Cagliari on behalf of his brother, who was judge jure uxoris from 1218. His grandfather, Alberto, was a patrician of Pisa, while his father, Eldizio, was patrician and consul. He and his brother Lamberto in turn served as patrician and podestà.

At the feet of the supporters are a plow and anchor, emblems of commerce and navigation. Below the shield is a motto that reads "Oro en paz, fierro en guerra", which is Spanish for "Gold in peace, iron in war". The official de jure description of the seal given by the San Franciscan government does not assign any specific colors to be used on renditions of the seal.

On 11 June 1955, The Government of India has dissolved the Representative Assembly of the State of Pondicherry via State of Pondicherry (Representative Assembly Decree Amendment) Order. Later, Pondicherry Representative Assembly has been created that functioned until 1964. After the de-factor merger and before the legal integration (i.e. de-jure transfer) with the Indian Union on 16 August 1962, general elections to the assembly were held in 1955 and 1959.

The Emperor of Japan was the official ruler of Japan at the very top of the Tokugawa class hierarchy. However, the Emperor was only a de jure ruler, functioning as a figurehead held up as the ultimate source of political sanction for the Shōgun's authority. The Emperor and his Imperial Court located in Kyoto, the official capital of Japan, were given virtually no political power but their prestige was invincible.

Prior to World War II, most public schools in the country were de jure or de facto segregated. All Southern states had Jim Crow laws mandating racial segregation of schools. Northern states and some border states were primarily white (in 1940, the populations of Detroit and Chicago were more than 90% white) and existing black populations were concentrated in urban ghettos partly as the result of restrictive covenants.

Rupert Devereaux was the British Prime Minister and de jure Chief of Police in Ptolemy's Gate. He had a charismatic personality that had greatly inspired Mandrake when he was young, though this respect later dwindled. He had a great passion for the performing arts and so was great friends with the playwright Quentin Makepeace. Near his death, he grew paranoid with all the chances of betrayal within the government.

This is a list of wars that the country of Latvia have participated in. The Republic of Latvia existed as a de jure sovereign state from 17 June 1940 to 4 May 1990, and was represented by the Latvian Diplomatic Service dealing with a limited part of state functions of the Republic of Latvia. The Republic of Latvia did not engage in warfare during the period of occupation.

', officially the ' (Maguindanaon: Ingud nu Buluan; Iranun: Inged a Buluan; ), is a and capital of the province of , . According to the , it has a population of people. The town was recognized by the Sangguniang Panlalawigan of Maguindanao as the new (de jure) provincial capital in 2014, a move seen as the solution to the decades-old issue of Maguindanao's lack of a permanent provincial capitol due to local clan politics.

Greville Verney, 8th Baron Willoughby de Broke and de jure 16th Baron Latimer (c. 1620 - 9 December 1648) was a peer in the peerage of England. Greville Verney was born circa 1620, the elder son of Greville Verney, 7th Baron Willoughby de Broke (1586–1642), and Catherine Southwell. He inherited the title 8th Baron Willoughby de Broke and 16th Baron Latimer on the death of his father in 1642.

Before the Protestant Reformation reached Zürich, it was de jure and de facto Roman Catholic. The Protestant Reformation, led by Huldrych Zwingli, made Zürich both a theological centre and a stronghold of Protestantism in Switzerland. Another Swiss city with a comparable status was Geneva, the so-called Protestant Rome, where John Calvin and his Protestant Reformers operated, as well as Basel. Zürich attracted other influential Protestant Reformers like Heinrich Bullinger.

An important element of Louis XIV's policy of reunion was to the gain the strategically important city of Luxembourg, which was under Spanish rule, but belonged de jure to the Holy Roman Empire. The city had been besieged in 1681-1682, and the inhabitants endured great hardship. This attempt was broken off, but the country was occupied. Louis started the War of the Reunions especially to conquer Luxembourg in 1683.

After a series of league mergers and folds, it became the de facto championship trophy of the NHL in 1926, though it was nominally still subject to external challenge. After 1947, the Cup became the de jure NHL championship prize. From 1914 to the end of the 2020 season, the trophy has been won 102 times. 25 teams have won the cup, 20 of which are still active in the NHL.

The Workers' Party of Korea (; abbr. WPK) is the founding and ruling political party of North Korea. It is the largest party represented in the Supreme People's Assembly and coexists de jure with two other legal parties making up the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland. However, these minor parties are completely subservient to the WPK, and must accept the WPK's "leading role" as a condition of their existence.

Choueiri, 2010, p. 113. Following the Ba'ath Party split of 1966 (the party split into two branches, one Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party and one Syrian-led Ba'ath Party) al-Arsuzi became the Syrian-led Ba'ath Party's main ideologue, while Aflaq was the de jure ideologue of the Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party.Bengio, 1998, p. 218. From 1966 to 1968 al-Arsuzi acted as al-Assad's and Jadid's personal ideological mentor.

Foreigners who possess Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) continue to benefit consular protection from their country of nationality. Franco-Pondichériens who have served in the French armed services are disqualified from OCI: "foreign military personnel either in service or retired are not entitled for grant of OCI". Whereas OCI eligibility regarding conscripts who have undergone the mandatory military service or Journée défense et citoyenneté is unclear, Franco-Pondichériens enjoy treaty rights to visit India as guaranteed through Article IX of the 1956 Treaty establishing De Jure Cession of French Establishments in India: "French civil servants, magistrates and military personnel born in the Establishments or keeping there family links shall be permitted to return freely to the Establishments on leave or on retirement." In February 2015, Indo French Senior Citizens Association staged street- protests in Pondicherry to protest against denial of the French nationality and voting rights derived from the 1956 Treaty establishing De Jure Cession of French Establishments in India.

The Supreme Court has the explicit de jure powers and enjoys the powerful judicial independence to block the exercise of certain Prime Minister's executive powers or Parliament's legislative powers that repugnant to Constitution. The Supreme Court has maintained its institutional integrity and has been able to maintain its authority to some degree in the face of martial law in Pakistan in last decades. In another example of a de jure power granted to the Court, article 17 of the Constitution states: The Supreme Court thus provides, in principle, an important safeguard against the abuse of laws that could potentially have politically repressive consequences or in clear violation of human rights. The Constitution also allows the Supreme Court to exercise powers and take sua sponte actions against the person, regardless of its statue, or the authority, of being disobedient to or disrespectful towards the Supreme Court, its justices, and its officers in the form of behavior that opposes or defies the Supreme Court's institutional integrity and popular authority.

After Yolande's death in 1499, the de jure rights of Jerusalem and Cyprus were lost to the Savoy family. Charles however, as some sort of heir-male, took those titles, which his successors also used. In 1713, Charles's great-great-great-grandson Victor Amadeus II of Savoy received confirmation to that title from the Kings of Spain and France, who also claimed it. The rights, according to succession of heirs general, i.e.

The politics of Belarus takes place in a framework of a presidential republic with a bicameral parliament. The President of Belarus is the head of state. Executive power is exercised by the government, at its top sits a prime minister, appointed by the President. Legislative power is de jure vested in the bicameral parliament, the National Assembly, however the president may enact decrees that are executed the same way as laws, for undisputed time.

The Cathedral of Saint John Berchmans is the cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Shreveport, in Shreveport, Louisiana, United States. It is one of only eight parish churches in the world dedicated to the Jesuit Saint John Berchmans.See St. John Berchmans Church (disambiguation) for the list of the nine churches dedicated exclusively to St. John Berchmans. The St. John Berchmans Church in Brussels is not de jure a parish church.

The Senedd building, designed by Richard Rogers, opened on St David's Day 2006 Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.ISO 3166-2 NEWSLETTER, 2011, p.27. Accessed 8 March 2012 Constitutionally, the UK is a de jure unitary state, its parliament and government in Westminster. In the House of Commons – the lower house of the UK Parliament – Wales is represented by 40 MPs (out of 650) from Welsh constituencies.

Poland and Lithuania had been joined in a personal union since the Union of Krewo of 1385. Both countries were ruled by Władysław II Jagiełło. However, after the Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392) and the Ostrów Agreement, Vytautas gained the supreme power in Lithuania. The legal basis for Polish–Lithuanian relations was revisited by the Union of Vilnius and Radom of 1401, which reiterated de facto Lithuanian independence and de jure Polish supremacy.

In summer of 2010 the registration of the 1-st Rehabilitation Center for women ex-prisoners started in Chernigiv suburb. The importance and value of pastoral care in penitentiary system is indisputable. Even if prison chaplaincy does not exist in Ukraine de jure, ministry of the Church in prison establishments of Ukraine became more possible de facto than we practically offer now! The number of well trained lay volunteers is not enough.

In 1463, the Catalan institutions, which were in civil war with John II of Aragon, offered their crown to Peter. He was chosen King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, and King of Valencia by the Consell de Cent. He reigned de facto in Catalonia and parts of Aragon, but only de jure in Valencia, which was occupied by John II of Aragon. The territory under his control only included Barcelona, Catalonia and parts of Aragon.

It was held that the seventh Earl's father, the sixth Earl, was the lawful (de jure) successor to the earldom of Crawford (though he did not claim it). Therefore, the sixth Earl of Balcarres was posthumously declared the twenty-third Earl of Crawford, and his son, the seventh Earl of Balcarres, became the twenty-fourth Earl of Crawford. Thereafter, the two earldoms have remained united. The family seat is Balcarres House, near Colinsburgh, Fife.

When Coalition Provisional Authority chief executive Paul Bremer took control of Iraq following the U.S. invasion in 2003 he issued a series of decrees that restored the Iraqi criminal code back to the Iraq penal code of 1968 (as revised in 1988). While not de jure illegal, waves of harassment and violence against LGBT people came from family members and other Iraqis who felt the need to punish people for violating traditional Islamic mores.

On 6 June 2019, he was appointed caretaker manager of FC Rubin Kazan. As he did not possess the necessary UEFA Pro Licence at the time, but rather UEFA A Licence, he was formally registered with the league as an assistant coach, with Spanish coach Eduardo Aldama Docampo registered as the de-jure head coach. He left Rubin by mutual consent on 16 December 2019, with the team in 13th place in the table.

Chastenet, p. 243 The regency was only de jure, as all decisions were still taken by Napoleon and implemented by his most senior officials, including Lebrun, Joseph Bonaparte, Talleyrand and Savary.Herre, p. 159 Marie Louise tried unsuccessfully to get her father to ally with France.Chastenet, p. 249 Austria too joined the opposition to France. She maintained a correspondence with Napoleon, informing him of increasing demands for peace in Paris and the provinces.Durand, p.

The bombing focused the attention of France, and particularly of Napoleon III, on the issue of Italian nationalism.Milza, 2006, pp. 407–12 Part of Italy, particularly the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (officially the "Kingdom of Sardinia"), was independent, but central Italy was still ruled by the Pope (in this era, Pope Pius IX), while Venice, Lombardy and much of the north was ruled by Austria. Other states were de jure independent (e.g.

Viljoen JA subscribed fully to these views. Whereas formerly, "particularly in ancient and medieval times and even in the more enlightened period thereafter," retribution was emphasised, "the outlook has gradually changed." In his De Jure Belli ac Pacis, Grotius wrote, "nemo prudens pun it quia peccatum sed ne peccatur."2.20.4.1. While, in Viljoen JA's estimation, this was true, retribution was, as Schreiner JA had said, by no means absent from the modern approach.

Today, the ROC is the de facto government of Taiwan; whereas the PRC is the de facto government over Mainland China. However, each government claims to be the legitimate government of all China de jure. The arguments below are frequently used by proponents and/or opponents of these claims. Arguments common to both the PRC and ROC The ROC and PRC both officially support the One China policy and thus share common arguments.

Victoria has a long history of debating prostitution, and was the first State to advocate regulation (as opposed to decriminalisation in New South Wales) rather than suppression of prostitution. Legislative approaches and public opinion in Victoria have gradually moved from advocating prohibition to control through regulation. While much of the activities surrounding prostitution were initially criminalised de jure, de facto the situation was one of toleration and containment of 'a necessary evil'.

General Julio Ronald Salazar Monroe was the de jure chief of Peru's National Intelligence Service (SIN) during the early 1990s. During Salazar's tenure at the SIN, Vladimiro Montesinos acted as the de facto chief of the SIN and the National Security Advisor. On April 8, 2008, Salazar was sentenced to 35 years of prison for his role in the La Cantuta Massacre, which was carried out by the Grupo Colina death squad.Monte Hayes, Associated Press.

Some ghost towns, especially those that preserve period-specific architecture, have become tourist attractions. Some examples are Bannack in the United States, Barkerville in Canada, Craco in Italy, Kolmanskop in Namibia, Pripyat in Ukraine, and Danushkodi in India. The town of Plymouth on the Caribbean island of Montserrat is a ghost town that is the de jure capital of Montserrat. It was rendered uninhabitable by volcanic ash from an eruption of the Soufrière Hills Volcano.

This is a list of astronomical objects formerly widely considered planets under any of the various definitions of this word in astronomy. As of 2016, there are 8 official planets of the Solar System, and many more exoplanets. Several objects formerly considered exoplanets have been found to actually be stars or brown dwarfs. As the definition of planet has evolved, the de facto and de jure definitions of planet have changed over the millennia.

Karl-Otto Saur (February 16, 1902 in Düsseldorf - July 28, 1966 in Pullach) was State Secretary in the Reich Ministry of Armaments and War Production in Germany during the Nazi era and de jure last defence minister of the Third Reich. Saur was an engineer by profession. After graduation, he joined Thyssen AG, where he became the director of the August Thyssen-Hütte. He was a member of the NSDAP from 1931.

On 9 May 1889, they were split in two Résidences supérieures, each subordinated to the Governor-General of French Indochina. The Nguyễn dynasty still nominally ruled over both protectorates. Tonkin was de facto ruled directly by the French, while the imperial government maintained some degree of authority over Annam. On 27 September 1897, the Vietnamese imperial council in Annam was replaced by a council of ministers, presided de jure by the French representative.

RLAF T-28D, at Long Tieng, Laos, 1972 The "second Geneva Convention" of 1962 settled de jure the neutrality of the Kingdom of Laos, obtaining commitments from both the Soviets and the Americans. Nonetheless, such a neutral status quo in Laos soon became threatened de facto, e.g., by North Vietnamese (NVN) armed support for the communist Pathet Lao. The CIA in 1963 was tasked to mount an armed defense of the "neutrality" of the Kingdom.

The Vietnamese King Tran Anh Tong accepted this offer. He took and renamed O and Ly prefectures to Thuan prefecture and Hóa prefecture, respectively, with both of them often referred to as Thuan Hoa region.Phan Khoang, p.85. In 1592, the Mac dynasty was forced to flee to Cao Bang province and the Le emperors were enthroned as de jure Vietnamese rulers under the leadership of Nguyen Kim, the leader of Le Dynasty loyalists.

The Governorate of Chiloé had its de jure northern limit a Bueno River in continental Chile. There the governorate limited with the territories of Valdivia. The area de facto controlled included the Chiloé Archipelago, the seashore forts and settlements north of Chacao Channel plus the Mission of Nahuel Huapi which was nevertheless financed from Valdivia. Historian Gabriel Guarda do however disagree claiming the Mission of Nahuel Huapi was within the jurisdiction of Valdivia.

Prior to Hong Kong's handover, the colony's governor was the de jure chancellor of the university. That role has been assumed by Hong Kong's chief executive following the handover. The chief executive's role as the university's Chancellor is enshrined in the Hong Kong Baptist University Ordinance. For a list of pre- and post-handover university chancellors, refer to the articles for the Governor of Hong Kong and the Chief executive of Hong Kong.

"L'Abidjanaise" performed in 1992 Adopted in 1960 at the country's independence, "" remains the national anthem of Côte d'Ivoire, as the capital cities is now Yamoussoukro (de jure) and Abidjan (de facto). This hymn is strongly tinged with patriotism and influenced by religion. The lyrics are from ministers Mathieu Vangah Ekra and Joachim Bony. The music has been composed by abbots Pierre-Marie Coty alongside Pierre-Michel Pango, taking "La Marseillaise" as a model.

After four days the coup d'état collapsed, due to popular opposition and lack of support by the civil servants and the officers. Other cities were shaken by strikes and rebellions, which were bloodily suppressed. Germany was the first state to establish diplomatic relations with the new Soviet Union. Under the Treaty of Rapallo, Germany accorded the Soviet Union de jure recognition, and the two signatories mutually cancelled all pre-war debts and renounced war claims.

At the end of the series, Isshin passes away, and Yakumo consents for his organs to be donated to save the life of a young girl. ; : :Assistant in evil to Yakumo's biological father. Miyuki is shown as being physically strong, mentally twisted, and very loyal to Yakumo's father. Miyuki is a product of adultery of her de jure paternal grandfather and her mother and has been abused to her "father" (half- uncle).

The independence of India in 1947 gave impetus to the union of France's Indian possessions with former British India. An agreement between France and India in 1948 stipulated that the inhabitants of France's Indian possessions would choose their political future. The de jure union of French India with the Indian Union did not take place until 1962. On a de facto basis, the bureaucracy had been united with India's on 1 November 1954.

At the time of publication and until 1884, a de jure International Date Line did not exist. If it did, he would have been made aware of the change in date once he reached this line. Thus, the day he added to his clock throughout his journey would be removed upon crossing this imaginary line. However, in the real world, Fogg's mistake would not have occurred because a de facto date line did exist.

On December 20, Alabama Secretary of State John Merrill (R) certified England's signature of the Democratic list of people who filed as candidates for the 2020 election, establishing England as the de jure chair of the party.England, not Worley, certifies list of Alabama Democratic primary candidates The controversial election and preceding events were the subject of a three-part series entitled "The Real Enemy," produced by Emmanuel Dzotsi for the podcast Reply All.

The Buganda regional Parliament passed a resolution in May 1966 declaring that de jure Buganda's incorporation into Uganda had ended with the suspension of the constitution and requesting the federal government to vacate the capital city, which was in Buganda. Obote responded with an armed attack upon the Kabaka's palace, sending Mutesa into exile in the United Kingdom via Burundi, and in 1967 a new constitution abolished all of Uganda's kingdoms, including Buganda.

Alexios Doukas was proclaimed emperor as Alexios V. During Alexios IV's brief reign, the empire's territories along the Black Sea coast declared independence, leading to the Byzantine successor state known as the Empire of Trebizond. The volatile situation in Constantinople at the time ensured that the empire had neither the resources nor wherewithal to maintain control of Trebizond, resulting in a de facto recognition of its Independence, although de jure it remained an Imperial possession.

Amo was baptised (and later confirmed) in the palace's chapel. He was treated as a member of the Duke's family, and was educated at the Wolfenbüttel Ritter-Akademie (1717–21) and at the University of Helmstedt (1721–27). He went on to the University of Halle, whose Law School he entered in 1727. He finished his preliminary studies within two years, titling his thesis Dissertatio Inauguralis de Jure Maurorum in Europa (1729).

BLAST (BLocked ASynchronous Transmission), like XMODEM and Kermit, is a communications protocol designed for file transfer over asynchronous communication ports and dial-up modems that achieved a significant degree of popularity during the 1980s. Reflecting its status as a de facto standard for such transfers, BLAST, along with XMODEM, was briefly under official consideration by ANSI in the mid-80s as part of that organization's ultimately futile attempt to establish a single de jure standard.

The barony became dormant on the death of the sixteenth Baron, in 1879. In 1891 the peerage was claimed by Christopher Patrick Mary Barnewall (de jure 17th Baron Trimlestown), a descendant of Hon. Patrick Barnewall, second son of the seventh Baron. He died before he had fully established his claim, but in 1893 his younger brother Charles Aloysius Barnewall was confirmed in the title by the Committee for Privileges of the House of Lords.

They were attacked en route by Illyrian vessels, and one of them was killed, together with an Issaean ambassador. Rome thereupon undertook military action against Agron's wife, Teuta, Agron having died in the interim.The Hellenistic world and the coming of Rome, Volume 1 by Erich S. Gruen His son, Pinnes, succeeded him and ruled de jure (though never de facto) for thirteen years. Tritueta was Agron's first wife and the mother of Pinnes.

The Von Schleicher Cabinet de jure formed the government of Weimar Germany between 3 December 1932 and 28 January 1933 upon the resignation of Franz von Papen. The cabinet was made up of holdovers from Papen's which featured many right-wing independents or German National People's Party (DNVP). The government was followed by the Hitler Cabinet after Schleicher's own resignation. This was to be the last Weimar government before the rise of Nazi Germany.

But the Ruhr fight also led to hyperinflation, and many who lost all their fortune would become bitter enemies of the Weimar Republic, and voters of the anti- democratic right. See 1920s German inflation. Germany was the first state to establish diplomatic relations with the new Soviet Union. Under the Treaty of Rapallo, Germany accorded the Soviet Union de jure recognition, and the two signatories mutually cancelled all pre-war debts and renounced war claims.

It is denominated presumption juris et de jure, when the law so strongly supports the presumption that it is held to be certain in judicial proceedings. Against such a presumption no proofs are admitted except the evident truth. Thus, goods described in the inventory made by a guardian are presumed to belong to the possessions of the deceased, nor would the later testimony of the guardian himself to the contrary ordinarily be admitted.

The Eritrean secessionist movement organized the Eritrean Liberation Front in 1961 and fought the Eritrean War of Independence until Eritrea gained de facto independence in 1991. Eritrea gained de jure independence in 1993 after an independence referendum. Eritrea is a totalitarian one-party dictatorship in which national legislative and presidential elections have never been held since independence. According to Human Rights Watch, the Eritrean government's human rights record is among the worst in the world.

The city was jointly occupied by the New Zealanders and Partisans until June 1945, when it came under rule of a UN-mandated military provisional government as a provision of the Treaty of Peace with Italy. It would remain a de-facto free state until it was partitioned between its two neighbors in October 1954. This was later reaffirmed in the Treaty of Osimo, where it was split de jure between Italy and Yugoslavia.

"Securing the Chornobyl exclusion zone against illegal movement of radioactive materials" (IRPA) Leaving Vilcha, the line enters Narodychi Raion of the Zhytomyr Oblast and after Racha (or Radcha), the line reaches Ovruch Raion. It crosses several villages and ends at Ovruch station, on the line linking Mazyr to Korosten. The Vilcha-Ovruch section, de jure operating but de facto abandoned, has had no passenger services since 1986. Vilcha station was open until 2013.

After the First World War the ministry was dissolved because Croatia-Slavonia became part of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and subsequently the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. However, the position de jure existed until the proclamation of the Hungarian Soviet Republic in March 1919. Zsigmond Kunfi, as the last de facto minister of Croatian Affairs, was entrusted with the ministry's liquidation between 6 November 1918 and 19 January 1919.

The PYD on the other hand stated it had been attacked by a mercenary gang. Due to the onslaught of "Islamic State" fighters, thousands of refugees have moved towards Amuda. Following the Rojava Revolution, the first meeting of the Democratic Autonomous Administration of the Jazira Canton was held in Amuda following its 21 January 2014 declaration. Qamishli was declared as the Canton's de jure capital, with Amuda acting as such for the time being.

There are small ethnic minorities that exist in South Korea, where they account for around 1% of the South Korean population. These include around 650,000 Chinese immigrants. Most Sub-Saharan African countries have what would be considered a mono-racial society, but it is common to find dozens of ethnic groups within the same country. The Yugoslav Wars are noted as having made territories "de facto and de jure monoethnic nation-states".

Jenico Preston helped to suppress the Irish Rebellion of 1798.The Observer; Dublin Castle, July 16, 1798, 22 July 1798 In 1800 he had the outlawry reversed and was summoned to the Irish House of Lords as the twelfth Viscount Gormanston. He was the great-grandson of Anthony Preston, the de jure ninth Viscount Gormanston, the nephew of the seventh Viscount. The twelfth Viscount was succeeded by his son, the thirteenth Viscount.

The List of Ambassadors of Japan to Finland started when Ryotarō Hata presented his credentials to the Finnish government in 1921. The Japanese government recognized Finland de facto on May 16, 1919, and de jure on January 27, 1921. Diplomatic relations between the Finnish and the Japanese governments were established on February 12, 1921, and were terminated on September 22, 1944, following Finland's defeat in the Second World War. They were reestablished in 1957.

The Tsa Yig held a special position in Bhutan as the nation's main legal code from its founding in 1629, through the establishment of the modern Bhutanese monarchy, until de jure abrogation in 1965. During this time, the social and moral code of Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal evolved to a code of regulations for the unified Kingdom of Bhutan. Many basic tenets of the Bhutanese Tsa Yig live on in modern legal codes, including its Constitution.

The global financial system was mainly tied to the gold standard during this period. The United Kingdom first formally adopted this standard in 1821. Soon to follow was Canada in 1853, Newfoundland in 1865, and the United States and Germany (de jure) in 1873. New technologies, such as the telegraph, the transatlantic cable, the Radiotelephone, the steamship, and the railway allowed goods and information to move around the world at an unprecedented degree.

Thomas, the 7th earl, died without issue in 1515; the de facto, if not indeed the de jure earl, Piers Butler, a cousin of the 7th Earl, was induced to resign his rights to the title in 1528. This facilitated the next creation by awarding the titles of Ormond and Wiltshire to Thomas Boleyn, who was the father of Anne Boleyn. At that time, Anne was the mistress of King Henry VIII of England.

Khojaly (), also called Khojali, Khodjaly and Hojaly, is de-jure a rayon of Azerbaijan, but is de-facto controlled by the Republic of Artsakh. The region was once a site of prehistoric Khojaly-Gadabay culture and it was where the biggest massacre throughout the Karabakh War, Khojaly Massacre happened. It borders Kalbajar District to the north, Lachin District to the west, Agdam District to the east and Shusha and Khojavend districts to the south.

States that ratified the United Nations Convention Against Torture have a treaty obligation to include the provisions into municipal law. The laws of many states therefore formally prohibit torture. However, such de jure legal provisions are by no means a proof that, de facto, the signatory country does not use torture. To prevent torture, many legal systems have a right against self-incrimination or explicitly prohibit undue force when dealing with suspects.

1974's Milliken v. Bradley decision placed a limitation on Swann when they ruled that students could only be bused across district lines when evidence existed of de jure segregation across multiple school districts. In the 1970s and 1980s, under federal court supervision, many school districts implemented mandatory busing plans within their districts. Busing was controversial because it took students out of their own neighborhoods and further away from their parents' supervision and support.

Moi was above the law and his word was law, and this led to his legislation in 1982, which made Kenya a de jure one-party state. As a consequence, Moi banned opposition of the ruling party, KANU and frequently vetoed decisions made my parliament. Moi consolidated all powers and all forms of authority reported to him, including (Provincial Commissioners[PCs], the District Commissioners[DCs], and District Officers [DOs]) who are civil servants.

Title page from the second edition (Amsterdam 1631) of De jure belli ac pacis. First published in 1625, Grotius advances a system of principles of natural law, which are held to be binding on all people and nations regardless of local custom. Defendants at the Nuremberg trials listening to translated evidence through headphones. The Institutes of Justinian,Institutes of Justinian, Book I, Title II, "Concerning Natural Law, the Law of Nations, and the Civil Law".

Luisa María Francisca de Guzmán y Sandoval (;. 13 October 1613 – 27 February 1666) was a queen consort of Portugal. She was the spouse of King John IV, the first Braganza ruler, as well as the mother of two kings of Portugal (Afonso VI and Peter II) and a queen of England (Catherine of Braganza). She served as regent of Portugal de jure from 1656 until 1662, and de facto until her death in 1666.

', officially the ' (Maguindanaon: Ingud nu Sultan Kudarat; Iranun: Inged a Sultan Kudarat; ), is a and capital of the province of , . According to the , it has a population of people. Formerly known as Nuling, it became the de jure capital of the province in 1977. It currently serves as the legislative capital of Maguindanao since 2011 as it plays host to the Maguindanao Provincial Board, previously housed in the former capitol at Shariff Aguak.

Theoctistus () was the Duke of Naples during an ill-recorded period in its history. His reign began sometime around 818 and lasted until 821. On the death of Anthimus, a war of succession broke out in Naples on account of the number of pretenders to the ducal throne. Anthimus had not given his consent to the nobility to elect his successor and so Naples was left without a de jure duke on his death.

From 1780 to 1787, Dordrecht was home to the Patriots faction which intended to remove the hereditary Stadtholder position held by the House of Orange-Nassau. The Netherlands was after all a republic de jure. Soon after, more cities followed and William V fled from Holland. But his brother-in-law, King Frederick William II of Prussia, came to the aid of William V and on 18 September 1787, Dordrecht capitulated to Prussian troops.

His son Patrick, de jure seventeenth Lord, was also unsuccessful when he tried to claim the title in 1816. However, his younger son Cunninghame had his claim to the lordship allowed by the House of Lords in 1870 and he became the nineteenth Lord Borthwick. From 1880 to 1885 he sat in the House of Lords as a Scottish Representative Peer. His son, the twentieth Lord, was a Scottish Representative Peer between 1906 and 1910.

He spoke of the Zanaki concept of kung'atuka, which meant the leaders passing on control to a younger generation. He also proposed that having TANU govern the mainland and ASP govern Zanzibar contravened the concept of a one-party state and called for their merger. This took place in 1977, when they formed Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM; "Party of the Revolution"). The new constitution ensured the de jure nature of the Tanzanian one-party state.

In December, the Pope asked his appointee, the de jure Archbishop of Milan, Aicardo da Camodeia, to open a new case of heresy against Matteo and his son, Galeazzo. Archbishop Camodeia judged them as heretics, condemned Matteo, and ordered the confiscation of his property and the vacating of all his offices. At the end of May 1322, Matteo ceded power to his son Galeazzo and retired to Crescenzago. Matteo died 24June 1322.

The Donkey Walk. Dutch print, 17th century. Patriarch Nikon, among his other reforms, reversed the order of the donkey walk; since 1656 it began at Lobnoye Mesto (allegory of Golgotha) and terminated in the Kremlin (the new allegory of Jerusalem). Nikon's voluntary retirement in 1658 vacated the Patriarch's seat de facto but not de jure; Metropolitan Pitirim of Krutitsy acted for the Patriarch during the 1659 donkey walk, causing Nikon's instant, unforgiving response.

Parole allowed the prisoners' captors to avoid the burdens of having to feed and care for them while still avoiding having the prisoners rejoin their old ranks once released; it could also allow the captors to recover their own men in a prisoner exchange. Hugo Grotius, an early international lawyer, favorably discussed prisoner of war parole.Hugo Grotius, De Jure Belli ac Pacis (1625), reprinted in 2 Classics of International Law 853-54 (J.

In 1995, the former Japan Socialist Party (JSP) was in a deep crisis. Aiming at saving the party, the leadership of JSP decided to dissolve the party and to establish a new social democratic party. In January 1996, such a new party, the Social Democratic Party was established along with the dissolution of JSP. De jure, JSP changed its name to the Social Democratic Party (SDP) as an interim party for forming a new party.

Although Australia has no official language, English has always been entrenched as the de facto national language. "English has no de jure status but it is so entrenched as the common language that it is de facto the official language as well as the national language." General Australian serves as the standard dialect. According to the 2011 census, English is the only language spoken in the home for close to 81% of the population.

Following the defeat of the Moderate Party in the general election in September 2014, Kinberg Batra was de jure took leadership of the party. On 9 December 2014, the Moderate Party's nomination committee nominated Anna Kinberg Batra to succeed Fredrik Reinfeldt as party leader.Kinberg Batra nominated as Reinfeldt's successor Sveriges Radio Retrieved 9 December 2014. She was elected to the position at the party congress on 10 January 2015, becoming the party's first female leader.

Between the reformation and the end of the rule of the Princely Abbey of St Gall in 1806 Ebringen's population was at least de jure all Roman Catholic, although the 1781 Patent of Toleration formally allowed other Christian cults. The Roman Catholic confession stayed dominant until the 1970s. Population growth due to immigration into new quarters and fewer religious ties decreased the Catholic share of the population to 55% at the end of 2014.

Taiwan, officially known as the Republic of China (ROC), is divided into multi-layered statutory subdivisions. Due to the complex political status of Taiwan, there is a significant difference in the de jure system set out in the original constitution and the de facto system in use today. Constitutionally, the ROC is divided into and special municipalities, with each province subdivided into cities and counties. The provinces have been "streamlined" and are no longer functional.

The Congress passed the reform, undermining the de jure nature of the one-party state. In the 1990 elections for the Russian Supreme Soviet, the Communist Party faced challengers from an alliance of liberalisers known as "Democratic Russia"; the latter did particularly well in urban centers. Yeltsin was elected the parliament's chair, something Gorbachev was unhappy about. That year, opinion polls showed Yeltsin overtaking Gorbachev as the most popular politician in the Soviet Union.

Although Australia has no official language, English is the de facto national language. "English has no de jure status but it is so entrenched as the common language that it is de facto the official language as well as the national language." Australian English is a major variety of the language with a distinctive accent and lexicon, and differs slightly from other varieties of English in grammar and spelling."The Macquarie Dictionary", Fourth Edition.

Like many parliamentary systems, the prime minister may appoint a deputy prime minister, who serves many of the duties of a traditional vice president. As the deputy prime minister possesses no de jure powers, they will not automatically assume the duties of the prime minister, in the event of their in-capitation or resignation. The position is often considered one of honor and hence holds many traditional vice presidency powers in a de facto manner.

A Chief Minister (—), is the elected head of government of a province in Pakistan. The chief minister is the head of the provincial government, whereas in contrast, the governor is the nominal head, or the "de jure executive" and does everything under the guidance of the chief minister. The chief minister is elected by the provincial assembly, and is the leader of the provincial Legislature. The parliamentary system in Pakistan follows the Westminster system.

Although state law recognizes the usage of English and French in certain circumstances, the Louisiana State Constitution does not declare any "de jure official language or languages".Louisiana State Constitution of 1974 Retrieved on June 18, 2008. Currently the "de facto administrative languages" of the Louisiana State Government are English and French. The Spanish-speaking portion of the population outnumbers the Hispanic percentage because some Louisiana Creoles speak Spanish, often along with French.

Subsequently, Mir Jumla became the de facto prime minister of the empire, replacing Sayyid Hassan. However, on the advice of Muhammad Amin Khan, the Emperor dropped the idea of directly fighting the Sayyid brothers and instead contemplated making Mir Jumla the de jure dewan (prime minister of the state). It was hoped that the Sayyid brothers would then fight against the new dewan. However, Mir Jumla made excuses and declined to take up the responsibility.

Muhammad az-Zaruq Rajab () (born 1940) was a former Head of State and General Secretary of the People's Committee (Prime Minister) in Libya. Rajab was General Secretary of the General People's Congress from January 7, 1981 to February 15, 1984, de jure chief of the Libyan state. From 16 February 1984 to 3 March 1986 he was still Prime Minister of Libya. Previously, he was since 1976 Minister of Finance of the country.

Besides Susanna, her personal favorite roles included Rosina in Rossini's The Barber of Seville; Gilda in Rigoletto and Nannetta in Falstaff, both by Verdi. Her specialty was singing lieder. In addition to performance, she taught voice at the Bucharest Music Academy from 1962 to 1968. Shortly after Nicolae Ceaușescu assumed control of the State Council in December 1967, becoming de jure head of state of Romania, Mărculescu and Stern began making plans to leave.

The Night of the Long Knives represented a triumph for Hitler, and a turning point for the German government. It established Hitler as "the supreme leader of the German people", as he put it in his July 13 speech to the Reichstag. Hitler formally adopted this title in April 1942, thus placing himself de jure as well as de facto above the reach of the law. Centuries of jurisprudence proscribing extrajudicial killings were swept aside.

"It was not until 1917 that the Code of Canon Law officially recognized de jure churches that had the immemorial custom of using the title of basilica as having such a right to the title.81 We refer to such churches as immemorial."The title of minor basilicas was first attributed to the church of San Nicola di Tolentino in 1783. An older minor basilica is referred to as an "immemorial basilica".

When he died childless, the title passed to his uncle, the fourth Earl. He was also childless and on his death in 1762 the earldom became extinct (the viscountcy of Stafford also formally became extinct, although the title was then under attainder). The claim to the barony of Stafford passed to the late Earl's niece, Anastasia, the de jure sixth Baroness Stafford. She was the daughter of the second Earl of Stafford.

He was called to parliament as Baron Darcy and Conyers. His son, also named Conyers Darcy, was granted the title of Earl of Holderness. The two titles remained united until the death of the fourth earl, when the earldom became extinct, while the baronies were claimed by his daughter, Lady Amelia. Lady Amelia was briefly married to the future fifth Duke of Leeds, and the sixth and seventh Dukes held the baronies de jure.

Bà Rịa () is a city in Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu Province in the Southeast region of Vietnam. Bà Rịa is split from Vũng Tàu by a river crossed by Cỏ May Bridge. This is the de jure seat of the province since most of the provincial administration agencies are located here. Bà Rịa officially became the provincial capital of Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu from 2 May 2012, replacing Vũng Tàu in that role.

Khudoley (2008), Soviet foreign policy during the Cold War, The Baltic factor, p. 90. However, Russia agreed to Europe's demand to "assist persons deported from the occupied Baltic states" upon joining the Council of Europe in 1996. Additionally, when the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic signed a separate treaty with Lithuania in 1991, it acknowledged that the 1940 annexation as a violation of Lithuanian sovereignty and recognised the de jure continuity of the Lithuanian state.

Approximately 70 percent of the population is rural, although this percentage has been declining since at least 1967."Report reveals rapid rural- urban migration", The Citizen, reported by Athuman Mtulya, 26 September 2013 Dar es Salaam is the de facto capital and largest city. Dodoma, located in the centre of Tanzania, is the de jure capital, although action to move government buildings to Dodoma has stalled. The population consists of about 125 ethnic groups.

C. van Caenegem, An Historical introduction to Western Constitutional Law (1995), p. 127; Google Books. in his Conclusiones de jure publico (1602) he had identified the arcana dominationis with the Italian ragion di stato, but now argued that the jus dominationis was the statesman's privilege to work outside the normal legal framework (while disclaiming Machiavellianism).Friedrich Meinecke, Machiavellism: the doctrine of raison d'État and its place in modern history (1957 translation), p.

The Supreme Court of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands is the de jure superior court for the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, an Australian external territory. The court was originally established in 1958 after the British Government transferred sovereignty for the islands from Singapore to Australia. The court had jurisdiction to deal with all serious crimes and major civil claims for damages occurring on the Island. Judges from Australian courts were appointed to be judges of the court.

In 2014–2019, Bourg- lès-Valence was twinned with the town of Shusha (Shushi) of the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, but de jure part of Azerbaijan. In 2019, the administrative court of Grenoble declared the partnership treaty null and void due to the municipality having exceeded its power by unilaterally signing it and France's non-recognition of the de facto state.Ara Toranian. Le tribunal administratif de Grenoble annule 4 chartes d’amitié.

The Roman Ritual is a treasury of ecclesiastical blessings. The Missal, besides the blessing given at the end of Mass, contains only blessings associated with functions incidental to certain days of the year such as the blessing of palms and ashes. In the Pontifical are found the blessings that are performed de jure by bishops, such as blessing persons, kings, emperors, and princes at their coronation and the above-mentioned episcopal prerogatives.

He took part in the battle of St. Quentin in August 1557 in Picardy, France, and died on 29 September 1557. His widow later married Sir Henry Ughtred, son of Sir Anthony Ughtred and his second wife, Elizabeth Seymour. In 1831, a decision of the House of Lords determined that he had succeeded his sixth cousin once removed (Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon) as de jure 2nd Earl of Devon in 1556.

Peter was even implicated in the death (by poisoning) of his brother James I, Count of Urgell, that year; James had been a supporter of the Union.Fowler, 158. The Catalan historian Pere Tomich suspected natural causes but nonetheless reports the rumours of poisoning at the king's orders. On 1 November 1348, the Union attacked the Jews of Morvedre because they, being by law serfs of the Crown, were considered de jure royalists.

Kosovo District (Serbian: Косовски округ/Kosovski okrug , ) was a district of Kosovo and Metohija between 1990 and 1999; at that time, Kosovo was part of Serbia. Kosovo has since declared independence, but from one point of view of the Serbian government the district still exists de jure, despite the fact that Serbian government accepted civil UN administration over Kosovo. It was located in the middle and had a population of 672,292. Its capital was Pristina.

With further resolution of the Arab League to put the Gaza Strip under the official protectorate of Egypt in 1952, the All-Palestine Government was gradually stripped of authority. In 1953, the government was nominally dissolved, though the Palestinian Prime Minister Hilmi continued to attend Arab League meetings on its behalf. In 1959, the protectorate was de jure merged into the United Arab Republic, while de facto turning Gaza into military occupation area of Egypt.

It was in this wider contest that representatives of the Company called upon jurist Hugo Grotius to draft a polemical defence of the seizure.See Ittersum (2006), chapter 1. Grotius sought to ground his defense of the seizure in terms of the natural principles of justice. One chapter of his long theory-laden treatise entitled De Jure Prædæ made it to the press in the form of the influential pamphlet, Mare Liberum (The Free Sea).

Her parents were successive rulers of the Latin Empire of Constantinople. Her father Peter was chosen as emperor in 1216, but in 1217 while attempting to reach Constantinople by land was taken captive by Theodore Comnenus Ducas, the ruler of Epirus, and spent the rest of his life in captivity. Yolanda however reached Constantinople and took over the Empire. Marie's mother Yolanda was de jure regent for her husband, ruling alone from 1217 to 1219.

Chairman: appointment; grade and rank Constitutionally, the Governor-General of Australia, is the de jure Commander-in-Chief of the Australian Defence Force. However, in practice, the Australian Government de facto exercises executive power via the Federal Executive Council. The CDF is appointed by the Governor-General on the advice of his/her ministers. The appointment is politically neutral, as are all military positions, and not affected by a change of government.

Biographisches Handbuch der Tschechoslowakei, Heinrich Kuhn and Otto Böss (compilators), Munich: Lerche, 1961, (=Veröffentlichungen des Collegium Carolinum), p. 115 The Archdiocese of Breslau remained in existence de jure; however, de facto this only applied to the archdiocesan territory in the Allied Occupation Zones in the remainder of German post-war territories. This also included big parts of the suffragan diocese of Berlin, except for its areas east of the Oder-Neiße line.

Aleksandr Kuznetsov was born on July 22, 1992, in Sevastopol, Ukraine (now Sevastopol (de jure) Ukraine (de facto) Russia). Kuznetsov felt creatively limited in Sevastopol and moved first to Kiev and then Moscow to pursue his education. In 2015, he graduated from the Russian Institute of Theatre Arts (GITIS) and was invited to join several leading Moscow theaters. He chose the Chekhov Moscow Art Theatre where he started as a leading actor the same year.

Paul VI, the First Modern Pope; Harper Collins Religious; 1993; pp. 153-57, 210-11 In the 1831 papal bull Sollicitudo Ecclesiarum, Pope Gregory XVI had drawn a clear distinction between de facto recognition and de jure, saying that the church would negotiate with de facto governments, but that was not an endorsement of either their legitimacy or policies.Duffy, Eamon. Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes, Yale University Press, 2014, p.

The Court ordered the county to desegregate immediately and eliminate racial discrimination "root and branch". Then in 1971, the Burger Court in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education ruled that the school district must achieve racial balance even if it meant redrawing school boundaries and the use of busing as a legal tool. The impact of Green and Swann served to end all remnants of de jure segregation in the South.

It can be said that their Ius Honorum depends on their rights as a family, and does not depend on the authority of the "de facto" government of a State. This is their de jure right. Even though it is not a de facto right, it is still a right. But again, in case of conflict of norms on fons honorum in actual situations, the legislations of the de facto sovereign authority have precedence.

Ireland in 1450, showing the Earldom of Desmond Henry VIII playing his harp beside his jester, Will Somers, in an illustration from Henry's psalter. James FitzGerald, the "Court Page," grew up a hostage in Henry's court. James FitzGerald, de jure 12th Earl of Desmond (died 1540) was the grandson of Thomas FitzGerald, 11th Earl of Desmond.Cokayne, George Edward, Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct, or Dormant.

She inherited de jure the title 6th Baroness Willoughby de Broke and 14th Baroness Latimer when her brother Sir Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke and 5th Baron Willoughby de Broke (1554–1628) was murdered by one of his servants. Her brother's senior title of Baron Brooke had been passed on to a cousin who her brother had formally adopted. On her death on 26 March 1631 her title passed to her son, Greville Verney.

The National Salvation Junta (Junta de Salvação Nacional, ) was a group of military officers designated to maintain the government of Portugal in April 1974 after the Carnation Revolution had overthrown the Estado Novo dictatorial regime. This junta assumed power following a communiqué of its president, António de Spínola, at 1:30 a.m. on 26 April 1974. The National Salvation Junta was the de jure governing body of Portugal following the Carnation Revolution.

The Tartu Peace Treaty has been regarded as the birth certificate of the Republic of Estonia because it was the first de jure recognition of the state. The treaty was also of utmost importance to the diplomatically isolated Soviet Russia, with Lenin expressing satisfaction with the treaty as "an incomparable victory over Western imperialism". Some members of the Entente opposed the treaty with the intention to keep Soviet Russia in international isolation.

By his marriage to Margaret de Bohun, Countess of Devon in 1325, Courtenay acquired the manor of Powderham; it was later granted by Margaret de Bohun to one of her younger sons, Sir Philip Courtenay (died 1406), whose family has occupied it until the present day, and who were recognised in 1831 as having been de jure Earls of Devon from 1556. On 20 January 1327 Courtenay was made a knight banneret.

In spite of the refusal, in 1787 he married a cousin, Maria (1764/5-1860), the daughter of Theobald Butler."Rt Rev John Butler, de jure 12th Baron Dunboyne", Cracroft's Peerage He took the oath of allegiance, abjuration, and supremacy. He moved to his ancestral home at Dunboyne, County Meath, where the couple had a daughter who died quite young, and then to Dublin. Dunboyne, and the Catholic chapel, were burned in the 1798 rising.

Lying in the region of Nagorno- Karabakh, it was captured by Armenian forces in 1992 during the Nagorno- Karabakh War. However, it is de jure part of the Republic of Azerbaijan, with the status of an administrative division of the surrounding Shusha Rayon. According to the United Nations General Assembly by the Resolution No.62/243, the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan was recognized and they include a demand of withdrawal of the Armenian forces.

Proposed independence flag for Western Togoland being used by separatists Western Togoland () is an area in the Republic of Ghana (de jure). The area of Western Togoland is divided into five regions: Volta, Oti, Northern region, North East region and Upper East Region. In September 2020 separatists in Western Togoland declared independence from the Republic of Ghana. Western Togoland has been a member state of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) since 2017.

Yermak used river portages to get from the Chusovaya River to the Tagil River Yermak was officially enlisted by the Stroganovs in the spring of 1582. His quest was “to take de facto possession of the country along the Tobol and the Irtysh, which was already de jure in the Stroganovs’ possession under the Tsar's charter of 1574.”Semyonov, p. 72 The Stroganovs’ ultimate goal was to open up a southern passageway to Mangaseya to access its furs.

William, 6th Earl of Douglas (c. 1424 - 24 November 1440) was a short-lived Scottish nobleman. In addition to his Earldom of Douglas, he was Earl of Wigtown, Lord of Galloway, Lord of Bothwell, Selkirk and Ettrick Forest, Eskdale, Lauderdale, and Annandale in Scotland, and de jure Duke of Touraine, Count of Longueville, and Lord of Dun-le-roi in France. He was the eldest son of Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas and Lady Eupheme Graham.

Due to its status as de jure unclaimed territory, a number of individuals and organizations have attempted to claim Bir Tawil as a micronation. However, none has been taken seriously by the international community, and due to the remoteness and hostile climate of the region, the vast majority of these claims have been by declarations posted online from other locations. None of these claims, or any others, have been recognized, officially or otherwise, by any government or international organization.

This is a list of presidents of Lebanon since the creation of the office in 1926. Constitutionally (de jure), the president's post carries significant responsibilities and influence. In practice, the president is largely a ceremonial and symbolic post due to external pressure (such as Syrian influence) or the formation of "consensus" cabinets, forcing the president to compromise. In theory, however, the president is responsible for appointing the entire government, therefore the ministers should work to his pleasure.

Ukrainian metal is the heavy metal music scene of Ukraine. The most common Ukrainian heavy metal subgenres are black, pagan, folk and death metal. The most popular and well-known bands are black metal bands Drudkh, Nokturnal Mortum, Khors, death metal bands Fleshgore, Firelake, folk metal bands Tin Sontsia, Veremiy and Jinjer, a metalcore band. Among the biggest festivals are Metal Heads Mission (Crimea, de jure control), Carpathian Alliance (Lviv oblast), Global East (Kyiv), ProRock (Kyiv).

The ecclesiastical parishes of the Church of England also came to play a de jure roles in local government from this time. It is probable that this merely confirmed the status quo — people of rural communities would have taken care of what local administration was required. Although the parishes were in no sense governmental organisations, laws were passed requiring parishes to carry out certain responsibilities. From 1555, parishes were responsible for the upkeep of nearby roads.

Legal commentaries recognise that it is possible to consume drugs without having bought them first, in a legal sense. This has the practical effect that a positive drug test does not necessarily mean that one has illegally purchased them. Despite the fact that there is no punishment de jure, consumers can be assessed psychological (MPU) for their driving suitability. Loss of drivers licence is not uncommon, followed by a regime of drug screenings to prove the suitability.

After the Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union in June 1940, Lozoraitis became the leader of all Lithuanian diplomatic service that remained abroad. As the highest de jure official of independent Lithuania, he represented Lithuania, advocated for non-recognition of the Soviet occupation, and popularized the Lithuanian cause. Lozoraitis continued to live in Rome and head the diplomatic service until his death on December 24, 1983. Upon his death, he was succeeded by Stasys Bačkis.

Broadly, three definitions can be used: de facto residence; de jure residence; and permanent residence. This is important in considering individuals who have multiple or temporary addresses. Every person should be identified uniquely as resident in one place; but the place where they happen to be on Census Day, their de facto residence, may not be the best place to count them. Where an individual uses services may be more useful, and this is at their usual residence.

Archibald further increased his power by his marriage to the widow and heiress Joanna de Moravia in 1362. Joanna de Moravia was the daughter of Thomas Murray and granddaughter of Sir Andrew Murray. Archibald is said to have offered to fight five English knights in single combat for her hand.ibidem p118 The Lady of Bothwell and heiress to the de Moravia dynasty, Joanna brought with her large estates and lordships throughout Scotland, which Archibald claimed de jure uxoris.

Grotius then fled to Paris, where the authorities granted him an annual royal pension. Grotius lived in France almost continuously from 1621 to 1644. His stay coincides with the period (1624-1642) during which the Cardinal Richelieu led France under the authority of Louis XIII. It was there in France that Grotius published in 1625 his most famous book, De jure belli ac pacis [On the Law of War and Peace] dedicated to Louis XIII of France.

Abe also sought to revise or broaden the interpretation of Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution in order to permit Japan to maintain de jure military forces. He had stated that "we are reaching the limit in narrowing down differences between Japan's security and the interpretation of our constitution". During his first period as prime minister he upgraded the Japan Defense Agency to full ministry status. Like his predecessors, he supported the Japanese alliance with the United States.

The bilateral relations between Indonesia and Lebanon started with de jure acknowledgement of Indonesian Republic by Lebanese President Bechara El-Khoury on July 29, 1947. Lebanon was the third nations that recognize the sovereignty of Indonesia after Egypt and Syria. The diplomatic relations was officially established in 1950, through Indonesian embassy in Cairo that also accredited to Lebanon. In mid 1950s Indonesia established their representative office in Beirut, however it was closed in 1976 because of Lebanese Civil War.

For the hereditary position of the Sultan, the sultan was fully subjected under the influence of the Dutch East Indies authority. Albeit he is de jure on the apex of the monarchy system, he is under the direct control of the Dutch Resident in Tanjung Pinang. All matters pertaining the administration of the sultanate including the appointment of the Sultan and the Yang Dipertuan Muda, must be made within the knowledge and even the consent of the Dutch Resident.

The Portuguese Empire first established a de jure system of forced labour known as chibalo throughout its colonies in 1899, but the Portuguese government did not implement the system in Angola until 1911 and abolished it in 1913. Republicans overthrew King Manuel II in a coup d'état in October 1910. Workers in Moçâmedes, among other cities in Angola, campaigned for abolition and manumission. In some areas forced labourers declared strikes, hoping the economic slowdown would force political changes.

HKU SPACE Admiralty Learning Centre Prior to Hong Kong's handover, the colony's Governor was the de jure chancellor of the University. That role was assumed by the city's Chief Executive following the handover. The Chief Executive's role as the university's Chancellor is enshrined in the University of Hong Kong Ordinance. For a list of pre and post-handover university chancellors, refer to the articles for the Governor of Hong Kong and the Chief Executive of Hong Kong.

The principal seat of the Earls of Devon until the expiry of the senior line in 1556 was Tiverton Castle in Devon, and as a subsidiary seat Colcombe Castle, Devon, both of which are now largely demolished. The Earls of Devon created after 1556, or in existence de jure, had occupied the manor of Powderham in Devon since the late 14th century, and Powderham Castle continues to be the principal seat of the present Earl of Devon.

The province was renamed for the Duke of York, as its proprietor. England seized de facto control of the colony from the Dutch in 1664, and was given de jure sovereign control in 1667 in the Treaty of Breda and again in the Treaty of Westminster (1674). It was not until 1674 that English common law was applied in the colony. The colony was one of the Middle Colonies, and ruled at first directly from England.

The political turbulence of the early twentieth century which culminated in the First World War brought the Latin Monetary Union to its final end in practice, even though it continued de jure until 1927, when it came to a formal end. The last coins made according to the standards (i.e., diameter, weight and silver fineness) of the Union were the Swiss half, one-franc, and two-franc pieces of 1967.Krause & Mishler, Standard Catalog of World Coins, 20th century.

The Supreme Court remained in Sucre. To this day, Sucre is the de jure capital of Bolivia while La Paz acts as the de facto seat of government. Between 1899 and 1920, all of the Presidents of Bolivia were members of the Liberal Party, supported by the tin-mining oligarchy until the Republican Party took power in a coup in 1920. The last Liberal president was José Luis Tejada Sorzano, who served between 1934 and 1936.

Mannadipattu Commune is located in India. Originally it was called "Tribuvane Commune", then renamed "Mannadipet Commune" (before liberation, by the Temporary United Government on 12 April 1954 in Tirubuvane).Treaty Establishing De Jure Cession of French Establishments in India, Dated 28 May 1956, Protocol, Article I The liberation occurred while French India Government ruled over the French occupied Pondicherry regions. This event was a vital cause for liberation of entire French occupied Puducherry from French Administration.

Norway also had its own royal standard flag until 1748, after that the Dannebrog became the only official merchant flag in the union.Krig og Enevælde: 1648–1746 Denmark–Norway became an absolutist state and Denmark a hereditary monarchy, as Norway de jure had been since the Middle Ages. These changes were confirmed in the Lex Regia signed on 14 November 1665, stipulating that all power lay in the hands of the king, who was only responsible to God.

The Taifa of Córdoba () was an ArabThe Caliphate of Córdoba would continue to exist de jure until the year 1031, when the Cordoban "republic" was proclaimed by the "senate" of that Andalusian city (The Formation of Al-Andalus: History and Society). See also Mahmoud Makki, in The Legacy of Muslim Spain, p. 52. taifa which was ruled by the Banu Jawhar that replaced the Umayyad Caliph as the government of Córdoba and its vicinity in 1031.

De jure, there were conflicting laws, because higher laws permitted Confucianism, but lower ones did not recognise it. De facto, Confucianists were not recognised by the government, and they were forced to register with one of the original five official religions to maintain their citizenship. This practice was applied in many places, including the national registration card, marriage registration, and family registration card. Civics education in Indonesia taught school children that there are only five official religions.

Thado Minbya would spend the rest of his reign trying to consolidate all of Central Burma under his rule. In early 1365, his realm was still largely in the north, and controlled little south of Ava beyond the Kyaukse region. Pagan (160 km southwest of Ava), Sagu (220 km southwest), Taungdwin (240 km south), Nganwegon (280 km south), Toungoo (350 km southeast) and Prome (400 km south) all remained de facto or de jure independent.Hmannan Vol.

Alfonso was a dignified and somewhat enigmatic figure. His rule was characterised by the renewed supremacy of the western kingdoms of Christian Iberia over the eastern (Navarre and Aragón) after the reign of Alfonso the Battler. Though he sought to make the imperial title meaningful in practice to both Christian and Muslim populations, his hegemonic intentions never saw fruition. During his tenure, Portugal became de facto independent, in 1128, and was recognized as de jure independent, in 1143.

The first relations between Russia and the predecessor states of modern Italy were established in the late 16th century. In 1862, Russia recognized the Kingdom of Italy and started to send its representatives. In 1876, the missions of the two countries in Saint Petersburg and Rome were transformed into embassies. After the February Revolution, Italy recognized the Russian Provisional Government, and later the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, de facto from 1921, and de jure from 1924.

Rich, Norman, p. 195. This step was curiously only taken at the very end of World War II, when Germany's armies were already in full retreat. The new government was already ousted by the Allied advances in Western Europe in September 1944, and the authority of the Belgian government-in-exile was restored. The actual incorporation into the Nazi state of these new provinces therefore only occurred de jure and with its leaders already in exile in Germany.

Cliff House in Thiruvananthapuram is the official residence of the Chief Minister of Kerala. The Chief Minister of Kerala is the chief executive of the Indian state of Kerala. In accordance with the Constitution of India, the governor is a state's de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the Kerala Legislative Assembly, the state's governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government.

Arajamugh (Armenian: Առաջամուղ) is a model village located in the de facto Republic of Artsakh. It was founded in 2004 by the Tufenkian Foundation, working in conjunction with the NKR Department of Resettlement and Refugee Affairs. The village is administered de facto by the Hadrut region and is de jure part of the Khojavend District of Azerbaijan. As of 2014, the village features 19 houses with 85 inhabitants, including native Karabakhis as well as former refugees from Azerbaijan.

The Russian state was de jure recognized internationally by only one state - the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. At the end of June 1919, Chargé d'affaires of the Yugoslav Foreign Ministry Jovan Milanković arrived in Omsk. Vasily Strandman was appointed Ambassador in Belgrade. The Russian state was de facto recognized by the countries of the Entente and the countries that emerged after the collapse of European empires - Czechoslovakia, Finland, Poland, and the Baltic Limitrophe states.

Unlike the later Ottoman devshirme system, only free soldiers were enrolled in the Byzantine military. A slave would not have been considered as a fit companion for a young prince, therefore Axouch's de jure slave status must have been quickly disposed of. Growing up, he was a constant companion of John Komnenos, Alexios's heir. When the latter ascended the throne as John II in 1118, he appointed John Axouch as megas domestikos with the court title of sebastos.

At the end of September, the government declared a state of emergency. On 1 October, the Black Reichswehr attempted the Küstrin Putsch. Two weeks later, on 13 October, the Reichstag adopted an enabling act that was to facilitate a de jure dictatorship by Chancellor Gustav Stresemann. A demonstration of several thousand unemployed stormed the "forbidden zone" around the city hall, an action which, during this period, risked death at the hands of the police and right-wing paramilitaries.

He coached the winning Cambridge crew from 1931 to 1933. MacNabb served in World War II in the Royal Artillery in West Africa and Burma. He attained the rank of lieutenant colonel and was awarded the T.D.. He coached the Oxford crew from 1949 to 1951, making him one of the few people to have coached both universities. He was recognised as de jure 21st Chief of Clan Macnab and was succeeded by his son James Charles MacNabb.

The honor would have cost Knyvett over £500, so he refused the honor and attempted to revive his de jure title of the Baron Berners. The title had been dormant since his ancestor John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners died in 1533. Thomas would maintain his claim to the Barony for several years, but never succeed in obtaining it. Arthur Collins, Proceedings, Precedents, and Arguments: On Claims and Controversies, Concerning Baronies by Writ, and Other Honours... (London: 1734) p.

Leo Kalothetos (, ) was a provincial governor of the Byzantine Empire. Kalothetos was a native of Chios, where he is mentioned for the first time in 1315.PLP 10617 At the time, the island was a possession of the Genoese Zaccaria family, who held it de jure as a fief from the Byzantine Emperor, but practically as an independent domain.Nicol (1993), p. 171 In 1328, Kalothetos fled the island and joined the Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos at Didymoteichon.

Obahiagbon's political career began in 1999. He left the People's Democratic Party for Action Congress of Nigeria in 2010, and was a de jure member of All Progressive Congress after the merger in 2013. In November 2012, he replaced Osarodion Ogie as the chief of staff to Governor Adams Oshiomole. Following the victory of President Muhammadu Buhari at the Nigerian general elections, 2015, Obahiagbon commended the Buhari administration for "showing spartan discipline that was already yielding results".

The former princely state of Sikkim, located at a strategically important point on the border between India and China, was integrated into India in 1975 as its 22nd state. Nepal, Bhutan and Sikkim were Himalayan states bordering India. Nepal had been recognised by the British by Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923 as being de jure independent and not a princely state. Bhutan had in the British period been considered a protectorate outside the international frontier of India.

Cardona did not have a male heirHis son Cristóbal Colón de Cardona, 2nd Marquess of Guadalest, had died in 1583., so he made one of the provisions of the marriage contract that Mendoza would adopt his wife's surname Cardona, and crest, during the marriage. When Cardona soon after died, Maria inherited the title, and Mendoza became Marquess of Guadelest de jure uxoris. Cardona had also been Almirante de Aragón, which title his daughter (and hence Mendoza) also inherited.

Jacobitism asserts that the Glorious Revolution was unlawful and effected a de facto but not de jure change in the line of succession to the British Monarchy. In the Jacobite view, William and Mary of Orange and their successors were never legitimate British rulers. Instead, the lawful king or queen of England and Scotland has continued to be the heir-general of the House of Stuart.J.C.D. Clark English Society 1660–1832 Cambridge University Press Second Edition (2000) p89H.

The Italian language is the de jure and de facto official language of Italy.Law 482, December 15, 1999. camera.itItalian language. ethnologue.com Italian is also referred to as national language for historical and cultural reasons, because since the 15th century, Italian became the language used in the courts of nearly every state in Italy and in general among educated Italians (scholars, writers, poets, philosophers, scientists, composers and artists) who contributed to what is nowadays the culture of Italy.

India formally recognized Eritrea shortly after its de jure independence in May 1993. India offered Eritrea assistance in its legislative drafting process after it became independent. Former Chief Justice of India P.N. Bhagwati conducted a workshop on legislative drafting in Eritrea in January 1995. The two countries signed an MoU on co-operation in Agricultural Research and Education in December 2000, and an MoU on Agriculture Cooperation with the Indian Council for Agricultural Research in June 2006.

According to German law he was deprived of rank and all awards previously. Fegelein must therefore be considered a de facto but not de jure recipient. A further 46 Knight's Cross, 8 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and 4 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords recipients are either lacking the evidence to sustain their listings or received the award under questionable legal terms. All of them were accepted by the Association of Knight's Cross Recipients as legitimate recipients.

Coloman's successors continued to crown themselves as Kings of Croatia separately in Biograd na Moru until the time of Béla IV.Curta, Stephenson, p. 267 In the 14th century a new term arose to describe the collection of de jure independent states under the rule of the Hungarian King: Archiregnum Hungaricum (Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen). Croatia remained a distinct crown attached to that of Hungary until the abolition of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918.

In June 1943, Giraud and de Gaulle agreed to form the French Committee of National Liberation (CFLN), with members from both the North African government and from de Gaulle's French National Committee. In November 1943, de Gaulle became head of the CFLN and de jure head of government of France and was recognized by the U.S. and Britain. In another political outcome of Torch (and at Darlan's orders), the previously-Vichyite government of French West Africa joined the Allies.

The Chamber of People's Representatives (Cámara de Representantes del Pueblo) has 100 members, elected for a five-year term by proportional representation in multi-member constituencies. Equatorial Guinea is a dominant-party state. This means that only one political party, the Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea (PDGE) is de facto allowed to hold effective power. Although minor parties are de jure allowed to rule, they are de facto required to accept the leadership of the dominant party.

The Caia () is a river in the Iberian Peninsula, a tributary to the Guadiana. It is one of the main water courses in the Portalegre District, Portugal. Portugal does not recognise the border between the Caia and Ribeira de Cuncos River deltas, since the beginning of the 1801 occupation of Olivenza by Spain. This territory, though under de facto Spanish occupation, remains a de jure part of Portugal, consequently no border is henceforth recognised in this area.

Thus, Braun's coalition remained in office as a caretaker minority government. Braun's government was deposed in the Preußenschlag of July 1932, when Reich Chancellor Franz von Papen, himself governing without a parliamentary majority, assumed direct control of Prussia's administration as Reichskommissar (commissioner). Braun, however, remained de jure prime minister and continued to represent the state of Prussia in the Reichsrat until January 1933, when Papen became prime minister for two months. Hermann Göring then held the office until 1945.

', officially the ' (Maguindanaoan: Kuta Shariff Aguak), is a in the province of , . According to the , it has a population of people. It is formerly known as Maganoy. Despite only being the de jure (by law) seat of Maguindanao's provincial government from 1973 to 1977, the town—being home to several previous governors—has served as the de facto (by practice) capital during the governorships of Sandiale Sambolawan (1980–1986), Andal Ampatuan, Sr. (2001–2008) and Sajid Ampatuan (2008–2009).

SP Resolution No. 78 dated May 3, 2011 allowed the transfer of the legislative branch of the provincial government to the municipality of Sultan Kudarat. Historically, Sultan Kudarat has been the de jure executive and legislative capital of the province from 1977 until 2014 when the Sangguniang Panlalawigan of Maguindanao approved a resolution formally recognizing Buluan as the new executive provincial capital. However, incumbent governor Bai Mariam Mangudadatu moved the provincial capitol again in Shariff Aguak.

The hastily constructed wartime development's social and cultural mores had little in common with Portland as a whole. Vanport's immigrants imported their particular brands of racism from throughout the country. White migrants from the South were the most vocal in opposing the degree of integration that HAP dictated for schools, buses and work sites. The Authority was largely unsympathetic to these complaints and at no time was de jure segregation imposed on any of Vanport's facilities.

The ownership of the islands remains hotly contested. China, Vietnam, and Taiwan all claim de jure sovereignty, although the PRC has de facto control of the islands. In July 2012, China (PRC) declared a city named Sansha, under Hainan Province, as administering the area. In February 2017, the Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative reported 20 outposts of the PRC built on reclaimed land in the Paracels, three of which have small harbours capable of berthing naval and commercial ships.

Today's forms of them are mostly greatly weakened compared to past generations' versions. At the lowest extreme, such distortion produces subtler forms of racism and de facto (but not de jure) inequality of opportunity. The more plausible the deniability, the easier the rationalisation and perpetuation. For example, as inequality of opportunity and racism grow smaller and subtler, their appearance may converge toward that of meritocracy, to the point that valid instances of each can be found extensively intermingled.

In March of that year the constitutional amendment to renew the charter (which had passed the legislature, but needed voter approval) was defeated. Murphy J. Foster, an anti-lottery gubernatorial candidate, was elected, as were a majority of anti-lottery legislators. During that year all lottery operations were banned, and the charter expired in December 1893. Backed by John A. Morris, it then moved its de jure headquarters to Honduras and illegally issued lottery tickets in the United States.

In the 1970s the building was purchased by the Jewish community of Salonika which offered it to the State of Israel in 1975 to house the Diplomatic Representation. Following the Greek Government's de jure recognition of the State of Israel in May 1990, the Diplomatic Representation was upgraded to an embassy. The embassy was closed on 9 March 2020 for two weeks after an employee was diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019. In 2007, the embassy underwent extensive renovations.

Ingeborg of Norway (Old Norse Ingibjörg Hákonardóttir, Swedish Ingeborg Håkansdotter, Norwegian Ingebjørg Håkonsdatter; 1301 - 17 June 1361), was a Norwegian princess and by marriage a Swedish royal duchess with a position in the regency governments in Norway (1319–27) and Sweden (1319–26) during the minority of her son, King Magnus of Norway and Sweden. In 1318–1319, she was Sweden's de facto ruler, and from 1319 until 1326, she was Sweden's first de jure female regent.

In the meantime, however, the shifting alliances in Europe impacted the Republic as well, with Ottoman Turkey drifting away from Russia, and towards France. On 6 January 1807, the Ottoman Porte notified the Republic of the declaration of war with Russia. As de jure the Republic was an Ottoman vassal, the Porte demanded the Ionian Islands' adherence to the Ottoman camp against Russia. France followed by recalling its envoy and terminating its diplomatic relations with the Republic.

Following almost six months of planning behind enemy lines, Czechoslovak Allied operatives in Bohemia fatally wounded Reinhard Heydrich, the dictator at the head of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. The success of this mission, Operation Anthropoid, caused Britain and Free France (itself a government-in-exile) to formally repudiate the Munich Agreement, thus conferring de jure legitimacy on the Beneš government as the continuation of the First Republic. The government's continued health now depended on Allied military victory.

George Nevill, de facto 12th (de jure 1st) Baron Bergavenny (21 April 1665 – 26 March 1695) was an English peer. The son of George Nevill, 11th Baron Bergavenny and Mary Gifford, daughter of Thomas Gifford and Anne Brooksby, he succeeded to the Barony upon the death of his father. He was raised by his widowed mother, who remarried Sir Charles Shelley, 2nd Baronet; Shelley died in 1681. Cokayne The Complete Peerage 1910-1959 Reprinted Gloucester Vol.

At the 1878 Congress of Berlin the Principality of Serbia was de jure recognized as an independent state. The great powers of the day decided that Serbia should construct the railway. Not economically developed to begin with, Serbia was additionally pauperized after the Serbian-Ottoman wars from 1876 to 1878, so it lacked the necessary funds. Prince Milan Obrenović and the government announced a request for tender and the bidding was won by a French company.

The Timor Gap The Hawke Government continued and confirmed Australia's de jure recognition of the Indonesian annexation of East Timor. Portugal expressed its displeasure by recalling its Ambassador, Inacio Rebello de Andrade, back to Lisbon."Final Report on the Inquiry into East Timor", Senate Report, Commonwealth Government of Australia, 7 December 2000, section 7.40 Indonesian and Australian representatives signed the Timor Gap Treaty in a plane above the Timor Sea. The treaty came into force on 9 February 1991.

In the Holy Roman Empire, these nobles rose to dynastic status by preserving from the Imperial crown (de jure after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648) the exercise of such sovereign prerogatives as the minting of money; the muster of military troops and the right to wage war and contract treaties; local judicial authority and constabular enforcement; and the habit of inter-marrying with sovereign dynasties. By the 19th century, cadets of a Fürst would become known as Prinzen.

Later the shelter was discovered by the Ottoman authorities and Kamhi was arrested, but he was released after paying a bribe. In 1896, he was made de jure member and elected as Bitola-delegat on the Thessaloniki Congress of the organization. In Thessaloniki was taken a decision of changing the nationalistic character of the IMRO-statute, which determined its members can be only Bulgarians. In this way the IMRO was open to all inhabitants of European Turkey.

The Hadrut Regional Hospital Hadrut Province () is a province of the Republic of Artsakh. While the province is de facto part of Artsakh, the Republic has limited international recognition and the territory of the province is, de jure, part of the Republic of Azerbaijan. It forms the Republic's southern border and is one of the most mountainous parts. Villages are primarily found along two river valleys and scattered in lower elevations on the very southern fringe.

President Harry Truman ended de jure racial discrimination in the Armed Forces and federal workplaces in 1948. Parks and recreation facilities in Washington remained segregated until 1954. Public schools were desegregated soon after.Constance McL. Green, Secret City: History of Race Relations in the Nation's Capital (1969) When the city's Board of Education began building the John Phillip Sousa Junior High, a group of parents from the Anacostia neighborhood petitioned to have the school admit black and white students.

Refused entry into the League of Nations, Georgia gained de jure recognition from the Allies on January 27, 1921. This, however, did not prevent the country from being attacked by Soviet Russia a month later. The peace with Georgia, though initially supported strongly by Lenin, finally ended on February 11 when the Armenian and Georgian Bolsheviks organized a revolt in Lorri. The Armenia-based 11th Red Army marched on Tbilisi, while other Russian forces invaded from various directions.

The British Columbia provincial party called the Western Independence Party of BC (WIPBC) was not a branch of WIP. WIPBC has renamed itself the BC Refederation Party (BC Refed), and now promotes political changes within Canada. BC Refed has drafted the text of a Constitution of BC and the text of a BC Direct Democracy Act based on the Swiss model of direct democracy. These are aimed at creating what it describes as a de jure (lawful) BC government.

Shahumyan Province () is a province of the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh. Western part of the province is de facto part of Artsakh while being part of Azerbaijan under international law. The northern part, which was originally the Azeri district of Shahumyan, is both de facto and de jure part of Azerbaijan's Goranboy District. While the claimed part almost wholly lies outside the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, prior to the Nagorno Karabakh War, its population was mostly Armenian.

Chamberlain reported to an amenable House that he was unwilling to limit his government's discretion by giving commitments. Britain and Italy signed an agreement in April 1938. In exchange for de jure recognition of Italy's Ethiopian conquest, Italy agreed to withdraw some Italian "volunteers" from the Nationalist (pro-Franco) side of the Spanish Civil War. By this point, the Nationalists strongly had the upper hand in that conflict, and they completed their victory the following year.

Venezuela became the "Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela" () with the adoption of the 1999 constitution, which renamed the country in honor of Simón Bolívar. The new constitution was promulgated by President Hugo Chávez, who served de jure from 1999 until his death in 2013. The new constitution augmented the presidential term from five years to six years. Chávez's presidency was interrupted shortly in 2002 following a failed coup d'état attempt that put Pedro Carmona in office for a day.

On the death of the last de facto king, and de jure baron, Brian mac Cathaoir O Conchobhair Failghe, in about 1556, Uí Failghe was split between the modern day counties of King's County (Offaly), Queen's County (Laois) and County Kildare by Mary I of England during the Plantations of Ireland. Two Baronies in County Kildare, Offaly East and Offaly West, retained the anglicised name of the Kingdom. Upon Irish independence King's County was renamed as County Offaly.

The party emerged around the supporters of Ruairí Ó Brádaigh and Dáithí Ó Conaill. As Irish republican legitimists, they rejected the reformism of Gerry Adams and other members of Sinn Féin who supported abandoning the policy of abstentionism. They support the Éire Nua policy which allows for devolution of power to provincial governments. RSF holds that the Irish Republic proclaimed in 1916 continues to exist, and that the Continuity Irish Republican Army Council is its de jure government.

The Chief Minister of Goa is chief executive of the Indian state of Goa. As per the Constitution of India, the governor is a state's de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the Goa Legislative Assembly, the state's governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly.

De jure it ceased to exist when the exiled Slovak government capitulated to General Walton Walker leading the XX Corps of the 3rd US Army on 8 May 1945 in the Austrian town of Kremsmünster. In summer 1945, the captured former president and members of former government were handed over to Czechoslovak authorities. Several prominent Slovak politicians escaped to neutral countries. Following his captivity, the deposed president Jozef Tiso authorized the former foreign minister Ferdinand Ďurčanský as his successor.

Though lynching was rarer and de jure segregation did not exist in the North, negative attitudes towards blacks prevailed among many white citizens. As industrial, inner city neighborhoods became increasingly black, many whites left for the suburbs, taking their capital assets with them. The result was the rapid emergence of overwhelmingly black neighborhoods, which, generally speaking, suffered tragically high poverty and crime rates. Yet these neighborhoods also simmered with hopes of economic, social, and political advancement.

During the second half of the 19th century, the archipelago began to come under Chilean and Argentine influence. Both countries sought to claim the whole archipelago based on de jure Spanish colonial titles. Salesian Catholic missions were established in Río Grande and Dawson Island. Anglican missions were established by British colonists at Keppel Island in the Falklands in 1855 and in 1870 at Ushuaia on the main island, which continued to operate through the 19th century.

This is a list of sovereign states in the 2020s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 2020 and the present day. It contains 209 entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. It includes 195 widely recognized sovereign states, 2 associated states, and 12 entities which claim an effective sovereignty but are considered de jure constituents of other powers by the general international community.

In 1573, Ossoliński was one of the signatories of the Warsaw Confederation. The confederation issued a document which formally and legally established freedom of religion in the Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth. While previously religious tolerance was a de facto policy of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Confederation made it constitutionally de jure. In the same year Ossoliński supported the election of Henry of Valois to the throne of Poland and took part in the coronation.

Since his rule ended a century of civil wars and began an unprecedented period of peace and prosperity, he was so loved that he came to hold the power of a monarch de facto if not de jure. During the years of his rule, a new constitutional order emerged (in part organically and in part by design), so that, upon his death, this new constitutional order operated as before when Tiberius was accepted as the new emperor.

Boston, founded by Puritans and, at that time, ruled as a de jure theocracy, banned Pynchon's book and pressed him to return to England. He did so in 1652, which nearly caused Springfield to align with the nearby Connecticut Colony. This reputation persisted throughout the Puritan era. In 1700 an objection to the religious doctrines of Increase Mather carried with it an advertisement that Boston publishers had refused to print it out of fear of Mather.

Thus on the death of King Edward VI in 1553, Henry VII's unmarried grandson, the Berkeley inheritance returned to the family. Therefore, Maurice and his descendants from 1492 to 1553 were de jure barons only, until the return of the title to the senior heir Henry (and indirectly to his mother Anne), becoming de facto 7th Baron in 1553.Debrett's Peerage 1968, p.139, Berkeley, Baroness, Predecessors Upon his death he was succeeded by his relative George Harding.

The same year, Muffet was sent by Sir Francis Walsingham on a diplomatic mission to Denmark to present the Order of the Garter to King Frederick. It was here he met both Tycho Brahe and Petrus Severinus, though there is no evidence as to either's intellectual influence upon him. Two years later, in 1584, Muffet finished his De jure et praestantia chemicorum medicamentorum. This document is said to have anticipated Bacon's emphasis on the advancement of learning.

On 31 January 1973 he was named Apostolic Pro-Nuncio to Bangladesh. On 25 March 1979, Pope John Paul II appointed him Apostolic Delegate to Southern Africa and Apostolic Pro-Nuncio to Lesotho. His term as an Apostolic Pro-Nuncio to the Republic of China ended in April 1979, which is the last de jure Apostolic Pro-Nuncio to the Republic of China. On 6 November 1984, he was appointed Apostolic Pro-Nuncio to the Netherlands.

A lane in Kamathipura, a red light district in Mumbai. Brothels are illegal de jure but in practice are restricted to certain areas of any given town. Though the profession does not have official sanction, little effort is made to eradicate or impede it. India's largest and best-known red-light districts are Sonagachi in Kolkata, Reshampura in Gwalior, Kamathipura, Sonapur in Mumbai and G. B. Road in New Delhi, that host thousands of sex workers.

Yialousa ( [from , meaning " Sea"]; ) is a town in Cyprus, located on the Karpas Peninsula. Situated de jure in the Famagusta District of the Republic of Cyprus, Yialousa is under the de facto control of Northern Cyprus, serving as a sub-district in the İskele District. In 2011, Yialousa had a population of 1,774. Municipal beach in Yialousa In 1960, the town had 2,538 inhabitants, of whom only one was Turkish Cypriot, the rest being Greek Cypriot.

Elite capture and state capture are also similar because they are both related to deviation of public resources for private benefits, but differ in how power is exercised. Elite capture is carried out by an elite that is legitimately entitled some level of de jure power. State capture is carried out by elites that exercise de facto power (e.g. powerful unions or big multinational companies) that aim to have influence on the decision making process of the institutions.

86 Upon his brother's death in 1534, John disputed the title to the earldom of his brother's grandson, James FitzGerald, de jure 12th Earl of Desmond.Webb, Alfred. A Compendium of Irish Biography. Dublin: 1878. According to the Annals of the Four Masters, John FitzThomas FitzGerald was believed to have instigated the murder of his older brother, James FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Desmond in 1487, and had been expelled by his brother Maurice FitzGerald, 9th Earl of Desmond.

The White Citizens' Council was founded in 1954 following the United States Supreme Court's ruling that de jure public school segregation was unconstitutional. Begun in Mississippi, chapters arose in towns across the South among whites who wanted to resist integration. Their members used a variety of economic tactics to suppress black activism and sustain segregation. The councils applied severe pressure by boycotting black businesses, denying loans and credit to African Americans, firing people from their jobs, and other means.

The U.S. had granted full de jure recognition to all three Baltic states by July 1922. The recognitions were granted during the shift from the Democratic administration of Woodrow Wilson to the Republican administration of Warren Harding. While the U.S. did not sponsor any meaningful political or economic initiatives in the region during the interwar period, and its administrations did not consider the states strategically important, it maintained normal diplomatic relations with the states.Hiden, et al, p.

Hastings married firstly Joan Welles, the daughter of Richard Welles, 7th Baron Welles (beheaded 12 March 1470), and his first wife, Joan Willoughby, de jure suo jure Baroness Willoughby, daughter and heiress of Robert Willoughby, 6th Baron Willoughby de Eresby, by his first wife, Elizabeth Montagu, daughter of John Montagu, 3rd Earl of Salisbury. They had one son, Anthony Hastings, who predeceased his father. He married secondly Joan Romondbye (d. 20 March 1505), widow of Richard Pigot, (died c.

Jones shortly after he was appointed CAS, May 1942 Passed over as CAS, Bostock subsequently became Air Officer Commanding (AOC) RAAF Command, which placed him in charge of Australian air operations in the Pacific. Jones' role, in contrast, was primarily administrative, that of "raising, training and maintaining" the service.Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 120–123 Though the CAS was de jure head of the RAAF, Jones' new rank of air vice- marshal was the same as Bostock's.

Tigranes VI of Armenia ruled from AD 58, again installed by Roman support. The period of turmoil ends in AD 66, when Tiridates I of Armenia was crowned king of Armenia by Nero. For the remaining duration of the Armenian kingdom, Rome still considered it a client kingdom de jure, but the ruling dynasty was of Parthian extraction, and contemporary Roman writers thought that Nero had de facto yielded Armenia to the Parthians.Redgate, Anne Elizabeth (2000).

1917 marks the end of any real political power for the Swedish monarch. The Constitution of 1974 codifies this development by removing all decision-making powers from the monarch, making it both de facto and de jure a ceremonial position, and today the Government has the chief executive power, not the king. In 1980, the rule of succession was changed from agnatic to absolute primogeniture, to the benefit of Princess Victoria (born 1977), the current heir apparent.

In the era of de jure racial segregation in the United States ethnic Chinese in the Houston area were classified as white and therefore could get superior educational opportunities to the undergraduate level.Chen, Edward C. M., An American Chinese in Houston, p. 7. However professional schools such as law, medical, and dental schools in the area rejected applications from ethnic Chinese, restricting their choices of careers. CACA successfully lobbied for the professional schools to accept ethnic Chinese.

Many of them had fought in the Red Army (in the Estonian Rifle Corps), and few of them had mastered the Estonian language.Biographical Research in Eastern Europe: Altered Lives and Broken Biographies. Humphrey, Miller, Zdravomyslova Although the United States and the United Kingdom, the allies of the USSR against Germany during World War II, recognized the occupation of the Republic of Estonia by the USSR at the Yalta Conference in 1945 de facto, the governments of the rest of the western democracies did not recognize the seizure of Estonia by the USSR in 1940 and in 1944 de jure according to the Sumner Welles' declaration of July 23, 1940.Daniel Fried, Assistant Secretary of State at U.S Department of State The Baltic States and their Region: New Europe or Old? by David J. Smith on Page 48 Post-Cold War Identity Politics: Northern and Baltic Experiences by Marko Lehti on Page 272: Soviet occupation in Baltic countries – a position supported by the fact that an overwhelming majority of states never recognized the 1940 incorporation de jure.

Similarly, Saddam Hussein's formal rule of Iraq is often recorded as beginning in 1979, the year he assumed the Presidency of Iraq. However, his de facto rule of the nation began earlier: during his time as vice president; he exercised a great deal of power at the expense of the elderly Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, the de jure president. In Argentina, the successive military coups that overthrew constitutional governments installed de facto governments in 1930–1932, 1943–1946, 1955–1958, 1966–1973 and 1976–1983, the last of which combined the powers of the presidential office with those of the National Congress. The subsequent legal analysis of the validity of such actions led to the formulation of a doctrine of the de facto governments, a case law (precedential) formulation which essentially said that the actions and decrees of past de facto governments, although not rooted in legal legitimacy when taken, remained binding until and unless such time as they were revoked or repealed de jure by a subsequent legitimate government.

There is an unsettled territorial dispute on the Portugal-Spain border regarding the municipality of Olivenza / Olivença and the smaller town and municipality of Táliga, both currently administered as a part of the province of Badajoz, in the Spanish autonomous community of Extremadura. Olivenza / Olivença had been under continuous Portuguese sovereignty since prior to 1297 when it was occupied by the Spanish in 1801 and formally ceded by Portugal later that year by the Treaty of Badajoz. Spain claims de jure sovereignty over Olivenza / Olivença on the grounds that the Treaty of Badajoz still stands and has never been revoked. Portugal claims de jure sovereignty over Olivenza / Olivença on the grounds that the Treaty of Badajoz was revoked by its own terms (which stated: the breach of any of its articles would lead to its cancellation) when Spain invaded Portugal in the Peninsular War of 1807 and, foremost, due to the fact that Spain signed the Treaty of Vienna in 1815, which according to Portugal recognizes Olivenza / Olivença as Portuguese territory.

That created a permanent group of people that opposed the regime and continued non-violent resistance.Vardys (1997), p. 84 Because of the United States and the United Kingdom, the allies of the Soviet Union were against Nazi Germany during World War II, recognized the occupation of the Republic of Lithuania at Yalta Conference in 1945 de facto, the governments of the rest of the western democracies did not recognize the seizure of Lithuania by the Soviet Union in 1940 and in 1944 de jure according to the Sumner Welles' declaration of 23 July 1940;Daniel Fried, Assistant Secretary of State at U.S Department of State Due to the situation, many western countries continue to recognize Lithuania as an independent, sovereign de jure state subject to international law represented by the legations appointed by the pre-1940 Baltic states which functioned in various places through the Lithuanian Diplomatic Service. Lithuania declared sovereignty on its territory on 18 May 1989 and declared independence from the Soviet Union on 11 March 1990 as the Republic of Lithuania, and was the first Soviet republic to do so.

Title page from the second edition (Amsterdam 1631) of De jure belli ac pacis The terminological use of "nations", "sovereignty" and associated concepts was significantly refined with the writing by Hugo Grotius of De jure belli ac pacis in the early 17th century. Living in the times of the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Netherlands and the Thirty Years' War between Catholic and Protestant European nations (Catholic France being in the otherwise Protestant camp), it is not surprising that Grotius was deeply concerned with matters of conflicts between nations in the context of oppositions stemming from religious differences. The word nation was also usefully applied before 1800 in Europe to refer to the inhabitants of a country as well as to collective identities that could include shared history, law, language, political rights, religion and traditions, in a sense more akin to the modern conception. Nationalism as derived from the noun designating 'nations' is a newer word; in English the term dates from 1844, although the concept is older.

When a state government is functioning correctly, it is run by an elected Council of Ministers responsible to the state's legislative assembly (Vidhan Sabha). The council is led by the Chief Minister, who is the de facto chief executive of the state; the Governor is only a de jure constitutional head. However, during President's rule, the Council of Ministers is dissolved, vacating the office of Chief Minister. Furthermore, the Vidhan Sabha is either prorogued or dissolved, necessitating a fresh election.