Limonene is a colorless liquid hydrocarbon classified as a cyclic terpene.
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After 10 months, Wilson and McFarlane finally got a diagnosis: cyclic vomiting syndrome.
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The man is later diagnosed with cyclic vomiting syndrome, which resonated with Wilson.
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"Women's health is cyclic and changes every single day of a woman's cycle," says Yost.
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There's a cyclic quality to the community—it shifts constantly as clients leave and arrive.
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The cyclic nature of their suckling could be due to the alternating fruit and monsoon cycles.
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Many Possiblities So, the patient had cyclic fevers, a worsening anemia and a mild liver injury.
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The cyclic fevers were suggestive of malaria — rare in this country, but still worth thinking about.
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So, the cyclic event of the supply and demand is something that we live every year.
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"The track had this rolling feel to it, like it was cyclic," Hawley tells The Creators Project.
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Illness saps their productivity and health care expenditure drains their savings, reinforcing a cyclic and generational poverty.
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These "cyclic peptides" include other molecules like the immunosuppressant drug cyclosporin and the first aid kit staple, bacitracin.
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Even these, though, are far simpler than a helicopter's four standard controls: the cyclic, throttle, collective, and pedals.
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We have escaped the tragic, bloody cyclic sequence of societies that have torn themselves asunder in civil wars.
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These inventive scores abound in squiggly dialogues between the instruments and cyclic spinning figures in a tart musical language.
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"It is a cyclic process and the economic system, as an artificial organism, will keep climbing upwards," Pudzens says.
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I think there is cyclic events that happens every year on the demand side, and they affect the market.
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The kind gastroenterologist I saw suggested "functional nausea" rather than cyclic vomiting syndrome, primarily because my episodes lasted so long.
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Because of the cyclic nature of the oceans and the atmosphere, ENSO operates on a semi-regular scale as well.
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One particular study noted that cyclic vomiting syndrome mimics a pheochromocytoma, a tumor on the adrenal gland that secretes stress hormones.
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According to Cooper, "Cyclic" was a collaboration with Numbercult, a Glaswegian artist creating audiovisual installations, interactive digital sculptures and live performances.
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If you break up all human activity into behaviors that happen only once and do not reset themselves, together with those that cycle on a daily, weekly, monthly, or yearly basis, you see that technology is in danger of removing the cyclic behaviors rather than chasing us from cyclic behaviors of low importance to ones of high value.
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I'm fascinated with culture's cyclic nature, how the aesthetics of past decades come back to subvert our present and challenge our future.
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Finally, season-ending rain hasn't shown up yet, stalled in part due to cooler Pacific Ocean temperatures under cyclic La Niña conditions.
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Encased in protective tape, the samples were brought to the Diamond Light Source, Britain's national synchrotron, or cyclic particle accelerator, near Oxford.
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Ms. Packes, whose clients include Brooklyn developers, said the surge in supply is cyclic, with the glut clearing out by 2019 or 403.
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Max Cooper, the computational biology Ph.D turned electronic music producer, has released the video for his new single, "Cyclic," from his upcoming album, Emergence.
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Kasthuri's lab is using Theta to create colorful diagrams, blobs of color moving past each other with the cyclic psychedelia of a Broad City title.
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As for the demand, well, as you know, in metal there's this cyclic rollercoaster where genres go up and down in popularity every two years.
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LaRock has vertigo and cyclic anxiety, and this method of traveling also helps her reduce stress and be more open to going with the flow.
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Physicians have historically misdiagnosed it as the more generic cyclic vomiting syndrome, which has no identifiable cause or, as in Queen's case, acute intermittent porphyria (AIP).
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So much for the idea (a sentimental favorite of many astronomers) of a cyclic universe going from Big Bang to Big Crunch, like a beating heart.
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Cyclic vomiting syndrome is what's known as a functional disorder; it affects how the body feels and works but cannot be detected by a simple test or examination.
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"We and others have done research that shows a strong association between cyclic patterns with the economy and suicide rates—they are higher during economic turmoil," Simon says.
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The stalwart astronauts of "A Martian Ricoroso," who struggle to survive a bizarre cyclic Martian biosphere while also second-guessing and betraying one another, are an unromanticized example.
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The Earth's 24.5 billion year history is defined by cyclic warming and cooling periods, but these cycles normally occur over the course of tens of millions of years.
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The inventive and off-kilter editing of Maxwell Paparella, a recent Bard College graduate, fabricates an interesting chiasmus over the cyclic nature of a year of Vermont seasons.
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"Heavy or prolonged use can lead to higher anxiety rates, cyclic vomiting, lower educational achievement, and apathy or disengagement from all activities that do not support use," Rome added.
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" For Rabbia, symbolically, and maybe even literally, the "cyclic process" to which the titles and subjects of her three big paintings refer "starts and ends in a universe of fingerprints.
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Other factors compound the deterioration of bridges, such as a constant cyclic vibration from traffic, says Mehdi Kashani, an expert in structural mechanics at the University of Southampton, in Britain.
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Griffiths and his colleagues had Sylvia come into their lab and lie down in a machine that analyzed her brain waves—the cyclic flow of electrical activity around the brain.
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There are dancing animated parrots, homemade "crappy bowling games" and simulations of "cyclic 2D cellular automata" (I have no idea what this means, but it looks beautiful and vaguely trippy).
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"We're starting to see more cyclic vomiting syndrome called cannabis hyperemesis because THC content of marijuana now is so high," said Dr. Gabbard, referring to the psychoactive component of marijuana.
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I was a week away from being gripped by nausea; eight months away from the relief of giving birth; two years away from reading anything about a disorder called cyclic vomiting syndrome.
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The often accepted paradigm that crude prices are cyclic and it is only a matter of time before we see a sharp rebound is being disparaged by the ruthless realities of energy markets.
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Where you may find it: Cyclic aliphatic bromide cluster is a group of chemicals found in flame retardants, plastic additives and certain polystyrene foams used in the construction industry for thermal insulation boards.
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Another reason why I book the flight first and worry about the details later is because I suffer from vertigo — and cyclic anxiety that comes with it — which makes planning anything very difficult.
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Romesha explained that every defensive position went into a cyclic rate of fire to try to defend as fast as they could shoot back -- but the enemies overwhelming fire was too much for them.
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It was nearly 10 years until a doctor finally convinced him the diagnosis was cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome, a condition that causes cyclic vomiting in heavy marijuana users and can be cured by quitting marijuana.
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"We understand the cyclic behavior; we've observed it for 400 years, ever since people have pointed the telescope at the Sun," Daniel Müller, the ESA's project scientist for the Solar Orbiter mission, tells The Verge.
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Those eating lots of blueberries also had increased levels of anthocyanin, a type of antioxidant found in plant pigments, and increased levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate, a substance that relaxes smooth muscle cells and improves blood flow.
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Fifield noted that part of what makes his process possible was by coming up with ways to handle cyclic redundancy checks, or CRCs, a basic error-correction functionality baked into Zip, PNG, Ethernet, and numerous other technical standards.
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What I didn't know then was that I was in the throes of a little-known condition called cyclic vomiting syndrome, a disorder that was likely "turned on" in my enteric nervous system by the fear and the pregnancy hormones.
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Cyclic guanosine monophosphate. The cyclic portion refers to the two single bonds between the phosphate group and the ribose The two most well-studied cyclic nucleotides are cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP), while cyclic CMP (cCMP) and cyclic UMP (cUMP) are less understood. cAMP is 3’5’-cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cGMP is 3’5’-cyclic guanosine monophosphate, cCMP is cytidine 3',5'-monophosphate, and cUMP is uridine 2',3'-cyclic phosphate. Each cyclic nucleotide has three components.
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Cyclic alcohol dehydrogenase (quinone) (, cyclic alcohol dehydrogenase, MCAD) is an enzyme with systematic name cyclic alcohol:quinone oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : cyclic alcohol + quinone \rightleftharpoons cyclic ketone + quinol This enzyme oxidizes a wide variety of cyclic alcohols.
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The relation may be called a cyclic order , a circular order , a cyclic ordering , or a circular ordering . Some authors call such an ordering a total cyclic order , a complete cyclic order , a linear cyclic order , or an l-cyclic order or ℓ-cyclic order , to distinguish from the broader class of partial cyclic orders, which they call simply cyclic orders. Finally, some authors may take cyclic order to mean an unoriented quaternary separation relation . A set with a cyclic order may be called a cycle or a circle .
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A 1954 patent application refers to "the Bell Telephone Gray code". Other names include "cyclic binary code", "cyclic progression code", "cyclic permuting binary" or "cyclic permuted binary" (CPB).
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In enzymology, a 2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 2'-phosphodiesterase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :nucleoside 2',3'-cyclic phosphate + H2O \rightleftharpoons nucleoside 3'-phosphate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are nucleoside 2',3'-cyclic phosphate and H2O, whereas its product is nucleoside 3'-phosphate. This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric diester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is nucleoside-2',3'-cyclic-phosphate 3'-nucleotidohydrolase. Other names in common use include ribonucleoside 2',3'-cyclic phosphate diesterase, 2',3 '-cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase, 2',3'-cyclic nucleotidase, cyclic 2',3'-nucleotide 2'-phosphodiesterase, cyclic 2',3'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase, 2',3'-cyclic nucleoside monophosphate phosphodiesterase, 2',3'-cyclic AMP 2'-phosphohydrolase, cyclic phosphodiesterase:3'-nucleotidase, 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide phosphohydrolase, 2':3'-cyclic phosphodiesterase, and 2':3'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase:3'-nucleotidase.
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Cyclic guanosine triphosphate (cGTP) helps cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) activate cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels in the olfactory system.
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This is a list of corticosteroid cyclic ketals, including cyclic ketals (cyclic acetals) of steroidal glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. They are almost all C16α,17α cyclic ketals of corticosteroids. One of the most widely used corticosteroid cyclic ketals is triamcinolone acetonide, which is the C16α,17α acetonide (cyclic ketone with acetone) of triamcinolone. This list mostly does not include esters of corticosteroid cyclic ketals, which are listed here instead.
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Methods of refrigeration can be classified as non-cyclic, cyclic, thermoelectric and magnetic.
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Riboswitches called the cyclic di-GMP-I riboswitch and cyclic di-GMP-II riboswitch regulate gene expression in response to cyclic di-GMP concentrations in a variety of bacteria, but not all bacteria that are known to use cyclic di-GMP.
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In enzymology, a 3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :guanosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate + H2O \rightleftharpoons guanosine 5'-phosphate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are guanosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate and H2O, whereas its product is guanosine 5'-phosphate. This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric diester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 3',5'-cyclic-GMP 5'-nucleotidohydrolase. Other names in common use include guanosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate phosphodiesterase, cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase, cyclic 3',5'-GMP phosphodiesterase, cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate phosphodiesterase, cyclic guanosine 3',5'-phosphate phosphodiesterase, cGMP phosphodiesterase, cGMP-PDE, and cyclic guanosine 3',5'-phosphate phosphodiesterase.
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Controls from a Bell 206 A helicopter has four flight control inputs. These are the cyclic, the collective, the anti-torque pedals, and the throttle. The cyclic control is usually located between the pilot's legs and is commonly called the cyclic stick or just cyclic. On most helicopters, the cyclic is similar to a joystick.
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Cyclic adenosine monophosphate. The cyclic portion refers to the two single bonds between the phosphate group and the ribose A cyclic nucleotide (cNMP) is a single-phosphate nucleotide with a cyclic bond arrangement between the sugar and phosphate groups. Like other nucleotides, cyclic nucleotides are composed of three functional groups: a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a single phosphate group. As can be seen in the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) images, the 'cyclic' portion consists of two bonds between the phosphate group and the 3' and 5' hydroxyl groups of the sugar, very often a ribose.
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The powers of the root element form a cyclic group and provide the basis for a cyclic cover. A line bundle over a complex projective variety with torsion index r may induce a cyclic Galois covering with cyclic group of order r.
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In algebraic topology and algebraic geometry, a cyclic cover or cyclic covering is a covering space for which the set of covering transformations forms a cyclic group. As with cyclic groups, there may be both finite and infinite cyclic covers. Cyclic covers have proven useful in the descriptions of knot topology and the algebraic geometry of Calabi–Yau manifolds. In classical algebraic geometry, cyclic covers are a tool used to create new objects from existing ones through, for example, a field extension by a root element.
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For error detection cyclic codes are widely used and are called t - 1 cyclic redundancy codes.
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When Π is a cyclic group, the voltage graph may be called a cyclic-voltage graph.
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For example, [June, October, February]. A ternary relation is called a cyclic order if it is cyclic, asymmetric, transitive, and total. Dropping the "total" requirement results in a partial cyclic order. A set with a cyclic order is called a cyclically ordered set or simply a cycle.
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Cyclic and acyclic acetals on acetalated dextran which degrades to dextran, acetone, and ethanol. During the synthesis of acetalated dextran both acyclic and cyclic acetals are formed. The acyclic acetals degrade into an acetone and an alcohol, whereas cyclic acetals degrade into acetone. The ratio of cyclic to acyclic acetals varies with reaction time since acyclic acetals are kinetically favored and cyclic acetals are the thermodynamically favored.
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H145 The cyclic control, commonly called the cyclic stick or just cyclic, is similar in appearance on most helicopters to a control stick from a conventional aircraft. The cyclic stick commonly rises up from beneath the front of each pilot's seat. The Robinson R22 has a "teetering" cyclic design connected to a central column located between the two seats. Helicopters with fly-by-wire systems allow a cyclic-style controller to be mounted to the side of the pilot seat.
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Before delving into the details of cyclic codes first we will discuss quasi- cyclic and shortened codes which are closely related to the cyclic codes and they all can be converted into each other.
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Cyclic monomers that are amenable to ROP include epoxides, cyclic trisiloxanes, some lactones, lactides, cyclic carbonates, and amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides.. Many strained cycloalkenes, e.g norbornene, are suitable monomers via ring-opening metathesis polymerization.
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In mathematics, a cyclically ordered group is a set with both a group structure and a cyclic order, such that left and right multiplication both preserve the cyclic order. Cyclically ordered groups were first studied in depth by Ladislav Rieger in 1947. They are a generalization of cyclic groups: the infinite cyclic group and the finite cyclic groups . Since a linear order induces a cyclic order, cyclically ordered groups are also a generalization of linearly ordered groups: the rational numbers , the real numbers , and so on.
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A cyclically ordered group is a set with both a group structure and a cyclic order, such that left and right multiplication both preserve the cyclic order. Cyclically ordered groups were first studied in depth by Ladislav Rieger in 1947. They are a generalization of cyclic groups: the infinite cyclic group and the finite cyclic groups . Since a linear order induces a cyclic order, cyclically ordered groups are also a generalization of linearly ordered groups: the rational numbers , the real numbers , and so on.
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In group theory, a group G is said to be free-by-cyclic if it has a free normal subgroup F such that the quotient group : G/F is cyclic. In other words, G is free-by-cyclic if it can be expressed as a group extension of a free group by a cyclic group (NB there are two conventions for 'by'). If F is a finitely generated group we say that G is (finitely generated free)-by- cyclic (or (f.g. free)-by-cyclic).
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In group theory, a metacyclic group is an extension of a cyclic group by a cyclic group. That is, it is a group G for which there is a short exact sequence :1 \rightarrow K \rightarrow G \rightarrow H \rightarrow 1,\, where H and K are cyclic. Equivalently, a metacyclic group is a group G having a cyclic normal subgroup N, such that the quotient G/N is also cyclic.
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A partial cyclic order is a ternary relation that generalizes a (total) cyclic order in the same way that a partial order generalizes a total order. It is cyclic, asymmetric, and transitive, but it need not be total. An order variety is a partial cyclic order that satisfies an additional spreading axiom . Replacing the asymmetry axiom with a complementary version results in the definition of a co-cyclic order.
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A group is called virtually cyclic if it contains a cyclic subgroup of finite index (the number of cosets that the subgroup has). In other words, any element in a virtually cyclic group can be arrived at by applying a member of the cyclic subgroup to a member in a certain finite set. Every cyclic group is virtually cyclic, as is every finite group. An infinite group is virtually cyclic if and only if it is finitely generated and has exactly two ends; an example of such a group is the direct product of Z/nZ and Z, in which the factor Z has finite index n.
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Nevertheless, the Hamiltonian equations are perfectly suited to cyclic coordinates because the equations in the cyclic coordinates trivially vanish, leaving only the equations in the non cyclic coordinates. The Routhian approach has the best of both approaches, because cyclic coordinates can be split off to the Hamiltonian equations and eliminated, leaving behind the non cyclic coordinates to be solved from the Lagrangian equations. Overall fewer equations need to be solved compared to the Lagrangian approach. The Routhian formulation is useful for systems with cyclic coordinates, because by definition those coordinates do not enter , and hence .
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Cyclic codes are used for correcting burst error. In fact, cyclic codes can also correct cyclic burst errors along with burst errors. Cyclic burst errors are defined as A cyclic burst of length t is a vector whose nonzero components are among t (cyclically) consecutive components, the first and the last of which are nonzero. In polynomial form cyclic burst of length t can be described as e(x)=x^ib(x)\mod (x^n -1) with b(x) as a polynomial of degree t - 1 with nonzero coefficient b_0.
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Cyclic stress is frequently encountered in rotating machinery where a bending moment is applied to a rotating part. This is called a cyclic bending stress and the aerial lift above is a good example. However, cyclic axial stresses and cyclic torsional stresses also exist. An example of cyclic axial stress would be a bungee cord (see bungee jumping), which must support the mass of people as they jump off structures such as bridges.
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Any cyclic code can be converted to quasi-cyclic codes by dropping every bth symbol where b is a factor of n. If the dropped symbols are not check symbols then this cyclic code is also a shortened code.
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Appropriately total co-cyclic orders are related to cyclic orders in the same way that is related to . A cyclic order obeys a relatively strong 4-point transitivity axiom. One structure that weakens this axiom is a CC system: a ternary relation that is cyclic, asymmetric, and total, but generally not transitive. Instead, a CC system must obey a 5-point transitivity axiom and a new interiority axiom, which constrains the 4-point configurations that violate cyclic transitivity.
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To qualify as a cyclic number, it is required that consecutive multiples be cyclic permutations. Thus, the number 076923 would not be considered a cyclic number, because even though all cyclic permutations are multiples, they are not consecutive integer multiples: :076923 × 1 = 076923 :076923 × 3 = 230769 :076923 × 4 = 307692 :076923 × 9 = 692307 :076923 × 10 = 769230 :076923 × 12 = 923076 The following trivial cases are typically excluded: #single digits, e.g.: 5 #repeated digits, e.g.: 555 #repeated cyclic numbers, e.g.
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Every infinite cyclic group is isomorphic to the additive group of Z, the integers. Every finite cyclic group of order n is isomorphic to the additive group of Z/nZ, the integers modulo n. Every cyclic group is an abelian group (meaning that its group operation is commutative), and every finitely generated abelian group is a direct product of cyclic groups. Every cyclic group of prime order is a simple group which cannot be broken down into smaller groups.
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A metacyclic group is a group containing a cyclic normal subgroup whose quotient is also cyclic. These groups include the cyclic groups, the dicyclic groups, and the direct products of two cyclic groups. The polycyclic groups generalize metacyclic groups by allowing more than one level of group extension. A group is polycyclic if it has a finite descending sequence of subgroups, each of which is normal in the previous subgroup with a cyclic quotient, ending in the trivial group.
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Grinberg used his theorem to find non-Hamiltonian cubic polyhedral graphs with high cyclic edge connectivity. The cyclic edge connectivity of a graph is the smallest number of edges whose deletion leaves a subgraph with more than one cyclic component. The 46-vertex Tutte graph, and the smaller cubic non- Hamiltonian polyhedral graphs derived from it, have cyclic edge connectivity three. Grinberg used his theorem to find a non-Hamiltonian cubic polyhedral graph with 44 vertices, 24 faces, and cyclic edge connectivity four, and another example (shown in the figure) with 46 vertices, 25 faces, and cyclic edge connectivity five, the maximum possible cyclic edge connectivity for a cubic planar graph other than K4.
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Cyclic tetrapyrrolic molecules are fluorophores and photosensitisers. Cyclic tetrapyrrolic derivatives have an inherent similarity to the naturally occurring porphyrins present in living matter.
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Cyclic alkenes also exhibit 1,2-methyl shifts upon solvolysis as well. Alkyl shifts in vinyl cation that leads to changes in cyclic system.
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In 2005 there were "several types of commercial cyclic olefin copolymers based on different types of cyclic monomers and polymerization methods. Cyclic olefin copolymers are produced by chain copolymerization of cyclic monomers such as 8,9,10-trinorborn-2-ene (norbornene) or 1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octahydro-1,4:5,8-dimethanonaphthalene (tetracyclododecene) with ethene (such as TOPAS Advanced Polymer's TOPAS, Mitsui Chemical's APEL), or by ring-opening metathesis polymerization of various cyclic monomers followed by hydrogenation (Japan Synthetic Rubber's ARTON, Zeon Chemical's Zeonex and Zeonor)." These later materials using a single type of monomer are more properly named cyclic olefin polymers (COP).
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In many cases facies changes and other lithological features in sequences of sedimentary rock have a cyclic nature. This cyclic nature was caused by cyclic changes in sediment supply and the sedimentary environment. Most of these cyclic changes are caused by astronomic cycles. Short astronomic cycles can be the difference between the tides or the spring tide every two weeks.
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For example, type I and type II cyclic-AMP dependent protein kinases have identical catalytic subunits but different regulatory subunits that bind cyclic AMP.
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Let A be a finite-dimensional central simple algebra over a field F. Then A is said to be cyclic if it contains a strictly maximal subfield E such that E/F is a cyclic field extension (i.e., the Galois group is a cyclic group).
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cyclic di-GMP-I riboswitches are the first kind of riboswitch to be discovered whose role is not primarily in regulating metabolism, but is instead part of signaling. A second class of riboswitch that binds cyclic di- GMP is called the cyclic di-GMP-II riboswitch. The two classes of cyclic di- GMP-binding riboswitches do not share any known sequence or structural features.
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The cyclic reaction is similar to that of the non-cyclic, but differs in that it generates only ATP, and no reduced NADP (NADPH) is created. The cyclic reaction takes place only at photosystem I. Once the electron is displaced from the photosystem, the electron is passed down the electron acceptor molecules and returns to photosystem I, from where it was emitted, hence the name cyclic reaction.
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However, the Robinson R22 and Robinson R44 have a unique teetering bar cyclic control system and a few helicopters have a cyclic control that descends into the cockpit from overhead. The control is called the cyclic because it changes cyclic pitch of the main blades. The result is to tilt the rotor disk in a particular direction, resulting in the helicopter moving in that direction. If the pilot pushes the cyclic forward, the rotor disk tilts forward, and the rotor produces a thrust in the forward direction.
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Given a linear order on a set , the cyclic order on induced by is defined as follows:; . : if and only if or or Two linear orders induce the same cyclic order if they can be transformed into each other by a cyclic rearrangement, as in cutting a deck of cards. One may define a cyclic order relation as a ternary relation that is induced by a strict linear order as above. Cutting a single point out of a cyclic order leaves a linear order behind.
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'Cyclic liquefaction' is the state of soil when large shear strains have accumulated in response to cyclic loading. A typical reference strain for the approximate occurrence of zero effective stress is 5% double amplitude shear strain. This is a soil test-based definition, usually performed via cyclic triaxial, cyclic direct simple shear, or cyclic torsional shear type apparatus. These tests are performed to determine a soil's resistance to liquefaction by observing the number of cycles of loading at a particular shear stress amplitude required to induce 'fails'.
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Any finite group whose p-Sylow subgroups are cyclic is a semidirect product of two cyclic groups, in particular solvable. Such groups are called Z-groups.
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Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CGAS gene. It's an enzyme, a nucleotidyltransferase, a cyclic GMP-AMP synthase.
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Figure 1. Typical cyclic voltammogram where i_{pc} and i_{pa} show the peak cathodic and anodic current respectively for a reversible reaction. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is a type of potentiodynamic electrochemical measurement. In a cyclic voltammetry experiment, the working electrode potential is ramped linearly versus time.
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In mathematics, a partial cyclic order is a ternary relation that generalizes a cyclic order in the same way that a partial order generalizes a linear order.
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In enzymology, a glycerol-1,2-cyclic-phosphate 2-phosphodiesterase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :glycerol 1,2-cyclic phosphate + H2O \rightleftharpoons glycerol 1-phosphate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are glycerol 1,2-cyclic phosphate and H2O, whereas its product is glycerol 1-phosphate. This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric diester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is rac-glycerol-1,2-cyclic-phosphate 2-glycerophosphohydrolase. This enzyme is also called rac-glycerol 1:2-cyclic phosphate 2-phosphodiesterase.
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In the 1960s, Earl Sutherland and Theodore Rall discovered that cyclic AMP (the second messenger in signal transduction) was a responsible for activating enzymes in the cell, and that cyclic AMP is produced only when hormones (the first messengers) bind on the cell surface. Cyclic AMP is formed from ATP by the enzymes adenylyl cyclase. In 1970 Martin Rodbell found that hormones did not directly influence cyclic AMP, but there existed other molecules, the third messengers. Rodbell discovered that cyclic AMP is activated when guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is released from the cell membrane.
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The representation theory of the cyclic group is a critical base case for the representation theory of more general finite groups. In the complex case, a representation of a cyclic group decomposes into a direct sum of linear characters, making the connection between character theory and representation theory transparent. In the positive characteristic case, the indecomposable representations of the cyclic group form a model and inductive basis for the representation theory of groups with cyclic Sylow subgroups and more generally the representation theory of blocks of cyclic defect.
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Cyclic di-GMP-II riboswitches (also c-di-GMP-II riboswitches) form a class of riboswitches that specifically bind cyclic di-GMP, a second messenger used in multiple bacterial processes such as virulence, motility and biofilm formation. Cyclic di-GMP II riboswitches are structurally unrelated to cyclic di-GMP-I riboswitches, though they have the same function. Cyclic di-GMP-II riboswitches were discovered by bioinformatics, and are common in species within the class Clostridia and the genus Deinococcus. They are also found in some other bacterial lineages.
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The anionic ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone, initiated by alkoxide Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane is a cyclic monomer that is susceptible to anionic polymerization to siloxane polymers. Many cyclic compounds are susceptible to ring-opening polymerization. Epoxides, cyclic trisiloxanes, some lactones, lactides, cyclic carbonates, and amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides. In order for polymerization to occur with vinyl monomers, the substituents on the double bond must be able to stabilize a negative charge.
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Cyclic-guanylate-specific phosphodiesterase (, cyclic bis(3->5')diguanylate phosphodiesterase, c-di-GMP-specific phosphodiesterase, c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase, phosphodiesterase, phosphodiesterase A1, PDEA1, VieA) is an enzyme with systematic name cyclic bis(3->5')diguanylate 3-guanylylhydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : cyclic di-3',5'-guanylate + H2O \rightleftharpoons 5'-phosphoguanylyl(3'->5')guanosine This enzyme requires Mg2+ or Mn2+ for activity. It is inhibited by Ca2+ and Zn2+.
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Cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate synthase (, MOCS1A, MoaA, MoaC, molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis protein 1) is an enzyme with systematic name GTP 8,9-lyase (cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : GTP \rightleftharpoons cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate + diphosphate This enzyme catalyses an early step in the biosynthesis of molybdopterin.
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Myricanone, a cyclic diarylheptanoid. Cyclic diarylheptanoids formed from myricanone can be isolated from the bark of Myrica rubra (Myricaceae). Two cyclic diarylheptanoids, named ostryopsitrienol and ostryopsitriol, can be isolated from the stems of endemic Chinese medicinal plant Ostryopsis nobilis (Betulaceae). Acerogenin M can be found in Acer nikoense (Sapindaceae).
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In computer science, more particularly in formal language theory, a cyclic language is a set of strings that is closed with respect to repetition, root, and cyclic shift.
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In the proof, both the Japanese theorem for cyclic quadrilaterals and the quadrilateral case of the cyclic polygon theorem are proven as a consequence of Thébault's problem III.
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The Gluconacetobacter xylinus cellulose synthase is allosterically stimulated by cyclic di-GMP, presenting a mechanism by which cyclic di-GMP can regulate cellulose synthase activity. The PilZ domain has been shown to bind cyclic di-GMP and is believed to be involved in cyclic di-GMP-dependent regulation, but the mechanism by which it does this is unknown. Recent structural studies of PilZ domains from two bacterial species have demonstrated that PilZ domains change conformation drastically upon binding to cyclic di-GMP. This leads to the strong inference that conformational changes in PilZ domains allow the activity of targeted effector proteins (such as cellulose synthase) to be regulated by cyclic di-GMP.
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Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a cyclic nucleotide derived from guanosine triphosphate (GTP). cGMP acts as a second messenger much like cyclic AMP. Its most likely mechanism of action is activation of intracellular protein kinases in response to the binding of membrane-impermeable peptide hormones to the external cell surface.
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The square of the area of a cyclic pentagon is a root of a septic equation whose coefficients are symmetric functions of the sides of the pentagon.Weisstein, Eric W. "Cyclic Pentagon." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. The same is true of the square of the area of a cyclic hexagon.
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Norris RP, Ratzan WJ, Freudzon M, Mehlmann LM, Krall J, Movsesian MA, Wang H, Ke H, Nikolaev VO, Jaffe LA. 2009. Cyclic GMP from the surrounding somatic cells regulates cyclic AMP and meiosis in the mouse oocyte. Development 136:1869-1878. The cyclic GMP is produced by the guanylyl cyclase NPR2.
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Hymenistatin is a cyclic peptide isolated from the sea sponge Phakellia fusca. It is a cyclic octapeptide whose sequence is cyclo[Ile-Ile-Pro-Pro-Tyr-Val- Pro-Leu].
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Using some field theory, the group Fp× can be shown to be cyclic: for example, if , 3 is a generator since , , , and . Some cyclic groups have an infinite number of elements. In these groups, for every non-zero element a, all the powers of a are distinct; despite the name "cyclic group", the powers of the elements do not cycle. An infinite cyclic group is isomorphic to , the group of integers under addition introduced above.
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Lithium's therapeutic effects are thought to be partially attributable to its interactions with several signal transduction mechanisms. The cyclic AMP secondary messenger system is shown to be modulated by lithium. Lithium was found to increase the basal levels of cyclic AMP but impair receptor coupled stimulation of cyclic AMP production. It is hypothesized that the dual effects of lithium are due to the inhibition of G-proteins that mediate cyclic AMP production.
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Relevant to cyclic voltammetry, the diffusion layer has negligible volume compared the volume of the bulk solution. For this reason, cyclic voltammetry experiments have an inexhaustible supply of fresh analyte.
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When (Z/nZ)× is cyclic, its generators are called primitive roots modulo n. For a prime number p, the group (Z/pZ)× is always cyclic, consisting of the non-zero elements of the finite field of order p. More generally, every finite subgroup of the multiplicative group of any field is cyclic..
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Cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP-AMP, cGAMP) is the first cyclic di-nucleotide found in metazoa. In mammalian cells, cGAMP is synthesized by cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) from ATP and GTP upon cytosolic DNA stimulation. cGAMP produced by cGAS contains mixed phosphodiester linkages, with one between 2'-OH of GMP and 5'-phosphate of AMP and the other between 3'-OH of AMP and 5'-phosphate of GMP. This molecule, referred to as 2′3′-cGAMP (cyclic [G(2’,5’)pA(3’,5’)p]), functions as an endogenous second messenger inducing STING-dependent type I interferon response.
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More generally, a polygon in which all vertices are concyclic is called a cyclic polygon. A polygon is cyclic if and only if the perpendicular bisectors of its edges are concurrent..
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For the uplink, in release 8 and 9 multi user MIMO / Spatial division multiple access (SDMA) is supported; release 10 introduces also SU-MIMO. In both OFDM and SC-FDMA transmission modes a cyclic prefix is appended to the transmitted symbols. Two different lengths of the cyclic prefix are available to support different channel spreads due to the cell size and propagation environment. These are a normal cyclic prefix of 4.7 μs, and an extended cyclic prefix of 16.6μs.
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The generalized quaternion groups have the property that every abelian subgroup is cyclic., p. 101, exercise 1 It can be shown that a finite p-group with this property (every abelian subgroup is cyclic) is either cyclic or a generalized quaternion group as defined above., Theorem 11.6, p. 262 Another characterization is that a finite p-group in which there is a unique subgroup of order p is either cyclic or a 2-group isomorphic to generalized quaternion group.
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In bacteria, certain signals are communicated by synthesizing or degrading cyclic di-GMP. Cyclic di-GMP is synthesized by proteins with diguanylate cyclase activity. These proteins typically have a characteristic GGDEF motif, which refers to a conserved sequence of five amino acids. Degradation of cyclic di-GMP is affected by proteins with phosphodiesterase activity.
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3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase (, cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase, cAMP- specific PDE, PDE1, PDE2A, PDE2B, PDE4, PDE7, PDE8, PDEB1, PDEB2) is an enzyme with systematic name 3',5'-cyclic-AMP 5'-nucleotidohydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : adenosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate + H2O \rightleftharpoons AMP This enzyme requires Mg2+ or Mn2+ for activity.
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GMP can also exist as a cyclic structure known as cyclic GMP. Within certain cells the enzyme guanylyl cyclase makes cGMP from GTP. cGMP plays an important role in mediating hormonal signaling.
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Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP, cyclic AMP, or 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a second messenger important in many biological processes. cAMP is a derivative of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and used for intracellular signal transduction in many different organisms, conveying the cAMP-dependent pathway. It should not be confused with 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMP-activated protein kinase).
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A cyclically ordered group is a group together with a cyclic order preserved by the group structure. Every cyclic group can be given a structure as a cyclically ordered group, consistent with the ordering of the integers (or the integers modulo the order of the group). Every finite subgroup of a cyclically ordered group is cyclic..
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In combinatorial mathematics, cyclic sieving is a phenomenon by which evaluating a generating function for a finite set at roots of unity counts symmetry classes of objects acted on by a cyclic group.
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Because the phosphate group has two separate bonds to the ribose sugar, it forms a cyclic ring. The atom numbering convention is used to identify the carbons and nitrogens within a cyclic nucleotide.
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A quadratic residue code is a type of cyclic code.
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That subgroup is cyclic of order , which completes the proof.
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A locally cyclic group is a group in which each finitely generated subgroup is cyclic. An example is the additive group of the rational numbers: every finite set of rational numbers is a set of integer multiples of a single unit fraction, the inverse of their lowest common denominator, and generates as a subgroup a cyclic group of integer multiples of this unit fraction. A group is locally cyclic if and only if its lattice of subgroups is a distributive lattice..
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Cyclic di-AMP (also called c-di-AMP and c-di-adenosine monophosphate) is a second messenger used in signal transduction in bacteria and archaea. It is present in many Gram-positive bacteria, some Gram-negative species, and archaea of the phylum euryarchaeota. Cyclic di-AMP crystal structure It is one of many ubiquitous nucleotide second messengers including cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), guanosine pentaphosphate ((p)ppGpp), and cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP). c-di-AMP is a signaling nucleotide used in signaling pathways that trigger outputs by using receptor or target proteins to sense c-di-AMP concentrations in the cell.
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Two elements and of the free group on a set are conjugate if and only if, when they are written as products of elements and with in , and then those products are put in cyclic order, the cyclic orders are equivalent under the rewriting rules that allow one to remove or add adjacent and . A cyclic order on a set can be determined by a linear order on , but not in a unique way. Choosing a linear order is equivalent to choosing a first element, so there are exactly linear orders that induce a given cyclic order. Since there are possible linear orders, there are possible cyclic orders.
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The first definition of the cyclic homology of a ring A over a field of characteristic zero, denoted :HCn(A) or Hnλ(A), proceeded by the means of an explicit chain complex related to the Hochschild homology complex of A. Connes later found a more categorical approach to cyclic homology using a notion of cyclic object in an abelian category, which is analogous to the notion of simplicial object. In this way, cyclic homology (and cohomology) may be interpreted as a derived functor, which can be explicitly computed by the means of the (b, B)-bicomplex. One of the striking features of cyclic homology is the existence of a long exact sequence connecting Hochschild and cyclic homology. This long exact sequence is referred to as the periodicity sequence.
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A left R-module M is called cyclic if M can be generated by a single element i.e. } for some x in M. Similarly, a right R-module N is cyclic if for some .
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Weisstein, Eric W. "Cyclic Hexagon." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource.
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Viscumamide is a cyclic peptide isolated from endophytic fungi of mangrove.
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Additionally, cyclic AMP inhibits the release of mediators of immediate hypersensitivity.
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Every abelian subgroup of a Gromov hyperbolic group is virtually cyclic..
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A cyclic or gyrostatic system is characterized by the following properties.
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A cyclic order is required to be symmetric under cyclic permutation, , and asymmetric under reversal: . A ternary relation that is asymmetric under cyclic permutation and symmetric under reversal, together with appropriate versions of the transitivity and totality axioms, is called a betweenness relation. A separation relation is a quaternary relation that can be thought of as a cyclic order without an orientation. The relationship between a circular order and a separation relation is analogous to the relationship between a linear order and a betweenness relation.
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In enzymology, a maleimide hydrolase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :maleimide + H2O \rightleftharpoons maleamic acid Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are maleimide and H2O, whereas its product is maleamic acid. This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in cyclic amides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is cyclic-imide amidohydrolase (decyclizing). Other names in common use include imidase, cyclic imide hydrolase, and cyclic-imide amidohydrolase (decyclicizing) [misprint].
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Cyclic numbers are related to the recurring digital representations of unit fractions. A cyclic number of length L is the digital representation of :1/(L + 1). Conversely, if the digital period of 1 /p (where p is prime) is :p − 1, then the digits represent a cyclic number. For example: :1/7 = 0.142857 142857... Multiples of these fractions exhibit cyclic permutation: :1/7 = 0.142857 142857... :2/7 = 0.285714 285714... :3/7 = 0.428571 428571... :4/7 = 0.571428 571428... :5/7 = 0.714285 714285... :6/7 = 0.857142 857142...
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A field extension is called a cyclic extension if its Galois group is cyclic. For fields of characteristic zero, such extensions are the subject of Kummer theory, and are intimately related to solvability by radicals. For an extension of finite fields of characteristic p, its Galois group is always finite and cyclic, generated by a power of the Frobenius mapping.. Conversely, given a finite field F and a finite cyclic group G, there is a finite field extension of F whose Galois group is G..
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In enzymology, a FAD-AMP lyase (cyclizing) () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :FAD \rightleftharpoons AMP + riboflavin cyclic-4',5'-phosphate Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, FAD, and two products, AMP and riboflavin cyclic-4',5'-phosphate. This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the class of phosphorus-oxygen lyases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is FAD AMP-lyase (riboflavin- cyclic-4',5'-phosphate-forming). Other names in common use include FMN cyclase, and FAD AMP-lyase (cyclic-FMN-forming).
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Fast scan cyclic voltammetry used to measure changing concentrations of dopamine. A carbon fiber electrode is used to quickly change the voltage to oxidize dopamine and reduce dopamine-O-quinone. The resulting alternating current is used to find the instantaneous concentration of dopamine in the extracellular fluid. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is cyclic voltammetry with a very high scan rate (up to ).
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Cyclic sedimentation occurs when the depositional environments change repeatedly. Changes in the environment of deposition influence the type and amount of sediments that are deposited, producing different sedimentary rock types. At least one rock type, which is regarded as the starting point, must be repeated. Based on the processes that generate the cyclic deposits, two types of sedimentary cyclic successions can be distinguished.
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For reversible reactions cyclic voltammetry can be used to find information about the forward reaction and the reverse reaction. Like linear sweep voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry applies a linear potential over time and at a certain potential the potentiostat will reverse the potential applied and sweep back to the beginning point. Cyclic voltammetry provides information about the oxidation and reduction reactions.
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As an example of cyclic behaviour, the population of a particular natural ecosystem will exhibit cyclic behaviour when the population decreases as its natural food source decreases, and once the population is low, the food source will recover and the population will start to increase again. Cyclic data cannot be accounted for using ordinary seasonal adjustment since it is not of fixed period.
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8th ed. Sunderland (MA):Sinauer p. 36-39. The glycoproteins allow for cell-cell adhesion, and adenylyl cyclase creates cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP is secreted by the amoebae to attract neighboring cells to a central location.
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Cyclic peptides in plants are synthesized via a two-step process; the translation of a linear peptide chain, and its subsequent formation into a cyclic structure through activities of a protease- like enzyme or other ways.
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Retosiban is a cyclic dipeptide being investigated as an oral drug.Diketopiperazines are a special class of dipeptides, which are cyclic. They form as side products in peptide synthesis. Many have been produced from non-canonical amino acids.
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CNPase catalyzes the following reaction: :nucleoside 2',3'-cyclic phosphate + H2O \rightleftharpoons nucleoside 2'-phosphate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are nucleoside 2',3'-cyclic phosphate and H2O, whereas its product is nucleoside 2'-phosphate.
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The M1917, which was used on some aircraft as well as in a ground role, had a cyclic rate of 450 rounds per minute. The M1917A1 had a cyclic rate of 450 to 600 rounds per minute.
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He recognised cyclic sedimentation in Carboniferous rocks and produced detailed stratigraphic columns.
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All triangles are cyclic; that is, every triangle has a circumscribed circle.
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The matrix R can be computed using cyclic reduction or logarithmic reduction.
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Cyclic peptide NR58-3.14.3 has also been shown to inhibit HIV replication.
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In contrast, plants and bacteria produce other cyclic triterpenoid molecules (e.g., hopanes).
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The thiosulfinate group can occur in cyclic as well as acyclic structures.
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Directed cycle graphs are Cayley graphs for cyclic groups (see e.g. Trevisan).
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Cyclic peptide NR58-3.14.3 has also been shown to inhibit HIV replication.
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Cyclic di-GMP (also called cyclic diguanylate and c-di-GMP) is a second messenger used in signal transduction in a wide variety of bacteria. Cyclic di-GMP is not known to be used by archaea, and has only been observed in eukaryotes in Dictyostelium. The biological role of cyclic di-GMP was first uncovered when it was identified as an allosteric activator of a cellulose synthase found in Gluconacetobacter xylinus in order to produce microbial cellulose. In structure, it is a cycle containing only two guanine bases linked by ribose and phosphate.
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Enzymes that degrade or synthesize cyclic di-GMP are believed to be localized to specific regions of the cell, where they influence receivers in a restricted space. In Gluconacetobacter xylinus, c-di-GMP stimulates the polymerization of glucose into cellulose as a high affinity allosteric activator of the enzyme cellulose synthase.Regulation of cellulose synthesis in Acetobacter xylinum by cyclic diguanylic acid P. Ross Nature, 1987 Some diguanylate cyclase enzymes are allosterically inhibited by cyclic di-GMP. Cyclic di-GMP levels regulate other processes via a number of mechanisms.
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Geobacter uraniumreducens is predicted to have 30 instances of this riboswitch in its genome. A bacteriophage that infects C. difficile is predicted to carry a cyclic di- GMP-I riboswitch, which it might use to detect and exploit the physiological state of bacteria that it infects. The discovery of this riboswitch class answers the question of how genes are regulated in response to cyclic di-GMP levels in many different bacteria. However, some bacteria in which cyclic di- GMP has been studied lack cyclic di-GMP-I riboswitches, e.g.
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Cyclic succession is a pattern of vegetation change in which in a small number of species tend to replace each other over time in the absence of large-scale disturbance. Observations of cyclic replacement have provided evidence against traditional Clementsian views of an end-state climax community with stable species compositions. Cyclic succession is one of several kinds of ecological succession, a concept in community ecology. When used narrowly, 'cyclic succession' refers to processes not initiated by wholesale exogenous disturbances or long-term physical changes in the environment.
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Cyclic nucleotides can be found in many different types of eukaryotic cells, including photo-receptor rods and cones, smooth muscle cells and liver cells. Cellular concentrations of cyclic nucleotides can be very low, in the 10−7M range, because metabolism and function are often localized in particular parts of the cell. A highly conserved cyclic nucleotide-binding domain (CNB) is present in all proteins that bind cNMPs, regardless of their biological function. The domain consists of a beta sandwich architecture, with the cyclic nucleotide binding pocket between the beta sheets.
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In enzymology, a cytidylate cyclase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :CTP \rightleftharpoons 3',5'-cyclic CMP + diphosphate Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, CTP, and two products, 3',5'-cyclic CMP and diphosphate. This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the class of phosphorus-oxygen lyases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is CTP diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing; 3',5'-cyclic-CMP-forming). Other names in common use include 3',5'-cyclic-CMP synthase, cytidylyl cyclase, cytidyl cyclase, and CTP diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing).
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There is significant overlap between species that use cyclic di-GMP-I and cyclic di-GMP-II riboswitches, as both riboswitch classes are common in Clostridia. In Clostridium difficile strains, a cyclic di-GMP-II riboswitch is found adjacent to a group I catalytic intron. Group I introns are ribozymes that catalyze the splicing of the RNA molecule in which they are embedded. In the riboswitch-associated case, the outcome of the splicing reaction catalyzed by the intron is controlled by the riboswitch in response to cyclic di-GMP levels.
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Earl Sutherland of Vanderbilt University won a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1971 "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones", especially epinephrine, via second messengers (such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cyclic AMP).
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In particular Diffie–Hellman key exchange uses finite cyclic groups. So the term group-based cryptography refers mostly to cryptographic protocols that use infinite nonabelian groups such as a braid group. The cyclic group Z26 underlies Caesar's cipher.
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Since his music is yet to appear in a modern edition it has not been fully evaluated by scholars. Mel wrote several sets of cyclic madrigals, i.e. sets of madrigals which set successive stanzas of a long poem (Monteverdi's Sestina: Lagrime d'Amante al Sepolcro dell'Amata is probably the most famous example of a cyclic madrigal set). Setting cyclic madrigals was a hallmark of Roman School composers.
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The 2-principalization in unramified quadratic extensions of cyclic cubic fields with 2-class group of type (2,2) was investigated by A. Derhem in 1988. Seven years later, M. Ayadi studied the 3-principalization in unramified cyclic cubic extensions of cyclic cubic fields K\subset\Q(\zeta_f), \zeta_f^f=1, with 3-class group of type (3,3) and conductor f divisible by two or three primes.
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This pathway is known as cyclic photophosphorylation, and it produces neither O2 nor NADPH. Unlike non-cyclic photophosphorylation, NADP+ does not accept the electrons; they are instead sent back to cytochrome b6f complex.citation needed In bacterial photosynthesis, a single photosystem is used, and therefore is involved in cyclic photophosphorylation. It is favored in anaerobic conditions and conditions of high irradiance and CO2 compensation points.
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For a cyclic group, the orders of the subgroups are just the divisors of the order of the group, so a cyclic group is a Leinster group if and only if its order is a perfect number. More strongly, as Leinster proved, an abelian group is a Leinster group if and only if it is a cyclic group whose order is a perfect number.
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This repeated contact gives rise to multiple or "cyclic" big bangs. This particular hypothesis falls under the string theory umbrella as it requires extra spatial dimensions. ;Cyclic :The cyclic multiverse has multiple branes that have collided, causing Big Bangs. The universes bounce back and pass through time until they are pulled back together and again collide, destroying the old contents and creating them anew.
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Such flowers are not cyclic. However in the common case of spirally arranged sepals on an otherwise cyclic flower, the term hemicyclic may be used. The suffix -cyclic is used to denote the number of whorls contained within a flower. The most common case is the pentacyclic flower, which contains five whorls: a calyx, a corolla, two whorls of stamens, and a single whorl of carpels.
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In enzymology, a glycerophosphoinositol inositolphosphodiesterase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :1-(sn-glycero-3-phospho)-1D-myo- inositol + H2O \rightleftharpoons glycerol + 1D-myo-inositol 1-phosphate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1-(sn-glycero-3-phospho)-1D-myo-inositol and H2O, whereas its two products are glycerol and 1D-myo-inositol 1-phosphate. This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric diester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1-(sn-glycero-3-phospho)-1D-myo-inositol inositolphosphohydrolase. Other names in common use include 1,2-cyclic-inositol-phosphate phosphodiesterase, D-myo-inositol 1:2-cyclic phosphate 2-phosphohydrolase, D-inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate 2-phosphohydrolase, D-myo-inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate 2-phosphohydrolase, 1-D-myo-inositol-1,2-cyclic-phosphate 2-inositolphosphohydrolase, and inositol-1,2-cyclic-phosphate 2-inositolphosphohydrolase. This enzyme 1-D-myo-inositol-1,2-cyclic-phosphate 2-inositolphosphohydrolase, was reported to be identical to annexin III [Ross et al., Science, 248: 605-607, 1990].
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Any prime number is clearly cyclic. All cyclic numbers are square-free.For if some prime square p2 divides n, then from the formula for φ it is clear that p is a common divisor of n and φ(n).
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Many ketones are cyclic. The simplest class have the formula (CH2)nCO, where n varies from 2 for cyclopropanone to the teens. Larger derivatives exist. Cyclohexanone, a symmetrical cyclic ketone, is an important intermediate in the production of nylon.
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Each of these A's was the start of a dominating cyclic permutation before anything was removed. So p-q out of the p+q cyclic permutations of any arrangement of p A votes and q B votes are dominating.
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It is unclear what causes the cyclic aspect in CyN. According to Donadieu et al. (2011), the "cyclic aspect ... suggests the existence of a cryptic biological clock that regulates granulopoiesis. This putative clock might be revealed by particular mutations".
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Cayley showed that if the Sylow 2-subgroup of a group G is cyclic then the group has a normal 2-complement, which shows that the Sylow 2-subgroup of a simple group of even order cannot be cyclic.
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In astronomy an aeon is defined as a billion years (109 years, abbreviated AE). p. 4. Roger Penrose uses the word aeon to describe the period between successive and cyclic Big Bangs within the context of conformal cyclic cosmology.
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Disulfur dinitride is the chemical compound S2N2 with a cyclic square planar structure.
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This is in contrast to unrelated gramicidin S, which is a cyclic peptide.
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The group of rotations by rational angles is countable, but still not cyclic.
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Myricanone is a cyclic diarylheptanoid isolated from the bark of Myrica rubra (Myricaceae).
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High-resolution three-dimensional structures of cyclic di-GMP-I riboswitches have been determined using X-ray crystallography. Some homologs of the c-di-GMP-I riboswitch structure actually function a riboswitches that recognize another signaling molecule, cyclic AMP-GMP.
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A quadrilateral is cyclic if the two opposite vertices add up to pi radians or 180 degrees. Also, if a quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle in a way that all of its vertexes lie on the circle, it is cyclic.
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Figure 2. Cyclic voltammetry waveform. In cyclic voltammetry, the electrode potential ramps linearly versus time in cyclical phases (Figure 2). The rate of voltage change over time during each of these phases is known as the experiment's scan rate (V/s).
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Cyclobutanone is an organic compound with molecular formula (CH2)3CO. It is a four-membered cyclic ketone (cycloalkanone). It is a colorless volatile liquid at room temperature. Since cyclopropanone is highly sensitive, cyclobutanone is the smallest, easily handled cyclic ketone.
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In the classification of finite simple groups, one of the three infinite classes consists of the cyclic groups of prime order. The cyclic groups of prime order are thus among the building blocks from which all groups can be built.
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LinSig uses a development of the Cyclic Flow Profile traffic model which has been used extensively in the UK for many years. The Cyclic Flow Profile Model simulates the interaction between closely space junctions allowing coordinated signal timings to be modelled.
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A cyclic numberCarmichael Multiples of Odd Cyclic Numbers is a natural number n such that n and φ(n) are coprime. Here φ is Euler's totient function. An equivalent definition is that a number n is cyclic if and only if any group of order n is cyclic.See T. Szele, Über die endlichen Ordnungszahlen zu denen nur eine Gruppe gehört, Com- menj. Math. Helv., 20 (1947), 265–67.
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It is possible, using classical results, to construct explicitly a polynomial whose Galois group over is the cyclic group for any positive integer . To do this, choose a prime such that ; this is possible by Dirichlet's theorem. Let be the cyclotomic extension of generated by , where is a primitive root of unity; the Galois group of is cyclic of order . Since divides , the Galois group has a cyclic subgroup of order .
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Commercially D4 is produced from dimethyldichlorosilane. Hydrolysis of the dichloride produces a mixture of cyclic dimethylsiloxanes and polydimethylsiloxane. From this mixture, the cyclic siloxanes including D4 can be removed by distillation. In the presence of a strong base such as KOH, the polymer/ring mixture is equilibrated, allowing complete conversion to the more volatile cyclic siloxanes: : [(CH3)2SiO] → [(CH3)2SiO]4 D4 and D5 are also precursors to the polymer.
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30-06 Springfield service round and an increased weight bolt in an effort to reduce the cyclic rate consistent with US rate requirements.US T24 Machine gun (MG42) forgottenweapons.com; Retrieved 1 July 2014 The cyclic rate of the MG 42 design can be altered by installing different bolts and recoil springs. A heavier bolt uses more recoil energy to overcome inertia, thus slowing the cyclic rate of the action.
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Landscape-scale genetic variation in a forest outbreak species, the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae). Molecular Ecology 16, pp. 553–568. Graphic Model of Cyclic SuccessionThese examples differ from the classic cases of cyclic succession discussed below in that entire species groups are exchanged, as opposed to one species for another. On geologic time scales, climate cycles can result in cyclic vegetation changes by directly altering the physical environment.
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The electrodes are immobile and sit in unstirred solutions during cyclic voltammetry. This "still" solution method gives rise to cyclic voltammetry's characteristic diffusion-controlled peaks. This method also allows a portion of the analyte to remain after reduction or oxidation so that it may display further redox activity. Stirring the solution between cyclic voltammetry traces is important in order to supply the electrode surface with fresh analyte for each new experiment.
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The cells that comprise the follicle, known as granulosa cells, are connected to each other by proteins known as gap junctions, that allow small molecules to pass between the cells. The granulosa cells produce a small molecule, cyclic GMP, that diffuses into the oocyte through the gap junctions. In the oocyte, cyclic GMP prevents the breakdown of cyclic AMP by the phosphodiesterase PDE3, and thus maintains meiotic arrest.
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PDE7B is a mammalian gene that encodes a 3'5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) that converts 3'5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) to 5'AMP as part of cyclic nucleotide signaling pathways Hetman, J.M., Soderling, S.H., Glavas, N.A., and Beavo, J.A. (2000). Cloning and characterization of PDE7B, a cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97, 472-476.Sasaki, T., Kotera, J., Yuasa, K., and Omori, K. (2000).
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2AP is a substituted pyrroline and a cyclic imine as well as a ketone.
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This composition is a cyclic rotation; the concept has been further developed by Kisil.
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R. vannielii produces acyclic and aliphatic cyclic carotenoids like anhydrorhodovibrin, rhodovibrin, spirilloxanthin and rhodopin.
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Five cyclic peptides show inhibitory activity towards human cathepsins L, B, H, and K.
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The method applies equally to cyclic reaction intermediates and transition states for pericyclic processes.
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With this company, Ignarro helped develop new drugs and was able to continue research into new areas of pharmacology including cyclic GMP. After Geigy merged with Ciba Pharmaceuticals, Ignarro decided to move back to the world of academia, this time as a professor. In 1973, Ignarro accepted the position of Assistant Professor of pharmacology at Tulane University School of Medicine in New Orleans, LA. Tulane was chosen partially because it would provide a good environment for continued research into cyclic GMP. While studying cyclic GMP, Ignarro read a paper by Ferid Murad, who demonstrated that nitric oxide elevates cyclic GMP levels.
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A one-dimensional cyclic cellular automaton with n = 4, run for 300 steps from a random initial configuration. A cyclic cellular automaton is a kind of cellular automaton rule developed by David Griffeath and studied by several other cellular automaton researchers. In this system, each cell remains unchanged until some neighboring cell has a modular value exactly one unit larger than that of the cell itself, at which point it copies its neighbor's value. One-dimensional cyclic cellular automata can be interpreted as systems of interacting particles, while cyclic cellular automata in higher dimensions exhibit complex spiraling behavior.
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Activation of β2 adrenergic receptors on airway smooth muscle leads to the activation of adenylate cyclase and to an increase in the intracellular concentration of 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP). The increase in cyclic AMP is associated with the activation of protein kinase A, which in turn, inhibits the phosphorylation of myosin and lowers intracellular ionic calcium concentrations, resulting in muscle relaxation. Levosalbutamol relaxes the smooth muscles of all airways, from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles. Increased cyclic AMP concentrations are also associated with the inhibition of the release of mediators from mast cells in the airways.
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A cyclic burst of length \ell An error vector E is called a cyclic burst error of length \ell if its nonzero components are confined to \ell cyclically consecutive components. For example, the previously considered error vector E = (010000110), is a cyclic burst of length \ell = 5, since we consider the error starting at position 6 and ending at position 1. Notice the indices are 0-based, that is, the first element is at position 0. For the remainder of this article, we will use the term burst to refer to a cyclic burst, unless noted otherwise.
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Pastan pioneered the field of receptor biology in animal cells and identified a major receptor mediated pathway of gene regulation in bacteria. With Robert L. Perlman he established the first general mechanism of positive gene regulation in bacteria, showing that cyclic AMP and its receptor protein CRP (cyclic AMP receptor protein) positively regulated the activity of many genes.Pastan, I. and Perlman, R.L: The role of the lac promoter locus in the regulation of β-galactosidase synthesis by cyclic 3′,5′-AMP. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 61: 1336-1342, 1968Pastan, I. and Perlman, R.L.: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate in bacteria.
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In mathematics, more specifically in ring theory, a cyclic module or monogenous module is a module over a ring that is generated by one element. The concept is analogous to cyclic group, that is, a group that is generated by one element.
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Similar ideas may be applied to undirected, and possibly cyclic, graphs such as Markov networks.
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Cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein, 21 kD, also known as ARPP-21, is a human gene.
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A brief treatment of simple algebras is given, including explicit rules for cyclic factor sets.
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Near the end of the chapter, a brief section is devoted to the cyclic model.
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Plagioschemes are simplices represented by branching graphs, and cycloschemes are simplices represented by cyclic graphs.
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Cyclic AMP acts by activating cAMP-sensitive pathways such as protein kinase A and EPAC1.
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Other names: Altn. Isomorphisms: A1 and A2 are trivial. A3 is cyclic of order 3.
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All triatomic molecules may be classified as possessing either a linear, bent or cyclic geometry.
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The diversity of these cyclic complexes allows for a seemingly endless number of metallic structures.
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They are exactly the vertex-transitive graphs whose symmetry group includes a transitive cyclic group..
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2,2-Diethoxytetrahydrofuran is a cyclic orthoester which can be reacted with diols to biodegradable polyorthoesters.
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Stephen Wolfram describes the Kolakoski sequence in connection with the history of cyclic tag systems.
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The th roots of unity form under multiplication a cyclic group of order , and in fact these groups comprise all of the finite subgroups of the multiplicative group of the complex number field. A generator for this cyclic group is a primitive th root of unity. The th roots of unity form an irreducible representation of any cyclic group of order . The orthogonality relationship also follows from group-theoretic principles as described in character group.
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High affinity cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 7A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PDE7A gene. Mammals possess 21 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) genes that are pharmacologically grouped into 11 families. PDE7A is one of two genes in the PDE7 family, the other being PDE7B. The PDE7 family, along with the PDE4 and PDE8 families, are cAMP- specific, showing little to no activity against 3', 5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP).
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The reaction of carbon dioxide with epoxides is a general route to the preparation of cyclic 5-membered carbonates. Annual production of cyclic carbonates was estimated at 100,000 tonnes per year in 2010. Industrially, ethylene and propylene oxides readily react with carbon dioxide to give ethylene and propylene carbonates (with an appropriate catalyst). For example: : C2H4O + CO2 -> C2H4O2CO Catalysts for this reaction have been reviewed, as have non-epoxide routes to these cyclic carbonates.
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The term fatigue refers to the effect of cyclic or intermittent loads. Cyclic loading due to either oscillating mechanical stress or to alternate heating and cooling, is more detrimental than static loading. Under cyclic load the crack are initialized as localized sites within the part and these extend in size during cycling. Ultimately they expand and join to such an extent that the material can no longer hold and support the stress.
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Cyclic Tag System Productions: (010, 000, 1111) Computation Initial Word: 11001 Production Word ---------- -------------- 010 11001 000 1001010 1111 001010000 010 01010000 000 1010000 1111 010000000 010 10000000 . . . . Cyclic tag systems were created by Matthew Cook in 1994 and were used in Cook's demonstration that the Rule 110 cellular automaton is universal.A New Kind of Science A key part of the demonstration was that cyclic tag systems can emulate a Turing-complete class of tag systems.
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Chvostek's sign is found in tetany. However, it may also be present in hypomagnesemia. Magnesium is a cofactor for adenylate cyclase, which catalyzes the conversion of ATP to 3',5'-cyclic AMP. The 3',5'-cyclic AMP (cAMP) is required for parathyroid hormone activation.
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379 Other loads that may be critical are pressure loads (for pressurized, high-altitude aircraft) and ground loads. Loads on the ground can be from adverse braking or maneuvering during taxiing. Aircraft are constantly subjected to cyclic loading. These cyclic loads can cause metal fatigue.
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Modern metal fatigue analysis. EMAS, 2008. When a structure is under cyclic multiaxial loading, it is necessary to use multiaxial fatigue criteria that account for the multiaxial loading. If the cyclic multiaxial loading is nonproportional it is mandatory to use a proper multiaxial fatigue criteria.
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Yang, X., Diehl, A.M., Wand, G.S. (1996). Ethanol exposure alters the phosphorylation of cyclic AMP responsive element binding protein and cyclic AMP responsive element binding activity in rat cerebellum. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 278, 338–346.Yang, X., Horn, K., Baraban, J.M., Wand, G.S. (1998).
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Discovery of cyclic nucleotides has contributed greatly to the understanding of kinase and phosphatase mechanisms, as well as protein regulation in general. Although more than 50 years have passed since their initial discovery, interest in cyclic nucleotides and their biochemical and physiological significance continues.
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The hindu texts give the length in divine years (12,000), which lasts for 1/3rd of the lifespan of the devas (36,000). Maha Yuga () : a greater cyclic age, encompassing the four smaller yuga ages. Yuga Cycle () + () : a cyclic age, encompassing the four yuga ages.
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The C7 has a cyclic rate of fire of around 700–900 rounds per minute (RPM).
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The C8 has a cyclic rate of fire of around 750–950 rounds per minute (RPM).
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This is the only cyclic setting of the mass Ordinary which can be attributed to him.
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The trick with Kuiper's test is to use the quantity D+ + D− as the test statistic. This small change makes Kuiper's test as sensitive in the tails as at the median and also makes it invariant under cyclic transformations of the independent variable. The Anderson–Darling test is another test that provides equal sensitivity at the tails as the median, but it does not provide the cyclic invariance. This invariance under cyclic transformations makes Kuiper's test invaluable when testing for cyclic variations by time of year or day of the week or time of day, and more generally for testing the fit of, and differences between, circular probability distributions.
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The set of rotational symmetries of a polygon forms a finite cyclic group.. If there are n different ways of moving the polygon to itself by a rotation (including the null rotation) then this symmetry group is isomorphic to Z/nZ. In three or higher dimensions there exist other finite symmetry groups that are cyclic, but which are not all rotations around an axis, but instead rotoreflections. The group of all rotations of a circle S1 (the circle group, also denoted S1) is not cyclic, because there is no single rotation whose integer powers generate all rotations. In fact, the infinite cyclic group C∞ is countable, while S1 is not.
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DDX41, a member of the DEXDc family of helicases, in myeloid dendritic cells recognizes intracellular DNA and mediates innate immune response through direct association with STING. Other DNA sensors- DAI, RNA polymerase III, IFI16, have also been shown to activate STING through direct or indirect interactions. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), which belongs to the nucleotidyltransferase family, is able to recognize cytosolic DNA contents and induce STING-dependent interferon response by producing secondary messenger cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP-AMP, or cGAMP). After cyclic GMP-AMP bound STING is activated, it enhances TBK1's activity to phosphorylate IRF3 and STAT6 for downstream type I interferon response.
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Advantages: Cyclic models have two important advantages over inflationary models. First, because they do not include inflation, they do not produce a multiverse. As a result, unlike inflation, cyclic models produce a single universe that everywhere have the same predicted properties that are subject to empirical tests.
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AMP can also exist as a cyclic structure known as cyclic AMP (or cAMP). Within certain cells the enzyme adenylate cyclase makes cAMP from ATP, and typically this reaction is regulated by hormones such as adrenaline or glucagon. cAMP plays an important role in intracellular signaling.
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But every spectrum in the field GF(q^m) and zero at certain components may not have inverse transforms with components in the field GF(q). Such spectrum can not be used as cyclic codes. Following are the few bounds on the spectrum of cyclic codes.
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Chinese astronomy was most interested in extracting the algebraic features of planetary motion (that is, the length of the cyclic periods) to establish astronomical theories. Thus astronomy was reduced to arithmetic operations, extracting common multiples and divisors from the observed cyclic motions of the heavenly bodies.
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Triamcinolone acetonide, also known as 9α-fluoro-16α-hydroxyprednisolone 16α,17α-acetonide or as 9α-fluoro-11β,16α-17α,21-tetrahydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione cyclic 16,17-acetal with acetone, is a synthetic halogenated cyclic ketal pregnane corticosteroid. It is the C16α,17α acetonide of triamcinolone.
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Since females have a cyclic gonadal function, there may be a sexual dimorphism in the gonadal secretion. When female rats are injected with testosterone there is no positive feedback occurring and no LH surge. Moreover, castrated males will exhibit LH surges, similar to female cyclic gonadal behavior.
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Any linear order can be bent into a circle, and any cyclic order can be cut at a point, resulting in a line. These operations, along with the related constructions of intervals and covering maps, mean that questions about cyclic orders can often be transformed into questions about linear orders. Cycles have more symmetries than linear orders, and they often naturally occur as residues of linear structures, as in the finite cyclic groups or the real projective line.
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As a circle has a clockwise order and a counterclockwise order, any set with a cyclic order has two senses. A bijection of the set that preserves the order is called an ordered correspondence. If the sense is maintained as before, it is a direct correspondence, otherwise it is called an opposite correspondence.Coxeter 1949 page 25 Coxeter uses a separation relation to describe cyclic order, and this relation is strong enough to distinguish the two senses of cyclic order.
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Some examples include hypoxanthine, dihydrouracil, methylated forms of uracil, cytosine, and guanine, as well as modified nucleoside pseudouridine. Nucleotides with phosphate groups in positions other than on the 5' carbon have also been observed. Examples include ribonucleoside 2',3'-cyclic monophosphates which are isolatable intermediates, and ribonucleoside 3'-monophosphates which are end products of the hydrolysis of RNA by certain ribonucleases. Other variations include adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP).
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A constacyclic code is a linear code with the property that for some constant λ if (c1,c2,...,cn) is a codeword then so is (λcn,c1,...,cn-1). A negacyclic code is a constacyclic code with λ=-1. A quasi-cyclic code has the property that for some s, any cyclic shift of a codeword by s places is again a codeword. A double circulant code is a quasi-cyclic code of even length with s=2.
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Every cyclic group is abelian. That is, its group operation is commutative: (for all g and h in G). This is clear for the groups of integer and modular addition since , and it follows for all cyclic groups since they are all isomorphic to these standard groups. For a finite cyclic group of order n, gn is the identity element for any element g. This again follows by using the isomorphism to modular addition, since for every integer k.
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Dual 3',5'-cyclic-AMP and -GMP phosphodiesterase 11A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PDE11A gene. The 3',5'-cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP function as second messengers in a wide variety of signal transduction pathways. 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) catalyze the hydrolysis of cAMP and cGMP to the corresponding 5'-monophosphates and provide a mechanism to downregulate cAMP and cGMP signaling. This gene encodes a member of the PDE protein superfamily.
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Equivalently, any division algebra of period dividing n is Brauer equivalent to a tensor product of cyclic algebras of degree n. Even for a prime number p, there are examples showing that a division algebra of period p need not be actually isomorphic to a tensor product of cyclic algebras of degree p.Gille & Szamuely (2006), Remark 2.5.8. It is a major open problem (raised by Albert) whether every division algebra of prime degree over a field is cyclic.
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However it is possible that cyclic subspaces do allow a decomposition as direct sum of smaller cyclic subspaces (essentially by the Chinese remainder theorem). Therefore, just having for both matrices some decomposition of the space into cyclic subspaces, and knowing the corresponding minimal polynomials, is not in itself sufficient to decide their similarity. An additional condition is imposed to ensure that for similar matrices one gets decompositions into cyclic subspaces that exactly match: in the list of associated minimal polynomials each one must divide the next (and the constant polynomial 1 is forbidden to exclude trivial cyclic subspaces of dimension 0). The resulting list of polynomials are called the invariant factors of (the K[X]-module defined by) the matrix, and two matrices are similar if and only if they have identical lists of invariant factors.
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Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, image from OPM database In enzymology, a phosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol \rightleftharpoons 1D-myo-inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate + 1,2-diacyl-sn- glycerol Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol, and two products, 1D-myo-inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate and 1,2-diacyl-sn- glycerol. This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the class of phosphorus-oxygen lyases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol-lyase (1D-myo- inositol-1,2-cyclic-phosphate-forming). Other names in common use include monophosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase, phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C, 1-phosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase, 1-phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol inositolphosphohydrolase, (cyclic-phosphate-forming), 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo- inositol diacylglycerol-lyase, and (1,2-cyclic-phosphate-forming).
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Mycobacillin is an antifungal cyclic peptide. It was first isolated in 1958 from the bacteria Bacillus subtilis.
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These are direct products of cyclic groups and groups whose order is a power of a prime.
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This is a list of hash functions, including cyclic redundancy checks, checksum functions, and cryptographic hash functions.
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Thus, Talgar mountains are notable for catastrophic cyclic natural processes such as earthquakes, mudflows, and snow avalanches.
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Phytochemical reports on genus Aphelandra are Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Isoflavones, Benzoxazinoids-cyclic hydroxamic acid and their corresponding glucosides.
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The fatigue failures will occur when the component experiences cyclic stresses and strains that produce permanent damage.
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However, not all Galois groups have generic polynomials, a counterexample being the cyclic group of order eight.
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This paper also highlights the possibility for the photo-sanitization of the pyrimidine-2',3'-cyclic phosphates.
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Geometry. 149 rules and 94 examples. Includes special material on cyclic quadratilerals, such as the “third diagonal”.
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The activation of STING is likely to be mediated by cyclic-di-AMP secreted by intracellular bacteria.
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Optically active unsymmetrically substituted cyclic sulfites are especially useful in the synthesis of other optically active compounds.
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And the electrochemical performance of the composite was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry ulteriorly.
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Cyclic polytopes are examples of neighborly polytopes, in that every set of at most d/2 vertices forms a face. They were the first neighborly polytopes known, and Theodore Motzkin conjectured that all neighborly polytopes are combinatorially equivalent to cyclic polytopes, but this is now known to be false...
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Budesonide, also known as 11β,21-dihydroxy-16α,17α-(butylidenebis(oxy))pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione, is a synthetic pregnane steroid and non-halogenated cyclic ketal corticosteroid. It is the C16α hydroxyl, C16α,17α cyclic ketal with butyraldehyde derivative of prednisolone (11β,17α,21-trihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione).
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The biochemical function of this domain is unknown, but it is found in lipoproteins. Additionally, genes encoding this domain are often regulated by riboswitches that sense the signaling molecule cyclic di-AMP. However, no associated between the NLPC-P60 RNA motif and cyclic di-AMP has been established.
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Cyclic Succession Matrix The cyclic model of succession can be displayed in terms of a transition matrix. Based on the Markov chain, the matrix describes the likelihood of future states based on the milieu of present states.Gotelli, Nicholas J (2008). A Primer of Ecology, 4th Edition, Sinauer Associates, Inc.
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" Food chemistry 156 (2014): 353-361. It is important to note that whenever cyclic voltammetry is utilized, it is usually compared to spectrophotometry or High Performance Liquid Chromotography (HPLC).Martinez, Sanja, et al. "Cyclic voltammetry study of plasma antioxidant capacity–Comparison with the DPPH and TAS spectrophotometric methods.
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The method of proof is to show that \angle NMP + \angle PML = 180^\circ. PCAB is a cyclic quadrilateral, so \angle PBA + \angle ACP = \angle PBN + \angle ACP = 180^\circ. PMNB is a cyclic quadrilateral (Thales' theorem), so \angle PBN + \angle NMP = 180^\circ. Hence \angle NMP = \angle ACP.
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In them, he used two alternatives to sonata form. Beethoven had used the first of these, cyclic form, to link separate movements thematically with one another. Liszt took this process one step further by combining themes into a single-movement cyclic structure.Searle, Orchestral Works, 281; Walker, Weimar, 357.
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In ekpyrotic and cyclic models, smoothing and flattening occurs during a period of slow contraction, so quantum fluctuations are not inflated and cannot produce a multiverse. As a result, the ekpyrotic and cyclic models predict simple physical properties that are consistent with current experimental evidence without producing a multiverse.
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This activity is dependent on AtPEPR 1 and cyclic nucleotide gated channel 2 (CNGC2) . Activation of CNGC2 occurs through cGMP when produced by the AtPEPR 1 guanyl cyclic domain AtPEP 1 binding. Thus, cytosol Ca 2+ elevation cause expression of pathogen PDF1.2 gene and basal defense in plants.
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The prime factorization of twenty is 22 × 5, so it is not a perfect power. However, its squarefree part, 5, is congruent to 1 (mod 4). Thus, according to Artin's conjecture on primitive roots, vigesimal has infinitely many cyclic primes, but the fraction of primes that are cyclic is not necessarily ~37.395%. An UnrealScript program that computes the lengths of recurring periods of various fractions in a given set of bases found that, of the first 15,456 primes, ~39.344% are cyclic in vigesimal.
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A cycle with elements is also a -torsor: a set with a free transitive action by a finite cyclic group. Another formulation is to make into the standard directed cycle graph on vertices, by some matching of elements to vertices. It can be instinctive to use cyclic orders for symmetric functions, for example as in : where writing the final monomial as would distract from the pattern. A substantial use of cyclic orders is in the determination of the conjugacy classes of free groups.
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This interaction is probably the reason for increased nervous activity of ticks as a response on amitraz.Li, A. Y., Davey, R. B., Miller, R. J., & George, J. E. (2004). Detection and characterization of amitraz resistance in the southern cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 41(2), 193-200 Usual activation of the receptors may lead to changes in the concentration of intracellular second messengers such as cyclic nucleotides cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP, inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate and Ca2+.
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Holding forth the left hand after clapping symbolizes closing the door to rebirth in the helpless state of cyclic existence. The drawing back and upraising of the right hand symbolizes one’s will to raise all sentient beings up out of cyclic existence and to establish them in the omniscience of Buddhahood. The left hand represents "Wisdom" — the "antidote" to cyclic existence. The right hand represents "Method" — the altruistic intention to become enlightened, motivated by great love and compassion for all sentient beings.
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Izatt and Christensen made the first extensive thermodynamic study using titration calorimetry of the highly selective metal complexation properties of metal- cyclic polyether interactions.Izatt, R. et al Binding of alkali metal ions by cyclic polyethers: significance in ion transport processes. Science 1969 vol 164 pp443-444.Izatt, R. et al A calorimetric study of the interaction in aqueous solution of several uni- and bivalent metal ions with the cyclic polyether dicyclohexyl-18-Crown-6 at 10, 25, and 40 °C.
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GPR126 was shown to bind collagen IV and laminin-211 promoting cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) to mediate myelination.
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The cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) assay in overexpressing HEK293 cells has demonstrated coupling of GPR114 to Gαs protein.
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Other biologically important derivatives of deoxyribose include mono-, di-, and triphosphates, as well as 3′-5′ cyclic monophosphates.
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Regulation of hippocampal synaptic plasticity by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases. Progress in Neurobiology,71(6), 401-437.
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With the new set of pigment cells, the cyclic behavior starts again, creating alternating pigmented and apigmented bars.
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Cyclic radicals are either oxidized or reduced and quenched with either external or internal nucleophiles or electrophiles, respectively.
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The permutation written above in 2-line notation would be written in cyclic notation as \sigma = (125)(34).
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Cyclopentanone is the organic compound with the formula (CH2)4CO. This cyclic ketone is a colorless volatile liquid.
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The only free abelian groups that are free groups are the trivial group and the infinite cyclic group.
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For a cyclic polygon with an odd number of sides, all angles are equal if and only if the polygon is regular. A cyclic polygon with an even number of sides has all angles equal if and only if the alternate sides are equal (that is, sides 1, 3, 5, ... are equal, and sides 2, 4, 6, ... are equal). A cyclic pentagon with rational sides and area is known as a Robbins pentagon; in all known cases, its diagonals also have rational lengths. In any cyclic n-gon with even n, the sum of one set of alternate angles (the first, third, fifth, etc.) equals the sum of the other set of alternate angles.
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The cyclic is used to control the main rotor in order to change the helicopter's direction of movement. In a hover, the cyclic controls the movement of the helicopter forward, back, and laterally. During forward flight, the cyclic control inputs cause flight path changes similar to fixed- wing aircraft flight; left or right inputs cause the helicopter to roll into a turn in the desired direction, and forward and back inputs change the pitch attitude of the helicopter resulting in altitude changes (climbing or descending flight). The control is called the cyclic because it changes the mechanical pitch angle or feathering angle of each main rotor blade independently, depending on its position in the cycle.
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The chemical name acetone peroxide is most commonly used to refer to the cyclic trimer, the product of a reaction between two precursors, hydrogen peroxide and acetone, in an acid-catalyzed nucleophilic addition, although various further monomeric and dimeric forms are possible. Synthesis of tri-cyclic acetone peroxide. Specifically, two dimers, one cyclic (C6H12O4) and one open chain (C6H14O4), as well as an open chain monomer (C3H8O4),This is not the DMDO monomer referred to in the Chembox, but rather the open chain, dihydro monomer described by Milas & Goluboviç, op. cit. can also be formed; under a particular set of conditions of reagent and acid catalyst concentration, the cyclic trimer is the primary product.
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A cyclodiphosphazane is a type of chemical compound and a saturated four membered P2N2 ring and one of the major classes of cyclic phosphazene compounds. Bis(chloro)cyclodiphosphazanes, (cis-[ClP(μ-NR)]2) are important starting compounds for synthesizing a variety of cyclodiphosphazane derivatives by nucleophilic substitution reactions; are prepared by reaction of phosphorus trichloride (PCl3) with a primary amine (RNH2) or amine hydrochlorides (RNH3Cl). Organic substituents on nitrogen play an important role in formation of cyclic phosphazane compounds. The cyclic tetramers and trimer are formed with methyl and ethyl substituents on nitrogen, whereas formation of cyclic dimers (cis-[ClP(μ-NR)]2) have been observed exclusively with more sterically demanding primary amines such as tert-butylamine and aniline.
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Cyclic olefin copolymers (COC) or polymers (COP) can provide moisture barrier to blister packs, typically in multilayered combinations with polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), or glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate (PETg). Cyclic olefin resins are generally amorphous and are noted for good thermoforming characteristics even in deep cavities, leading some to use COC in blister packaging as a thermoforming enhancer, particularly in combination with semicrystalline resins such as PP or PE. Films can be manufactured via coextrusion or lamination. WVTR values of commercial cyclic olefin-based pharmaceutical blister films typically range from 0.20 to 0.35 g/m2/day at 38 °C/90% RH. Unlike PVC and other common pharmaceutical barrier resins, cyclic olefin resins do not contain chlorine or other halogens in their molecular structure, being composed solely of carbon and hydrogen. Cyclic olefin resins are available which comply with pharmaceutical packaging guidelines in the US, Europe, and Japan.
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Proligestone, also known as 14α,17α-propylidenedioxyprogesterone or as 14α,17α-dihydroxyprogesterone cyclic acetal with propionaldehyde, as well as 14α,17α-propylidenedioxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, is a synthetic pregnane steroid and a derivative of progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone. It is a C14α,17α cyclic ketal of 14α,17α-dihydroxyprogesterone.
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The Paley graph of order 13, an example of a circulant graph. In graph theory, a circulant graph is an undirected graph acted on by a cyclic group of symmetries which takes any vertex to any other vertex. It is sometimes called a cyclic graph, but this term has other meanings.
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Transition metal benzyne complexes represent a special case of alkyne complexes since the free benzynes are not stable in the absence of the metal.William M. Jones, Jerzy Klosin "Transition-Metal Complexes of Arynes, Strained Cyclic Alkynes, and Strained Cyclic Cumulenes" Advances in Organometallic Chemistry 1998, Volume 42, Pages 147–221.
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The ekpyrotic universe () is a cosmological model of the early universe that explains the origin of the large-scale structure of the cosmos. The model has also been incorporated in the cyclic universe theory (or ekpyrotic cyclic universe theory), which proposes a complete cosmological history, both the past and future.
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This is not a cyclic quadrilateral. The equality never holds here, and is unequal in the direction indicated by Ptolemy's inequality. The equation in Ptolemy's theorem is never true with non-cyclic quadrilaterals. Ptolemy's inequality is an extension of this fact, and it is a more general form of Ptolemy's theorem.
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Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ATF7 gene.
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Cyclic nucleotide gated channel beta 1, also known as CNGB1, is a human gene encoding an ion channel protein.
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Cyclic nucleotide gated channel alpha 2, also known as CNGA2, is a human gene encoding an ion channel protein.
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There are a number of other themes featuring cyclic play in different phases, including the Kiss and Djurasevic cycles.
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They also intended to extend the rules to include naming schemes for cyclic compounds however this did not occur.
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Streptomyces roseosporus is a species of actinobacteria. It produces the novel cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic daptomycin (US trade name: Cubicin).
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Freeze thaw resistance, or freezing and thawing resistance, is the property of solids to resist cyclic freezing and melting.
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Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-3 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ATF3 gene.
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Parasorbic acid is the cyclic lactone of sorbic acid. Thermal treatment or hydrolysis converts the lactone to sorbic acid.
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Expression of the promoter is shown to be induce by phorbol esters and cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase signaling.
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Forgetting the location of the ends results in a cyclic order. Forgetting both data results in a separation relation.
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Cyclic nucleotide gated channel beta 3, also known as CNGB3, is a human gene encoding an ion channel protein.
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Kick, snare, rim, tom, hi hat, cymbals and other assorted percussion sounds as well as 41 Digital Cyclic waveforms.
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Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel alpha-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CNGA3 gene.
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Thus, the Fire Code above is a cyclic code capable of correcting any burst of length 5 or less.
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Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases (protein kinase A) are activated by the signal chain coming from the G protein (that was activated by the FSH-receptor) via adenylate cyclase and cyclic AMP (cAMP). These protein kinases are present as tetramers with two regulatory units and two catalytic units. Upon binding of cAMP to the regulatory units, the catalytic units are released and initiate the phosphorylation of proteins, leading to the physiologic action. The cyclic AMP-regulatory dimers are degraded by phosphodiesterase and release 5’AMP.
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Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases (protein kinase A) are activated by the signal chain coming from the G protein (that was activated by the LHCG-receptor) via adenylate cyclase and cyclic AMP (cAMP). These protein kinases are present as tetramers with two regulatory units and two catalytic units. Upon binding of cAMP to the regulatory units, the catalytic units are released and initiate the phosphorylation of proteins leading to the physiologic action. The cyclic AMP-regulatory dimers are degraded by phosphodiesterase and release 5’AMP.
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The first law of thermodynamics for a closed system was expressed in two ways by Clausius. One way referred to cyclic processes and the inputs and outputs of the system, but did not refer to increments in the internal state of the system. The other way referred to an incremental change in the internal state of the system, and did not expect the process to be cyclic. A cyclic process is one that can be repeated indefinitely often, returning the system to its initial state.
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The "Z scheme" In plants, light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts where they drive the synthesis of ATP and NADPH. The light- dependent reactions are of two forms: cyclic and non-cyclic. In the non-cyclic reaction, the photons are captured in the light-harvesting antenna complexes of photosystem II by chlorophyll and other accessory pigments (see diagram at right). The absorption of a photon by the antenna complex frees an electron by a process called photoinduced charge separation.
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While cyclic voltammetry is applicable to most cases where linear sweep voltammetry is used, there are some instances where linear sweep voltammetry is more useful. In cases where the reaction is irreversible cyclic voltammetry will not give any additional data that linear sweep voltammetry would give us. In one example, linear voltammetry was used to examine direct methane production via a biocathode. Since the production of methane from CO2 is an irreversible reaction, cyclic voltammetry did not present any distinct advantage over linear sweep voltammetry.
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Similar structures have been observed in Xenopus and mouse models. Actin-containing cellular protrusions dubbed "streamers" have been observed in cultured B cells. Vesicular transport in membrane nanotubes has been modeled utilizing a continuum approach. A variety of synthetic nanotubes, based on stacking of cyclic peptides and other cyclic molecules, have been investigated.
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Time itself is presented between cyclic and linear, and some scholars have argued that cyclic time was the original format for the mythology. Various forms of a cosmological creation story are provided in Icelandic sources, and references to a future destruction and rebirth of the world—Ragnarok—are frequently mentioned in some texts.
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Strong empirical evidence for cyclic succession can be found in Watt's follow-up publication on the bracken system in the Journal of Ecology. Calluna vulgaris and Pteridium aquilinum were found to replace each other.Watt, Alexander (1955). Another salient example of cyclic replacement occurs in a two-species plant community in the Sonoran Desert.
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Pregnenolone is also known chemically as pregn-5-en-3β-ol-20-one. Like other steroids, it consists of four interconnected cyclic hydrocarbons. The compound contains ketone and hydroxyl functional groups, two methyl branches, and a double bond at C5, in the B cyclic hydrocarbon ring. Like many steroid hormones, it is hydrophobic.
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Surface fatigue is a process in which the surface of a material is weakened by cyclic loading, which is one type of general material fatigue. Fatigue wear is produced when the wear particles are detached by cyclic crack growth of microcracks on the surface. These microcracks are either superficial cracks or subsurface cracks.
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Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K & Walter P (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th ed.). Garland Science. . pp. 120–121. In addition, nucleotides participate in cell signaling (cyclic guanosine monophosphate or cGMP and cyclic adenosine monophosphate or cAMP), and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions (e.g.
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Carbohydrates with more than 4 carbons exist in an equibrium between the closed ring, or cyclic form, and the open-chain form. Cyclic aldoses are usually drawn as Haworth projections, and open chain forms are commonly drawn as Fischer projections, both of which represent important stereochemical information about the forms they depict.
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These subspaces must be generated by a single nonzero vector v and all its images by repeated application of the linear operator associated to the matrix; such subspaces are called cyclic subspaces (by analogy with cyclic subgroups) and they are clearly stable under the linear operator. A basis of such a subspace is obtained by taking v and its successive images as long as they are linearly independent. The matrix of the linear operator with respect to such a basis is the companion matrix of a monic polynomial; this polynomial (the minimal polynomial of the operator restricted to the subspace, which notion is analogous to that of the order of a cyclic subgroup) determines the action of the operator on the cyclic subspace up to isomorphism, and is independent of the choice of the vector v generating the subspace. A direct sum decomposition into cyclic subspaces always exists, and finding one does not require factoring polynomials.
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Recommended conditions for germination in a controlled environment are a cyclic diurnal temperature variation between 20 °C and 25 °C.
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A Pert Cyclic Omen is the debut album of Electric Company, released on August 8, 1995, on Onion/American Recordings.
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Image:Cts-diagram.jpg The figure above is the schematic diagram of the reconstruction of a cyclic tag system in Rule 110.
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The Cremona–Richmond configuration also has a one-parameter family of realizations in the plane with order-five cyclic symmetry.; ; .
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Cyclic multi- threading assigns each row to a different thread. Pipelined multi-threading assigns each column to a different thread.
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Over a long period of lithium treatment, cyclic AMP and adenylate cyclase levels are further changed by gene transcription factors.
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Forskolin is a commonly used material in laboratory research to increase levels of cyclic AMP by stimulation of adenylate cyclase.
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Two types of language change can be characterized as linguistic drift: a unidirectional short-term and cyclic long-term drift.
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Promanullin is a cyclic nonribosomal peptide. It is an amatoxin, all of which are found in the mushroom genus Amanita.
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This work consists of four movements, which are tightly united by cyclic form. A complete performance lasts approximately 50 minutes.
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Argadin is a cyclic peptide natural product, investigated for its ability to be a nanomolar inhibitor of Family-18 Chitinases.
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Treatment of endometrial hyperplasia is individualized, and may include hormonal therapy, such as cyclic or continuous progestin therapy, or hysterectomy.
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A gating loop in BcsA closes over the channel; it opens when cyclic di-GMP is bound to the enzyme.
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Human HCN1 channel tetramer Hyperpolarization- activated and cyclic nucleotide–gated (HCN) channels belong to the superfamily of voltage-gated K+ (Kv) and cyclic nucleotide–gated (CNG) channels. HCN channels are thought to consist of four either identical or non-identical subunits that are integrally embedded in the cell membrane to create an ion- conducting pore. Each subunit comprises six membrane-spanning (S1–6) domains which include a putative voltage sensor (S4) and a pore region between S5 and S6 carrying the GYG triplet signature of K+-permeable channels, and a cyclic nucleotide-binding domain (CNBD) in the C-terminus. HCN isoforms are highly conserved in their core transmembrane regions and cyclic nucleotide binding domain (80–90% identical), but diverge in their amino- and carboxy-terminal cytoplasmic regions.
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This theorem can be proven by first proving a special case: no matter how one triangulates a cyclic quadrilateral, the sum of inradii of triangles is constant. After proving the quadrilateral case, the general case of the cyclic polygon theorem is an immediate corollary. The quadrilateral rule can be applied to quadrilateral components of a general partition of a cyclic polygon, and repeated application of the rule, which "flips" one diagonal, will generate all the possible partitions from any given partition, with each "flip" preserving the sum of the inradii. The quadrilateral case follows from a simple extension of the Japanese theorem for cyclic quadrilaterals, which shows that a rectangle is formed by the two pairs of incenters corresponding to the two possible triangulations of the quadrilateral.
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The closed or cyclic form of a pentose is created when the carbonyl group interacts with an hydroxyl in another carbon, turning the carbonyl into a hydroxyl and creating an ether bridge –O– between the two carbons. This intramolecular reaction yields a cyclic molecule, with a ring consisting of one oxygen atom and usually four carbon atoms; the cyclic compounds are then called furanoses, for having the same rings as the cyclic ether tetrahydrofuran. Library of Congress catalog 66-25695 The closure turns the carboxyl carbon into a chiral center, which may have any of two configurations, depending on the position of the new hydroxyl. Therefore, each linear form can produce two distinct closed forms, identified by prefixes "α" and "β".
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The Frobenius complement H has the property that every subgroup whose order is the product of 2 primes is cyclic; this implies that its Sylow subgroups are cyclic or generalized quaternion groups. Any group such that all Sylow subgroups are cyclic is called a Z-group, and in particular must be a metacyclic group: this means it is the extension of two cyclic groups. If a Frobenius complement H is not solvable then Zassenhaus showed that it has a normal subgroup of index 1 or 2 that is the product of SL(2,5) and a metacyclic group of order coprime to 30. In particular, if a Frobenius complement coincides with its derived subgroup, then it is isomorphic with SL(2,5).
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In Renaissance music, the cyclic mass was a setting of the Ordinary of the Roman Catholic Mass, in which each of the movements – Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei – shared a common musical theme, commonly a cantus firmus, thus making it a unified whole. The cyclic mass was the first multi- movement form in western music to be subject to a single organizing principle. The period of composition of cyclic masses was from about 1430 until around 1600, although some composers, especially in conservative musical centers, wrote them after that date. Types of cyclic masses include the "motto" mass (or "head-motif" mass), cantus-firmus mass, paraphrase mass, parody mass, as well as masses based on combinations of these techniques.
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The structure of G is an infinite sum of cyclic groups. Let G2 denote the subgroup of G generated by the point . G2 is a cyclic subgroup of order 4. For a prime p of form 4k + 1, let Gp denote the subgroup of elements with denominator pn where n is a non-negative integer.
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Archaic man wishes to escape the terror of time and saw time as cyclic. Historical religions like Christianity and Judaism revolted against this older concept of cyclic time. They provided meaning and contact with the sacred in history through the god of Israel. Eliade sought and found patterns in myth in various cultures, e.g.
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In the 19th century, Ernst Eduard Kummer studied cyclic extensions of fields as part of his work on Fermat's Last Theorem. This led to the subject now known as Kummer theory. Let k be a field containing a primitive nth root of unity. Kummer theory classifies degree n cyclic field extensions K of k.
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Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr. (November 19, 1915 – March 9, 1974) was an American pharmacologist and biochemist born in Burlingame, Kansas. Sutherland won a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1971 "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones", especially epinephrine, via second messengers, namely cyclic adenosine monophosphate, or cyclic AMP.
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HCN channels are regulated by both intracellular and extracellular molecules, but most importantly, by cyclic nucleotides (cAMP, cGMP, cCMP). Binding of cyclic nucleotides lowers the threshold potential of HCN channels, thus activating them. cAMP is a primary agonist of HCN2 while cGMP and cCMP may also bind to it. All three, however, are potent agonists.
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1232 pages. However, the IUPAC recommends using the name "alkene" only for acyclic hydrocarbons with just one double bond; alkadiene, alkatriene, etc., or polyene for acyclic hydrocarbons with two or more double bonds; cycloalkene, cycloalkadiene, etc. for cyclic ones; and "olefin" for the general class — cyclic or acyclic, with one or more double bonds.
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Clark Kimberling (2014), Encyclopedia of Triangle Centers , section X(54) = Kosnita Point. Accessed on 2014-10-08 Nikolaos Dergiades (2014), Dao's Theorem on Six Circumcenters associated with a Cyclic Hexagon. Forum Geometricorum, volume 14, pages=243–246. . Telv Cohl (2014), A purely synthetic proof of Dao's theorem on six circumcenters associated with a cyclic hexagon.
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Failure here is defined by the aforementioned shear strain criteria. The term 'cyclic mobility' refers to the mechanism of progressive reduction of effective stress due to cyclic loading. This may occur in all soil types including dense soils. However, on reaching a state of zero effective stress such soils immediately dilate and regain strength.
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Phenylsilane can be used to reduce tertiary phosphine oxides to the corresponding tertiary phosphine. :P(CH3)3O + PhSiH3 \--> P(CH3)3 \+ PhSiH2OH The use of phenylsilane proceeds with retention of configuration at the phosphine. For example, cyclic chiral tertiary phosphine oxides can be reduced to cyclic tertiary phosphines.Weber, W. P. Silicon Reagents for Organic Synthesis.
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The Klein four-group, with four elements, is the smallest group that is not a cyclic group. There is only one other group of order four, up to isomorphism, the cyclic group of order 4. Both are abelian groups. The smallest non-abelian group is the symmetric group of degree 3, which has order 6.
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This is the mechanical rate of fire, or how fast the weapon "cycles" (loads, locks, fires, unlocks, ejects). Measurement of the cyclic rate assumes that the weapon is being operated as fast as possible and does not consider operator tasks (magazine changes, aiming, etc.). When the trigger is pulled, the rate at which rounds are fired is the cyclic rate. Typical cyclic rates of fire are 600–900 RPM for assault rifles, 1,000-1,100 RPM in some cases, 900-1,200 RPM for submachine guns and machine pistols, and 600-1,500 RPM for machine guns.
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The theory describes a universe exploding into existence not just once, but repeatedly over time. The theory could potentially explain why a repulsive form of energy known as the cosmological constant, which is accelerating the expansion of the universe, is several orders of magnitude smaller than predicted by the standard Big Bang model. A different cyclic model relying on the notion of phantom energy was proposed in 2007 by Lauris Baum and Paul Frampton of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Other cyclic models include Conformal cyclic cosmology and Loop quantum cosmology.
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When all of A, B and R are aryl groups, a stable phosphonium salt is formed and the reaction proceeds no further under normal conditions. Heating to higher temperatures in the presence of alcohols has been known to give the isomerization product. Cyclic phosphites generally react to eject the non-cyclic OR group, though for some 5-member rings additional heating is required to afford the final cyclic product. 446x446px Phosphite salts (Ex: R = Na) can also undergo the reaction with precipitation of the corresponding Na-halide salt.
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Shakedown cases in granular materials subjected to cyclic loading If repeated loading on the granular induces stress beyond the yield surface, three different cases may be observed. In case 1 the residual strain in the materials increases almost without limit. This so-called “ratcheting” state is close to what can be predicted applying simple Mohr–Coulomb criterion to a cyclic loading. In the responses like case 2, residual strain in the materials grows to some extent, but at some stage the growth is stopped and further cyclic loading produces closed hysteresis loops of stress–strain.
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The cyclic surgery theorem states that, for a compact, connected, orientable, irreducible three-manifold M whose boundary is a torus T, if M is not a Seifert-fibered space and r,s are slopes on T such that their Dehn fillings have cyclic fundamental group, then the distance between r and s (the minimal number of times that two simple closed curves in T representing r and s must intersect) is at most 1. Consequently, there are at most three Dehn fillings of M with cyclic fundamental group.
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A completely regular cyclic variation in a time series might be dealt with in time series analysis by using a sinusoidal model with one or more sinusoids whose period-lengths may be known or unknown depending on the context. A less completely regular cyclic variation might be dealt with by using a special form of an ARIMA model which can be structured so as to treat cyclic variations semi-explicitly. Such models represent cyclostationary processes. Another method of modelling periodic seasonality is the use of pairs of Fourier terms.
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Boeing CH-47 Chinook Tandem rotors are two horizontal main rotor assemblies mounted one behind the other. Tandem rotors achieve pitch attitude changes to accelerate and decelerate the helicopter through a process called cyclic pitch. To pitch forward and accelerate, both rotors increase the pitch at the rear and reduce the pitch at the front (cyclic) keeping torque the same on both rotors, flying sideways is achieved by increasing the pitch on one side and reducing pitch on the other. Yaw control develops through opposing cyclic pitch in each rotor.
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For a cyclic hemiacetal the reaction is intramolecular so the nucleophile is always held close to the carbonyl group ready to attack, so the forward rate of reaction is much higher than the backward rate. Many biologically relevant sugars, such as glucose, are cyclic hemiacetals. Cyclic hemiacetals In the presence of acid, hemiacetals can undergo an elimination reaction, losing the oxygen atom that once belonged to the parent aldehyde’s carbonyl group. These oxonium ions are powerful electrophiles, and react rapidly with a second molecule of alcohol to form new, stable compounds, called acetals.
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Potassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HCN3 gene.
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Bruce E. Meserve (1955) The cyclic order is addressed by a separation relation which has the properties necessary for appropriate deductions.
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Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1C is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PDE1C gene.
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Cone cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit alpha' is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PDE6C gene.
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Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PDE1B gene.
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J. (H) 39 (1), pp. 63–85. Physics ArXiv preprint.Kragh, H. (2013). ‘Cyclic models of the relativistic universe: the early history’.
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Recovery includes lowering the collective to reduce the blade angle of attack, followed by application of aft cyclic to reduce airspeed.
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1,5-Diazacyclooctane is an organic compound with the formula (CHCHCHNH). It is a colorless oil. 1,5-Diazacyclooctane is a cyclic diamine.
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Potassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HCN1 gene.
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Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PDE1A gene.
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In the case of the integers and Abelian groups a pure projective module amounts to a direct sum of cyclic groups.
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She moved to University of Pennsylvania for her doctoral research, working on the mechanisms that underpin monotonic loading and cyclic fatigue.
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Their artists releases have been reviewed by Foxy Digitalis,Foxy Digitalis site Heathen Harvest, The Wire UK, Textura, and Cyclic Defrost.
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Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities.
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Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities.
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Katanosins are cyclic depsipeptides (acylcyclodepsipeptides). These non-proteinogenic structures are not regular proteins from primary metabolism. Rather, they originate from bacterial secondary metabolism. Accordingly, various non-proteinogenic (non- ribosomal) amino acids are found in katanosins, such as 3-hydroxyleucine, 3-hydroxyasparagine, allothreonine and 3-hydroxyphenylalanine. All katanosins have a cyclic and a linear segment (“lariat structure”).
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In a tandem rotor helicopter, forward cyclic will not arrest the rate of descent caused by settling with power. In such a helicopter, which utilizes differential collective pitch in order to gain airspeed, lateral cyclic inputs must be made accompanied by pedal inputs in order to slide horizontally out of the vortex ring state's disturbed air.
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When cyclic stresses are applied to a material, even though the stresses do not cause plastic deformation, the material may fail due to fatigue. Fatigue failure is typically modeled by decomposing cyclic stresses into mean and alternating components. Mean stress is the time average of the principal stress. The definition of alternating stress varies between different sources.
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Cyclic compounds that have both carbon and non-carbon atoms present are termed (heterocyclic compounds); alternatively the name can refer to inorganic cyclic compounds, such as siloxanes and borazines, that have more than one type of atom in their rings. Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature is recommended by the IUPAC for naming heterocycles, but many common names remain in regular use.
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This substance is a yellow oil. BF reacts with acetylenes to make the 1,4-diboracyclohexadiene ring system. BF can condense with 2-butyne forming 1,4-difluoro-2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-diboracyclohexadiene. Also, it reacts with acetylene to make 1,4-difluoro-1,4-diboracyclohexadiene. Propene reacts to make a mix of cyclic and non-cyclic molecules which may contain BF or BF2.
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PFA tubing is commonly used to handle aggressive chemicals Nafion is a fluoroether with a strongly acidic sulfonic acid substituents Acyclic perfluoroethers are known, e.g. O(C2F5)2, the analogue of diethylether. More interesting and more useful are the cyclic ethers, especially, the epoxides. Thus tetrafluoroethyene oxide and hexafluoropropylene oxide are two of the simplest cyclic perfluoroethers.
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The converse is not true. For instance, any extension of a cyclic p-group by another cyclic p-group for the same (odd) prime has the property that all its subgroups are quasinormal. However, not all of its subgroups need be normal. Every quasinormal subgroup is a modular subgroup, that is, a modular element in the lattice of subgroups.
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Liszt found his method through two compositional practices, which he used in his symphonic poems. The first practice was cyclic form, a procedure established by Beethoven in which certain movements are not only linked but actually reflect one another's content. Liszt took Beethoven's practice one step further, combining separate movements into a single-movement cyclic structure.Searle, "Orchestral Works", 281.
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An operator A on an (infinite dimensional) Banach space or Hilbert space H has a cyclic vector f if the vectors f, Af, A2f,... span H. Equivalently, f is a cyclic vector for A in case the set of all vectors of the form p(A)f, where p varies over all polynomials, is dense in H.
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While Berry's formulation was originally defined for linear Hamiltonian systems, it was soon realized by Ning and Haken that similar geometric phase can be defined for entirely different systems such as nonlinear dissipative systems that possess certain cyclic attractors. They showed that such cyclic attractors exist in a class of nonlinear dissipative systems with certain symmetries.
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A cyclic group Zn is a group all of whose elements are powers of a particular element a where , the identity. A typical realization of this group is as the complex roots of unity. Sending a to a primitive root of unity gives an isomorphism between the two. This can be done with any finite cyclic group.
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The lengths of the sides of a polygon do not in general determine its area.Robbins, "Polygons inscribed in a circle," American Mathematical Monthly 102, June–July 1995. However, if the polygon is cyclic then the sides do determine the area. Of all n-gons with given side lengths, the one with the largest area is cyclic.
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18-crown-6 coordinating a potassium ion Crown ethers are cyclic chemical compounds that consist of a ring containing several ether groups. The most common crown ethers are cyclic oligomers of ethylene oxide, the repeating unit being ethyleneoxy, i.e., –CH2CH2O–. Important members of this series are the tetramer (n = 4), the pentamer (n = 5), and the hexamer (n = 6).
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New methods are being developed to farm more intensively, such as high-yield hybrid crops, greenhouse, autonomous building gardens, and hydroponics. These methods are often dependent on chemical inputs to maintain necessary yields. In cyclic agriculture, cattle are grazed on farm land that is resting and rejuvenating. Cyclic agriculture actually increases the fertility of the soil.
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A pseudoacid in organic chemistry is a cyclic oxocarboxylic acid. Most commonly, these form from aldehyde and keto carboxylic acids, and the cyclic forms are furanoid (5-ring with oxygen) or pyranoid (6-ring with oxygen). The original pseudoacid to be described as such (using the German ) was levulinic acid (4-oxopentanoic acid).Bredt, J., 1886.
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142857, the six repeating digits of , 0., is the best-known cyclic number in base 10. If it is multiplied by 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, the answer will be a cyclic permutation of itself, and will correspond to the repeating digits of , , , , or respectively. 142,857 is a Kaprekar number and a Harshad number (in base 10).
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Unstimulated (in the dark), cyclic-nucleotide gated channels in the outer segment are open because cyclic GMP (cGMP) is bound to them. Hence, positively charged ions (namely sodium ions) enter the photoreceptor, depolarizing it to about −40 mV (resting potential in other nerve cells is usually −65 mV). This depolarization current is often known as dark current.
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Phase perturbation is the shifting, from whatever cause, in the phase of an electronic signal. The shifting is often quite rapid, and may appear to be random or cyclic. The phase departure in phase perturbation usually is larger, but less rapid, than in phase jitter. Phase perturbation may be expressed in degrees, with any cyclic component expressed in hertz.
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Australian electronic music magazine Cyclic Defrost compared vocalist Emélie Nicolaï to Stieg Larsson's fictional character Lisbeth Salander for her attitude and looks.
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US20180022867A1Chen EY, Hong M, Tang X. Ring-opening polymerization methods and recyclable biorenewable polyesters. US20180118880A1 It is the cyclic dimer of GHB.
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The rods in this section could be used to encrypt and decrypt text using a cyclic transposition cypher, based on a keyword.
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In mathematics, the Fourier transform on finite groups is a generalization of the discrete Fourier transform from cyclic to arbitrary finite groups.
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Not needed for only primary loading that meets static loading requirements. Needed for cyclic thermal loading plus primary loading with a mean.
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According to Nicholson, these cyclic species slowly release an oxidised species, RAs(OH)2, that is likely responsible for Salvarsan's antisyphilis properties.
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STING is an endoplasmic reticulum resident protein and has been shown to directly bind to a variety of different cyclic-di-nucleotides.
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2',3'-Cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase also known as CNPase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CNP gene.
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Potassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HCN2 gene.
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The key events that shaped our universe occurred before the bounce, and, in a cyclic version, the universe bounces at regular intervals.
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This stressful situation results in disease, death and population decline, leading to a pattern of cyclic variation in population size over time.
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When the pilot moves the cyclic forward to pitch the nose down and accelerate forward, the helicopter responds by decreasing collective pitch on the front rotor and increases collective pitch on the rear rotor proportionally, pivoting the two ends around their common center of mass. Changes in yaw are made with differential cyclic pitch, the front rotor altering cyclic pitch in the direction desired and the opposite pitch applied to the rear, once again pivoting the craft around its center. Conversely, the synchropter and transverse-mounted rotor counter rotating rotorcraft have two large horizontal rotor assemblies mounted side by side, (like a Bell/Boeing V-22 tilt rotor) helicopters use differential collective pitch to affect the roll of the aircraft. Like tandem rotors, differential cyclic pitch is used to control movement about the yaw axis.
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The convex hull of any finite set of points on the moment curve is a cyclic polytope.; , p. 101; , Lemma 5.4.2, p. 97.
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Fluclorolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid corticosteroid which was never marketed. The acetonide cyclic ketal of fluclorolone, fluclorolone acetonide, in contrast, has been marketed.
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Thus, the quotient group G/N is the group of three colors, which turns out to be the cyclic group with three elements.
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For cyclic dienes, as in the barrelene example, the ring structure prevents cis-trans isomerization and the Di-pi-Methane can then occur.
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In the case of anhydrides or amides, two of the carboxyl groups can come together to form a cyclic compound, for example succinimide.
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Fluocinolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid corticosteroid which was never marketed. The acetonide cyclic ketal of fluocinolone, fluocinolone acetonide, in contrast, has been marketed.
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'Cyclic universe' can explain cosmological constant, NewScientistSpace, 4 May 2006 While none of these are supported by observations, they are not ruled out.
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Retinal rod rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit gamma is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PDE6G gene.
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Cyclic alkyl amino carbene (cAAC) ligands, which generally contain sterically bulky and highly electron-donating ligands, have been utilized to synthesize silylone structures.
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The two disruptive appearances of the main theme of the Adagio in the third movement also represent cyclic form used in this sonata.
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It can be seen that is a polynomial with coefficients in and divides . Therefore, the polynomial code defined by is a cyclic code.
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For example, Z/12Z is isomorphic to the direct product Z/3Z × Z/4Z under the isomorphism (k mod 12) → (k mod 3, k mod 4); but it is not isomorphic to Z/6Z × Z/2Z, in which every element has order at most 6. If p is a prime number, then any group with p elements is isomorphic to the simple group Z/pZ. A number n is called a cyclic number if Z/nZ is the only group of order n, which is true exactly when .. The cyclic numbers include all primes, but some are composite such as 15\. However, all cyclic numbers are odd except 2. The cyclic numbers are: :1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 41, 43, 47, 51, 53, 59, 61, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 77, 79, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 95, 97, 101, 103, 107, 109, 113, 115, 119, 123, 127, 131, 133, 137, 139, 141, 143, ... The definition immediately implies that cyclic groups have group presentation and for finite n..
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Finite groups always have a chief series, though infinite groups need not have a chief series. For example, the group of integers Z with addition as the operation does not have a chief series. To see this, note Z is cyclic and abelian, and so all of its subgroups are normal and cyclic as well. Supposing there exists a chief series Ni leads to an immediate contradiction: N1 is cyclic and thus is generated by some integer a, however the subgroup generated by 2a is a nontrivial normal subgroup properly contained in N1, contradicting the definition of a chief series.
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Cyclic di-GMP-I riboswitches are a class of riboswitch that specifically bind cyclic di-GMP, which is a second messenger that is used in a variety of microbial processes including virulence, motility and biofilm formation. Cyclic di-GMP-I riboswitches were originally identified by bioinformatics as a conserved RNA-like structure called the "GEMM motif". These riboswitches are present in a wide variety of bacteria, and are most common in Clostridia and certain varieties of Proteobacteria. The riboswitches are present in pathogens such as Clostridium difficile, Vibrio cholerae (which causes cholera) and Bacillus anthracis (which causes anthrax).
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In ionic curing processes, an ionic photoinitiator is used to activate the functional group of the oligomers that are going to participate in cross-linking. Typically photopolymerization is a very selective process and it is crucial that the polymerization takes place only where it is desired to do so. In order to satisfy this liquid neat oligomer can be doped with either anionic or cationic photoinitiators that will initiate polymerization only when radiated with light. Monomers, or functional groups, employed in cationic photopolymerization include: styrenic compounds, vinyl ethers, N-vinyl carbazoles, lactones, lactams, cyclic ethers, cyclic acetals, and cyclic siloxanes.
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An embedded graph uniquely defines cyclic orders of edges incident to the same vertex. The set of all these cyclic orders is called a rotation system. Embeddings with the same rotation system are considered to be equivalent and the corresponding equivalence class of embeddings is called combinatorial embedding (as opposed to the term topological embedding, which refers to the previous definition in terms of points and curves). Sometimes, the rotation system itself is called a "combinatorial embedding".... An embedded graph also defines natural cyclic orders of edges which constitutes the boundaries of the faces of the embedding.
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In bacteria, cyclic nucleotides bind to catabolite gene activator protein (CAP), which acts to increase metabolic enzymatic activity by increasing the rate of DNA transcription. They also facilitate relaxation of smooth muscle cells in vascular tissue, and activate cyclic CNG channels in retinal photoreceptors and olfactory sensory neurons. In addition, they potentially activate cyclic CNG channels in: pineal gland light sensitivity, sensory neurons of the vomeronasal organ (which is involved in the detection of pheromones), taste receptor cells, cellular signaling in sperm, airway epithelial cells, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-secreting neuronal cell line, and renal inner medullary collecting duct.
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The Wave exposes large-scale sets of cross-bedded eolian sandstone composed of rhythmic and cyclic alternating grainflow and windripple laminae. The rhythmic and cyclic alternating laminae represent periodic changes in the prevailing winds during the Jurassic period as large sand dunes migrated across a sandy desert. The thin ridges and ribbing seen within the Wave are the result of the differential erosion of rhythmic and cyclic alternating grainflow and windripple laminae within the Navajo Sandstone. These laminae have differing resistance to erosion as they have been differentially cemented according to variations in the grain size of the sand composing them.
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A cyclic polygon (green), its midpoint polygon (red), and its midpoint- stretching polygon (pink) In geometry, the midpoint-stretching polygon of a cyclic polygon is another cyclic polygon inscribed in the same circle, the polygon whose vertices are the midpoints of the circular arcs between the vertices of .. It may be derived from the midpoint polygon of (the polygon whose vertices are the edge midpoints) by placing the polygon in such a way that the circle's center coincides with the origin, and stretching or normalizing the vector representing each vertex of the midpoint polygon to make it have unit length.
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CRCs are based on the theory of cyclic error-correcting codes. The use of systematic cyclic codes, which encode messages by adding a fixed-length check value, for the purpose of error detection in communication networks, was first proposed by W. Wesley Peterson in 1961. Cyclic codes are not only simple to implement but have the benefit of being particularly well suited for the detection of burst errors: contiguous sequences of erroneous data symbols in messages. This is important because burst errors are common transmission errors in many communication channels, including magnetic and optical storage devices.
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T. Oshiba, "Closure property of the family of context-free languages under the cyclic shift operation", Transactions of IECE, 55D:119–122, 1972. A. N. Maslov, "Cyclic shift operation for languages", Problems of Information Transmission 9:333–338, 1973. Also, if L is described by a regular expression of length n, there is a regular expression of length O(n3) describing shift(L)..
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Coordinating these two inputs, down collective plus aft (back) cyclic or up collective plus forward cyclic causes airspeed changes while maintaining a constant altitude. The pedals serve the same function in both a helicopter and an airplane, to maintain balanced flight. This is done by applying a pedal input in the direction necessary to center the ball in the turn and bank indicator.
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It is suggested that cyclic di- AMP is involved in the regulation of cell lysis. Studies have shown that bacterial mutant strains with low c-di-AMP levels lysed significantly faster than their parent strains. Cyclic di-AMP has also been linked to bacterial RNA synthesis inhibition. c-di-AMP stimulates the production of (p)ppGpp, an alarmone involved in bacterial stringent response.
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The above was a relatively mild example. One can also construct partial cyclic orders with higher-order obstructions such that, for example, any 15 triples can be added but the 16th cannot. In fact, cyclic ordering is NP-complete, since it solves 3SAT. This is in stark contrast with the recognition problem for linear orders, which can be solved in linear time.
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The chemical structure of ribose in its furanose form. The wavy bond indicates a mixture of β-ribofuranose and α-ribofuranose. The furanose ring is a cyclic hemiacetal of an aldopentose or a cyclic hemiketal of a ketohexose. A furanose ring structure consists of four carbon and one oxygen atom with the anomeric carbon to the right of the oxygen.
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Three molecules of acetaldehyde condense to form "paraldehyde", a cyclic trimer containing C-O single bonds. Similarly condensation of four molecules of acetaldehyde give the cyclic molecule metaldehyde. Paraldehyde can be produced in good yields, using a sulfuric acid catalyst. Metaldehyde is only obtained in a few percent yield and with cooling, often using HBr rather than H2SO4 as the catalyst.
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The rare disease cyclic neutropenia (also called "cyclic hematopoeiesis") is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterised by fluctuating neutrophil granulocyte counts over 21-day periods. During neutropenia, patients are at risk for infections. In 1999, this disease was linked to disorders in the ELA-2 / ELANE gene. Other forms of congenital neutropenia also appear to be linked to ELA-2 mutations.
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Assign a zero when there is no influence. Thus obtain the weighted column stochastic supermatrix. #Compute the limit priorities of the stochastic supermatrix according to whether it is irreducible (primitive or imprimitive [cyclic]) or it is reducible with one being a simple or a multiple root and whether the system is cyclic or not. Two kinds of outcomes are possible.
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In noncommutative geometry and related branches of mathematics, cyclic homology and cyclic cohomology are certain (co)homology theories for associative algebras which generalize the de Rham (co)homology of manifolds. These notions were independently introduced by Boris Tsygan (homology)Boris L. Tsygan. Homology of matrix Lie algebras over rings and the Hochschild homology. Uspekhi Mat. Nauk, 38(2(230)):217–218, 1983.
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The number of primitive elements in a finite field is , where is Euler's totient function, which counts the number of elements less than or equal to which are relatively prime to . This can be proved by using the theorem that the multiplicative group of a finite field is cyclic of order , and the fact that a finite cyclic group of order contains generators.
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Water-soluble hormones come from amino acids and are located and stored in endocrine cells until actually needed. The main two types of transmembrane receptor hormone receptor are the G-protein-coupled receptors and the enzyme-linked receptors. These receptors generally function via intracellular second messengers, including cyclic AMP (cAMP), cyclic GMP (cGMP), inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and the calcium (Ca2+)-calmodulin system.
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Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) is an amplification technique (conceptually like PCR but not involving nucleotides) to multiply misfolded prions originally developed by Soto and colleagues.Saborio, G.P., Permanne, B. and Soto, C. (2001) Sensitive detection of pathological prion protein by cyclic amplification of protein misfolding. Nature, 411, 810-813. It is a test for spongiform encephalopathies like CWD or BSE.
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Acetone peroxide (also called APEX) is an organic peroxide and a primary high explosive. It is produced by the reaction of acetone and hydrogen peroxide to yield a mixture of linear monomer and cyclic dimer, trimer, and tetramer forms. The trimer is known as triacetone triperoxide (TATP) or tri-cyclic acetone peroxide (TCAP). The dimer is known as diacetone diperoxide (DADP).
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Some cyclic monomers such as norbornene or cyclooctadiene can be polymerized to high molecular weight polymers by using metal catalysts. ROP is a versatile method for the synthesis of biopolymers. Ring-opening of cyclic monomers is often driven by the relief of bond-angle strain. Thus, as is the case for other types of polymerization, the enthalpy change in ring-opening is negative.
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This is an important distinction. Sercos is purposely designed to provide open access at all ports for other protocols between cyclic real time messages. No tunneling is required. This provides the advantage that any Sercos III node is available, whether Sercos III is in cyclic mode or not, to use other protocols, such as TCP/IP, without any additional hardware to process tunneling.
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This RNA has been renamed as CyaR for (cyclic AMP-activated RNA). It has been shown that the CyaR RNA acts as a repressor of the porin OmpX. It has also been shown that cyaR expression is tightly controlled by the cyclic AMP receptor protein, CRP. A comparative genomics approach was able to detect and verify the additional targets ptsI, sdhA and yobF.
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A cyclic executive is an alternative to a real-time operating system. It is a form of cooperative multitasking, in which there is only one task. The sole task is typically realized as an infinite loop in main(), e.g. in C. The basic scheme is to cycle through a repeating sequence of activities, at a set frequency (AKA time-triggered cyclic executive).
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1,4,7-Triazacyclononane, known as "TACN" which is pronounced "tack-en," is a cyclic organic compound with the formula C6H12(NH)3. TACN is derived, formally speaking, from cyclononane by replacing three equidistant CH2 groups with NH groups. TACN is one of the oligomers derived from aziridine, C2H4NH. Other members of the series include piperazine, C4H8(NH)2, and the cyclic tetramer 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane.
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M. de Oliveira and G.A.A. Araújo,. Compactly Supported One-cyclic Wavelets Derived from Beta Distributions. Journal of Communication and Information Systems. vol.20, n.
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It is worth remarking that the term of cyclic group originated from the fact that this group is a subgroup of the circle group.
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The Pennsylvania Auditor General audits the district on various issues on a cyclic basis. The reports are posted in the Auditor General Office website.
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A cyclic multi-threading parallelizing compiler tries to split up a loop so that each iteration can be executed on a separate processor concurrently.
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8-5' Non cyclic diferulic acid has been identified to be covalently linked to carbohydrate moieties of the arabinogalactan-protein fraction of gum arabic.
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High affinity cAMP-specific and IBMX-insensitive 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 8B is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PDE8B gene.
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Cyclic rhythms in phosphorylation of the KaiC hexamer serve as a timekeeping mechanism for the cyanobacterial Kai oscillator. Circles shaded red represent phosphorylated residues.
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The extra special groups are extensions of elementary abelian groups by a cyclic group of order p, and are analogous to the Heisenberg group.
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They are the only non-cyclic simple groups whose order is not divisible by 3. They are not related to the sporadic Suzuki group.
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NR58.3-14-3 is a cyclic peptide consisting of 11 D-amino acids. It is a broad- spectrum chemokine inhibitor and anti-inflammatory agent.
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Trees of this genus are known especially as a source of secondary metabolites, e.g. cyclic triterpenes and their derivatives, flavonoids, tannins, and other aromatics.
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Metal–π interactions play a major role in organometallics. Linear and cyclic π systems bond to metals allowing organic complexes to bond to metals.
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Slutzky, Eugen. "The summation of random causes as the source of cyclic processes." Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society (1937): 105-146.Chatterjee, Satyajit.
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Borazocine is a polar inorganic compound with the chemical formula B4H8N4. In this cyclic compound, the four BH units and four NH units alternate.
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Ward-Perkins' theory, much like Bury's, and Heather's, identifies a series of cyclic events that came together to cause a definite decline and fall.
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The mathematics of a cyclic redundancy check, used to provide a quick check against transmission errors, are closely related to those of an LFSR.
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This detachment included the first ever night cyclic operations for the River Rattlers and another live fire missile exercise in the Virginia operations area.
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Amanin is a cyclic peptide. It is one of the amatoxins, all of which are found in several members of the mushroom genus Amanita.
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With them, the ancients could accurately measure the size of the earth, map it, and chronometrically tick off the cyclic passage of the ages.
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1: Lexicographic ordering; 2: Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm; 3: Heap's algorithm; 4: Ehrlich's star-transposition algorithm (see ): in each step, the first entry of the permutation is exchanged with a later entry; 5: Zaks' prefix reversal algorithm: in each step, a prefix of the current permutation is reversed to obtain the next permutation; 6: Sawada-Williams' algorithm: each permutation differs from the previous one either by a cyclic left-shift by one position, or an exchange of the first two entries; 7: Corbett's algorithm: each permutation differs from the previous one by a cyclic left- shift of some prefix by one position; 8: Single-track ordering: each column is a cyclic shift of the other columns; 9: Single-track Gray code: each column is a cyclic shift of the other columns, plus any two consecutive permutations differ only in one or two transpositions.
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400px The dicyclic group is a binary polyhedral group — it is one of the classes of subgroups of the Pin group Pin−(2), which is a subgroup of the Spin group Spin(3) — and in this context is known as the binary dihedral group. The connection with the binary cyclic group C2n, the cyclic group Cn, and the dihedral group Dihn of order 2n is illustrated in the diagram at right, and parallels the corresponding diagram for the Pin group. Coxeter writes the binary dihedral group as ⟨2,2,n⟩ and binary cyclic group with angle-brackets, ⟨n⟩. There is a superficial resemblance between the dicyclic groups and dihedral groups; both are a sort of "mirroring" of an underlying cyclic group. But the presentation of a dihedral group would have x2 = 1, instead of x2 = an; and this yields a different structure.
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Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAPGEF2 gene. RAPGEF2 is a cyclic AMP binding protein.
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PDE4 hydrolyzes cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) to inactive adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Inhibition of PDE4 blocks hydrolysis of cAMP, thereby increasing levels of cAMP within cells.
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4-Pyrone (γ-pyrone or pyran-4-one) is an unsaturated cyclic chemical compound with the molecular formula C5H4O2. It is isomeric with 2-pyrone.
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Inorganic atoms form cyclic compounds as well. Examples include sulfur, silicon (e.g., in silanes), phosphorus (e.g., in phosphanes and phosphoric acid variants), and boron (e.g.
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Parisa Mehrkhodavandi is a Canadian chemist who is one of the inventors of Dinuclear indium catalysts and their use for (co)polymerization of cyclic esters.
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Here they are stabilized through base stacking, hydrogen bonds, and divalent cations in order to catalyze phosphodiester bond formation to produce the cyclic dinucleotide cGAMP.
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Potential role of the gene transcription factor cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein in ethanol withdrawal-related anxiety. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 288, 866–878.
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Cyclopropatriene is a hypothetical allotrope of carbon that was once proposed as a candidate for a spectroscopically observed tricarbon species. It is a cyclic cumulene.
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Cyanamide dimerizes to give 2-cyanoguanidine (dicyandiamide). This dimerization is disfavored by acids and is inhibited by low temperatures. The cyclic trimer is called melamine.
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Fantastic Visions. Retrieved 24 April 2017. 2007: Solve et Coagula, Paintings by Madeline von Foerster to accompany music by Ossaserpia. Horus Cyclic Daemaon, Czech Republic.
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It is well known that a Peano space is a cactoid if and only if each of its true cyclic elements is a 2-sphere.
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The electro (co)polymerization means inserting three electrodes (reference electrode, counter electrode and working electrode) into solution including reactors or monomers. By applying voltage to electrodes, redox reaction to synthesize polymer is promoted. Electro (co)polymerization can also be divided into Cyclic Voltammetry and Potentiostatic method by applying cyclic voltage and constant voltage. The advantage of Electro (co)polymerization are the high purity of products.
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The cyclic pentazolium cation () is not known due to its probable antiaromatic character; whereas the open-chained pentazenium cation () is known. Butler et al. first demonstrated the presence of the cyclic in solution through the decomposition of substituted aryl pentazoles at low temperature. The presence of and (held in solution through the interaction with zinc ions) was proven primarily using 15N NMR techniques of the decomposition products.
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In forward flight, a helicopter's flight controls behave more like those in a fixed-wing aircraft. Moving the cyclic forward makes the nose pitch down, thus losing altitude and increasing airspeed. Moving the cyclic back makes the nose pitch up, slowing the helicopter and making it climb. Increasing collective (power) while maintaining a constant airspeed induces a climb, while decreasing collective (power) makes the helicopter descend.
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Diadenylate cyclase , DNA integrity scanning protein DisA is a DNA binding protein participates in a DNA-damage check-point. DisA forms globular foci that rapidly scan along the chromosomes searching for lesions. Catalytic activity : 2 ATP \rightleftharpoons 2 diphosphate + cyclic di-3',5'-adenylate. This enzyme has diadenylate cyclase activity, catalyzing the condensation of 2 ATP molecules into cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP).
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It is part of the definition of an absolute presentation that the irrelations are not satisfied in any proper homomorphic image of the group. Therefore: :\langle a \mid a^8 = 1, a^2 eq 1\rangle Is not an absolute presentation for the cyclic group of order 8 because the irrelation a^2 eq 1 is satisfied in the cyclic group of order 4.
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On a larger time-scale, cyclic changes in climate and sea level are caused by Milankovitch cycles: cyclic changes in the orientation and/or position of the Earth's rotational axis and orbit around the Sun. There are a number of Milankovitch cycles known, lasting between 10,000 and 200,000 years.For a short explanation of Milankovitch cycles, see Tarbuck & Lutgens (1999), pp. 322–323; Reading (1996), pp. 14–15.
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Coordinating these two inputs, down collective plus aft cyclic or up collective plus forward cyclic, will result in airspeed changes while maintaining a constant altitude. The pedals serve the same function in both a helicopter and a fixed-wing aircraft, to maintain balanced flight. This is done by applying a pedal input in whichever direction is necessary to center the ball in the turn and bank indicator.
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In abstract algebra, an abelian extension is a Galois extension whose Galois group is abelian. When the Galois group is also cyclic, the extension is also called a cyclic extension. Going in the other direction, a Galois extension is called solvable if its Galois group is solvable, i.e., if the group can be decomposed into a series of normal extensions of an abelian group.
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A cyclic cubic field K is its own Galois closure with Galois group Gal(K/Q) isomorphic to the cyclic group of order three. However, any other cubic field K is a non-galois extension of Q and has a field extension N of degree two as its Galois closure. The Galois group Gal(N/Q) is isomorphic to the symmetric group S3 on three letters.
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NO activates soluble guanylyl cyclase in smooth muscle cells in the penis which results in increased production of 3'-5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate from guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP). Cyclic GMP binds to the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG1) which phosphorylates several proteins that results in decreased intracellular calcium. Lower intracellular calcium leads to smooth muscle relaxation and ultimately penile erection. This pathway is demonstrated in figure 1.
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After her PhD, Thanh was a postdoctoral researcher at Aston University, where she worked on medicinal chemistry. She developed a technique that could be used to synthesise cell membrane permeable fluorescent versions of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Thanh moved to the University of New Orleans in 2001, where she began to work with nanotechnology. Here she developed nanoparticle sensors for biological assays.
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A theorem on cyclic quadrilaterals is helpful in detecting the indeterminate situation. The quadrilateral APBC is cyclic iff a pair of opposite angles (such as the angle at P and the angle at C) are supplementary i.e. iff \alpha+\beta+C = k \pi, (k=1,2,\cdots). If this condition is observed the computer/spreadsheet calculations should be stopped and an error message ("indeterminate case") returned.
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Gröbner basis has been applied in the theory of error-correcting codes for algebraic decoding. By using Gröbner basis computation on various forms of error-correcting equations, decoding methods were developed for correcting errors of cyclic codesX. Chen, I.S. Reed, T. Helleseth and T.K. Truong (1994). “Use of Gröbner bases to decode binary cyclic codes up to the true minimum distance,” IEEE Trans. Inform.
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Galactose exists in both open-chain and cyclic form. The open-chain form has a carbonyl at the end of the chain. Four isomers are cyclic, two of them with a pyranose (six-membered) ring, two with a furanose (five-membered) ring. Galactofuranose occurs in bacteria, fungi and protozoa, and is recognized by a putative chordate immune lectin intelectin through its exocyclic 1,2-diol.
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Upon binding DNA, the protein cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase (cGAS) triggers reaction of GTP and ATP to form cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP). cGAMP binds to Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) which triggers phosphorylation of IRF3 via TBK1. IRF3 can then go to the nucleus to trigger transcription of inflammatory genes. This pathway plays a critical role in mediating immune defense against double- stranded DNA viruses.
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Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society, to appear. that for every automorphism α of Fn the mapping torus group of α satisfies a quadratic isoperimetric inequality; a proof of algorithmic solvability of the conjugacy problem for free-by-cyclic groups;O. Bogopolski, A. Martino, O. Maslakova, E. Ventura, The conjugacy problem is solvable in free-by-cyclic groups. Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society, vol.
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Dehydrogenation of ammonia-borane with Brookhart's catalyst results in quantitative formation of the cyclic pentamer [NH2BH2]5 rather than the typically seen cyclic dimers from other amine-borane dehydrogenations. When catalyzing ammonia-borane dehydrogenation, the catalyst acts homogeneously at a 0.5 mol% catalyst loading. Rather than the typical high temperatures needed for this dehydrogenation, the reaction proceeds cleanly at room temperature, with complete substrate conversion in 14min.
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The Weyl group of E8 is of order 696729600, and can be described as O(2): it is of the form 2.G.2 (that is, a stem extension by the cyclic group of order 2 of an extension of the cyclic group of order 2 by a group G) where G is the unique simple group of order 174182400 (which can be described as PSΩ8+(2)).
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A yuga cycle has several names, where "yuga" is sometimes written in its archaic form of "yug". Yuga () : sometimes used to describe a "'". C(h)atur Yuga () : a cyclic age, encompassing the four yuga ages, as defined in hindu texts. Daiva Yuga (), Deva Yuga (), Divya Yuga () : a cyclic age of the divine, celestrial, or gods (devas), encompassing the four yuga ages ( "human ages", or "world ages").
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Caspofungin The present-day clinically used echinocandins are semisynthetic pneumocandins, which are chemically lipopeptide in nature, consisting of large cyclic hexapeptoids. Caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin are similar cyclic hexapeptide antibiotics linked to long modified N-linked acyl fatty acid chains. The chains act as anchors on the fungal cell membrane to facilitate antifungal activity. Due to their limited oral bioavailability, echinocandins are administered through intravenous infusion.
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Specifically, let be an arbitrary cyclic quadrilateral and let , , , be the incenters of the triangles , , , . Then the quadrilateral formed by , , , is a rectangle. Note that this theorem is easily extended to prove the Japanese theorem for cyclic polygons. To prove the quadrilateral case, simply construct the parallelogram tangent to the corners of the constructed rectangle, with sides parallel to the diagonals of the quadrilateral.
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Cyclic Delay Diversity Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD) is a diversity scheme used in OFDM-based telecommunication systems, transforming spatial diversity into frequency diversity and thus avoiding intersymbol interference. CDD was introduced in 2001 and can gain frequency diversity at the receiver without changing the SISO receiver structure. The idea of CDD for OFDM had previously also been submitted as a patent application in September 2000.
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Both the overexcitation and chloride ion inhibition in the neuron then trigger convulsions. IPTBO’s function is related to two substances: cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. They are derivatives of ATP and GTP, respectively, that function as agents for intracellular signal transduction. Through testing a variety of doses of IPTBO on mice, researchers were able to study the corresponding effect on AMP and GMP Levels.
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By late in the century, cyclic form had become an extremely common principle of construction, most likely because the increasing length and complexity of multiple-movement works demanded a unifying method stronger than mere key relation. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Vincent d'Indy, a pupil of Franck, promoted the use of the term "cyclic" to describe the technique . The term is more debatable in cases where the resemblance is less clear, such as in the works of Beethoven, who used very basic fragments. Beethoven's Symphony No. 5 is an example of cyclic form in which a theme is used throughout the symphony, but with different orchestration.
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The general definition is as follows: a cyclic order on a set is a relation , written , that satisfies the following axioms: #Cyclicity: If then #Asymmetry: If then not #Transitivity: If and then #Totality: If , , and are distinct, then either or The axioms are named by analogy with the asymmetry, transitivity, and totality axioms for a binary relation, which together define a strict linear order. considered other possible lists of axioms, including one list that was meant to emphasize the similarity between a cyclic order and a betweenness relation. A ternary relation that satisfies the first three axioms, but not necessarily the axiom of totality, is a partial cyclic order.
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Although this reaction relies on the use of a secondary amine organocatalyst to generate the enamine species which is oxidized in the proposed mechanism, no enantioselective variant of this reaction exists. Diagram of Photoredox beta-arylation of aldehydes The development of this direct β-arylation of aldehydes led to related reactions for the β-functionalization of cyclic ketones. In particular, β-arylation of cyclic ketones has been achieved under similar reaction conditions, but using azepane as the secondary amine cocatalyst. A photocatalytic "homo-aldol" reaction works for cyclic ketones, allowing the coupling of the beta-position of the ketone to the ipso carbon of aryl ketones, such as benzophenone and acetophenone.
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The debate about the causes of cyclic sedimentation has been contentious in the past, and it remains unresolved. Sequence stratigraphy, the study of sea level change through the examination of sedimentary deposits, was developed from the centuries-old controversy over the origin of cyclic sedimentation and the relative importance of eustatic and tectonic factors on sea level change. Another problem with the study of cyclic sediments is that different researchers have different criteria with which they identify cycles and the surfaces that separate the sedimentary layers within the cycles. There is also not a consistent terminology and classification scheme to describe the nature of the cycles seen in the stratigraphic record.
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This form of photophosphorylation occurs on the stroma lamella or fret channels. In cyclic photophosphorylation, the high energy electron released from P700 of PS1 flow down in a cyclic pathway. In cyclic electron flow, the electron begins in a pigment complex called photosystem I, passes from the primary acceptor to ferredoxin and then to plastoquinone, then to cytochrome b6f (a similar complex to that found in mitochondria), and then to plastocyanin before returning to Photosystem-1. This transport chain produces a proton-motive force, pumping H+ ions across the membrane; this produces a concentration gradient that can be used to power ATP synthase during chemiosmosis.
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This is due to the fact that polymers have viscoelastic behavior and poor conductivity of heat, and they are more sensitive to their cyclic loading conditions than metal. Unlike metals and other materials, polymer do not cyclic harden; rather, polymers perform cyclic softening for most of the time, and the extent of which usually depends on the loading conditions of the experimental setup. In a rare case, polymers can also remain cyclically stable under small strain deformations, during which the polymer remain linearly elastic. However, mode III geometry has also been applied to test on twisted rubber disks for further understanding of its fracture behaviors.
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SbtB not only takes part in the binding process of ATP and ADP, but is also the first ever known protein to bind the nucleotide cAMP (Cyclic adenosine monophosphate). This cyclic nucleotide is a single-phosphate nucleotide with a cyclic bond between the phosphate and the sugar, and is a derivative from ATP. Furthermore, cAMP is a key-signaling molecule in a wide range of processes including the state of carbon metabolism in all organisms. Until now cAMP was widely known for its important role in the maintenance of glucose balance, but in identifying SbtB researchers have discovered a new carbon sensing mechanism through cAMP.
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Of particular interest for single cycle of a cyclic process are the net work done, and the net heat taken in (or 'consumed', in Clausius' statement), by the system. In a cyclic process in which the system does net work on its surroundings, it is observed to be physically necessary not only that heat be taken into the system, but also, importantly, that some heat leave the system. The difference is the heat converted by the cycle into work. In each repetition of a cyclic process, the net work done by the system, measured in mechanical units, is proportional to the heat consumed, measured in calorimetric units.
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Cyclic ADP Ribose, frequently abbreviated as cADPR, is a cyclic adenine nucleotide (like cAMP) with two phosphate groups present on 5' OH of the adenosine (like ADP), further connected to another ribose at the 5' position, which, in turn, closes the cycle by glycosidic bonding to the nitrogen 1 (N1) of the same adenine base (whose position N9 has the glycosidic bond to the other ribose). The N1-glycosidic bond to adenine is what distinguishes cADPR from ADP-ribose (ADPR), the non-cyclic analog. cADPR is produced from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) by ADP-ribosyl cyclases (EC 3.2.2.5) as part of a second messenger system.
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This process is accelerated by a complex containing an RGS (Regulator of G-protein signaling)-protein and the gamma-subunit of the effector, cyclic GMP Phosphodiesterase.
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The second edition has new chapters on cyclic redundancy code and other error-correcting codes. It also has a new appendix containing graphs of discrete functions.
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Thus, the trivial ring, consisting of a single element, is not a field. Every finite subgroup of the multiplicative group of a field is cyclic (see ).
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Cyclic quadrilaterals Quadrilaterals that can be circumscribed have particular properties including the fact that opposite angles are supplementary angles (adding up to 180° or π radians).
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Plasmodium berghei is found in the forests of Central Africa, where its natural cyclic hosts are the thicket rat (Grammomys surdaster) and the mosquito (Anopheles dureni).
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There are 170 different cyclic Gilbreath permutations on 12 elements, and therefore there are 170 different real periodic points of order 12 on the Mandelbrot set..
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Cyclic selenium sulfides R. Steudel, R. Laitinen, Topics in Current Chemistry, (1982), 102, 177-197 Many selenium sulfides are known as indicated by 77Se-NMR spectroscopy.
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Cyclic perfluorocarbons, such as perfluoromethylhexane and perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane, are generally believed to be better than acyclic ones as they can be detected at lower levels.
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Dienochlor is an organochlorine compound included in the group of cyclic chlorinated hydrocarbons. Its chemical formula is . Dienochlor is mostly used as a pesticide and ovicide.
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Its cyclic rate of fire is 570 rounds per minute. None of the approximately 400 manufactured were issued by any branches of the United States military.
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In human adrenocortical cells, eglumegad has been shown to down-regulate intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) and steroidogenesis, with a significant decrease in aldosterone and cortisol production.
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Combined with the higher oil recovery rates achieved, this means that SAGD is much more economic than cyclic steam processes where the reservoir is reasonably thick.
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Like benzene and other monocyclic aromatic molecules, polycyclics have a cyclic conjugated pi system with p-orbital overlap above and below the plane of the ring.
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The quotient group Dicn/A is a cyclic group of order 2. Dicn is solvable; note that A is normal, and being abelian, is itself solvable.
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In PDEs that are selective for either cAMP or cGMP, this glutamine is constrained by neighboring residues to a position favoring selectivity for either cyclic nucleotide.
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The round-robin item allocation protocol is a special case of a picking sequence in which the sequence is cyclic: 1, 2, ..., n, 1, 2, ..., n, ...
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And four more cyclic symmetries: Z15, Z5, Z3, and Z1, with Zn representing π/n radian rotational symmetry. On the pentadecagon, there are 8 distinct symmetries.
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The result led to the stimulation of the NAD(P)H enzyme and its cyclic pathway; causing a continuous increase in chlorophyll fluorescence levels within the oat.
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Later, the pre-big bang, ekpyrotic and cyclic proposals appeared. The ekpyrotic theory hypothesizes that the origin of the observable universe occurred when two parallel branes collided.
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2010, 12, 2418.Chem. Commun. 2006, 2977. The Baylis–Hillman adducts and their derivatives have been extensively utilized for the generation of heterocycles and other cyclic frameworks.
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If we restrict ourselves to finitely generated groups, we can consider the following arrangement of classes of groups: :cyclic < abelian < nilpotent < supersolvable < polycyclic < solvable < finitely generated group.
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In organic chemistry, acroleinide is a functional group which is composed of a cyclic ketal of a diol with acrolein. It is seen in acrocinonide (triamcinolone acroleinide).
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A number of hydrated forms are known which are actually cyclic metaphosphates, Ba2(P4O12)·3.5H2O, Ba3(P3O9)2·6H2O. Structure of a subunit of linear polyphosphate anion.
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Some species such as locusts experience large natural cyclic variations, experienced by farmers as plagues.Simpson, Stephen J.; Sword, Gregory A. (2008). "Locusts". Current Biology 18:r364-366.
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Cyclopropyl cyanide is an organic compound consisting of a nitrile group as a substituent on a cyclopropane ring. It is the smallest cyclic compound containing a nitrile.
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The utility of cyclic voltammetry is highly dependent on the analyte being studied. The analyte has to be redox active within the potential window to be scanned.
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Rohner, C. 1995. Great Horned Owls and snowshoe hares: what causes the time lag in the numerical response of predators to cyclic prey? Oikos 74:61-68.
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Frederick William Pavy (29 May 1829 – 19 September 1911) was a British physician and physiologist and the discoverer of Pavy's disease, a cyclic or recurrent physiologic albuminuria.
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Cyclic esters are called lactones, regardless of whether they are derived from an organic or an inorganic acid. One example of an organic lactone is γ-valerolactone.
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Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), which is abundant in the pulmonary tissue, hydrolyzes the cyclic bond of cGMP. Consequently, the concentration of cGMP (and thus PKG activity) decreases.
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A bridging peroxide group in ascaridole. Chondrillin is one of several naturally occurring 1,2-dioxenes. Prostaglandin H2, an endoperoxide (cyclic peroxide), is a precursor to other prostaglandins.
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The Gryazev- Shipunov GSh-6-23 and GSh-6-30 are Russian gas-powered rotary cannon with maximum cyclic rates of 9,000 to 10,000 rounds per minute.
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One application of phantom energy in 2007 was to a cyclic model of the universe, which reverses its expansion extremely shortly before the would-be Big Rip.
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Casein kinase activity associated with the endoplasmic reticulum of mammary glands was first characterized in 1974, and its activity was shown to not depend on cyclic AMP.
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They found that as the number of carbons increased, so did the enthalpy of activation for the reaction. This indicates that strain within the cyclic transition states is higher if there are more carbons in the ring. Since transannular strain is the largest source of strain in rings this size, the larger enthalpies of activation result in much slower cyclizations due to transannular interactions in the cyclic ethers.
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A cyclo[n]carbon is a chemical compound consisting solely of a number n of carbon atoms covalently linked in a ring. Since the compounds are composed only of carbon atoms, they are allotropes of carbon. Possible bonding patterns include all double bonds (a cyclic cumulene) or alternating single bonds and triple bonds (a cyclic polyyne). As of 2020, the only cyclocarbon that has been synthesized is cyclo[18]carbon.
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These proteins have either an EAL or an HD-GYP amino acid motif. Processes that are known to be regulated by cyclic di-GMP, at least in some organisms, include biofilm formation, motility and virulence factor production. Cyclic di-GMP levels are regulated using a variety of mechanisms. Many proteins with GGDEF, EAL or HD-GYP domains are found with other domains that can receive signals, such as PAS domains.
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High affinity cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 9A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PDE9A gene. The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the hydrolysis of cAMP and cGMP to their corresponding monophosphates. The encoded protein plays a role in signal transduction by regulating the intracellular concentration of these cyclic nucleotides. Multiple transcript variants encoding several different isoforms have been found for this gene.
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Given two elements , the open interval from to , written , is the set of all such that . The system of open intervals completely defines the cyclic order and can be used as an alternate definition of a cyclic order relation. An interval has a natural linear order given by . One can define half-closed and closed intervals , , and by adjoining as a least element and/or as a greatest element.
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A cyclic order on a finite set can be determined by an injection into the unit circle, . There are many possible functions that induce the same cyclic order—in fact, infinitely many. In order to quantify this redundancy, it takes a more complex combinatorial object than a simple number. Examining the configuration space of all such maps leads to the definition of an polytope known as a cyclohedron.
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A gold micro-electrode array was used for the cyclic voltammetry and anodic stripping voltammetry. Cyclic voltammetry is a method to study ions by applying a waveform of varying potential and measuring the current–voltage curve. Anodic stripping voltammetry first deposits the metal ions onto the gold electrode with an applied potential. After the potential is reversed, the current is measured while the metals are stripped off the electrode.
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These special monomers are utilized in both cell regulation and cell signaling as seen in adenosine-monophosphate (AMP). Furthermore, ribonucleotides can be converted to adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency in organisms. Ribonucleotides can be converted to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) to regulate hormones in organisms as well. In living organisms, the most common bases for ribonucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or uracil (U).
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The human genome contains at least 21 genes involved in determining the intracellular levels of cAMP and cGMP by the expression of phosphodiesterase proteins or PDE's. These PDE's are grouped into at least 11 functional subfamilies, named PDE1-PDE11. PDEs are enzymes that hydrolyze cyclic adenosine 3,5-monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine 3,5-monophospahate (cGMP), which are intracellular second messengers, into AMP and GMP. These second messengers control many physiological processes.
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A [1,5] shift involves the shift of 1 substituent (hydride, alkyl, or aryl) down 5 atoms of a π system. Hydrogen has been shown to shift in both cyclic and open-chain compounds at temperatures at or above 200 ˚C. These reactions are predicted to proceed suprafacially, via a Hückel- topology transition state. :[1,5] hydride shift in a cyclic system Photoirradiation would require an antarafacial shift of hydrogen.
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1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions have emerged as powerful tools in the synthesis of complex cyclic scaffolds and molecules for medicinal, biological, and mechanistic studies. Among them, [3+2] cycloaddition reactions involving carbonyl ylides have extensively been employed to generate oxygen-containing five-membered cyclic molecules.Synthetic Reactions of M=C and M=N Bonds: Ylide Formation, Rearrangement, and 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition; Hiyama, T. W., J., Ed.; Elsevier, 2007; Vol. 11.
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Such units, referred to as cyclic catalytic reformers, are not very common. Cyclic catalytic reformers serve to extend the period between required shutdowns. The latest and most modern type of catalytic reformers are called continuous catalyst regeneration (CCR) reformers. Such units are defined by continuous in-situ regeneration of part of the catalyst in a special regenerator, and by continuous addition of the regenerated catalyst to the operating reactors.
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Cyclic sediments (also called rhythmic sediments) are sequences of sedimentary rocks that are characterised by repetitive patterns of different rock types (strata) or facies within the sequence. Processes that generate sedimentary cyclicity can be either autocyclic or allocyclic, and can result in piles of sedimentary cycles hundreds or even thousands of metres thick. The study of sequence stratigraphy was developed from controversies over the causes of cyclic sedimentation.
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They are involved in sperm thermotaxis via at least two signaling pathways: a phospholipase C signaling pathway and a cyclic-nucleotide pathway. The former was shown by pharmacological means in human spermatozoa to involve the enzyme phospholipase C, an inositol trisphosphate receptor located on internal calcium stores, the calcium channel TRPC3, and intracellular calcium. The cyclic-nucleotide pathway was, hitherto, shown to involve phosphodiesterase. Blocking both pathways fully inhibits sperm thermotaxis.
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If the Galois group is supersolvable or more generally monomial, then all representations are of this form so the Artin conjecture holds. André Weil proved the Artin conjecture in the case of function fields. Two-dimensional representations are classified by the nature of the image subgroup: it may be cyclic, dihedral, tetrahedral, octahedral, or icosahedral. The Artin conjecture for the cyclic or dihedral case follows easily from Erich Hecke's work.
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An interesting feature of its crystals are the cyclic twins called trillings. These twinned crystals have a hexagonal appearance, but are the result of a triplet of twins with each "twin" oriented at 120° to its neighbors and taking up 120° of the cyclic trilling. If only two of the three possible twin orientations are present, a "V"-shaped twin results. Ordinary chrysoberyl is yellowish-green and transparent to translucent.
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These electrodes are generally encased in a rod of inert insulator with a disk exposed at one end. A regular working electrode has a radius within an order of magnitude of 1 mm. Having a controlled surface area with a well-defined shape is necessary for being able to interpret cyclic voltammetry results. To run cyclic voltammetry experiments at very high scan rates a regular working electrode is insufficient.
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A base abstracts the hydrogen atom alpha to the aromatic ketone, forming an enolate. Then, the enolate attacks the ester carbonyl to form a cyclic alkoxide. The cyclic intermediate is opened up to form a more stable phenolate, which is protonated during acidic work-up to give the desired product. The Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement mechanism To complete the construction of the chromone or flavone core, cyclodehydration is required.
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Older model helicopters use three independent servos to manipulate the swashplate. The elevator servo is used to tilt the swashplate forward and aft (longitudinal cyclic), varying the aircraft's pitch. The aileron servo is used to tilt the swashplate left and right (lateral cyclic), varying the aircraft's roll. The collective pitch servo raises and lowers the entire swashplate, varying the collective, and hence the pitch of all the rotor blades collectively.
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Depending on the prime factorization of n, some restrictions may be placed on the structure of groups of order n, as a consequence, for example, of results such as the Sylow theorems. For example, every group of order pq is cyclic when are primes with not divisible by q. For a necessary and sufficient condition, see cyclic number. If n is squarefree, then any group of order n is solvable.
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This figure has two faces visible, built of squares marked with As and Bs. The face of Cs is hidden inside the flexagon. A more complicated cyclic hexatetraflexagon requires no gluing. A cyclic hexatetraflexagon does not have any "dead ends", but the person making it can keep folding it until they reach the starting position. If the sides are colored in the process, the states can be seen more clearly.
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In coding theory, a cyclic code is a block code, where the circular shifts of each codeword gives another word that belongs to the code. They are error- correcting codes that have algebraic properties that are convenient for efficient error detection and correction. If 00010111 is a valid codeword, applying a right circular shift gives the string 10001011. If the code is cyclic, then 10001011 is again a valid codeword.
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The purpose of completing the hydrolysis of dichlorosilane is to collect the concentrated hydrolysis products, distill the solution, and retrieve a solution of [H2SiO]n oligomers in dichloromethane. These methods were used to obtain cyclic polysiloxanes. Another purpose for hydrolyzing dichlorosilane is to obtain linear polysiloxanes, and can be done by many different complex methods. The hydrolysis of dichlorosilane in diethyl ether, dichloromethane, or pentane gives cyclic and linear polysiloxanes.
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For each n > 1, the dicyclic group Dicn is a non-abelian group of order 4n. (For the degenerate case n = 1, the group Dic1 is the cyclic group C4, which is not considered dicyclic.) Let A = be the subgroup of Dicn generated by a. Then A is a cyclic group of order 2n, so [Dicn:A] = 2. As a subgroup of index 2 it is automatically a normal subgroup.
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As of February 2012, the Circular Permutation Database contains 2,238 circularly permuted protein pairs with known structures, and many more are known without structures. The CyBase database collects proteins that are cyclic, some of which are permuted variants of cyclic wild-type proteins. SISYPHUS is a database that contains a collection of hand-curated manual alignments of proteins with non-trivial relationships, several of which have circular permutations.
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Let q = (e2i/n)d be the d-th power of a primitive n-th root of unity. Let C be a cyclic group of order n generated by an element c. Let X be the set of k-element subsets of the n-element set {1, 2, ..., n}. The group C has a canonical action on X given by sending c to the cyclic permutation (1, 2, ..., n).
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Cyclic dinucleotides-second-messenger signaling molecules produced by diverse bacterial species were detected in the cytosol of mammalian cells during intracellular pathogen infection; this leads to activation of TBK1-IRF3 and the downstream production of type I interferon. STING has been shown to bind directly to cyclic di-GMP, and this recognition leads to the production of cytokines, such as type I interferon, that are essential for successful pathogen elimination.
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This substitution results in the releasing of the α subunit from the β and γ subunits. The alpha subunit specifically activates the next enzyme in the cascade, adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase manufactures cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP or cAMP), which activates protein kinase A (cAMP- dependent protein kinase). This enzyme, in turn, activates phosphorylase kinase, which then phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase b, converting it into the active form called phosphorylase a.
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Norrström, N., Getz, W. M., & Holmgren, N. M. A. (2006). Coevolution of exploiter specialization and victim mimicry can be cyclic and saltational. Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online. 2: 35-43.
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Sekar et al. [J Biol. Chem. 271: 8295-8299, 1996] clearly demonstrated the dissociation of 1-D-myo- inositol-1,2-cyclic-phosphate 2-inositolphosphohydrolase activity from annexin III.
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Note that the special case q = 0 results in a Chu sequence, and that q eq 0 results in cyclic shifts of the Chu sequence by q terms.
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Secondary and tertiary phosphines occur in cyclic forms. Three-membered rings are phosphiranes (unsaturated: phosphirenes), five-membered rings are phospholanes (unsaturated: phosphole), and six-membered rings are phosphinanes.
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In mathematics, a Baer group is a group in which every cyclic subgroup is subnormal. Every Baer group is locally nilpotent. Baer groups are named after Reinhold Baer.
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Conlin, Dan (2 October 2013). "An Owl Oddity", Maritime Museum of the Atlantic.Gross, A. O. (1947). Cyclic invasions of the snowy owl and the migration of 1945–1946.
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Because the value chain is cyclic, it can be used to model either a supply (post- production evaluation ) or a demand (pre-production evaluation) approach to knowledge markets.
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In organic chemistry, pentanonide is a functional group which is composed of a cyclic ketal of a diol with 3-pentanone. It is seen in amcinafal (triamcinolone pentanonide).
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In organic chemistry, cyclopentanonide is a functional group which is composed of a cyclic ketal of a diol with cyclopentanone. It is seen in amcinonide (triamcinolone acetate cyclopentanonide).
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She has continued her consistent advocacy for women's and children's issues and she has continually spoken out against retribution and the culture of cyclic political violence in Zimbabwe.
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The result is in good agreement with the observations.Jochmann, H., The Earth rotation as a cyclic process and as an indicator within the Earth's interior, Z. geol. Wiss.
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They regulate the localization, duration, and amplitude of cyclic nucleotide signaling within subcellular domains. PDEs are therefore important regulators of signal transduction mediated by these second messenger molecules.
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Sercos nodes are specified to provide a store and forward method of buffering non-Sercos messages should they be received at a node while cyclic communication is active.
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Laboratory studies have demonstrated cyclic changes in the melanin pigmentation of the tissue surrounding the testes. The dark pigmentation is lost during the breeding season and regained later.
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Methyl vinyl ketone, acetoacetic ester, and diethyl- methyl-(3-oxo-butyl)-ammonium iodide react to form a cyclic aldol product. Sodium methoxide is added to generate Hagemann's ester.
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Experiments were based on eight multiparous, non-lactating, cyclic Nili-Ravi buffaloes, 4-10 years old and with a body weight in the range of 450-600 kg.
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After each bounce, gravitational energy is converted into the matter and radiation that fuels the next cycle. To an observer, the evolution appears to be cyclic because the temperature, density, number of stars and galaxies, etc., are on average the same from one cyclic to the next and the observer cannot see far enough to know that there is more space. The fact that the universe expands overall from cycle to cycle means that the entropy produced in earlier cycles (by the formation of stars and other entropy- producing processes) is increasingly diluted as the cycles proceed and so does not have any physical effect on cosmic evolution. This growth from cycle to cycle and associated entropy dilution are features that distinguish these new cyclic models from versions discussed in the 1920s by Friedmann and Tolman, and explain how the new cyclic model avoids the “entropy problem” that beset the earlier versions.
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Cyclic compounds may or may not exhibit aromaticity; benzene is an example of an aromatic cyclic compound, while cyclohexane is non- aromatic. In organic chemistry, the term aromaticity is used to describe a cyclic (ring-shaped), planar (flat) molecule that exhibits unusual stability as compared to other geometric or connective arrangements of the same set of atoms. As a result of their stability, it is very difficult to cause aromatic molecules to break apart and to react with other substances. Organic compounds that are not aromatic are classified as aliphatic compounds—they might be cyclic, but only aromatic rings have especial stability (low reactivity). Since one of the most commonly encountered aromatic systems of compounds in organic chemistry is based on derivatives of the prototypical aromatic compound benzene (an aromatic hydrocarbon common in petroleum and its distillates), the word “aromatic” is occasionally used to refer informally to benzene derivatives, and this is how it was first defined.
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Cyclic codes are a kind of block code with the property that the circular shift of a codeword will always yield another codeword. This motivates the following general definition: For a string s over an alphabet Σ, let shift(s) denote the set of circular shifts of s, and for a set L of strings, let shift(L) denote the set of all circular shifts of strings in L. If L is a cyclic code, then shift(L) ⊆ L; this is a necessary condition for L being a cyclic language. The operation shift(L) has been studied in formal language theory. For instance, if L is a context-free language, then shift(L) is again context-free.
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The pitch is changed so that each blade will have the same angle of incidence as it passes the same point in the cycle, changing the lift generated by the blade at that point and causing each blade to fly up or down in sequence as it passes the same point. If the pilot pushes the cyclic forward, the rotor disk tilts forward. If the pilot pushes the cyclic to the right, the rotor disk tilts to the right. Cyclic control in a Robinson R22 Any rotor system has a delay between the point in rotation where the controls introduce a change in pitch and the point where the desired change in the rotor blade's flight occurs.
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The Lemoine hexagon is a cyclic hexagon (one inscribed in a circle) with vertices given by the six intersections of the edges of a triangle and the three lines that are parallel to the edges that pass through its symmedian point. If the successive sides of a cyclic hexagon are a, b, c, d, e, f, then the three main diagonals intersect in a single point if and only if .Cartensen, Jens, "About hexagons", Mathematical Spectrum 33(2) (2000–2001), 37–40. If, for each side of a cyclic hexagon, the adjacent sides are extended to their intersection, forming a triangle exterior to the given side, then the segments connecting the circumcenters of opposite triangles are concurrent.
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The machine gun has an automatic-only trigger mechanism and a cross-bolt safety in the form of a button that is operated by the shooting hand (in its "safe" position the bolt release is disabled). The weapon fires from an open bolt. The cyclic rate can be altered by installing different bolts and recoil springs. A heavier bolt uses more recoil energy to overcome inertia, thus slowing the action. On MG 3 machine guns, two types of bolts are available, with standard weight (about ) for the standard 1,000–1,300 rounds per minute cyclic rate of fire and with extra weight (about ) for a slower 800–950 rounds per minute cyclic rate of fire.
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Sue Geller has an extensive and largely interdisciplinary research background with a variety of focus areas, including bioinformatics, biostatistics, computational biology, algebraic K-theory, cyclic homology, and mathematics education. Throughout her career as a mathematician, Geller has published over thirty research publications, earning her notability as an accomplished interdisciplinary researcher. Geller's research in the fields of algebraic K-theory, cyclic homology, and Hochschild homology focuses on determining the relationships between K-theory and homology theories and exploiting these relationships to provide algorithms for computing K-theory and cyclic homology. Her algebraic research has been published in a variety of academic journals, as well as presented at the 1983 Summer Research Conference held by the American Mathematical Society (AMS).
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The second Prüfer theorem states that a countable periodic abelian group whose elements have finite height is isomorphic to a direct sum of cyclic groups. Examples show that the assumption that the group be countable cannot be removed. The two Prüfer theorems follow from a general criterion of decomposability of an abelian group into a direct sum of cyclic subgroups due to L. Ya. Kulikov: > An abelian p-group A is isomorphic to a direct sum of cyclic groups if and > only if it is a union of a sequence {Ai} of subgroups with the property that > the heights of all elements of Ai are bounded by a constant (possibly > depending on i).
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As the data spectrum A_j is arbitrary, the role of G_j is to specify those j where C_j will be zero. Thus, cyclic codes can also be defined as Given a set of spectral indices, A = (j_1,...., j_{n-k}), whose elements are called check frequencies, the cyclic code C is the set of words over GF(q) whose spectrum is zero in the components indexed by j_1,..., j_{n-k}. Any such spectrum C will have components of the form A_jG_j. So, cyclic codes are vectors in the field GF(q) and the spectrum given by its inverse fourier transform is over the field GF(q^m) and are constrained to be zero at certain components.
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For every positive integer n, the set of the integers modulo n that are relatively prime to n is written as (Z/nZ)×; it forms a group under the operation of multiplication. This group is not always cyclic, but is so whenever n is 1, 2, 4, a power of an odd prime, or twice a power of an odd prime ... This is the multiplicative group of units of the ring Z/nZ; there are φ(n) of them, where again φ is the Euler totient function. For example, (Z/6Z)× = {1,5}, and since 6 is twice an odd prime this is a cyclic group. In contrast, (Z/8Z)× = {1,3,5,7} is a Klein 4-group and is not cyclic.
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If d is a divisor of n, then the number of elements in Z/nZ which have order d is φ(d), and the number of elements whose order divides d is exactly d. If G is a finite group in which, for each , G contains at most n elements of order dividing n, then G must be cyclic. The order of an element m in Z/nZ is n/gcd(n,m). If n and m are coprime, then the direct product of two cyclic groups Z/nZ and Z/mZ is isomorphic to the cyclic group Z/nmZ, and the converse also holds: this is one form of the Chinese remainder theorem.
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As an important special case, which is used as a subroutine in the general algorithm (see below), the Pohlig–Hellman algorithm applies to groups whose order is a prime power. The basic idea of this algorithm is to iteratively compute the p-adic digits of the logarithm by repeatedly "shifting out" all but one unknown digit in the exponent, and computing that digit by elementary methods. (Note that for readability, the algorithm is stated for cyclic groups — in general, G must be replaced by the subgroup \langle g\rangle generated by g, which is always cyclic.) :Input. A cyclic group G of order n=p^e with generator g and an element h\in G. :Output.
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Cycloheptanone, (CH2)6CO, is a cyclic ketone also referred to as suberone. It is a colourless volatile liquid. Cycloheptanone is used as a precursor for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals.
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The reactive nature of the cyclic-diester allows good reactivity even for alcohols as hindered as t-butanol. Ketoesters of this type are useful in the Knorr pyrrole synthesis.
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Etamycin, also known as viridogrisein, is a cyclic peptide antibiotic isolate of marine actinomycete. Etamycin was first isolated from a Streptomyces species in 1957 by Lawson and co-workers.
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Hegira is a 1979 science fiction novel by American writer Greg Bear. It deals with themes including cyclic time, artificial intelligence, artificial life, and artificial structures of planetary scale.
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Conversely showed that a compact complex surface with vanishing the second Betti number and whose fundamental group contains an infinite cyclic subgroup of finite index is a Hopf surface.
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Intramolecular termination is called backbiting and results in the formation of cyclic oligomers. Initiators are strong electrophiles such as triflic acid. Triflic anhydride is an initiator for bifunctional polymer.
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In acetylene, the H–C≡C bond angles are 180°. By virtue of this bond angle, alkynes are rod- like. Correspondingly, cyclic alkynes are rare. Benzyne is highly unstable.
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For real-time data (cyclic data and alarms), the Profinet Real-Time (RT) telegrams are transmitted directly via Ethernet. UDP/IP is used for the transmission of acyclic data.
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There is an analogue of Artin–Schreier theory which describes cyclic extensions in characteristic p of p-power degree (not just degree p itself), using Witt vectors, developed by .
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People in Makale mostly work as businessmen. They trade livestock, rice, and pigs. There is a six-day cyclic market that has become the main attraction of the city.
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In this paper, we study synchronal and cyclic algorithms for finding a common fixed point x ∗ of a finite family of strictly pseudocontractive mappings, which solve the variational inequality.
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The original emulation of a Turing machine used the following simulation strategy: Turing machine → 2-tag system → cyclic tag system → Rule 110, but the 2-tag system contained an exponential time overhead due to the encoding of the Turing machine's tape using a unary numeral system. Neary and Woods (2006) modified the construction to perform the simulation as Turing machine → clockwise Turing machine → cyclic tag system → Rule 110, which requires only polynomial overhead.
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To control the collective pitch of the main rotor blades, the entire swashplate must be moved up or down along its axis without changing the orientation of the cyclic controls. Conventionally, the entire swashplate is moved along the mainshaft by a separate actuator. However, some newer model helicopters remove this mechanically complex separation of functionalities by using three interdependent actuators that can each move the entire swashplate. This is called cyclic/collective pitch mixing.
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The bacterial CAP or CRP proteins are the closest related non-Popdcproteins. CRP proteins function as cyclic nucleotide- regulated transcription factors that modulate the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. The cyclic AMP-binding domains of these proteins display approximately 25% identity and 60% similarity to the Popeye domain. Significant structural similarity is evident between the Popeye domain and cAMP binding domains of eukaryotic protein kinase A (PKA) and HCN channels.
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Let G be the cyclic group on 6 elements {0,1,2,3,4,5} with modular addition, H be the cyclic on 2 elements {0,1} with modular addition, and f the homomorphism that maps each element g in G to the element g modulo 2 in H. Then ker f = {0, 2, 4}, since all these elements are mapped to 0H. The quotient group G/(ker f) has two elements: {0,2,4} and {1,3,5}. It is indeed isomorphic to H.
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In forward flight a helicopter's flight controls behave more like those of a fixed-wing aircraft. Displacing the cyclic forward will cause the nose to pitch down, with a resultant increase in airspeed and loss of altitude. Aft cyclic will cause the nose to pitch up, slowing the helicopter and causing it to climb. Increasing collective (power) while maintaining a constant airspeed will induce a climb while decreasing collective will cause a descent.
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Assisted colonization was initially referred to as "assisted migration" when it was first proposed. The terminology was later criticized for being reminiscent of natural, cyclic animal migrations in response to changing seasons. The term "assisted migration" was met with criticism, as it incorrectly inferred human assistance with natural cyclic animal migrations in response to changing seasons. It was renamed "assisted colonization", as colonization more accurately describes the natural phenomenon humans were seeking.
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If K ⊂ S3 is a knot or a link, the symmetry group of the knot (resp. link) is defined to be the mapping class group of the pair (S3, K). The symmetry group of a hyperbolic knot is known to be dihedral or cyclic, moreover every dihedral and cyclic group can be realized as symmetry groups of knots. The symmetry group of a torus knot is known to be of order two Z2.
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Oxidoreductase NAD-binding domain is an evolutionary conserved protein domain. Xanthine dehydrogenases, that also bind FAD/NAD, have essentially no similarity. Bacterial ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase may be bound to the thylakoid membrane or anchored to the thylakoid-bound phycobilisomes. Chloroplast ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase () may play a key role in regulating the relative amounts of cyclic and non-cyclic electron flow to meet the demands of the plant for ATP and reducing power.
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The delayed onset of clinical effects from antidepressants indicates involvement of adaptive changes in antidepressant effects. Rodent studies have consistently shown upregulation of the 3, 5-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) system induced by different types of chronic but not acute antidepressant treatment, including serotonin and norepinephrine uptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, lithium and electroconvulsions. cAMP is synthesized from adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) by adenylyl cyclase and metabolized by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs).
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A phosphodiesterase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds, for instance a bond in a molecule of cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP. An enzyme that plays an important role in the repair of oxidative DNA damage is the 3'-phosphodiesterase. During the replication of DNA, there is a hole between the phosphates in the backbone left by DNA polymerase I. DNA ligase is able to form a phosphodiester bond between the nucleotides.
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PSI is able to continue the electron transfer in two different ways. It can transfer the electrons either to plastoquinol again, creating a cyclic electron flow, or to an enzyme called FNR (Ferredoxin—NADP(+) reductase), creating a non- cyclic electron flow. PSI releases FNR into the stroma, where it reduces to NADPH. Activities of the electron transport chain, especially from cytochrome b6f, lead to pumping of protons from the stroma to the lumen.
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The conjecture is implied by Thurston's geometrization conjecture, which was proven by Grigori Perelman in 2003. The conjecture was independently proven for groups whose actions have fixed points—this special case is known as the Smith conjecture. It is also proven for various groups acting without fixed points, such as cyclic groups whose orders are a power of two (George Livesay, Robert Myers) and cyclic groups of order 3 (J. Hyam Rubinstein).
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The other pathway, non-cyclic photophosphorylation, is a two-stage process involving two different chlorophyll photosystems. Being a light reaction, non-cyclic photophosphorylation occurs in the thylakoid membrane. First, a water molecule is broken down into 2H+ \+ 1/2 O2 \+ 2e− by a process called photolysis (or light-splitting). The two electrons from the water molecule are kept in photosystem II, while the 2H+ and 1/2O2 are left out for further use.
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16 bits are available for cyclic transmission using ASi-5. A cyclic transmission of up to 32 bytes per participant is possible. An acyclic parameter channel with up to 256 bytes is available for each device as well. ASi-5 is to provide a set of up to 1536 binary inputs and 1536 binary outputs per Ethernet address. 1.2 ms cycle time can be achieved by the system for up to 24 participants.
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Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP or cyclic AMP) is a second messenger that has been implicated in facilitating mushroom body calcium influx in Drosophila melanogaster mushroom body neurons. cAMP elevation induces presynaptic plasticity in Drosophila. cAMP levels are affected by both neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and octopamine, and odors themselves. Dopamine and octopamine are released by mushroom body interneurons, while odors directly activate neurons in the olfactory pathway, causing calcium influx through voltage-gated calcium channels.
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Vinylene carbonate (VC) or 1,3-dioxol-2-one, is the simplest unsaturated cyclic carbonic acid ester. Vinylene carbonate can also be thought of as the cyclic carbonate of the hypothetical (Z)-ethene-1,2-diol. The activated double bond in this five-membered oxygen-containing heterocycle makes the molecule a reactive monomer for homopolymerization and copolymerization and a dienophile in Diels-Alder reactions. Below room temperature vinylene carbonate is a colorless stable solid.
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Babai dates Jordan's result to 1869, but includes only an 1895 paper of Jordan in his bibliography. in particular, the cyclic group of order three is not the symmetry group of a tree. Planar graphs are also not capable of realizing all groups as their symmetries; for instance, the only finite simple groups that are symmetries of planar graphs are the cyclic groups and the alternating group A_5., discussion following Theorem 1.17.
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When it is no longer a vehicle for > reintegrating a primordial situation ... that is, when it is desacralized, > cyclic time becomes terrifying; it is seen as a circle forever turning on > itself, repeating itself to infinity.The Sacred and the Profane, p. 107 When the world becomes desacralized, the traditional cyclic view of time is too firmly entrenched to simply vanish. It survives, but in a profane form (such as the myth of reincarnation).
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Penetration twins of strontainite are rarer; penetration twins are made up of interpenetrating individuals that are related to each other by rotation about a twin axis. Repeated twins are made up of three or more individuals twinned according to the same law. If all the twin planes are parallel then the twin is polysynthetic, otherwise it is cyclic. In strontianite repeated twinning forms cyclic twins with three or four individuals, or polysynthetic twins.
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The iterated wreath products of cyclic groups of order p are very important examples of p-groups. Denote the cyclic group of order p as W(1), and the wreath product of W(n) with W(1) as W(n + 1). Then W(n) is the Sylow p-subgroup of the symmetric group Sym(pn). Maximal p-subgroups of the general linear group GL(n,Q) are direct products of various W(n).
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The cyclic molecule has a hemiacetal or hemiketal group, depending on whether the linear form was an aldose or a ketose.Voet (2005), pp. 358–359. In these cyclic forms, the ring usually has 5 or 6 atoms. These forms are called furanoses and pyranoses, respectively—by analogy with furan and pyran, the simplest compounds with the same carbon-oxygen ring (although they lack the carbon-carbon double bonds of these two molecules).
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The YdaO/YuaA leader (now called the cyclic di-AMP riboswitch) is a conserved RNA structure found upstream of the ydaO and yuaA genes in Bacillus subtilis and related genes in other bacteria. Its secondary structure and gene associations were predicted by bioinformatics. These RNAs function as riboswitches, and sense the signaling molecule cyclic di-AMP. The interaction between the riboswitch and c-di-AMP has been revealed in atomic-resolution structures.
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The phenomenon of crack closure was first discovered by Elber in 1970. He observed that a contact between the fracture surfaces could take place even during cyclic tensile loading. The crack closure effect helps explain a wide range of fatigue data, and is especially important in the understanding of the effect of stress ratio (less closure at higher stress ratio) and short cracks (less closure than long cracks for the same cyclic stress intensity).
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This protein functions in the cellular export of its substrate, cyclic nucleotides. This export contributes to the degradation of phosphodiesterases and possibly an elimination pathway for cyclic nucleotides. Studies show that this protein provides resistance to thiopurine anticancer drugs, 6-mercatopurine and thioguanine, and the anti-HIV drug 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine. This protein may be involved in resistance to thiopurines in acute lymphoblastic leukemia and antiretroviral nucleoside analogs in HIV-infected patients.
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Like other difunctional benzene derivatives, catechol readily condenses to form heterocyclic compounds. Cyclic esters are formed upon treatment with dichloro electrophiles. For example, using phosphorus trichloride or phosphorus oxychloride gives the cyclic chlorophosphonite or chlorophosphonate, respectively; sulfuryl chloride gives the sulfate; and phosgene gives the carbonate: :C6H4(OH)2 \+ XCl2 → C6H4(O2X) + 2 HCl ::where X = PCl or P(O)Cl; SO2; CO. Catechols produce quinones with the addition of ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN).
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SAE is a variant of the Dragonfly Key Exchange defined in , based on Diffie–Hellman key exchange using finite cyclic groups which can be a primary cyclic group or an elliptic curve. The problem of using Diffie–Hellman key exchange is that it does not have an authentication mechanism. So the resulting key is influenced by a pre-shared key and the MAC addresses of both peers to solve the authentication problem.
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This substitution results in the releasing of the α subunit from the β and γ subunits. The alpha subunit specifically activates the next enzyme in the cascade, adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase manufactures cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP or cAMP), which activates protein kinase A (cAMP-dependent protein kinase). This enzyme, in turn, activates phosphorylase kinase, which then phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase b (PYG b), converting it into the active form called phosphorylase a (PYG a).
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For , we may take . Then is cyclic of order six. Let us take the generator of this group which sends to . We are interested in the subgroup of order two.
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Pristinamycin IA (Mikamycin B) is an antibiotic cyclic peptide. It is a member of the streptogramin B group of antibiotics and one component of pristinamycin (the other being pristinamycin IIA).
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In mathematics, the generalized symmetric group is the wreath product S(m,n) := Z_m \wr S_n of the cyclic group of order m and the symmetric group of order n.
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In Buddhism, Jāti (Sanskrit/Pāli), "birth", refers to physical birth; to rebirth, the arising of a new living entity within saṃsāra (cyclic existence); and to the arising of mental phenomena.
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Helicopters are steered by cyclic control, changing the thrust vector of the main rotor(s), and by anti-torque control, usually provided by a tail rotor (see helicopter flight controls).
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While enriched glycine and proline in exon 1 and 3 introduce cyclic structures into the protein, tyrosine residuals are able to form di- and tri-tyrosine cross-links between proteins.
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The vast majority of cyclic compounds are organic, and of these, a significant and conceptually important portion are composed of rings made only of carbon atoms (i.e., they are carbocycles).
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Prélude, Choral et Fugue, FWV 21 is a work for solo piano written in 1884 by César Franck. This work is an exemplar of Franck's distinctive use of cyclic form.
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RNA 2',3'-cyclic phosphate and 5'-OH ligase is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RTCB gene. It is found in the stress granule of cells.
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Cyclic/collective pitch mixing (CCPM) is a control concept employed in collective pitch radio-controlled helicopters. CCPM reduces mechanical complexity and increases precision of control of the helicopter rotor's swashplate.
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Dorman Luke's construction can only be used where a polyhedron has such an intersphere and the vertex figure is cyclic. For instance, it can be applied to the uniform polyhedra.
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Neuroscience of addiction. Neuron, 21, 467–476.Pandey, S.C. (2004). The gene transcription factor cyclic AMP responsive element binding protein: role in positive and negative affective states of alcohol addiction.
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DABCO can be used to synthesize doubly-charged styrenic monomers. These ionic monomers allow synthesis of polyelectrolytes and ionomers with two cyclic quaternary ammonium cations on each ionic pendant group.
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The autocannon has a cyclic rate of fire of 740 rounds per minute, with the gunner being able to switch between semiautomatic, limited burst, or fully automatic fire as necessary.
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G protein-coupled receptor-activated Gsα binds to the enzyme adenylyl cyclase, increasing its rate of conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP. Gsα has been shown to interact with RIC8A.
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The most extreme form of these patterns is termed discontinuous gas exchange cycles (DGC). Recent modeling has described the mechanism of air transport in cyclic gas exchange computationally and analytically.
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Supramolecular helix of diethylamine Diethylamine is the smallest and simplest molecule that features a supramolecular helix as its lowest energy aggregate. Other similarly sized hydrogen-bonding molecules favor cyclic structures.
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In plant Oldenlandia affinis it generates antimicrobial cyclic peptides which are important for defence against pathogens in plants. The herb has been used in native African medicine to accelerate childbirth.
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Using Arbin BT-200 Battery Tester, the cell was electrochemically cycled at room temperature. By using a Solarton workstation, the cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of cells were performed.
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Cyclic olefin copolymers are prepared by copolymerization of ethene and cycloolefins (usually norbornene) produced by using metallocene catalysts. The resulting polymers are amorphous polymers and particularly transparent and heat resistant.
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In mathematics, a group is supersolvable (or supersoluble) if it has an invariant normal series where all the factors are cyclic groups. Supersolvability is stronger than the notion of solvability.
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Luecke, Marc Culler, Cameron Gordon, and Peter Shalen proved the cyclic surgery theorem. In a 1989 paperCameron Gordon and John Luecke, Knots are determined by their complements. J. Amer. Math. Soc.
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Other examples are the cyclic geminal diols decahydroxycyclopentane (C5(OH)10) and dodecahydroxycyclohexane (C6(OH)12), which are stable, whereas the corresponding oxocarbons (C5O5 and C6O6) do not seem to be.
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This reaction occurs mainly in four-membered cyclic molecules. Once ionized, it produces a distonic ion and then further fragments to yield an ethene radical ion and a neutral ethene molecule.
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43, p.101 (1963). link It is a regular heptagonal, planar, cyclic ion; as well, it has 6 π-electrons (4n + 2, where n = 1), which fulfills Hückel's rule of aromaticity.
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Charcoal's porosity brings better retention of organic matter, of water and of dissolved nutrients, Cited in . as well as of pollutants such as pesticides and aromatic poly-cyclic hydrocarbons. Cited in .
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The venturamides are cyclic peptides isolated from Oscillatoria, a Panamanian marine cyanobacterium. They have anti-malarial activity, and are the first peptides with this activity to have been found in cyanobacteria.
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From the definition it is apparent that the ring of split-complex numbers is isomorphic to the group ring R[C2] of the cyclic group C2 over the real numbers R.
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Phyllis E. Weingarten and David L. Guyton, Volume=6, Chapter 97: Surgery to Correct Cyclotropia Experiments have also been made on whether cyclic deviations can be assessed by purely photographic means.
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Enduracididine is a non-proteinogenic α-amino acid that is a cyclic analogue of arginine. It is not genetically encoded into peptide sequences, but rather is generated as a posttranslational modification.
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Kammarheit is a Swedish dark ambient project. The only member of this project is Pär Boström, who is a resident of Umeå, Sweden. It currently runs on the label Cyclic Law.
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Calcium ions or cyclic AMP (cAMP) act as secondary messengers. This is an example of negative control. The calcium ions activate phosphorylase kinase. This activates glycogen phosphorylase and inhibits glycogen synthase.
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The selector had semi automatic and three-round-burst settings. The select fire version has a cyclic rate of fire of 1800 rounds per minute on the three round burst setting.
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Photoperiod appears to be the exogenous cue that triggers the cyclic changes in behavior. The presence of this seasonal behavior indicates that a circadian neural mechanism may exist in hardhead catfish.
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The WRR scheduler has a cyclic behavior. In each cycle, each queue q_i has w_i emissions opportunities. The different WRR algorithms differ on the distributions of these opportunities in the cycle.
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Liszt made yet more changes before publication in 1856. Béla Bartók described it as "the first perfect realisation of cyclic sonata form, with common themes being treated on the variation principle".
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Then, the decimal expansions of for n = 1, 2, ..., p − 1, all have period p − 1 and differ only by a cyclic permutation. Such numbers p are called full repetend primes.
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In algebra, a cyclic division algebra is one of the basic examples of a division algebra over a field, and plays a key role in the theory of central simple algebras.
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This protein functions in the inhibition of phospholipase A2 and cleavage of inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate to form inositol 1-phosphate. This protein may also play a role in anti-coagulation.
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1,3-Propane sultone is the organosulfur compound with the formula (CH2)3SO3. It is a cyclic sulfonate ester, a class of compounds called sultones. It is a readily melting colorless solid.
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The outer automorphism group is cyclic of order f where q3 = pf and p is prime. This group is also sometimes called 3D4(q), D42(q3), or a twisted Chevalley group.
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In three-dimensional topology, a branch of mathematics, the cyclic surgery theorem states that, for a compact, connected, orientable, irreducible three- manifold M whose boundary is a torus T, if M is not a Seifert-fibered space and r,s are slopes on T such that their Dehn fillings have cyclic fundamental group, then the distance between r and s (the minimal number of times that two simple closed curves in T representing r and s must intersect) is at most 1. Consequently, there are at most three Dehn fillings of M with cyclic fundamental group. The theorem appeared in a 1987 paper written by Marc Culler, Cameron Gordon, John Luecke and Peter Shalen.M. Culler, C. Gordon, J. Luecke, P. Shalen (1987).
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Often the Routhian approach may offer no advantage, but one notable case where this is useful is when a system has cyclic coordinates (also called "ignorable coordinates"), by definition those coordinates which do not appear in the original Lagrangian. The Lagrangian equations are powerful results, used frequently in theory and practice, since the equations of motion in the coordinates are easy to set up. However, if cyclic coordinates occur there will still be equations to solve for all the coordinates, including the cyclic coordinates despite their absence in the Lagrangian. The Hamiltonian equations are useful theoretical results, but less useful in practice because coordinates and momenta are related together in the solutions - after solving the equations the coordinates and momenta must be eliminated from each other.
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A subgroup, , of an abelian group, , is called p-basic, for a fixed prime number, , if the following conditions hold: # is a direct sum of cyclic groups of order and infinite cyclic groups; # is a p-pure subgroup of ; # The quotient group, , is a p-divisible group. Conditions 1–3 imply that the subgroup, , is Hausdorff in the p-adic topology of , which moreover coincides with the topology induced from , and that is dense in . Picking a generator in each cyclic direct summand of creates a p-basis of B, which is analogous to a basis of a vector space or a free abelian group. Every abelian group, , contains p-basic subgroups for each , and any 2 p-basic subgroups of are isomorphic.
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A rectangle (equiangular quadrilateral) with integer side lengths may be tiled by unit squares, and an equiangular hexagon with integer side lengths may be tiled by unit equilateral triangles. Some but not all equilateral dodecagons may be tiled by a combination of unit squares and equilateral triangles; the rest may be tiled by these two shapes together with rhombi with 30 and 150 degree angles. A cyclic polygon is equiangular if and only if the alternate sides are equal (that is, sides 1, 3, 5, ... are equal and sides 2, 4, ... are equal). Thus if n is odd, a cyclic polygon is equiangular if and only if it is regular.De Villiers, Michael, "Equiangular cyclic and equilateral circumscribed polygons", Mathematical Gazette 95, March 2011, 102-107.
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The Raven used Hiller's "Rotor-Matic" cyclic control system, with two small servo rotor paddles offset 90 degrees to the main rotor blades. The paddles were attached to the control column, so that movement of the column would cause the pitch of the servo paddles to change, loading the main rotor blade so that the desired cyclic changes to the rotor occurred.Bridgman 1953, pp. 240–241. The OH-23 had a top speed of 97 mph (84 knots).
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Boc groups on the ornithine as well as methylation of select amide nitrogens to force cyclic conformation. Gramicidin S differs from other gramicidin types in that it is a cationic cyclic decapeptide and has a structure of an anti-parallel beta-sheet. Gramicidin S molecule is amphiphilic, with hydrophobic amino acids (D-Phe, Val, Leu side chains) and charged aminoacid (L-Orn). It exhibits strong antibiotic activity towards Gram-negative and Gram-positive and even several pathogenic fungi.
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The Hasse–Minkowski theorem states that the local–global principle holds for the problem of representing 0 by quadratic forms over the rational numbers (which is Minkowski's result); and more generally over any number field (as proved by Hasse), when one uses all the appropriate local field necessary conditions. Hasse's theorem on cyclic extensions states that the local–global principle applies to the condition of being a relative norm for a cyclic extension of number fields.
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Circumscribed circle, C, and circumcenter, O, of a cyclic polygon, P In geometry, the circumscribed circle or circumcircle of a polygon is a circle that passes through all the vertices of the polygon. The center of this circle is called the circumcenter and its radius is called the circumradius. Not every polygon has a circumscribed circle. A polygon that does have one is called a cyclic polygon, or sometimes a concyclic polygon because its vertices are concyclic.
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The Conway polynomial is chosen to be primitive, so that each of its roots generates the multiplicative group of the associated finite field. The subfields of Fpn are fields Fpm with m dividing n. The cyclic group formed from the non-zero elements of Fpm is a subgroup of the cyclic group of Fpn. If α generates the latter, then the smallest power of α that generates the former is αr where r = (pn − 1)/(pm − 1).
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Transition state III is favored for reductions of alkyl ketones in which RM is an electron-withdrawing group, because the nucleophile and electron-withdrawing substituent prefer to be as far away from one another as possible. Diastereoselectivity in reductions of cyclic ketones has also been studied. Conformationally flexible ketones undergo axial attack by the hydride reagent, leading to the equatorial alcohol. Rigid cyclic ketones, on the other hand, undergo primarily equatorial attack to afford the axial alcohol.
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A 5-element cycle A cyclic order on a set with elements is like an arrangement of on a clock face, for an -hour clock. Each element in has a "next element" and a "previous element", and taking either successors or predecessors cycles exactly once through the elements as . There are a few equivalent ways to state this definition. A cyclic order on is the same as a permutation that makes all of into a single cycle.
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As the aircraft approaches retreating blade stall conditions, it will shudder and the nose will begin to pitch up. The resultant upward pitching of the nose will naturally begin to correct the situation as it results in slowing the aircraft. If forced to continue the acceleration via flight controls (forward cyclic + collective), it may roll to the side of the retreating blade. Recovery involves lowering the collective pitch, relieving forward pressure on the cyclic or more commonly, both.
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Together, they conducted further research on the mechanism of hormone action at the molecular level. During his ten years at Case Western Reserve University, Sutherland made several ground-breaking discoveries that led to the identification of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, or cyclic AMP, and its role as a secondary messenger. In 1963, Sutherland became professor of physiology at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, Tennessee. His position allowed him to devote more time to his research.
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The proof that A730 loop is the active site of the VS ribozyme is very evident, and that A756 plays an important role in its activity. The cleavage reaction works by an SN2 reaction mechanism. The nucleophilic attack of the 2’-oxygen on the 3’-phosphate will create a cyclic 2’3’ phosphate by the 5’-oxygen leaving. The ligation reaction occurs in reverse in which the 5’-oxygen attacks the 3’-phosphate of the cyclic phosphate.
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Self-loading firearms are designed with varying rates of fire due to having different purposes. The speed with which a self-loading firearm can cycle through the functions of: #Fire #Eject #Load #Cock is referred to as its cyclic rate. In fully automatic firearms, the cyclic rate is tailored to the purpose the firearm is intended to serve. Anti-aircraft machine guns often have extremely high rates of fire to maximize the probability of a hit.
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While it proceeds through an intermediate bicycle the final cyclization and ring opening take place within the same radical reaction.Dowd, P.; Choi; S. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 3493–3494 This expansion is useful because it allows the expansion of a beta-ketoester to a large cyclic ketone which can easily be elaborated using either the cyclic ketone or the exocyclic ester.The bond migration steps in the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation (A) and the Beckmann rearrangement (B).
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The structure of cyclic ADP- ribose. Another function of this coenzyme in cell signaling is as a precursor of cyclic ADP-ribose, which is produced from NAD by ADP-ribosyl cyclases, as part of a second messenger system. This molecule acts in calcium signaling by releasing calcium from intracellular stores. It does this by binding to and opening a class of calcium channels called ryanodine receptors, which are located in the membranes of organelles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum.
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The systematic use of cyclic difference sets and methods for the construction of symmetric block designs dates back to R. C. Bose and a seminal paper of his in 1939. However, various examples appeared earlier than this, such as the "Paley Difference Sets" which date back to 1933. The generalization of the cyclic difference set concept to more general groups is due to R.H. Bruck in 1955. Multipliers were introduced by Marshall Hall Jr. in 1947.
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Comparison of the current response of a platinum disc electrode in 1 M sulphuric acid given by linear sweep cyclic voltammetry and staircase cyclic voltammetry methods. Staircase voltammetry suppresses the non-faradaic adsorption of hydrogen. The experimental setup for linear sweep voltammetry utilizes a potentiostat and a three-electrode setup to deliver a potential to a solution and monitor its change in current. The three-electrode setup consists of a working electrode, an auxiliary electrode, and a reference electrode.
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A cyclic flower is a flower type formed out of a series of whorls; sets of identical organs attached around the axis at the same point. Most flowers consist of a single whorl of sepals termed a calyx; a single whorl of petals termed a corolla; one or more whorls of stamens (together termed the androecium); and a single whorl of carpels termed the gynoecium. This is a cyclic arrangement. Some flowers contain flower parts with a spiral arrangement.
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Like most alkaloids, tubocurarine and C toxiferine consist of a cyclic system with a nitrogen atom in an amine group. On the other hand, while acetylcholine does not contain a cyclic system, it does contain an amine group. Because of this amine group, curare alkaloids can bind readily to the active site of receptors for acetylcholine (ACh) at the neuromuscular junction, blocking nerve impulses from being sent to the skeletal muscles, effectively paralyzing the muscles of the body.
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Gelatinase biosynthesis-activating pheromone abbreviated as GBAP is a cyclic peptide produced by pathogenic bacteria such as Enterococcus faecalis. GAP is part of the quorum sensing system of certain bacteria where it positively regulates the expression of gelatinase and serine proteases that are under the control of the gelE-sprE operon. GBAP is an 11-amino-acid-residue cyclic peptide containing a lactone linkage between the C-terminal carboxylic acid group and a serine side chain hydroxyl group.
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However, cyclic , where the sulfur atoms are arranged in an equilateral triangle with three single bonds (similar to cyclic ozone and cyclopropane), is calculated to be lower in energy than the bent structure experimentally observed. The name thiozone was invented by Hugo Erdmann in 1908 who hypothesized that comprises a large proportion of liquid sulfur. However its existence was unproven until the experiments of J. Berkowitz in 1964. Using mass spectrometry, he showed that sulfur vapour contains the molecule.
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Their biological significance includes a broad range of protein-ligand interactions. They have been identified as secondary messengers in both hormone and ion-channel signalling in eukaryotic cells, as well as allosteric effector compounds of DNA binding proteins in prokaryotic cells. cAMP and cGMP are currently the most well documented cyclic nucleotides, however there is evidence that cCMP (cytosine) is also involved in eukaryotic cellular messaging. The role of cyclic uridine monophosphate (cUMP) is even less well known.
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A corollary to Euler's quadrilateral theorem is the inequality : a^2 + b^2 + c^2 + d^2 \ge p^2 + q^2 where equality holds if and only if the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. Euler also generalized Ptolemy's theorem, which is an equality in a cyclic quadrilateral, into an inequality for a convex quadrilateral. It states that : pq \le ac + bd where there is equality if and only if the quadrilateral is cyclic. This is often called Ptolemy's inequality.
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The website contains an archive of the issues in PDF format. In 2003, Cyclic Defrost, the Australian youth media art festival's noise project and SBS Radio's Alchemy program worked together on a project called Sonic Allsorts which featured non-English speaking music artists. A CD was produced and distributed in the magazine, and the artists were played on SBS Radio. The National Library of Australia's Pandora Archive project has preserved the Cyclic Defrost website since 2004.
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Two different reaction centers (photosystems) are used and proton motive force is generated both by using cyclic electron flow and the quinone pool. In anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria, electron flow is cyclic, with all electrons used in photosynthesis eventually being transferred back to the single reaction center. A proton motive force is generated using only the quinone pool. In heliobacteria, Green sulfur, and Green non-sulfur bacteria, NADH is formed using the protein ferredoxin, an energetically favorable reaction.
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A spherical 3-manifold S^3/\Gamma has a finite fundamental group isomorphic to Γ itself. The elliptization conjecture, proved by Grigori Perelman, states that conversely all compact 3-manifolds with finite fundamental group are spherical manifolds. The fundamental group is either cyclic, or is a central extension of a dihedral, tetrahedral, octahedral, or icosahedral group by a cyclic group of even order. This divides the set of such manifolds into 5 classes, described in the following sections.
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This group is a metacyclic group of order 4mn with abelianization of order 4m (so m and n are both determined by this group). The element y generates a cyclic normal subgroup of order 2n, and the element x has order 4m. The center is cyclic of order 2m and is generated by x2, and the quotient by the center is the dihedral group of order 2n. When m = 1 this group is a binary dihedral or dicyclic group.
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Often in the bacterial kingdom, PAS domains are positioned at the amino terminus of signaling proteins such as sensor histidine kinases, cyclic-di-GMP synthases and hydrolases, and methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins.
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Reason, contrast, and antithetical paragraphs are used to foster relationships and tension between speakers and events. Amplification paragraphs, contraction paragraphs, negated antonym paragraphs and cyclic paragraphs are used in “paraphrasing” particular information.
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In organic chemistry, acetophenide is a functional group which is composed of the cyclic ketal of a diol with acetophenone. It is seen in algestone acetophenide (dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide) and amcinafide (triamcinolone acetophenide).
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In acidic solutions, geraniol is converted to the cyclic terpene α-terpineol. The alcohol group undergoes expected reactions. It can be converted to the chloride with thionyl chloride. It can be hydrogenated.
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Isophorone, derived from acetone, is an unsaturated, asymmetrical ketone that is the precursor to other polymers. Muscone, 3-methylpentadecanone, is an animal pheromone. Another cyclic ketone is cyclobutanone, having the formula C4H6O.
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Lenthionine is a cyclic organosulfur compound found in shiitake mushrooms and partly responsible for their flavor. The mechanism of its formation is unclear, but it probably involves the enzyme C–S lyase.
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Utescher T, Ivanov D, Harzhauser M, et al (2009). Cyclic climate and vegetation change in the late Miocene of Western Bulgaria. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology [serial online]. pp. 272(1/2):99-114.
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A Robbins pentagon with area of 13,104 A Robbins pentagon with area of 7392 In geometry, a Robbins pentagon is a cyclic pentagon whose side lengths and area are all rational numbers.
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Jacek Kumełan, Dirk Tuma, Sergey P. Verevkin and Gerd Maurer (2008), Solubility of Hydrogen in the Cyclic Alkylene Ester 1,2-Butylene Carbonate. J. Chem. Eng. Data, 2008, 53 (12), pp 2844–2850. .
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General reaction for an aldol condensation between two carbonyl compounds. In the Meyer–Schuster rearrangement, the starting compound is a propargyl alcohol. Cyclic enones can be prepared via the Pauson–Khand reaction.
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In mathematics, the Herbrand quotient is a quotient of orders of cohomology groups of a cyclic group. It was invented by Jacques Herbrand. It has an important application in class field theory.
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Unlike most cyclic peptides, amatoxins (and phallotoxins) are synthesized on ribosomes. The genes encoding the proprotein for α-amanitin belongs to the same family as those that encode for phallacidin (a phallotoxin).
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A number of other small molecules can compensate for the ATP-induced shift in equilibrium conformation and reactivate PFK, including cyclic AMP, ammonium ions, inorganic phosphate, and fructose-1,6- and -2,6-biphosphate.
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Several million tons of ethylene glycol are produced annually by the hydration of oxirane, a cyclic compound also known as ethylene oxide: : C2H4O + H2O → HO–CH2CH2–OH Acid catalysts are typically used.
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Commercially available UCC Switches block the transmission of Sercos III broadcast telegrams out their non-Sercos III port(s), to prevent flooding of non-Sercos III networks with Sercos III cyclic data.
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When grown in liquid culture, the mycelium of Lactarius deliciosus produces a mixture of fatty acids and various compounds such as chroman-4-one, anofinic acid, 3-hydroxyacetylindole, ergosterol, and cyclic dipeptides.
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MtDNA can also be recognized by cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), a cytosolic dsDNA sensor to initiate a STING-IRF3-dependent pathway that in turn orchestrates the production of type I IFNs.
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These GTPases can have a number of downstream effects, but in particular to Plexin expressed on axonal growth cones, the concentration the secondary messenger cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) increases within the cell.
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In enzymology, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :6-(alpha-D- glucosaminyl)-1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol \rightleftharpoons 6-(alpha-D- glucosaminyl)-1D-myo-inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate + 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, 6-(alpha-D- glucosaminyl)-1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol, and two products, 6-(alpha-D- glucosaminyl)-1D-myo-inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate and 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol. This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the class of phosphorus-oxygen lyases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 6-(alpha-D-glucosaminyl)-1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 1,2-diacyl-sn- glycerol-lyase [6-(alpha-D-glucosaminyl)-1D-myo-inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate- forming]. Other names in common use include (glycosyl)phosphatidylinositol- specific phospholipase C, GPI-PLC, GPI-specific phospholipase C, VSG-lipase, glycosyl inositol phospholipid anchor-hydrolyzing enzyme, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C, glycosylphosphatidylinositol- specific phospholipase C, variant-surface-glycoprotein phospholipase C, 6-(alpha-D-glucosaminyl)-1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol, and diacylglycerol- lyase (1,2-cyclic-phosphate-forming).
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Some women who have undergone tubal ligation prior to an endometrial ablation procedure experience cyclic or intermittent pelvic pain; this may happen in up to 10% of women who have undergone both surgeries.
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Using a cryptographic hash and a chain of trust detects malicious changes to the file. Other error detecting codes such as cyclic redundancy checks only prevent against non-malicious alterations of the file.
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Bogopolski, A. Martino, O. Maslakova, E. Ventura, The conjugacy problem is solvable in free-by-cyclic groups. Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society, vol. 38 (2006), no. 5, pp. 787–794 and others.
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Rotor cyclic control is via torque-tubes. The rudder is constructed with a composite skin over a foam core. The aircraft lacks a horizontal stabilizer. The Wombat has a typical empty weight of .
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The sonata is written in four movements, beginning and ending in the key of E minor. It employs cyclic form. The entire work takes approximately 45 minutes to perform. # Introduzione: Andante meditamente – Allegro.
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Neurons in this region project to a specific subcortical nucleus in which a pattern generator coordinates the cyclic rhythm of the whiskers. This nucleus then projects to the muscles that control the whiskers.
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In between the walls, plasticity is transmitted by screw dislocations. Where PSB's meet the surface, extrusions and intrusions form, which under repeated cyclic loading, can lead to the initiation of a fatigue crack.
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Although in vivo studies in rats confirmed the uterotonic activity of the purified peptide, it was another 20 years before the cyclic cystine knot motif and structure of the purified peptide were elucidated.
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Aciculitins A-C Aciculitins are antifungal cyclic peptides isolated from a marine sponge. There are 3 Aciculitins that are isolated from the Lithistid sponge Aciculites orientalis that differ by their homologous lipid residues.
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Where there is no β-hydrogen to be eliminated, cyclic compounds may be formed, as in the preparation of methylenecyclopropane below. 400px Cyclopropenes, aziridines and cyclobutanes may be formed in a similar manner.
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The first example in two dimensions was found by Heesch in 1935. The related einstein problem asks for a shape that can tile space but not with an infinite cyclic group of symmetries.
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If a polygon is both tangential and cyclic, it is called bicentric. (All triangles are bicentric, for example.) The incenter and circumcenter of a bicentric polygon are not in general the same point.
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In other cases, it is present due to assimilation of a similar but originally distinct radical, as in "stomach". In the ancient Chinese cyclic character numeral system tiāngān, represents the first Celestial stem.
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Cyclic silyl enol ethers undergo regiocontrolled one-carbon ring contractions.(a) Wohl, R. Helv. Chim. Acta 1973, 56, 1826. (b) Xu, Y. Xu, G.; Zhu, G.; Jia, Y.; Huang, Q. J. Fluorine Chem.
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In a three-point bend test, a fatigue crack is created at the tip of the notch by cyclic loading. The length of the crack is measured. The specimen is then loaded monotonically.
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2-Iminothiolane is a cyclic thioimidate compound also known as Traut's reagent. It is a thiolating reagent that reacts with primary amine groups, such as those of amino acids, to form sulfhydryl groups.
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In the MRPD, the cyclic real-time data is transmitted in both directions in the ring-shaped topology. A time stamp in the data packet allows the receiver to remove the redundant duplicates.
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These traditional cultures emphasize cyclic time and, therefore, the inevitable rise of a new world or civilization on the ruins of the old. Thus, they feel comforted even in contemplating the end times.
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Gustducin, a G protein second messenger, is activated. 3. Phosphodiesterase, an enzyme, is then activated. 4. Cyclic nucleotide, cNMP, is used, lowering the concentration 5. Channels such as the K+, potassium, channels, close.III.
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Eukaryotic molybdoenzymes use a unique molybdenum cofactor (MoCo) consisting of a pterin and the catalytically active metal molybdenum. MoCo is synthesized from cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate (precursor Z) by the heterodimeric enzyme molybdopterin synthase.
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9-Crown-3, also called 1,4,7-trioxonane or 1,4,7-trioxacyclononane is a crown ether with the formula C6H12O3. It is a cyclic trimer of ethylene oxide which is specific for the lithium cation.
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The clinical implications of this receptor have not been fully explored; however, stimulation of this receptor is known to effectively decrease cyclic AMP levels and downregulate the activity of protein kinase A (PKA).
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Sexually antagonistic co-evolution entails the cyclic process between the exaggerated (persistent) traits and the resistant traits by the sexes. If male traits that decrease female fitness spread, then female preference will change.
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Strained cycloalkynes are able to undergo all addition reactions typical to open chain alkynes. Due to the activated nature of the cyclic carbon–carbon triple bond, many alkyne addition-type reactions such as the Diels–Alder, 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions and halogenation may be performed using very mild conditions and in the absence of the catalysts frequently required to accelerate the transformation in a non-cyclic system. In addition to alkyne reactivity, cycloalkynes are able to undergo a number of unique, synthetically useful transformations.
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Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases (protein kinase A) are activated by the signal chain coming from the G protein (that was activated by the receptor) via adenylate cyclase and cyclic AMP (cAMP). In a feedback mechanism, these activated kinases phosphorylate the receptor. The longer the receptor remains active the more kinases are activated and the more receptors are phosphorylated. In β2-adrenoceptors, this phosphorylation results in the switching of the coupling from the Gs class of G-protein to the Gi class.
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While photosystem II photolyzes water to obtain and energize new electrons, photosystem I simply reenergizes depleted electrons at the end of an electron transport chain. Normally, the reenergized electrons are taken by NADP+, though sometimes they can flow back down more H+-pumping electron transport chains to transport more hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space to generate more ATP. This is termed cyclic photophosphorylation because the electrons are recycled. Cyclic photophosphorylation is common in plants, which need more ATP than NADPH.
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Rod cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PDE6A gene. PDE6A encodes the cyclic-GMP (cGMP) specific phosphodiesterase 6A alpha subunit, expressed in cells of the retinal rod outer segment. The phosphodiesterase 6 holoenzyme is a heterotrimer composed of an alpha, beta, and two gamma subunits.cGMP is an important regulator of rod cell membrane current, and its dynamic concentration is established by phosphodiesterase 6A cGMP hydrolysis and gunylate cyclase cGMP synthesis.
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Garbage collection (the automatic reclamation of unused storage) was an important theme in the development of the Actor model. In his doctoral dissertation, Peter Bishop developed an algorithm for garbage collection in distributed systems. Each system kept lists of links of pointers to and from other systems. Cyclic structures were collected by incrementally migrating Actors (objects) onto other systems which had their addresses until a cyclic structure was entirely contained in a single system where the garbage collector could recover the storage.
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Between peers, 802.11s defines the secure password-based authentication and key establishment protocol Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE). SAE is based on Diffie–Hellman key exchange using finite cyclic groups which can be a primary cyclic group or an elliptic curve. The problem on using Diffie–Hellman key exchange is that it does not have an authentication mechanism. So the resulting key is influenced by a pre- shared key and the MAC addresses of both peers to solve the authentication problem.
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Canine cyclic neutropenia is a cyclic blood disorder that is usually fatal to affected puppies. The disease is also referred to as "gray collie syndrome", due to affected puppies having a pale gray, pinkish/gray or beige colouring, none of which are normal Rough Collie colours. Puppies that survive through adulthood are plagued with immune disorders throughout their lives and rarely live more than three years. DNA testing can help detect carriers of the recessive gene that causes the disease.
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Synthesised cyclic and acyclic diaminocarbenes Unlike the aromatic imidazol-2-ylidenes or triazol-5-ylidenes, these carbenes appear not to be thermodynamically stable, as shown by the dimerisation of some unhindered cyclic and acyclic examples. Studies suggest that these carbenes dimerise via acid catalysed dimerisation (as in the Wanzlick equilibrium). Diaminocarbenes have diagnostic 13C NMR chemical shift values between 230–270 ppm for the carbenic atom. The X-ray structure of dihydroimidazole-2-ylidene shows a N-C-N bond angle of ca.
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A singlet [3+2] cycloaddition, when it is concerted, is believed to proceed under frontier orbital control. When electron-rich TMMs are involved, the A orbital serves as the HOMO (leading to fused products if the TMM is cyclic). When electron-poor (or unsubstituted) TMMs are involved, the S orbital serves as the HOMO (leading to bridged products if the TMM is cyclic). Cycloadditions involving the triplet state are stepwise, and usually result in configurational scrambling in the two-atom component.
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Learning to fly a collective pitch RC helicopter takes time and practice. Many modelers join a club so they can be instructed by experienced RC pilots, or follow on-line guides. RC Helicopters usually have at least four controls: roll - cyclic pitch, elevator (fore-aft cyclic pitch), rudder (yaw) and pitch/throttle (collective pitch/power). For simple flight, the radio is usually configured such that pitch is around −1 degree at 0% throttle stick, and somewhere around 10 degrees at 100% throttle stick.
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200px A periodic or cyclic boundary condition arises from a different type of symmetry in a problem. If a component has a repeated pattern in flow distribution more than twice, thus violating the mirror image requirements required for symmetric boundary condition. A good example would be swept vane pump (Fig.), where the marked area is repeated four times in r-theta coordinates. The cyclic-symmetric areas should have the same flow variables and distribution and should satisfy that in every Z-slice.
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This continues until once again the plenum is pressurised and flow begins to fall until the surge line is again crossed and the cycle repeats. This unstable flow leads to the cyclic noise sometimes heard on high boost engines with no bypass valve. With a valve fitted, flow is maintained preventing the compressor entering the stall/surge cycle. The repeated, high speed cycling will cause a cyclic torque on the compressor and may lead to increased stresses on the bearings and compressor impeller.
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The trivial group is the only group of order one, and the cyclic group Cp is the only group of order p. There are exactly two groups of order p2, both abelian, namely Cp2 and Cp × Cp. For example, the cyclic group C4 and the Klein four-group V4 which is C2 × C2 are both 2-groups of order 4. There are three abelian groups of order p3, namely Cp3, Cp2×Cp, and Cp×Cp×Cp. There are also two non-abelian groups.
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Phosphodiesterase-5 A phosphodiesterase inhibitor is a drug that blocks one or more of the five subtypes of the enzyme phosphodiesterase (PDE), thereby preventing the inactivation of the intracellular second messengers cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) by the respective PDE subtype(s). The ubiquitous presence of this enzyme means that non-specific inhibitors have a wide range of actions, the actions in the heart, and lungs being some of the first to find a therapeutic use.
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For later flights of his VS-300, Sikorsky also added a vertical airfoil surface to the end of the tail to assist anti-torque but this was later removed when it proved to be ineffective. The cyclic control was found to be difficult to perfect, and led to Sikorsky locking the cyclic and adding two smaller vertical-axis lifting rotors to either side aft of the tailboom.Dorr 2005, p. 32. By varying pitch of these rotors simultaneously, fore and aft control was provided.
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Shortened codes: An [n,k] linear code is called a proper shortened cyclic code if it can be obtained by deleting b positions from an (n+b, k+b) cyclic code. In shortened codes information symbols are deleted to obtain a desired blocklength smaller than the design blocklength. The missing information symbols are usually imagined to be at the beginning of the codeword and are considered to be 0. Therefore, n−k is fixed, and then k is decreased which eventually decreases n.
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The presence of DNA in the cytosol is indicative of cellular damage or infection and leads to activation of genes associated with the immune response. One way cytosolic DNA is sensed is via the cGAS/STING pathway, specifically by the cyclic-GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS). Upon DNA recognition, cGAS dimerizes and stimulates the formation of cyclic- GMP-AMP (cGAMP). cGAMP then binds directly to stimulator of interferon genes (STING) which triggers phosphorylation/activation of the transcription factor IRF3 via TBK1.
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David N. Yetter proposed a weaker structural rule in place of the exchange rule of linear logic, yielding cyclic linear logic. Sequents of cyclic linear logic form a ring, and so are invariant under rotation, where multipremise rules glue their rings together at the formulae described in the rules. The calculus supports three structural modalities, a self-dual modality allowing exchange, but still linear, and the usual exponentials (? and !) of linear logic, allowing nonlinear structural rules to be used together with exchange.
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Acyclic tautomer (left) and cyclic hemiketal tautomer (right) X-ray crystallographic studies of warfarin show that it exists in tautomeric form, as the cyclic hemiketal, which is formed from the 4-hydroxycoumarin and the ketone in the 3-position substituent. However, the existence of many 4-hydroxycoumadin anticoagulants (for example phenprocoumon) that possess no ketone group in the 3-substituent to form such a structure, suggests that the hemiketal must tautomerise to the 4-hydroxy form in order for warfarin to be active.
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Like the earlier works of Saint-Saëns and Berlioz, as with his own compositions, Franck also made use of a cyclic structure in the composition of his symphony. Indeed, the Symphony in D minor remains the most outstanding example of cyclic symphonic writing in the Romantic tradition. However, Franck also used a typically "Germanic" sound, eschewing both the novelties of orchestration (with one notable exception) or nationalist thematic inspiration that Saint-Saëns and d'Indy had used to differentiate their own symphonic works.
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Among the 35 quasigroups, only two are loops, and they are in fact groups. Corresponding to the first square above is the Klein four group, while corresponding to any of other three squares is the cyclic group ℤ/4ℤ. The first square has eight transversals and 12 intercalates, while each of the others have no transversals and four intercalates. The isomorphism class of the Klein four group has four members, while the isomorphism class of the cyclic group has 12 members.
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The internal angle bisectors of a convex quadrilateral either form a cyclic quadrilateral (that is, the four intersection points of adjacent angle bisectors are concyclic) or they are concurrent. In the latter case the quadrilateral is a tangential quadrilateral. In quadrilateral ABCD, if the angle bisectors of A and C meet on diagonal BD, then the angle bisectors of B and D meet on diagonal AC.Leversha, Gerry, "A property of the diagonals of a cyclic quadrilateral", Mathematical Gazette 93, March 2009, 116–118.
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Cyclic AMP receptors from slime molds are a distinct family of G-protein coupled receptors. These receptors control development in Dictyostelium discoideum. In D. discoideum, the cyclic AMP receptors coordinate aggregation of individual cells into a multicellular organism, and regulate the expression of a large number of developmentally-regulated genes. The amino acid sequences of the receptors contain high proportions of hydrophobic residues grouped into 7 domains, in a manner reminiscent of the rhodopsins and other receptors believed to interact with G-proteins.
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Structure of S2O Space-filling model of S2O Ball-and-stick model of cyclooctasulfur monoxide, S8O The lower sulfur oxides are a group of inorganic compounds with the formula SmOn, where m > 2n. These species are often unstable and thus rarely encountered in everyday life. They are significant intermediates in the combustion of elemental sulfur. Some well characterized examples include sulfur monoxide (SO), its dimer S2O2, and a series of cyclic sulfur oxides, SnOx (x = 1, 2), based on cyclic Sn rings.
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The cyclic behaviour of data takes place when there are regular fluctuations in the data which usually last for an interval of at least two years, and when the length of the current cycle cannot be predetermined. Cyclic behavior is not to be confused with seasonal behavior. Seasonal fluctuations follow a consistent pattern each year so the period is always known. As an example, during the Christmas period, inventories of stores tend to increase in order to prepare for Christmas shoppers.
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Chapter 12, containing 66 Sanskrit verses, was divided into two sections: "basic operations" (including cube roots, fractions, ratio and proportion, and barter) and "practical mathematics" (including mixture, mathematical series, plane figures, stacking bricks, sawing of timber, and piling of grain). In the latter section, he stated his famous theorem on the diagonals of a cyclic quadrilateral: Brahmagupta's theorem: If a cyclic quadrilateral has diagonals that are perpendicular to each other, then the perpendicular line drawn from the point of intersection of the diagonals to any side of the quadrilateral always bisects the opposite side. Chapter 12 also included a formula for the area of a cyclic quadrilateral (a generalization of Heron's formula), as well as a complete description of rational triangles (i.e. triangles with rational sides and rational areas).
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Split-intein circular ligation of peptides and proteins (SICLOPPS) is a biotechnology technique that permits the creation of cyclic peptides. These peptides are produced by ribosomal protein synthesis, followed by an intein- like event that splices the protein into a loop. By contrast with the nonribosomal peptide synthetases that produces some cyclic peptides like gramicidin S, SICLOPPS offers the advantage that the peptides' structure can be encoded by DNA in a simple manner according to the genetic code, but for this reason it imposes limitations on the types of amino acids incorporated that are comparable to those that apply to ordinary proteins. As implemented there is also some constraint on the peptide sequence of the cyclic sequence; for example, libraries may use the sequence SGXX..XXPL to increase the efficiency of circularization of the peptide.
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Binding of a chemoattractant (ligand) to the receptor — a membrane-bound guanylyl cyclase (GC) — activates the synthesis of cGMP from GTP. Cyclic GMP possibly opens cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) K+-selective channels, thereby causing hyperpolarization of the membrane. The cGMP signal is terminated by the hydrolysis of cGMP through phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity and inactivation of GC. On hyperpolarization, hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels allow the influx of Na+ that leads to depolarization and thereby causes a rapid Ca2+ entry through voltage-activated Ca2+ channels (Cav), Ca2+ ions interact by unknown mechanisms with the axoneme of the flagellum and cause an increase of the asymmetry of flagellar beat and eventually a turn or bend in the swimming trajectory. Ca2+ is removed from the flagellum by a Na+/Ca2+ exchange mechanism.
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As follicles grow, they acquire receptors for luteinizing hormone, a pituitary hormone that reinitiates meiosis in the oocyte and causes ovulation of a fertilizable egg. Luteinizing hormone acts on receptors in the outer layers of granulosa cells of the follicle, causing a decrease in cyclic GMP in the granulosa cells Jaffe LA, Egbert JR. 2017. Regulation of Mammalian Oocyte Meiosis by Intercellular Communication Within the Ovarian Follicle. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 79:237-260.. Because the granulosa cells and oocyte are connected by gap junctions, cyclic GMP also decreases in the oocyte, causing meiosis to resume Shuhaibar LC, Egbert JR, Norris RP, Lampe PD, Nikolaev VO, Thunemann M, Wen L, Feil R, Jaffe LA Intercellular signaling via cyclic GMP diffusion through gap junctions restarts meiosis in mouse ovarian follicles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
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The cyclic prefix, which is transmitted during the guard interval, consists of the end of the OFDM symbol copied into the guard interval, and the guard interval is transmitted followed by the OFDM symbol. The reason that the guard interval consists of a copy of the end of the OFDM symbol is so that the receiver will integrate over an integer number of sinusoid cycles for each of the multipaths when it performs OFDM demodulation with the FFT. center In some standards such as Ultrawideband, in the interest of transmitted power, cyclic prefix is skipped and nothing is sent during the guard interval. The receiver will then have to mimic the cyclic prefix functionality by copying the end part of the OFDM symbol and adding it to the beginning portion.
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N,N′-Dimethylpropyleneurea (DMPU) is a cyclic urea sometimes used as a polar, aprotic organic solvent. In 1985, Dieter Seebach showed that it is possible to replace the suspected carcinogen hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) with DMPU.
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If F2 could be written as a product of m cyclic subgroups, then necessarily n! would have to be less than or equal to M(n)m for all n, contradicting Stirling's asymptotic formula.
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The Freda Sandstone is a geologic formation in Michigan. It dates back to the Proterozoic. Lithologically, the Freda Sandstone is a lithic, red-brown, cyclic sequence of sandstones, mudstones and shales (conglomerates are rare).
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A similar reaction is also observed when allene is reacted with HCl. After the cycloaddition, a cationic cyclic intermediate is formed and then it is attacked by a nucleophile to form the final product.
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Many related di-, tri-, and polyphosphates are known including the cyclic triphosphate P3O93−. It binds strongly to metal cations as both a bidentate and tridentate chelating agent. Chelation of a metal cation by triphosphate.
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He continued his work on cyclic AMP, receiving financial support from the Career Investigatorship awarded to him by the American Heart Association in 1967. He held his teaching title at Vanderbilt University until 1973.
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Due to their high polarity, they dissolve lithium salts. The problem of high viscosity is circumvented by using mixtures for example of dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and dimethoxyethane. Cyclic carbonates are susceptible to polymerization.
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Jennette, D.C., and Pryor, W.A., 1993, Cyclic alternation of proximal and distal storm facies; Kope and Fairview Formations (Upper Ordovician), Ohio and Kentucky: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 63, no. 2, p. 183-203.
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Campbell, p. 28 They fired shells weighing at a muzzle velocity of to a maximum range of . Their cyclic rate of fire was 200 rounds per minute; the actual rate was significantly less.Friedman, p.
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He later identified the compound as cyclic AMP (cAMP) and with his discovery created the concept of second-messenger-mediated pathways. He, like Loewi, won the Nobel Prize for his groundbreaking work in endocrinology.
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The resulting weapon had a cyclic rate of fire of 1,000 rounds per minute, was in the light machine gun role heavier than the German MG 42, and much more finely made and finished.
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The only major differences were a slower 950 rounds per minute cyclic rate of fire and no anti-aircraft sight mount.G3 Defence Magazine August 2010. En.calameo.com (2010-08-04). Retrieved on 2010-10-18.
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For "conventional" cyclic compounds, aromaticity is conferred by the presence of 4n + 2 delocalized pi electrons, where n is an integer. Particular instability (antiaromaticity) is conferred by the presence of 4n conjugated pi electrons.
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12-Crown-4, also called 1,4,7,10-tetraoxacyclododecane and lithium ionophore V, is a crown ether with the formula C8H16O4. It is a cyclic tetramer of ethylene oxide which is specific for the lithium cation.
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An alternate and less frequently used method of synthesizing PEA is ring-opening polymerization. Cyclic oligo(ethylene adipate) can be mixed with di-n-butyltin in chloroform. This requires temperatures similar to melt condensation.
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Pascal line of self-crossing hexagon inscribed in ellipse. Opposite sides of hexagon have the same color. cyclic hexagon (right) lie on the Pascal line MNP (left). Self-crossing hexagon , inscribed in a circle.
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Agriculture is the main occupation of the people living in Thambithoppu. Much agricultural land surrounds the village, planted in the region mostly to banana plantations. And as a cyclic crop, Rice is also grown.
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Aluminium monoiodide is an aluminium(I) compound with the chemical formula AlI. It is unstable at room temperature due to dismutation: :6AlI -> {Al2I6} + 4Al It forms a cyclic adduct Al4I4(NEt3)4 with triethylamine.
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For an oxidation of cyclic alcohols with RuO4 as a catalyst and bromate as oxidant under basic conditions, RuO4 is first activated by hydroxide: :RuO4 \+ OH− → HRuO5− The reaction proceeds via a glycolate complex.
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In mathematics, a group is called boundedly generated if it can be expressed as a finite product of cyclic subgroups. The property of bounded generation is also closely related with the congruence subgroup problem (see ).
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Bewley completed a Ph.D. from University of California, San Diego in 1995. Her dissertation was titled New antifungal and cytotoxic cyclic peptides and studies of the bacterial symbionts of lithistid sponges. Bewley's doctoral advisor was .
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S4 has been detected in the vapour phase, but it has not been well characterized. Diverse structures (e.g. chains, branched chains and rings) have been proposed. Theoretical calculations suggest that S4 adopts a cyclic structure.
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A sequence of circumscribed polygons and circles. Any regular polygon is cyclic. Consider a unit circle, then circumscribe a regular triangle such that each side touches the circle. Circumscribe a circle, then circumscribe a square.
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It could fire armor-piercing or explosive 25 mm grenades at a cyclic rate of 260 rounds per minute, and had an effective range up to 2 kilometres. It underwent combat trials before being cancelled.
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Springer, 2008. #Unsaturated hydrocarbons have one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms. Those with double bond are called alkenes. Those with one double bond have the formula CH (assuming non-cyclic structures).
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In general, such silsesquioxane trisilanols form discrete dimers in the solid held together by cooperatively enhanced cyclic hydrogen bonded networks. These dimers are retained in solution and a dynamic equilibrium has been elucidated using NMR.
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Likewise, B will either facilitate the succession of A or be eliminated. Open substrate can remain open or become occupied by either A or B. This configuration results in a cyclic scheme of species dominance.
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Cyclical voltammetry can be used to determine the antioxidant capacity in food and even skin.Kohen, Ron, et.al. Overall low molecular weight antioxidant activity of biological fluids and tissues by cyclic voltammetry.Methods Enzymol. 1999;300:285-96.
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Pehstpa as a cyclic dance begins after Garyan and has slightly faster movements. In this type of dance the feet hit to the back of leg, hence the term Peshtpa which means “behind the leg”.
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For this reason, most model helicopters either have a flybar or electronic stabilizing equipment. To reduce mechanical complexity and increase precision of the control of the swashplate some model helicopters use cyclic/collective pitch mixing.
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Abe, I. (2007). Enzymatic synthesis of cyclic triterpenes. Nat Prod Rep 24, 1311-1331. Isoarborinol cyclase uses a combination of these aspects, cyclizing oxidosqualene into a five-membered ring via a chair-boat-chair conformation.
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Equivalently, the vertices of every 2-vertex-connected graph G may be arranged into a cyclic order such that adjacent vertices in this order are at distance at most two from each other in G.
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If the cyclic process moves clockwise around the loop, then W will be positive, and it represents a heat engine. If it moves counterclockwise, then W will be negative, and it represents a heat pump.
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Geun-Chang Chung, Hyeong-Jin Kim, Song-Hui Jun and Myung-Hwan Kim (1999), New cyclic carbonate solvent for lithium ion batteries: trans-2,3-butylene carbonate. Electrochemistry Communications, volume 1, issue 10, pages 493-496.
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Of all n-gons with a given perimeter, the one with the largest area is regular (and therefore cyclic).Chakerian, G. D. "A Distorted View of Geometry." Ch. 7 in Mathematical Plums (R. Honsberger, editor).
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While the chromaticism and cyclic treatment of themes reveal the influence of Franck, certain harmonic progressions are typical of Impressionist music. He was a member of the Libre Académie, and died in Brussels in 1956.
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Cyclododecatrienes are cyclic trienes with the formula C12H18. Four isomers are known for 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene. The trans,trans,cis-isomer is a precursor in the production of nylon-12. :The four isomers of 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene.
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Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS) injects steam through a single well for a period, leaving it to heat up and reduce viscosity, then extracting oil through the same well in alternating cycles of injection and extraction.
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In shallow water the color is brownish-red to brownish-gray, but at greater depths and in caves and under-hangs, or when the sponge is undergoing cyclic bleaching events, it is pinkish or white.
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Enterobacter ribonuclease () is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : Endonucleolytic cleavage to nucleoside 3'-phosphates and 3'-phosphooligonucleotides with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate intermediates This enzyme has preference for cleavage at CpA.
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Q.E.D. Note that if the quadrilateral is not cyclic then A', B' and C' form a triangle and hence A'B'+B'C'>A'C', giving us a very simple proof of Ptolemy's Inequality which is presented below.
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However, it matched Penrose's Weyl curvature hypothesis, which does take that into account. As such, she is a supporter of the cyclic model of the Universe, in which the initial conditions match the final ones.
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The heat stress hypothesis needs to be more deeply considered and examined. Published evidence in 2016 suggest heat stress and strenuous activity-induced cyclic uricosuria and crystalluria as a possible mechanism for the tubular lesion.
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Pic.3: Cyclic, locally-confluent, but not globally confluent rewrite system Here: p.268, Fig.2a+b. Pic.4: Infinite non- cyclic, locally-confluent, but not globally confluent rewrite system An element a ∈ S is said to be locally (or weakly) confluent if for all b, c ∈ S with a → b and a → c there exists d ∈ S with b d and c d. If every a ∈ S is locally confluent, then → is called locally (or weakly) confluent, or having the weak Church-Rosser property.
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The non-Homeric epics are usually regarded as later than the Iliad and Odyssey. There is no reliable evidence for this, however, and some Neoanalyst scholars operate on the premise that the Homeric epics were later than the Cyclic epics and drew on them extensively. Other Neoanalysts make the milder claim that the Homeric epics draw on legendary material which later crystallized into the Epic Cycle. The nature of the relationship between the Cyclic epics and Homer is also bound up in this question.
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Such an element a is called a generator or a primitive element of the group. In additive notation, the requirement for an element to be primitive is that each element of the group can be written as : ..., −a−a, −a, 0, a, a+a, ... In the groups Z/nZ introduced above, the element 1 is primitive, so these groups are cyclic. Indeed, each element is expressible as a sum all of whose terms are 1. Any cyclic group with n elements is isomorphic to this group.
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Using the theory of Brauer group, one shows that two central simple algebras A and B over an algebraic number field K are isomorphic over K if and only if their completions Av and Bv are isomorphic over the completion Kv for every v. Together with the Grunwald–Wang theorem, the Albert–Brauer–Hasse–Noether theorem implies that every central simple algebra over an algebraic number field is cyclic, i.e. can be obtained by an explicit construction from a cyclic field extension L/K .
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César Franck's piano quintet in F minor, composed in 1879, further established the cyclic form first explored by Schumann and Mendelssohn, reusing the same thematic material in each of the three movements. Claude Debussy's string quartet, Op. 10, is considered a watershed in the history of chamber music. The quartet uses the cyclic structure, and constitutes a final divorce from the rules of classical harmony. "Any sounds in any combination and in any succession are henceforth free to be used in a musical continuity", Debussy wrote.
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Cyclic temperatures ranges of 25 to 35 °C and 15 to 25 °C proved to decrease the rate of development when compared to constant temperatures. (The cyclic temperature data were collected by placing specimens in an incubator which steadily alternated between the maximum and minimum temperatures of a particular 10-degree range (e.g. 25 to 35 °C). Each 10-degree fluctuation took place over a 12-hour span.) Also, studies have been conducted to assess the effects of light exposure on developmental variability in larvae.
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The "cyclic order = arranging in a circle" idea works because any subset of a cycle is itself a cycle. In order to use this idea to impose cyclic orders on sets that are not actually subsets of the unit circle in the plane, it is necessary to consider functions between sets. A function between two cyclically ordered sets, , is called a monotonic function or a homomorphism if it pulls back the ordering on : whenever , one has . Equivalently, is monotone if whenever and , and are all distinct, then .
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In all cases, the pilot may compensate the induced roll with left or right cyclic control input (as determined by the rotation of the rotor) up to a degree. However, the rapid rate of change of blade flex and angle of attack causes uncontrolled longitudinal twist and severe vibration in later stages, resulting in total loss of cyclic control if left unchecked. Assuming no rotor damage, recovery from the condition is possible by using the procedure described below under Flight performance during a retreating blade stall.
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Advisory Circular (AC) 61-13B, Basic Helicopter Handbook, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. 1978 In single rotor helicopters, the vortex ring state can be corrected by moving the cyclic control in any direction, which controls the pitch angle of the rotor blade, slightly pitching nose down, and establishing forward flight. In tandem-rotor helicopters, recovery is accomplished through lateral cyclic or pedal input. The aircraft will fly out of the vortex ring into "clean air", and will be able to regain lift.
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Cyclotides have a well-defined three-dimensional structure as a result of their interlocking disulfide bonds and cyclic peptide backbone. Backbone loops and selected residues are labeled on the structure to help orientation. The amino acid sequence (single letter amino acid representation) for this peptide is indicated on the sequence diagram to the right. One of the interesting features of cyclic peptides is that knowledge of the peptide sequence does not reveal the ancestral head and tail; knowledge of the gene sequence is required for this.
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Milk chocolate had the lowest capacity as it had the lowest phenolic and flavonoid content. While the antioxidant content was given using the cyclic voltammetry anodic peaks, HPLC must then be used to determine the purity of catechins and procyanidin in cocoa powder, dark chocolate, and milk chocolate. Hops, the flowers used in making beer, contain antioxidant properties due to the presence of flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds. In this cyclic voltammetry experiment, the working electrode voltage was determined using a ferricinium/ferrocene reference electrode.
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Example of a Cyclic corrosion test chamber. Cyclic Corrosion Testing (CCT) has evolved in recent years, largely within the automotive industry, as a way of accelerating real-world corrosion failures, under laboratory controlled conditions. As the name implies, the test comprises different climates which are cycled automatically so the samples under test undergo the same sort of changing environment that would be encountered in the natural world. The intention being to bring about the type of failure that might occur naturally, but more quickly i.e. accelerated.
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In enzymology, a 6-aminohexanoate-cyclic-dimer hydrolase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :1,8-diazacyclotetradecane-2,9-dione + H2O \rightleftharpoons N-(6-aminohexanoyl)-6-aminohexanoate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1,8-diazacyclotetradecane-2,9-dione and H2O, whereas its product is N-(6-aminohexanoyl)-6-aminohexanoate. This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in cyclic amides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1,8-diazacyclotetradecane-2,9-dione lactamhydrolase.
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In the acute stage of stroke recovery, the use of cyclic electrical stimulation has been seen to increase the isometric strength of wrist extensors. In order to increase strength of wrist extensors, there must be a degree of motor function at the wrist spared following the stroke and have significant hemiplegia. Patients who will elicit benefits of cyclic electrical stimulation of the wrist extensors must be highly motivated to follow through with treatment. After 8 weeks of electrical stimulation, an increase in grip strength can be apparent.
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Fluticasone/salmeterol contains fluticasone propionate, a synthetic corticosteroid, and salmeterol, a selective long-acting beta-adrenergic receptor agonist. Fluticasone works as a potent anti-inflammatory agent, inhibiting multiple cell types such as mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils all of which contribute to inflammation, a large component in the pathogenesis of asthma. Salmeterol works by stimulating intracellular adenyl cyclase which acts as a catalyst in the production of cyclic AMP. Increased cyclic AMP levels lead to a relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles.
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Most fulvenes are typical non-aromatic in nature (based on spectroscopic data), having properties closer to alkenes. In the case of tria- and pentafulvene, the possibility of dipole forms of resonance suggests an aromatic character to the cyclic structure; furthermore, as opposed to pentafulvene, one of the triafulvene resonance structures has a negative charge on the exocyclic carbon. Similarly to heptafulvene (fulvene containing a 7-atom cyclic ring), triafulvene polymerizes easily at −20°C and is stabilized by electron-accepting groups bonded to the exocyclic carbon atom.
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Let \phi be the golden ratio. The 12 points given by (0, \pm 1, \pm \phi) and cyclic permutations of these coordinates are the vertices of a regular icosahedron. Its dual regular dodecahedron, whose edges intersect those of the icosahedron at right angles, has as vertices the 8 points (\pm 1, \pm 1, \pm 1) together with the 12 points (0, \pm\phi, \pm 1/\phi) and cyclic permutations of these coordinates. All 32 points together are the vertices of a rhombic triacontahedron centered at the origin.
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The specifics for binding of π cyclic systems are much more complex and depend on the electrons, the HOMO, and the LUMO in each individual case of molecules. Cyclic π systems can bind monohapto or polyhapto depending on the individual situation. This means that π bonds can bind individually to the metal or there can be a single bond from the center of a benzene or cyclopentadienyl complex. Of course the bonding modes (η1, η3, η5, etc.) determine the number of donated electrons (1, 3, 5, etc.).
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A more practical solution to control the harmonics problem in the roller/wedge system and make the MG 42 less ammunition ignition timing sensitive was needed. The roller-locking system inherent problem was solved by developing and adding bolt-bounce preventing bolt catches to the action.MG 42 bolt catches The cyclic firing rate of the MG 42 can be altered by installing different bolts and recoil springs. A heavier bolt uses more recoil energy to overcome inertia, thus slowing the cyclic rate of the machine gun.
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Phase synchronization is the process by which two or more cyclic signals tend to oscillate with a repeating sequence of relative phase angles. Phase synchronisation is usually applied to two waveforms of the same frequency with identical phase angles with each cycle. However it can be applied if there is an integer relationship of frequency, such that the cyclic signals share a repeating sequence of phase angles over consecutive cycles. These integer relationships are called Arnold tongues which follow from bifurcation of the circle map.
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Instead of decomposing into a minimal number of cyclic subspaces, the primary form decomposes into a maximal number of cyclic subspaces. It is also defined over F, but has somewhat different properties: finding the form requires factorization of polynomials, and as a consequence the primary rational canonical form may change when the same matrix is considered over an extension field of F. This article mainly deals with the form that does not require factorization, and explicitly mentions "primary" when the form using factorization is meant.
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The distinguishing feature of PDE1 as a family is their regulation by calcium (Ca2+) and calmodulin (CaM). Calmodulin has been shown to activate cyclic nucleotide PDE in a calcium-dependent manner and the cooperative binding of four Ca2+ to calmodulin is required to fully activate PDE1 [2]. The binding of one Ca2+/CaM complex per monomer to binding sites near the N-terminus stimulates hydrolysis of cyclic nucleotides. In intact cells, PDE1 is almost exclusively activated by Ca2+ entering the cell from the extracellular space.
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Most CB1 antagonists reported so far are close analogs or isosteres of rimonabant. A general CB1 inverse agonist pharmacophore model can be extracted from the common features of these analogs, diarylpyrazoles (Figure 4). This pharmacophore contains a cyclic core, C, (e.g. pyrazole in rimonabant) substituted by two aromatic moieties, A and B. A hydrogen bond acceptor unit, D, connects C with a cyclic lipophilic part, E. In some cases unit E directly connects to C. In Figure 4 rimonabant is used as an example.
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The reaction of a (substituted) phenylhydrazine with a carbonyl (aldehyde or ketone) initially forms a phenylhydrazone which isomerizes to the respective enamine (or 'ene-hydrazine'). After protonation, a cyclic [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement occurs producing an imine. The resulting imine forms a cyclic aminoacetal (or aminal), which under acid catalysis eliminates NH3, resulting in the energetically favorable aromatic indole. The mechanism of the Fischer indole synthesis Isotopic labelling studies show that the aryl nitrogen (N1) of the starting phenylhydrazine is incorporated into the resulting indole.
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These complexes are often laid out in a similar fashion, and they can contain many different modules to perform a diverse set of chemical manipulations on the developing product. These peptides are often cyclic and can have highly complex cyclic structures, although linear nonribosomal peptides are also common. Since the system is closely related to the machinery for building fatty acids and polyketides, hybrid compounds are often found. The presence of oxazoles or thiazoles often indicates that the compound was synthesized in this fashion.
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The in vivo mechanism of action is not entirely clear, but an inhibition of the enzyme phosphodiesterase causing elevation of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels is significant. It may also alter mitochondrial respiration. Papaverine has also been demonstrated to be a selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor for the PDE10A subtype found mainly in the striatum of the brain. When administered chronically to mice, it produced motor and cognitive deficits and increased anxiety, but conversely may produce an antipsychotic effect, although not all studies support this view.
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Polystyrene is a material known for assay development. Polycarbonates have a high glass transition temperature but poor optical properties for fluorescent detection. The cyclic polyolefins appear to have the best combination of optical and mechanical properties.
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Most modern scholars place Homer in the 8th century BC. The other poets listed below seemed to have lived in the 7th–5th centuries BC. Excluding Homer's, none of the works of the cyclic poets survive.
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Cycloleucine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid. It could be classified as a cyclic derivate of norleucine, having two hydrogen atoms less. Leading structure is a cyclopentane-ring. The α-carbon atom is not a stereocenter.
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For example, growth cones are repelled by netrin when grown on laminin-111, but are attracted to netrin when grown on fibronectin. This effect of laminin-111 probably occurs through a lowering of intracellular cyclic AMP.
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M134 Miniguns mounted on attack helicopters and other combat vehicles can achieve rates of fire of over 100 rounds per second (6,000 RPM). Cyclic rate of fire is the only rate that can be determined precisely.
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The WGM.21 is an open cockpit quadrotor. Four rotors are mounted at the end of a four tubular supports arranged into a X shape. Cyclic and collective controls are mixed into a single control yoke.
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The controls that van Heijst used were von Baumhauer's inventions, the cyclic and collective.H.J.G.C. Vodegel and K.P. Jessurun. A Historical Review of Two Helicopters Designed in the Netherlands. 21st European Rotocraft Forum, 1995, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
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The celebrated Feit–Thompson theorem states that every finite group of odd order is solvable. In particular this implies that if a finite group is simple, it is either a prime cyclic or of even order.
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Urobilin or urochrome is the chemical primarily responsible for the yellow color of urine. It is a linear tetrapyrrole compound that, along with the related colorless compound urobilinogen, are degradation products of the cyclic tetrapyrrole heme.
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This type of PRA has an early onset of severe vision loss. It is caused by a defect in the gene for cGMP-phosphodiesterase, which leads to retinal levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate ten times normal.
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In projective geometry, the circular points at infinity (also called cyclic points or isotropic points) are two special points at infinity in the complex projective plane that are contained in the complexification of every real circle.
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Heritability, plasticity and canalization of Ural owl egg size in a cyclic environment. Journal of evolutionary biology, 21(1), 88-96. The eggs are laid directly to bottom of nesting surface in roughly 2 day intervals.
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National Research Council of Canada - Tornado Damage in the Barrie/Orangeville Area, May 1985 In more recent years this theory has proved to be incorrect; it is likely that this supercell was also a cyclic one.
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Simplicity: Simple for p a prime number. Order: p Schur multiplier: Trivial. Outer automorphism group: Cyclic of order p − 1\. Other names: Z/pZ, Cp Remarks: These are the only simple groups that are not perfect.
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Amanullinic acid is a cyclic nonribosomal peptide. It is an amatoxin, all of which are found in several members of the mushroom genus Amanita. Amanullinic acid is relatively non-toxic( oral >20 mg/kg in mice).
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Myelin basic protein has been shown to interact in vivo with proteolipid protein 1, and in vitro with calmodulin, actin, tropomyosin, tubulin, clathrin, 2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase and multiple molecules of the immune system.
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She also starred in Judge Lady Red, another web series produced by McGovern. Baines died on July 25, 2020, after a flare-up of cyclic vomiting syndrome, a chronic affliction that affected her throughout her life.
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A CC system is required to satisfy the following axioms, for all distinct points p, q, r, s, and t: # Cyclic symmetry: If then . # Antisymmetry: If then not . # Nondegeneracy: Either or . # Interiority: If and and , then .
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The Italian MG 42/59 licensed MG 3 variant produced by Beretta, Whitehead Motofides and Franchi since 1959, features an extremely heavy bolt which reduces the cyclic rate of fire to around 800 rounds per minute.
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The cyclic behavior of repeating decimals in multiplication also leads to the construction of integers which are cyclically permuted when multiplied by certain numbers. For example, . 102564 is the repetend of and 410256 the repetend of .
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The Si Stebbins stack is a cyclic mathematical card stack. It was popularized by the magician Si Stebbins, and can be constructed from a standard 52-card deck.Tamariz, Juan. Mnemonica. Hermetic Press, 2004, p. 5-6.
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Head-motif (German: Kopfmotiv) refers to an opening musical idea of a set of movements which serves to unite those movements. It may also be called a motto, and is a frequent device in cyclic masses.
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For instance Dehn's algorithm does not solve the word problem for the fundamental group of the torus. However this group is the direct product of two infinite cyclic groups and so has a solvable word problem.
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The third possibility is using dibutyltin oxide and carbon disulfide: Reaktion equation.Reaktion equation.Reaktion equation. 1,3-propanediol is reacting with dibutyltin oxide to 2,2-dibutyl-1,3,2-dioxastannane and carbon disulfide to the cyclic sulfite of 1,3-propanediol.
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Robbins' theorem can be restated as saying that a graph has a totally cyclic orientation if and only if it does not have a bridge. Totally cyclic orientations are dual to acyclic orientations (orientations that turn into a directed acyclic graph) in the sense that, if is a planar graph, and orientations of are transferred to orientations of the planar dual graph of by turning each edge 90 degrees clockwise, then a totally cyclic orientation of corresponds in this way to an acyclic orientation of the dual graph and vice versa... The number of different totally cyclic orientations of any graph is where is the Tutte polynomial of the graph, and dually the number of acyclic orientations is .. As a consequence, Robbins' theorem implies that the Tutte polynomial has a root at the point if and only if the graph has a bridge. If a strong orientation has the property that all directed cycles pass through a single edge st (equivalently, if flipping the orientation of an edge produces an acyclic orientation) then the acyclic orientation formed by reversing st is a bipolar orientation. Every bipolar orientation is related to a strong orientation in this way.
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The notation na (where n is a natural number) stands for the group sum of n copies of a. An Archimedean group (G, +, ≤) is a linearly ordered group subject to the following additional condition, the Archimedean property: For every a and b in G which are greater than 0, it is possible to find a natural number n for which the inequality b ≤ na holds.. An equivalent definition is that an Archimedean group is a linearly ordered group without any bounded cyclic subgroups: there does not exist a cyclic subgroup S and an element x with x greater than all elements in S.. It is straightforward to see that this is equivalent to the other definition: the Archimedean property for a pair of elements a and b is just the statement that the cyclic subgroup generated by a is not bounded by b.
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In music, a cyclic set is a set, "whose alternate elements unfold complementary cycles of a single interval."Perle, George (1996). Twelve-Tone Tonality, p.21. . Those cycles are ascending and descending, being related by inversion since complementary: Berg's Lyric Suite, and complementary interval cycles (P7 and I5) producing the cyclic set In the above example, as explained, one interval (7) and its complement (-7 = +5), creates two series of pitches starting from the same note (8): P7: 8 +7= 3 +7= 10 +7= 5...1 +7= 8 I5: 8 +5= 1 +5= 6 +5= 11...3 +5= 8 According to George Perle, "a Klumpenhouwer network is a chord analyzed in terms of its dyadic sums and differences," and, "this kind of analysis of triadic combinations was implicit in," his, "concept of the cyclic set from the beginning".
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Preventing alveolar overdistension – Alveolar overdistension is mitigated by using small tidal volumes, maintaining a low plateau pressure, and most effectively by using volume-limited ventilation. A 2018 systematic review by The Cochrane Collaboration provided evidence that low tidal volume ventilation reduced post operative pneumonia and reduced the requirement for both invasive and non invasive ventilation after surgery Preventing cyclic atelectasis (atelectotrauma) – Applied positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is the principal method used to keep the alveoli open and lessen cyclic atelectasis. Open lung ventilationn – Open lung ventilation is a ventilatory strategy that combines small tidal volumes (to lessen alveolar overdistension) and an applied PEEP above the low inflection point on the pressure-volume curve (to lessen cyclic atelectasis). High frequency ventilation is thought to reduce ventilator-associated lung injury, especially in the context of ARDS and acute lung injury.
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Breast cell proliferation has been found to be significantly increased by the combination of an oral estrogen plus cyclic medroxyprogesterone acetate in postmenopausal women but not by the combination of transdermal estradiol plus oral progesterone. Studies of topical estradiol and progesterone applied to the breasts for 2 weeks have been found to result in highly pharmacological local levels of estradiol and progesterone. These studies have assessed breast proliferation markers and have found increased proliferation with estradiol alone, decreased proliferation with progesterone, and no change in proliferation with estradiol and progesterone combined. In the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) trial, the combination of estrogen and cyclic oral progesterone resulted in a higher mammographic breast density than estrogen alone (3.1% vs. 0.9%) but a non-significantly lower breast density than the combination of estrogen and cyclic or continuous medroxyprogesterone acetate (3.1% vs. 4.4–4.6%).
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An exception is sodium perborate, which has a cyclic structure containing two O-O single bonds. Peroxide bleaches are considered to be eco-friendly cleaning agents, compared to chlorine-based bleaches that might produce chlorinated organic compounds.
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It is filled with rapid semiquavers derived from the cyclic theme (excerpt 4). The end of the scherzo part, which in itself comprises a ternary form, leads into a shortened recapitulation of excerpt 5 in B major.
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This, in turn, leads to the activation of the secondary messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP); cAMP then activates protein kinase A (PKA) which phosphorylates target proteins, ultimately inducing smooth muscle relaxation and contraction of the cardiac tissue.
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The more desirable isomers were selected or synthesized. Linear alkanes were removed in favor of highly branched and cyclic molecules. This increased resistance to thermal breakdown, much as these isomer types improve octane rating in piston engines.
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Both G(2, 1, 2) and G(4, 4, 2) are isomorphic to the dihedral group of order 8. And the groups G(2p, p, 1) are cyclic of order 2, as is G(1, 1, 2).
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The IUPAC nomenclature scheme becomes rapidly more elaborate for more complex cyclic structures, with notation for compounds containing conjoined rings, and many common names such as phenol being accepted as base names for compounds derived from them.
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In the olfactory system, odorant molecules in the mucus bind to G-protein receptors on olfactory cells. The G-protein activates a downstream signalling cascade that causes increased level of cyclic-AMP (cAMP), which trigger neurotransmitter release.
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It undergoes rapid polymerization, including forming a hemiacetal cyclic dimer. Under alkaline conditions, it undergoes a rapid aldol condensation. Hydryoxyacetone can be produced by degradation of various sugars. In foods, it is formed by the Maillard reaction.
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But after being straightened out, given the enthusiasm his ensemble felt for this music, Ehrhardt decided to record these two symphonies anyway. Scholars are more certain these are later works because of their use of cyclic form.
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Indeed, much more general exponential sums can be lifted.Ye, Y. The lifting of an exponential sum to a cyclic algebraic number field of prime degree, Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 350(12), Pages: 5003-5015, (1998).
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His work was re-discovered in the late 1990s, and Cyclic Serial Zeiths From the Flux: The Selected Poems of Joseph Macleod, edited and with an introduction by Andrew Duncan, was published by Waterloo Press in 2008.
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Calcitonin gene-related peptide elevates cyclic AMP levels in chick skeletal muscle : possible neurotrophic role for a coexisting neuronal messenger. EMBO J. 6: 901-906. and the ARIA (heregulin) activating tyrosine kinase cascades.Altiok N., Bessereau J.-L.
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Cartesian coordinates for the vertices of this compound are all the cyclic permutations of : (0, ±2, ±2τ) : (±τ−1, ±1, ±(1+τ2)) : (±τ, ±τ2, ±(2τ−1)) where τ = (1+)/2 is the golden ratio (sometimes written φ).
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Azepane is the organic compound with the formula (CH2)6NH. It is a colorless liquid. A cyclic secondary amine, it is a precursor to several drugs and pesticides. It is produced by partial hydrogenolysis of hexamethylene diamine.
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N-Methylmorpholine is the organic compound with the formula O(CH2CH2)2NCH3. It is a colorless liquid. It is a cyclic tertiary amine. It is used as a base catalyst for generation of polyurethanes and other reactions.
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Cartesian coordinates for the vertices of this compound are all the cyclic permutations of : (±2, 0, ±2) : (±τ, ±τ−1, ±(2τ−1)) : (±1, ±τ−2, ±τ2) where τ = (1+)/2 is the golden ratio (sometimes written φ).
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Oximide is an unstable chemical compound, the cyclic imide of oxalic acid. Other names for this are the systematic name 2,3-Aziridinedione or oxalimide. The chemical formula is C2HNO2. Its core is a three member heterocycle, aziridine.
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Once started, dynamic rollover cannot be stopped by application of opposite cyclic control alone. For example, if the right skid contacts an object and becomes the pivot point while the helicopter starts rolling to the right, even with full left cyclic applied the main rotor thrust vector and its moment follows the aircraft as it continues rolling to the right. Quickly applying down collective is the most effective way to stop dynamic rollover from developing. Dynamic rollover can occur in both skid and wheel equipped helicopters, and all types of rotor systems.
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The 6th complex roots of unity form a cyclic group. z is a primitive element, but z2 is not, because the odd powers of z are not a power of z2. A cyclic group is a group all of whose elements are powers of a particular element a. In multiplicative notation, the elements of the group are: :..., a−3, a−2, a−1, a0 = e, a, a2, a3, ..., where a2 means a ⋅ a, and a−3 stands for a−1 ⋅ a−1 ⋅ a−1 = (a ⋅ a ⋅ a)−1 etc.
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Methylxanthines such as caffeine inhibit the action of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, which normally acts to break down cAMP. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, or cAMP, is a second messenger important in many cellular processes and is a critical factor in signal transduction. The inhibition of the phosphodiesterase would lead to a buildup of cAMP, increasing the activity of the second messenger throughout the cell. Though this mechanism is possible, it only occurs after levels of caffeine have reached a toxic level, and therefore it is unlikely to explain the mechanism of caffeine in the brain.
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In 1932, Douglas estimated the cyclic rate of circulation of money to be approximately three weeks. The cyclic rate of circulation of money measures the amount of time required for a loan to pass through the productive system and return to the bank. This can be calculated by determining the amount of clearings through the bank in a year divided by the average amount of deposits held at the banks (which varies very little). The result is the number of times money must turnover in order to produce these clearing house figures.
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Cyclic Delay Diversity Another MIMO-related technique that can be used in WiMAX systems, but which is outside of the scope of the 802.16 specification, is known as Cyclic Delay Diversity. In this technique, one or more of the signals are delayed before transmission. Because the signals are coming out of two antennas, their receive spectrums differ as each spectrum is characterized by humps and notches due to multi-path fading. At the receiver the signals combine, which improves reception because the joint reception results in shallower spectral humps and fewer spectral notches.
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The cyclic group of order 8 has the presentation :\langle a \mid a^8 = 1\rangle. But, up to isomorphism there are three more groups that "satisfy" the relation a^8 = 1\, namely: :\langle a \mid a^4 = 1\rangle :\langle a \mid a^2 = 1\rangle and :\langle a \mid a = 1\rangle. However none of these satisfy the irrelation a^4 eq 1. So an absolute presentation for the cyclic group of order 8 is: :\langle a \mid a^8 = 1, a^4 eq 1\rangle.
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Cyclic rearrangements include cycloadditions and, more generally, pericyclic reactions, wherein two or more double bond-containing molecules form a cyclic molecule. An important example of cycloaddition reaction is the Diels–Alder reaction (the so-called [4+2] cycloaddition) between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene to form a substituted cyclohexene system. Whether a certain cycloaddition would proceed depends on the electronic orbitals of the participating species, as only orbitals with the same sign of wave function will overlap and interact constructively to form new bonds. Cycloaddition is usually assisted by light or heat.
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Finally, the growing peptides are linked by condensation domains. The transportation between domains is facilitated by a peptide carrier protein or thiolation (T) domain, which houses the growing peptide chain. Additionally, a thioesterase (TE) domain is used by the final module to cleave and cyclize the final peptide product. The peptides produced from both CesA and CesB are linked with an ester rather than amide bond; given the cyclic structure of cereulide, this cyclic ester (or lactone) linkage makes cereulide a depsipeptide. CesA is a 387 kDa heterodimer protein composed of CesA1 and CesA2 modules.
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Let \phi be the golden ratio. The 12 points given by (0, \pm 1, \pm \phi) and cyclic permutations of these coordinates are the vertices of a regular icosahedron. Its dual regular dodecahedron, whose edges intersect those of the icosahedron at right angles, has as vertices the points (\pm 1, \pm 1, \pm 1) together with the points (\pm\phi, \pm 1/\phi, 0) and cyclic permutations of these coordinates. Multiplying all coordinates of this dodecahedron by a factor of (7\phi-1)/11\approx 0.938\,748\,901\,93 gives a slightly smaller dodecahedron.
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In enzymology, a RNA-3'-phosphate cyclase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :ATP + RNA 3'-terminal-phosphate \rightleftharpoons AMP + diphosphate + RNA terminal-2',3'-cyclic-phosphate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and RNA 3'-terminal-phosphate, whereas its 3 products are AMP, diphosphate, and RNA terminal-2',3'-cyclic-phosphate. This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming phosphoric-ester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is RNA-3'-phosphate:RNA ligase (cyclizing, AMP-forming). This enzyme is also called RNA cyclase.
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A ball-and-stick model of a bromonium ion formed from cyclopentene A halonium ion is any onium ion containing a halogen atom carrying a positive charge. This cation has the general structure where X is any halogen and no restrictions on R, this structure can be cyclic or an open chain molecular structure. Halonium ions formed from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine are called fluoronium, chloronium, bromonium, and iodonium, respectively. The cyclic variety commonly proposed as intermediates in electrophilic halogenation may be called haliranium ions, using the Hantzsch-Widman nomenclature system.
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Cyclohedra were first applied to the study of knot invariants; they have more recently been applied to the experimental detection of periodically expressed genes in the study of biological clocks. The category of homomorphisms of the standard finite cycles is called the cyclic category; it may be used to construct Alain Connes' cyclic homology. One may define a degree of a function between cycles, analogous to the degree of a continuous mapping. For example, the natural map from the circle of fifths to the chromatic circle is a map of degree 7.
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The cost of the solution produced by the algorithm is within 3/2 of the optimum. To prove this, let be the optimal traveling salesman tour. Removing an edge from produces a spanning tree, which must have weight at least that of the minimum spanning tree, implying that . Next, number the vertices of in cyclic order around , and partition into two sets of paths: the ones in which the first path vertex in cyclic order has an odd number and the ones in which the first path vertex has an even number.
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Cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes with a five-membered backbone (CAAC-5) - The carbene functionality is featured by two dots which represent the two unpaired electrons. In chemistry, cyclic(alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAACs) are a family of stable singlet carbene ligands developed by Prof. Guy Bertrand and his group in 2005 at UC Riverside (now at UC San Diego). In marked contrast with the popular N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) which possess two "amino" substituents adjacent to the "carbene" center, CAACs possess one "amino" substituent and an sp3 carbon atom "alkyl".
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Penile erection during sexual stimulation is caused by increased penile blood flow resulting from the relaxation of penile arteries and the smooth muscle of the corpus cavernosum. This response is mediated by the release of nitric oxide (NO) from nerve terminals and endothelial cells, which stimulates the synthesis of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (more commonly known as cyclic GMP or cGMP) in smooth muscle cells. cGMP relaxes smooth muscle and increases blood flow to the corpus cavernosum. The inhibition of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) enhances erectile function by increasing the amount of cGMP.
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The loads on both horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) are cyclic; that is, the thrust and torque acting on the blades is dependent on where the blade is. In a horizontal axis wind turbine, both the apparent wind speed seen by the blade and the angle of attack depend on the position of the blade. This phenomenon is described as rotational sampling. This article will provide an insight into the cyclic nature of the loads that arise because of rotational sampling for a horizontal axis wind turbine.
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In the 1920s, theoretical physicists, most notably Albert Einstein, considered the possibility of a cyclic model for the universe as an (everlasting) alternative to the model of an expanding universe. However, work by Richard C. Tolman in 1934 showed that these early attempts failed because of the cyclic problem: according to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, entropy can only increase. This implies that successive cycles grow longer and larger. Extrapolating back in time, cycles before the present one become shorter and smaller culminating again in a Big Bang and thus not replacing it.
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Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules released by the cell in response to exposure to extracellular signaling molecules—the first messengers. (Intracellular signals, a non-local form or cell signaling, encompassing both first messengers and second messengers, are classified as juxtacrine, paracrine, and endocrine depending on the range of the signal.) Second messengers trigger physiological changes at cellular level such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, survival, apoptosis and depolarization. They are one of the triggers of intracellular signal transduction cascades. Examples of second messenger molecules include cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, inositol trisphosphate, diacylglycerol, and calcium.
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Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a superfamily of enzymes. This superfamily is further classified into 11 families, PDE1 - PDE11, on the basis of regulatory properties, amino acid sequences, substrate specificities, pharmacological properties and tissue distribution. Their function is to degrade intracellular second messengers such as cyclic adenine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) which leads to several biological processes like effect on intracellular calcium level by the Ca2+ pathway. Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) is widely expressed in several tissues in the body for example brain, lung, kidney, urinary bladder, smooth muscle and platelets.
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Lattice theoretic information about the lattice of subgroups can sometimes be used to infer information about the original group, an idea that goes back to the work of . For instance, as Ore proved, a group is locally cyclic if and only if its lattice of subgroups is distributive. If additionally the lattice satisfies the ascending chain condition, then the group is cyclic. The groups whose lattice of subgroups is a complemented lattice are called complemented groups , and the groups whose lattice of subgroups are modular lattices are called Iwasawa groups or modular groups .
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In order to prevent a futile cycle, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are heavily regulated in order to ensure that they are never operating in the cell at the same time. As a result, the inhibition of pyruvate kinase by glucagon, cyclic AMP and epinephrine, not only shuts down glycolysis, but also stimulates gluconeogenesis. Alternatively, insulin interferes with the effect of glucagon, cyclic AMP and epinephrine, causing pyruvate kinase to function normally and gluconeogenesis to be shut down. Furthermore, glucose was found to inhibit and disrupt gluconeogenesis, leaving pyruvate kinase activity and glycolysis unaffected.
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This conjecture was disproved in 1995 by Arduengo's group, who obtained a derivative of dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene, lacking the double bond. The thermodynamical stability in this compound, and the role of steric protection in preventing dimerization, has been a topic of some dispute. Bis(diisopropylamino) carbene, the first acyclic stable carbene The first acyclic persistent carbene was reported in 1996, thus showing that a cyclic backbone was not necessary for their stability. Unlike the cyclic derivatives, the acyclic carbenes are flexible with respect to rotation of the bonds to the carbenic atom.
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The ease of generating cyclic vinyl cations depends on the size of the ring system, with vinyl cations residing on smaller rings being more difficult to produce. This trend is supported by calculations showing that the vinyl cation prefers a linear arrangement. Due to the high degree of strain in 3-membered ring systems, the generation of the smallest cyclic vinyl cation, cycloprop-1-enyl cation, remains elusive. The SN1 solvolysis chemistry used to produce other vinyl cations has not proven facile for the cycloprop-1-enyl cation.
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After formation of a metal enolate, dissociation of halide generates a positively charged oxyallyl intermediate. This electron-deficient 2π component reacts with electron-rich dienes to give cycloheptenones. Cyclic dienes fare better than the corresponding acyclic dienes because in order to react, the diene must be in the s-cis conformation in the presence of the short-lived oxyallyl cation—cyclic dienes are locked in this reactive conformation. (2)File:43Mech1.png Substituents at the 1 and 3 positions are usually required to stabilize the oxyallyl cation and prevent isomerization to cyclopropanones and allene oxides.
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In abstract algebra, a basic subgroup is a subgroup of an abelian group which is a direct sum of cyclic subgroups and satisfies further technical conditions. This notion was introduced by L. Ya. Kulikov (for p-groups) and by László Fuchs (in general) in an attempt to formulate classification theory of infinite abelian groups that goes beyond the Prüfer theorems. It helps to reduce the classification problem to classification of possible extensions between two well understood classes of abelian groups: direct sums of cyclic groups and divisible groups.
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300x300pxA cascade chart is tool that can be used in damage tolerance analysis to determine the proper inspection interval, based on reliability analysis, considering all the context uncertainties. The chart is called a "cascade chart" because the scatter of data points and downward curvature resembles a waterfall or cascade. This name was first introduced by Dr. Alberto W Mello in his work "Reliability prediction for structures under cyclic loads and recurring inspections". Materials subject to cyclic loads, as shown in the graph on the right, may form and propagate cracks over time due to fatigue.
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We can generalize further by allowing other groups of permutations to act on N and X. If G is a group of permutations of N, and H is a group of permutations of X, then we count equivalence classes of functions f \colon N \rightarrow X. Two functions and are considered equivalent if, and only if, there exist g\in G, h \in H so that F = h \circ f \circ g . This extension leads to notions such as cyclic and dihedral permutations, as well as cyclic and dihedral partitions of numbers and sets.
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Unlike in linear sweep voltammetry, after the set potential is reached in a CV experiment, the working electrode's potential is ramped in the opposite direction to return to the initial potential. These cycles of ramps in potential may be repeated as many times as needed. The current at the working electrode is plotted versus the applied voltage (that is, the working electrode's potential) to give the cyclic voltammogram trace. Cyclic voltammetry is generally used to study the electrochemical properties of an analyte in solution or of a molecule that is adsorbed onto the electrode.
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The Dowd–Beckwith ring-expansion reaction is an organic reaction in which a cyclic β-keto ester is expanded by up to 4 carbons in a free radical ring expansion reaction through an α-alkylhalo substituent. The radical initiator system is based on AIBN and tributyltin hydride. The cyclic β-keto ester can be obtained through a Dieckmann condensation. The original reaction consisted of a nucleophilic aliphatic substitution of the enolate of ethyl cyclohexanone-2-carboxylate with 1,4-diiodobutane and sodium hydride followed by ring expansion to ethyl cyclodecanone-6-carboxylate.
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Unlike many other cofactors, molybdenum cofactor (Moco) cannot be taken up as a nutrient. The cofactor thus requires de novo biosynthesis. Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis occurs in four steps: (i) the radical-mediated cyclization of nucleotide, guanosine triphosphate (GTP), to (8S)‑3',8‐cyclo‑7,8‑dihydroguanosine 5'‑triphosphate (), (ii) the formation of cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate (cPMP) from the , (iii) the conversion of cPMP into molybdopterin (MPT), (iv) the insertion of molybdate into MPT to form Moco. Two enzyme-mediated reactions convert guanosine triphosphate to the cyclic phosphate of pyranopterin.
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Formation of norepinephrine is reduced by autoreceptors through the rate-limiting enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, an effect mediated by decreased cyclic AMP-mediated phosphorylation-activation of the enzyme. α2 receptors also cause decreased intracellular cyclic AMP expression which results in smooth muscle relaxation or decreased secretion. TCAs activate a negative feedback mechanism through their effects on presynaptic receptors. One probable explanation for the effects on decreased neurotransmitter release is that, as the receptors activate, inhibition of neurotransmitter release occurs (including suppression of voltage-gated Ca2+ currents and activation of G protein-coupled receptor- operated K+ currents).
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SMA is subject to structural fatigue – a failure mode by which cyclic loading results in the initiation and propagation of a crack that eventually results in catastrophic loss of function by fracture. The physics behind this fatigue mode is accumulation of microstructural damage during cyclic loading. This failure mode is observed in most engineering materials, not just SMAs. SMAs are also subject to functional fatigue, a failure mode not typical of most engineering materials, whereby the SMA does not fail structurally but loses its shape-memory/superelastic characteristics over time.
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Acyclic aliphatic/non-aromatic compound (butane) Cyclic aliphatic/non-aromatic compound (cyclobutane) In organic chemistry, hydrocarbons (compounds composed solely of carbon and hydrogen) are divided into two classes: aromatic compounds and aliphatic compounds (; G. aleiphar, fat, oil), also known as non-aromatic hydrocarbons. Aliphatics can be cyclic; however, hydrocarbons with conjugated pi-systems that obey Hückel's rule are instead considered to be aromatic. Aliphatic compounds can be saturated, like hexane, or unsaturated, like hexene and hexyne. Open-chain compounds (whether straight or branched) contain no rings of any type, and are thus aliphatic.
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Let C be a cyclic group generated by an element c of order n. Suppose C acts on a set X. Let X(q) be a polynomial with integer coefficients. Then the triple (X, X(q), C) is said to exhibit the cyclic sieving phenomenon (CSP) if for all integers d, the value X(e2id/n) is the number of elements fixed by cd. In particular X(1) is the cardinality of the set X, and for that reason X(q) is regarded as a generating function for X.
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The effect of adrenaline is via a G protein signaling cascade, which transmits chemical signals from outside the cell across the membrane to the inside of the cell (cytoplasm). The outside signal (in this case, adrenaline) binds to a receptor, which transmits a signal to the G protein, which transmits a signal to adenylyl cyclase, which transmits a signal by converting adenosine triphosphate to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). cAMP is known as a second messenger. Cyclic AMP is an important molecule in eukaryotic signal transduction, a so-called second messenger.
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Devadas Devaprabhakara (1932–1978) was an Indian organic chemist and a professor at the department of chemistry of the Indian Institute of Science. He was known for his studies on cyclic allenes and medium-ring dines. His researches on the reduction, hydroporation and isomerization of them and his synthesis of a number of cyclic hydrocarbons have assisted in rationalizing the understanding of the substrates. He published his researches by way of several peer-reviewed articles; the inline repository of the Indian Academy of Sciences have listed 48 of them.
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The modifications to the basic MG 42 design include an extra heavy bolt ( vs. the MG 3 bolt) which reduces the cyclic rate of fire to around 850 rounds per minute. Rate of fire can be varied up to cyclic rate of fire to around 1,150 rounds per minute, if necessary, by changing the bolt and recoil spring. In addition, a select fire trigger group was added to allow semi-automatic fire (single shot) compared to the traditional fully automatic only fire capability of the original MG 42 design.
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Cyclic trisilicic acid, Si3O3(OH)6 and cyclic tetrasilicic acid, Si4O4(OH)8 were synthesized by variations of this method. With these new discoveries, the term silicic acid has become ambiguous: in addition to the traditional use as a synonym for silica, SiO2, it can now be used for the compound Si(OH)4. The traditional usage is retained in this article for quotes from cited publication which use it. The derivative Si(OH)3F has been characterized in aqueous solutions containing silicic acid and the fluoride ion.
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In addition to the AR and CRs, the connect request specifies the modular configuration of the IO-Device, the layout of the process IO data frames, the cyclic rate of IO data exchange and the watchdog. Acknowledgement of the connect request by the IO-Device allows parameterization to follow. From this point forward, both the IO-Device and IO-Controller start exchanging cyclic process I/O data frames. The process I/O data frames don't contain valid data at this point, but they start serving as keep-alive to keep the watchdog from expiring.
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1, p. 356 However, Eliade argues, Judaism elaborated its mythology of linear time by adding elements borrowed from Zoroastrianism—including ethical dualism, a savior figure, the future resurrection of the body, and the idea of cosmic progress toward "the final triumph of Good." The Indian religions of the East generally retain a cyclic view of time—for instance, the Hindu doctrine of kalpas. According to Eliade, most religions that accept the cyclic view of time also embrace it: they see it as a way to return to the sacred time.
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For larger rings, where the bond angles are not as distorted, the stability of the hemiacetals is due to entropy and the proximity of the nucleophile to the carbonyl group. Formation of an acyclic acetal involves a decrease in entropy because two molecules are consumed for every one produced. In contrast, the formation of cyclic hemiacetals involves a single molecule reacting with itself, making the reaction more favorable. Another way to understand the stability of cyclic hemiacetals is to look at the equilibrium constant as the ratio of the forward and backward reaction rate.
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Evgeny Fesenko, Stanislav Kolesnikov, and Arkady Lyubarsky discovered in 1985 that cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) can initiate the photoresponse in rods. Soon after, the role of cNMP in gated ion channels of chemosensitive cilia of olfactory sensory neurons was reported by Tadashi Nakamura and Geoffrey Gold. In 1992 Lawrence Haynes and King-Wai Yau uncovered cNMP’s role in the light-dependent cyclic-nucleotide-gated channel of cone photoreceptors. By the end of the decade, the presence of two types of intramembrane receptors was understood: Rs (which stimulates cyclase) and Ri (which inhibits cyclase).
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In the pentose, the carbon closest to the carbonyl group is labeled C-1. When a pentose is connected to a nitrogenous base, carbon atom numbering is distinguished with a prime (') notation, which differentiates these carbons from the atom numbering of the nitrogenous base. Therefore, for cAMP, 3’5’-cyclic adenosine monophosphate indicates that a single phosphate group forms a cyclic structure with the ribose group at its 3’ and 5’ carbons, while the ribose group is also attached to adenosine (this bond is understood to be at the 1’ position of the ribose).
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Trilinear equation: [cyclic sum (cos A)x(b2y2 − c2z2)] = 0 Barycentric equation: [cyclic sum (b2 \+ c2 − a2)x(y2 − z2)] = 0 The Lucas cubic is the locus of a point X such that the cevian triangle of X is the pedal triangle of some point; the point lies on the Darboux cubic. The Lucas cubic passes through the centroid, orthocenter, Gergonne point, Nagel point, de Longchamps point, other triangle centers, the vertices of the anticomplementary triangle, and the foci of the Steiner circumellipse. For graphics and properties, see K007 at Cubics in the Triangle Plane.
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Heart rate is affected by nerves. Sympathetic nerves, coming from the spinal cord, increase heart rate, whereas parasympathetic nerves (for example the vagus nerves) work to decrease it. Sympathetic nerves work by releasing a protein (neurotransmitter) called noradrenaline which binds to a specific receptor (beta 1 adrenoceptor) located in the sarcolemma and the t-tubule membrane of cardiac cells. This activates a protein, called a G-protein and results in a series of reactions (known as a cyclic AMP pathway) that leads to the production of a molecule called cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate).
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Because of the link between these conditions, rates of coronary heart disease are higher among patients with erectile dysfunction. One treatment for erectile dysfunction is cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, which enable patients to resume having sex despite having a cardiac condition, by lowering blood pressure. These drugs, including sildenafil, inhibit the action of the phosphodiesterase, allowing for a higher concentration of cyclic GMP in the penis when it is physically stimulated. Cyclic GMP is a second messenger in the nitric oxide pathway, responsible for erections via the vasodilating function of nitric oxide.
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Ribotoxins cleave RNA following a general acid-base mechanism shared by all the extracellular fungal RNases so far characterized, regardless of their toxicity. Using dinucleosides, such as GpA, it has been demonstrated that the breakage of the phosphodiester bond 3′-5′ of the substrate takes place through the formation of a cyclic intermediate that becomes the corresponding derivative 3′-monophosphate, the final product of the reaction. It is a transphosphorylation reaction, followed by the hydrolysis of this cyclic intermediate. For this reason, these proteins are knows as cyclant RNases.
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The correct number of introns has also been demonstrated as necessary to maintain the cyclic rhythm. Shortening the delay in accumulation of the HES7 protein by reducing the number of introns resulted in an increased number of somites.
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Roy Howat, "Architecture as Drama in Late Schubert", p. 181; Roy Howat, "What Do We Perform", pp. 15–16; Carlton, p. 243. #Some of the major cyclic elements in the sonatas were only added in the final version.
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MBH reactions are widely used in organic synthesis. For example, this reaction was used to construct key cyclic intermediates for syntheses of salinosporamide A, diversonol, and anatoxin-a.J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 6230-6231.Angew. Chem. Int.
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The two twin-bladed rotors made of metal were shaped like arrows and incorporated both cyclic and collective pitch blade control, with which movement around the pitch and roll axis was controlled, as well as climb and descent.
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Similar results were also obtained on cyclic vinyl arenes. Such results expand the scope of asymmetric hydroboration to more sterically demanding alkenes. Several new ligands of this class have also been developed. Some recent results are summarized below.
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Most heat engines and refrigerators are closed cyclic machines.A.T.A.M. de Waele, Basic operation of cryocoolers and related thermal machines, Review article, Journal of Low Temperature Physics, Vol.164, pp. 179-236, (2011), DOI: 10.1007/s10909-011-0373-x.
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Maximum range is 1,500 meters. It can be fired in 2 to 10 round bursts and has a practical rate of fire of 250 rounds per minute and a cyclic rate of fire of 650 rounds per minute.
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Yaw moments are produced by the differential cyclic tilting of the rotors (i.e. one side forward, the other back). In forward flight, the ruddervators at the tail of the blimp also add their pitch and yaw control moments.
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So succinic acid will yield succinic anhydride. For acids with carboxylic groups at position 1 and 6 this dehydration causes loss of carbon dioxide and water to form a cyclic ketone, for example adipic acid will form cyclopentanone.
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Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities. Alternative splice variants of GRM8 have been described but their full-length nature has not been determined.
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Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities. Alternative splice variants of GRM8 have been described but their full-length nature has not been determined.
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Known substrates of OAT1 include para-aminohippurate (PAH), dicarboxylates, prostaglandins, cyclic nucleotides, urate, folate, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, antiviral agents, beta- lactam antibiotics, antineoplastics, mycotoxins, sulfate conjugates, glucuronide conjugates, cysteine conjugates, ochratoxin A, NSAIDs, mercapturic acids and uremic toxins.
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They are prepared industrially by ethenolysis of cyclic dienes. For example, 1,5-hexadiene and 1,9-decadiene, useful crosslinking agents and synthetic intermediates, are produced from 1,5-cyclooctadiene and cyclooctene, respectively. The catalyst is derived from Re2O7 on alumina.
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The linear view of time (common in Western thought) draws a stronger distinction between past and future than does the more common cyclic time of cultures such as India, where past and future can coalesce much more readily.
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Surfactin is a very powerful surfactant commonly used as an antibiotic. It is a bacterial cyclic lipopeptide, largely prominent for its exceptional surfactant power.Mor, A. Peptide-based antibiotics: A potential answer to raging antimicrobial resistance. Drug Develop. Res.
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In Euclidean geometry, a harmonic quadrilateral, or harmonic quadrangle, is a quadrilateral that can be inscribed in a circle (cyclic quadrangle) in which the products of the lengths of opposite sides are equal. It has several important properties.
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The idea of JSJ-decomposition was later extended by Rips and Sela to torsion-free finitely presented groupsE. Rips, and Z. Sela. "Cyclic splittings of finitely presented groups and the canonical JSJ decomposition." Annals of Mathematics (2), vol.
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This gene encodes adenylyl cyclase 3, which is a membrane-associated enzyme and catalyzes the formation of the secondary messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The ADCY3 subtype likely mediates odorant detection (possibly) via modulation of intracellular cAMP concentration.
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This may give insight to other functions the inflammasome may have in the immune system, and also suggests that the inflammasome can respond to more than just bacteria. The NLRC4 inflammasome is regulated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).
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Taoist cosmology is cyclic—the universe is seen as being in a constant process of re-creating itself. Evolution and 'extremes meet' are main characters.Dr Zai, J. Taoism and Science: Cosmology, Evolution, Morality, Health and more . Ultravisum, 2015.
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Figure 4. Butadiene–cyclobutene interconversion; disrotation per Hückel (left), conrotation per Möbius (right). Figure 4 shows the orbital array involved in the butadiene to cyclobutene interconversion. It is seen that there are four orbitals in this cyclic array.
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However, since some known cis-regulatory RNAs, e.g., cyclic di- GMP riboswitches do control a wide variety of genes, it is possibility that LOOT RNAs are involved in a regulatory circuit in which many gene classes can participate.
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Ice movement is dominated by the motion of glaciers, whose activity is determined by a number of processes. Their motion is the result of cyclic surges interspersed with longer periods of inactivity, on both hourly and centennial time scales.
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Related structures occur in some molecules of biological importance, for example α-parinaric acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Derivatives include cyclic octatetraenes, such as cyclooctatetraene and 1,8-diphenyl-1,3,5,7-octatraene, some of which are of interest in special contexts.
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In linguistics, language change is seen as gradual, the product of chain reactions and subject to cyclic drift.Henri Wittmann (1983). "Les réactions en chaîne en morphologie diachronique." Actes du Colloque de la Société internationale de linguistique fonctionnelle 10.285-92.
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Quadricyclane is a strained, multi-cyclic hydrocarbon with potential uses as an additive for rocket propellants as well in solar energy conversion. These uses are limited, however, by the molecule's decomposition at relatively low temperatures (less than 400 °C).
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It is among the most important of all the cyclic siloxanes, with a global production volume of 136·million kilograms in 1993. 100,000–1,000,000 tonnes per year of D4 is manufactured and/or imported in the European Economic Area.
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By applying peptide design, the inner diameter, which is completely uniform, can be specified; the outer surface properties can also be deliberated by peptide design and therefore these cyclic nanotubes are able to form in range of different environments.
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Another condition that may present similarly is cyclic vomiting syndrome. Definitive treatment involves stopping use of cannabis. Up to two weeks may be required to see a benefit. Treatments during an episode of vomiting is generally supportive in nature.
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Phalloidin was one of the first cyclic peptides to be discovered. It was isolated from the death cap mushroom and crystallized by Feodor Lynen and Ulrich WielandG. Semenza, E.C. Slater, R. Jaenicke. Selected Topics in the History of Biochemistry.
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Propylene carbonate (often abbreviated PC) is an organic compound with the formula C4H6O3. It is a cyclic carbonate ester derived from propylene glycol.WebBook page for propylene carbonate. This colorless and odorless liquid is useful as a polar, aprotic solvent.
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In nature they are frequently antimicrobial or toxic; in medicine they have various applications, for example as antibiotics and immunosuppressive agents. Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) is a convenient method to detect cyclic peptides in crude extract from bio-mass.
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Carbonized lignin can be used in electrical applications such as batteries and supercapacitors. The electrical properties of carbonized lignin can be assessed with techniques such as two-and four- point method, impedance spectroscopy, galvanostatic charge-discharge and cyclic voltammetry.
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Almost all 3-APs compounds contains moderate cytotoxicity mechanism in concentration range of few micrograms per milliliter. Some of the cyclic alkylpyridinium compounds such as Cyclostellerramines and dehydrocyclostellettamines are reported to inhibit muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and histone deacetylase enzymes.
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An Application Relation (AR) is established between an IO- Controller and an IO-Device. These ARs are used to define Communication Relations (CR) with different characteristics for the transfer of parameters, cyclic exchange of data and handling of alarms.
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The Sanctus has been set to numerous plainchant melodies, many of which are given in the Roman Missal, and many more composers have set it to polyphonic music, both in single settings and as part of cyclic mass settings.
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Cyclic nucleotides are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Control of intracellular concentrations is maintained through a series of enzymatic reactions involving several families of proteins. In higher order mammals, cNMPs are present in many types of tissue.
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This is thought to be due to the rigid nature of ligin which aids in reinforcing soft polymers such as PEA urethane. When PEA degrades, it has been shown that cyclic oligomers are the highest fraction of formed byproducts.
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The Weyl group of E7 is of order 2903040: it is the direct product of the cyclic group of order 2 and the unique simple group of order 1451520 (which can be described as PSp6(2) or PSΩ7(2)).
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Let be the non-cyclic subgroup of called the Klein four-group. :. Let . Since both and are subgroups of , is also a subgroup of . From Lagrange's theorem, the order of must divide both and , the orders of and respectively.
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Exisulind (tentative trade name Aptosyn) is an antineoplastic agent. It acts by inhibiting the enzyme cyclic guanosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase type 5 (). It is the sulfone derivative of sulindac, an NSAID. Unlike sulindac, it has known effects on prostaglandin synthesis.
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The montréalone parent compound has been studied theoretically,Krenske, E. H.; Houk, K. N.; Arndtsen, B. A.; St. Cyr, D. J., Cyclic 1,3-Dipoles or Acyclic Phosphonium Ylides? Electronic Characterization of "Montréalones". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 10052.
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Wehrmacht reenactors with a MG 42 mounted on a motorcycle sidecar One of the Einheitsmaschinengewehr (Universal machine gun) roles was to provide low-level anti-aircraft coverage. A high cyclic rate of fire is advantageous for use against targets that are exposed to a general-purpose machine gun for a limited time span, like aircraft or targets that minimize their exposure time by quickly moving from cover to cover. For targets that can be fired on by a general-purpose machine gun for longer periods than just a few seconds, the cyclic firing rate becomes less important. As a consequence, one of the MG 42's most notable features was in its high cyclic rate of fire of about 1,200 to 1,500 rounds per minute, twice the rate of the Vickers and Browning machine guns, which fired at a rate of about 600 rounds per minute.
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All subgroups and quotient groups of cyclic groups are cyclic. Specifically, all subgroups of Z are of the form ⟨m⟩ = mZ, with m a positive integer. All of these subgroups are distinct from each other, and apart from the trivial group {0} = 0Z, they all are isomorphic to Z. The lattice of subgroups of Z is isomorphic to the dual of the lattice of natural numbers ordered by divisibility.. Thus, since a prime number p has no nontrivial divisors, pZ is a maximal proper subgroup, and the quotient group Z/pZ is simple; in fact, a cyclic group is simple if and only if its order is prime.. All quotient groups Z/nZ are finite, with the exception For every positive divisor d of n, the quotient group Z/nZ has precisely one subgroup of order d, generated by the residue class of n/d. There are no other subgroups.
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In mathematics, a monothetic group is a topological group with a dense cyclic subgroup. They were introduced by . An example is the additive group of p-adic integers, in which the integers are dense. A monothetic group is necessarily abelian.
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A locally finite group is a group for which every finitely generated subgroup is finite. Since the cyclic subgroups of a locally finite group are finitely generated hence finite, every element has finite order, and so the group is periodic.
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Penrose, Roger. "Cycles of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe [Hardcover]." (2011). Penrose and Gurzadyan suggested that signatures of conformal cyclic cosmology could potentially be found in the cosmic microwave background; as of 2020, these have not been detected.
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Formaldehyde, unlike most aldehydes, oligomerizes spontaneously. The trimer is 1,3,5-trioxane, and the polymer is called paraformaldehyde. Many cyclic oligomers have been isolated. Similarly, formaldehyde hydrates to give the geminal diol methanediol, which condenses further to form oligomers HO(CH2O)nH.
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Pinitol is a cyclitol, a cyclic polyol. It is a known anti-diabetic agent isolated from Sutherlandia frutescens leaves.Narayanan, 1987 Gall plant tannins can be differentiated by their content of pinitol. It was first identified in the sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana).
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